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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin%20beta-1
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Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin (beta-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.
β-Catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcription. In humans, the CTNNB1 protein is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene. In Drosophila, the homologous protein is called armadillo. β-catenin is a subunit of the cadherin protein complex and acts as an intracellular signal transducer in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a member of the catenin protein family and homologous to γ-catenin, also known as plakoglobin. β-Catenin is widely expressed in many tissues. In cardiac muscle, β-catenin localizes to adherens junctions in intercalated disc structures, which are critical for electrical and mechanical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes.
Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung cancer, malignant breast tumors, ovarian and endometrial cancer. Alterations in the localization and expression levels of β-catenin have been associated with various forms of heart disease, including dilated cardiomyopathy. β-Catenin is regulated and destroyed by the beta-catenin destruction complex, and in particular by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, encoded by the tumour-suppressing APC gene. Therefore, genetic mutation of the APC gene is also strongly linked to cancers, and in particular colorectal cancer result
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAPS
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SAPS may refer to:
Science and technology
SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score), a severity of disease classification system
SAPS III (Simplified Acute Physiology Score), a system for predicting mortality
Stand-alone power system, where electrical power is generated and consumed off-grid
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, a rating scale to measure positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Other uses
South African Police Service, the national police force of the Republic of South Africa
See also
SAP (disambiguation)
Sap (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axymyiidae
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The Nematoceran family Axymyiidae is the sole member of the infraorder Axymyiomorpha, though it is often included within the infraorder Bibionomorpha in older classifications. It is known from only nine species in four genera, plus eight fossil species.
Family characteristics
The Axymyiidae have the general appearance of the Bibionidae. Unlike bibionids, axymyiids have four branches of the radial vein, Bibionidae have two or three.
The head is rounded. The eyes of the male are holoptic for a considerable distance and divided into a larger dorsal part consisting of large facets and (separated by a groove) a smaller ventral part of smaller facets. The eyes of the female are separated by a broad frons and consist of separated facets. The three ocelli are on a prominence. The antennae are short with 14 to 16 transverse segments which are covered with sparse, short hairs. The oral parts are reduced. The palpi are four- to five-segmented.
Wings have an ocellus. Wing-venation: The subcostal vein merges into the anterior alar margin near its midpoint; radial vein 1 reaches the distal quarter of wings, there usually fused with radial vein 2+3; radial vein 4 is branched proximal to the anterior crossvein of the wing. Median vein 1 and 2 have short trunks. The anal vein does not reach the alar margin.
The tibiae are slightly longer than the femora, but somewhat shorter than the tarsi. The empodium and pulvilli are well developed.
Biology
Larvae live in decomposing wood.
Genera
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20Energy%20Corporation
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The Renewable Energy Corporation (REC) is a solar power company with headquarters in Singapore. REC produces silicon materials for photovoltaics (PV) applications and multicrystalline wafers, as well as solar cells and modules. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Reliance New Solar Energy Limited.
The previous parent company of REC was ChemChina, one of the largest chemical companies and state-owned by the People's Republic of China, which held its stake in Elkem since 2015 through the China National Bluestar Group. The purchase price was 490 million euros. On 10 October 2021, Indian conglomerate Reliance Industries announced that its subsidiary, Reliance New Solar Energy Limited, had acquired complete control of REC from China National Bluestar Group for US$771 million.
History
The predecessor of today's company was established in 1996 under the name Fornybar Energi AS. Today's company is a result of a fusion in September 2000 between ScanWafer AS, SolEnergy AS and Fornybar Energi AS. In 2002 REC ScanCell started production of multicrystalline solar cells in Narvik for the sister company REC ScanModule in Glava, Arvika. REC Wafer was at the time the world's largest producer of multicrystalline wafers with factories in Glomfjord and at Herøya.
Immediately after its IPO in 2006, the share price of the company soared, reaching a peak of NOK 262 in November 2007, corresponding to a market capitalization of NOK 174 billion. Based on this value, the company was at the time the l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer
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Enhancer may refer to:
Enhancer (genetics), a short region of DNA that can increase transcription of a gene
Exciter (effect), audio effect unit
See also
Enhance (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacylglycerol%20kinase
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Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK or DAGK) is a family of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), utilizing ATP as a source of the phosphate. In non-stimulated cells, DGK activity is low, allowing DAG to be used for glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, but on receptor activation of the phosphoinositide pathway, DGK activity increases, driving the conversion of DAG to PA. As both lipids are thought to function as bioactive lipid signaling molecules with distinct cellular targets, DGK therefore occupies an important position, effectively serving as a switch by terminating the signalling of one lipid while simultaneously activating signalling by another.
In bacteria, DGK is very small (13 to 15 kD) membrane protein which seems to contain three transmembrane domains. The best conserved region is a stretch of 12 residues which are located in a cytoplasmic loop between the second and third transmembrane domains. Some Gram-positive bacteria also encode a soluble diacylglycerol kinase capable of reintroducing DAG into the phospholipid biosynthesis pathway. DAG accumulates in Gram-positive bacteria as a result of the transfer of glycerol-1-phosphate moieties from phosphatidylglycerol to lipotechoic acid.
Mammalian DGK Isoforms
Currently, nine members of the DGK family have been cloned and identified. Although all family members have conserved catalytic domains and two cysteine rich domains, they are further classified into five groups accordin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell%20antigen%20system
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The Kell antigen system (also known as the Kell–Cellano system) is a human blood group system, that is, a group of antigens on the human red blood cell surface which are important determinants of blood type and are targets for autoimmune or alloimmune diseases which destroy red blood cells. The Kell antigens are K, k, Kpa, Kpb, Jsa and Jsb. The Kell antigens are peptides found within the Kell protein, a 93-kilodalton transmembrane zinc-dependent endopeptidase which is responsible for cleaving endothelin-3.
Protein
The KEL gene encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is the highly polymorphic Kell blood group antigen. The Kell glycoprotein links via a single disulfide bond to the XK membrane protein that carries the Kx antigen. The encoded protein contains sequence and structural similarity to members of the neprilysin (M13) family of zinc endopeptidases.
There are several alleles of the gene which creates Kell protein. Two such alleles, K1 (Kell) and K2 (Cellano), are the most common. The kell protein is tightly bound to a second protein, XK, by a disulfide bond. Absence of the XK protein (such as through genetic deletion or through a single point mutation within the coding region of the XK gene), leads to marked reduction of the Kell antigens on the red blood cell surface. Absence of the Kell protein (K0), however, does not affect the XK protein.
The Kell protein has also recently been designated CD238 (cluster of differentiation 238).
Disease association
K
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Juventus%20FC%20players
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This is a list of Juventus FC players who have earned 100 or more caps for Juventus.
For a list of notable Juventus players, major or minor, see Juventus FC players. For statistics and records see the statistics and records related article. For the list of Juventus players who played with the Italy national team during their careers at Juventus, see Juventus FC and the Italy national football team. For the current squad and its notable players, see the main Juventus FC article.
List of players
Players with 100 or more appearances for the club are listed in alphabetical order according to the date of their first-team official debut for the club. Appearances and goals are for all first-team competitive matches. Substitute appearances included. Bold denotes current Juventus players.
Statistics correct as of 4 June 2023.
Club captains
The role of captain in Italian football made its first appearance in the early 1920s.
List of Juventus players to have won all three major UEFA club competitions
The table below shows the Juventus players who have won all three major UEFA club competitions (chronological order).
Source: Players regarding European Club Cups, Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation, rsssf.com.
List of Juventus' players to have won all UEFA club competitions
The table below show the Juventus players who have won all UEFA club competitions (chronological order).
Source: Players regarding European Club Cups, Record Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation, rss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados%20raccoon
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The Barbados raccoon (Procyon lotor gloveralleni) is an extinct subspecies of the common raccoon (Procyon lotor), that was endemic on Barbados in the Lesser Antilles until 1964.
Classification
In 1950, Edward Alphonso Goldman identified the Barbados raccoon as a distinct species, a classification that has been challenged over the past years by other scientists, who assume that it was a subspecies of the common raccoon. This assumption was supported by a study of its morphological and genetic analysis in 2003 by Kristofer M. Helgen and Don E. Wilson, which indicated that the Barbados raccoon was introduced by humans just a few centuries ago. The study yielded the same result for the probably closely related subspecies Guadeloupe raccoon and Bahaman raccoon also living on West Indian islands. Therefore, the Barbados raccoon is listed as a subspecies of the common raccoon in the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005.
Description
Compared to an average sized common raccoon the Barbados raccoon is small, making it an example of insular dwarfism. The Barbados raccoon bears resemblance to the Guadeloupe raccoon, for example in the short and delicate skull and the dark gray coat with a slight ocher tint on the neck and shoulders. Similarly, only few guard hairs cover the ground hairs on the underparts. The mask is continuous across the face.
Extinction
In 1996, the Barbados raccoon was classified as extinct by the IUCN since its last sighting occurre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFN
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SFN may refer to:
Short filename, the 8.3 filename limitation of the DOS computer operating system
SFN Group, Inc., a North American temporary work agency
Single-frequency network, a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Society for Neuroscience, a professional society headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn, a medical condition occurring in newborns
Protein stratifin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, particularly in analysis of variance and linear regression, a contrast is a linear combination of variables (parameters or statistics) whose coefficients add up to zero, allowing comparison of different treatments.
Definitions
Let be a set of variables, either parameters or statistics, and be known constants. The quantity is a linear combination. It is called a contrast if Furthermore, two contrasts, and , are orthogonal if
Examples
Let us imagine that we are comparing four means, . The following table describes three possible contrasts:
The first contrast allows comparison of the first mean with the second, the second contrast allows comparison of the third mean with the fourth, and the third contrast allows comparison of the average of the first two means with the average of the last two.
In a balanced one-way analysis of variance, using orthogonal contrasts has the advantage of completely partitioning the treatment sum of squares into non-overlapping additive components that represent the variation due to each contrast. Consider the numbers above: each of the rows sums up to zero (hence they are contrasts). If we multiply each element of the first and second row and add those up, this again results in zero, thus the first and second contrast are orthogonal and so on.
Sets of contrast
Orthogonal contrasts are a set of contrasts in which, for any distinct pair, the sum of the cross-products of the coefficients is zero (assume sample sizes are equal).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%20RESET%20test
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In statistics, the Ramsey Regression Equation Specification Error Test (RESET) test is a general specification test for the linear regression model. More specifically, it tests whether non-linear combinations of the explanatory variables help to explain the response variable. The intuition behind the test is that if non-linear combinations of the explanatory variables have any power in explaining the response variable, the model is misspecified in the sense that the data generating process might be better approximated by a polynomial or another non-linear functional form.
The test was developed by James B. Ramsey as part of his Ph.D. thesis at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968, and later published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society in 1969.
Technical summary
Consider the model
The Ramsey test then tests whether has any power in explaining . This is executed by estimating the following linear regression
and then testing, by a means of a F-test whether through are zero. If the null-hypothesis that all coefficients are zero is rejected, then the model suffers from misspecification.
See also
Harvey–Collier test
References
Further reading
Statistical tests
Regression diagnostics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMP1
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LMP1 may refer to:
Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1
Le Mans Prototype, a type of sports prototype race car
GMS Durango LMP1, a Le Mans Prototype built for Durango by GMS in 2000
Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S, a Le Mans Prototype built for Panoz in 1999
See also
LMP (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%20Trieschmann
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Burke Trieschmann is an American composer and sound designer who provides music for film and video games. He worked for the original Crystal Dynamics team, scoring the music for games such as Total Eclipse, The Horde, Pandemonium! and 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue. His soundtrack for The Horde won an award for Best Musical Score from Computer Gaming World in 1994.
