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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%20cycle
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A Carnot cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s. By Carnot's theorem, it provides an upper limit on the efficiency of any classical thermodynamic engine during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference through the application of work to the system.
In a Carnot cycle, a system or engine transfers energy in the form of heat between two thermal reservoirs at temperatures and (referred to as the hot and cold reservoirs, respectively), and a part of this transferred energy is converted to the work done by the system. The cycle is reversible, and there is no generation of entropy. (In other words, entropy is conserved; entropy is only transferred between the thermal reservoirs and the system without gain or loss of it.) When work is applied to the system, heat moves from the cold to hot reservoir (heat pump or refrigeration). When heat moves from the hot to the cold reservoir, the system applies work to the environment. The work done by the system or engine to the environment per Carnot cycle depends on the temperatures of the thermal reservoirs and the entropy transferred from the hot reservoir to the system per cycle such as , where is heat transferred from the hot reservoir to the system per cycle.
Stages
A Carnot cycle as an idealized thermodynamic cycle performed by a heat engine (Carnot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Mindstorms%20NXT
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Lego Mindstorms NXT is a programmable robotics kit released by Lego on August 2, 2006.
It replaced the first-generation Lego Mindstorms kit, which was called the Robotics Invention System. The base kit ships in two versions: the Retail Version (set #8527) and the Education Base Set (set #9797). It comes with the NXT-G programming software, or optionally LabVIEW for Lego Mindstorms. A variety of unofficial languages exist, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC. The second generation of the set, the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0, was released on August 1, 2009, featuring a color sensor and other upgraded capabilities. The third generation, the EV3, was released in September 2013.
NXT Intelligent Brick
The main component in the kit is a brick shaped computer called the NXT Intelligent Brick. It can take input from up to four sensors and control up to three motors, via a modified version of RJ12 cables, very much similar to but incompatible with RJ11 phone cords. The plastic pin to hold the cable in the socket is moved slightly to the right. The brick has a 100×64 pixel monochrome LCD and four buttons that can be used to navigate a user interface using hierarchical menus. It has a 32-bit ARM7TDMI-core Atmel AT91SAM7S256 microcontroller with 256 KB of FLASH memory and 64 KB of RAM, plus an 8-bit Atmel AVR ATmega48 microcontroller, and bluetooth support. It also has a speaker and can play sound files at sampling rates up to 8 kHz. Power is supplied by 6 AA (1.5 V each) batteries in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Lindeman
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Raymond Laurel Lindeman (July 24, 1915 – June 29, 1942) was an ecologist whose graduate research is credited with being a seminal study in the field of ecosystem ecology, specifically on the topic of trophic dynamics.
Graduate research work
Lindeman completed his PhD at the University of Minnesota with his thesis work being concerned with the history and ecological dynamics of Cedar Bog Lake, which is located in the University of Minnesota's Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve in central Minnesota.
While a postdoctoral researcher at Yale University with noted limnologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Lindeman submitted a chapter of his thesis for publication’s . His manuscript was initially rejected as being too generalized but was published after Hutchinson and others were able to convince the editor of the paper's merits. The publication appeared in the journal Ecology and establishes the ten percent law whereby only 10% of the energy consumed at one trophic level is transferred to higher trophic levels. Having suffered from chronic gastro-intestinal and liver inflammation, Lindeman died in 1942 at the age of 26, probably from hepatitis.
Legacy
An annual award in Lindeman's honor is given by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography to the outstanding paper written that year by a young aquatic scientist. Lindeman is also honored today with a lecture series in his name in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, as well a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Barite
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USS Barite (IX-161), a Trefoil-class concrete barge designated an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for barite, a yellow or white crystalline mineral found in metallic veins, resembling marble. Her keel was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (T. B7 D1, MC hull 1335) on 24 November 1943 at South San Francisco, California, by the Belair Shipyard of Barrett and Hilp. She was designated IX-161 on 7 February 1944, launched on 18 February 1944 sponsored by Mrs. S. C. Anderson, and delivered to the Navy at her builder's yard on 31 August 1944. She was placed in service the same day.
Service history
World War II, 1944–1945
Towed by , Barite departed San Francisco on 25 September 1944 and entered Pearl Harbor on the morning of 2 October. Clearing that port four days later, again astern of Iroquois, the barge proceeded to Eniwetok. Thence, under tow by the auxiliary ocean tug ATA-124, with as "retriever" and YMS-276 as escort, Barite reached Ulithi, in the Caroline Islands, on 13 January 1945 and joined the armada of 225 ships present at that advanced base.
Barite served at Ulithi as a floating lubricating oil facility into the spring of 1945, when the advent of the typhoon season made it imperative to shift Service Squadron (ServRon) 10's base to locales other than the Western Caroline Islands. Towed thence to Saipan on 15 May, she operated at that island, in the same capacity, as a unit of Service Division 101,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBC%20Paper%20of%20the%20Year
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Chosen by Molecular Biology of the Cell Associate Editors, the MBoC Paper of the Year is awarded to the first author of the paper judged to be the best of the year in the field of molecular biology, from June to May.
Awardees
Source: MBoC
See also
List of biology awards
References
American Society for Cell Biology
Biology awards
American science and technology awards
Awards established in 1991
1991 establishments in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Biology%20of%20the%20Cell
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Molecular Biology of the Cell is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Cell Biology. It covers research on the molecular basis of cell structure and function. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 4.803. It was originally established as Cell Regulation in 1989.
The Editor-in-Chief is Matthew Welch (University of California, Berkeley). Previous Editors-in-Chief include: Erkki Ruoslahti (of Cell Regulation) and David Botstein and Keith Yamamoto (of MBoC) and their successors Sandra Schmid and David Drubin.
References
External links
American Society for Cell Biology
Molecular and cellular biology journals
English-language journals
Biweekly journals
Academic journals established in 1989
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of the United States
1991 establishments in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurkat%20cells
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Jurkat cells are an immortalized line of human T lymphocyte cells that are used to study acute T cell leukemia, T cell signaling, and the expression of various chemokine receptors susceptible to viral entry, particularly HIV. Jurkat cells can produce interleukin 2, and are used in research involving the susceptibility of cancers to drugs and radiation.
History
The Jurkat cell line (originally called JM) was established in the mid-1970s from the peripheral blood of a 14-year-old boy with T cell leukemia. Different derivatives of the Jurkat cell line that have been mutated to lack certain genes can now be obtained from cell culture banks.
Examples of derivatives
The JCaM1.6 cell line is deficient in Lck activity due to the deletion of part of the LCK gene (exon 7) from the LCK transcript.
J.RT3-T3.5 cells have a mutation in the T cell receptor beta chain locus precluding expression of this chain. This affects the cells in several ways; they do not express surface CD3 or produce the T cell receptor alpha/beta heterodimer. Since they are deficient in the TCR complex, these cells are a useful tool for transfection studies using T cell receptor alpha and beta chain genes and are widely used in labs in which T cell receptor gene transfer technologies are studied.
The I 9.2 and I 2.1 cell lines. The I 2.1 cell line is functionally defective for FADD and the I 9.2 cell line is functionally defective for caspase-8, both defective molecules being essential to apoptosis or necropt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28III%29%20bromide
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Indium(III) bromide, (indium tribromide), InBr3, is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a Lewis acid and has been used in organic synthesis.
Structure
It has the same crystal structure as aluminium trichloride, with 6 coordinate indium atoms. When molten it is dimeric, In2Br6, and it is predominantly dimeric in the gas phase. The dimer has bridging bromine atoms with a structure similar to dimeric aluminium trichloride Al2Cl6.
Preparation and reactions
It is formed by the reaction of indium and bromine.
InBr3 forms complexes with ligands, L, InBr3L, InBr3L2, InBr3L3.
Reaction with indium metal forms lower valent indium bromides, InBr2, In4Br7, In2Br3, In5Br7, In7Br9, indium(I) bromide.
In refluxing xylene solution InBr3 and In metal react to form InBr2.
References
External links
Indium tribromide at WebElements
Indium compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCB%20Public%20Service%20Award
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The American Society for Cell Biology's highest honor for Public Service, the ASCB Public Service Award is for outstanding national leadership in support of biomedical research. The awardees are selected by the ASCB Public Policy Committee.
Awardees
Source: ASCB
2022 George Langford
2021 Raynard Kington and Donna Ginther
2020 Anthony Fauci
2019 James F. Deatherage
2018 Senator Roy Blunt (R-Mo) and Representative Tom Cole (R-OK)
2016 Senator Richard Durbin
2014 Rush Holt Jr.
2013 Jeremy Berg
2012 Keith Yamamoto
2010 Tom Pollard
2009 Larry Goldstein
2008 Maxine Singer
2007 Representative Michael N. Castle (R-DE)
2006 Barbara Forrest and Ken Miller
2005 Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA)
2004 Elizabeth Blackburn
2003 Paul Berg
2002 Matthew Meselson
2001 Christopher Reeve
2000 Donna Shalala, US Health & Human Services Secretary
1999 Harold Varmus
1998 J. Michael Bishop
1997 Representative George Gekas (R-PA)
1996 Marc Kirschner
1995 Representative John Porter (R-IL)
1994 Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA)
See also
List of biomedical science awards
External links
ASCB Public Service Award
References
American Society for Cell Biology
Biomedical awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COS%20cells
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COS are fibroblast-like cell lines derived from monkey kidney tissue. COS cells are obtained by immortalizing CV-1 cells with a version of the SV40 virus that can produce large T antigen but has a defect in genomic replication. The CV-1 cell line in turn was derived from the kidney of the African green monkey.
The acronym "COS" is derived from the cells being CV-1 (simian) in Origin, and carrying the SV40 genetic material. Three COS lines were created (COS-1, COS-3 and COS-7), of which two are commonly used (COS-1 and COS-7).
Applications
The COS cell lines are often used by biologists when studying the monkey virus SV40. Cells from these lines are also often transfected to produce recombinant proteins for molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology experiments.
When an expression construct with an SV40 origin of replication is introduced into COS cells, the vector can be replicated substantially by the large T antigen. These COS cells are genetically modified to produce the T antigen from their own genome.
References
External links
Cellosaurus entry for COS-1
Cellosaurus entry for COS-3
Cellosaurus entry for COS-7
Monkey cell lines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s%20102%20Dalmatians%3A%20Puppies%20to%20the%20Rescue
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Disney's 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue is a platform video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation, Dreamcast and Game Boy Color. It is loosely based on the live-action Disney movie 102 Dalmatians.
Plot
Story
Console version
Two Dalmatian puppies, Oddball and Domino, are out in the backyard looking for treasure. They find a toy buried in a park that was made at one of Cruella de Vil's toy factories; this alludes to the fact that Cruella's toy sales are down. Facing financial ruin from lack of sales, Cruella sets a plan in motion: to reprogram her toys to capture any pets in sight so she can freeze them in "Super-Gloop" and sell them as a new line of realistic animal toys. Oddball and Domino are the only puppies in their family who have not been captured when they return from the park. Their parents, Dottie and Dipstick, set out to rescue their puppies, commanding Oddball and Domino to stay home. Instead the puppies set out to save their siblings, and their parents, who are captured along the way.
Game Boy Color version
Cruella de Vil has reprogrammed the toys of her toy factory into kidnapping all the Dalmatian puppies and locking them in cages to power the factory once they get older. Two of the puppies, Oddball and Domino, were able to escape through their cages due to their small size, and must free the puppies and escape the factory.
Setting
Similar to the film, the game is set in London, Englan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAVON
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RAVON (Robust Autonomous Vehicle for Off-road Navigation) is a robot being developed at the Robotics Research Lab at University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. The vehicle is used as a testbed to investigate behaviour-based strategies on motion adaptation, localization and navigation in rough outdoor terrain. The basis vehicle was produced by Robosoft.
Description
The vehicle uses a 3D laser scanner.
The vehicle is an example of using behavior-based components on two layers of a multi-layer control system. It also uses a form of short-term memory to prevent collisions with obstacles that it observed some time ago.
The vehicle was experimentally tested at the 2nd Military European Land Robot Trial 2008.
Technical specifications
Length: 2.35 m
Width: 1.4 m
Height: 1.2 m
Weight: 750 kg
Power Supply: 8 spiral cell batteries (12 V, 55 Ah each)
Operation Time: about 4 hours
Drive: 4WD with four independent electric motors
Steering: front and rear wheel steering via linear motors
Velocity: 10 km/h max.
