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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20M2-PK
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Tumor M2-PK is a synonym for the dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme within tumor metabolism. Tumor M2-PK can be elevated in many tumor types, rather than being an organ-specific tumor marker such as PSA. Increased stool (fecal) levels are being investigated as a method of screening for colorectal tumors, and EDTA plasma levels are undergoing testing for possible application in the follow-up of various cancers.
Sandwich ELISAs based on two monoclonal antibodies which specifically recognize Tumor M2-PK (the dimeric form of M2-PK) are available for the quantification of Tumor M2-PK in stool and EDTA-plasma samples respectively. As a biomarker, the amount of Tumor M2-PK in stool and EDTA-plasma reflects the specific metabolic status of the tumors.
Early detection of colorectal tumors and polyps
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer. When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. Its specificity is 95%.
The M2-PK test is not dependent on occult blood (ELISA method), so it can detect bleeding or non-bleeding bowel cancer and also polyps with high sensitivity and high specificity with no false negative, but false positives may occur.
Most people are more willing to accept non-invasive preventive medical check-ups. Therefore, the me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20analysis
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Scale analysis may refer to:
Scale analysis (mathematics)
Scale analysis (statistics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C8-Dihydroxyadenine
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2,8-Dihydroxyadenine is a derivative of adenine which accumulates in 2,8 dihydroxy-adenine urolithiasis. The poorly soluble purine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine is excreted in the urine because of a deficiency in the adenine salvage enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The defect is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; the homozygous state is associated with high urinary levels of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and with crystalluria, calculus formation, and potential nephrotoxicity. The condition primarily presents as renal obstructive disease, but some patients have presented with advanced kidney failure. Allopurinol therapy appears to be effective. 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine formation can be easily controlled with allopurinol, which is administered in a dose of 300 mg/day in adults (10 mg/kg/day in children) in the absence of kidney failure.
References
Purines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth%20extension
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Bandwidth extension of signal is defined as the deliberate process of expanding the frequency range (bandwidth) of a signal in which it contains an appreciable and useful content, and/or the frequency range in which its effects are such. Its significant advancement in recent years has led to the technology being adopted commercially in several areas including psychacoustic bass enhancement of small loudspeakers and the high frequency enhancement of coded speech and audio.
Bandwidth extension has been used in both speech and audio compression applications. The algorithms used in G.729.1 and Spectral Band Replication (SBR) are two of many examples of bandwidth extension algorithms currently in use. In these methods, the low band of the spectrum is encoded using an existing codec, whereas the high band is coarsely parameterized using fewer parameters. Many of these bandwidth extension algorithms make use of the correlation between the low band and the high band in order to predict the wider band signal from extracted lower-band features. Others encode the high band using very few bits. This is often sufficient since the ear is less sensitive to distortions in the high band compared to the low band.
Bass enhancement of small loudspeakers
Most often small loudspeakers are physically incapable of reproducing low frequency material. Using a psycho-acoustical phenomenon like the missing fundamental, perception of low frequencies can be greatly increased. By generating harmonics of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20analysis%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, scale analysis is a set of methods to analyze survey data, in which responses to questions are combined to measure a latent variable. These items can be dichotomous (e.g. yes/no, agree/disagree, correct/incorrect) or polytomous (e.g. disagree strongly/disagree/neutral/agree/agree strongly). Any measurement for such data is required to be reliable, valid, and homogeneous with comparable results over different studies.
Constructing scales
The item-total correlation approach is a way of identifying a group of questions whose responses can be combined into a single measure or scale. This is a simple approach that works by ensuring that, when considered across a whole population, responses to the questions in the group tend to vary together and, in particular, that responses to no individual question are poorly related to an average calculated from the others.
Measurement models
Measurement is the assignment of numbers to subjects in such a way that the relations between the objects are represented by the relations between the numbers (Michell, 1990).
Traditional models
Likert scale
Semantic differential (Osgood) scale
Reliability analysis, see also Classical test theory and Cronbach's alpha
Factor analysis
Modern models based on Item response theory
Guttman scale
Mokken scale
Rasch model
(Circular) Unfolding analysis
Circumplex model
Other models
Latent class analysis
Multidimensional scaling
NOMINATE (scaling method)
References
Michell, J (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP%20deaminase
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AMP deaminase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMPD1 gene.
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase is an enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to inosine monophosphate (IMP), freeing an ammonia molecule in the process.
Function
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP in skeletal muscle and plays an important role in the purine nucleotide cycle. Two other genes have been identified, AMPD2 and AMPD3, for the liver- and erythrocyte-specific isoforms, respectively. Deficiency of the muscle-specific enzyme is apparently a common cause of exercise-induced myopathy and probably the most common cause of metabolic myopathy in the human.
A research report shows that the widely prescribed diabetes medication metformin works on AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) by directly inhibiting AMP deaminase, thereby increasing cellular AMP.
Regulation
It has been shown that in environments with high potassium concentrations, AMP-deaminase is regulated by ATP and ADP through a “Km-type” mechanism. In low potassium ion concentrations, a mixed “Km V-type” of the regulation is observed.
Pathology
AMPD1 deficiency, also known as myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, is a disorder in which the body produces insufficient AMP deaminase.
References
Further reading
External links
EC 3.5.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalasia
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Acatalasia is an autosomal recessive peroxisomal disorder caused by absent or very low levels of the enzyme catalase. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells into water and oxygen. Low levels of catalase can cause hydrogen peroxide to build up, causing damage to cells.
Presentation
The disorder is relatively benign, although it causes an increased incidence of oral ulcers, and can under rare circumstances lead to gangrene. Symptoms primarily affect children.
Genetic
Acatalasia is often the result of mutations in both copies of the CAT gene which codes for the enzyme catalase. There are multiple types of mutation that can cause this condition. Inheriting a single CAT mutation results in hypocatalasia, in which catalase levels are reduced, but still at functional levels.
Diagnosis
This disorder is commonly diagnosed pouring hydrogen peroxide on the patient's blood sample. Instead of a very bubbling reaction, blood turns brown-colored, which means the patient suffers from acatalasia.
Management
Epidemiology
In parts of Japan, this condition has been found in approximately 1.4% of people. Researchers estimate that the condition occurs in 1 in 20,000 people in Hungary and Switzerland.
History
In 1948, Dr. Shigeo Takahara (1908–1994), a Japanese otolaryngologist first reported this new disease. He had examined a patient with an oral ulcer. He had spread hydrogen peroxide on the diseased part, but oxygen was not generated due to the lack of catalase.
See also
List o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosylceramidase
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Galactosylceramidase (or galactocerebrosidase), , is an enzyme that removes galactose from ceramide derivatives (galactosylceramides) by catalysing the hydrolysis of galactose ester bonds of galactosylceramide, galactosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride.
It is a lysosomal protein, encoded in humans by the GALC gene. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Krabbe disease, also known as galactosylceramide lipidosis.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Krabbe disease
OMIM entries on Krabbe disease
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Mlouse Galactocerebrosidase
EC 3.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylsulfatase%20A
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Arylsulfatase A (or cerebroside-sulfatase) is an enzyme that breaks down sulfatides, namely cerebroside 3-sulfate into cerebroside and sulfate. In humans, arylsulfatase A is encoded by the ARSA gene.
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy, an autosomal recessive disease.Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is also associated with the ARSA gene.
Biochemistry
Enzyme regulation
Arylsulfatase A is inhibited by phosphate, which forms a covalent bond with the active site 3-oxoalanine.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arylsulfatase A Deficiency - Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
OMIM entries on ARSA Deficiency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebroside-sulfatase
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Cerebroside-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.8, arylsulfatase A, cerebroside sulfate sulfatase) is an enzyme with systematic name cerebroside-3-sulfate 3-sulfohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
a cerebroside 3-sulfate + H2O a cerebroside + sulfate
This enzyme hydrolyses galactose-3-sulfate residues in a number of lipids.
See also
Arylsulfatase A
References
External links
EC 3.1.6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin%E2%80%93cholesterol%20acyltransferase
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Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, also called phosphatidylcholine–sterol O-acyltransferase) is an enzyme, in many animals including humans, that converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol), which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle, eventually making the newly synthesized HDL spherical and forcing the reaction to become unidirectional since the particles are removed from the surface. The enzyme is bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (alpha-LCAT) and LDLs (beta-LCAT) in the blood plasma. LCAT deficiency can cause impaired vision due to cholesterol corneal opacities, anemia, and kidney damage. It belongs to the family of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases.
Interactive pathway map
See also
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)
References
Further reading
External links
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iduronidase
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Iduronidase (, L-iduronidase, α-L-iduronidase, laronidase), sold as Aldurazyme, is an enzyme with the systematic name glycosaminoglycan α-L-iduronohydrolase. It catalyses the hydrolysis of unsulfated α-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate.
It is a glycoprotein enzyme found in the lysosomes of cells. It is involved in the degeneration of glycosaminoglycans such as dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. The enzyme acts by hydrolyzing the terminal α-L-iduronic acid residues of these molecules, degrading them. The protein is reported as having a mass of approximately 83 kDa.
Pathology
A deficiency in the IDUA protein is associated with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). MPS, a type of lysosomal storage disease, is typed I through VII. Type I is known as Hurler syndrome and type I,S is known as Scheie syndrome, which has a milder prognosis compared to Hurler's. In this syndrome, glycosaminoglycans accumulate in the lysosomes and cause substantial disease in many different tissues of the body. IDUA mutations result in the MPS 1 phenotype, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
The defective α-L-iduronidase results in an accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfate within phagocytes, endothelium, smooth muscle cells, neurons, and fibroblasts. Under electron microscopy these structures present as laminated structures called Zebra bodies.
Prenatal diagnosis of this enzyme deficiency is possible.
Aldurazyme
General
Aldurazyme is the name of the commercialized vari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol%20reductase
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7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase, also known as DHCR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DHCR7 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme catalyzing the production of cholesterol from 7-Dehydrocholesterol using NADPH.
The DHCR7 gene encodes delta-7-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21), the ultimate enzyme of mammalian sterol biosynthesis that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol. This enzyme removes the C(7-8) double bond introduced by the sterol delta8-delta7 isomerases. In addition, its role in drug-induced malformations is known: inhibitors of the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis such as AY9944 and BM15766 severely impair brain development.
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome.
All house cats and dogs have higher-than-usual activity of this enzyme, causing an inability to synthesize vitamin D due to the lack of 7-dehydrocholesterol.
Interactive pathway map
See also
Steroidogenic enzyme
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
EC 1.3.1
Human proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp%27s%20algorithm
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In mathematics, particularly computational algebra, Berlekamp's algorithm is a well-known method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also known as Galois fields). The algorithm consists mainly of matrix reduction and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by Elwyn Berlekamp in 1967. It was the dominant algorithm for solving the problem until the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm of 1981. It is currently implemented in many well-known computer algebra systems.
Overview
Berlekamp's algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial (i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree with coefficients in a finite field and gives as output a polynomial with coefficients in the same field such that divides . The algorithm may then be applied recursively to these and subsequent divisors, until we find the decomposition of into powers of irreducible polynomials (recalling that the ring of polynomials over a finite field is a unique factorization domain).
All possible factors of are contained within the factor ring
The algorithm focuses on polynomials which satisfy the congruence:
These polynomials form a subalgebra of R (which can be considered as an -dimensional vector space over ), called the Berlekamp subalgebra. The Berlekamp subalgebra is of interest because the polynomials it contains satisfy
In general, not every GCD in the above product will be a non-trivial factor of , but some are, providing the factors we seek.
Berlekamp's algorithm finds polynomi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20sulfatase
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Steroid sulfatase (STS), or steryl-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2), formerly known as arylsulfatase C, is a sulfatase enzyme involved in the metabolism of steroids. It is encoded by the STS gene.