References
External links
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
American male composers
Living people
American sound designers
Video game composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyrin
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Ankyrins are a family of proteins that mediate the attachment of integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-actin based membrane cytoskeleton. Ankyrins have binding sites for the beta subunit of spectrin and at least 12 families of integral membrane proteins. This linkage is required to maintain the integrity of the plasma membranes and to anchor specific ion channels, ion exchangers and ion transporters in the plasma membrane. The name is derived from the Greek word ἄγκυρα (ankyra) for "anchor".
Structure
Ankyrins contain four functional domains: an N-terminal domain that contains 24 tandem ankyrin repeats, a central domain that binds to spectrin, a death domain that binds to proteins involved in apoptosis, and a C-terminal regulatory domain that is highly variable between different ankyrin proteins.
Membrane protein recognition
The 24 tandem ankyrin repeats are responsible for the recognition of a wide range of membrane proteins. These 24 repeats contain 3 structurally distinct binding sites ranging from repeat 1-14. These binding sites are quasi-independent of each other and can be used in combination. The interactions the sites use to bind to membrane proteins are non-specific and consist of: hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions. These non-specific interactions give ankyrin the property to recognise a large range of proteins as the sequence doesn't have to be conserved, just the properties of the amino acids. The quasi-independence m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiBcom
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DiBcom was a French fabless semiconductor company that designs chipsets for low-power mobile TV and radio reception. Its chipsets are compliant with the current worldwide Digital Video Broadcasting standards DVB-T, DVB-T2, DVB-H, DVB-SH, with ATSC-M/H, ISDB-T (1seg and Full-SEG), CMMB and with DAB, DAB+, DMB in multistandard programmable platforms. It specializes in antenna diversity demodulator chipsets with a built-in tuner to minimize component count.
DiBcom has been acquired by Parrot in September 2011.
External links
DiBcom
List of DiBcom products
Electronics companies of France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egli%20model
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The Egli model is a terrain model for radio frequency propagation. This model, which was first introduced by John Egli in his 1957 paper, was derived from real-world data on UHF and VHF television transmissions in several large cities. It predicts the total path loss for a point-to-point link. Typically used for outdoor line-of-sight transmission, this model provides the path loss as a single quantity.
Applicable to/under conditions
The Egli model is typically suitable for cellular communication scenarios where one antenna is fixed and another is mobile. The model is applicable to scenarios where the transmission has to go over an irregular terrain. However, the model does not take into account travel through some vegetative obstruction, such as trees or shrubbery.
Coverage
Frequency: The model is typically applied to VHF and UHF spectrum transmissions.
Mathematical formulation
The Egli model is formally expressed as:
Where,
= Receive power [W]
= Transmit power [W]
= Absolute gain of the base station antenna.
= Absolute gain of the mobile station antenna.
= Height of the base station antenna. [m]
= Height of the mobile station antenna. [m]
= Distance from base station antenna. [m]
= Frequency of transmission. [MHz]
Limitations
This model predicts the path loss as a whole and does not subdivide the loss into free space loss and other losses.
See also
Longley–Rice model
ITU terrain model
International Telecommunication Union
References
Furthe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauffman%E2%80%93White%20classification
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The Kauffmann–White classification or Kauffmann and White classification scheme is a system that classifies the genus Salmonella into serotypes, based on surface antigens. It is named after Philip Bruce White and Fritz Kauffmann. First the "O" antigen type is determined based on oligosaccharides associated with lipopolysaccharide. Then the "H" antigen is determined based on flagellar proteins (H is short for the German Hauch meaning "breath" or "mist"; O stands for German ohne meaning "without"). Since Salmonella typically exhibit phase variation between two motile phenotypes, different "H" antigens may be expressed. Salmonella that can express only one "H" antigen phase consequently have motile and non-motile phenotypes and are termed monophasic, whilst isolates that lack any "H" antigen expression are termed non-motile. Pathogenic strains of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi C, and Salmonella Dublin carry the capsular "Vi" antigen (Vi for virulence), which is a special subtype of the capsule's K antigen (from the German word Kapsel meaning capsule).
Kauffmann–White classification for Salmonella
Salmonella (species) serotype (O antigen) : (H1 antigen) : (H2 antigen)
Examples
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:1,2
monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:-
Antigens in brackets are those that are rarely expressed in that serovar.
The cost of maintaining a full set of antisera precludes all but reference laboratories from performing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum%20%28unit%29
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In Ancient Roman measurement, the acetabulum was a measure of volume (fluid and dry) equivalent to the Greek (oxybaphon). It was one-fourth of the hemina and therefore one-eighth of the sextarius. It contained the weight in water of fifteen Attic drachmae.
Used with some frequency by Pliny the Elder, in a 1952 translation the unit was judged to be equivalent to . However, other sources estimate a higher value of perhaps (see Ancient Roman units of measurement).
References
Units of volume
Ancient Roman units of measurement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J4
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J4/J04, J-4/J-04 or J.4/J.04 may refer to:
In science and academia
ATC code J04 Antimycobacterials, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Janko group J4, in mathematics
S/2003 J 4, a natural satellite of Jupiter
J04 : acute laryngitis and tracheitis ICD-10 code
Square cupola, Johnson Solid number 4
In military
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15, Chinese designation of this Soviet-made aircraft is J-4
HMAS J4, an Australian Royal Navy submarine which saw service during World War I
Junkers J 4, a 1917 German sesquiplane format warplane
J4F was the U.S. Navy's designation for the Grumman Widgeon seaplane.
In transportation
Airmak J4, an Italian microlight aircraft design
Auster J-4, a 1946 British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane
Morris Commercial J4, van made from 1960 to 1974 under the marques of Morris initially, and later, Austin and BMC
County Route J4 (California), a road in the United States
GS&WR Class J4, a Great Southern and Western Railway Irish steam locomotive
JAC J4, a subcompact car
Malaysia Federal Route J4, a major road in Johor, Malaysia
Peterson J-4 Javelin, glider
Piper J-4, a 1939 trainer aircraft
Buffalo Airways International Air Transport Association code
GNR Class J4, a class of British 0-6-0 steam locomotives
Other
Jaws: The Revenge, also known Jaws 4
Jarvan IV, a champion in League of Legends
Samsung Galaxy J4; a smartphone made by Samsung
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J7
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J7, J07, J 7 or J-7 may refer to:
ATC code J07 Vaccines, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Chengdu J-7, a 1966 People's Republic of China-built fighter jet
County Route J7 (California)
Demolition Plot J-7, a 1989 extended play from the American indie rock band Pavement
, an Australian submarine
, a 1939 British Royal Navy
Johnson solid J7, the elongated triangular pyramid
Junkers J 7, another designation for the German Junkers D.I aircraft
LNER Class J7, a class of British steam locomotives
Peugeot J7, a midsize van manufactured between 1965 and 1980
Kyushu J7, a Japanese Kyushu-Watanabe prototype fighter aircraft
Malaysia Federal Route J7, a major road in Johor, Malaysia
Samsung Galaxy J7, an Android mid-range smartphone
and also:
Centre-Avia IATA code
ValuJet Airlines IATA code
A brand of fruit juice produced by Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods in Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrucyon
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Ferrucyon is an extinct genus of omnivorous mammal of the family Canidae, which inhabited North America during the Pliocene, Blancan in the NALMA classification, from about 4.9 to approximately 2.6 Ma. The type species, F. avius, was originally interpreted as a relative of the modern crab-eating fox, and described as a species belonging to the genus Cerdocyon. Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2020) reinterpreted it as a vulpine canid related to North American species Metalopex macconnelli, and to the Eurasian genus Nyctereutes. This reinterpretation necessitated removal of "Cerdocyon" avius from the genus Cerdocyon, and Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2020) transferred it to the separate genus Ferrucyon.
Taxonomy
Cerdocyon was named by Hamilton-Smith (1839). It was assigned to Canidae by Hamilton-Smith (1839) and Carroll (1988).
F. avius was about long. Fossils of the species have been found in Baja California (Refugio Formation).
References
Vulpini
Prehistoric canines
Pleistocene carnivorans
Pleistocene species extinctions
Pleistocene mammals of North America
Blancan
Pleistocene Mexico
Fossils of Mexico
Fossil taxa described in 2020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habis%20Abdulla%20al%20Saoub
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Habis Abdulla al Saoub, Abu Tarek, (November 19, 1965 – October 2003) was a Jordanian national and member of the Portland Seven, and later a member of an al Qaeda cell. In February 2003, he was added to the FBI Seeking Information - War on Terrorism list, wanted in connection with a federal grand jury indictment returned on October 3, 2002, in United States District Court for the District of Oregon at Portland, Oregon, in which he was charged with conspiracy to levy war against the United States, conspiracy to provide material support and resources to al-Qaeda, conspiracy to contribute services to al-Qaeda and the Taliban, and possessing firearms in furtherance of crimes of violence. The FBI offered a five million dollar reward for his capture.
He was killed by Pakistani forces in October 2003.
Portland Seven fugitive
On September 29, 2001, al Saoub and others were discovered while engaged in shooting practice in a gravel pit in Skamania County, Washington. The group was discovered by Deputy Sheriff Mark Mercer who was acting on a tip from a neighbor who had heard gunfire in the pit. Deputy Mercer let the men go after taking their names and reported the incident to the FBI. Al Saoub was believed by the FBI to have then fled the United States on October 17, 2001.
Patrice Lumumba Ford, Jeffrey Leon Battle, October Martinique Lewis (Battle's ex-wife), Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal, Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal, Maher "Mike" Hawash, and Habis Abdulla al Saoub made up the original seven mem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XK%20%28protein%29
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XK (also known as Kell blood group precursor) is a protein found on human red blood cells and other tissues which is responsible for the Kx antigen which helps determine a person's blood type.
Clinical significance
The Kx antigen plays a role in matching blood for blood transfusions.
Mutation of XK protein may lead to McLeod syndrome, a multi-system disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, myopathy, acanthocytosis, and chorea.
XK is located on the X chromosome (cytogenetic band Xp21.1) and absence of the XK protein is an X-linked disease.
Function
XK is a membrane transport protein of unknown action.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on McLeod Neuroacanthocytosis Syndrome
XK at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
Blood antigen systems
Transfusion medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20H%C3%A9bert
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Jean-Pierre Hébert (1939 – March 28, 2021) was an American artist of French origin. He specialized in algorithmic art, drawings, and mixed media. He co-founded the Algorists in 1995 with Roman Verostko. From 2003 until his death, he held an artist-in-residence position at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Hébert was born in Calais, France, and grew up in Vence. He worked for many years in the field of computer science even as he pursued his art. He eventually settled in Santa Barbara, California. He was a pioneer in the field of computer art from the mid-1970s on, merging traditional art media and techniques, personal software, plotters, and custom built devices to create an original body of work. He cited the American artist Anni Albers as an early inspiration and noted that he first read about her work in an IBM brochure. He was the recipient of Pollock-Krasner Foundation and David Bermant Foundation awards. In 2012, he received the ACM SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement in Digital Art.