Controller: 2 Motorola 56F803 DSPs
Computer: 4 On-board PCs
Floor Clearance: 0.3 m
Max. Slope: 100% (at 7 km/h)
References
External links
Robotics Research Lab
University of Kaiserslautern
Official Website of Ravon
Robits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin%20cofactor%20II
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Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a protein encoded by the SERPIND1 gene, is a coagulation factor that inhibits IIa, and is a cofactor for heparin and dermatan sulfate ("minor antithrombin").
The product encoded by this gene is a serine protease inhibitor which rapidly inhibits thrombin in the presence of dermatan sulfate or heparin. The gene contains five exons and four introns. This protein shares homology with antithrombin III and other members of the alpha-1 antitrypsin superfamily. Mutations in this gene are associated with heparin cofactor II deficiency. Heparin cofactor II deficiency can lead to increased thrombin generation and a hypercoagulable state.
A purification experiment of heparin cofactor II was performed in 1981, in which it was discovered that the purified version of the protein consists of a single polypeptide chain. Further experimentation demonstrated that whether β-Mercaptoethanol is present does not affect HCII's activity in gel electrophoresis. β-Mercaptoethanol is typically used for the reduction of disulfide bonds within a molecule, but the gel electrophoresis revealed that HCII does not have any of these bonds. The structure is similar to antithrombin III (ATIII), which was known to effectively inhibit thrombin as well as coagulation factor Xa. This experiment suggested that HCII has strong thrombin inhibition, yet weak inhibition of coagulation factor Xa.
Heparin cofactor II may play a role in the immune response, as it has been associated with leuko
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20%28robot%29
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Mobile Autonomous Robot Vehicle for Indoor Navigation (Marvin) is a mobile robot developed at Robotics Lab at University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
This platform consists of a differential drive, a bumper for basic operational safety, planar laser range scanners at the front and back side for obstacle detection, a belt of ultrasonic sensors for recognizing jutting edges such as table tops, a web cam, another fixed laser scanner at a height of one meter for a view free of clutter and a stereo microphone system for localization of sound sources. Its control system follows a behavior-based approach and its mapping abilities rely on a 2D geometric and topological strategy.
Technical specifications
Length: 72 cm
Width: 72 cm
Height: 120 cm
Weight: about 80 kg
Payload: about 100 kg
Power Supply: 2 lead batteries, each 12V
Operation Time: 3 hours
Drive: Differential drive with 2 electric motors
Max. Speed: 4.3 km/h
Controller: 2 Maxon-Motor control system, controlled through a DSP-Board
Computer: 1 onboard PC
Sensors: 2 Sick AG Laser scanners, Ultrasonic belt, 2 Microphones, Camera on pan-tilt unit
External links
Individual robots
Robots of Germany
Differential wheeled robots
2000s robots
Technical University of Kaiserslautern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurturin
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Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neurturin’s role as a growth factor places it in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) subfamily along with its homologs persephin, artemin, and GDNF. It shares a 42% similarity in amino acid sequence with mature GDNF. It is also considered a trophic factor and critical in the development and growth of neurons in the brain. Neurotrophic factors like neurturin have been tested in several clinical trial settings for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease.
Function
Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of neurturin into substantia nigra of mice models also shows mature DA neuron protection. In addition, neurturin has also been shown to support the survival of several other neurons including sympathetic and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Knockout mice have shown that neurturin does not appear essential for survival. However, evidence shows retarded growth of enteric, sensory and parasympathetic neurons in mice upon the removal of neurturin receptors.
Mechanism of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Razor%27s%20Edge%20%281946%20film%29
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The Razor's Edge is a 1946 American drama film based on W. Somerset Maugham's 1944 novel of the same name. It stars Tyrone Power, Gene Tierney, John Payne, Anne Baxter, Clifton Webb, and Herbert Marshall, with a supporting cast including Lucile Watson, Frank Latimore, and Elsa Lanchester. Marshall plays Somerset Maugham. The film was directed by Edmund Goulding.
The Razor's Edge tells the story of Larry Darrell, an American pilot traumatized by his experiences in World War I, who sets off in search of some transcendent meaning in his life. The story begins through the eyes of Larry's friends and acquaintances as they witness his personality change after the war. His rejection of conventional life and search for meaningful experience allows him to thrive while the more materialistic characters suffer reversals of fortune.
The Razor's Edge was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Motion Picture, with Anne Baxter winning Best Actress in a Supporting Role.
Plot
In the film Herbert Marshall appears as W. Somerset Maugham as the story's narrator and as an important character who drifts in and out of the lives of the other major players. The opening scene is at a party in the summer of 1919 at a Chicago country club. Elliott Templeton, an expatriate who has been living in France for years, has returned to the United States for the first time since before the war to visit his sister, Louisa Bradley, and his niece, Isabel. Isabel is engaged to be marry Larry Darrell,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenstedtite
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Quenstedtite is an uncommon iron sulfate mineral with chemical formula Fe2(SO4)3·11H2O. It forms violet or white triclinic crystals. Found in oxidized zones of pyrite-rich orebodies, especially in arid climates. It was first reported in 1888 for an occurrence in Tierra Amarilla, Copiapó Province, Atacama Region, Chile and named by G. Linck in 1889 for the German mineralogist F. A. von Quenstedt (1809–1889).
References
Webmineral data
Sulfate minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20No.%205%2C%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador
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Census Division No. 5 is a Statistics Canada statistical division composed of the areas of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador called Humber Valley, Bay of Islands, and White Bay. It covers a land area of 10,365.63 km² (4,002.19 sq mi), and had a population of 42,014 according to the 2016 census.
Cities
Corner Brook
Towns
Cormack
Cox's Cove
Deer Lake
Gillams
Hampden
Howley
Hughes Brook
Humber Arm South
Irishtown-Summerside
Jackson's Arm
Lark Harbour
Massey Drive
McIvers
Meadows
Mount Moriah
Pasadena
Reidville
Steady Brook
York Harbour
Unorganized subdivisions
Subdivision A (Includes: St. Jude's, and Hinds Lake)
Subdivision C (Includes: Spruce Brook, George's Lake, Pinchgut Lake)
Subdivision D (Includes: North Arm, Middle Arm, Goose Arm, Serpentine Lake)
Subdivision E (Includes: Galeville, The Beaches)
Subdivision F (Includes: Pynn's Brook, Little Rapids, Humber Valley Resort)
Subdivision G (Includes: Pollards Point, Sops Arm)
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Division No. 5 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References
Sources
005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack%20variable
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In an optimization problem, a slack variable is a variable that is added to an inequality constraint to transform it into an equality. Introducing a slack variable replaces an inequality constraint with an equality constraint and a non-negativity constraint on the slack variable.
Slack variables are used in particular in linear programming. As with the other variables in the augmented constraints, the slack variable cannot take on negative values, as the simplex algorithm requires them to be positive or zero.
If a slack variable associated with a constraint is zero at a particular candidate solution, the constraint is binding there, as the constraint restricts the possible changes from that point.
If a slack variable is positive at a particular candidate solution, the constraint is non-binding there, as the constraint does not restrict the possible changes from that point.
If a slack variable is negative at some point, the point is infeasible (not allowed), as it does not satisfy the constraint.
Slack variables are also used in the Big M method.
Example
By introducing the slack variable , the inequality
can be converted to the equation
.
Embedding in orthant
Slack variables give an embedding of a polytope into the standard f-orthant, where is the number of constraints (facets of the polytope). This map is one-to-one (slack variables are uniquely determined) but not onto (not all combinations can be realized), and is expressed in terms of the constraints (linear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb%20Raider%3A%20Anniversary
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Tomb Raider: Anniversary is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and Buzz Monkey Software and published by Eidos Interactive in 2007 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, Wii and mobile phones. It was later ported to OS X in 2008 and PlayStation 3 in 2011. The eighth overall entry in the Tomb Raider series and second in the Legend trilogy, Anniversary is a remake of the first Tomb Raider game, originally released in 1996.
Taking place before the events of 2006's Tomb Raider: Legend, Anniversary follows series protagonist Lara Croft's quest for the Scion of Atlantis. Gameplay features Lara navigating linear levels, fighting enemies and solving puzzles to progress. The Wii version includes console-exclusive motion control elements, and the mobile adaptation features side-scrolling gameplay emulating earlier mobile Tomb Raider titles.
Following the completion of Legend, Crystal Dynamics began developing Anniversary. Using the Legend engine, the team rebuilt the gameplay and levels, and series cocreator Toby Gard expanded the narrative. Composer Troels Brun Folmann remade and added to the music using an orchestral style. A remake of the original Tomb Raider was initially being created by franchise creators Core Design, but the project was cancelled following their sale to Rebellion Developments in 2006.
Upon release, Anniversary received generally positive reviews from critics who deemed it a worthy remake of the original
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag%20SNP
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A tag SNP is a representative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a region of the genome with high linkage disequilibrium that represents a group of SNPs called a haplotype. It is possible to identify genetic variation and association to phenotypes without genotyping every SNP in a chromosomal region. This reduces the expense and time of mapping genome areas associated with disease, since it eliminates the need to study every individual SNP. Tag SNPs are useful in whole-genome SNP association studies in which hundreds of thousands of SNPs across the entire genome are genotyped.
Introduction
Linkage Disequilibrium
Two loci are said to be in linkage equilibrium (LE) if their inheritance is an independent event. If the alleles at those loci are non-randomly inherited then we say that they are at linkage disequilibrium (LD). LD is most commonly caused by physical linkage of genes. When two genes are inherited on the same chromosome, depending on their distance and the likelihood of recombination between the loci they can be at high LD. However, LD can be also observed due to functional interactions where even genes from different chromosomes can jointly confer an evolutionarily selected phenotype or can affect the viability of potential offspring.
In families LD is highest because of the lowest numbers of recombination events (fewest meiosis events). This is especially true between inbred lines. In populations LD exists because of selection, physical closeness of the gen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-factor%20%28crystallography%29
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In crystallography, the R-factor (sometimes called residual factor or reliability factor or the R-value or RWork) is a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the experimental X-ray diffraction data. In other words, it is a measure of how well the refined structure predicts the observed data. The value is also sometimes called the discrepancy index, as it mathematically describes the difference between the experimental observations and the ideal calculated values. It is defined by the following equation:
where F is the so-called structure factor and the sum extends over all the reflections of X-rays measured and their calculated counterparts respectively. The structure factor is closely related to the intensity of the reflection it describes:
.
The minimum possible value is zero, indicating perfect agreement between experimental observations and the structure factors predicted from the model. There is no theoretical maximum, but in practice, values are considerably less than one even for poor models, provided the model includes a suitable scale factor. Random experimental errors in the data contribute to even for a perfect model, and these have more leverage when the data are weak or few, such as for a low-resolution data set. Model inadequacies such as incorrect or missing parts and unmodeled disorder are the other main contributors to , making it useful to assess the progress and final result of a crystallographic model refinement. For large
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostripain
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Clostripain (, clostridiopeptidase B, clostridium histolyticum proteinase B, alpha-clostridipain, clostridiopeptidase, Endoproteinase Arg-C) is a proteinase that cleaves proteins on the carboxyl peptide bond of arginine. It was isolated from Clostridium histolyticum. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 4.8-4.9 (at 8 °C), and optimum pH is 7.4~7.8 (against α-benzoyl-arginine ethyl ester). The composition of the enzyme is indicated to be of two chains of relative molecular mass 45,000 and 12,500.
See also
Benzoyl
Ethyl ester
References
External links
EC 3.4.22
Post-translational modification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20isotope%20labeling%20by%20amino%20acids%20in%20cell%20culture
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Stable Isotope Labeling by/with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) is a technique based on mass spectrometry that detects differences in protein abundance among samples using non-radioactive isotopic labeling. It is a popular method for quantitative proteomics.
Procedure
Two populations of cells are cultivated in cell culture. One of the cell populations is fed with growth medium containing normal amino acids. In contrast, the second population is fed with growth medium containing amino acids labeled with stable (non-radioactive) heavy isotopes. For example, the medium can contain arginine labeled with six carbon-13 atoms (13C) instead of the normal carbon-12 (12C). When the cells are growing in this medium, they incorporate the heavy arginine into all of their proteins. Thereafter, all peptides containing a single arginine are 6 Da heavier than their normal counterparts. Alternatively, uniform labeling with 13C or 15N can be used. Proteins from both cell populations are combined and analyzed together by mass spectrometry as pairs of chemically identical peptides of different stable-isotope composition can be differentiated in a mass spectrometer owing to their mass difference. The ratio of peak intensities in the mass spectrum for such peptide pairs reflects the abundance ratio for the two proteins.