Reactions
This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate + H2O 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate
Also acts on some related steryl sulfates.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of sulfated steroid precursors to the free steroid. This includes DHEA sulfate, estrone sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, and cholesterol sulfate, all to their unconjugated forms (DHEA, estrone, pregnenolone, and cholesterol, respectively). The encoded protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is present as a homodimer.
Clinical significance
A congenital deficiency in the enzyme is associated with X-linked ichthyosis, a scaly-skin disease affecting roughly 1 in every 2,000 to 6,000 males. The excessive skin scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by a lack of breakdown and thus accumulation of cholesterol sulfate, a steroid that stabilizes cell membranes and adds cohesion, in the outer layers of the skin.
Genetic deletions including STS are associated with an increased risk of developmental and mood disorders (and associated traits), and of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in males. Both steroid sulfatase deficiency and common genetic risk variants within STS may confer increased atrial fibrillation risk. Blood-clot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatase
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In biochemistry, sulfatases are a class of enzymes of the esterase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters into an alcohol and a bisulfate:
These may be found on a range of substrates, including steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Sulfate esters may be formed from various alcohols and amines. In the latter case the resultant N-sulfates can also be termed sulfamates.
Sulfatases play important roles in the cycling of sulfur in the environment, in the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids in the lysosome, and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferases, sulfatases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of sulfate esters.
Occurrence and importance
Sulfatases are found in lower and higher organisms. In higher organisms they are found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. Steroid sulfatase is distributed in a wide range of tissues throughout the body, enabling sulfated steroids synthesized in the adrenals and gonads to be desulfated following distribution through the circulation system. Many sulfatases are localized in the lysosome, an acidic digestive organelle found within the cell. Lysosomal sulfatases cleave a range of sulfated carbohydrates including sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids. Genetic defects in sulfatase activity can arise through mutations in individual sulfatases and result in certain lysosomal storage disorders with a spectru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoperator
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In physics, a superoperator is a linear operator acting on a vector space of linear operators.
Sometimes the term refers more specially to a completely positive map which also preserves or does not increase the trace of its argument. This specialized meaning is used extensively in the field of quantum computing, especially quantum programming, as they characterise mappings between density matrices.
The use of the super- prefix here is in no way related to its other use in mathematical physics. That is to say superoperators have no connection to supersymmetry and superalgebra which are extensions of the usual mathematical concepts defined by extending the ring of numbers to include Grassmann numbers. Since superoperators are themselves operators the use of the super- prefix is used to distinguish them from the operators upon which they act.
Left/Right Multiplication
Defining the left and right multiplication superoperators by and respectively one can express the commutator as
Next we vectorize the matrix which is the mapping
where denotes a vector in the Fock-Liouville space.
The matrix representation of is then calculated by using the same mapping
indicating that . Similarly one can show that . These representations allows us to calculate things like eigenvalues associated to superoperators. These eigenvalues are particularly useful in the field of open quantum systems, where the real parts of the Lindblad superoperator's eigenvalues will indicate whether a q
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcein
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Calcein, also known as fluorexon, fluorescein complex, is a fluorescent dye with excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 and 515 nm, respectively, and has the appearance of orange crystals. Calcein self-quenches at concentrations above 70 mM and is commonly used as an indicator of lipid vesicle leakage. It has also been traditionally used as a complexometric indicator for titration of calcium ions with EDTA, and for fluorometric determination of calcium.
Applications
The non-fluorescent acetomethoxy derivate of calcein (calcein AM, AM = acetoxymethyl) is used in biology as it can be transported through the cellular membrane into live cells, which makes it useful for testing of cell viability and for short-term labeling of cells. Alternatively, Fura-2 , Furaptra , Indo-1 and aequorin may be used. An acetomethoxy group obscures the part of the molecule that chelates Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and other ions. After transport into the cells, intracellular esterases remove the acetomethoxy group, the molecule gets trapped inside and gives out strong green fluorescence. As dead cells lack active esterases, only live cells are labeled and counted by flow cytometry.
Calcein is now rarely used as a Ca2+ or Mg2+ indicator because its fluorescence is directly sensitive to these ions only at strongly alkaline pH, and thus it is not particularly useful for measuring Ca2+ or Mg2+ in cells. Fluorescence of calcein is quenched strongly by Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ and appreciably by Fe3+ and Mn2+ at p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20echocardiography
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Doppler echocardiography is a procedure that uses Doppler ultrasonography to examine the heart. An echocardiogram uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of the heart while the use of Doppler technology allows determination of the speed and direction of blood flow by utilizing the Doppler effect.
An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the ultrasound beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), calculation of the cardiac output and calculation of E/A ratio (a measure of diastolic dysfunction). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements.
An advantage of Doppler echocardiography is that it can be used to measure blood flow within the heart without invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization.
In addition, with slightly different filter/gain settings, the method can measure tissue velocities by tissue Doppler echocardiography. The combination of flow and tissue velocities can be used for estimating left ventricular filling pressure, although on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe
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Kempe may refer to:
Kempe baronets, a title in the Baronetage of England
Kempe chain, part of the four-colour theorem
Kempe Fjord, King Christian X Land, Greenland
Kempe Glacier, Antarctica
Kempe Hill, former name of Camp Hill, West Midlands, England
People with the surname
Adrian Kempe (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player
Alfred Kempe (1849–1922), English mathematician
Arnold E. Kempe (born 1927), American lawyer and politician
Carl Kempe (1884–1967), Swedish paper producer
Charles Eamer Kempe (1837–1907), English stained glass designer
C. Henry Kempe (1922–1984), American pediatrician who identified the Battered child syndrome
Kempe Gowda I (1513–69), Yelahanka chieftain, founded the city of Bangalore
Margery Kempe (c. 1373–after 1438), English autobiographer, religious pilgrim
Raymond J. Kempe (born 1931), American lawyer and politician
Rudolf Kempe (1910–76), German conductor
William Kempe (died c. 1603), English actor and morris dancer
See also
Kemp (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%E2%80%93Zassenhaus%20algorithm
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In computational algebra, the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm is a method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also called Galois fields).
The algorithm consists mainly of exponentiation and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by David G. Cantor and Hans Zassenhaus in 1981.
It is arguably the dominant algorithm for solving the problem, having replaced the earlier Berlekamp's algorithm of 1967. It is currently implemented in many computer algebra systems.
Overview
Background
The Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial (i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree n with coefficients in a finite field whose irreducible polynomial factors are all of equal degree (algorithms exist for efficiently factoring arbitrary polynomials into a product of polynomials satisfying these conditions, for instance, is a squarefree polynomial with the same factors as , so that the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm can be used to factor arbitrary polynomials). It gives as output a polynomial with coefficients in the same field such that divides . The algorithm may then be applied recursively to these and subsequent divisors, until we find the decomposition of into powers of irreducible polynomials (recalling that the ring of polynomials over any field is a unique factorisation domain).
All possible factors of are contained within the factor ring
. If we suppose that has irreducible factors , all of degree d, then this factor ring is isomorphic to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl%20hydrocarbon%20receptor%20repressor
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The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor also known as AHRR is a human gene.
Function
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are teratogens that exert their effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in conjunction with the receptor's binding partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). The protein encoded by this gene represses signal transduction by the AhR by competing with the arylhydrocarbon receptor for binding to the ARNT. Expression of the repressor is stimulated by the receptor/translocator heterodimer, thereby regulating receptor function through a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the encoded protein can bind to nuclear factor-kappa B.
The AhRR gene may act as a tumor suppressor.
Tissue distribution
The expression of AhRR is high in testis, lung, ovary, spleen and pancreas in adults, whereas expression is low in all tissues in fetuses.
References
External links
Transcription factors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau%20tumor%20suppressor
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The Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor also known as pVHL is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VHL gene. Mutations of the VHL gene are associated with Von Hippel–Lindau disease, which is characterized by hemangioblastomas of the brain, spinal cord and retina. It is also associated with kidney and pancreatic lesions.
Function
The protein encoded by the VHL gene is the substrate recognition component of a protein complex that includes elongin B, elongin C, and cullin-2, and possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This complex is involved in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are transcription factors that play a central role regulating gene expression in response to changing oxygen levels. RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2G/RPB7 is also reported to be a target of this protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.
The resultant protein is produced in two forms, an 18 kDa and a 30 kDa protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. The main action of the VHL protein is thought to be its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that results in specific target proteins being 'marked' for degradation.
The most researched of these targets is hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF1a), a transcription factor that induces the expression of a number of angiogenesis related factors.
HIFs are necessary for tumor growth because most cancers demand high metabolic activity and are only suppli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansys%20HFSS
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Ansys HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator), is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic (EM) structures from Ansys that offers multiple state-of-the-art solver technologies. Each solver in ANSYS HFSS is an automated solution processor for which the user dictates the geometry, properties of the material and the required range of solution frequencies.
Engineers use Ansys HFSS primarily to design and simulate high-speed, high-frequency electronics in radar systems, communication systems, satellites, ADAS, microchips, printed circuit boards, IoT products, and other digital devices and RF devices. The solver has also been used to simulate the electromagnetic behavior of objects such as automobiles and aircraft. ANSYS HFSS allows system and circuit designers to simulate EM issues such as losses due to attenuation, coupling, radiation and reflection.
The benefits of simulating a circuit's high frequency behavior with high accuracy on a computer reduces the final testing and verification effort of the system as well as mitigating the necessity of building costly multiple prototypes, saving both time and money in product development.
HFSS captures and simulates objects in 3D, accounting for materials composition and shapes/geometries of each object. HFSS is one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of complex radio frequency electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and packaging.
History
HFSS was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbenzimide
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Bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342) is an organic compound used as a fluorescent stain for DNA in molecular biology applications. Several related chemical compounds are used for similar purposes and are collectively called Hoechst stains.
Application
Bisbenzimide tends to bind to adenine–thymine-rich regions of DNA and can decrease its density. Bisbenzimide mixed with DNA samples can then be used to separate DNA according to their AT percentage using a cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient centrifugation.
References
External links
Fluorescence Spectra: http://www.fluorophores.tugraz.at/substance/463
DNA-binding substances
Fluorescent dyes
Benzimidazoles
Piperazines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20coding
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Universal coding may refer to one of two concepts in data compression:
Universal code (data compression), a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function, has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code
Universal source coding, a data compression method that asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%E2%80%93structure%20interaction
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Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) is the interaction of some movable or deformable structure with an internal or surrounding fluid flow. Fluid–structure interactions can be stable or oscillatory. In oscillatory interactions, the strain induced in the solid structure causes it to move such that the source of strain is reduced, and the structure returns to its former state only for the process to repeat.
Examples
Fluid–structure interactions are a crucial consideration in the design of many engineering systems, e.g. automobile, aircraft, spacecraft, engines and bridges. Failing to consider the effects of oscillatory interactions can be catastrophic, especially in structures comprising materials susceptible to fatigue. Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940), the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, is probably one of the most infamous examples of large-scale failure. Aircraft wings and turbine blades can break due to FSI oscillations. A reed actually produces sound because the system of equations governing its dynamics has oscillatory solutions. The dynamic of reed valves used in two strokes engines and compressors is governed by FSI. The act of "blowing a raspberry" is another such example. The interaction between tribological machine components, such as bearings and gears, and lubricant is also an example of FSI. The lubricant flows between the contacting solid components and causes elastic deformation in them during this process. Fluid–structure interactions also occur in moving containers,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyrimidine%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal recessive
metabolic disorder in which there is absent or significantly decreased activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of uracil and thymine.
Individuals with this condition may develop life-threatening toxicity following exposure to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. Beside 5-FU, widely prescribed oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine (Xeloda) could put DPD-deficient patients at risk of experiencing severe or lethal toxicities as well.