Hébert produced works on paper, including ink and pencil drawings, paintings, etchings and dry points from polymer and copper plates, and digital prints. He also created sand, water and sound installations, algorithmic visual music, works for wall displays, physics based algorithmic pieces, and more. His work was exhibited extensively and was frequently juried in the SIGGRAPH Art Gallery. Severa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic%20factors
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Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. Most NTFs exert their trophic effects on neurons by signaling through tyrosine kinases, usually a receptor tyrosine kinase. In the mature nervous system, they promote neuronal survival, induce synaptic plasticity, and modulate the formation of long-term memories. Neurotrophic factors also promote the initial growth and development of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and they are capable of regrowing damaged neurons in test tubes and animal models. Some neurotrophic factors are also released by the target tissue in order to guide the growth of developing axons. Most neurotrophic factors belong to one of three families: (1) neurotrophins, (2) glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands (GFLs), and (3) neuropoietic cytokines. Each family has its own distinct cell signaling mechanisms, although the cellular responses elicited often do overlap.
Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary in vivo for directing axon growth and regeneration. In studies, neurotrophic factors are normally used in conjunction with other techniques such as biological and physical cues created by the addition of cells and specific topographies. The neurotrophic factors m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidd%20antigen%20system
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The Kidd antigen system (also known as Jk antigen) are proteins found in the Kidd's blood group, which act as antigens, i.e., they have the ability to produce antibodies under certain circumstances. The Jk antigen is found on a protein responsible for urea transport in the red blood cells and the kidney. They are important in transfusion medicine. People with two Jk(a) antigens, for instance, may form antibodies against donated blood containing two Jk(b) antigens (and thus no Jk(a) antigens). This can lead to hemolytic anemia, in which the body destroys the transfused blood, leading to low red blood cell counts. Another disease associated with the Jk antigen is hemolytic disease of the newborn, in which a pregnant woman's body creates antibodies against the blood of her fetus, leading to destruction of the fetal blood cells. Hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with Jk antibodies is typically mild, though fatal cases have been reported.
The gene encoding this protein is found on chromosome 18. Three Jk alleles are Jk (a), Jk (b)and Jk3. Jk (a) was discovered by Allen et al. in 1951 and is named after a patient (Mrs Kidd delivered a baby with a haemolytic disease of the newborn associated with an antibody directed against a new antigen Jk (a). Whereas Jk (b) was discovered by Plant et al. in 1953, individuals who lack the Jk antigen (Jk null) are unable to maximally concentrate their urine.
Genetics and biochemistry
Kidd comprises three antigens on a glycoprotein wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK%20pathway
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The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
The signal starts when a signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the cell surface and ends when the DNA in the nucleus expresses a protein and produces some change in the cell, such as cell division. The pathway includes many proteins, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), originally called extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), which communicate by adding phosphate groups to a neighboring protein (phosphorylating it), thereby acting as an "on" or "off" switch.
When one of the proteins in the pathway is mutated, it can become stuck in the "on" or "off" position, a necessary step in the development of many cancers. In fact, components of the MAPK/ERK pathway were first discovered in cancer cells, and drugs that reverse the "on" or "off" switch are being investigated as cancer treatments.
Background
The signal that starts the MAPK/ERK pathway is the binding of extracellular mitogen to a cell surface receptor. This allows a Ras protein (a Small GTPase) to swap a GDP molecule for a GTP molecule, flipping the "on/off switch" of the pathway. The Ras protein can then activate MAP3K (e.g., Raf), which activates MAP2K, which activates MAPK. Finally, MAPK can activate a transcription factor, such as Myc. This process is described in more detail below.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin%20%28protein%29
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Noggin, also known as NOG, is a protein that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones. In humans, noggin is encoded by the NOG gene. The amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of rat, mouse, and Xenopus (an aquatic frog genus).
Noggin is an inhibitor of several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs): it inhibits at least BMP2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, and 14.
The protein's name, which is a slang English-language word for "head", was coined in reference to its ability to produce embryos with large heads when exposed at high concentrations.
Function
Noggin is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in promoting somite patterning in the developing embryo. It is released from the notochord and regulates bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) during development. The absence of BMP4 will cause the patterning of the neural tube and somites from the neural plate in the developing embryo. It also causes formation of the head and other dorsal structures.
Noggin function is required for correct nervous system, somite, and skeletal development. Experiments in mice have shown that noggin also plays a role in learning, cognition, bone development, and neural tube fusion. Heterozygous missense mutations in the noggin gene can cause deformities such as joint fusions and syndromes such as multiple synostosis syndrome (SYNS1) and proximal symphalangism (SIM1). SYNS1 is different from SYM1 by causing hip and vertebr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion-related%20immunomodulation
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Transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) refers to the transient depression of the immune system following transfusion of blood products. This effect has been recognized in groups of individuals who have undergone kidney transplantation or have had multiple miscarriages. Some research studies have shown that, because of this immune depression, blood transfusions increase the risk of infections and cancer recurrence. However, other studies have not shown these differences and the degree of impact transfusion has on infection and tumor recurrence is not well understood. The Blood Products Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration recommends that all transfused blood products undergo leukocyte reduction in order to offset the contribution of donor white blood cells to immune suppression.
References
Transfusion medicine
Transfusion reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%207
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Bone morphogenetic protein 7 or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. Like other members of the bone morphogenetic protein family of proteins, it plays a key role in the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone and cartilage. It is inhibited by noggin and a similar protein, chordin, which are expressed in the Spemann-Mangold Organizer. BMP7 may be involved in bone homeostasis. It is expressed in the brain, kidneys and bladder.
BMP7 induces the phosphorylation of SMAD1 and SMAD5, which in turn induce transcription of numerous osteogenic genes. It has been demonstrated that BMP7 treatment is sufficient to induce all of the genetic markers of osteoblast differentiation in many cell types.
Role in vertebrate development
The role of BMP7 in mammalian kidney development is through induction of MET of the metanephrogenic blastema. The epithelial tissue emerging from this MET process eventually forms the tubules and glomeruli of the nephron. BMP-7 is also important in homeostasis of the adult kidney by inhibiting ephithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). BMP-7 expression is attenuated when the nephron is placed under inflammatory or ischemic stress, leading to EMT, which can result in fibrosis of the kidney. This type of fibrosis often leads to renal failure, and is predictive of end stage renal disease.
BMP7 has been discove
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP2
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BMP2 or BMP-2 may refer to:
Bone morphogenetic protein 2
Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty (BMP-2), a Soviet infantry fighting vehicle
See also
BMP (disambiguation)
BMP1 (disambiguation)
BMP3 (disambiguation)
BMP2K, BMP-2-inducible protein kinase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%202
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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 or BMP-2 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins.
Function
BMP-2 like other bone morphogenetic proteins, plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. It is involved in the hedgehog pathway, TGF beta signaling pathway, and in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. It is also involved in cardiac cell differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Like many other proteins from the BMP family, BMP-2 has been demonstrated to potently induce osteoblast differentiation in a variety of cell types.
BMP-2 may be involved in white adipogenesis and may have metabolic effects.
Interactions
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 has been shown to interact with BMPR1A.
Clinical use and complications
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is shown to stimulate the production of bone. Recombinant human protein (rhBMP-2) is currently available for orthopaedic usage in the United States. Implantation of BMP-2 is performed using a variety of biomaterial carriers ("metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites") and delivery systems ("hydrogel, microsphere, nanoparticles, and fibers"). While used primarily in orthopedic procedures such as spinal fusion, BMP-2 has also found its way into the field of dentistry.
The use of dual tapered threaded fusion cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge obtained and maintained intervertebral spinal fusion, improved clinical outcomes, and reduced pain after
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%204
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23.
BMP4 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. BMP4 is highly conserved evolutionarily. BMP4 is found in early embryonic development in the ventral marginal zone and in the eye, heart blood and otic vesicle.
Discovery
Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site.
Function
BMP4 is a polypeptide belonging to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins. It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb development and fracture repair. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans. It has been shown to be involved in muscle development, bone mineralization, and ureteric bud development.
BMP4 stimulates differentiation of overlying ectodermal tissue.
Bone morphogenetic proteins are known to stimulate bone formation in adult animals. This is thought that inducing osteoblastic commitment and differentiation of stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells.BMPs are known to play a large role in embryonic development. In the embryo BMP4 helps establish dorsal-ventral a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20segment%20of%20eyeball
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The posterior segment or posterior cavity is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. The portion of the posterior segment visible during ophthalmoscopy (or fundoscopy) is sometimes referred to as the posterior pole, or fundus. Some ophthalmologists specialize in the treatment and management of posterior segment disorders and diseases.
In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive cell perceives, reflecting the light out of the eye, allowing the animal to see better under low light conditions.
See also
Anterior segment
Posterior chamber (of the anterior segment)
Vitreous chamber
References
Human eye anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton%20antigen%20system
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The Colton antigen system (Co) is present on the membranes of red blood cells and in the tubules of the kidney and helps determine a person's blood type. The Co antigen is found on a protein called aquaporin-1 which is responsible for water homeostasis and urine concentration.
The Co antigen is important in transfusion medicine. 99.8% of people possess the Co(a) allele. Individuals with Co(b) allele or who are missing the Colton antigen are at risk for a transfusion reaction such as hemolytic anemia or alloimmunization. Antibodies against the Colton antigen may also cause hemolytic disease of the newborn, in which a pregnant woman's body creates antibodies against the blood of her fetus, leading to destruction of the fetal blood cells.
References
OMIM entry for the Colton antigen
External links
Colton at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
Blood antigen systems
Transfusion medicine
Genes on human chromosome 7
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%20blood%20group%20system
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The Rh blood group system is a human blood group system. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. After the ABO blood group system, it is the most likely to be involved in transfusion reactions. The Rh blood group system consisted of 49 defined blood group antigens in 2005. As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a positive (+) or negative (−) suffix after the ABO type (e.g., someone who is A+ has the A antigen and Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A− has the A antigen but lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The terms Rh factor, Rh positive, and Rh negative refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in hemolytic transfusion reactions and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh antigens confer significant risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
Nomenclature
The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Ronald Fisher and R. R. Race, the other by . Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.
The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20compound%20microarray
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A chemical compound microarray is a collection of organic chemical compounds spotted on a solid surface, such as glass and plastic. This microarray format is very similar to DNA microarray, protein microarray and antibody microarray. In chemical genetics research, they are routinely used for searching proteins that bind with specific chemical compounds, and in general drug discovery research, they provide a multiplex way to search potential drugs for therapeutic targets.
There are three different forms of chemical compound microarrays based on the fabrication method. The first form is to covalently immobilize the organic compounds on the solid surface with diverse linking techniques; this platform is usually called Small Molecule Microarray, which is invented and advanced by Dr. Stuart Schreiber and colleagues . The second form is to spot and dry organic compounds on the solid surface without immobilization, this platform has a commercial name as Micro Arrayed Compound Screening (μARCS), which is developed by scientists in Abbott Laboratories . The last form is to spot organic compounds in a homogenous solution without immobilization and drying effect, this platform is developed by Dr. Dhaval Gosalia and Dr. Scott Diamond and later commercialized as DiscoveryDot technology by Reaction Biology Corporation .
Polymer Microarrays
Polymer microarrays have been developed to allow screening for new polymeric materials to direct different tissue lineages. Research has also bee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric%20monoester%20hydrolases
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Phosphoric monoester hydrolases (or phosphomonoesterases) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of O-P bonds by nucleophilic attack of phosphorus by cysteine residues or coordinated metal ions.
They are categorized with the EC number 3.1.3.
