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North Carolina Highway 84 (NC 84) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It serves to connect the town of Weddington to the city of Monroe.
Route description
NC 84 begins at an intersection with NC 16 (Providence Road) in Weddington, carrying the name Weddington Road. It carries two undivided lanes of traffic eastward, with a speed limit before leaving town. Immediately after its western terminus is a roundabout with Weddington–Matthews Road. The route also passes by Weddington's town hall. The route then enters wooded land, serving mostly homes along its route with a few open fields along the way. The route then passes through Wesley Chapel, where it serves a shopping area (at the Waxhaw Indian Trail Road intersection) and passes between several residential subdivisions. As it nears Monroe, it connects with NC 200 (Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard), where it ends.
History
Established in 1936 as a new primary routing, it traveled from NC 262 (Providence Road) to U.S. Route 74 (US 74) and NC 151 (Charlotte Avenue). Between 1956 and 1957, NC 84 was extended two blocks to Main Street, replacing part of US 74A to NC 200. By 1962, NC 84 was extended north to US 74 (Roosevelt Boulevard), with NC 200 along Hayne Street/Skyway Drive. Sometime between 1969-1982, the eastern terminus was moved back to Charlotte Avenue.
In August 2011, the eastern terminus of NC 84 was truncated at NC 200 (Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard) after its completion as a bypass around Monroe.
Major intersections
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North Carolina Highway 84
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Titanocene dichloride is the organotitanium compound with the formula (η5-C5H5)2TiCl2, commonly abbreviated as Cp2TiCl2. This metallocene is a common reagent in organometallic and organic synthesis. It exists as a bright red solid that slowly hydrolyzes in air. It shows antitumour activity and was the first non-platinum complex to undergo clinical trials as a chemotherapy drug.
Preparation and structure
The standard preparations of Cp2TiCl2 start with titanium tetrachloride. The original synthesis by Wilkinson and Birmingham, using sodium cyclopentadienide, is still commonly used:
2 NaC5H5 + TiCl4 → (C5H5)2TiCl2 + 2 NaCl
It can also be prepared by using freshly distilled cyclopentadiene rather than its sodium derivative:
2 C5H6 + TiCl4 → (C5H5)2TiCl2 + 2 HCl
Focusing on the geometry of the Ti center, Cp2TiCl2 adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry (counting Cp as a monodentate ligand). The Ti-Cl distance is 2.37 Å and the Cl-Ti-Cl angle is 95°.
Reactions
Halide replacement reactions
Cp2TiCl2 serves as a source of Cp2Ti2+. A large range of nucleophiles will displace chloride. With NaSH and with polysulfide salts, one obtains the sulfido derivatives Cp2Ti(SH)2 and Cp2TiS5.
The Petasis reagent, Cp2Ti(CH3)2, is prepared from the action of methylmagnesium chloride or methyllithium on Cp2TiCl2. This reagent is useful for the conversion of esters into vinyl ethers.
The Tebbe reagent Cp2TiCl(CH2)Al(CH3)2, arises by the action of 2 equivalents Al(CH3)3 on Cp2TiCl2.
Reactions affecting Cp ligands
One Cp ligand can be removed from Cp2TiCl2 to give tetrahedral CpTiCl3. This conversion can be effected with TiCl4 or by reaction with SOCl2.
The sandwich complex (Cycloheptatrienyl)(cyclopentadienyl)titanium is prepared by treatment of titanocene dichloride with lithium cycloheptatrienyl.
Titanocene itself, TiCp2, is so highly reactive that it rearranges into a TiIII hydride dimer and has been the subject of much investigation. This dimer can be trapped by conducting the reduction of titanocene dichloride in the presence of ligands; in the presence of benzene, a fulvalene complex, can be prepared and the resulting solvate structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography. The same compound had been reported earlier by a lithium aluminium hydride reduction and sodium amalgam reduction of titanocene dichloride, and studied by 1H NMR prior to its definitive characterisation.
Reduction
Reduction with zinc gives the dimer of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride in a solvent-mediated chemical equilibrium:
Cp2TiCl2 is a precursor to TiII derivatives.
Reductions have been investigated using Grignard reagent and alkyl lithium compounds. More conveniently handled reductants include Mg, Al, or Zn. The following syntheses demonstrate some of the compounds that can be generated by reduction of titanocene dichloride in the presence of π acceptor ligands:
Cp2TiCl2 + 2 CO + Mg → Cp2Ti(CO)2 + MgCl2
Cp2TiCl2 + 2 PR3 + Mg → Cp2Ti(PR3)2 + MgCl2
Alkyne derivatives of titanocene have the formula (C5H5)2Ti(C2R2) and the corresponding benzyne complexes are known. One family of derivatives are the titanocyclopentadienes. Rosenthal's reagent, Cp2Ti(η2-Me3SiC≡CSiMe3), can be prepared by this method. Two structures are shown, A and B, which are both resonance contributors to the actual structure of Rosenthal's reagent.
Titanocene equivalents react with alkenyl alkynes followed by carbonylation and hydrolysis to form bicyclic cyclopentadienones, related to the Pauson–Khand reaction. A similar reaction is the reductive cyclization of enones to form the corresponding alcohol in a stereoselective manner.
Reduction of titanocene dichloride in the presence of conjugated dienes such as 1,3-butadiene gives η3-allyltitanium complexes. Related reactions occur with diynes. Furthermore, titanocene can catalyze C–C bond metathesis to form asymmetric diynes.
Derivatives of (C5Me5)2TiCl2
Many analogues of Cp2TiCl2 are known. Prominent examples are the ring-methylated derivatives (C5H4Me)2TiCl2 and (C5Me5)2TiCl2.
Catalysis
Titanium catalysts are an attractive from the perspective of green chemistry, i.e. the low toxicity and high abundance of titanium.
Medicinal research
Titanocene dichloride was investigated as an anticancer drug. In fact, it was both the first non-platinum coordination complex and the first metallocene to undergo a clinical trial.