Applications
A SILAC approach involving incorporation of tyrosine labeled with nine carbon-13 atoms (13C) instead of the normal carbon-12 (12C) has been utilized to study ty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji%20Ogawa
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Seiji Ogawa (小川 誠二 Ogawa Seiji, born January 19, 1934) is a Japanese biophysicist and neuroscientist known for discovering the technique that underlies Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). He is regarded as the father of modern functional brain imaging. He determined that the changes in blood oxygen levels cause its magnetic resonance imaging properties to change, allowing a map of blood, and hence, functional, activity in the brain to be created. This map reflected which neurons of the brain responded with electrochemical signals to mental processes. He was the first scientist who demonstrated that the functional brain imaging is dependent on the oxygenation status of the blood, the BOLD effect. The technique was therefore called blood oxygenation level-dependent or BOLD contrast. Functional MRI (fMRI) has been used to map the visual, auditory, and sensory regions and moving toward higher brain functions such as cognitive functions in the brain.
In 2020, Ogawa was appointed as Osaka University Distinguished Honorary Professor. He is the second scholar to receive this title after Nobel Prize winner Yoichiro Nambu.
Early career
Seiji Ogawa trained as an applied physicist in the University of Tokyo and got a Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford. He worked for 33 years in Biophysics research at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, and was a Distinguished Member of the technical staff. In 2001, he became Director of the Ogawa Laboratories for Brain Function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period%20mapping
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In mathematics, in the field of algebraic geometry, the period mapping relates families of Kähler manifolds to families of Hodge structures.
Ehresmann's theorem
Let be a holomorphic submersive morphism. For a point b of B, we denote the fiber of f over b by Xb. Fix a point 0 in B. Ehresmann's theorem guarantees that there is a small open neighborhood U around 0 in which f becomes a fiber bundle. That is, is diffeomorphic to . In particular, the composite map
is a diffeomorphism. This diffeomorphism is not unique because it depends on the choice of trivialization. The trivialization is constructed from smooth paths in U, and it can be shown that the homotopy class of the diffeomorphism depends only on the choice of a homotopy class of paths from b to 0. In particular, if U is contractible, there is a well-defined diffeomorphism up to homotopy.
The diffeomorphism from Xb to X0 induces an isomorphism of cohomology groups
and since homotopic maps induce identical maps on cohomology, this isomorphism depends only on the homotopy class of the path from b to 0.
Local unpolarized period mappings
Assume that f is proper and that X0 is a Kähler variety. The Kähler condition is open, so after possibly shrinking U, Xb is compact and Kähler for all b in U. After shrinking U further we may assume that it is contractible. Then there is a well-defined isomorphism between the cohomology groups of X0 and Xb. These isomorphisms of cohomology groups will not in general pres
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightness
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Tightness may refer to:
In mathematics,
Tightness of (a collection of) measures is a concept in measure (and probability), theory in mathematics
Tightness (topology) is also a cardinal function used in general topology
In economics,
Tightness refers to the degree to which the number of unemployed workers exceed the number of posted job vacancies (or vice versa).
Market tightness, a point in time where it is very difficult to invest, but it is far easier to sell or to remove investments in return of monetary rewards
In other fields,
Tightness of a rope indicates the rope is under tension
Tightness of a sealing means it is impermeable, that it seals well
Tightness is the art of being 'tight' (i.e., stingy or miserly)
Tightness can refer to something being cool
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobelin
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Gobelin was the name of a family of dyers, who in all probability came originally from Reims, France, and who in the middle of the 15th century established themselves in the Faubourg Saint Marcel, Paris, on the banks of the Bièvre.
The first head of the firm was named Jehan Gobelin (d. 1476). He discovered a peculiar kind of scarlet dyestuff, and he expended so much money on his establishment that it was named by the common people la folie Gobelin. To the dye-works there was added in the 16th century a manufactory of tapestry.
The family's wealth increased so rapidly that in the third or fourth generation some of them forsook their trade and purchased titles of nobility. More than one of their number held offices of state, among others Balthasar, who became successively treasurer general of artillery, treasurer extraordinary of war, councillor secretary of the king, chancellor of the exchequer, councillor of state and president of the chamber of accounts, and who in 1601 received from Henry IV the lands and lordship of Brie-Comte-Robert. He died in 1603. The name of the Gobelins as dyers cannot be found later than the end of the 17th century.
In 1662, the works in the Faubourg Saint Marcel, with the adjoining grounds, were purchased by Jean-Baptiste Colbert on behalf of Louis XIV and transformed into a general upholstery manufactory, the Gobelins Manufactory.
In various languages 'gobelin' is synonymous for 'tapestry'.
See also
Gobelins Manufactory
References
Externa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMP
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ECMP may refer to:
Equal-cost multi-path routing
Electronic Countermeasure Pod
Extracellular matrix protein
European Confederation of Modern Pentathlon
Electric Common Modular Platform (e-CMP), an electric vehicle platform produced by Stellantis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes%20existence%20and%20smoothness
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The Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, a system of partial differential equations that describe the motion of a fluid in space. Solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations are used in many practical applications. However, theoretical understanding of the solutions to these equations is incomplete. In particular, solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations often include turbulence, which remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics, despite its immense importance in science and engineering.
Even more basic (and seemingly intuitive) properties of the solutions to Navier–Stokes have never been proven. For the three-dimensional system of equations, and given some initial conditions, mathematicians have neither proved that smooth solutions always exist, nor found any counter-examples. This is called the Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem.
Since understanding the Navier–Stokes equations is considered to be the first step to understanding the elusive phenomenon of turbulence, the Clay Mathematics Institute in May 2000 made this problem one of its seven Millennium Prize problems in mathematics. It offered a US$1,000,000 prize to the first person providing a solution for a specific statement of the problem:
The Navier–Stokes equations
In mathematics, the Navier–Stokes equations are a system of nonlinear partial differential equations for abstract vector fields of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-SMAD
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I-SMAD or Inhibitor SMAD is a subclass of SMADs that are involved in the modulation of transforming growth factor beta ligands. This class includes SMAD6 and SMAD7. They compete with SMAD4 and consequently regulate the transcription of its gene products.
See also
SMAD (protein)
R-SMAD
External links
SMAD (protein)
Transcription factors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20drop
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Pressure drop (often abbreviated as "dP" or "ΔP") is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of a fluid carrying network. A pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through a conduit (such as a channel, pipe, or tube). This friction converts some of the fluid’s hydraulic energy to thermal energy (i.e., internal energy). Since the thermal energy cannot be converted back to hydraulic energy, the fluid experiences a drop in pressure, as is required by conservation of energy.
The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid viscosity. Pressure drop increases proportionally to the frictional shear forces within the piping network. A piping network containing a high relative roughness rating as well as many pipe fittings and joints, tube convergence, divergence, turns, surface roughness, and other physical properties will affect the pressure drop. High flow velocities or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a pipe section, valve, or elbow joint. Low velocity will result in less (or no) pressure drop. The fluid may also be biphasic as in pneumatic conveying with a gas and a solid; in this case, the friction of the solid must also be taken into consideration for calculating the pressure drop.
Applications
Fluid in a system will always flow from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure, assuming it has a pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemphigoid
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Pemphigoid is a group of rare autoimmune blistering diseases of the skin, and mucous membranes. As its name indicates, pemphigoid is similar in general appearance to pemphigus, but, unlike pemphigus, pemphigoid does not feature acantholysis, a loss of connections between skin cells.
Pemphigoid is more common than pemphigus, and is slightly more common in women than in men. It is also more common in people aged over 70 years than it is in younger people.
Classification
IgG
The forms of pemphigoid are considered to be connective tissue autoimmune skin diseases. There are several types:
Gestational pemphigoid (PG) (formerly called Herpes gestationis)
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) Rarely affects the mouth
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) or (cicatricial pemphigoid), (No skin involvement)
Bullous and mucous membrane pemphigoid usually affect persons who are over age 60. Gestational pemphigoid occurs during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester, or immediately following pregnancy.
IgA
Pemphigoid is usually considered to be mediated by IgG, but IgA-mediated forms have also been described.
IgA-mediated immunobullous diseases can often be difficult to treat even with usually effective medications such as rituximab.
Bullous pemphigoid
Bullous pemphigoid is a rare and chronic autoimmune disorder characterised by large sub-epidermal blisters called bullae, that predominantly involves the skin and less commonly the mucous membranes. It is the most common type of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens%20Kings
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The Queens Kings were the Toronto Blue Jays' Short-Season A classification team in the New York–Penn League in the 2000 season. The team was formerly the St. Catharines Stompers and was sold by the Blue Jays and relocated to Queens, New York City, New York and played at The Ballpark at St. Johns. The following season (2001), the team moved to the New York City borough of Brooklyn and became the Brooklyn Cyclones, an affiliate of the New York Mets. Of note, Alex Ríos, who earned a spot on the 2006 and 2007 American League All Star Roster, played his first season in professional baseball with the Queens Kings. Other former Queens Kings to reach the majors include Cleveland Indians catcher Guillermo Quiróz and former pitcher Brandon Lyon. Mike Smith (Blue Jays and Twins) also played for the Kings.
Franchise record
Defunct New York–Penn League teams
Defunct baseball teams in New York City
Professional baseball teams in New York (state)
Toronto Blue Jays minor league affiliates
Baseball teams established in 2000
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2000
2000 establishments in New York City
2000 disestablishments in New York (state)
Sports in Queens, New York
Defunct baseball teams in New York (state)
Baseball teams disestablished in 2000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo%20repeat
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An armadillo repeat is a characteristic, repetitive amino acid sequence of about 42 residues in length that is found in many proteins. Proteins that contain armadillo repeats typically contain several tandemly repeated copies. Each armadillo repeat is composed of a pair of alpha helices that form a hairpin structure. Multiple copies of the repeat form what is known as an alpha solenoid structure.
Examples of proteins that contain armadillo repeats include β-catenin, Sarm1 (SARM1), α-importin, plakoglobin, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and many others.
The term armadillo derives from the historical name of the β-catenin gene in the fruitfly Drosophila where the armadillo repeat was first discovered. Although β-catenin was previously believed to be a protein involved in linking cadherin cell adhesion proteins to the cytoskeleton, recent work indicates that β-catenin regulates the homodimerization of alpha-catenin, which in turn controls actin branching and bundling. But, the armadillo repeat is found in a wide range of proteins with other functions. This type of protein domain is important in transducing WNT signals during embryonic development.
Structure
The 3-dimensional fold of an armadillo repeat was first observed in the crystal structure of β-catenin, where the 12 tandem repeats form a superhelix of alpha helices with three helices per unit. The cylindrical structure features a positively charged groove, which presumably interacts with the acidic surfaces of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20max%20plus%20beta%20min%20algorithm
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The alpha max plus beta min algorithm is a high-speed approximation of the square root of the sum of two squares. The square root of the sum of two squares, also known as Pythagorean addition, is a useful function, because it finds the hypotenuse of a right triangle given the two side lengths, the norm of a 2-D vector, or the magnitude of a complex number given the real and imaginary parts.
The algorithm avoids performing the square and square-root operations, instead using simple operations such as comparison, multiplication, and addition. Some choices of the α and β parameters of the algorithm allow the multiplication operation to be reduced to a simple shift of binary digits that is particularly well suited to implementation in high-speed digital circuitry.
The approximation is expressed as
where is the maximum absolute value of a and b, and is the minimum absolute value of a and b.
For the closest approximation, the optimum values for and are and , giving a maximum error of 3.96%.
Improvements
When , becomes smaller than (which is geometrically impossible) near the axes where is near 0.
This can be remedied by replacing the result with whenever that is greater, essentially splitting the line into two different segments.
Depending on the hardware, this improvement can be almost free.
Using this improvement changes which parameter values are optimal, because they no longer need a close match for the entire interval. A lower and higher can therefore in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-2%20receptor
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The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2.
Composition
IL-2 binds to the IL-2 receptor, which has three forms, generated by different combinations of three different proteins, often referred to as "chains": α (alpha) (also called IL-2Rα, CD25, or Tac antigen), β (beta) (also called IL-2Rβ, or CD122), and γ (gamma) (also called IL-2Rγ, γc, common gamma chain, or CD132); these subunits are also parts of receptors for other cytokines. The β and γ chains of the IL-2R are members of the type I cytokine receptor family.