Examples include:
acid phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase
fructose-bisphosphatase
glucose-6-phosphatase
phosphofructokinase-2
phosphoprotein phosphatase
calcineurin
6-phytase
See also
phosphodiesterase
phosphatase
External links
Metabolism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease%20V
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Deoxyribonuclease V (, endodeoxyribonuclease V, DNase V, Escherichia coli endodeoxyribonuclease V) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Endonucleolytic cleavage at apurinic or apyrimidinic sites to products with a 5'-phosphate
See also
Deoxyribonuclease
References
External links
EC 3.1.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent%20distribution
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In directional statistics, the Kent distribution, also known as the 5-parameter Fisher–Bingham distribution (named after John T. Kent, Ronald Fisher, and Christopher Bingham), is a probability distribution on the unit sphere (2-sphere S2 in 3-space R3). It is the analogue on S2 of the bivariate normal distribution with an unconstrained covariance matrix. The Kent distribution was proposed by John T. Kent in 1982, and is used in geology as well as bioinformatics.
Definition
The probability density function of the Kent distribution is given by:
where is a three-dimensional unit vector, denotes the transpose of , and the normalizing constant is:
Where is the modified Bessel function and is the gamma function. Note that and , the normalizing constant of the Von Mises–Fisher distribution.
The parameter (with ) determines the concentration or spread of the distribution, while (with ) determines the ellipticity of the contours of equal probability. The higher the and parameters, the more concentrated and elliptical the distribution will be, respectively. Vector is the mean direction, and vectors are the major and minor axes. The latter two vectors determine the orientation of the equal probability contours on the sphere, while the first vector determines the common center of the contours. The 3×3 matrix must be orthogonal.
Generalization to higher dimensions
The Kent distribution can be easily generalized to spheres in higher dimensions. If i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodeoxyribonuclease%20I
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Exodeoxyribonuclease I (EC 3.1.11.1, Escherichia coli exonuclease I, E. coli exonuclease I, exonuclease I) is an enzyme that catalyses the following chemical reaction:
Exonucleolytic cleavage in the 3′- to 5′-direction to yield nucleoside 5′-phosphates
Preference for single-stranded DNA. The Escherichia coli enzyme hydrolyses glucosylated DNA.
Punjabi
References
External links
EC 3.1.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Options%20Clearing%20Corporation
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Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) is a United States clearing house based in Chicago. It specializes in equity derivatives clearing, providing central counterparty (CCP) clearing and settlement services to 16 exchanges. Started by Wayne Luthringshausen and carried on by Michael Cahill. Its instruments include options, financial and commodity futures, security futures, and securities lending transactions.
Like all clearing houses, the OCC acts as a guarantor between clearing parties, ensuring that the obligations of the contracts it clears are fulfilled. It currently holds approximately $100 billion of collateral deposited by clearing members and moves billions of dollars a day. In 2011, OCC became the largest equity derivatives clearing organization in the United States. Furthermore, in 2016, it cleared contract volume totaled 4.17 billion, making it the fifth highest annual total in OCC's history.
OCC currently operates under the jurisdiction of both the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Under its SEC jurisdiction, OCC clears transactions for put and call options on common stock and other equity issues, stock indexes, foreign currencies, interest rate composites, and single-stock futures. As a registered Derivatives Clearing Organization (DCO) under CFTC jurisdiction and a designated Systemically Important Financial Market Utility (SIFMU) under the Dodd-Frank Act, OCC offers clearing and settlement services for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Raf
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RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, also known as proto-oncogene c-RAF or simply c-Raf or even Raf-1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAF1 gene. The c-Raf protein is part of the ERK1/2 pathway as a MAP kinase (MAP3K) that functions downstream of the Ras subfamily of membrane associated GTPases. C-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, from the TKL (Tyrosine-kinase-like) group of kinases.
Discovery
The first Raf gene, v-Raf was found in 1983. It was isolated from the murine retrovirus bearing the number 3611. It was soon demonstrated to be capable to transform rodent fibroblasts to cancerous cell lines, so this gene was given the name Virus-induced Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (V-RAF). A year later, another transforming gene was found in the avian retrovirus MH2, named v-Mil - that turned out to be highly similar to v-Raf. Researchers were able to demonstrate that these genes encode enzymes that have serine-threonine kinase activity. Normal cellular homologs of v-Raf and v-Mil were soon found in both the mouse and chicken genome (hence the name c-Raf for the normal cellular Raf gene), and it became clear that these too had a role in regulating growth and cell division.
c-Raf is a principal component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway: ERK1/2 signaling. It acts as a MAP3 kinase, initiating the entire kinase cascade. Subsequent experiments showed that the normal, cellular Ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin%20phosphodiesterase
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Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12, also known as neutral sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelinase, or SMase; systematic name sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase) is a hydrolase enzyme that is involved in sphingolipid metabolism reactions. SMase is a member of the DNase I superfamily of enzymes and is responsible for breaking sphingomyelin (SM) down into phosphocholine and ceramide. The activation of SMase has been suggested as a major route for the production of ceramide in response to cellular stresses.
Sphingomyelinase family
Five types of SMase have been identified. These are classified according to their cation dependence and pH optima of action and are:
Lysosomal acid SMase
Secreted zinc-dependent acid SMase
Magnesium-dependent neutral SMase
Magnesium-independent neutral SMase
Alkaline SMase
Of these, the lysosomal acidic SMase and the magnesium-dependent neutral SMase are considered major candidates for the production of ceramide in the cellular response to stress.
Neutral sphingomyelinase
Neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activity was first described in fibroblasts from patients with Niemann-Pick disease – a lysosomal storage disease characterized by deficiencies in acid SMase. Subsequent study found that this enzyme was the product of a distinct gene, had an optimum pH of 7.4, was dependent on Mg2+ ions for activity, and was particularly enriched in brain. However, a more recent study in bovine brain suggested the existence of multiple N-SMase isoform
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin%20phosphodiesterase%20D
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Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D (EC 3.1.4.41, sphingomyelinase D) is an enzyme of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase family with systematic name sphingomyelin ceramide-phosphohydrolase. These enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, resulting in the formation of ceramide 1-phosphate and choline:
sphingomyelin + H2O ceramide 1-phosphate + choline
or the hydrolysis of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine to give choline and 2-lysophosphatidate. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D activity is shared by enzymes with a wider substrate range, classified as phospholipases D or lipophosphodiesterase II . Sphingomyelinases D are produced by some spiders in their venoms, specifically the brown recluse (Loxosceles reclusa), by arthropods such as ticks, or pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Pathogenicity is expressed through different mechanisms, such as membrane destabilization, cell penetration, inflammation of the lungs and cutaneous lesions, common following brown recluse spider bites.
See also
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
References
External links
http://www.arachnoserver.org/toxincard.html?id=138
EC 3.1.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Mises%E2%80%93Fisher%20distribution
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In directional statistics, the von Mises–Fisher distribution (named after Richard von Mises and Ronald Fisher), is a probability distribution on the -sphere in . If
the distribution reduces to the von Mises distribution on the circle.
Definition
The probability density function of the von Mises–Fisher distribution for the random p-dimensional unit vector is given by:
where and
the normalization constant is equal to
where denotes the modified Bessel function of the first kind at order . If , the normalization constant reduces to
The parameters and are called the mean direction and concentration parameter, respectively. The greater the value of , the higher the concentration of the distribution around the mean direction . The distribution is unimodal for , and is uniform on the sphere for .
The von Mises–Fisher distribution for is also called the Fisher distribution.
It was first used to model the interaction of electric dipoles in an electric field. Other applications are found in geology, bioinformatics, and text mining.
Note on the normalization constant
In the textbook, Directional Statistics by Mardia and Jupp, the normalization constant given for the Von Mises Fisher probability density is apparently different from the one given here: . In that book, the normalization constant is specified as:
where is the gamma function. This is resolved by noting that Mardia and Jupp give the density "with respect to the uniform distribution", while the density
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Glucosidase
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β-Glucosidase (; systematic name β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyses the following reaction:
Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing β-D-glucosyl residues with release of β-D-glucose
Structure
β-Glucosidase is composed of two polypeptide chains. Each chain is made up of 438 amino acids and constitute a subunit of the enzyme. Each of these subunits contains an active site. The active site has three potential components: the pocket, the cleft, and the tunnel. The pocket structure is beneficial for recognition of monosaccharide like glucose. The cleft allows for binding of sugars to form polysaccharides. The tunnel allows for the enzyme to attach to polysaccharide and then release product while still attached to the sugar.
Function
The function of the enzyme is to perform hydrolysis of various glycosides and oligosaccharides. The most significant oligosaccharide β-glucosidase reacts with is cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer composed of β-1,4-linked glucosyl residues. β-glucosidases, Cellulases (endoglucanases), cellobiosidases (exoglucanases) are required by a number of organisms to consume it. These enzymes are powerful tools for degradation of plant cell walls by pathogens and other organisms consuming plant biomass. β-Glucosidases are essential for many organisms to digest a variety of nutrients. This enzyme completes double-displacement reaction, meaning that the enzyme is changed to an intermediate form when the first substrate enters the active sit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosidases
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Galactosidases are enzymes (glycoside hydrolases) that catalyze the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides.
Galactosides can be classified as either alpha or beta. If the galactoside is classified as an alpha-galactoside, the enzyme is called alpha-galactosidase, and is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of substrates that contain α-galactosidic residues, such as glycosphingolipids or glycoproteins. On the other hand, if it is a beta-galactoside, it is called beta-galactosidase, and is responsible for breaking down the disaccharide lactose into its monosaccharide components, glucose and galactose Both varieties of galactosidase are categorized under the EC number 3.2.1.
Two recombinant forms of alpha-galactosidase are called agalsidase alfa (INN) and agalsidase beta (INN). Lack of alpha-galactosidase activity in leukocytes has been linked to Fabry Disease.
Galactosidases have a variety of uses, including the production of prebiotics, the biosynthesis of transgalactosylated products, and the removal of lactose.
B-galactosidase forms the basis of lac z operon in bacteria which can be used to control gene expression.
Uses
B-galactosidase can be used to track the efficiency of bacterial transformation with a recombinant plasmid in a process called Blue/White Color Screening. B-galactosidase is made up of 4 identical polypeptide chains, i.e. it has 4 identical subunits. When B-galactosidase is separated into 2 fragments, it has the unique property of regaini
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate%20carboxylase
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (also known as PEP carboxylase, PEPCase, or PEPC; , PDB ID: 3ZGE) is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases found in plants and some bacteria that catalyzes the addition of bicarbonate (HCO3−) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphate:
PEP + HCO3− → oxaloacetate + Pi
This reaction is used for carbon fixation in CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) and organisms, as well as to regulate flux through the citric acid cycle (also known as Krebs or TCA cycle) in bacteria and plants. The enzyme structure and its two step catalytic, irreversible mechanism have been well studied. PEP carboxylase is highly regulated, both by phosphorylation and allostery.
Enzyme structure
The PEP carboxylase enzyme is present in plants and some types of bacteria, but not in fungi or animals (including humans). The genes vary between organisms, but are strictly conserved around the active and allosteric sites discussed in the mechanism and regulation sections. Tertiary structure of the enzyme is also conserved.
The crystal structure of PEP carboxylase in multiple organisms, including Zea mays (maize), and Escherichia coli has been determined. The overall enzyme exists as a dimer-of-dimers: two identical subunits closely interact to form a dimer through salt bridges between arginine (R438 - exact positions may vary depending on the origin of the gene) and glutamic acid (E433) residues. This dimer assembles (mor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Library%20Classification
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The Chinese Library Classification (CLC; ), also known as Classification for Chinese Libraries (CCL), is effectively the national library classification scheme in China. It is used in almost all primary and secondary schools, universities, academic institutions, as well as public libraries. It is also used by publishers to classify all books published in China.