Genetics
DPD deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
Diagnosis
Detecting DPD deficiency
A small number of genetic variants have been repeatedly associated with DPD deficiency, such as IVS14+1G>A mutation in intron 14 coupled with exon 14 deletion (a.k.a. DPYD*2A), 496A>G in exon 6; 2846A>T in exon 22 and T1679G (a.k.a. DPYD*13) in exon 13. However, testing patients for these allelic variants usually show high specificity (i.e., bearing the mutation means that severe toxicity will occur indeed)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-amping%20and%20tri-amping
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Bi-amping and tri-amping is the practice of using two or three audio amplifiers respectively to amplify different audio frequency ranges, with the amplified signals being routed to different speaker drivers, such as woofers, subwoofers and tweeters. With bi-amping and tri-amping, an audio crossover is used to divide a sound signal into different frequency ranges, each of which is then separately amplified and routed to separate speaker drivers. In Powered speakers using bi-amping, multiple speaker drivers are in the same speaker enclosure. In some bi-amp set-ups, the drivers are in separate speaker enclosures, such as with home stereos that contain two speakers and a separate subwoofer.
Description
Bi-amping is the use of two channels of amplification to power each loudspeaker within an audio system. Tri-amping is the practice of connecting three channels of amplification to a loudspeaker unit: one to power the bass driver (woofer), one to power the mid-range and the third to power the treble driver (tweeter). The terms derive from the prefix bi- meaning 'two', tri- meaning 'three', and amp the abbreviation for amplifier.
Crossover
It differs from the conventional arrangement in which each channel of amplification powers a single speaker. Bi-amping typically consists of a crossover network and two or more drivers. With ordinary loudspeakers, a single amplifier can power the woofer, mid-range and tweeter through an audio crossover, which filters the signal into high- mediu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPN11
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Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2.
PTPN11 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains two tandem Src homology-2 domains, which function as phospho-tyrosine binding domains and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is widely expressed in most tissues and plays a regulatory role in various cell signaling events that are important for a diversity of cell functions, such as mitogenic activation, metabolic control, transcription regulation, and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Noonan syndrome as well as acute myeloid leukemia.
Structure and function
This phosphatase, along with its paralogue, Shp1, possesses a domain structure that consists of two tandem SH2 domains in its N-terminus followed by a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain. In the inactive state, the N-terminal SH2 domain binds the PTP domain and blocks access of potential substrates to the active site. Thus, Shp2 is auto-inhibited.
Upon binding to target phospho-t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonan%20syndrome%20with%20multiple%20lentigines
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Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) which is part of a group called Ras/MAPK pathway syndromes, is a rare autosomal dominant, multisystem disease caused by a mutation in the protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 gene (PTPN11). The disease is a complex of features, mostly involving the skin, skeletal and cardiovascular systems, which may or may not be present in all patients. The nature of how the mutation causes each of the condition's symptoms is not well known; however, research is ongoing. It is a RASopathy.
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines is caused by a different missense mutation of the same gene. Noonan syndrome is fairly common (1:1,000 to 1:2,500 live births), and neurofibromatosis 1 (which was once thought to be related to NSML) is also common (1:3500); however, no epidemiological data exists for NSML.
Signs and symptoms
An alternative name of the condition, LEOPARD syndrome, is a mnemonic, originally coined in 1969, as the condition is characterized by some of the following seven conditions, the first letters of which spell LEOPARD, along with the characteristic "freckling" of the skin, caused by the lentigines that is reminiscent of the large cat.
Lentigines — Reddish-brown to dark brown macules (surface skin lesion) generally occurring in a high number (10,000+) over a large portion of the skin, at times higher than 80% coverage. These can even appear inside the mouth (buccal), or on the surface of the eye (scleral). These have
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCppel
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Krüppel is a gap gene in Drosophila melanogaster, located on the 2R chromosome, which encodes a zinc finger C2H2 transcription factor. Gap genes work together to establish the anterior-posterior segment patterning of the insect through regulation of the transcription factor encoding pair rule genes. These genes in turn regulate segment polarity genes. Krüppel means "cripple" in German, named for the crippled appearance of mutant larvae, who have failed to develop proper thoracic and anterior segments in the abdominal region. Mutants can also have abdominal mirror duplications.
Human homologs of Krüppel are collectively named Krüppel-like factors, a set of proteins well characterized for their role in carcinogenesis.
Krüppel expression pathway
Krüppel is expressed in the center of the embryo during the cellular blastoderm stage of development. Its expression pattern is restricted to this domain largely through interactions with the maternal effect genes Bicoid and Nanos, and fellow gap gene Hunchback and Knirps.
Bicoid maternal transcripts are deposited at the anterior end of the embryo, while Nanos maternal transcripts are located at the posterior. Hunchback mRNA transcripts are present throughout the embryo. Bicoid and Nanos both encode morphogens that have the opposite effect on Hunchback mRNA translation – Bicoid activates translation, whereas Nanos represses it. As such, Hunchback mRNA is translated so that Hunchback protein is present in the concentration gradient w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20gene
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A gap gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of some arthropods. Gap genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene, which causes the loss of contiguous body segments, resembling a gap in the normal body plan. Each gap gene, therefore, is necessary for the development of a section of the organism.
Gap genes were first described by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in 1980. They used a genetic screen to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. They found three genes – knirps, Krüppel and hunchback – where mutations caused deletion of particular stretches of segments. Later work identified more gap genes in the Drosophila early embryo – giant, huckebein and tailless. Further gap genes including orthodenticle and buttonhead are required for the development of the Drosophila head.
Once the gap genes had been identified at the molecular level it was found that each gap gene is expressed in a band in the early embryo generally correlated with the region that is absent in the mutant. In Drosophila the gap genes encode transcription factors, and they directly control the expression of another set of genes involved in segmentation, the pair-rule genes. The gap genes themselves are expressed under the control of maternal effect genes such as bicoid and nanos, and regulate each other to achieve their precise expression patterns.
Gene activation
Expression of tailless is ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20descriptive%20statistics
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Spatial descriptive statistics is the intersection of spatial statistics and descriptive statistics; these methods are used for a variety of purposes in geography, particularly in quantitative data analyses involving Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Types of spatial data
The simplest forms of spatial data are gridded data, in which a scalar quantity is measured for each point in a regular grid of points, and point sets, in which a set of coordinates (e.g. of points in the plane) is observed. An example of gridded data would be a satellite image of forest density that has been digitized on a grid. An example of a point set would be the latitude/longitude coordinates of all elm trees in a particular plot of land. More complicated forms of data include marked point sets and spatial time series.
Measures of spatial central tendency
The coordinate-wise mean of a point set is the centroid, which solves the same variational problem in the plane (or higher-dimensional Euclidean space) that the familiar average solves on the real line — that is, the centroid has the smallest possible average squared distance to all points in the set.
Measures of spatial dispersion
Dispersion captures the degree to which points in a point set are separated from each other. For most applications, spatial dispersion should be quantified in a way that is invariant to rotations and reflections. Several simple measures of spatial dispersion for a point set can be defined using the covarianc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20%28physics%29
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In physics a null is a point in a field where the field quantity is zero as the result of two or more opposing quantities completely cancelling each other. The field may be scalar, vector or tensor in nature. Common situations where nulls arise are in the polar patterns of microphones and antennae, and nulls caused by reflections of waves.
Microphones
A common polar pattern for microphones is the cardioid. This has a single direction in which the microphone does not respond to impinging sound waves. Highly directional (shotgun) microphones have more complex polar patterns. These microphones have a large, narrow lobe in the main direction of sound reception but also a smaller lobe in the opposite direction and usually also several other smaller lobes. This pattern is achieved by wave cancellation inside the body of the microphone. Between each of these lobes is a null direction where no sound at all is detected.
Antennae
A common, and basic, radio antenna is the dipole. This has a figure-of-eight polar pattern with two nulls on opposite sides. Highly directional antennae, such as the Yagi have polar patterns very similar to highly directional microphones and for similar reasons. That is, they have multiple small lobes off the main direction with nulls between them.
Standing waves
Standing waves can be caused by a wave being reflected back through the transmission medium in which it arrived. If the incident and reflected waves are transmitted without loss then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GARP
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GARP may refer to:
Acronyms
Generalised Axiom of Revealed Preference
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol, a communications protocol
Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production, to determine ecological niches
Global Atmospheric Research Programme, 1967-1982
Global Association of Risk Professionals, a globally recognized membership association for risk managers.
Gratuitous Address Resolution Protocol announcement
GARP Study (Genetics, osteoARthritis and Progression Study), an observational study
Other uses
Monkey D. Garp, a character in the Japanese anime One Piece
The World According to Garp, a 1978 novel by John Irving
The World According to Garp (film), a 1982 film based on Irving's novel
Torkild Garp (1883–1976), Danish gymnast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible-jump%20Markov%20chain%20Monte%20Carlo
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In computational statistics, reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo is an extension to standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology, introduced by Peter Green, which allows simulation of the posterior distribution on spaces of varying dimensions.
Thus, the simulation is possible even if the number of parameters in the model is not known.
Let
be a model indicator and the parameter space whose number of dimensions depends on the model . The model indication need not be finite. The stationary distribution is the joint posterior distribution of that takes the values .
The proposal can be constructed with a mapping of and , where is drawn from a random component
with density on . The move to state can thus be formulated as
The function
must be one to one and differentiable, and have a non-zero support:
so that there exists an inverse function
that is differentiable. Therefore, the and must be of equal dimension, which is the case if the dimension criterion
is met where is the dimension of . This is known as dimension matching.
If then the dimensional matching
condition can be reduced to
with
The acceptance probability will be given by
where denotes the absolute value and is the joint posterior probability
where is the normalising constant.
Software packages
There is an experimental RJ-MCMC tool available for the open source BUGs package.
The Gen probabilistic programming system automates the acceptance probability computation for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Fitting
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Hans Fitting (13 November 1906 in München-Gladbach (now Mönchengladbach) – 15 June 1938 in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad))
was a mathematician who worked in group theory. He proved Fitting's theorem and Fitting's lemma, and defined the Fitting subgroup
in finite group theory and the Fitting decomposition for Lie algebras and Fitting ideals in ring theory.
After finishing his undergraduate work in 1931, he wrote his dissertation with the help of Emmy Noether, who helped him secure a grant from the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaften (Emergency Society for German Sciences). He died at the age of 31 from a sudden bone disease.
References
External links
Biography (in German)
1906 births
1938 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Group theorists
People from the Rhine Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation
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Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically.
Humans have used fermentation to produce foodstuffs and beverages since the Neolithic age. For example, fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers, kombucha, kimchi, and yogurt, as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Fermentation also occurs within the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals, including humans.
Industrial fermentation is a broader term used for the process of applying microbes for the large-scale production of chemicals, biofuels, enzymes, proteins and pharmaceuticals.
Definitions and etymology
Below are some definitions of fermentation ranging from informal, general usages to more scientific definitions.
Preservation methods for food via microorganisms (general use).
Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air (common definition used in industry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental%20equation
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In applied mathematics, a transcendental equation is an equation over the real (or complex) numbers that is not algebraic, that is, if at least one of its sides describes a transcendental function.
Examples include:
A transcendental equation need not be an equation between elementary functions, although most published examples are.
In some cases, a transcendental equation can be solved by transforming it into an equivalent algebraic equation.
Some such transformations are sketched below; computer algebra systems may provide more elaborated transformations.
In general, however, only approximate solutions can be found.
Transformation into an algebraic equation
Ad hoc methods exist for some classes of transcendental equations in one variable to transform them into algebraic equations which then might be solved.
Exponential equations
If the unknown, say x, occurs only in exponents:
applying the natural logarithm to both sides may yield an algebraic equation, e.g.
transforms to , which simplifies to , which has the solutions
This will not work if addition occurs "at the base line", as in
if all "base constants" can be written as integer or rational powers of some number q, then substituting y=qx may succeed, e.g.
transforms, using y=2x, to which has the solutions , hence is the only real solution.