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Titanocene dichloride
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Solnechny (; masculine), Solnechnaya (; feminine), or Solnechnoye (; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia:
Altai Krai
As of 2010, two rural localities in Altai Krai bear this name:
Solnechny, Altai Krai, a settlement in Zavetilyichevsky Selsoviet of Aleysky District
Solnechnoye, Altai Krai, a selo in Solnechny Selsoviet of Pervomaysky District
Amur Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Amur Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Amur Oblast, a settlement in Solnechny Rural Settlement of Skovorodinsky District
Solnechnoye, Amur Oblast, a selo in Priozerny Rural Settlement of Ivanovsky District
Astrakhan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Astrakhan Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Astrakhan Oblast, a settlement in Zabuzansky Selsoviet of Krasnoyarsky District
Chelyabinsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Chelyabinsk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a settlement in Solnechny Selsoviet of Sosnovsky District
Republic of Dagestan
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Dagestan bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Republic of Dagestan, a selo in Khasavyurtovsky District
Kaliningrad Oblast
As of 2010, three rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name:
Solnechnoye, Bagrationovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Gvardeysky Rural Okrug of Bagrationovsky District
Solnechnoye, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Nizovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Solnechnoye, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Gavrilovsky Rural Okrug of Ozyorsky District
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, a settlement in Prikubansky District
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Kemerovo Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Kemerovsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Shcheglovskaya Rural Territory of Kemerovsky District
Solnechny, Leninsk-Kuznetsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Gornyatskaya Rural Territory of Leninsk-Kuznetsky District
Khabarovsk Krai
As of 2010, one urban locality in Khabarovsk Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Khabarovsk Krai, a work settlement in Solnechny District
Republic of Khakassia
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Khakassia bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Republic of Khakassia, a selo in Solnechny Selsoviet of Ust-Abakansky District
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
As of 2010, one rural locality in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug bears this name:
Solnechny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a settlement in Surgutsky District
Komi Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Komi Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Komi Republic, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Blagoyevo Urban-Type Settlement Administrative Territory in Udorsky District
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Krasnoselsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a settlement in Borovikovskoye Settlement of Krasnoselsky District
Solnechny, Susaninsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a settlement in Chentsovskoye Settlement of Susaninsky District
Krasnodar Krai
As of 2010, one rural locality in Krasnodar Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Krasnodar Krai, a settlement in Obraztsovy Rural Okrug of Leningradsky District
Krasnoyarsk Krai
As of 2010, one urban locality in Krasnoyarsk Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a settlement; administratively incorporated as a closed administrative-territorial formation
Kurgan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kurgan Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnaya, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Yagodninsky Selsoviet of Almenevsky District
Kursk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Kursk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Kursk Oblast, a settlement in Solnechny Selsoviet of Zolotukhinsky District
Leningrad Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Leningrad Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Leningrad Oblast, a settlement of the crossing in Plodovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Priozersky District
Mari El Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Mari El Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Mari El Republic, a settlement in Solnechny Rural Okrug of Sovetsky District
Novgorod Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Novgorod Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnaya, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Volokskoye Settlement of Borovichsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Omsk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Solnechny Rural Okrug of Russko-Polyansky District
Orenburg Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Orenburg Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Yasnopolyansky Selsoviet of Tashlinsky District
Perm Krai
As of 2013, one rural locality in Perm Krai bears this name:
Solnechny, Perm Krai, a settlement in Usolsky District
Primorsky Krai
As of 2010, one rural locality in Primorsky Krai bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Primorsky Krai, a selo in Dalnerechensky District
Rostov Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Rostov Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Azovsky District, Rostov Oblast, a settlement in Kalinovskoye Rural Settlement of Azovsky District
Solnechny, Volgodonskoy District, Rostov Oblast, a settlement in Dobrovolskoye Rural Settlement of Volgodonskoy District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Ryazan Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Ryazan Oblast, a selo in Gornostayevsky Rural Okrug of Mikhaylovsky District
Saint Petersburg
As of 2010, one urban locality in Saint Petersburg bears this name:
Solnechnoye, Saint Petersburg, a settlement in Kurortny District
Sakha Republic
As of 2010, one urban locality in the Sakha Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Sakha Republic, an urban-type settlement in Ust-Maysky District
Saratov Oblast
As of 2010, two rural localities in Saratov Oblast bear this name:
Solnechny, Fyodorovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Fyodorovsky District
Solnechny, Marksovsky District, Saratov Oblast, a settlement in Marksovsky District
Smolensk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Smolensk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechnaya, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Repinskoye Rural Settlement of Yartsevsky District
Sverdlovsk Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Sverdlovsk Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Beryozovsky
Tver Oblast
As of 2010, five inhabited localities in Tver Oblast bear this name.
Urban localities
Solnechny, Tver Oblast, an urban-type settlement; administratively incorporated as an okrug, an upper-level administrative division of Tver Oblast
Rural localities
Solnechny, Bezhetsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Zhitishchenskoye Rural Settlement of Bezhetsky District
Solnechny, Bologovsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Berezayskoye Rural Settlement of Bologovsky District
Solnechny, Vyshnevolotsky District, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Solnechnoye Rural Settlement of Vyshnevolotsky District
Solnechnoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Molodotudskoye Rural Settlement of Oleninsky District
Udmurt Republic
As of 2010, one rural locality in the Udmurt Republic bears this name:
Solnechny, Udmurt Republic, a selo in Selychinsky Selsoviet of Yakshur-Bodyinsky District
Vologda Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Vologda Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Vologda Oblast, a settlement in Ustyuzhensky Selsoviet of Ustyuzhensky District
Voronezh Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Voronezh Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Voronezh Oblast, a settlement in Yamenskoye Rural Settlement of Ramonsky District
Yaroslavl Oblast
As of 2010, one rural locality in Yaroslavl Oblast bears this name:
Solnechny, Yaroslavl Oblast, a settlement in Lyubilkovsky Rural Okrug of Rostovsky District
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Solnechny (inhabited locality)
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Jon Allen Herb (born June 1, 1970) is an American former racecar owner, driver in the Indy Racing League and ARCA, and convicted sex offender.
Racing career
IRL debut
Herb made his IRL debut in the opening round of the 2000 season. Herb raced in the Delphi Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Speedway. He qualified 26th, and finished 22nd, dropping out with handling problems. Herb spent most of the rest of the year driving in the ARCA series (best finished was 11th, three times).
Herb made his Indianapolis 500 debut in 2001, finishing 27th. He competed in five other races, with a best finish of 9th at Texas. He made six more starts in 2002, but did not attempt to qualify at Indy.
Indy Pro Series
In 2004 Herb moved to the Infiniti Pro Series, where he co-owned his team with Matt Young. His first IPS start was the Freedom 100, where dropped out with a broken suspension and finished 17th. He finished in the top 10 at the next two events he entered, netting a 6th-place finish at Fontana and a 7th in the season finale in Fort Worth.
He ran a full schedule in 2005, won the race at Phoenix, and finished 7th in the season points standings.
In 23 Indy Pro Series starts from 2004 to 2006, he had one win, and a total of 15 top ten finishes.
IRL return
Herb intended to return to the IndyCar series for the 2006 Indianapolis 500 in a Playa Del Racing Panoz, of which he was a co-owner. However, he yielded the car to Roger Yasukawa, who qualified it for the race.
Herb qualified in the 27th starting position for the 2007 Indianapolis 500 and finished 32nd after crashing on lap 53.
He made two other starts in 2007. In June 2007 he raced at Texas, finishing 20th after spinning entering the pits. At Michigan, he struggled with suspension problems, and finished 20th after spinning. It was his final start.
He sold his team's cars to the league's pool of chassis for former Champ Car teams following open wheel unification prior to the 2008 IndyCar season.
Child sexual abuse conviction
Herb was arrested by authorities in Collier County, Florida on October 4, 2013. He was charged with numerous counts of possession of child pornography. Herb's wife reportedly went to a police station after finding pictures of nude girls on Herb's laptop. Photos on the laptop also allegedly depicted Herb engaged in sexual acts with a girl who appeared to be four years old.
On January 4, 2016, Herb pleaded no contest to lewd and lascivious molestation and 13 counts of child pornography possession and was sentenced to 25 years in prison and lifetime probation. Under current Florida law he is required to serve at least 85% of his prison sentence.
Career results
Complete American open–wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
IRL IndyCar Series
Indianapolis 500
Indy Lights
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Jon Herb
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Kenton is a suburb and electoral ward in the north west of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It borders the Town Moor and Gosforth. Kenton also has close road links to Newcastle Airport. The ward population at the 2011 Census was 11,605.
The area borders Kingston Park, notable for the Kingston Park shopping centre, as well as Kenton School, one of the largest schools in the UK with approximately 2000 students.
The nearest Tyne and Wear Metro station is Fawdon, with stations at Kingston Park and Bank Foot the other side of the A1 Western bypass. Nearby places include Fawdon and Cowgate.
Residential
Kenton contains a wide range of residential areas and developments. These residential areas range from Council housing estates to modern middle class new-builds and privately owned residential estates. In North Kenton and Kenton Bar, the housing is predominantly council owned. Kenton Lane, which runs through the heart of Kenton, contains traditional 1930s housing on both sides of the road, with more affluent households lining the streets behind.
Places of interest
Kenton contains a wide range of amenities and services for the local community, although some of these amenities are considered to be in Kingston Park and/or bordering Gosforth.
Kenton borders Kingston Park, home to the flagship Tesco Extra store, and has a smaller Tesco Express on Kenton Lane.
North Kenton hosts a shoppings centre locally known as Kenton Retail. The Shopping Centre dates back to 1950's as it was built with the grown demand of houses. The centre is part of an ongoing renovation project that started late 2014, where it has been transformed into a refreshed centre. The centre includes a number of Stores such as Spar, Boots, Premier Local, Post Office, Milligans and Subway. It also includes a Male Barber Shops and Female Salon and a number of different takeaways.
The shopping centre shares a car park with the Kenton Centre.
The Kenton Centre is located on Hillsview Avenue also includes a GP surgery, library, housing office and a social services team.
Kenton Dene is a large green space between Kenton, Montague and Cowgate that exists to the side of Kenton Lane. It has been host to many local events and festivals and is a popular area for dog walkers and walkers alike. Kenton Riding School is situated next to Kenton Dene. The dene also leads onto part of the Newcastle Moor.