The Book Classification of Chinese Libraries (BCCL) was first published in 1975, under the auspices of China's Administrative Bureau of Cultural Affairs. Its fourth edition (1999) was renamed CLC. In September 2010, the fifth edition was published by National Library of China Publishing House.
CLC has twenty-two top-level categories, and inherits a Marxist orientation from its earlier editions. (For instance, category A is Marxism, Leninism, Maoism & Deng Xiaoping Theory.) It contains a total of 43600 categories, many of which are recent additions, meeting the needs of a rapidly changing nation.
The CLC system
The 22 top categories and selected sub-categories of CLC (5th Edition) are as follows:
A. Marxism, Leninism, Maoism and Deng Xiaoping theory
A1 The works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
A2 The works of Vladimir Lenin
A3 The works of Joseph Stalin
A4 The works of Mao Zedong
A49 The works of Deng Xiaoping
A5 The symposium/collection of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Deng Xiaoping
A7 The biobibliography and biography of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Deng Xiaoping
A8 Study and research of Ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate%20carboxykinase
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (, PEPCK) is an enzyme in the lyase family used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. It converts oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide.
It is found in two forms, cytosolic and mitochondrial.
Structure
In humans there are two isoforms of PEPCK; a cytosolic form (SwissProt P35558) and a mitochondrial isoform (SwissProt Q16822) which have 63.4% sequence identity. The cytosolic form is important in gluconeogenesis. However, there is a known transport mechanism to move PEP from the mitochondria to the cytosol, using specific membrane transport proteins. PEP transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane involves the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transport protein and to a lesser extent the adenine nucleotide carrier. The possibility of a PEP/pyruvate transporter has also been put forward.
X-ray structures of PEPCK provide insight into the structure and the mechanism of PEPCK enzymatic activity. The mitochondrial isoform of chicken liver PEPCK complexed with Mn2+, Mn2+-phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and Mn2+-GDP provides information about its structure and how this enzyme catalyzes reactions.
Delbaere et al. (2004) resolved PEPCK in E. coli and found the active site sitting between a C-terminal domain and an N-terminal domain. The active site was observed to be closed upon rotation of these domains.
Phosphoryl groups are transferred during PEPCK action, which is likely facilitated by the eclipsed conformation of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate%20carboxykinase%20%28diphosphate%29
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (diphosphate) () is an enzyme with systematic name diphosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
diphosphate + oxaloacetate phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
This enzyme also catalyses the reaction:
phosphoenolpyruvate + GTP + CO2 pyruvate + GDP.
It is transcriptionally upregulated in the liver by glucagon.
See also
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
References
External links
EC 4.1.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate%20dehydrogenase
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Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the conversion from a carbohydrate to an aldehyde, lactone, or ketose.
Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are the most common quinoprotein oxidoreductases, which are enzymes that oxidize a wide range of molecules.
An example includes L-gulonolactone oxidase.
They are categorized under EC number 1.1. More specifically, they are in three subcodes: 1, 2, and 99, categorized as follows:
EC 1.1.1 With NAD or NADP as acceptor
EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor
EC 1.1.99 With other acceptors
References
External links
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl-CoA%20dehydrogenase
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Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) are a class of enzymes that function to catalyze the initial step in each cycle of fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria of cells. Their action results in the introduction of a trans double-bond between C2 (α) and C3 (β) of the acyl-CoA thioester substrate. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a required co-factor in addition to the presence of an active site glutamate in order for the enzyme to function.
The following reaction is the oxidation of the fatty acid by FAD to afford an α,β-unsaturated fatty acid thioester of Coenzyme A:
ACADs can be categorized into three distinct groups based on their specificity for short-, medium-, or long-chain fatty acid acyl-CoA substrates. While different dehydrogenases target fatty acids of varying chain length, all types of ACADs are mechanistically similar. Differences in the enzyme occur based on the location of the active site along the amino acid sequence.
ACADs are an important class of enzymes in mammalian cells because of their role in metabolizing fatty acids present in ingested food materials. This enzyme's action represents the first step in fatty acid metabolism (the process of breaking long chains of fatty acids into acetyl CoA molecules). Deficiencies in these enzymes are linked to genetic disorders involving fatty acid oxidation (i.e. metabolic disorders).
ACAD enzymes have been identified in animals (of which there are 9 major eukaryotic classes), as well as plants, nematodes,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACADS
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Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACADS gene. This gene encodes a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. This enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. The ACADS gene is associated with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.
Structure
The ACADS gene is approximately 13 kb in length and has 10 exons. The coding sequence of this gene is 1239 bp long. The encoded protein has 412 amino acids, and its size is 44.3 kDa (Human) or 44.9 KDa (Mouse).
Function
The SCAD enzyme catalyzes the first part of fatty acid beta-oxidation by forming a C2-C3 trans-double bond in the fatty acid through dehydrogenation of the flavoenzyme. SCAD is specific to short-chain fatty acids, between C2 and C3-acylCoA. The final result of beta-oxidation is acetyl-CoA. When there are defects that result in SCAD being misfolded, there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); the increased ROS forces the mitochondria to undergo fission, and the mitochondrial reticulum takes on a grain-like structure.
Clinical significance
Mutations of the ACADS gene are associated with deficiency of the short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase protein (SCADD); this is also known as butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Many mutations have been identified in specific populations, and large-scale studies have been performed t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACADL
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Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACADL gene.
ACADL is a gene that encodes LCAD - acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain - which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family is primarily responsible for beta-oxidation of fatty acids within the mitochondria. LCAD dysfunction is associated with lowered fatty acid oxidation capacity and decreased heat generation. As a result, LCAD deficiency has been correlated with increased cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary disease, and overall insulin resistance.
Structure
Acadl is a single-copy, nuclear encoded gene approximately 35 kb in size. The gene contains 11 coding exons ranging in size from 67 bp to 275 bp, interrupted by 10 introns ranging in size from 1.0 kb to 6.6 kb in size. The Acadl 5' regulatory region, like other members of the Acad family, lacks a TATA or CAAT box and is GC rich. This region does contain multiple, putative cis-acting DNA elements recognized by either SP1 or members of the steroid-thyroid family of nuclear receptors, which has been shown with other members of the ACAD gene family to be important in regulated expression.
Function
The LCAD enzyme catalyzes most of fatty acid beta-oxidation by forming a C2-C3 trans-double bond in the fatty acid. LCAD works on long-chain fatty acids, typically between C12 and C16-acylCoA. LCAD is essential for oxidizing unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, but seems redundant in the oxidat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20dehydrogenase%20%28NAD%28P%29%2B%29
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Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (, glutamic dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]) is an enzyme with systematic name L-glutamate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ 2-oxoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+
References
External links
EC 1.4.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%20acid%20oxidoreductases
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Amino acid oxidoreductases are oxidoreductases, a type of enzyme, that act upon amino acids.
They constitute the majority of enzymes classified under EC number 1.4, with most of the remainder being monoamine oxidases.
Examples include:
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Nitric oxide synthase
External links
EC 1.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite%20reductase%20%28ferredoxin%29
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Sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) (, ferredoxin-sulfite reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name hydrogen-sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalises the following chemical reaction
hydrogen sulfide + 6 oxidized ferredoxin + 3 H2O sulfite + 6 reduced ferredoxin + 6 H+
This sulfite reductase is an iron protein.
References
External links
EC 1.8.7
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20theorem
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In projective geometry, an intersection theorem or incidence theorem is a statement concerning an incidence structure – consisting of points, lines, and possibly higher-dimensional objects and their incidences – together with a pair of objects and (for instance, a point and a line). The "theorem" states that, whenever a set of objects satisfies the incidences (i.e. can be identified with the objects of the incidence structure in such a way that incidence is preserved), then the objects and must also be incident. An intersection theorem is not necessarily true in all projective geometries; it is a property that some geometries satisfy but others don't.
For example, Desargues' theorem can be stated using the following incidence structure:
Points:
Lines:
Incidences (in addition to obvious ones such as ):
The implication is then —that point is incident with line .
Famous examples
Desargues' theorem holds in a projective plane if and only if is the projective plane over some division ring (skewfield} — . The projective plane is then called desarguesian.
A theorem of Amitsur and Bergman states that, in the context of desarguesian projective planes, for every intersection theorem there is a rational identity such that the plane satisfies the intersection theorem if and only if the division ring satisfies the rational identity.
Pappus's hexagon theorem holds in a desarguesian projective plane if and only if is a field; it corresponds to the identity .
Fano's axiom (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach%20%28advertising%29
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In the application of statistics to advertising and media analysis, reach refers to the total number of different people or households exposed, at least once, to a medium during a given period. Reach should not be confused with the number of people who will actually be exposed to and consume the advertising, though. It is just the number of people who are exposed to the medium and therefore have an opportunity to see or hear the ad or commercial. Reach may be stated either as an absolute number, or as a fraction of a given population (for instance 'TV households', 'men' or 'those aged 25–35').
For any given viewer, they have been "reached" by the work if they have viewed it at all (or a specified amount) during the specified period. Multiple viewings by a single member of the audience in the cited period do not increase reach; however, media people use the term effective reach to describe the quality of exposure. Effective reach and reach are two different measurements for a target audience who receive a given message or ad.
Since reach is a time-dependent summary of aggregate audience behavior, reach figures are meaningless without a period associated with them: an example of a valid reach figure would be to state that "[example website] had a one-day reach of 1565 per million on 21 March 2004" (though unique users, an equivalent measure, would be a more typical metric for a website).
Reach of television channels is often expressed in the form of "x minute weekly reach" –
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C4-a-glucan%206-a-glucosyltransferase
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In enzymology, a 1,4-alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction that transfers an alpha-D-glucosyl residue in a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to the primary hydroxyl group of glucose or 1,4-alpha-D-glucan.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan(D-glucose) 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include oligoglucan-branching glycosyltransferase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, T-enzyme, and D-glucosyltransferase.
References
EC 2.4.1
Enzymes of unknown structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopic%20lavage
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Arthroscopic lavage is the washing out or cleaning out the contents (blood, fluid or loose debris) inside a joint space. Lavage is a general term referring to the therapeutic washing, cleaning or rinsing.
Medical uses
Excessive growth of irritated synovial membrane causes it to increase its surface area by buckling into fronds, and the fronds may become inflamed and pour destructive enzymes into the joint space, causing joint swelling and joint surface destruction. Removing this excess material via lavage frequently resolves arthritic knee inflammation or pain.
Arthroscopic lavage is one of many procedures available to help reverse the damage of early arthritis. There is, however, controversy about the value of simple lavage and debridement for the older patient with established osteoarthritis.
Needle lavage should not be used in an attempt to treat persons seeking long-term relief for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. The use of this treatment in this case has not been shown to decrease pain, stiffness, tenderness, or swelling, or to increase 50-foot walking time or body function.
Technique
Arthroscopic lavage is generally combined with arthroscopic debridement, where fronds of joint material or degenerative tissue are removed using a combination of injected fluid and a small vacuum, i.e. both washing (rinsing) and sucking. 'Arthroscopic' means that this is done using a tiny incision at the joint, where a thin arthroscope is pushed into the joint to inspect the st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Haut-Bailly
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Château Haut-Bailly is a Bordeaux wine from the Pessac-Léognan appellation, ranked among the Crus Classés for red wine in the Classification of Graves wine of 1953 and 1959. The winery and vineyards are located south of the city of Bordeaux, in the commune of Léognan.
Château Haut-Bailly's vineyard is located along the left bank of the Garonne river. Neighboring estates include Château Malartic-Lagravière, Château Smith Haut Lafitte and Château Carbonnieux. The estate's second wine is named La Parde de Haut-Bailly.