This will not work if squares or higher power of x occurs in an exponent, or if the "base constants" do not "share" a common q.
sometimes, substituting y=xex may obtai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20entry
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Viral entry is the earliest stage of infection in the viral life cycle, as the virus comes into contact with the host cell and introduces viral material into the cell. The major steps involved in viral entry are shown below. Despite the variation among viruses, there are several shared generalities concerning viral entry.
Reducing cellular proximity
How a virus enters a cell is different depending on the type of virus it is. A virus with a nonenveloped capsid enters the cell by attaching to the attachment factor located on a host cell. It then enters the cell by endocytosis or by making a hole in the membrane of the host cell and inserting its viral genome.
Cell entry by enveloped viruses is more complicated. Enveloped viruses enter the cell by attaching to an attachment factor located on the surface of the host cell. They then enter by endocytosis or a direct membrane fusion event. The fusion event is when the virus membrane and the host cell membrane fuse together allowing a virus to enter. It does this by attachment – or adsorption – onto a susceptible cell; a cell which holds a receptor that the virus can bind to. The receptors on the viral envelope effectively become connected to complementary receptors on the cell membrane. This attachment causes the two membranes to remain in mutual proximity, favoring further interactions between surface proteins. This is also the first requisite that must be satisfied before a cell can become infected. Satisfaction of this r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-67
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Ki-67 may refer to:
Mitsubishi Ki-67, a Japanese bomber used during World War II
Ki-67 (protein), Proliferation marker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Gibbs
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Martin Gibbs (November 11, 1922 – July 24, 2006) was an American biochemist and educator who worked in the field of carbon metabolism. The Martin Gibbs Medal, an award honoring individuals in plant sciences, is named in his honor.
Career
Gibbs was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and educated at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1947. Gibbs went on to work as a scientist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory that same year.
In 1957, he returned to academia as professor of biochemistry at Cornell University. In 1962, in the midst of his research, he accepted the role as editor-in-chief of Plant Physiology. As editor he focused his strong inclination toward biochemistry on journal manuscripts and was able to significantly grow the journal. He eventually moved on to Brandeis University becoming the Abraham S. and Gertrude Berg Professor of Biology and served as chair of the Department of Biology for three years.
In 1993, the Martin Gibbs Medal, awarded to those who have provided significant contributions in the field of plant sciences, was created by the American Society of Plant Biologists to honor his retirement.
Career related
Consultant National Science Foundation, 1961–64, 1969–1972
National Institutes of Health, 1966–69
Cosmos Club, 1984
Marine Biological Laboratory, 1970
RESA lecturer, 1969
NATO consultant fellowship board, 1968–70
Council International Exchange of Scholars, 1976–82
Chairman of selection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCRE
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CCRE may refer to:
CCRE-CEMR, Council of European Municipalities and Regions
Canadian Council for Research in Education
Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program
See also
ccREL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush%20border
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A brush border (striated border or brush border membrane) is the microvillus-covered surface of simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium found in different parts of the body. Microvilli are approximately 100 nanometers in diameter and their length varies from approximately 100 to 2,000 nanometers. Because individual microvilli are so small and are tightly packed in the brush border, individual microvilli can only be resolved using electron microscopes; with a light microscope they can usually only be seen collectively as a fuzzy fringe at the surface of the epithelium. This fuzzy appearance gave rise to the term brush border, as early anatomists noted that this structure appeared very much like the bristles of a paintbrush.
Brush border cells are found mainly in the following organs:
The small intestine tract: This is where absorption takes place. The brush borders of the intestinal lining are the site of terminal carbohydrate digestions. The microvilli that constitute the brush border have enzymes for this final part of digestion anchored into their apical plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins. These enzymes are found near to the transporters that will then allow absorption of the digested nutrients.
The kidney: Here the brush border is useful in distinguishing the proximal tubule (which possesses the brush border) from the distal convoluted tubule (which does not).
The large intestine also has microvilli on the surface of its enterocytes.
The brush bor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharitonov%27s%20theorem
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Kharitonov's theorem is a result used in control theory to assess the stability of a dynamical system when the physical parameters of the system are not known precisely. When the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial are known, the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion can be used to check if the system is stable (i.e. if all roots have negative real parts). Kharitonov's theorem can be used in the case where the coefficients are only known to be within specified ranges. It provides a test of stability for a so-called interval polynomial, while Routh–Hurwitz is concerned with an ordinary polynomial.
Definition
An interval polynomial is the family of all polynomials
where each coefficient can take any value in the specified intervals
It is also assumed that the leading coefficient cannot be zero: .
Theorem
An interval polynomial is stable (i.e. all members of the family are stable) if and only if the four so-called Kharitonov polynomials
are stable.
What is somewhat surprising about Kharitonov's result is that although in principle we are testing an infinite number of polynomials for stability, in fact we need to test only four. This we can do using Routh–Hurwitz or any other method. So it only takes four times more work to be informed about the stability of an interval polynomial than it takes to test one ordinary polynomial for stability.
Kharitonov's theorem is useful in the field of robust control, which seeks to design systems that will work well despite unce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked%20dominant%20inheritance
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X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome. As an inheritance pattern, it is less common than the X-linked recessive type. In medicine, X-linked dominant inheritance indicates that a gene responsible for a genetic disorder is located on the X chromosome, and only one copy of the allele is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who has the disorder. In this case, someone who expresses an X-linked dominant allele will exhibit the disorder and be considered affected.
X-linked dominant traits do not necessarily affect males more than females (unlike X-linked recessive traits). The exact pattern of inheritance varies, depending on whether the father or the mother has the trait of interest. All fathers that are affected by an X-linked dominant disorder will have affected daughters but not affected sons. However, if the mother is also affected then sons will have a chance of being affected, depending on whether a dominant or recessive X chromosome is passed on. When the son is affected, the mother will always be affected. Some X-linked dominant conditions are embryonic lethal in males, making them appear to only occur in females.
Genetics
As the X chromosome is one of the sex chromosomes (the other being the Y chromosome), X-linked inheritance is determined by the sex of the parent carrying a specific gene and can often seem complex. This
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Display
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LG Display (Korean: LG 디스플레이) is one of the world's largest manufacturers and supplier of thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels, OLEDs and flexible displays. LG Display is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, and currently operates nine fabrication facilities and seven back-end assembly facilities in Korea, China, Poland and Mexico.
LG Display has manufactured displays used in products such as the iPhone 14 Pro and Sony's OLED TVs.
History
LG Display was originally formed as a joint venture by the Korean electronics company LG Electronics and the Dutch company Philips in 1999 to manufacture active matrix liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and was formerly known as LG.Philips LCD, but Philips sold off all its shares in late 2008. Both companies also had another joint venture, called LG.Philips Displays, dedicated to manufacturing cathode ray tubes, deflection yokes, and related materials such as glass and phosphors.
On 12 December 2008, LG.Philips LCD announced its plan to change its corporate name to LG Display upon receiving approval at the company's annual general meeting of shareholders on 29 February. The company claimed the name change reflected changes following the reduction of Philips' equity stake.
The company has eight manufacturing plants in Gumi and Paju, South Korea. It also has a module assembly plant in Nanjing and Guangzhou in China and Wroclaw in Poland.
LG Display became an independent company in July 2004 when it was concurrently li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivotal%20quantity
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In statistics, a pivotal quantity or pivot is a function of observations and unobservable parameters such that the function's probability distribution does not depend on the unknown parameters (including nuisance parameters). A pivot quantity need not be a statistic—the function and its value can depend on the parameters of the model, but its distribution must not. If it is a statistic, then it is known as an ancillary statistic.
More formally, let be a random sample from a distribution that depends on a parameter (or vector of parameters) . Let be a random variable whose distribution is the same for all . Then is called a pivotal quantity (or simply a pivot).
Pivotal quantities are commonly used for normalization to allow data from different data sets to be compared. It is relatively easy to construct pivots for location and scale parameters: for the former we form differences so that location cancels, for the latter ratios so that scale cancels.
Pivotal quantities are fundamental to the construction of test statistics, as they allow the statistic to not depend on parameters – for example, Student's t-statistic is for a normal distribution with unknown variance (and mean). They also provide one method of constructing confidence intervals, and the use of pivotal quantities improves performance of the bootstrap. In the form of ancillary statistics, they can be used to construct frequentist prediction intervals (predictive confidence intervals).
Examples
Normal distribu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayt
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There are three usages for the word Krayt in the Star Wars universe:
Darth Krayt, ruler of the Legacy-era Sith at 140 A.B.Y.
Krayt pearl, a powerful lightsaber focusing crystal
Krayt dragon, a massive behemoth that is indigenous to Tatooine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephos
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Psephos: Adam Carr's Electoral Archive is an online archive of election statistics, and claims to be the world's largest online resource of such information. Psephos is maintained by Dr Adam Carr, of Melbourne, Australia, a historian and former aide to Australian MP Michael Danby and Senator David Feeney. It includes detailed statistics for presidential and legislative elections from 182 countries, with at least some statistics for every country that has what Carr considers to be genuine national elections.
"Psephos" is a Greek word meaning "pebble", a reference to the Ancient Greek method of voting by dropping pebbles into urns, and is the root of the word psephology, the study of elections.
Carr began accumulating Australian election statistics in the mid-1980s, with the intention of publishing a complete print edition of Australian national elections statistics dating back to 1901. With the advent of the World Wide Web, Carr abandoned this idea and began to place election statistics at his personal website. In 2001 he founded Psephos, and began to include statistics from other countries. He has also included historical statistics, such as figures for all U.S. presidential elections and for British House of Commons elections since 1900.
In 2015 Carr added a complete archive of election statistics for the Australian state of Victoria, dating back to 1843.
Psephos is more noted, however, for locating less easily accessible statistics and placing them online. These include
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th%20radio%20centre%20of%20Moscow
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The 9th radio centre of Moscow was a high power shortwave and medium wave broadcasting facility at Elektrostal near Moscow. Its broadcasting frequency was 873 kHz with a transmission power of up to 1200 kilowatts. It was also used as radio jammer of "unwanted" stations (VOA, BBC and others).
It used a system of four guyed masts each 217 metres tall, as the antenna system.
References
.
Buildings and structures in Moscow Oblast
Radio in Russia
Mass media in Moscow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20indexing
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Recursive indexing is an algorithm used to represent large numeric values using members of a relatively small set.
Recursive indexing writes the successive differences of the number after extracting the maximum value of the alphabet set from the number, and continuing recursively till the difference falls in the range of the set.
Recursive indexing with a 2-letter alphabet is called unary code.
Encoding
To encode a number N, keep reducing the maximum element of this set (Smax) from N and output Smax for each such difference, stopping when the number lies in the half closed half open
range [0 – Smax).
Example
Let S = [0 1 2 3 4 … 10], be an 11-element set, and we have to recursively index the value N=49.
According to this method, subtract 10 from 49 and iterate until the difference is a number in the 0–10 range.
The values are 10 (N = 49 – 10 = 39), 10 (N = 39 – 10 = 29), 10 (N = 29 – 10 = 19), 10 (N = 19 – 10 = 9), 9. The recursively indexed sequence for N = 49 with set S, is 10, 10, 10, 10, 9.
Decoding
Compute the sum of the index values.
Example
Decoding the above example involves 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 9 = 49.
Uses
This technique is most commonly used in run-length encoding systems to encode longer runs than the alphabet sizes permit.
References
Khalid Sayood, Introduction to Data Compression 3rd ed, Morgan Kaufmann.
Coding theory
Data compression
Lossless compression algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20settlement
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In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community of people living in a particular place. The complexity of a settlement can range from a minuscule number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. Settlements may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities. A settlement may have known historical properties such as the date or era in which it was first settled, or first settled by particular people. The process of settlement involves human migration.
In the field of geospatial predictive modeling, settlements are "a city, town, village or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work".
A settlement conventionally includes its constructed facilities such as roads, enclosures, field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woodlands, wind and water mills, manor houses, moats and churches.
An unincorporated area is a related designation used in the United States.