Popular pubs in Kenton include the Duke of Wellington and Kenton Social Club
History
Possibly the first Kenton streets, Shiney Row & Low Row, were built for Kenton Colliery which was situated in what is now Montagu Estate. The colliery was the supply point for Kitty's Drift, a 3-mile underground railway tunnel used for transporting coal to the Bells Close staiths on the Tyne near Scotswood.
Local representation
Kenton is currently represented locally by three Labour City Councillors; Ged Bell, Stephen Lambert and Paula Maines.
Paula Maines first become a city councillor in the 2016 local elections where she in Ouseburn Ward at this time she went under the name Paula Holland and lost her reelection in 2022 local elections. As well as being a ward councillor Paula is a cabinet member for a Resilient City. Paula leads the Council’s approach to working with local communities across the city, ensuring that cultural, sporting and leisure opportunities are integrated and accessible to all. She is responsible for ensuring that resident engagement is proactive and enabling, supports an inclusive economy and fulfils the Council’s statutory requirements.
Paula provides political leadership for the Council’s community partnerships and voluntary and community sector liaison, and for ensuring that Newcastle remains a safe, resilient and welcoming city for all. Paula is responsible for:
Urban Green/parks, green spaces, allotments
Play areas and leisure facilities
Leisure Centre management
Libraries and customer services
Registrars, cemeteries, and crematorium services
Taxi licensing
The Newcastle Fund
Voluntary and Community Sector (VCS) Compact and VCS liaison
Crime, community safety and resilience planning
Promoting good community relations and combatting hate crimes
Community assets and asset transfers
Neighbourhood devolution and parish councils
Ward governance and budget
Refugees and asylum seekers
City of Sanctuary
Veterans and the Armed Forces Family/Armed Forces Covenant, including Co-operative Council
Crime, community safety and resilience planning includes:
Safe Newcastle Partnership
Tackling antisocial behaviour
Liaison with Northumbria Police
Liaison with other crime and criminal justice partners
Crime and policing panel
CCTV policy
Tackling modern slavery and human trafficking
Anya Durrant stepped down as a councilor in 2023.
Nationally, Kenton is incorporated into the Newcastle upon Tyne Central constituency which is represented by Chi Onwurah.
Schools
Kenton has four primary schools, as follows.
Mountfield Primary
St Cuthbert's Roman Catholic Primary
Wyndham Primary
Kenton Bar Primary
Secondary education and Sixth Form is provided by Kenton School.
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Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne
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As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory throughout history in all forms of art to illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners.
Writers and speakers typically use allegories to convey (semi-) hidden or complex meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey. Many allegories use personification of abstract concepts.
Etymology
First attested in English in 1382, the word allegory comes from Latin allegoria, the latinisation of the Greek ἀλληγορία (allegoría), "veiled language, figurative", which in turn comes from both ἄλλος (allos), "another, different" and ἀγορεύω (agoreuo), "to harangue, to speak in the assembly", which originates from ἀγορά (agora), "assembly".
Types
Northrop Frye discussed what he termed a "continuum of allegory", a spectrum that ranges from what he termed the "naive allegory" of the likes of The Faerie Queene, to the more private allegories of modern paradox literature.
In this perspective, the characters in a "naive" allegory are not fully three-dimensional, for each aspect of their individual personalities and of the events that befall them embodies some moral quality or other abstraction; the author has selected the allegory first, and the details merely flesh it out.
Classical allegory
The origins of allegory can be traced at least back to Homer in his "quasi-allegorical" use of personifications of, e.g., Terror (Deimos) and Fear (Phobos) at Il. 115 f. The title of "first allegorist", however, is usually awarded to whoever was the earliest to put forth allegorical interpretations of Homer. This approach leads to two possible answers: Theagenes of Rhegium (whom Porphyry calls the "first allegorist," Porph. Quaest. Hom. 1.240.14–241.12 Schrad.) or Pherecydes of Syros, both of whom are presumed to be active in the 6th century B.C.E., though Pherecydes is earlier and as he is often presumed to be the first writer of prose. The debate is complex, since it demands we observe the distinction between two often conflated uses of the Greek verb "allēgoreīn," which can mean both "to speak allegorically" and "to interpret allegorically."
In the case of "interpreting allegorically," Theagenes appears to be our earliest example. Presumably in response to proto-philosophical moral critiques of Homer (e.g., Xenophanes fr. 11 Diels-Kranz ), Theagenes proposed symbolic interpretations whereby the Gods of the Iliad actually stood for physical elements. So, Hephestus represents Fire, for instance (for which see fr. A2 in Diels-Kranz ). Some scholars, however, argue that Pherecydes cosmogonic writings anticipated Theagenes allegorical work, illustrated especially by his early placement of Time (Chronos) in his genealogy of the gods, which is thought to be a reinterpretation of the titan Kronos, from more traditional genealogies.
In classical literature two of the best-known allegories are the Cave in Plato's The Republic (Book VII) and the story of the stomach and its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa (Livy ii. 32).
Among the best-known examples of allegory, Plato's Allegory of the Cave, forms a part of his larger work The Republic. In this allegory, Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained in a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall (514a–b). The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows, using language to identify their world (514c–515a). According to the allegory, the shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality, until one of them finds his way into the outside world where he sees the actual objects that produced the shadows. He tries to tell the people in the cave of his discovery, but they do not believe him and vehemently resist his efforts to free them so they can see for themselves (516e–518a). This allegory is, on a basic level, about a philosopher who upon finding greater knowledge outside the cave of human understanding, seeks to share it as is his duty, and the foolishness of those who would ignore him because they think themselves educated enough.
In Late Antiquity Martianus Capella organized all the information a fifth-century upper-class male needed to know into an allegory of the wedding of Mercury and Philologia, with the seven liberal arts the young man needed to know as guests. Also, the Neoplatonic philosophy developed a type of allegorical reading of Homer and Plato.
Biblical allegory
Other early allegories are found in the Hebrew Bible, such as the extended metaphor in Psalm 80 of the Vine and its impressive spread and growth, representing Israel's conquest and peopling of the Promised Land. Also allegorical is Ezekiel 16 and 17, wherein the capture of that same vine by the mighty Eagle represents Israel's exile to Babylon.
Allegorical interpretation of the Bible was a common early Christian practice and continues. For example, the recently re-discovered Fourth Commentary on the Gospels by Fortunatianus of Aquileia has a comment by its English translator: "The principal characteristic of Fortunatianus' exegesis is a figurative approach, relying on a set of concepts associated with key terms in order to create an allegorical decoding of the text."
Medieval allegory
Allegory has an ability to freeze the temporality of a story, while infusing it with a spiritual context. Mediaeval thinking accepted allegory as having a reality underlying any rhetorical or fictional uses. The allegory was as true as the facts of surface appearances. Thus, the Papal Bull Unam Sanctam (1302) presents themes of the unity of Christendom with the pope as its head in which the allegorical details of the metaphors are adduced as facts on which is based a demonstration with the vocabulary of logic: "Therefore of this one and only Church there is one body and one head—not two heads as if it were a monster... If, then, the Greeks or others say that they were not committed to the care of Peter and his successors, they necessarily confess that they are not of the sheep of Christ." This text also demonstrates the frequent use of allegory in religious texts during the Mediaeval Period, following the tradition and example of the Bible.
In the late 15th century, the enigmatic Hypnerotomachia, with its elaborate woodcut illustrations, shows the influence of themed pageants and masques on contemporary allegorical representation, as humanist dialectic conveyed them.
The denial of medieval allegory as found in the 12th-century works of Hugh of St Victor and Edward Topsell's Historie of Foure-footed Beastes (London, 1607, 1653) and its replacement in the study of nature with methods of categorisation and mathematics by such figures as naturalist John Ray and the astronomer Galileo is thought to mark the beginnings of early modern science.
Modern allegory
Since meaningful stories are nearly always applicable to larger issues, allegories may be read into many stories which the author may not have recognized. This is allegoresis, or the act of reading a story as an allegory. Examples of allegory in popular culture that may or may not have been intended include the works of Bertolt Brecht, and even some works of science fiction and fantasy, such as The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis.