Structure-activity relationships of the IL-2/IL-2R interaction
The three receptor chains are expressed separately and differently on various cell types and can assemble in different combinations and orders to generate low, intermediate, and high affinity IL-2 receptors.
The α chain binds IL-2 with low affinity, the combination of β and γ together form a complex that binds IL-2 with intermediate affinity, primarily on memory T cells and NK cells; and all three receptor chains form a complex that binds IL-2 with high affinity (Kd ~ 10−11 M) on activated T cells and regulatory T cells. The intermediate and high affinity receptor forms are functional and cause changes in the cell when IL-2 binds to them.
The structure of the stable complex formed when IL-2 binds to the high affinity receptor has been determined using X-r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4
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MC4 may refer to:
Medical Communications for Combat Casualty Care, known as MC4
MC4 connector, electrical connector commonly used for connecting solar panels
MC4 protein receptor
Modern Combat 4: Zero Hour known online as MC4
MC4 (album), second studio album by American rapper French Montana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLP-FRT%20recombination
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In genetics, Flp-FRT recombination is a site-directed recombination technology, increasingly used to manipulate an organism's DNA under controlled conditions in vivo. It is analogous to Cre-lox recombination but involves the recombination of sequences between short flippase recognition target (FRT) sites by the recombinase flippase (Flp) derived from the 2 µ plasmid of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The 34bp minimal FRT site sequence has the sequence
5'3'
for which flippase (Flp) binds to both 13-bp 5'-GAAGTTCCTATTC-3' arms flanking the 8 bp spacer, i.e. the site-specific recombination (region of crossover) in reverse orientation. FRT-mediated cleavage occurs just ahead from the asymmetric 8bp core region (5'3') on the top strand and behind this sequence on the bottom strand. Several variant FRT sites exist, but recombination can usually occur only between two identical FRTs but generally not among non-identical ("heterospecific") FRTs.
Biological function
In yeast, this enzyme corrects decreases in 2 µ plasmid copy number caused by rare missegregation events. It does so by causing recombination between the two inverted repetitions on the 2 µ plasmid during DNA replication. This changes the direction of one replication fork, causing multiple rounds of copying in a single initiation.
Mutations of the FRT site sequence
Senecoff et al. (1987) investigated how nucleotide substitutions within the FRT affected the efficacy of the FLP-mediated recombination. The aut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis%20regulator%20BAX
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Apoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene. BAX is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein forms a heterodimer with BCL2, and functions as an apoptotic activator. This protein is reported to interact with, and increase the opening of, the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), which leads to the loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. The expression of this gene is regulated by the tumor suppressor P53 and has been shown to be involved in P53-mediated apoptosis.
Structure
The BAX gene was the first identified pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members share one or more of the four characteristic domains of homology entitled the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains (named BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4), and can form hetero- or homodimers. These domains are composed of nine α-helices, with a hydrophobic α-helix core surrounded by amphipathic helices and a transmembrane C-terminal α-helix anchored to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). A hydrophobic groove formed along the C-terminal of α2 to the N-terminal of α5, and some residues from α8, binds the BH3 domain of other BAX or BCL-2 proteins in its active form. In the protein's inactive form, the groove binds its transmembrane domain, transitioning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20inhibition
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In cell biology, contact inhibition refers to two different but closely related phenomena: contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) and contact inhibition of proliferation (CIP). CIL refers to the avoidance behavior exhibited by fibroblast-like cells when in contact with one another. In most cases, when two cells contact each other, they attempt to alter their locomotion in a different direction to avoid future collision. When collision is unavoidable, a different phenomenon occurs whereby growth of the cells of the culture itself eventually stops in a cell-density dependent manner. Both types of contact inhibition are well-known properties of normal cells and contribute to the regulation of proper tissue growth, differentiation, and development. It is worth noting that both types of regulation are normally negated and overcome during organogenesis during embryonic development and tissue and wound healing. However, contact inhibition of locomotion and proliferation are both aberrantly absent in cancer cells, and the absence of this regulation contributes to tumorigenesis.
Mechanism
Contact inhibition is a regulatory mechanism that functions to keep cells growing into a layer one cell thick (a monolayer). If a cell has plenty of available substrate space, it replicates rapidly and moves freely. This process continues until the cells occupy the entire substratum. At this point, normal cells will stop replicating.
As motile cells come into contact in confluent cultures, they e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n%20Hatvani
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István Hatvani (1718–1786) was a Hungarian mathematician. He worked on developing some of the earliest elements of probability theory.
External links
Biography at University of St Andrews, Scotland
1718 births
1786 deaths
18th-century Hungarian mathematicians
Probability theorists
Istvan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic%20sequence
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A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction (e.g. 5' to 3') on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction (e.g. 5' to 3') on the complementary strand. This definition of palindrome thus depends on complementary strands being palindromic of each other.
The meaning of palindrome in the context of genetics is slightly different from the definition used for words and sentences. Since a double helix is formed by two paired antiparallel strands of nucleotides that run in opposite directions, and the nucleotides always pair in the same way (adenine (A) with thymine (T) in DNA or uracil (U) in RNA; cytosine (C) with guanine (G)), a (single-stranded) nucleotide sequence is said to be a palindrome if it is equal to its reverse complement. For example, the DNA sequence ACCTAGGT is palindromic with its nucleotide-by-nucleotide complement TGGATCCA because reversing the order of the nucleotides in the complement gives the original sequence.
A palindromic nucleotide sequence is capable of forming a hairpin. The stem portion of the hairpin is a pseudo-double stranded portion since the entire hairpin is a part of same (single) strand of nucleic acid. Palindromic motifs are found in most genomes or sets of genetic instructions. They have been specially researched in bacterial chromosomes and in the so-called Bacterial Interspersed Mosaic Elements (BIMEs) scattered over them. In 2008,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolazepam
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Zolazepam (Flupyrazapon) is a pyrazolodiazepinone derivative structurally related to the benzodiazepine drugs, which is used as an anaesthetic for a wide range of animals in veterinary medicine. Zolazepam is usually administered in combination with other drugs such as the NMDA antagonist tiletamine or the α2 adrenergic receptor agonist xylazine, depending on what purpose it is being used for. It is around four times the potency of diazepam (0.32 mg/kg versus 1.2 mg/kg in animal models) but it is both water-soluble and un-ionized at physiological pH meaning that its onset is very fast.
Zolazepam was developed by Horace A. de Wald and Donald E. Butler for Parke-Davis and was the result of a very detailed analysis of the benzodiazepine structure ( filed in 1969).
Zolazepam, in combination with tiletamine, has been used in the tranquilization of wild animals, such as gorillas and polar bears, and has been found to be superior to ketamine because of reduced side-effects. A 1:1 mixture of zolazepam and tiletamine is sold under the names Telazol and Zoletil.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
General anesthetics
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Fluoroarenes
Pyrazolodiazepines
Veterinary drugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrazepam
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Tetrazepam (is marketed under the following brand names, Clinoxan, Epsipam, Myolastan, Musaril, Relaxam and Spasmorelax) is a benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and slightly hypnotic properties. It was formerly used mainly in Austria, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain to treat muscle spasm, anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, or more rarely to treat depression, premenstrual syndrome or agoraphobia. Tetrazepam has relatively little sedative effect at low doses while still producing useful muscle relaxation and anxiety relief. The Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures-Human (CMD(h)) endorsed the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommendation to suspend the marketing authorisations of tetrazepam-containing medicines across the European Union (EU) in April 2013. The European Commission has confirmed the suspension of the marketing authorisations for Tetrazepam in Europe because of cutaneous toxicity, effective from the 1 August 2013.
Delayed type 4 allergic hypersensitivity reactions including maculopapular exanthema, erythematous rash, urticarial eruption, erythema multiforme, photodermatitis, eczema and Stevens–Johnson syndrome can occasionally occur as a result of tetrazepam exposure. These hypersensitivity reactions to tetrazepam share no cross-reactivity with other benzodiazepines.
Indications
Tetrazepam is used therapeutically as a muscle relaxant.
Availability
The indicate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon%20Kaiji%20Kyokai
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is a ship classification society.
"ClassNK," also known by its brand name is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that works on a range of services involving ships and preventing marine pollution. The Society's expert technical staff performs surveys to ensure that the rules it has developed are applied to both new and existing ships, ensuring their safety. These rules cover hull structures, safety equipment, cargo handling gear, engines, machinery, electrical and electronic systems, among other things.
As of December 2007, the Society had 6,793 ships with a total of 152.22 million gross tons under its class, representing about 20% of the world merchant fleet currently under class. Although based in Japan, ClassNK has worldwide representation through its network of exclusive surveyor offices. Its surveyors work at shipbuilding and repair yards and ports around the world, examining ships wherever they are needed. On November 15, 1999, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai celebrated its 100th anniversary. On May 28, 2012, ClassNK officially announced that its register had surpassed the 200 million gross ton mark, making it the world's first class society in history with more than 200 million gross tons on its register.
Main Activities of ClassNK
ClassNK offers a wide range of services, including ship classification surveys, statutory surveys, and certification on behalf of Flag States based on international conventions, codes, national statutes, and ClassNK's own rules and regulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic%20acyclic%20finite%20state%20automaton
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In computer science, a deterministic acyclic finite state automaton (DAFSA),
also called a directed acyclic word graph (DAWG; though that name also refers to a related data structure that functions as a suffix index)
is a data structure that represents a set of strings, and allows for a query operation that tests whether a given string belongs to the set in time proportional to its length. Algorithms exist to construct and maintain such automata, while keeping them minimal.
A DAFSA is a special case of a finite state recognizer that takes the form of a directed acyclic graph with a single source vertex (a vertex with no incoming edges), in which each edge of the graph is labeled by a letter or symbol, and in which each vertex has at most one outgoing edge for each possible letter or symbol. The strings represented by the DAFSA are formed by the symbols on paths in the graph from the source vertex to any sink vertex (a vertex with no outgoing edges). In fact, a deterministic finite state automaton is acyclic if and only if it recognizes a finite set of strings.
Comparison to tries
By allowing the same vertices to be reached by multiple paths, a DAFSA may use significantly fewer vertices than the strongly related trie data structure. Consider, for example, the four English words "tap", "taps", "top", and "tops". A trie for those four words would have 12 vertices, one for each of the strings formed as a prefix of one of these words, or for one of the words followed by the end
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopeptidase
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Aminopeptidases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the amino terminus (N-terminus) of proteins or peptides (exopeptidases). They are widely distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms and are found in many subcellular organelles, in cytosol, and as membrane components. Aminopeptidases are used in essential cellular functions. Many, but not all, of these peptidases are zinc metalloenzymes.
Some aminopeptidases are monomeric, and others are assemblies of relatively high mass (50 kDa) subunits. cDNA sequences are available for several aminopeptidases and a crystal structure of the open state of human endoplasmic reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 ERAP1 is presented here. Amino acid sequences determined directly or deduced from cDNAs indicate some amino acid sequence homologies in organisms as diverse as Escherichia coli and mammals, particularly in catalytically important residues or in residues involved in metal ion binding.
One important aminopeptidase is a zinc-dependent enzyme produced and secreted by glands of the small intestine. It helps the enzymatic digestion of proteins. Additional digestive enzymes produced by these glands include dipeptidases, maltase, sucrase, lactase, and enterokinase.
See also
Alanine aminopeptidase
Carboxypeptidase
References
External links
Zinc proteins
EC 3.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa%20paraguaya
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Sopa paraguaya is a traditional food of the Paraguayan cuisine similar to corn bread. Corn flour, cheese, onion and milk or whey are common ingredients. It is a spongy cake rich in caloric and protein content.
Sopa is similar to another corn-based Paraguayan typical dish, chipa guasu, except that chipa guasu is made with fresh corn and its consistency is a little bit more like a cheesy soufflé and less like a savory cornbread.
History
Some revisionist historians point out that, during the colonial era, the German traveler Ulrich Schmidl was already talking about the recipe for that kind of starchy bread made by the Cario-Guarani people (a native tribe who used to live in Asunción). Schmidl was in charge of noting in the logbook of the Spanish ship in which the expedition led by Juan de Ayolas arrived, which would arrive in Asunción later, thus giving rise to the first encounter between Spaniards and the Cario-Guarani people. Back then, there was a menu that was already part of the varieties of bread that the Cario-Guarani natives had in the early days of the conquest. The food the Cario-Guarani people used to eat was “mbujape”, which translated from Guarani means “bread”. To cook the mbujapé, corn flour or cassava starch was combined with animal fat and then it was wrapped in a banana leaf and placed in the tanimbú to cook it.