History
The earliest geographical evidence of a human settlement was Jebel Irhoud, where early modern human remains of eight individuals date back to the Middle Paleolithic around 300,000 years ago.
The oldest remains that have been found of constructed dwellings are remains of huts that were made of mud and branches around 17,000 BC at the Ohalo site (now underwater) near the edge of the Sea of Galilee. The Natufians built houses, also in the Levant, around 10,000 BC. Remains of settlements suc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Valley%20High%20School
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Silver Valley High School is a public high school in Yermo, California, in the High Desert of Southern California. The school is in the Silver Valley Unified School District.
Academic statistics
The school serves an area of approximately , equivalent in size to the combined states of Rhode Island and Delaware. It provides educational services to the communities of Calico, Daggett, Fort Irwin, Ludlow, Newberry Springs and Yermo. Many of the families who live in the valley work in agriculture, railroading, trucking, local businesses, or on military bases. Sixty-five percent of the families are military or military-related.
General information
Total students (as of 2009): 533
Full-time teachers: 27
Student/teacher ratio: 18:1
Race distribution
Asian: 5%
Black: 18%
Hispanic: 20%
Native American: 1%
White/Other: 53%
Hall of Fame
Johntavious "Jay" Jones # 7 Football C'15
Brian Ili #2 Football
Dauntarius "Will" Williams #8 Football, Track
Student graduation data (2005-2006)
Number of 12th grade graduates: 59
Number of 12th grade graduates who also completed UC/CSU courses: 18
Student dropouts (2005-2006)
Number of dropouts: 4
Staff (2006-2007)
Number of full-time paraprofessional staff: 5
Number of full-time office/clerical staff: 5
Number of full-time other staff: 4
Number of part-time other staff: 5
Select enrollment (2006-2007 data)
Enrollment in algebra or algebra II: 78
Enrollment in advanced math course: 121
Enrollment in first-year chemistry: 73
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Geographic
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New Zealand Geographic is a bi-monthly magazine founded in 1989 and published by Kōwhai Media of Auckland, New Zealand. In the format popularised by National Geographic, it focuses on the biodiversity, geography, and culture of New Zealand, Antarctica, and nearby Pacific Islands. The magazine showcases documentary and editorial photography, and each year runs a national Photographer of the Year competition.
History
New Zealand Geographic was founded in 1988 by Kennedy Warne and John Woods, and the first issue was Jan-Feb 1989. Warne, who served as editor for 15 years, had a Master's degree in marine biology, which informed the magazine's early focus on conservation and natural history. He was followed in 2004 by Warren Judd as editor.
In the July–August 2008 issue the editor announced the formation of a New Zealand Geographic Society, renamed in the next issue to the New Zealand Geographic Trust, with all subscribers counted as members. It announced its first research award in the November–December 2008 issue.
Warren Judd was followed as editor by James Frankham, who co-founded Kōwhai Media Ltd in 2012.
In 2014 the magazine marked 25 years in print by digitising its entire back catalogue and making it available free to subscribers. It was also licensed by the Ministry of Education and supplied free to teachers, students, and many public libraries. Those institutional subscriptions were soon supplying 20% of the magazine's revenue. In 2016, a metered paywall was introduced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release%20factor
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A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They are named so because they release new peptides from the ribosome.
Background
During translation of mRNA, most codons are recognized by "charged" tRNA molecules, called aminoacyl-tRNAs because they are adhered to specific amino acids corresponding to each tRNA's anticodon. In the standard genetic code, there are three mRNA stop codons: UAG ("amber"), UAA ("ochre"), and UGA ("opal" or "umber"). Although these stop codons are triplets just like ordinary codons, they are not decoded by tRNAs. It was discovered by Mario Capecchi in 1967 that, instead, tRNAs do not ordinarily recognize stop codons at all, and that what he named "release factor" was not a tRNA molecule but a protein. Later, it was demonstrated that different release factors recognize different stop codons.
Classification
There are two classes of release factors. Class 1 release factors recognize stop codons; they bind to the A site of the ribosome in a way mimicking that of tRNA, releasing the new polypeptide as it disassembles the ribosome. Class 2 release factors are GTPases that enhance the activity of class 1 release factors. It helps the class 1 RF dissociate from the ribosome.
Bacterial release factors include RF1, RF2, and RF3 (or PrfA, PrfB, PrfC in the "peptide release factor" gene nomenclature). RF1 and RF2 are class 1 RFs: RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BALL
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BALL (Biochemical Algorithms Library) is a C++ class framework and set of algorithms and data structures for molecular modelling and computational structural bioinformatics, a Python interface to this library, and a graphical user interface to BALL, the molecule viewer BALLView.
BALL has evolved from a commercial product into free-of-charge open-source software licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). BALLView is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) license.
BALL and BALLView have been ported to the operating systems Linux, macOS, Solaris, and Windows.
The molecule viewer BALLView, also developed by the BALL project team, is a C++ application of BALL using Qt, and OpenGL with the real-time ray tracer RTFact as render back-ends. For both, BALLView offers three-dimensional and stereoscopic visualizing in several different modes, and applying directly the algorithms of the BALL library via its graphical user interface.
The BALL project is developed and maintained by groups at Saarland University, Mainz University, and University of Tübingen. Both the library and the viewer are used for education and research. BALL packages have been made available in the Debian project.
Key features
Interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing
Reading and writing of molecular file formats (PDB, MOL2, MOL, HIN, XYZ, KCF, SD, AC)
Reading secondary data sources e.g. (DCD, DSN6, GAMESS, JCAMP, SCWRL, TRR)
Generating molecules from and matching
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20busiest%20airports%20in%20the%20Nordic%20countries
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This is a list of the 100 busiest airports in the Nordic countries by passengers per year, aircraft movements per year and freight and mail tonnes per year.
The list also includes yearly statistics for the busiest metropolitan airport systems and the busiest air-routes for 2012.
This transport-related list is intended to be regularly updated as new statistics become available from the relevant official authorities.
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and their associated territories which include the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. "Scandinavia" is sometimes used as a synonym for the Nordic countries, although within the Nordic countries the terms are considered distinct, especially since Scandinavia is by definition made up of the countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
The region's five sovereign states and three autonomous regions share much common history as well as common traits in their respective societies, such as political systems and the Nordic model.
Politically, Nordic countries do not form a separate entity, but they co-operate in the Nordic Council. Linguistically, the area is heterogeneous, with three unrelated language groups, the North Germanic branch of Indo-European languages and the Finnic and Sami branches of Uralic languages as well as the Eskimo–Aleut language Greenlandic spoken in Greenland.
The Nordic countries have a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamyl%20alcohol
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Cinnamyl alcohol or styron is an organic compound that is found in esterified form in storax, Balsam of Peru, and cinnamon leaves. It forms a white crystalline solid when pure, or a yellow oil when even slightly impure. It can be produced by the hydrolysis of storax.
Cinnamyl alcohol has a distinctive odour described as "sweet, balsam, hyacinth, spicy, green, powdery, cinnamic" and is used in perfumery and as a deodorant.
Cinnamyl alcohol is naturally occurrent only in small amount, so its industrial demand is usually fulfilled by chemical synthesis starting from cinnamaldehyde.
Properties
The compound is a solid at room temperature, forming colourless crystals that melt upon gentle heating. As is typical of most higher-molecular weight alcohols, it is sparingly soluble in water at room temperature, but highly soluble in most common organic solvents.
Safety
Cinnamyl alcohol has been found to have a sensitising effect on some people and as a result is the subject of a Restricted Standard issued by IFRA (International Fragrance Association).
Glycosides
Rosarin and rosavin are cinnamyl alcohol glycosides isolated from Rhodiola rosea.
References
Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2305.
Flavors
Primary alcohols
Phenylpropanoids
Perfume ingredients
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoncia%20velloziana
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Mendoncia velloziana is a plant native to Atlantic Coast restingas vegetation which is an ecosystem of Atlantic Forest biome. In addition, this plant grows either in Cerrado vegetation of Brazil. This plant grows in following states of Brazil: Bahia, Ceará Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, and it is usually visited by the hummingbirds.
References
Mendoncia velloziana is cited in the following research articles:
ABREU, C. R. M.; VIEIRA, M. F.. (2004) Hummingbirds and their floral resources in a forest fragment in Viçosa, southeastern Brazil with have the abstract in English.
BRAZ, D. M; CARVALHO-OKANO, R. M.; KAMEYAMA, C. (2002) Acanthaceae of Mata do Paraíso Forest Reserve, Viçosa, Minas Gerais with have the abstract in English.
External links
Mendoncia velloziana
Mendoncia velloziana
velloziana
Endemic flora of Brazil
Flora of the Atlantic Forest
Flora of the Cerrado
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Nekrasov
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Aleksandr Ivanovich Nekrasov (; – 21 May 1957) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician known for his mathematical contributions to hydromechanics and aeromechanics. The Nekrasov integral equation describing surface waves is named for him.
Biography
Nekrasov was born in Moscow, Russian Empire where he would remain for the rest of his life. He went to school and graduated from the University of Moscow in 1906. Nekrasov graduated with a first class diploma.
Nekrasov earned a gold medal for work of his essay, Theory of the Satellites of Jupiter.
References
External links
Nekrasov biography hosted by the University of St Andrews
1883 births
1957 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Mathematicians from Moscow
Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Academic staff of Moscow Aviation Institute
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove%20railway%20station
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Bromsgrove Railway Station serves the town of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, England. It is located at the foot of the two-mile Lickey Incline which ascends at a gradient of 1-in-37.7 towards Barnt Green on the line between Birmingham and Worcester. Bromsgrove is managed by West Midlands Railway. The current station opened on 12 July 2016, replacing an older station located slightly to the north.
History
The station opened as part of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (later part of the Midland Railway) on 24 June 1840.
On 10 November of that year, an experimental steam locomotive named 'Surprise' burst its boiler at the station, killing the driver, Thomas Scaife, and fireman, Joseph Rutherford (some authorities say the incident happened on the Lickey Incline but this is due to an erroneous early report in the Worcestershire Chronicle which was later corrected.). They are buried in Bromsgrove churchyard.
In June 1969 the station was rebuilt with a single platform on the up (northbound) side, which required stopping down (southbound) trains to cross to the up line and back again after calling at Bromsgrove station. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the service frequency had decreased to a small number of trains in the peak hours. A new platform on the down side was opened in May 1990.
On 4 May 2007, Network Rail announced that a new station will be built, to replace the existing structure. This was to be in a brownfield site adjacent to the current site, and would allow six
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Kochin
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Nikolai Yevgrafovich Kochin (; 19 May 1901, St Petersburg – 31 December 1944, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician specialising in applied mathematics, and especially fluid and gas mechanics.
Biography
Kochin graduated from Petrograd University in 1923. He taught mathematics and mechanics at Leningrad State University from 1924 to 1934.
In 1925 Kochin married Pelageya Polubarinova. They had two daughters.
In 1928 Kochin spent a semester in Göttingen, where he helped Gamow to solve the alpha decay problem through quantum tunneling.
Kochin moved to Moscow 1934. He taught mathematics and mechanics at Moscow State University from 1934 until his death, and was the head of the mechanics section of the Mechanics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1939 to 1944.
In 1943 Kochin became ill with sarcoma and died in 1944.
Research interests
Kochin's research was on meteorology, gas dynamics and shock waves in compressible fluids. He gave the solution to the problem of small amplitude waves on the surface of an uncompressed liquid in Towards a Theory of Cauchy-Poisson Waves in 1935.
He also worked on the pitch and roll of ships. In aerodynamics he introduced formulae for aerodynamic force and for the distribution of pressure.
Bibliography
Kochin wrote textbooks on hydromechanics and vector analysis:
Theoretical hydromechanics, by N. E. Kochin, I. A. Kibel, and N. V. Roze. Translated from the fifth Russian ed. by D. Boyanovitch. Edited by J. R. M. Radok. Publis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav%20Lopatynskyi
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Yaroslav Borysovych Lopatynskyi (1906–1981) was a Soviet mathematician. Born in Tbilisi, Lopatinskii acquired wide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of differential equations. He is especially known for his condition of stability for boundary-value problems in elliptic equations and for initial boundary-value problems in evolution PDEs.