The story of the apple falling onto Isaac Newton's head is another famous allegory. It simplified the idea of gravity by depicting a simple way it was supposedly discovered. It also made the scientific revelation well known by condensing the theory into a short tale.
Poetry and fiction
While allegoresis may make discovery of allegory in any work, not every resonant work of modern fiction is allegorical, and some are clearly not intended to be viewed this way. According to Henry Littlefield's 1964 article, L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, may be readily understood as a plot-driven fantasy narrative in an extended fable with talking animals and broadly sketched characters, intended to discuss the politics of the time. Yet, George MacDonald emphasized in 1893 that "A fairy tale is not an allegory."
J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is another example of a well-known work mistakenly perceived as allegorical, as the author himself once stated, "...I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence. I much prefer history – true or feigned – with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers. I think that many confuse applicability with allegory, but one resides in the freedom of the reader, and the other in the purposed domination of the author."
Tolkien specifically resented the suggestion that the book's One Ring, which gives overwhelming power to those possessing it, was intended as an allegory of nuclear weapons. He noted that, had that been his intention, the book would not have ended with the Ring being destroyed but rather with an arms race in which various powers would try to obtain such a Ring for themselves. Then Tolkien went on to outline an alternative plot for "Lord of The Rings", as it would have been written had such an allegory been intended, and which would have made the book into a dystopia. While all this does not mean Tolkien's works may not be treated as having allegorical themes, especially when reinterpreted through postmodern sensibilities, it at least suggests that none were conscious in his writings. This further reinforces the idea of forced allegoresis, as allegory is often a matter of interpretation and only sometimes of original artistic intention.
Like allegorical stories, allegorical poetry has two meanings – a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.
Some unique specimens of allegory can be found in the following works:
Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene: The several knights in the poem actually stand for several virtues.
William Shakespeare – The Tempest: an allegory of the civilisation/barbarism binary as it pertains to colonialism
John Bunyan – The Pilgrim's Progress: The journey of the protagonists Christian and Evangelist symbolises the ascension of the soul from earth to Heaven.
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Young Goodman Brown: The Devil's Staff symbolises defiance of God. The characters' names, such as Goodman and Faith, ironically serve as paradox in the conclusion of the story.
Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter: The letter represents self-reliance from America's Puritan and conformity.
George Orwell – Animal Farm: The pigs stand for political figures of the Russian Revolution.
László Krasznahorkai – The Melancholy of Resistance and the film Werckmeister Harmonies: It uses a circus to describe an occupying dysfunctional government.
Edgar Allan Poe – The Masque of the Red Death: The story can be read as an allegory for humans' inability to escape death.
Arthur Miller – The Crucible: The Salem witch trials are thought to be an allegory for McCarthyism and the blacklisting of Communists in the United States of America.
Shel Silverstein – The Giving Tree: The book has been described as an allegory about relationships; between parents and children, between romantic partners, or between humans and the environment.
Art
Some elaborate and successful specimens of allegory are to be found in the following works, arranged in approximate chronological order:
Ambrogio Lorenzetti – Allegoria del Buono e Cattivo Governo e loro Effetti in Città e Campagna ()
Sandro Botticelli – Primavera ()
Albrecht Dürer – Melencolia I (1514)
Bronzino – Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time ()
The English School's – "Allegory of Queen Elizabeth" ()
Artemisia Gentileschi – Allegory of Inclination (), An Allegory of Peace and the Arts under the English Crown (1638); Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting ()
The Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist by Bartholomeus Strobel is also an allegory of Europe in the time of the Thirty Years War, with portraits of many leading political and military figures.
Jan Vermeer – Allegory of Painting ()
Fernand Le Quesne – Allégorie de la publicité
Jean-Léon Gérôme – Truth Coming Out of Her Well (1896)
Graydon Parrish – The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy (2006)
Many statues of Lady Justice: "Such visual representations have raised the question why so many allegories in the history of art, pertaining occupations once reserved for men only, are of female sex."
Damien Hirst Verity (2012)
Yves Decadt – Falling Angels : Allegories about the 7 sins and 7 virtues (2023)
Gallery
See also
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
Allegory in Renaissance literature
Allegorical sculpture
Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain
Diwan (poetry)
Freemasonry ("a system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols.")
Parable
Semiotics
Theagenes of Rhegium
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Allegory
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The history of Islam in Iraq goes back almost 1,400 years to the lifetime of Muhammad (died in 632). Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, Shia Islam (majority) and Sunni Islam (minority).
Religious cities
Iraq is home to many religious cities important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abbasids. Baghdad also is home to two prominent Shia Imams in what is known as Kadhimiya, Iraq. The city of Karbala has substantial prominence in Shia Islam as a result of the Battle of Karbala, fought in 10 October 680. Similarly, Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib (also known as "Imām Alī"), whom the Shia consider to be the righteous caliph and first imām. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world and it is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. The city of Kufa was home to the famed scholar Abu Hanifah, whose school of thought is followed by many Sunni Muslims internationally. Kufa was also the capital of the Rashidun Caliphate during the time of Ali. Likewise, Samarra is also home to the al-Askari Mosque, containing the mausoleums of the Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams respectively, as well as the maqam (or "point") of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia Madhhab. This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for Ja'farī Shia Muslims. In addition, some female relatives of Muhammad are buried in Samarra, making the city one of the most significant sites of worship for Shia Muslims and a venerated location for Sunni Muslims. Iraq was also the place of many the fitnas (schisms) that occurred in the beginning.
Demographics
The data on the religious affiliation of Iraq's population are uncertain. 95–99% of the population are Muslims. The CIA World Factbook reports a 2015 estimate according to which 29–34% are Sunni Muslims and 61-64% Shia Muslims. According to a 2011 survey by Pew Research, 51% of the Muslims identify as Shia and 42% as Sunni.
Islam in law
In 1968 the Ministry of the Interior had a prohibition on miniskirts, stating that sharia was one reason why.
Gallery
See also
Demographics of Iraq
Religion in Iraq
List of mosques in Baghdad
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Islam in Iraq
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, aka , means going to a Zen master for instruction. In the Rinzai school, it has the same meaning as dokusan, which is specifically a private interview between student and master, often centering on the student's grasp of an assigned koan. If the master rings a bell to dismiss the student, this means the student's understanding is not right and that their work with the koan must continue. It is typically held twice a day in a monastery, though during a week-long sesshin sanzen may take place as often as four times in one day.
See also
Jikido
Jikijitsu
Keisaku
Notes
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Sanzen
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Sorriso nucleare is the debut album by Italian singer-songwriter Dolcenera, released in March 2003 by Amarena Music/BMG Ricordi and produced by Lucio Fabbri.
The album was preceded by the single "Solo tu". The second single, "Siamo tutti là fuori", was the winner of the newcomer artists' section of the Sanremo Music Festival in 2003 and also won the "Press, TV and Radio Award". The album also includes a cover of the song "Piccola stella senza cielo", written and originally performed by Luciano Ligabue.
Sorriso nucleare failed to chart in the Italian Top 20.
Track listing
Singles
"Solo tu" was the first single to be released from the album in November 2002. The song allowed Dolcenera to participate in the singing contest Destinazione Sanremo, created to choose the contestants of the 53rd Sanremo Music Festival in the newcomer artists' section and broadcast on Rai 2.
In March 2003, during the Sanremo Music Festival, "Siamo tutti là fuori" was released as the second single from the album. It peaked at number 10 on the Italian Singles Chart.
The third single was "Devo andare al mare", released in June 2003 as a promo single only.
The last promo single from the album was "Vivo tutta la notte", released in early 2004.
Personnel
Dolcenera — vocals, piano
Roberto Gualdi – drums
Lucio Fabbri – guitars, bass, Hammond organ, ARP 2600, mandolin, violin, viola, cello
Francesco Sighieri – guitar, bass, programming (track 4)
Maurizio Lotito – tammorra (track 4)
Stefano Gottardis – drums (track 1)
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Sorriso nucleare
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Endless is the second EP by American metalcore band Unearth, released in September 2002.