History
The vineyard is believed to have been created during the 16th century by a rich family from the Pays Basque region. By 1630 it was acquired by the Parisian banker Firmin Le Bailly, who gave his name to the estate. A classification of the leading Graves châteaux by Wilhelm Franck in 1845 illustrates that Haut-Bailly had become known by then, but came to be famous in 1872 when it was bought by Alcide Bellot des Minières, a known viticulturist at the time. Followed by a period of prosperity, such as the 1878 vintage judged outstanding among its peers, there came a decline. With the onset of phylloxera, Bellot des Ministères also neglected to follow the examples of other estates who combated the disease, and instead of grafting, relied on spraying with copper ammonia solution. After Bellot des Ministères' death in 1906, the estate came to his widow, and then her daughter.
After two decades, Haut-Bailly was sold to Franz Malvesin who during his ownership e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama%20Siddha
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Gautama Siddha, (fl. 8th century) astronomer, astrologer and compiler of Indian descent, known for leading the compilation of the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era during the Tang dynasty. He was born in Chang'an, and his family was originally from India, according to a tomb stele uncovered in 1977 in Xi'an. The Gautama family had probably settled in China over many generations, and might have been present in China prior even to the foundation of the Tang dynasty. He was most notable for his translation of Navagraha calendar into Chinese. He also introduced Indian numerals with zero (〇) in 718 in China as a replacement of counting rods.
References
Footnotes
8th-century births
8th-century deaths
Chinese astrologers
Chinese people of Indian descent
8th-century Chinese astronomers
Indian astrologers
Writers from Xi'an
Tang dynasty writers
Scientists from Shaanxi
8th-century astrologers
Medieval Indian astrologers
8th-century Indian astronomers
8th-century Indian writers
8th-century Chinese translators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20B
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Cyclin B is a member of the cyclin family. Cyclin B is a mitotic cyclin. The amount of cyclin B (which binds to Cdk1) and the activity of the cyclin B-Cdk complex rise through the cell cycle until mitosis, where they fall abruptly due to degradation of cyclin B (Cdk1 is constitutively present). The complex of Cdk and cyclin B is called maturation promoting factor or mitosis promoting factor (MPF).
Function
Cyclin B is necessary for the progression of the cells into and out of M phase of the cell cycle.
At the end of S phase the phosphatase cdc25c dephosphorylates tyrosine15 and this activates the cyclin B/CDK1 complex. Upon activation the complex is shuttled to the nucleus where it serves to trigger for entry into mitosis. However, if DNA damage is detected alternative proteins are activated which results in the inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc25c and therefore cyclinB/CDK1 is not activated. In order for the cell to progress out of mitosis, the degradation of cyclin B is necessary.
The cyclin B/CDK1 complex also interacts with a variety of other key proteins and pathways which regulate cell growth and progression of mitosis. Cross-talk between many of these pathways links cyclin B levels indirectly to induction of apoptosis. The cyclin B/CDK1 complex plays a critical role in the expression of the survival signal survivin. Survivin is necessary for proper creation of the mitotic spindle which strongly affects cell viability, therefore when cyclin B levels are disrupte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20A
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Cyclin A is a member of the cyclin family, a group of proteins that function in regulating progression through the cell cycle. The stages that a cell passes through that culminate in its division and replication are collectively known as the cell cycle Since the successful division and replication of a cell is essential for its survival, the cell cycle is tightly regulated by several components to ensure the efficient and error-free progression through the cell cycle. One such regulatory component is cyclin A which plays a role in the regulation of two different cell cycle stages.
Types
Cyclin A was first identified in 1983 in sea urchin embryos. Since its initial discovery, homologues of cyclin A have been identified in numerous eukaryotes including Drosophila, Xenopus, mice, and in humans but has not been found in lower eukaryotes like yeast. The protein exists in both an embryonic form and somatic form. A single cyclin A gene has been identified in Drosophila while Xenopus, mice and humans contain two distinct types of cyclin A: A1, the embryonic-specific form, and A2, the somatic form. Cyclin A1 is prevalently expressed during meiosis and early on in embryogenesis. Cyclin A2 is expressed in dividing somatic cells.
Role in cell cycle progression
Cyclin A, along with the other members of the cyclin family, regulates cell cycle progression through physically interacting with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which thereby activates the enzymatic activity of its CDK partner
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20E
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Cyclin E is a member of the cyclin family.
Cyclin E binds to G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle that determines initiation of DNA duplication. The Cyclin E/CDK2 complex phosphorylates p27Kip1 (an inhibitor of Cyclin D), tagging it for degradation, thus promoting expression of Cyclin A, allowing progression to S phase.
Functions of Cyclin E
Like all cyclin family members, cyclin E forms complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases. In particular, Cyclin E binds with CDK2. Cyclin E/CDK2 regulates multiple cellular processes by phosphorylating numerous downstream proteins.
Cyclin E/CDK2 plays a critical role in the G1 phase and in the G1-S phase transition. Cyclin E/CDK2 phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (Rb) to promote G1 progression. Hyper-phosphorylated Rb will no longer interact with E2F transcriptional factor, thus release it to promote expression of genes that drive cells to S phase through G1 phase. Cyclin E/CDK2 also phosphorylates p27 and p21 during G1 and S phases, respectively. Smad3, a key mediator of TGF-β pathway which inhibits cell cycle progression, can be phosphorylated by cyclin E/CDK2. The phosphorylation of Smad3 by cyclin E/CDK2 inhibits its transcriptional activity and ultimately facilitates cell cycle progression. CBP/p300 and E2F-5 are also substrates of cyclin E/CDK2. Phosphorylation of these two proteins stimulates the transcriptional events during cell cycle progression. Cyclin E/CDK2 can phospho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20field-effect%20transistor
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A DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET) is a field-effect transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA molecules to function as a biosensor. The structure of DNAFETs is similar to that of MOSFETs, with the exception of the gate structure which, in DNAFETs, is replaced by a layer of immobilized ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) molecules which act as surface receptors. When complementary DNA strands hybridize to the receptors, the charge distribution near the surface changes, which in turn modulates current transport through the semiconductor transducer.
Arrays of DNAFETs can be used for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (causing many hereditary diseases) and for DNA sequencing. Their main advantage compared to optical detection methods in common use today is that they do not require labeling of molecules. Furthermore, they work continuously and (near) real-time. DNAFETs are highly selective since only specific binding modulates charge transport.
References
Biosensors
Biotechnology
Field-effect transistors
MOSFETs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/580%20%28disambiguation%29
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580 most commonly refers to:
580 (number), a number
580 AD, a Gregorian calendar year
580 BC, a Gregorian calendar year
580 may also refer to:
Communications
580 AM, an AM radio frequency
Area code 580, an area code in Oklahoma, United States
Electronics
Dell Inspiron 580, a desktop computer
Macintosh LC 580, a personal computer
Sony Alpha 580, a midrange-level digital single-lens reflex camera
Places
580 California Street, a high-rise office building in San Francisco, California, United States
580 Selene, a minor planet orbiting the Sun
Transportation
Aircraft and spacecraft
Arado E.580, a German World War II jet fighter design
Caudron C.580, a French advanced trainer aircraft
Convair CV-580, an American airliner
Kosmos 580, a Soviet satellite
Lycoming IO-580, an American horizontally opposed, six-cylinder aircraft engine
Lycoming GSO-580, an American family of eight-cylinder horizontally opposed, supercharged, carburetor-equipped aircraft engines
Land vehicles
Dongfeng Fengguang 580, a 2016–present Chinese compact SUV
IVECO 580, an Italian suburban single-decker bus
TR-580, a Romanian main battle tank
Watercraft
USS Barbel (SS-580), the lead ship of the Barbel-class submarines in the United States Navy
USS Shada (SP-580), a patrol vessel in the United States Navy
Roads and routes
Interstate 580 (disambiguation), multiple freeways in the United States
List of highways numbered 580
Rail
Hong Lok Road stop, Hong Kong; digital code
Other uses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuterebrinae
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The Cuterebrinae, the robust bot flies, are a subfamily of Oestridae which includes large, parasitic flies; this group has historically been treated as a family, but all recent classifications place them firmly within the Oestridae. Both genera spend their larval stages in the skin of mammals. The genus Cuterebra, or rodent bots, attack rodents and similar animals. The other genus, Dermatobia, attacks primates, including humans.
See also
Cuterebriasis
References
External links
Oestridae
Parasitic flies
Brachycera subfamilies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation%20genetic%20haplotyping
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Preimplantation genetic haplotyping (PGH) is a clinical method of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) used to determine the presence of single gene disorders in offspring. PGH provides a more feasible method of gene location than whole-genome association experiments, which are expensive and time-consuming.
PGH differs from common PGD methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for two primary reasons. First, rather than focusing on the genetic makeup of an embryo PGH compares the genome of affected and unaffected members of previous generations. This examination of generational variation then allows for a haplotype of genetic markers statistically associated with the target disease to be identified, rather than searching merely for a mutation. PGH is often used to reinforce other methods of genetic testing, and is considered more accurate than certain more common PGD methods because it has been found to reduce risk of misdiagnoses. Studies have found that misdiagnoses due to allele dropout (ADO), one of the most common causes of interpretation error, can be almost eliminated through use of PGH. Further, in the case of mutation due to translocation, PGH is able to detect chromosome abnormality to its full extent by differentiating between embryos carrying balanced forms of a translocation versus those carrying the homologous normal chromosomes. This is an advantage because PGD methods such as FISH are able to reveal wheth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin
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Arrestins (abbreviated Arr) are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors.
Arrestins were first discovered as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulating the activity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the visual rhodopsin system by Hermann Kühn, Scott Hall, and Ursula Wilden and in the β-adrenergic system by Martin J. Lohse and co-workers.
Function
In response to a stimulus, GPCRs activate heterotrimeric G proteins. In order to turn off this response, or adapt to a persistent stimulus, active receptors need to be desensitized. The first step in desensitization is phosphorylation of the receptor by a class of serine/threonine kinases called G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). GRK phosphorylation specifically prepares the activated receptor for arrestin binding. Arrestin binding to the receptor blocks further G protein-mediated signaling and targets receptors for internalization, and redirects signaling to alternative G protein-independent pathways, such as β-arrestin signaling. In addition to GPCRs, arrestins bind to other classes of cell surface receptors and a variety of other signaling proteins.
Subtypes
Mammals express four arrestin subtypes and each arrestin subtype is known by multiple aliases. The systematic arrestin name (1-4) plus the most widely used aliases for each arrestin subtype are listed in bold below:
Arrestin-1 was originally identified as the S-antigen (SAG) cau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicergoline
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Nicergoline, sold under the brand name Sermion among others, is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins. Internationally it has been used for frontotemporal dementia as well as early onset in Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's dementia. It decreases vascular resistance and increases arterial blood flow in the brain, improving the utilization of oxygen and glucose by brain cells. It has similar vasoactive properties in other areas of the body, particularly the lungs. Unlike many other ergolines, such as ergotamine, nicergoline is not associated with cardiac fibrosis.
It is used for vascular disorders such as cerebral thrombosis and atherosclerosis, arterial blockages in the limbs, Raynaud's disease, vascular migraines, and retinopathy.
Nicergoline has been registered in over fifty countries and has been used for more than three decades for the treatment of cognitive, affective, and behavioral disorders of older people.