There is the wrong idea of naming Paraguayan cuisine as "Guarani cuisine". Paraguayan gastronomy was born from the fusion of Spanish cuisine and C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamath
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Metamath is a formal language and an associated computer program (a proof assistant) for archiving and verifying mathematical proofs. Several databases of proved theorems have been developed using Metamath covering standard results in logic, set theory, number theory, algebra, topology and analysis, among others.
, the set of proved theorems using Metamath includes 74 of the 100 theorems of the "Formalizing 100 Theorems" challenge, making it fifth after Isabelle, HOL Light, Coq, and Lean.
There are at least 19 proof verifiers that use the Metamath format.
The Metamath website provides a database of formalized theorems which can be browsed interactively.
Metamath language
The Metamath language is a metalanguage for formal systems. The Metamath language has no specific logic embedded in it. Instead, it can be regarded as a way to prove that inference rules (asserted as axioms or proven later) can be applied.
The largest database of proved theorems follows conventional first-order logic and ZFC set theory.
The Metamath language design (employed to state the definitions, axioms, inference rules and theorems) is focused on simplicity; it contains only a handful of keywords. Proofs are checked using an algorithm based on variable substitution. The algorithm also has optional provisos for what variables must remain distinct after a substitution is made.
Language basics
The set of symbols that can be used for constructing formulas is declared using $c (constant symbols) and $v (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20Race
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Omega Race is a shoot 'em up arcade video game designed by Ron Haliburton and released in 1981 by Midway. It is the only arcade game with vector graphics that Midway created.
Omega Race was ported to the VIC-20 and Commodore 64 and published by Commodore in 1982. In 1983, ColecoVision and Atari 2600 versions were released by CBS Electronics.
Gameplay
Set in the year 2003, the player controls an Omegan Fighter spaceship to destroy enemy droid ships in a rectangular "track." The player's ship is controlled with a spinner to rotate the ship, a button for thrusting, and a button for firing lasers. The enemies that the player must destroy or avoid are drone ships, commander ships, two types of space mines, and shooting star ships. The ship bounces off an invisible barrier on the edges of the screen that briefly appears when hit. By default, extra ships are awarded at 40,000 and 100,000 points.
Ports
The Atari 2600 cartridge came bundled with a "booster grip" controller which converted the single-button Atari CX40 joystick to having separate buttons for thrust and shoot. Omega Race is one of a few CBS games for the Atari 2600 with an additional 256 bytes of RAM in each cartridge, a feature promoted by CBS as "RAM Plus."
Reception
Consumer Guides How To Win At Video Games stated in 1982 of Omega Race that "any unskilled player can pop a quarter into the machine and stay up there for up to 20,000 points." According to the book, more than 35,000 machines were created, with the a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20protein%20binding
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Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to blood proteins within the blood plasma. A drug's efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse or diffuse through cell membranes. Common blood proteins that drugs bind to are human serum albumin, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, and α, β‚ and γ globulins.
Binding (drug distribution)
A drug in blood exists in two forms: bound and unbound. Depending on a specific drug's affinity for plasma proteins, a proportion of the drug may become bound to the proteins, with the remainder being unbound. If the protein binding is reversible, then a chemical equilibrium will exist between the bound and unbound states, such that:
Protein + drug ⇌ Protein-drug complex
Notably, it is the unbound fraction which exhibits pharmacologic effects. It is also the fraction that may be metabolized and/or excreted. For example, the "fraction bound" of the anticoagulant warfarin is 97%. This means that out of the amount of warfarin in the blood, 97% is bound to plasma proteins. The remaining 3% (the fraction unbound) is the fraction that is actually active and may be excreted.
Protein binding can influence the drug's biological half-life. The bound portion may act as a reservoir or depot from which the drug is slowly released as the unbound form. Since the unbound form is being metabolized and/or excreted from the body, the bound fraction will be released in o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20majority%20algorithm%20%28machine%20learning%29
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In machine learning, weighted majority algorithm (WMA) is a meta learning algorithm used to construct a compound algorithm from a pool of prediction algorithms, which could be any type of learning algorithms, classifiers, or even real human experts.
The algorithm assumes that we have no prior knowledge about the accuracy of the algorithms in the pool, but there are sufficient reasons to believe that one or more will perform well.
Assume that the problem is a binary decision problem. To construct the compound algorithm, a positive weight is given to each of the algorithms in the pool. The compound algorithm then collects weighted votes from all the algorithms in the pool, and gives the prediction that has a higher vote. If the compound algorithm makes a mistake, the algorithms in the pool that contributed to the wrong predicting will be discounted by a certain ratio β where 0<β<1.
It can be shown that the upper bounds on the number of mistakes made in a given sequence of predictions from a pool of algorithms is
if one algorithm in makes at most mistakes.
There are many variations of the weighted majority algorithm to handle different situations, like shifting targets, infinite pools, or randomized predictions. The core mechanism remains similar, with the final performances of the compound algorithm bounded by a function of the performance of the specialist (best performing algorithm) in the pool.
See also
Randomized weighted majority algorithm
References
Machine l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugland%20%28name%29
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Haugland is a Norwegian surname from any of numerous farmsteads in Norway. From Old Norse word haugr meaning hill or mound. Other derivatives include Hauge, Haugan and Haugen, all common Norwegian family names. Notable people with the surname include:
Aage Haugland (1944-2000), Danish operatic bass
Åshild Haugland (born 1986), a Norwegian politician
Baard Madsen Haugland (1835-1896), Norwegian politician
Bill Haugland, Canadian television news anchorman
Brynhild Haugland (1905-1998), American Republican Party politician
Curly Haugland, American politician, member of the RNC rules committee.
Eugen Haugland (1912-1990), Norwegian triple jumper
Glenn Erik Haugland (born 1961), an American contemporary composer
Hanne Haugland (born 1967), Norwegian high jumper
Hanne Haugland (born 1991), a Norwegian speed skater
Ian Haugland (born 1964), Swedish drummer
Jens Haugland (1910-1991), Norwegian politician
Jens Edv. Haugland (1924-1981), Norwegian politician
John Haugland (born 1946), Norwegian former rally driver
Knut Haugland (1917-2009), Norwegian resistance fighter, noted explorer, and crewmember of Kon-Tiki
Richard P. (Dick) Haugland (1943-2016), American scientist, inventor and philanthropist
Sven A. Haugland (born 1948), Norwegian organizational theorist
Terje Haugland (born 1944), Norwegian long jumper
Trond Inge Haugland (born 1976), a former Norwegian football player
Tove Welle Haugland (born 1989), a Norwegian politician
Valgerd Svarstad Haugland (born 1956), Norwegian le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1-Methyl-lysergic%20acid%20diethylamide
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N1-Methyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (MLD-41) is a derivative of LSD that has about one-third the psychoactive effects. It has been studied in cross-tolerance of LSD.
Metabolism of other 1-methylated-ergoloids to their secondary amine derivatives has been frequently noted in mammals.
References
Lysergamides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20Hall%20problem
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The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, loosely based on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal and named after its original host, Monty Hall. The problem was originally posed (and solved) in a letter by Steve Selvin to the American Statistician in 1975. It became famous as a question from reader Craig F. Whitaker's letter quoted in Marilyn vos Savant's "Ask Marilyn" column in Parade magazine in 1990:
Savant's response was that the contestant should switch to the other door. Under the standard assumptions, the switching strategy has a probability of winning the car, while the strategy of sticking with the initial choice has only a probability.
When the player first makes their choice, there is a chance that the car is behind one of the doors not chosen. This probability does not change after the host reveals a goat behind one of the unchosen doors. When the host provides information about the two unchosen doors (revealing that one of them does not have the car behind it), the chance of the car being behind one of the unchosen doors rests on the unchosen and unrevealed door, as opposed to the chance of the car being behind the door the contestant chose initially.
The given probabilities depend on specific assumptions about how the host and contestant choose their doors. A key insight is that, under these standard conditions, there is more information about doors 2 and 3 than was available at the beginning of the game
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Barres
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Ben A. Barres (September 13, 1954 – December 27, 2017) was an American neurobiologist at Stanford University. His research focused on the interaction between neurons and glial cells in the nervous system. Beginning in 2008, he was chair of the Neurobiology Department at Stanford University School of Medicine. He transitioned to male in 1997, and became the first openly transgender scientist in the National Academy of Sciences in 2013.
Early life and education
Barres was born on September 13, 1954, in West Orange, New Jersey, assigned female as Barbara A. Barres. As a child, his salesman father and homemaker mother saw him as a tomboy. He later recalled: "Internally I felt strongly that I was a boy. This was evident in everything about my behavior." Attending a West Orange school, Barres excelled in mathematics and science and was impressed by his eighth-grade teacher, Jeffrey Davis.
At the age of 17, he learned that he had been born with Müllerian agenesis, for which he received surgical correction. He obtained a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1976), a medical degree (MD) from Dartmouth Medical School (1979), and a residency in neurology at Weill Cornell Medicine. During his residency, Barres noted the lack of knowledge about the causes or cures of neurodegeneration. In studying pathology reports, he noticed a correlation between neural degeneration and irregular patterns of glial cells in the brain and, intrigued, resigned his re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAE-32
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D-Lysergic acid ethylamide (LAE-32) is a derivative of ergine. It is reported to have some LSD-like effects but is weaker and shorter lasting, with an active dose reported to be between 0.5 and 1.5 milligrams.
It was studied by the CIA as part of Project MKULTRA. Documents published by the CIA under the Freedom of Information Act suggest it causes "a schizophrenia-like condition" but it allows people with schizophrenia to remain indifferent to their disorder.
References
Lysergamides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPD-824
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N-Pyrrolidyllysergamide (LPD-824) is a derivative of ergine. It is reported to have some mild, short lasting LSD-like effects at a dose of 800 micrograms.
References
Lysergamides
1-Pyrrolidinyl compounds
Serotonin receptor agonists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20C%20Compiler
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The Portable C Compiler (also known as pcc or sometimes pccm - portable C compiler machine) is an early compiler for the C programming language written by Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs in the mid-1970s, based in part on ideas proposed by Alan Snyder in 1973,
and "distributed as the C compiler by Bell Labs... with the blessing of Dennis Ritchie."
Being one of the first compilers that could easily be adapted to output code for different computer architectures, the compiler had a long life span. It debuted in Seventh Edition Unix and shipped with BSD Unix until the release of 4.4BSD in 1994, when it was replaced by the GNU C Compiler. It was very influential in its day, so much so that at the beginning of the 1980s, the majority of C compilers were based on it. Anders Magnusson and Peter A Jonsson restarted development of pcc in 2007, rewriting it extensively to support the C99 standard.
Features
Key features of pcc are its portability and improved diagnostic capabilities. The compiler was designed so that only a few of its source files are machine-dependent. It is relatively robust to syntax errors and performs more thorough validity checks than its contemporaries.
The first C compiler, written by Dennis Ritchie, used a recursive descent parser, incorporated specific knowledge about the PDP-11, and relied on an optional machine-specific optimizer to improve the assembly language code it generated. In contrast, Johnson's pccm was based on a yacc-generated parser and used a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSM-775
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N-Morpholinyllysergamide (LSM-775) is a derivative of ergine. It is less potent than LSD but is reported to have some LSD-like effects at doses ranging from 75 to 700 micrograms and a shorter duration. There are fewer signs of cardiovascular stimulation and peripheral toxicity with LSM-775 compared to LSD.
See also
1cP-LSD
1B-LSD
1P-ETH-LAD
1P-LSD
1V-LSD
ALD-52
AL-LAD
ETH-LAD
Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ)
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
O-Acetylpsilocin (4-AcO-DMT)
PRO-LAD
References
Lysergamides
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Serotonin receptor agonists
Designer drugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyllysergamide
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N,N-Dimethyllysergamide or ''N,N''-dimethyl-D-lysergamide (DAM-57) is a derivative of ergine. There has been a single report of observing N,N-dimethyl-D-lysergamide in the illicit drug market. This compound did induce autonomic disturbances at oral levels of some ten times the dosage required for LSD, presumably in the high hundreds of micrograms. There is some disagreement as to whether there were psychic changes observed.
References
Lysergamides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDCA
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FDCA may refer to:
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, oxidized furan derivative and important building block for range of polymers
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, set of laws passed by Congress giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Gene%20Taylor
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Larry Gene Taylor (August 7, 1953 – July 6, 2005) was an American politician and businessman who served as a member of both chambers of the Missouri General Assembly.