Overview
Endless is the band's last original release under Eulogy Recordings before moving to Metal Blade Records for their later releases, and is the last record with drummer Mike Rudberg and bassist Chris Rybicki. Buz McGrath and John Maggard played bass on 3 of the EP's tracks, as Chris Rybicki left the band before its completion.
The first 3 songs on this EP were recorded by Killswitch Engage guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz. The EP was re-released as a vinyl (7") by Confined Records and only contains the tracks "Endless" and "My Desire". The entire EP also appears on their 2005 compilation album Our Days of Eulogy.
The song "Endless" features a tribute the band's first record label, Endless Fight Records, during a breakdown when the phrase "endless fight" is repeatedly screamed by vocalist Trevor Phipps. The song's lyrics also contain the phrase "winds of plague," which inspired the name of a subsequent band called Winds of Plague.
Track listing
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Endless (EP)
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The Latvian National Theatre () is one of the leading professional theatres in Latvia. The building is in the eclectic style and is an architectural and artistic monument. The country of Latvia was proclaimed in this building in the year 1918. On 23 February 2002, the theatre celebrated its 100th anniversary. The director of National Theatre of Latvia since 2006 has been Ojārs Rubenis.
Mission
The mission of Latvia's National Theatre is to be the centre of national culture and art with the goal of introducing the art of theatre and current events in culture, through national values, to an even larger part of society.
The National Theatre's vision for the future is to theatrically concentrate theatre's, art's and culture's most valuable pieces, by regularly introducing Latvian classics, original work, foreign theatre experience and current events to the viewer.
There are also plans to include the most interesting and the most talented professionals, continue the development of theatre as an art form, as well as strengthen the collaboration between theatres and other cultural organizations.
The guidelines for the National Theatre's development ensure the chance for the viewer to be introduced to all the events happening in the life of theatre in Latvia and with the most valuable foreign plays, as well as an opportunity to be a part of some of the best of the National Theatre's plays that are in the international circle.
Location
The Latvian National Theatre is situated in the centre of Latvia's capital city Riga, on the bank of the Riga Canal. Located just outside the Old Town, it stands in a park where the Citadel used to be.
History
In 1897 Riga’s city council decided that it was not enough to have just one theatre in Riga. Riga’s first theatre was the German Theatre, currently the Opera House. A competition was held to choose the design of the new building. The Augusts Reinbergs project "Dum spiro, spero" ("While I breathe, I hope") won and construction began, mainly funded by local Russian merchants and some nobility. The theatre was opened to the public on 14 September 1902 as Riga's Second (Russian) theatre (Rīgas 2. pilsētas (krievu) teātris) and held both theatre and opera performances. Although this was Russian language theatre, by 1917 Riga Latvian Society was renting the premises to hold plays in Latvian.
During the First World War the theatre was evacuated, but by 1918 it was already back in business, and on 15 October staged Richard Wagner's The Flying Dutchman. Just over a month later, Latvia declared its independence, with the declaration being read from the theatre's stage. The only remaining photograph from this historic event was taken in the theatre's main hall.
In 1919, during a brief period of Bolshevik rule, the makeshift government named it the Workers’ Theatre (Strādnieku teātris), but it became the Latvian National Theatre soon after and on 30 November the official opening took place with a staging of Rūdolfs Blaumanis "Ugunī" ("In Fire"). The creative program was authored by Jānis Akurāters, a Latvian writer, then head of the Art department of the Ministry of Education.
After the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, the name of the theatre was deemed too nationalistic, so it was renamed to Riga's Dramatic Theatre (Rīgas Drāmas teātris), only to restore the previous name in 1988, 3 years before Latvia regained its independence.
The current managing director of the theatre is Ojārs Rubenis and the artistic director is Edmunds Freibergs
Layout
The building is a combination of style; the facade has both eclectic and baroque features as well as elements of Art Nouveau, which was extremely popular in Riga at the time. The interior is very functional, but in the various ornaments, you can find elements of classicism. There are three halls in the theatre: the Great Hall (with 750 seats), the Actors Hall (with, depending on the play, 50–90 seats), and the LMT New Hall (with, depending on the play, 60–120 seats). Some seasons there is a fourth hall, "The Horror Bus", where a play by that name is held for children.
Actors
There are 49 actors, 23 freelance actors and 17 directors in the group.
Theatre group
Ainārs Ančevskis
Kaspars Aniņš
Uldis Anže
Jānis Āmanis
Romāns Bargais
Marija Bērziņa
Dace Bonāte
Madara Bore
Madara Botmane
Mārtiņš Brūveris
Indra Burkovska
Raimonds Celms
Ilva Centere
Agnese Cīrule
Maija Doveika
Uldis Dumpis
Mārtiņš Egliens
Daiga Gaismiņa
Gundars Grasbergs
Juris Hiršs
Ģirts Jakovļevs
Zane Jančevska
Astrīda Kairiša
Daiga Kažociņa
Anna Klēvere
Ivars Kļavinskis
Arturs Krūzkops
Lāsma Kugrēna
Normunds Laizāns
Juris Lisners
Ģirts Liuziniks
Dita Lūriņa
Mārcis Maņjakovs
Egils Melbārdis
Inga Misāne-Grasberga
Ivars Puga
Sanita Pušpure
Kārlis Reijers
LieneSebre
Uldis Siliņš
Jānis Skanis
Evija Skulte
Ināra Slucka
Jurģis Spulenieks
Igors Šelegovskis
Voldemārs Šoriņš
Jānis Vimba
Līga Zeļģe
Kaspars Zvīgulis
Freelance actors
Anta Aizupe
Zane Aļļēna
Lolita Cauka
Alise Danovska
Zane Dombrovska
Artis Drozdovs
Kaspars Dumburs
Rasma Garne
Baiba Indriksone
Juris Jope
Kristians Kareļins
Kārlis Krūmiņš
Ance Kukule
Kristaps Ķeselis
Līga Liepiņa
Marija Linarte
Zigurds Neimanis
Uldis Norenbergs
Ilze Rudolfa
Inta Tirole
Arno Upenieks
Māra Zemdega
Ausma Ziemele
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Latvian National Theatre
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This is a list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Gloucestershire.
Sir Edmund Tame bef. 1544–1544
Sir Anthony Kingston 1544?–1556
Sir Nicholas Arnold bef. 1558–1580
Sir Thomas Throckmorton bef. 1584 – 1602 (deprived of office)
Sir John Poyntz 1602 – aft. 1608
Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos bef. 1621–1621
Sir John Bridgeman 1621–1638
Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry 1638–1640
vacant?
Interregnum
George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley 1660–1689
Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley 1689–1710
For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire.
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Custos Rotulorum of Gloucestershire
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Partisan film () is the name for a subgenre of war films made in FPR/SFR Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In the broadest sense, main characteristics of Partisan films are that they are set in Yugoslavia during World War II and have Yugoslav Partisans as main protagonists, while the antagonists are Axis forces and their collaborators. According to Croatian film historian Ivo Škrabalo, Partisan film is "one of the most authentic genres that emerged from the Yugoslav cinema".
Definition and scope
There are disagreements, even among the film critics, about the exact definition of the genre. Partisan films are often equated solely with the populist, entertainment-oriented branch of the genre, characterized by epic scope, ensemble casts, expensive production, and emotionally intense scenes, all introduced into Yugoslav war films by Veljko Bulajić's Kozara (1962). The other branchmuch less interesting to the Communist establishmentwas represented by modernist films, ranging from the poetic naturalism of the Yugoslav Black Wave to experimental stream-of-consciousness films.
In his analysis of Fadil Hadžić's The Raid on Drvar (1963), Croatian film critic Jurica Pavičić identifies seven key characteristics of what he calls "super-Partisan films":
Focus on crucial, well-known, "textbook" examples of Partisan struggle, such as major battles and operations, which are then given an officially sanctioned interpretation.
Absence of authentic, high-profile figures of Partisan struggle, with the exception of Josip Broz Tito. In Pavičić's view, the rationale for this was to avoid threatening Tito's cult of personality.
Mosaic structure in which sometimes dozens of characters take part, and their fate is followed throughout the film. These characters represent different classes or walks of life (intellectuals, peasants), or different ethnicities.
Mixing of the comic with the tragic.