Medical uses
Nicergoline is used in the following cases:
Acute and chronic cerebral metabolic-vascular disorders (cerebral arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and cerebral embolism, transitory cerebral ischaemia). Acute and chronic peripheral metabolic-vascular disorders (organic and functional arteriopathies of the limbs), Raynaud's disease and other syndromes caused by altered peripheral irrigation.
Migraines of vascular origin
Coadjutant therapy in clinical situations accompanied by platelet hyper-aggregabil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-vector
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The n-vector representation (also called geodetic normal or ellipsoid normal vector) is a three-parameter non-singular representation well-suited for replacing geodetic coordinates (latitude and longitude) for horizontal position representation in mathematical calculations and computer algorithms.
Geometrically, the n-vector for a given position on an ellipsoid is the outward-pointing unit vector that is normal in that position to the ellipsoid. For representing horizontal positions on Earth, the ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid and the vector is decomposed in an Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system. It behaves smoothly at all Earth positions, and it holds the mathematical one-to-one property.
More in general, the concept can be applied to representing positions on the boundary of a strictly convex bounded subset of k-dimensional Euclidean space, provided that that boundary is a differentiable manifold. In this general case, the n-vector consists of k parameters.
General properties
A normal vector to a strictly convex surface can be used to uniquely define a surface position. n-vector is an outward-pointing normal vector with unit length used as a position representation.
For most applications the surface is the reference ellipsoid of the Earth, and thus n-vector is used to represent a horizontal position. Hence, the angle between n-vector and the equatorial plane corresponds to geodetic latitude, as shown in the figure.
A surface position has two degrees o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt%20Salmon
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Benoît Salmon (born 9 May 1974 is a French former professional road racing cyclist. In 1999, Salmon won the young rider classification in the Tour de France and the overall title of the Grand Prix du Midi Libre.
Major results
1992
1st Road race, National Junior Road Championships
1996
1st Flèche Ardennaise
8th Overall Tour de l'Avenir
1997
5th GP de Cholet-Pays de Loire
8th Route Adélie
9th La Flèche Wallonne
1998
1st Overall Tour du Vaucluse
1st Stage 4
3rd Classique des Alpes
6th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1999
1st Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1st Stage 4
1st Young rider classification, Tour de France
2nd Classique des Alpes
6th Tour du Haut Var
2000
6th Paris–Camembert
6th Classique des Alpes
2001
2nd Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1st Stage 6
2nd Tour de Vendée
3rd Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
5th Classique des Alpes
8th GP Ouest-France
8th Trophée des Grimpeurs
2003
2nd Classique des Alpes
4th Road race, National Road Championships
2004
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
10th Overall Route du Sud
2005
3rd Overall Route du Sud
6th Overall Tour de l'Ain
9th Tour du Doubs
2006
4th Grand Prix de Wallonie
7th Trofeo Melinda
9th Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
References
External links
French male cyclists
Living people
1974 births
People from Dinan
Sportspeople from Côtes-d'Armor
Cyclists from Brittany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yt%20antigen%20system
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The Yt antigen system (also known as Cartwright) is present on the membrane of red blood cells and helps determine a person's blood type. The antigens are found on the protein acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which helps break down acetylcholine. The Yt system features two alleles, Yt(a) and Yt(b). Antibodies against the Yt system can lead to transfusion reactions such as hemolytic anemia.
References
- OMIM page on Yt antigen
External links
Yt at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
Blood antigen systems
Genes on human chromosome 7
Transfusion medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocrystalline
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A protocrystalline phase is a distinct phase occurring during crystal growth, which evolves into a microcrystalline form. The term is typically associated with silicon films in optical applications such as solar cells.
Applications
Silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is a popular solar cell material owing to its low cost and ease of production. Owing to disordered structure (Urbach tail), its absorption extends to the energies below the band gap resulting in a wide-range spectral response; however, it has a relatively low solar cell efficiency. Protocrystalline Si (pc-Si:H) also has a relatively low absorption near the band gap, owing to its more ordered crystalline structure. Thus, protocrystalline and amorphous silicon can be combined in a tandem solar cell, where the top thin layer of a-Si:H absorbs short-wavelength light whereas the longer wavelengths are absorbed by the underlying protocrystalline silicon layer.
See also
Amorphous silicon
Crystallite
Multijunction
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
References
External links
Crystallography
Thin-film cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin
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Noggin may refer to:
General
Noggin or gill (volume), a unit of volume
Noggin (cup), a small cup
Noggin, slang for head
Noggin (protein), a signalling molecule involved in embryonic development
Noggin or dwang, a carpentry term
Entertainment
Noggin (brand), an entertainment brand that includes a television network, mobile applications, and international programming blocks
Noggin the Nog, a BBC children's character and TV series (1959-1965), and a series of children's books
Noggin (magazine), an American magazine that published art, fiction, cartoons, plus social and political commentary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20cleaved%20cells
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Small cleaved cells are a distinctive type of cell that appears in certain types of lymphoma.
When used to uniquely identify a type of lymphoma, they are usually categorized as follicular () or diffuse () .
The "small cleaved cells" are usually centrocytes that express B-cell markers such as CD20. The disease is strongly correlated with the genetic translocation t(14;18), which results in juxtaposition of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene with the heavy chain JH locus, and thus in overexpression of bcl-2. Bcl-2 is a well known anti-apoptotic gene, and thus its overexpression results in the "failure to die" motif of cancer seen in follicular lymphoma.
Follicular lymphoma must be carefully monitored, as it often progresses into a more aggressive "Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma."
External links
Histopathology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Dirt%20Radio
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Red Dirt Radio is a radio station that broadcasts to the Childers, Queensland community on the frequency of 88.0 MHz.
Red Dirt Radio is a narrow-bandwidth radio station with a signal range of . The station is fully automated.
References
Radio stations in Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%2015
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Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP15 gene. It is involved in folliculogenesis, the process in which primordial follicles develop into pre-ovulatory follicles.
Structure & Interactions
Structure
The BMP-15 gene is located on the X-chromosome and using Northern blot analysis BMP-15 mRNA is locally expressed within the ovaries in oocytes only after they have started to undergo the primary stages of development. BMP-15 is translated as a preproprotein that is composed of a single peptide, which contains a proregion and a smaller mature region. Intracellular processing then leads to the removal of the proregion, leaving the biologically active mature region to perform the functions. This protein is a member of the Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily and is a paracrine signalling molecule. Most active BMPs have a common structure, in which they contain 7 cysteines, 6 of which form three intramolecular disulphide bonds and the seventh being involved in the formation of dimers with other monomers. BMP-15 is an exception to this as the molecule does not contain the seventh cysteine. Instead in BMP-15 the fourth cysteine is replaced by a serine.
Interactions
BMP-15 and GDF9 interact with each other and work synergistically to have similar interactions with the target cell. BMP15 can act as a heterodimer with GDF9 or on its own as a homodimer. In most of the BMP family heterodimers and homodimers form as the sev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore%20Municipal%20Airport
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Ardmore Municipal Airport is in Carter County, Oklahoma, northeast of the city of Ardmore, which owns it. It is near Gene Autry, Oklahoma. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a general aviation airport.
History
The airport is on the site of Ardmore Army Air Field (1942 to 1946), later Ardmore Air Force Base (1953 to 1959).
Central Airlines served Ardmore from about 1951 until 1963.
On April 22, 1966 American Flyers Flight 280, flying a Lockheed Electra L-188 on approach to Ardmore crashed into a hill. 83 of the 98 aboard were killed. This was a flight under charter to the Military Air Command, en route from Montery, California, to Columbus, Georgia, with a scheduled refueling stop at Ardmore. An autopsy showed that the pilot had suffered a massive heart attack during the attempted landing. He was not wearing his harness and slumped forward into the controls, which prevented the co-pilot from taking control. Subsequent investigation showed that the pilot was under treatment for arteriosclerosis and diabetes, but that he had falsified information on his application for a First Class Medical Certificate, which would have been denied except for the falsification.
Facilities
Ardmore Municipal Airport covers 2,503 acres (1,013 ha) at an elevation of 777 feet (237 m). It has two runways: 13/31 is 9,002 by 150 feet (2,744 x 46 m) concrete and 17/35 is 5,007 by 100 feet (1,526 x 30 m) asphalt.
In the year ending July 2, 2009, the airport had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Kallenberg
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Olav Kallenberg (born 1939) is a probability theorist known for his work on exchangeable stochastic processes and for his graduate-level textbooks and monographs. Kallenberg is a professor of mathematics at Auburn University in Alabama in the USA.
From 1991 to 1994, Kallenberg served as the Editor-in-Chief of Probability Theory and Related Fields (a leading journal in probability).
Biography
Olav Kallenberg was educated in Sweden. He has worked as a probabilist in Sweden and in the United States.
Sweden
Kallenberg was born and educated in Sweden, with an undergraduate exam in engineering physics from Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. Kallenberg entered doctoral studies in mathematical statistics at KTH, but left his studies to work in operations analysis for a consulting firm in Gothenburg. While in Gothenburg, Kallenberg also taught at Chalmers University of Technology, from which he received his Ph.D. in 1972 under the supervision of Harald Bergström.
After earning his doctoral degree, Kallenberg stayed with Chalmers as a lecturer.
Kallenberg was appointed a full professor in Uppsala University.
United States
Later he moved to the United States. Since 1986, he has been Professor of Mathematics and Statistics at Auburn University.
Honours and awards
In 1977, Kallenberg was awarded the Rollo Davidson Prize from Cambridge University, and Kallenberg was only the second recipient of the prize in history.
Kallenberg is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathemat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20coalgebra
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In mathematics a Lie coalgebra is the dual structure to a Lie algebra.
In finite dimensions, these are dual objects: the dual vector space to a Lie algebra naturally has the structure of a Lie coalgebra, and conversely.
Definition
Let E be a vector space over a field k equipped with a linear mapping from E to the exterior product of E with itself. It is possible to extend d uniquely to a graded derivation (this means that, for any a, b ∈ E which are homogeneous elements, ) of degree 1 on the exterior algebra of E:
Then the pair (E, d) is said to be a Lie coalgebra if d2 = 0,
i.e., if the graded components of the exterior algebra with derivation
form a cochain complex:
Relation to de Rham complex
Just as the exterior algebra (and tensor algebra) of vector fields on a manifold form a Lie algebra (over the base field K), the de Rham complex of differential forms on a manifold form a Lie coalgebra (over the base field K). Further, there is a pairing between vector fields and differential forms.
However, the situation is subtler: the Lie bracket is not linear over the algebra of smooth functions (the error is the Lie derivative), nor is the exterior derivative: (it is a derivation, not linear over functions): they are not tensors. They are not linear over functions, but they behave in a consistent way, which is not captured simply by the notion of Lie algebra and Lie coalgebra.
Further, in the de Rham complex, the derivation is not only defined for , but is also defined
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C4-Dihydropyridine
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1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP) is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH=CH)2NH. The parent compound is uncommon, but derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine are important commercially and biologically. The pervasive cofactors NADH and NADPH are derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine. 1,4-Dihydropyridine-based drugs are L-type calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension. 1,2-Dihydropyridines are also known.
Properties and reactions
A recurring feature of 1,4-dihydropyridines is the presence of substituents at the 2- and 6-positions. Dihydropyridines are enamines, which otherwise tend to tautomerize or hydrolyze.
The dominant reaction of dihydropyridines is their ease of oxidation. In the case of dihydropyridines with hydrogen as the substituent on nitrogen, oxidation yields pyridines:
CH2(CH=CR)2NH → C5H3R2N + H2
The naturally-occurring dihydropyridines NADH and NADPH contain N-alkyl groups. Therefore, their oxidation does not yield pyridine, but N-alkylpyridinium cations:
CH2(CH=CR)2NR' → C5H3R2NR' + H−
See also
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
Hantzsch ester
Dihydropyridine receptor
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20footprinting
|
DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells.