Early life and education
Taylor was born in Carthage, Missouri, the son of Dorothy Taylor and the late Missouri congressman, Gene Taylor. He was a graduate of Sarcoxie High School, and went on to Missouri Southern State University.
Career
Taylor was the youngest delegate at the 1972 Republican National Convention. He owned an automobile dealership, Gene Taylor Ford and Sales, and was an automobile and boat wholesaler. He was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 2002 and elected to the Missouri Senate in 2004.
Personal life
He was married to Gay Taylor, and had three children, Charles, Chelsea, and Jaime. He attended the First Baptist Church in Cassville, Missouri, and was an active member of the local Lions International Club. He was a resident of Shell Knob, Missouri. Taylor died in Joplin, Missouri in 2005.
References
1953 births
2005 deaths
People from Shell Knob, Missouri
Republican Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Republican Party Missouri state senators
Missouri Southern State University alumni
American automobile salespeople
20th-century American politicians
People from Carthage, Missouri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure%20types
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In the field of neurology, seizure types are categories of seizures defined by seizure behavior, symptoms, and diagnostic tests. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2017 classification of seizures is the internationally recognized standard for identifying seizure types. The ILAE 2017 classification of seizures is a revision of the prior ILAE 1981 classification of seizures. Distinguishing between seizure types is important since different types of seizures may have different causes, outcomes, and treatments.
History
In ~2500 B.C., the Sumerians provided the first writings about seizures. Later in ~1050 B.C., the Babylonian scholars developed the first seizure classification, inscribing their medical knowledge in the stone tablets called Sakikku or in English "All Diseases." This early classification identified febrile seizures, absence seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, focal seizures, impaired awareness seizures, and status epilepticus. Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728–1797) authored Traité de l’Epilepsie, a book describing grand état (generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and petit état (absence seizures). Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840) later introduced grand mal (generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and petit mal to describe these seizures. In 1937, Gibbs and Lennox introduced psychomotor seizures, seizures with "mental, emotional, motor, and autonomic phenomena." Henri Gastaut led the effort to develop the ILAE 1969 classification of se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide%20cisternogram
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A radionuclide cisternogram is a medical imaging study which involves injecting a radionuclide by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) into a patient's cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) to determine if there is abnormal CSF flow within the brain and spinal canal which can be altered by hydrocephalus, Arnold–Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, or an arachnoid cyst. It may also evaluate a suspected leak (also known as a CSF fistula) from the CSF cavity into the nasal cavity. A leak can also be confirmed by the presence of beta-2 transferrin in fluid collected from the nose before this more invasive procedure is performed.
The patient may be instructed to not eat or drink, or take medications such as aspirin or other blood thinners before the procedure. Pledgets can be inserted into the nasal cavity before the procedure when a CSF leak is suspected.
The patient's spinal fluid is injected with a radiopharmaceutical tracer, such as DTPA tagged with indium 111, through a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). The tracer will diffuse up the spinal column and into the intracranial ventricles and the subarachnoid spaces around the brain. The progress of the tracer's diffusion through the CSF will be recorded by a nuclear medicine gamma camera. Images are usually taken immediately, at 6 hours, and at 24 hours. The patient may be asked to return for 48- and 72-hour follow-up scans.
The pledgets will be removed and either imaged with a gamma camera or counted using a gamma counter. If the tracer has leaked
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNN
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RNN or rnn may refer to:
Random neural network, a mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals
Recurrent neural network, a class of artificial neural networks where connections between nodes form a directed graph along a temporal sequence
rnn (software)
Recursive neural network, a kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structured input
WRNN-TV, branded as Regional News Network, a television station licensed to New Rochelle, New York, United States
Rassd News Network, Egypt
Reserva Natural Nacional, national park in Colombia
IATA code for Bornholm Airport, Denmark
rnn, ISO 639-3 code for the Roon language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation%20distortion
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Attenuation distortion is the distortion of an analog signal that occurs during transmission when the transmission medium does not have a flat frequency response across the bandwidth of the medium or the frequency spectrum of the signal.
Attenuation distortion occurs when some frequencies are attenuated more than other frequencies. When an analog signal of constant amplitude across its frequency spectrum suffers attenuation distortion, some frequencies of the received signal arrive being greater in amplitude (louder), relative to other frequencies.
To overcome the effects of attenuation distortion, communications circuits have special equalization equipment attached at the ends of the circuit or in between, designed to attenuate the signal evenly across the frequency spectrum, or to allow the signal to be received at equal amplitude for all frequencies. Attenuation distortion can still occur in a properly equipped circuit if this equalization filter is not properly maintained or adjusted.
In DSL circuits, echoes due to impedance mismatch often cause attenuation distortion so severe that some frequencies must be automatically mapped out and not used.
References
Telecommunications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton%20Transfusion
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Automaton Transfusion is a 2006 American independent horror film written and directed by Steven C. Miller.
Plot
In the early 1970s, while the majority of Americans were focused on events in Vietnam, the United States Army was secretly developing a way to resurrect and control dead bodies. Their intention was to have the dead fight instead of the living, but the experiments were shut down when the reanimated corpses were unable to control their hunger for human flesh.
Thirty years later, the army decides to reopen the project. Grover City, because of its remote location, would be the home of their main testing facilities. Without warning, the Grover City experiments go horribly wrong and the reanimated corpses go on a rampage, eating everyone in sight.
With the town overtaken by zombies, a group of High School seniors takes it upon themselves to fight back and find a cure for the disease.
Cast
Garrett Jones - Chris
Juliet Reeves - Jackie
William Howard Bowman - Scott
Rowan Bousaid - Tim
Ashley Elizabeth Pierce - Simone
Kendra Farner Kendra Farner as Melissa
Joel Ezra Hebner as Lance
Kevin J. O'Neill as Dr. Swartz
John Youmans as The Bartender
Larry Miller as Lee
Jeff Denton as Jon
Chris Shepardson as Charles
Jason Brague as Matty
James Anlage as Zombie
Production and release
The film was shot on location in Orlando, Florida on an estimated budget of $30,000. It is intended to be the first of a trilogy of horror films and emulates classic examples of the ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussak%27s%20space
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In human anatomy, Prussak's space is the small middle ear recess, bordered laterally by the flaccid part of Shrapnell's membrane, superiorly by the scutum (a sharp bony spur that is formed by the superior wall of the external auditory canal) and lateral malleal ligament, inferiorly by the lateral process of the malleus, and medially by the neck of the malleus. From the neck of the malleus, the anterior malleolar fold and the anterior ligament arise, demarcating Prussak's space anteriorly. Ventilation of Prussak's space is only possible posteriorly above the posterior malleus fold.
It communicates with the posterior pouch of von Troltsch.
It is named after the Russian otologist Alexander Prussak (1839-1897).
Boundaries
Medially: neck of malleus and lateral malleolar ligament
Laterally: pars flaccida
Inferiorly: lateral process of malleus
Superiorly: lateral malleolar fold and scutum
"Anteriorly:" anterior malleolar ligament
Clinical significance
Prussak's space is important because it is a site for pars flaccida acquired cholesteatoma formation. A cholesteatoma forms when there is a deep retraction pocket in the tympanic membrane. The lining of the tympanic membrane, which is skin, is shed, but if the membrane is retracted it gets trapped. The debris collects and enlarges and ultimately forms a cholesteatoma. This cholesteatoma, in turn, can erode the middle ear ossicles, facial nerve, inner ear and even involve the brain.
From Prussak's space, located in the epi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars%20flaccida%20of%20tympanic%20membrane
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In human anatomy, the pars flaccida of tympanic membrane or Shrapnell's membrane (also known as Rivinus' ligament) is the small, triangular, flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. It lies above the malleolar folds attached directly to the petrous bone at the notch of Rivinus. On the inner surface of the tympanic membrane, the chorda tympani crosses this area.
The name Shrapnell's membrane refers to Henry Jones Shrapnell, and the name Rivinus' ligament to Augustus Quirinus Rivinus.
References
Auditory system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Zellner
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Arnold Zellner (January 2, 1927 – August 11, 2010) was an American economist and statistician specializing in the fields of Bayesian probability and econometrics. Zellner contributed pioneering work in the field of Bayesian analysis and econometric modeling.
In Bayesian analysis, Zellner not only provided many applications of it but also a new information-theoretic derivation of rules that are 100% efficient information processing rules — this class includes Bayes's theorem. In econometric modeling, he, in association with Franz Palm, developed the structural time-series approach for constructing new models and for checking the adequacy of old models. In addition, he was involved in many important applied econometric and statistical studies.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, to Ukrainian immigrant parents, Zellner earned his A.B. in physics from Harvard University in 1949 and his Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, under supervision of George Kuznets, in 1957. He held honorary degrees from the Autonomous University of Madrid in Spain, the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa in Portugal, the University of Kiel in Germany, and the Erasmus School of Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands.
He was H.G.B. Alexander Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Economics and Statistics at the Graduate School of Business of the University of Chicago. He was the founder of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis and also served as Presid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiderivative%20%28complex%20analysis%29
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In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the antiderivative, or primitive, of a complex-valued function g is a function whose complex derivative is g. More precisely, given an open set in the complex plane and a function the antiderivative of is a function that satisfies .
As such, this concept is the complex-variable version of the antiderivative of a real-valued function.
Uniqueness
The derivative of a constant function is the zero function. Therefore, any constant function is an antiderivative of the zero function. If is a connected set, then the constant functions are the only antiderivatives of the zero function. Otherwise, a function is an antiderivative of the zero function if and only if it is constant on each connected component of (those constants need not be equal).
This observation implies that if a function has an antiderivative, then that antiderivative is unique up to addition of a function which is constant on each connected component of .
Existence
One can characterize the existence of antiderivatives via path integrals in the complex plane, much like the case of functions of a real variable. Perhaps not surprisingly, g has an antiderivative f if and only if, for every γ path from a to b, the path integral
Equivalently,
for any closed path γ.
However, this formal similarity notwithstanding, possessing a complex-antiderivative is a much more restrictive condition than its real counterpart. While it is possible for a discontinuous real funct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallite
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A corallite is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than in diameter. The inner surface of the corallite is known as the calyx. The vertical blades inside the calyx are known as septa and in some species, these ridges continue outside the corallite wall as costae. Where there is no corallite wall, the blades are known as septocostae. The septa, costae and septocostae may have ornamentation in the form of teeth and may be thick, thin or variable in size. Sometimes there are paliform lobes, in the form of rods or blades, rising from the inner margins of the septa. These may form a neat circle called the paliform crown. The septa do not usually unite in the centre of the corallite, instead they form a columella, a tangled mass of intertwined septa, or a dome-shaped or pillar-like projection. In the living coral, the lower part of the polyp is in intimate contact with the corallite, and has radial mesenteries between the septa which increase the surface area of the body cavity and aid digestion. The septa, palliform lobes and costae can often be seen through the coenosarc, the layer of living tissue that covers the coenosteum, the part of the skeleton between the corallites.
In colonial species, when the corallites each have a sur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutyryl-coenzyme%20A%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Isobutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to process certain amino acids properly.
People with this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that helps break down the amino acid valine, resulting in a buildup of valine in the urine, a symptom called valinuria.
Genetics
Defects in the ACAD8 gene cause isobutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. The ACAD8 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that plays an essential role in breaking down proteins from the diet. Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for processing valine, an amino acid that is part of many proteins. If a mutation in the ACAD8 gene reduces or eliminates the activity of this enzyme, the body is unable to break down valine properly. As a result, poor growth and reduced energy production may occur.
This disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene – one from each parent – are needed to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the defective gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.
Diagnosis
Babies with this disorder are usually healthy at birth. The signs and symptoms may not appear until later in infancy or childhood and can include poor feeding and growth (failure to thrive), a weakened and enlarged heart (dilated cardiomyopathy), seizure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20No.%202%2C%20Saskatchewan
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Division No. 2 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the south-southeastern part of the province, on the United States border. The most populous community in this division is Weyburn.
Demographics
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Division No. 2 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Census subdivisions
The following census subdivisions (municipalities or municipal equivalents) are located within Saskatchewan's Division No. 2.