See also
Lev Lopatinsky
References
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Lopatynsky.html
1906 births
1981 deaths
Mathematical analysts
Soviet mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Anast%C3%A1cio%20da%20Cunha
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José Anastácio da Cunha (1744 – January 1, 1787) was a Portuguese mathematician. He is best known for his work on the theory of equations, algebraic analysis, plain and spherical trigonometry, analytical geometry, and differential calculus.
References
External links
1744 births
1787 deaths
18th-century Portuguese mathematicians
People from Lisbon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundqvist
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Lundqvist (and its variant Lundkvist) is a Swedish surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 88.7% of all known bearers of the surname Lundqvist were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:726), 3.8% of Denmark (1:9,699), 3.5% of Finland (1:10,236) and 1.4% of Norway (1:24,030).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:726) in the following counties:
Västerbotten County (1:257)
Norrbotten County (1:350)
Västernorrland County (1:434)
Uppsala County (1:593)
Gävleborg County (1:631)
Västmanland County (1:631)
Södermanland County (1:689)
Östergötland County (1:693)
In Denmark, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:9,699) in the following regions:
Capital Region of Denmark (1:4,826)
Region Zealand (1:8,154)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:10,236) in the following regions:
Åland (1:587)
Ostrobothnia (1:1,910)
Southwest Finland (1:6,333)
Uusimaa (1:6,401)
Lapland (1:10,193)
People
Alex Lundqvist (born 1972), Swedish male supermodel and professional paintball player
Anja Lundqvist (born 1971), actress
Cecilia Lundqvist (born 1971), Swedish videoartist
Erik Lundqvist (1908 – 1963), Swedish Olympic gold medalist in javelin throw
Gösta Lundquist (1892 – 1944), Swedish Olympic gold medalist in sailing
Gösta Lundqvist (geologist) (1894 – 1967), Swedish geologist, father of Jan and Thomas
Hanna Lundqvist (born 1990), Swedish footballer
Henrik Lundqvist (born
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Walter%20Graystone%20Wyckoff
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Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, Sr. (August 9, 1897, in Geneva, New York – November 3, 1994, in Tucson, Arizona) was an American scientist and pioneer of X-ray crystallography. He was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1949 and Foreign member of the Royal Society, on April 19, 1951.
Biography
He was the son of judge Abram Ralph Wyckoff and Ethel Agnes Catchpole. He studied at Hobart College, where he made Bachelor of Science in 1916, continued at Cornell University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1919. In 1916, he published his first scientific paper (of more than 400) at the age of nineteen in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Under Shoji Nishikawa, he presented his thesis about the crystallographic resolution of the structures of NaNO3 and CsICl2 in 1919.
He continued working in X-ray crystallography and wrote several books about the topic. Wyckoff's 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted by the symmetry elements. This book was the forerunner of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, which first appeared in 1935. Both general and special positions are also called Wyckoff positions in his honor.
He moved to the Rockefeller University (then called The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) in 1927, to take up studies of bacteria and, especially, viruses. While there, he photographed the growth of li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Wegman
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Edward Wegman is an American statistician and was a professor of statistics at George Mason University until his retirement in 2018. He holds a Ph.D. in mathematical statistics and is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, a Senior Member of the IEEE, and past chair of the National Research Council Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics. In addition to his work in the field of statistical computing, Wegman contributed a report to a Congressional hearing on climate change at the request of Republican Rep. Joe Barton. Wegman's report supported criticisms of the methodology of two specific paleoclimate studies into the temperature record of the past 1000 years, and argued that climate scientists were excessively isolated from the statistical mainstream. Subsequently, significant portions of Wegman's report were found to have been copied without attribution from a variety of sources, including Wikipedia, and a publication based on the report was retracted.
Career
Wegman, a St. Louis, Missouri native, received a B.S. in mathematics from Saint Louis University in 1965. He then went to graduate school at the University of Iowa, where he earned an M.S. in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1968, both in mathematical statistics. He held a faculty position at the University of North Carolina for ten years. In 1978, Wegman joined the Office of Naval Research, in which he headed the Mathematical Sciences Division. Later, Wegman served as the first program director of the Ultra Hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic%20derivative
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An exotic derivative, in finance, is a derivative which is more complex than commonly traded "vanilla" products. This complexity usually relates to determination of payoff; see option style.
The category may also include derivatives with a non-standard subject matter - i.e., underlying - developed for a particular client or a particular market.
The term "exotic derivative" has no precisely defined meaning, being a colloquialism that reflects how common a particular derivative is in the marketplace. As such, certain derivative instruments have been considered exotic when conceived of and sold, but lost this status when they were traded with significant enough volume. Examples of this phenomenon include interest rate- and currency-swaps.
As regards valuation, given their complexity, exotic derivatives are usually modelled using specialized simulation- or lattice-based techniques. Often, it is possible, to "manufacture" the exotic derivative out of standard derivatives. For example, a knockout call can be "manufactured" out of standard options; see . This latter approach may then be preferred, and also allows for a benchmark against which the more specialized models may be verified.
See also
Exotic option
Financial engineering
Financial innovation
Structured product
References
External links
Understanding derivative contracts: types of derivatives, HM Revenue & Customs
Exotic Derivatives and Structured Products, Sébastien Bossu, University of Chicago
Exotic Derivatives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20Information%20File
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Crystallographic Information File (CIF) is a standard text file format for representing crystallographic information, promulgated by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). CIF was developed by the IUCr Working Party on Crystallographic Information in an effort sponsored by the IUCr Commission on Crystallographic Data and the IUCr Commission on Journals. The file format was initially published by Hall, Allen, and Brown and has since been revised, most recently versions 1.1 and 2.0. Full specifications for the format are available at the IUCr website. Many computer programs for molecular viewing are compatible with this format, including Jmol.
mmCIF
Closely related is mmCIF, macromolecular CIF, which is intended as an successor to the Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. It is now the default format used by the Protein Data Bank.
Also closely related is Crystallographic Information Framework, a broader system of exchange protocols based on data dictionaries and relational rules expressible in different machine-readable manifestations, including, but not restricted to, Crystallographic Information File and XML.
References
External links
International Union of Crystallography
Chemical file formats
Computer file formats
Crystallography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit%20theorem
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Limit theorem may refer to:
Central limit theorem, in probability theory
Edgeworth's limit theorem, in economics
Plastic limit theorems, in continuum mechanics
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantities%20of%20information
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The mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information. The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used. The most common unit of information is the bit, or more correctly the shannon, based on the binary logarithm. Although "bit" is more frequently used in place of "shannon", its name is not distinguished from the bit as used in data-processing to refer to a binary value or stream regardless of its entropy (information content) Other units include the nat, based on the natural logarithm, and the hartley, based on the base 10 or common logarithm.
In what follows, an expression of the form is considered by convention to be equal to zero whenever is zero. This is justified because for any logarithmic base.
Self-information
Shannon derived a measure of information content called the self-information or "surprisal" of a message :
where is the probability that message is chosen from all possible choices in the message space . The base of the logarithm only affects a scaling factor and, consequently, the units in which the measured information content is expressed. If the logarithm is base 2, the measure of information is expressed in units of shannons or more often simply "bits" (a bit in other contexts is rather defined as a "binary digit", whose average information content is at most 1 shannon).
Informati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20chain%20mixing%20time
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In probability theory, the mixing time of a Markov chain is the time until the Markov chain is "close" to its steady state distribution.
More precisely, a fundamental result about Markov chains is that a finite state irreducible aperiodic chain has a unique stationary distribution π and, regardless of the initial state, the time-t distribution of the chain converges to π as t tends to infinity. Mixing time refers to any of several variant formalizations of the idea: how large must t be until the time-t distribution is approximately π? One variant, total variation distance mixing time, is defined as the smallest t such that the total variation distance of probability measures is small:
.
Choosing a different , as long as , can only change the mixing time up to a constant factor (depending on ) and so one often fixes and simply writes .
This is the sense in which proved that the number of riffle shuffles needed to mix an ordinary 52 card deck is 7. Mathematical theory focuses on how mixing times change as a function of the size of the structure underlying the chain. For an -card deck, the number of riffle shuffles needed grows as . The most developed theory concerns randomized algorithms for #P-Complete algorithmic counting problems such as the number of graph colorings of a given vertex graph. Such problems can, for sufficiently large number of colors, be answered using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method and showing that the mixing time grows only as . This ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20M.%20Stein
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Charles Max Stein (March 22, 1920 – November 24, 2016) was an American mathematical statistician and professor of statistics at Stanford University.
He received his Ph.D in 1947 at Columbia University with advisor Abraham Wald. He held faculty positions at Berkeley and the University of Chicago before moving permanently to Stanford in 1953. He is known for Stein's paradox in decision theory, which shows that ordinary least squares estimates can be uniformly improved when many parameters are estimated; for Stein's lemma, giving a formula for the covariance of one random variable with the value of a function of another when the two random variables are jointly normally distributed; and for Stein's method, a way of proving theorems such as the Central Limit Theorem that does not require the variables to be independent and identically distributed. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He died in November 2016 at the age of 96.
Works
Approximate Computation of Expectations, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Hayward, CA, 1986.
A bound for the error in the normal approximation to the distribution of a sum of dependent random variables, Sixth Berkeley Stanford Symposium, pages 583-602.
Interviews
References
National University of Singapore Program Honoring Prof. Stein
Photograph of Stein
Another photograph
See also
James–Stein estimator
Stein's lemma
Stein's method
Stein's unbiased risk estimate
Stein's loss
Stein discrepancy
1920 births
2016 deaths
Ame
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20receptor
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In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins responsible for sensing steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamins, and certain other molecules. These intracellular receptors work with other proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes thereby controlling the development, homeostasis, and metabolism of the organism.
Nuclear receptors bind directly to DNA regulating the expression of adjacent genes; hence these receptors are classified as transcription factors. The regulation of gene expression by nuclear receptors often occurs in the presence of a ligand—a molecule that affects the receptor's behavior. Ligand binding to a nuclear receptor results in a conformational change activating the receptor. The result is up- or down-regulation of gene expression.
A unique property of nuclear receptors that differentiates them from other classes of receptors is their direct control of genomic DNA. Nuclear receptors play key roles in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. As discussed below nuclear receptors are classified according to mechanism or homology.
Species distribution
Nuclear receptors are specific to metazoans (animals) and are not found in protists, algae, fungi, or plants. Amongst the early-branching animal lineages with sequenced genomes, two have been reported from the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica, two from the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi four from the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens and 17 from the cnidarian Nematos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeraplasty
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Chimeraplasty is a non-viral method of gene therapy. Chimeraplasty changes DNA sequences using a synthetic strand of RNA and DNA. This strand of RNA and DNA is known as a chimeraplast. The chimeraplast enters a cell and attaches itself to the target gene. The DNA of the chimeraplast and the cell complement each other except in the middle of the strand, where the chimeraplast's sequence is different from that of the cell. The DNA repair enzymes then replace the cell's DNA with that of the chimeraplast. This leaves the chimeraplast's new sequence in the cell's DNA and the replaced DNA sequence then decays.
This technique was first developed and named by Eric Kmiec at Thomas Jefferson University. Since its discovery there has been debate over chimeraplasty's effectiveness. In the 6 September 1996 article of Science, Kmiec claimed that chimeraplasty was 50% effective in human cells. This figure was later disputed by a number of universities; chimeraplasty is now considered from .4-2.4% effective at transforming fibroblasts, and 0.0002% effective in transforming yeast cells.
References
External links
13 December 2002 Science article
Biotech terms
Applied genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgranulin
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Calgranulin is an S100 calcium-binding protein that is expressed in multiple cell types, including renal epithelial cells and neutrophils.