The regulation of transcription has been studied extensively, and yet there is still much that is unknown. Transcription factors and associated proteins that bind promoters, enhancers, or silencers to drive or repress transcription are fundamental to understanding the unique regulation of individual genes within the genome. Techniques like DNA footprinting help elucidate which proteins bind to these associated regions of DNA and unravel the complexities of transcriptional control.
History
In 1978, David J. Galas and Albert Schmitz developed the DNA footprinting technique to study the binding specificity of the lac repressor protein. It was originally a modification of the Maxam-Gilbert chemical sequencing technique.
Method
The simplest application of this technique is to assess whether a given protein binds to a region of interest within a DNA molecule. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplify and label region of interest that contains a potential protein-binding site, ideally amplicon is between 50 and 200 base pairs in length. Add protein of interest to a portion of the labeled template DNA; a portion should remain separate without protein, for later comparison. Add a cleavage agent to both portions of DNA template. The cleavage agent is a chemical or enzyme that will cut a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-western%20blot
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The far-western blot, or far-western blotting, is a molecular biological method based on the technique of western blot to detect protein-protein interaction in vitro. Whereas western blot uses an antibody probe to detect a protein of interest, far-western blot uses a non-antibody probe which can bind the protein of interest. Thus, whereas western blotting is used for the detection of certain proteins, far-western blotting is employed to detect protein/protein interactions.
Method
In conventional western blot, gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins from a sample; these proteins are then transferred to a membrane in a 'blotting' step. In a western blot, specific proteins are then identified using an antibody probe.
Far-western blot employs non-antibody proteins to probe the protein of interest on the blot. In this way, binding partners of the probe (or the blotted) protein may be identified. The probe protein is often produced in E. coli using an expression cloning vector.
The probe protein can then be visualized through the usual methods — it may be radiolabelled; it may bear a specific affinity tag like His or FLAG for which antibodies exist; or there may be a protein specific antibody (to the probe protein).
Because cell extracts are usually completely denatured by boiling in detergent before gel electrophoresis, this approach is most useful for detecting interactions that do not require the native folded structure of the protein of interest.
References
Exte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinecarboxylic%20acids
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A pyridinecarboxylic acid is any member of a group of organic compounds which are monocarboxylic derivatives of pyridine. Pyridinecarboxylic acid comes in three isomers:
Picolinic acid (2-pyridinecarboxylic acid)
Nicotinic acid (3-pyridinecarboxylic acid), also known as Niacin
Isonicotinic acid (4-pyridinecarboxylic acid)
All isomers share the molecular weight 123,11 g/mol and the chemical formula C6H5NO2.
Pyridines
Aromatic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isonicotinic%20acid
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Isonicotinic acid or pyridine-4-carboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C5H4N(CO2H). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid substituent at the 4-position. It is an isomer of picolinic acid and nicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl group at the 2- and 3-position respectively compared to the 4-position for isonicotinic acid.
Derivatives
Isonicotinic acids is a term loosely used for derivatives of isonicotinic acid. Hydrazide derivatives include isoniazid, iproniazid, and nialamide. Amide and ester derivatives include ethionamide and dexamethasone isonicotinate.
See also
Pyridinecarboxylic acids
References
External links
Aromatic acids
4-Pyridyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurinae
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Lambeosaurinae is a group of crested hadrosaurid dinosaurs.
Classification
Lambeosaurines have been traditionally split into the tribes or clades Parasaurolophini (Parasaurolophus, Charonosaurus, others (?).) and Lambeosaurini (Corythosaurus, Hypacrosaurus, Lambeosaurus, others.). Corythosaurini (synonym of Lambeosaurini, see below) and Parasaurolophini as terms entered the formal literature in Evans and Reisz's 2007 redescription of Lambeosaurus magnicristatus. Corythosaurini was defined as all taxa more closely related to Corythosaurus casuarius than to Parasaurolophus walkeri, and Parasaurolophini as all those taxa closer to P. walkeri than to C. casuarius. In this study, Charonosaurus and Parasaurolophus are parasaurolophins, and Corythosaurus, Hypacrosaurus, Lambeosaurus, Nipponosaurus, and Olorotitan are corythosaurins. However, later researchers pointed out that due to the rules of priority set forth by the ICZN, Any tribe containing Lambeosaurus is properly named Lambeosaurini, and that therefore the name "Corythosaurini" is a junior synonym, and the definition had Corythosaurus casuarius changed to Lambeosaurus lambei, and the same for Parasaurolophini. In more recent years Tsintaosaurini (Tsintaosaurus + Pararhabdodon) and Aralosaurini (Aralosaurus + Canardia) have also emerged.
Phylogeny
The following cladogram was recovered in a 2022 phylogenetic analysis by Xing Hai, and colleagues.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
Taxa named by Wil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%2010
|
Bone morphogenetic protein 10 (BMP10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP10 gene.
BMP10 is a polypeptide belonging to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins. It is a novel protein that, unlike most other BMP's, is likely to be involved in the trabeculation of the heart. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP10 is categorized as a BMP since it shares a large sequence homology with other BMP's in the TGF-β superfamily.
Further reading
References
External links
Developmental genes and proteins
Bone morphogenetic protein
TGFβ domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast%20MRI
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One alternative to mammography, breast MRI or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has shown substantial progress in the detection of breast cancer.
Uses
Some of the uses of MRI of the breasts are: screening for malignancy in women with greater than 20% lifetime risk of breast cancer (especially those with high risk genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), evaluate breast implants for rupture, screening the opposite side breast for malignancy in women with known one sided breast malignancy, extent of disease and the presence of multifocality and multicentricity in patients with invasive carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and evaluate response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
MRI breasts has the highest sensitivity to detect breast cancer when compared with other imaging modalities such as breast ultrasound or mammography. In the screening for breast cancer for high-risk women, sensitivity of MRI range from 83 to 94% while specificity (the confidence that a lesion is cancerous and not a false positive) range from 75.2% to 100%.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
The systemic disease nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), caused by exposure to gadolinium in MRI contrast agents, resembles scleromyxedema and to some extent scleroderma. It may occur months after contrast has been injected. Patients with poorer kidney function are more at risk for NSF, with dialysis patients being more at risk than patients with chronic kidney disease. After several years of controversy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crock%20%28dishware%29
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A crock is a pottery container sometimes used for food and water, synonymous with the word pot, and sometimes used for chemicals. Derivative terms include crockery and crock-pot.
Crocks, or "preserving crocks", were used in household kitchens before refrigeration to hold and preserve foods such as butter, salted meats, and pickled vegetables. Crocks are made from stoneware, which is a nonporous ceramic that is water-tight, even without glaze.
Larger crocks (20-30 gallons) are used for curing meats. The meat is covered with a brine made of water, sugar, salt, and a small amount of sodium nitrate or salt peter. The meat is kept submerged in the brine by two semicircle weights designed to fit inside the crock. The crocks are then topped with a lid and stored in a cool, dry location.
Smaller crocks (1-10 gallons) are commonly used for preserving vegetables such as cucumbers for pickles, and cabbage for sauerkraut. Preserving food in this manner allows people to keep summer vegetables throughout the winter months when gardens and crops are not producing.
Vintage crocks can still be found and purchased. Aside from food storage, they're commonly used for decorative purposes, or storage containers, in interior design.
Crocks of all sizes are still produced and sold today.
A gypsy's crock is a (traditionally three-legged) cooking pot.
See also
Beanpot
Cassole
Harsch crock
Stoneware
Cazuela
References
Cooking vessels
Pottery shapes
Serving vessels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Kurdistan%20Region
|
The coat of arms of Kurdistan Region is a Republican Eagle holding a sun on his wings and used by Kurdistan Region.
See also
Eagle of Saladin
References
External links
Print versions
Vector version of KRG Emblem (PDF, CMYK, 285 KB)
Vector version of KRG Emblem (PDF, RGB, 298 KB)
Kurdistan
Kurdish culture
Kurdistan
Kurdistan
Kurdish nationalist symbols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenesulfonate
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Naphthalenesulfonates are derivatives of sulfonic acid which contain a naphthalene functional unit. A related family of compounds are the aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids. Of commercial importance are the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, which are used as superplasticizers in concrete. They are produced on a large scale by condensation of naphthalenesulfonate or alkylnaphthalenesulfonates with formaldehyde.
Examples include:
amaranth dye
amido black
armstrong's acid
congo red
Evans blue
suramin
trypan blue
References
External links
Naphthalenesulfonates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz%20system
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The Lorenz system is a system of ordinary differential equations first studied by mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz. It is notable for having chaotic solutions for certain parameter values and initial conditions. In particular, the Lorenz attractor is a set of chaotic solutions of the Lorenz system. In popular media the "butterfly effect" stems from the real-world implications of the Lorenz attractor, namely that several different initial chaotic conditions evolve in phase space in a way that never repeats, so all chaos is unpredictable. This underscores that chaotic systems can be completely deterministic and yet still be inherently unpredictable over long periods of time. Because chaos continually increases in systems, we cannot predict the future of systems well. E.g., even the small flap of a butterfly’s wings could set the world on a vastly different trajectory, such as by causing a hurricane. The shape of the Lorenz attractor itself, when plotted in phase space, may also be seen to resemble a butterfly.
Overview
In 1963, Edward Lorenz, with the help of Ellen Fetter who was responsible for the numerical simulations and figures, and Margaret Hamilton who helped in the initial, numerical computations leading up to the findings of the Lorenz model, developed a simplified mathematical model for atmospheric convection. The model is a system of three ordinary differential equations now known as the Lorenz equations:
The equations relate the properties of a tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioxanthene
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Thioxanthene is a chemical compound in which the oxygen atom in xanthene is replaced with a sulfur atom. It is also related to phenothiazine. Several of its derivatives are used as typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses.
Derivatives
The derivatives of thioxanthene used clinically as antipsychotics include:
Chlorprothixene (Cloxan, Taractan, Truxal)
Clopenthixol (Sordinol)
Flupenthixol (Depixol, Fluanxol)
Thiothixene (Navane)
Zuclopenthixol (Cisordinol, Clopixol, Acuphase)
The therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is related to their ability to antagonize the D2 receptors in the brain, though they have actions at other sites such as serotonin, adrenaline, and histamine receptors as well which mostly contribute to side effects.
The thioxanthenes, as a class, are closely related chemically to the phenothiazines. The major structural difference is that the nitrogen at position 10 in the phenothiazines is replaced by a carbon atom with a double bond to the side chain. This difference is noted in the illustration of flupenthixol, which shows a double-bonded carbon in the number 10 position (opposite the sulfur molecule in the central chain).
References
External links
MedlinePlus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Toom
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Andrei Leonovich Toom (in Russian: Андрей Леонович Тоом), also known as André Toom, (1942 Tashkent, Soviet Union - 2022 New York, USA) was a mathematician known for the Toom–Cook algorithm and Toom's rule. Toom was a retired professor of the statistics department at Federal University of Pernambuco in Brazil. Toom died of prolonged illness in New York.
Toom was a student of Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro.
References
Andrei Toom's personal website
Andrei Toom's Curriculum Vitae (English)
Andrei Toom's Curriculum Vitae (Portuguese)
1942 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
21st-century Russian mathematicians
Cellular automatists
Probability theorists
Soviet mathematicians
Scientists from Tashkent
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