Cities
Weyburn
Towns
Bengough
Midale
Milestone
Ogema
Radville
Yellow Grass
Villages
Avonlea
Ceylon
Creelman
Fillmore
Goodwater
Halbrite
Lang
Macoun
McTaggart
Minton
Osage
Pangman
Torquay
Rural municipalities
RM No. 6 Cambria
RM No. 7 Souris Valley
RM No. 8 Lake Alma
RM No. 9 Surprise Valley
RM No. 10 Happy Valley
RM No. 36 Cymri
RM No. 37 Lomond
RM No. 38 Laurier
RM No. 39 The Gap
RM No. 40 Bengough
RM No. 66 Griffin
RM No. 67 Weyburn
RM No. 68 Brokenshell
RM No. 69 Norton
RM No. 70 Key West
RM No. 96 Fillmore
RM No. 97 Wellington
RM No. 98 Scott
RM No. 99 Caledonia
RM No. 100 Elmsthorpe
Indian reserves
Piapot Cree Nation
Piapot Cree First Nation 75H
See also
List of census divisions of Saskatchewan
List of communities in Saskatchewan
SARM Division No. 2
Notes
References
Di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20bulbar%20palsy
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Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) is a medical condition. It belongs to a group of disorders known as motor neuron diseases. PBP is a disease that attacks the nerves supplying the bulbar muscles. These disorders are characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brain stem, and pyramidal tracts. This specifically involves the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and hypoglossal nerve (XII).
This disorder should not be confused with pseudobulbar palsy or progressive spinal muscular atrophy. The term infantile progressive bulbar palsy is used to describe progressive bulbar palsy in children. The ICD-11 lists progressive bulbar palsy as a variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Signs and symptoms
Prognosis for PBP patients is poor. Progressive bulbar palsy symptoms can include progressive difficulty with talking and swallowing. Patients can also exhibit reduced gag reflexes, weak palatal movements, fasciculations, and weak movement of the facial muscles and tongue. In advanced cases of PBP, patients may be unable to protrude their tongue or manipulate food in their mouth.
Patients with early cases of PBP have difficulty with pronunciations, particularly lateral consonants (linguals) and velars, and may show problems with drooling saliva. If the corticobulbar tract is affected a pseudobulbar affect with emotional changes may occur. Because PBP patients have such difficulty swallowing, food and saliva can be inhaled into t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-ANCA
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c-ANCAs, or PR3-ANCA, or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, are a type of autoantibody, an antibody produced by the body that acts against one of its own proteins. These antibodies show a diffusely granular, cytoplasmic staining pattern under microscopy. This pattern results from binding of ANCAs to antigen targets throughout the neutrophil cytoplasm, the most common protein target being proteinase 3 (PR3). For example, PR3 is the most common antigen target of ANCA in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In active granulomatosis with polyangiitis, c-ANCA is found over 90% of the time. Other antigens may also occasionally result in a c-ANCA pattern.
See also
P-ANCA
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)
References
Autoantibodies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20hydride
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Aluminium hydride (also known as alane and alumane) is an inorganic compound with the formula AlH3. Alane and its derivatives are part of a family of common reducing reagents in organic synthesis based around group 13 hydrides. In solution—typically in etherial solvents such tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether—aluminium hydride forms complexes with Lewis bases, and reacts selectively with particular organic functional groups (e.g., with carboxylic acids and esters over organic halides and nitro groups), and although it is not a reagent of choice, it can react with carbon-carbon multiple bonds (i.e., through hydroalumination). Given its density, and with hydrogen content on the order of 10% by weight, some forms of alane are, as of 2016, active candidates for storing hydrogen and so for power generation in fuel cell applications, including electric vehicles. As of 2006 it was noted that further research was required to identify an efficient, economical way to reverse the process, regenerating alane from spent aluminium product.
Solid aluminium hydride, or alane, is colorless and nonvolatile, and in its most common reagent form it is a highly polymerized species (i.e., has multiple AlH3 units that are self-associated); it melts with decomposition at 110 °C. While not spontaneously flammable, alane solids and solutions require precautions in use akin to other highly flammable metal hydrides, and must be handled and stored with the active exclusion of moisture. Alane decomposes on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaz%20West%20Hollywood
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The Andaz West Hollywood is a 239-room Hyatt hotel located at 8401 Sunset Boulevard, West Hollywood, California (at Kings Road).
History
The hotel was opened in 1963 by Gene Autry as Gene Autry's Hotel Continental. Leased to Hyatt Hotels Corporation in 1966, it was renamed the Continental Hyatt House.
In the late 1960s and 1970s the hotel's proximity to popular clubs such as the Whisky a Go Go made it the preferred Los Angeles accommodation for touring rock groups, notably English bands Led Zeppelin, The Who and the Rolling Stones. It was often referred to at the time as the "Riot House", a play on the name Hyatt House.
In 1976 the hotel became the Hyatt on Sunset. In February 1997, the hotel was renamed the Hyatt West Hollywood. The hotel was renovated in 2008 and reopened on January 8, 2009 as the Andaz West Hollywood, the second Andaz hotel in the new brand by Hyatt Hotels and Resorts. The 14-story Andaz West Hollywood has 239 rooms, including 20 suites and a restaurant called Riot House. The renovation was completed by New York-based architecture and interior design firm Janson Goldstein LLP and includes a hand-painted metal disk 11-foot sculpture by renowned New York-based artist Jacob Hashimoto. The balconies made famous by stories of rock stars throwing televisions from them are now glass-enclosed sunrooms that overlook Sunset Boulevard.
Association with rock stars and film
Led Zeppelin rented as many as six floors of the hotel in the mid-to-late 1970s for the ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite%20fall%20statistics
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Meteorite fall statistics are frequently used by planetary scientists to approximate the true flux of meteorites on Earth. Meteorite falls are those meteorites that are collected soon after being witnessed to fall, whereas meteorite finds are discovered at a later time. Although there are 30 times as much finds than falls, their raw distribution of types does not accurately reflect what falls to Earth. The reasons for this include the following:
Some meteorite types are easier to find than others.
Some meteorite types are degraded by weathering more quickly than others.
Some meteorites, especially iron meteorites, may have been collected by people in the past who recognized them as being unusual and/or useful, thereby removing them from the scientific record.
Many meteorites fall as showers of many stones, but when they are collected long after the event it may be difficult to tell which ones were part of the same fall.
Many meteorites are found by people who sell meteorites... valuable, rare types become known to science quickly, while those of low value may never be described.
There have been many attempts to correct statistical analyses of meteorite finds for some of these effects, especially to estimate the frequency with which rare meteorite types fall. For example, there are over 100 known lunar meteorite finds, but none has ever been observed to fall. However, for abundant types, meteorite fall statistics are generally preferred.
These statistics are current throug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymocyte
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A thymocyte is an immune cell present in the thymus, before it undergoes transformation into a T cell. Thymocytes are produced as stem cells in the bone marrow and reach the thymus via the blood.
Thymopoiesis describes the process which turns thymocytes into mature T cells according to either negative or positive selection. This selection process is vitally important in shaping the population of thymocytes into a peripheral pool of T cells that are able to respond to foreign pathogens but remain tolerant towards the body's own antigens. Positive selection selects cells which are able to bind MHC class I or II molecules with at least a weak affinity. This eliminates (by a process called "death by neglect") those T cells which would be non-functional due to an inability to bind MHC. Negative selection destroys thymocytes with a high affinity for self peptides or MHC. This eliminates cells which would direct immune responses towards self-proteins in the periphery. Negative selection is not 100% effective, and some autoreactive T cells escape and are released into the circulation. Additional mechanisms of peripheral tolerance exist to silence these cells, but if these fail, autoimmunity may arise.
Stages of maturation
Thymocytes are classified into a number of distinct maturational stages based on the expression of cell surface markers. The earliest thymocyte stage is the double negative stage (negative for both CD4 and CD8), which more recently has been better described as Lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breithauptite
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Breithauptite is a nickel antimonide mineral with the simple formula NiSb. Breithauptite is a metallic opaque copper-red mineral crystallizing in the hexagonal - dihexagonal dipyramidal crystal system. It is typically massive to reniform in habit, but is observed as tabular crystals. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 8.23.
It occurs in hydrothermal calcite veins associated with cobalt–nickel–silver ores.
It was first described in 1840 from the Harz Mountains, Lower Saxony, Germany and in 1845 for occurrences in the Cobalt and Thunder Bay districts of Ontario, Canada. It was named to honor Saxon mineralogist Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt (1791–1873).
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 238–239
Antimonide minerals
Nickel minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 194
Minerals described in 1840
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurothioglucose
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Aurothioglucose, also known as gold thioglucose, is a chemical compound with the formula AuSC6H11O5. This derivative of the sugar glucose was formerly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
History
Throughout history, gold was used to cure diseases, although the efficacy was not established. In 1935, gold drugs were reported to be effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Although many patients reacted positively to the drug, gold thioglucose was not uniformly effective.
Only one gold drug remains in active clinical use for this purpose in the United States: auranofin although sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium thiomalate) and aurothioglucose were still used until recently. In the United Kingdom, only sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin were used recently.
In 2001, aurothioglucose was withdrawn from the Dutch market, where it had been the only injectable gold preparation available since 1943, forcing hospitals to change medication for a large number of patients to aurothiomalate. The drug had been in use for more than 70 years, and four years later the reasons for its sudden disappearance remained unclear.
It was recently discontinued from the US market along with sodium aurothiomalate leaving only Auranofin as the only gold salt on the US market
Medicinal chemistry
Gold thioglucose features gold in the oxidation state of +I, like other gold thiolates. It is a water-soluble, non-ionic species that is assumed to exist as a polymer. Under physiological condition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Kac%20theorem
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In number theory, the Erdős–Kac theorem, named after Paul Erdős and Mark Kac, and also known as the fundamental theorem of probabilistic number theory, states that if ω(n) is the number of distinct prime factors of n, then, loosely speaking, the probability distribution of
is the standard normal distribution. ( is sequence A001221 in the OEIS.) This is an extension of the Hardy–Ramanujan theorem, which states that the normal order of ω(n) is log log n with a typical error of size .
Precise statement
For any fixed a < b,
where is the normal (or "Gaussian") distribution, defined as
More generally, if f(n) is a strongly additive function () with for all prime p, then
with
Kac's original heuristic
Intuitively, Kac's heuristic for the result says that if n is a randomly chosen large integer, then the number of distinct prime factors of n is approximately normally distributed with mean and variance log log n. This comes from the fact that given a random natural number n, the events "the number n is divisible by some prime p" for each p are mutually independent.
Now, denoting the event "the number n is divisible by p" by , consider the following sum of indicator random variables:
This sum counts how many distinct prime factors our random natural number n has. It can be shown that this sum satisfies the Lindeberg condition, and therefore the Lindeberg central limit theorem guarantees that after appropriate rescaling, the above expression will be Gaussian.
The actua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl%20hydroxylase
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Lysyl hydroxylases (or procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) are alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine. Lysyl hydroxylases require iron and vitamin C as cofactors for their oxidation activity. It takes place (as a post-translational modification) following collagen synthesis in the cisternae (lumen) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There are three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) encoded in the human genome, namely: PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3. From PLOD2 two splice variant can be expressed (LH2a and LH2b), where LH2b differs from LH2a by incorporating the small exon 13A. LH1 and LH3 hydroxylate lysyl residues in the collagen triple helix, whereas LH2b hydroxylates lysyl residues in the telopeptides of collagen. In addition to its hydroxylation activity, LH3 has glycosylation activity that produces either monosaccharide (Gal) or disaccharide (Glc-Gal) attached to collagen hydroxylysines.
Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen pyridinoline cross-linking, that is necessary for the stabilization of collagen.
Pathology
Mutations in the PLOD1 gene have been linked to kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (kEDS, in the past EDS VI).
Mutations in the PLOD2 gene have been linked to Bruck syndrome in humans.
A deficiency in its cofactor vitamin C is associated with scurvy.
References
External links
Human 2OG oxygenases
EC 1.14.11
Extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidar%20Nisja
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Vidar Nisja (born 21 August 1986) was a Norwegian midfielder who retired 18 December 2018.
Career statistics
Personal
Nisja has actively participated in KRIK work and has studied at Stavanger Mission College.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
People from Hå
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Bryne FK players
Viking FK players
Sandnes Ulf players
Norwegian First Division players
Eliteserien players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Rogaland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenecteplase
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Tenecteplase, sold under the trade names TNKase, Metalyse and Elaxim, is an enzyme used as a thrombolytic drug.
Tenecteplase is a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) produced by recombinant DNA technology using an established mammalian cell line (Chinese hamster ovary cells). Tenecteplase is a 527 amino acid glycoprotein developed by introducing the following modifications to the complementary DNA for natural human tPA: a substitution of threonine 103 with asparagine, and a substitution of asparagine 117 with glutamine, both within the kringle 1 domain, and a tetra-alanine substitution at amino acids 296–299 in the protease domain.