The proteins S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterodimer called calprotectin.
Human genes
S100A8 (calgranulin A)
S100A9 (calgranulin B)
S100A12 (calgranulin C)
Function
Some in vitro evidence suggests that calgranulin can inhibit the precipitation of calcium oxalate in a urine-like environment at calgranulin concentrations below physiological concentrations. Thus, it may also function in vivo as an inhibitor of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. However, the role of calgranulin in the stone formation process has not been evaluated.
See also
Measurement of faecal calprotectin
References
External links
S100 proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti%27s%20theorem
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Betti's theorem, also known as Maxwell–Betti reciprocal work theorem, discovered by Enrico Betti in 1872, states that for a linear elastic structure subject to two sets of forces {Pi} i=1,...,n and {Qj}, j=1,2,...,n, the work done by the set P through the displacements produced by the set Q is equal to the work done by the set Q through the displacements produced by the set P. This theorem has applications in structural engineering where it is used to define influence lines and derive the boundary element method.
Betti's theorem is used in the design of compliant mechanisms by topology optimization approach.
Proof
Consider a solid body subjected to a pair of external force systems, referred to as and . Consider that each force system causes a displacement field, with the displacements measured at the external force's point of application referred to as and .
When the force system is applied to the structure, the balance between the work performed by the external force system and the strain energy is:
The work-energy balance associated with the force system is as follows:
Now, consider that with the force system applied, the force system is applied subsequently. As the is already applied and therefore won't cause any extra displacement, the work-energy balance assumes the following expression:
Conversely, if we consider the force system already applied and the external force system applied subsequently, the work-energy balance will assume the following expres
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokko%20and%20Rector%20Model
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The Kokko and Rector model is a theory explaining the mechanism of generation of a gradient in the inner medulla of the kidney. Unlike earlier theories explaining the mechanism using counter current mechanism (as is the case in the outer medulla), the driving force for salt reabsorption is stated to be urea accumulation. It has been proved that counter current mechanism cannot be the case in the inner medulla, since there are no salt pumps, and the cell membrane is too permeable to salt.
History
It has been proposed by Juha Kokko and Floyd Rector Jr. in 1972.
References
Further reading
Renal physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersdorffite
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Gersdorffite is a nickel arsenic sulfide mineral with formula NiAsS. It crystallizes in the isometric system showing diploidal symmetry. It occurs as euhedral to massive opaque, metallic grey-black to silver white forms. Gersdorffite belongs to a solid solution series with cobaltite, CoAsS. Antimony freely substitutes also leading to ullmannite, NiSbS. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 5.9 to 6.33.
Gersdorffite has three crystallisation forms: Gersdorffite-P213 (NiAsS), Gersdorffite-Pa3 (Ni(As,S)2) and Gersdorffite-Pca21 (NiAsS). Gersdorffite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other nickel sulfides. Associated minerals include nickeline, nickel-skutterudite, cobaltite, ullmannite, maucherite, löllingite, platinum-group minerals, millerite, pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite.
Gersdorffite was first described in 1843 and named in 1845 for Johann von Gersdorff (1781–1849), owner of the nickel mine at Schladming, Austria the type locality.
References
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 298–300
Webmineral data
Mindat with location data
Mineral Data Publishing PDF
Sulfosalt minerals
Nickel minerals
Arsenic minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 29
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 198
Minerals in space group 205
Minerals described in 1845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucositis
|
Mucositis is the painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, usually as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer. Mucositis can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but oral mucositis refers to the particular inflammation and ulceration that occurs in the mouth. Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication of cancer treatment.
Oral and gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis affects almost all patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 80% of patients with malignancies of the head and neck receiving radiotherapy, and a wide range of patients receiving chemotherapy. Alimentary tract mucositis increases mortality and morbidity and contributes to rising health care costs.
For most cancer treatment, about 5–15% of patients get mucositis. However, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), up to 40% get mucositis, and 10–15% get grade 3–4 oral mucositis. Irinotecan is associated with severe GI mucositis in over 20% of patients. Seventy-five to eighty percent of bone marrow transplantation recipients experience mucositis, of which oral mucositis is the most common and most debilitating, especially when melphalan is used. In grade 3 oral mucositis, the patient is unable to eat solid food, and in grade 4, the patient is unable to consume liquids as well.
Radiotherapy to the head and neck or to the pelvis or abdomen is associated with Grade 3 a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddam%20Narasimha
|
Roddam Narasimha FRS (20 July 193314 December 2020) was an Indian aerospace scientist and fluid dynamicist. He was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (1962–1999), director of the National Aerospace Laboratories (1984–1993) and the chairman of the Engineering Mechanics Unit at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR, 2000–2014). He was the DST Year-of-Science Chair Professor at JNCASR and concurrently held the Pratt & Whitney Chair in Science and Engineering at the University of Hyderabad. Narasimha was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award, in 2013. for his contributions to advance India's aerospace technology.
Early life
Narasimha was born on 20 July 1933. He was born in a Kannada family tracing its origins to Roddam, a village in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. His father, R.L. Narasimhaiah, was a professor of physics in Bangalore's Central College, and was also a Kannada language science writer with a focus on physics and astronomy.
Narasimha completed his schooling at Acharya Pathasala in the Gandhi Bazaar neighbourhood of Bangalore. He obtained his graduate degree in mechanical engineering from University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering in Bangalore, which was affiliated with Mysore University. During this time he visited the Tata Institute (now known as the Indian Institute of Science), where the Spitfire aircraft displayed in the aeronautical department caught hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroresonance%20in%20electricity%20networks
|
Ferroresonance or nonlinear resonance is a type of resonance in electric circuits which occurs when a circuit containing a nonlinear inductance is fed from a source that has series capacitance, and the circuit is subjected to a disturbance such as opening of a switch. It can cause overvoltages and overcurrents in an electrical power system and can pose a risk to transmission and distribution equipment and to operational personnel.
Ferroresonance is different from linear resonance that occurs when inductive and capacitive reactances of a circuit are equal. In linear resonance the current and voltage are linearly related in a manner that is frequency dependent. In the case of ferroresonance it is characterised by a sudden jump of voltage or current from one stable operating state to another one. The relationship between voltage and current is dependent not only on frequency but also on other factors, such as the system voltage magnitude, initial magnetic flux condition of transformer iron core, the total loss in the ferroresonant circuit, and the point on wave of initial switching.
Ferroresonant effects were first described in a 1907 paper by Joseph Bethenod. The term ferroresonance was apparently coined by French engineer Paul Boucherot in a 1920 paper, in which he analysed the phenomenon of two stable fundamental frequency operating points coexisting in a series circuit containing a resistor, nonlinear inductor and a capacitor.
Conditions
Ferroresonance can occur when an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELICS
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FELICS, which stands for Fast Efficient & Lossless Image Compression System, is a lossless image compression algorithm
that performs 5-times faster than the original lossless JPEG codec and achieves a similar compression ratio.
History
It was invented by Paul G. Howard and Jeffrey S. Vitter of the Department of Computer Science at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, and was first presented at the 1993 IEEE Data Compression Conference in Snowbird, Utah. It was successfully implemented in hardware and deployed as part of HiRISE on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Principle
Like other lossless codecs for continuous-tone images, FELICS operates by decorrelating the image and encoding it with an entropy coder. The decorrelation is the context where
and where are the pixel's two nearest neighbors (causal, already coded and known at the decoder) used for providing the context to code the
present pixel .
Except at the top and left edges, these are the pixel above and the pixel to the left.
For example, the neighbors of pixel X in the diagram are A and B, but if X were at the left side, its neighbors would be B and D.
P lies within the closed interval [L, H] roughly half the time.
Otherwise, it is above H or below L. These can be encoded as 1, 01, and 00 respectively (p. 4).
The following figure shows the (idealized) histogram
of the pixels and their intensity values along the x-axis, and frequency of occurrence along the y-axis.
The distribution of P within t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes%20of%20Transportation%20Vol.%201
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Modes of Transportation Vol. 1 is the debut album by Spookey Ruben, released in 1995.
Track listing
"Terra Magnifica" – 1:04
"These Days Are Old" – 3:44
"Crystal Cradle" – 3:51
"Running Away" – 3:19
"Welcome to the House of Food" – 4:59
"Wendy Mcdonald" – 4:03
"The Size of You" – 2:36
"It's Not What You Do It's You" – 4:46
"Mars" – 0:34
"Leave the City" – 4:37
"Growing Up is Over?" - 2:39
"Donate your Heart to a Stranger" - 6:30
"Life Insurance" - 5:01
I)snowman
II)deepsea-diver
III)stolen car
Critical reception
In music site Allmusic, reviewer Stanton Swihart states, "As inventive as it is, the album perhaps draws a bit too freely from the XTC melodic bag of tricks, and occasionally Ruben's most experimental quirks sabotage his songs. But on the whole, Modes of Transportation, Vol. 1 is a confectionary treat."
Popular cultural impact
The song These Days Are Old is used as theme song of German TV talk show Zimmer frei! (roughly: "room to let").
Production
Art director: Spookey Ruben
All songs written, arranged and produced by: Spookey Ruben
Engineers: Spookey Ruben, Gadi Foltys, Mark Plati, Brad 'Merlin' Nelson
Mastering: Howie Weinberg
Design: Helios
Photography: Taralea Cutler, Michael Benabib Musician Photography , Luciana Haill, Felix Wittholtz, Spookey Ruben
References
Spookey Ruben albums
1995 debut albums
TVT Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashKeeper
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HashKeeper is a database application of value primarily to those conducting forensic examinations of computers on a somewhat regular basis.
Overview
HashKeeper uses the MD5 file signature algorithm to establish unique numeric identifiers (hash values) for files "known to be good" and "known to be bad."
The HashKeeper application was developed to reduce the amount of time required to examine files on digital media. Once an examiner defines a file as known to be good, the examiner need not repeat that analysis.
HashKeeper compares hash values of known to be good files against the hash values of files on a computer system. Where those values match "known to be good" files, the examiner can say, with substantial certainty, that the corresponding files on the computer system have been previously identified as known to be good and therefore do not need to be examined.
Where those values match known to be bad files, the examiner can say with substantial certainty that the corresponding files on the system being examined that the files are bad and therefore require further scrutiny. A hash match on known to be bad files does not relieve the examiner of the responsibility of verifying that the file or files are, in fact, of a criminal nature.
History
Created by the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC)—a component of the United States Department of Justice—in 1996, it was the first large scale source for hash values of "known to be good" and "known to be bad" files. HashKeep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegram
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A bubblegram (also known as laser crystal, 3D crystal engraving or vitrography) is a solid block of glass or transparent plastic that has been exposed to laser beams to generate three-dimensional designs inside. The image is composed of many small points of fracture or other visible deformations and appears to float inside the block.
Description
Each point is created by a laser beam focused to high intensity at that location by a computer-controlled opto-mechanical system. A complex or highly detailed image occupying a 5 cm (2 inch) cubic volume typically requires the creation of tens of thousands of such points.
Bubblegram images may be created by intersecting laser beams in appropriately doped plastic to induce a chemical reaction via heat or photonic excitation, creating bubbles or nodes where the plastic has a different index of refraction.
Glass block bubblegrams of Russian origin entered international commerce as a novelty in the late 1990s, but high prices and the predominantly simple, inartistic subject matter severely limited market penetration. In the early 2000s, a much less expensive, more visually appealing and highly diverse array of Chinese-made bubblegram novelties achieved wide commercial success in the United States, to the extent of becoming a fad: representations of monuments, corporate symbols, religious imagery, mythical creatures and nature scenes appeared in gift shops.
There also exist companies which will take custom photographs of people, conver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaconas%20Namballe%20National%20Sanctuary
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Tabaconas-Namballe National Sanctuary (Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe) is a national sanctuary in Peru established in 1988, and protects the southernmost part of the páramo ecosystem. It is located in San Ignacio Province, Cajamarca and spans an area of .