The presence of foreign (non-Yugoslav) characters as arbiters. Their role is to witness and verify the martyrdom and heroism of Yugoslav peoples as Partisan films depict them, sending a symbolical message ("There it is, the world acknowledges us as we are").
The characteristic treatment of the Germans: although they are portrayed as villains, and are demonized in various ways, they are also shown to be superior in power and discipline, and are depicted as an efficient, sophisticated, even glamorous adversary.
Deus ex machina endings, in which the Partisans break out of seemingly hopeless situations.
Pavičić's analysis was criticized for not being universally applicable to Partisan films, and a number of notable exceptions to the above formula were provided.
By the 1980s, economic hardship in the country, as well as change in the ideological landscape, particularly with the younger Yugoslav generation, caused a waning of interest in the genre, and the critical and commercial failure of Bulajić's Great Transport (1983) is usually seen as a symbolic end of the Partisan film era.
Notable films
The Last Bridge (1954 directed by Helmut Käutner)
Kozara (1962, directed by Veljko Bulajić)
The Raid on Drvar (1963, directed by Fadil Hadžić)
Nikoletina Bursać (1964, directed by Branko Bauer)
The Secret Invasion (1964, directed by Roger Corman)
Eagles Fly Early (1966, directed by Soja Jovanović)
The Demolition Squad (Diverzanti) (1967, directed by Hajrudin Krvavac)
Operation Belgrade (1968, directed by Žika Mitrović)
Bomb at 10:10 (1967, directed by Caslav Damjanovic)
Battle of Neretva (1969, directed by Veljko Bulajić, nominated for Oscar) - starring Yul Brynner
The Bridge (Most) (1969, directed by Hajrudin Krvavac)
When You Hear the Bells (1969, directed by Antun Vrdoljak)
The Pine Tree in the Mountain (1971, directed by Antun Vrdoljak)
Walter Defends Sarajevo (1972, directed by Hajrudin Krvavac)
The Battle of Sutjeska (1973, directed by Stipe Delić) - starring Richard Burton
Bombaši (1973, directed by Predrag Golubović)
Guns of War (1974, directed by Žika Mitrović)
Hell River (1974, directed by Stole Jankovic) - starring Rod Taylor and Adam West
Crveni udar (1974, directed by Predrag Golubović)
Doktor Mladen (1975, directed by Midhat Mutapdžić)
The Peaks of Zelengora (1976, directed by Zdravko Velimirović)
Maiden Bridge (1976, directed by Miomir Stamenković)
Battle for South Railway (1978, directed by Zdravko Velimirović)
Force 10 from Navarone (1978, directed by Guy Hamilton)
Boško Buha (1978, directed by Branko Bauer)
The Partisan Squadron or Battle of Eagles (1979, directed by Hajrudin Krvavac)
13th of July (1982, directed by Radomir Saranović)
Great Transport (1983, directed by Veljko Bulajić)
The Igman March (1983, directed by Zdravko Šotra)
Notable television series
Otpisani
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Partisan film
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KZZO (100.5 MHz "Now 100.5") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Sacramento, California. It broadcasts an Adult Top 40 radio format and is owned by Salt Lake City–based Bonneville International, a profit-making subsidiary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. KZZO's studios and offices are on Commerce Circle in Sacramento near the American River and the North Sacramento Freeway (California State Route 160). KZZO is one of four stations operated by Bonneville in the Sacramento radio market, along with FM stations KNCI and KYMX plus AM station KHTK.
KZZO has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 115,000 watts, grandfathered at an unusually high power. The transmitter is on Alder Creek Parkway in Folsom, near U.S. Route 50. KZZO broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format, with its HD2 digital subchannel carrying an Dance/EDM format. The station carries the Brooke & Jeffrey morning drive time show, syndicated by Premiere Networks from KQMV Seattle.
History
The station signed on the air in October 1958 as KEBR, a Christian radio station owned by Family Radio, an Oakland based organization. After a three decades of broadcasting religious music and bible talks from radio evangelist Harold Camping, Family Radio sold 100.5 to commercial owners in 1988, with Family Radio eventually relocating to KEBR (1210 AM) in Rocklin, (now South Asian station KRPU), and FM 88.1, which now carries the KEBR call letters.
The new owners installed a Smooth Jazz format on April 16, 1988, re-branded it as The Point and changed its call sign to KQPT. Over a seven-year period, The Point went through a couple of ownership changes and format tweaks (mostly towards album rock). Brown Broadcasting changed the branding to "The Zone" in September 1995 and the format to a wide-ranging AAA mix it promoted as "bands you've never heard of." Brown sold KQPT, KXOA (AM) and KXOA-FM to American Radio Systems in 1996. The call letters were switched to KZZO in 1997. There was a three-way battle for rock listeners during this period between KWOD, KRXQ (93 Rock) and "The Zone."
However, after a year as a AAA, KZZO began evolving to Hot Adult Contemporary, later moving to Modern Adult Contemporary (after the shift of KGBY to Hot Adult Contemporary in 2007). KZZO remained in that format until June 22, 2010, when it shifted to a broader Adult Top 40 direction and adopted the "Now" approach. KZZO was the first Adult Top 40 station in the CBS Radio stable to use the slogan, as "Now" is more associated with a Rhythmic pop-leaning Top 40/CHR brand; unlike other "Now" stations, KZZO, due being an Adult Top 40 and having Rhythmic Top 40 KSFM as a sister station (at the time), will not play any hip hop songs, although it does share some artists (i.e. Kesha and Lady Gaga) at both stations. In addition, KZZO has vowed not to play any gold or recurrent songs from the 80s or 90s, a message aimed directly at rival KGBY, whose playlist featured a more conventional hot AC approach. Later that year, the “Now” branding was brought onto WPBZ in West Palm Beach, Florida, a hot AC station owned by CBS Radio (this station would later flip to Sports, as WAXY-FM was sold by CBS and relocated into the Miami market). After Entercom divested KZZO, the slogan dropped the "Without the Rap" tagline.
By December 2011, KZZO became the only hot adult contemporary radio station in Sacramento due to Clear Channel changing KGBY to news-talk as KFBK-FM, simulcasting KFBK. However, the following week, KZZO no gained a competitor in KBZC, which flipped from rhythmic adult contemporary to hot AC; the competition would last until February 2017, when the station (now known as KUDL) flipped to Top 40, leaving KZZO as Sacramento's only hot AC station again.
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (which locally owned KKDO, KUDL, KSEG, KRXQ, and KIFM; the company formerly owned KDND until it shut the station down and turned in its license to the Federal Communications Commission two days later). On October 10, CBS Radio announced that as part of the process of obtaining regulatory approval of the merger, KZZO would be one of sixteen stations that would be divested by Entercom, along with sister stations KYMX, KNCI, and KHTK (KSFM would be retained by Entercom). Bonneville International began operating KZZO, KYMX, KNCI and KHTK, as well as four other stations in San Francisco, under a local marketing agreement upon the closure of the merger on November 17, 2017, on behalf of the Entercom Divestiture Trust.
On August 3, 2018, Bonneville subsequently announced its intent to acquire all eight stations outright for $141 million. The sale was completed on September 21, 2018.
Since the ownership change, KZZO has shortened its slogan to “Today’s Best Hits” (dropping the phrase “Without The Rap”) and shifted its direction towards a Mainstream Top 40 playlist to counter Entercom-owned KUDL while still maintaining its Adult Top 40 format.
Outlaw scandal
In April 2008, The Zone began a contest in which a listener would be required to correctly identify an individual as "The 100.5 The Zone $25,000 Outlaw" in order to receive a monetary prize of $25,000 cash. This was a variation of the popular radio promotion called "The $10,000 Fugitive" done on numerous stations across the country such as WBLI in Long Island.
The Zone originally posted contest rules which stated that the prize was a share certificate valued at $3,400 from the Sacramento Credit Union, that matured to the total reward value of $25,000 after 10 years. This was only temporary rules set in place while the credit union gathered the funds for the entire $25,000 cash. Only if the "Outlaw" was caught in the first few days would these rules be put into place. By the 2nd week of the promotion, the entire $25,000 cash was value of the prize, and the rules reflected that change.