Tenecteplase is a recombinant fibrin-specific plasminogen activator that is derived from native t-PA by modifications at three sites of the protein structure. It binds to the fibrin component of the thrombus (blood clot) and selectively converts thrombus-bound plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades the fibrin matrix of the thrombus. Tenecteplase has a higher fibrin specificity and greater resistance to inactivation by its endogenous inhibitor (PAI-1) compared to native t-PA.
The abbreviation TNK is common for referring to tenecteplase, but abbreviating drug names is not best practice in medicine, and in fact "TNK" is one of the examples given on the Institute for Safe Medication Practices do-not-use list.
Research
Researchers at Newcastle University in Australia say they have had a significant breakthrough in treating stroke patients using the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenprocoumon
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Phenprocoumon (marketed under the brand names Marcoumar, Marcumar and Falithrom) is a long-acting blood thinner drug to be taken by mouth, and a derivative of coumarin. It acts as a vitamin K antagonist and inhibits blood clotting (coagulation) by blocking synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X. It is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders such as heart attacks and pulmonary (lung) embolism. The most common adverse effect is bleeding. The drug interacts with a large number of other medications, including aspirin and St John's Wort. It is the standard coumarin used in Germany, Austria, and other European countries.
Medical uses
Phenprocoumon is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders after heart bypass surgery and myocardial infarction (heart attack), long-term treatment of myocardial infarction with increased risk of thromboembolism, thrombophilia (abnormal blood clotting), antithrombin III deficiency, atrial fibrillation (a kind of abnormal heart rhythm) with artery embolisms, after venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and artificial heart valve surgery, as well as chronic ventricular aneurysm (bulging of the heart wall) and congestive cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart).
Dosing
When phenprocoumon therapy is started, the clotting tendency of the blood is measured daily by determining the prothrombin time, more specifically the international normalized ratio (INR). After the desired INR has been reached, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenocoumarol
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Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist (like warfarin). It is a derivative of coumarin and is generic, so is marketed under many brand names worldwide.
References
External links
Vitamin K antagonists
Nitrobenzenes
Coumarin drugs
4-Hydroxycoumarins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perflubron
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Perflubron (INN/USAN, or perfluorooctyl bromide; brand name Imagent) is a contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography and sonography. It was approved for this use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in 1993.
Experimental research
Perflubron has also been tested experimentally for use in liquid breathing in premature infants with respiratory distress.
References
MRI contrast agents
Organofluorides
Orphan drugs
Organobromides
Haloalkanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average%20and%20over
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Average and over, often abbreviated A&O, refers to two baseball statistics used in the 1850s and 1860s by the National Association of Base Ball Players. They referred to a player's average performance over a number of games, and were among the first baseball statistics ever reported and tracked. The term and the reporting method were borrowed from cricket.
The basic statistic was presented as a whole number (the "average") and a remainder (the "over").
Average and over (runs) was the average number of runs a player scored per game, expressed as a whole number and a remainder. If a player scored 29 runs in nine games, his average runs per game would be three, with two left over. This would be written as 3,2.
Average and over (hands lost) was the number of times a player was called out, divided by the number of games he played, once again expressed as a whole number and a remainder. If a player was called out 17 times in eight games, his average and over for hands lost would be 2,1.
When statistics for hits and total bases were introduced in 1868, their totals were expressed in the same way.
In 1870, most teams began presenting these statistics in decimal form. Continuing the examples above, the player with 29 runs in nine games would have this reported as an average of 3.22 Runs per game. The man called out 17 times in eight games would have an average Hands Lost of 2.12.
References
Wright, Marshall. D. "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857-1870." Jeffe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirithromycin
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Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic.
Dirithromycin (Dynabac) is a more lipid-soluble prodrug derivative of 9S-erythromycyclamine prepared by condensation of the latter with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. The 9N, 11O-oxazine ring thus formed is a hemi-aminal that is unstable under both acidic and alkaline aqueous conditions and undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to form erythromycyclamine. Erythromycyclamine is a semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin in which the 9-ketogroup of the erythronolide ring has been converted to an amino group. Erythromycyclamine retains the antibacterial properties of erythromycin oral administration. The prodrug, dirithromycin, is provided as enteric coated tablets to protect it from acid catalyzed hydrolysis in the stomach.
Orally administered dirithromycin is absorbed rapidly into the plasma, largely from the small intestine. Spontaneous hydrolysis to erythromycyclamine occurs in the plasma. Oral bioavailability is estimated to be about 10%, but food does not affect absorption of the prodrug.
Discontinuation
Dirithromycin is no longer available in the United States. Since the production of dirithromycin is discontinued in the U.S, National Institutes of Health recommend that people taking dirithromycin should consult their physicians to discuss switching to another treatment. However, dirithromycin is still available in many European countries.
References
Macrolide antibiotics
Prodrugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netilmicin
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Netilmicin (1-N-ethylsisomicin) is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, and a derivative of sisomicin, produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. Aminoglycoside antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin.
It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1981. It was approved for medical use in the UK in December 2019, for the treatment of external infections of the eye. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Comparison with drugs
According to the British National Formulary (BNF), netilmicin has similar activity to gentamicin, but less ototoxicity in those needing treatment for longer than 10 days. Netilmicin is active against a number of gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria but is less active against ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa than gentamicin or tobramycin.
References
Further reading
External links
Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Micromonosporaceae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Michael
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Billy Gene Michael (February 28, 1935 – March 4, 2016) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1977 to 1981. He compiled a 5–43 (.104) record, which eventually led to his firing in 1981. He lost 10 consecutive games twice, in periods from 1977 to 1978 and 1979 to 1980.
Coaching career
Michael's coaching career began at his alma mater, Arkansas, in 1959 when he coached the freshmen team. In 1960 and 1961 he worked as an assistant football coach at Thomas Jefferson High School, in Port Arthur, Texas, under head coach Clarence Underwood. In 1962 Michael moved to Sherman High School to serve as an assistant to Dave Smith. The following year, he joined the staff at the newly-formed Caprock High School, in Amarillo, Texas, as line coach.
Michael coached at Oklahoma. He served as a defensive coach at the University of South Carolina starting in 1982.
Head coaching record
Notes
References
1935 births
2016 deaths
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
North Texas Mean Green football coaches
Oklahoma Sooners football coaches
Oklahoma State Cowboys football coaches
South Carolina Gamecocks football coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches
Texas Longhorns football coaches
UTEP Miners football coaches
High school football coaches in Texas
People from Alcorn County, Mississippi
People from Blytheville, Arkansas
Players of American football from Arkansas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoxuridine
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Idoxuridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug.
It is a nucleoside analogue, a modified form of deoxyuridine, similar enough to be incorporated into viral DNA replication, but the iodine atom added to the uracil component blocks base pairing. It is used only topically due to cardiotoxicity. It was synthesized by William Prusoff in the late 1950s. Initially developed as an anticancer drug, idoxuridine became the first antiviral agent in 1962.
Clinical use
Idoxuridine is mainly used topically to treat herpes simplex keratitis. Epithelial lesions, especially initial attacks presenting with a dendritic ulcer, are most responsive to therapy, while infection with stromal involvement are less responsive. Idoxuridine is ineffective against herpes simplex virus type 2 and varicella-zoster.
Side effects
Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation, blurred vision and photophobia. Corneal clouding and damage of the corneal epithelium may also occur.
Formulations and dosage
Idoxuridine is available as either a 0.5% ophthalmic ointment or as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution. The dosage of the ointment is every 4 hours during day and once before bedtime. The dosage of the solution is 1 drop in the conjunctival sac hourly during the day and every 2 hours during the night until definitive improvement, then 1 drop every 2 hours during the day and every 4 hours during the night. Therapy is continued for 3–4 days after healing is complete, as demonstrated by fluorescein staining.
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyprylon
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Methyprylon, or Noludar, is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family first developed by Hoffmann-La Roche.
This medicine was used for treating insomnia, but is now rarely used as it has been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects, such as benzodiazepines.
Methyprylon was withdrawn from the US market in June 1975 and the Canadian market in September 1990.
Some other trade names are Noctan and Dimerin.
Adverse effects
Side effects can include skin rash, fever, depression, ulcers or sores in mouth or throat, unusual bleeding or bruising, confusion, fast heartbeat, respiratory depression, swelling of feet or lower legs, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, double vision, clumsiness, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, unusual weakness.
Pharmacokinetics
A study of single oral doses of 300 mg in healthy volunteers found that the zero-order absorption model fit the data best. Mean (+/- SD) values for the half-life (9.2 +/- 2.2 h), apparent clearance, (11.91 +/- 4.42 mL/h/kg) and apparent steady-state volume of distribution, (0.97 +/- 0.33 L/kg) were found.
A case report found that the pharmacokinetics of methyprylon were not concentration dependent in an overdose case; explanations included saturation or inhibition of metabolic pathways. The generally accepted half-life for a therapeutic dose was not found appropriate in intoxicated patients and would underestimate the time required to reach a safe concentration of the drug.
See also
Pyrithyldione
Piperi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexobarbital
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Hexobarbital or hexobarbitone, sold both in acid and sodium salt forms as Citopan, Evipan, and Tobinal, is a barbiturate derivative having hypnotic and sedative effects. It was used in the 1940s and 1950s as an agent for inducing anesthesia for surgery, as well as a rapid-acting, short-lasting hypnotic for general use, and has a relatively fast onset of effects and short duration of action. It was also used to murder women prisoners at Ravensbrück concentration camp. Modern barbiturates (such as Thiopental) have largely supplanted the use of hexobarbital as an anesthetic, as they allow for better control of the depth of anesthesia. Hexobarbital is still used in some scientific research.
History
The chemical class of barbiturates are one of the oldest sedative-hypnotic agents known, dating back from the introduction of barbital in the early 20th century. In Eastern Europe, hexobarbital (and other barbiturates) have been regularly used as drugs by pregnant women attempting suicide. Hexobarbital was long thought to have potentially teratogenic and fetotoxic effects. The FDA has classified them as Pregnancy Category D or C. Some research however, indicate that ingestion of Hexobarbital might cause congenital abnormalities.
During World War II, Herta Oberheuser was a Nazi physician and convicted war criminal, investigating the effects of hexobarbital. The experiments were mostly performed on woman prisoners in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
Application in research
Hexob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromone
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Chromone (or 1,4-benzopyrone) is a derivative of benzopyran with a substituted keto group on the pyran ring. It is an isomer of coumarin.
Derivatives of chromone are collectively known as chromones. Most, though not all, chromones are also phenylpropanoids.
Examples
6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrochromone has been isolated from Sarcolobus globosus.
Eucryphin, a chromone rhamnoside, can be isolated from the bark of Eucryphia cordifolia.
Cromolyn (disodium cromoglicate) was found to inhibit antigen challenge as well as stress induced symptoms. Cromoglicate is used as a mast cell stabilizer in allergic rhinitis, asthma and allergic conjunctivitis.
Nedocromil sodium was found to have a somewhat longer half-life than cromolyn; however, production was discontinued in the US in 2008.
Xanthone with a second aromatic ring.
See also
Coumarin – a structural isomer
Furanochromones
References
External links
– "4-chromone"
Synthesis at organic-chemistry.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20difference%20method
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In numerical analysis, finite-difference methods (FDM) are a class of numerical techniques for solving differential equations by approximating derivatives with finite differences. Both the spatial domain and time interval (if applicable) are discretized, or broken into a finite number of steps, and the value of the solution at these discrete points is approximated by solving algebraic equations containing finite differences and values from nearby points.
Finite difference methods convert ordinary differential equations (ODE) or partial differential equations (PDE), which may be nonlinear, into a system of linear equations that can be solved by matrix algebra techniques. Modern computers can perform these linear algebra computations efficiently which, along with their relative ease of implementation, has led to the widespread use of FDM in modern numerical analysis.
Today, FDM are one of the most common approaches to the numerical solution of PDE, along with finite element methods.
Derive difference quotient from Taylor's polynomial
For a n-times differentiable function, by Taylor's theorem the Taylor series expansion is given as
where n! denotes the factorial of n, and Rn(x) is a remainder term, denoting the difference between the Taylor polynomial of degree n and the original function. We will derive an approximation for the first derivative of the function f by first truncating the Taylor polynomial plus remainder:
Dividing across by h gives:
Solving for :
Assuming
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