History
In the 1940s, national and foreign investors began studies for the use of forests in the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio. This prompted the Peruvian government to reserve an area that would serve as a nature sanctuary, by creating the Oso Perdido National Forest.
In 1977, a lumber company, El Chaupe, was granted two exploitation contracts by the government in the forests located in the districts of Chirinos, Tabaconas and Namballe, all in the province of San Ignacio. One of the contracts was terminated by the Ministry of Agriculture, declaring an extension of 49 260 hectares as an area for research purposes.
In 1982, the Department of Forest Management of La Molina National University (UNALM) proposed the establishment of the Namballe National Sanctuary. However, it was only in 1987 that some government institutions along with La Molina University carried out the studies for the establishment of a spectacled bear sanctuary in the area.
Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary was established on May 20, 1988, by Supreme Decree No. 051-88AG with an area of 29,500 ha.
Geography
Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary is located in the Cordillera de Tabaconas, which is part of the Eastern Andes. The area is mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM%20%28protein%29
|
ADAMs (short for a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) are a family of single-pass transmembrane and secreted metalloendopeptidases. All ADAMs are characterized by a particular domain organization featuring a pro-domain, a metalloprotease, a disintegrin, a cysteine-rich, an epidermal-growth factor like and a transmembrane domain, as well as a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Nonetheless, not all human ADAMs have a functional protease domain, which indicates that their biological function mainly depends on protein–protein interactions. Those ADAMs which are active proteases are classified as sheddases because they cut off or shed extracellular portions of transmembrane proteins. For example, ADAM10 can cut off part of the HER2 receptor, thereby activating it. ADAM genes are found in animals, choanoflagellates, fungi and some groups of green algae. Most green algae and all land plants likely lost ADAM proteins.
ADAMs are categorized under the enzyme group, and in the MEROPS peptidase family M12B. The terms adamalysin and MDC family (metalloproteinase-like, disintegrin-like, cysteine rich) have been used to refer to this family historically.
ADAM family members
Medicine
Therapeutic ADAM inhibitors might potentiate anti-cancer therapy.
See also
ADAMTS (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family
Ectodomain shedding
References
External links
http://www.healthvalue.net/sheddase.html
Protein families
Single-pass transmembrane proteins
Proteases
EC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity%20Fluids
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Infinity Fluids, founded in 1998, is a Massachusetts corporation which develops process and thermal systems for the fuel cell, pharmaceutical, industrial, and biotechnology industries.
It was founded in Norwich, CT and is a manufacturing and research organization specializing in the fields of Fluid Heating, Steam Reforming and Instant Steam Generation.
Products
Some of the work performed by Infinity includes:
DI and gaseous thermal systems for the NASA space program.
Instant steam generators for the pharmaceutical industry, particularly sterilization.
Increasing efficiency of steam reform systems for fuel cells.
Marked reduction in size and mass of OEM equipment manufacturing.
Patents
Infinity Fluids holds the patent to:
Compact Resistive Element System (CRES)
Electric co-axial heater
In Line Instant Steam Generator
Central Axis flow through thermal fluid system
External links
Infinity Fluids Corporate Website
Companies based in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloexopeptidase
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A metalloexopeptidase is a type of enzyme that acts as a metalloproteinase exopeptidase.
These enzymes have a catalytic mechanism involving a metal, often zinc. They function in molecular biology as agents that cut the terminal (or penultimate) peptide bonds ending peptide chains. Analogous to slicing the end off a loaf of bread, the process releases a single amino acid (or dipeptide) for use.
Metallocarboxypeptidase
The terms "metallo carboxypeptidase", "metallo-carboxypeptidase" and "metallocarboxypeptidase" are used to describe a metalloexopeptidase carboxypeptidase. These peptidases specifically target the C-terminus, the unbound carboxyl group (-COOH) at one distinct end of the amino acid chain (cutting one side from a loaf of bread rather than the end).
Enzyme Commission number
Using the Enzyme Commission number (EC number) system, metallocarboxypeptidases fall under EC 3.4.17. Examples of these compounds in the human genome include AGBL1 and AGBL2, known also as ATP/GTP Binding Protein-Like 1 and 2, respectively. The former resides in Chromosome 15 and is made up of 951,392 base pairs (bases) while the latter resides in Chromosome 11 and is made up of 56,221 bases.
See also
Enzyme catalysis
Hydrolase
References
External links
EC 3.4.17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%3A%20The%20Snowboarder%27s%20Journal
|
The Snowboarder's Journal is published quarterly by Funny Feelings (LLC). Originally frequency: The Snowboarder's Journal, the publication rebranded in 2016, simplifying the name to The Snowboarder's Journal. Four coffee-table journals with high production quality and limited advertising are produced yearly in limited editions featuring the personalities and places that make up snowboard culture worldwide. Founded 2001 in Seattle, WA and relocated to Mount Baker (Bellingham, WA) in 2002, The Snowboarder's Journal has been headed from the start by longtime snowboard editor Jeff Galbraith. Features editorial from around the world and interviews and travel pieces with young Olympians and backwoods icons.
Awards
Winner of the 2006 Maggie Award for Best Quarterly
External links
Frequency The Snowboard Journal
2001 establishments in Washington (state)
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines published in Seattle
Magazines published in Washington (state)
Mass media in Bellingham, Washington
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Snowboarding magazines
Sports magazines published in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceprometazine
|
Aceprometazine (INN) is a phenothiazine derivative prescription drug with neuroleptic and anti-histamine properties It is not widely prescribed, and may be associated with drug-induced Parkinsonism. It may be used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. This combination is available in France under the trade name Mepronizine.
It is structurally related to the phenothiazine derivative veterinary drug acepromazine.
Synthesis
The reason for the rearrangement in the sidechain between the precursor and the product is on account of a methadone-type aziridine.
2-Acetylphenothiazine [6631-94-3] (1)
2-Chloropropyldimethylamine [108-14-5] (2)
References
D2 antagonists
Phenothiazines
H1 receptor antagonists
Aromatic ketones
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Academic%20Coding%20System
|
The Joint Academic Coding System (JACS) system was used by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) and the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) in the United Kingdom to classify academic subjects. It was replaced by the Higher Education Classification of Subjects (HECoS) and the Common Aggregation Hierarchy (CAH) for the 2019/20 academic year.
A JACS code for a single subject consists of a letter and three numbers. The letter represents the broad subject classification, e.g. F for physical sciences. The first number represents the principal subject area, e.g. F3 for physics, and subsequent numbers represent further details, similar to the Dewey Decimal System. The principal subject of physics, for example, is broken into 19 detailed subjects, represented by a letter plus three numbers: e.g., F300 represents physics, F330 environmental physics, and F331 atmospheric physics.
History
HESA and UCAS used to operate two different (though similar) subject coding systems - HESAcode and Standard Classification of Academic Subjects (SCAS) respectively. In 1996 a joint project was launched to bring these two systems together to create a unified structure. A project team was established with two people from each of the two organizations. The project team became known as JACS since this was an acronym of their names (Jonathan Waller and Andy Youell from HESA, Clive Sillence and Sara Goodwins from UCAS).
The first operational version (v1.7) of the Joint Academic Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD11
|
In cell biology, CD11 is the α (alpha) component of various integrins, especially ones in which the β (beta) component is CD18 (β2) and mediate leukocyte adhesion. For example,
LFA1 (CD11a/CD18) short representation of Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1, also called αLβ2 integrin
Mac1 (CD11b/CD18) present on macrophages that is also called Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) and αMβ2 integrin.
CD11c/CD18 also called complement receptor 4 (CR4) and αXβ2 integrin.
References
Clusters of differentiation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Sanborn
|
Kate Sanborn (July 11, 1839 - July 9, 1917) was an American author, teacher and lecturer. Also a reviewer, compiler, essayist, and farmer, Sanborn was famous for her cooking and housekeeping.
Early years and education
Katherine Abbott Sanborn was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, July 11, 1839. Her father was the educator Edwin David Sanborn, who occupied the chair of Latin and English literature, at Dartmouth College, for nearly fifty years, In 1859, he accepted the Latin professorship and presidency of Washington University in St. Louis, returning four years later to the chair of oratory and literature at Dartmouth, which he held until he retired from active work. Her mother was Mary Ann (Webster) Sanborn, daughter of Ezekiel Webster, of Boscawen, New Hampshire. Sanborn was a descendant of Captain Ebenezer Webster, the Revolutionary hero, and grand-niece of Daniel Webster.
Sanborn was educated at home by her father almost entirely, though tutors in mathematics were employed for her. Her drill in Latin commenced at eight years with studying a Latin booklet, and continued till she left home to support herself. It comprised more than a college course. This year after year of translating, scanning, word selection and phrasing, was a wonderful training in language. She was obliged to commit to memory some portion of prose or poetry daily, and also to describe something in writing. Then followed apt quotations at the tea table, later a good anecdote. These teachings and tasks of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraspinous%20fascia
|
The infraspinatous fascia is a dense fibrous membrane, covering the Infraspinatous muscle and fixed to the circumference of the infraspinatous fossa; it affords attachment, by its deep surface, to some fibers of that muscle. It is intimately attached to the deltoid fascia along the over-lapping border of the Deltoideus.
References
Fascia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Tittensor
|
Luke James Tittensor (born 3 November 1989) is an English actor best known for his role as Carl Gallagher in Shameless (a role he shared with his twin brother, Elliott Tittensor) and his role as Daz Eden in Emmerdale.
Career
Tittensor and his twin brother, Elliott, appeared in the soap Brookside. In the first series of Channel 4 series Shameless, the Tittensor twins shared the role of Carl Gallagher. Elliott continued playing the role of Carl after Luke left the show.
Tittensor took the role of Daz Eden in Emmerdale, first appearing in 2003. He continued to act in Emmerdale until April 2009, when his contract was terminated due to a criminal conviction. In 2010, Tittensor played gay pupil Connor in Waterloo Road. He appeared in an episode of Casualty in January 2011 and played the part of Nathan in episode one of the BBC drama series The Body Farm in September 2011.
In 2012, Tittensor played the character of Liam in Holby City. Tittensor appeared in Our World War as Paddy Kennedy in 2014. Also in 2014, he played Hippolyte in the film Madame Bovary. Tittensor starred in an episode of Moving On in March 2014.
Tittensor currently stars as Ser Arryk Cargyll in HBO's House of the Dragon alongside his twin brother who plays the role of Ser Erryk Cargyll.
Personal life
Luke Tittensor is the identical twin brother of Elliott Tittensor.
On 23 March 2009, Tittensor pleaded guilty to a charge of grievous bodily harm against an unnamed 16-year-old in Rochdale on 15 February 2008 th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womersley%20number
|
The Womersley number ( or ) is a dimensionless number in biofluid mechanics and biofluid dynamics. It is a dimensionless expression of the pulsatile flow frequency in relation to viscous effects. It is named after John R. Womersley (1907–1958) for his work with blood flow in arteries. The Womersley number is important in keeping dynamic similarity when scaling an experiment. An example of this is scaling up the vascular system for experimental study. The Womersley number is also important in determining the thickness of the boundary layer to see if entrance effects can be ignored.
The square root of this number is also referred to as Stokes number, , due to the pioneering work done by Sir George Stokes on the Stokes second problem.
Derivation
The Womersley number, usually denoted , is defined by the relation
where is an appropriate length scale (for example the radius of a pipe), is the angular frequency of the oscillations, and , , are the kinematic viscosity, density, and dynamic viscosity of the fluid, respectively. The Womersley number is normally written in the powerless form
In the cardiovascular system, the pulsation frequency, density, and dynamic viscosity are constant, however the Characteristic length, which in the case of blood flow is the vessel diameter, changes by three orders of magnitudes (OoM) between the aorta and fine capillaries. The Womersley number thus changes due to the variations in vessel size across the vasculature system. The Womersley nu
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