On April 14, 2008, the morning show of rival radio station KDND began to advertise on their station that they were going to give away the location of the $25,000. KDND, owned by Entercom, not CBS like The Zone, used a full day worth of advertising promoting a contest on another radio station. The following morning, April 15, KDND's morning show spent the entire 7:00am hour reading the then-expired contest rules on the air. The reasons for doing this were not completely clear.
The outlaw was "caught" outside of the Nugget Market in Rocklin, California on April 29, 2008 at noon. The winner was greeted by Zone Staff with the letter from Sacramento Credit Union redeemable for $25,000. The video can be seen on YouTube.
High Power Transmitter
KZZO has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 115,000 watts. It is grandfathered at a much higher power than other FM stations in Sacramento, which are limited these days to 50,000 watts. On the other hand, its height above average terrain (HAAT) is , using a tower not as tall as most Sacramento FM outlets. So its signal covers a larger region of Northern California than the others, but not by a dramatic margin. KZZO's signal can be easily heard as far north as Yuba City, as far south as Lodi and Stockton and as far west as Vacaville. Under tropo conditions, it is occasionally picked up in the San Francisco Bay Area.
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KZZO
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Ronald Anthony Cross (September 12, 1937, Hollywood – March 1, 2006, Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California) was an American science fiction and fantasy author. He published his first science fiction story in 1973.
Works
The Eternal Guardians
The Fourth Guardian, Tor Books, March 1994,
The Lost Guardian, Tor Books, April 1995,
Paperback edition: Tor Books, August 1996,
White Guardian, Tor Books, May 1998,
Standalone novels
Prisoners of Paradise, Franklin Watts, October 1988,
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Ronald Anthony Cross
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Most gold mining in Virginia was concentrated in the Virginia Gold-Pyrite belt in a line that runs northeast to southwest through the counties of Fairfax, Prince William, Stafford, Fauquier, Culpeper, Spotsylvania, Orange, Louisa, Fluvanna, Goochland, Cumberland, and Buckingham. Some gold was also mined in Halifax, Floyd, and Patrick counties.
History of Virginia gold mining
The earliest recording of gold mining activity in Virginia began about 1804 as placer mining, followed quickly by lode mining. Mining continued unabated until the onset of the California Gold Rush, at which point most serious speculators moved west. Production continued at a low level until the Civil War, when it virtually ground to a halt.
Near the end of the war, Union troops began a systematic campaign to destroy the economic base of the South. Many gold mines were subsequently damaged beyond repair. Most were, by this time, marginal producers, their ores of such low concentrate as to stretch the limits of the mercury amalgam (chemistry) recovery technology of the day. Many of these mines never reopened.
Other mines did, however, and gold production in Virginia continued until World War II, when, on October 8, 1942, the War Production Board issued Limitation Order L-208, which branded gold production as a non-essential and directed all but the smallest of gold mines to shut down so their labor force could be used elsewhere to support the war effort.
Economic conditions following the war were such that few miners returned to mining, so only a handful of mines reopened. For all practical purposes, commercial gold production in Virginia ceased after 1948.
At its peak, Virginia was the third largest gold producing state, and the heart of the gold production area was at the junction of Spotsylvania, Culpeper, Greene near Wood Dr., and Orange counties near Wilderness.
Modern era
More than 300 prospects and mines are known to have existed in Virginia, yet very few, if any at all, are commercially active at this time. Amateur and hobby prospecting continues to this day, primarily consisting of individual or small scale placer operations. Many hobbyists simply use a gold pan or a sluice box.
Museums and displays about gold mining
Lake Anna State Park contains the remnants of the Goodwin mine and some historical displays. Gold panning is permitted on the park grounds.
Monroe Park in Goldvein has a museum about gold mining operations in the area, with some reconstructed buildings and historical artifacts.
List of gold mines, claims, and prospects
Since most commercial gold activity ceased in the late 1940s, records are scant. This list is not complete.
quadrangles are USGS 7.5 minute quads and the coordinates are UTM.
Mines in Buckingham County
Anaconda mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,165,950 E 729,000 (Zone 17)
Anderson mine
Quadrangle: Andersonville
Location:N 4,149,050 E 715,050 (Zone 17)
Apperson mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,160,830 E 724,830 (Zone 17)
Bondurant mine
Quadrangle: Andersonville
Location:N 4,147,630 E 713,180 (Zone 17)
Buckingham (Wiseman) mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,158,740 E 723,820 (Zone 17)
Burnett (Staples) mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,160,010 E 724,400 (Zone 17)
Copal (Kopall) mine
Quadrangle: Andersonville
Location: N 4,147,580 E 715,500 (Zone 17)
Duncan mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,163,050 E 726,150 (Zone 17)
Flood (James Anderson's) mine
Quadrangle: Andersonville
Location: N 4,146.340 E 712.190 (Zone 17)
Ford mine
Quadrangle: Diana Mills
Location: N 4,174,840 E 730,820 (Zone 17)
Gilliam mine
Quadrangle: Andersonville
Location: N 4,145,400 E 711,420 (Zone 17)
Greelsy (Ayers) mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,162,120 E 730,510 (Zone 17)
Hudgins mine
Quadrangle: Arvonia
Location: N 4,173,530 E 737,360 (Zone 17)
Lightfoot (Cowan) mine
Quadrangle: Diana Mills
Location: N 4,175,860 E 731,370 (Zone 17)
London and Virginia mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,418,860 E 723,980 (Zone 17)
Morrow (Booker, Garnett, Moseley) mine
Quadrangle: Willis Mountain
Location: N 4,152,590 E 721,570 (Zone 17)
Morton (Hobson) mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: N 4,166,920 E 728,800 (Zone 17)
Philadelphia (Allen)mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location: Near the London and Virginia mine.
Rough and Ready mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location:N 4,166,270 E 728,470 (Zone 17)
Seay mine
Quadrangle: Willis Mountain
Location:N 4,152,770 E 721,350 (Zone 17)
Williams mine
Quadrangle: Dillwyn
Location:N 4,158,070 E 723,130 (Zone 17)
Willis Creek mine
Quadrangle: Andersonville
Location:N 4,146,230 E 710,500 (Zone 17)
Mines with insufficient data
Piedmont mine
Walker mine
Mines in Carroll County
Woodlawn mine
Quadrangle: Woodlawn
Location: N 4,063,540 E 515,020 (Zone 17)
Mines in Culpeper County
Childsburg (Childsbury) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,255,260 E 263,870 (Zone 18)
Cromarty mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,253,500 E 264,790 (Zone 18)
Culpeper (Hempstead) mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,250,700 E 262,790 (Zone 18)
Dry Bottom mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,251,940 E 265,010 (Zone 18)
Eagle mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,251,530 E 263,720 (Zone 18)
Ellis (Eley) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,254,840 E 264,930 (Zone 18)
Embrey (Embry, Embry and Brooks) mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,250,230 E 263,120 (Zone 18)
Field's mine
Quadrangle: Germanna Bridge
Location: N 4,255,760 E 259,790 (Zone 18)
Greeley Horace mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,251,330 E 263,520 (Zone 18)
Hill mine
Quadrangle: Castleton
Location: N 4,265,890 E 760,320 (Zone 17)
Love mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,251,560 E 263,060 (Zone 18)
Milbank (Millbank) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: East-northeast of Richardsville, south of the Rappahannock River.
Morganna (Morgana) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,255,490 E 266,300 (Zone 18)
Ricardsville mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: Near Richardsville
Rossin's (Rossin's Mountain) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,252,260 E 262,600 (Zone 18)
Smith mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,250,490 E 264,450 (Zone 18)
Urquhart mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,254,490 E 264,450 (Zone 18)
Mines that had insufficient data
Enterprise
Everlasting
Pennsylvania
Mines in Cumberland County
Dickey, C. S. mine
Quadrangle: Lakeside Village
Location: N 4,175,660 E 751,780 (Zone 17)
Mines in Fairfax County
Bull Neck (Kirk) mine
Quadrangle: Falls Church
Location: N 4,315,060 E 307,990 (Zone 18)
Mines in Fauquier County
Fauquier County's Gold Mining Museum at Monroe Park
Bancroft (Bancroff) mine (2 mines)
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,262,340 E 262,680 / N 4,261,490 E 263,260 (Zone 18)
Cool Spring (Stringfellow) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,260,180 E 266,920 (Zone 18)
Embrey mine
Quadrangle: Midland
Location: N 4,264,900 E 264,190 (Zone 18)
Emigold mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: Near Goldvein, Va
Franklin (Deep Run) mine
Quadrangle: Midland
Location: 4,264,710 E 267,970 (Zone 18)
First mine in the county, opened in 1825.
Gamewood mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,261,890 (Zone 18)
Johnston mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,256,800 E 268,140 (Zone 18)
Kelly (Kelley)mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,260,340 E 260,100 (Zone 18)
Kidwell mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,258,130 E 260,830 (Zone 18)
Kirk mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,264,060 E 267,680 (Zone 18)
Liberty mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,259,310 E 266,380 (Zone 18)
Liepold (Leopold, Stone) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,263,940 E 263,970 (Zone 18)
Little Elliot mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,260,450 E 266,450 (Zone 18)
Pine View mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,259,640 E 265,380 (Zone 18)
Pollard (Polland) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,261,520 E 261,360 (Zone 18)
Randolph (Sugar) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,260,940 E 266,210 (Zone 18)
Union mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,258,030 E 265,730 (Zone 18)
Waterman mine
Quadrangle: Midland
Location: N 4,264,470 E 267,570 (Zone 18)
Wykoff (Wycoff, Quartz) mine
Quadrangle: Richardsville
Location: N 4,263,020 E 266,640 (Zone 18)
Mines in Floyd County
Black Run mine
Quadrangle: Floyd
Location: About northwest of Floyd, in the stream bed of Black run (unable to locate), which empties into Little River, off the northwest side of State Highway 8.
Brush Creek mine
Quadrangle: Pilot
Location: N 4,100,810 E 561,200 (Zone 17)
Laurel Creek mine
Quadrangle: Pilot
Location: N 4,097,270 E 560,250 (Zone 17)
McAlexander, Lester (Luster) mine
Quadrangle: Alum Ridge
Location: About northeast of Alum Ridge, just off the west side of State Road 617 approximately by road north of its intersection with State Highway 8.
Mines in Fluvanna County
Bartlett mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: About north of Columbia on Bartlett Branch, a tributary off the east side of Byrd Creek, approximately northwest of the intersection of Byrd Creek (at old Bowles bridge) with State Road 605.
Bowles mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,194,540 E 755,890 (Zone 17)
Cassell's mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,191,490 E 751,390 (Zone 17)
Cocke mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,188,600 E 751,060 (Zone 17)
Fountain mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,189,630 E 751,990 (Zone 17)
Hughes mine
Quadrangle: Palmyra
Location: N 4,185,510 E 738,510 (Zone 17)
Jennings mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,191,320 E 753,710 (Zone 17)
Marks, Lemuel mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,190,560 E 752,960 (Zone 17)
McGloam mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,193,320 E 754,840 (Zone 17)
Mosby mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,190,110 E 752,590 (Zone 17)
Page mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,192,390 E 743,960 (Zone 17)
Previous User contribution:(Believe this should be the "Long Island Mine", named after the Long Island Creek in Fluvanna where it was located. It was established by George Pace in the 1830s, and thus is also commonly called "the Pace Mine".)
Prospect A
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,190,920 E 753,780 (Zone 17)
Prospect B
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,190,420 E 753,680 (Zone 17)
Scotia (Hodges vein) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,190,740 E 754,090 (Zone 17)
Scotia (Perkins, Telluruim Vein) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,191,920 E 754,410 (Zone 17)
Shaw (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,194,260 E 755,130 / N 4,195,130 E 755,150 (Zone 17)
Snead mine
Quadrangle: Palmyra
Location: N 4,184,760 E 741,590 (Zone 17)
Stockton Tunnel mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: N 4,193,840 E 744,450 (Zone 17)
Tellurium mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,192,220 E 754,650 (Zone 17)
Mines that had insufficient data
Chalk Level
Mines in Goochland County
Atmore (Admore) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,140 E 754,470 (Zone 17)
Belzord (Belzora, Belzow) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,850 E 756,170 (Zone 17)
Benton mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,194,810 E 758,690 (Zone 17)
Bertha and Edith (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia / Columbia
Location: N 4,185,880 E 753,100 / N 4,187,300 E 753,100 (Zone 17)
Big Bird mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,670 E 756,130 (Zone 17)
Bowles (Boles) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,192,580 E 755,360 (Zone 17)
Busby (Busbee, Groom) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,193,110 E 756,980 (Zone 17)
Chatlier mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,191,720 E 754,900 (Zone 17)
Collins mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,189,130 E 757,160 (Zone 17)
the first gold mine in Goochland county
Dillard mine
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: About northeast of Columbia, along the west side of Byrd Creek, north of State Road 667 from a point approximately by State Road 667 west of its crossing over Byrd Creek.
Duke mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,670 E 755,580 (Zone 17)
Eades mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,670 E 756,130 (Zone 17)
Fisher mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,191,260 E 755,750 (Zone 17)
Fleming (Hodge's) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,194,730 E 759,000 (Zone 17)
Goochland mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: Around the headwaters of Little Byrd Creek.
Grannison (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,189,060 E 754,030 / N 4,188,690 E 754,520 (Zone 17)
Johnson, David mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,190,000 E 756,490 (Zone 17)
Kent (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,187,970 E 753,750 / N 4,187,600 E 753,750 (Zone 17)
Laury mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,670 E 756,130 (Zone 17)
Marks, Lancelot mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,670 E 756,130 (Zone 17)
Massachusetts mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: Within of the Terllurium mine.
Morgan (Robert Hughes) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,189,370 E 755,920 (Zone 17)
Moss mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,192,720 E 756,450 (Zone 17)
Omohundro mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,190,320 E 756,260 (Zone 17)
Payne mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,193,690 E 757,620 (Zone 17)
Prospect A
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,193,280 E 756,590 (Zone 17)
Prospect B
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,193,100 E 756,280 (Zone 17)
Prospect C
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,192,250 E 755,480 (Zone 17)
Pryor (Pryer) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,192,230 E 757,230 (Zone 17)
Ruth
Quadrangle: Columbia
Location: About northeast of Columbia, along and on both sides of a stream flowing southward and near its confluence with Byrd Creek, about north of State Road 667 from a point approximately by road west of its crossing over Byrd Creek.
Shannon Hill mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,195,680 E 760,100 (Zone 17)
Tellurium (Fisher, Hughes, Red) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,192,420 E 755,030 (Zone 17)
where it is believed that the first stamp mill in the U.S. operated
Thompson, John mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,189,530 E 756,340 (Zone 17)
Toler mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,188,720 E 755,900 (Zone 17)
Waller mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,193,910 E 759,090 (Zone 17)
Young American (Gilmer, Gilmore) (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Caledonia
Location: N 4,190,010 E 756,240 / N 4,189,900 E 756,010 (Zone 17)
Mines that had insufficient data
Argus mine
Banks mine
Johnson, Benjamin mine
Manning mine
McGee mine
Moon Sea mine
Nicholas mine
Pace mine
Richmond mine
Taugus mine
Tyler mine
Walters mine
Mines in Halifax County
Luce and Howard (Howard, Tallyhill) mine
Quadrangle: Nelson
Location: N 4,052,860 E 701,730 (Zone 17)
Poole and Harris (Pool) mine
Quadrangle: Nelson
Location: N 4,050,120 E 701,770 (Zone 17)
Red Bank (Goldbank) mine
Quadrangle: Nelson
Location: N 4,052,590 E 701,700 (Zone 17)
Mines in Loudoun County
Loudoun mine
Quadrangle: Harpers Ferry
Location: About north-northwest of Lovettsville, on the right bank of Dutchman Creek where it empties into the Potomac River.
Mines in Louisa County
Allah Cooper (Ali Cooper, Valcooper, Alley-Cooper) mine
Quadrangle: Lake Anna West
Location: N 4,217,670 E 249,180 (Zone 18)
Belden mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,211,570 E 249,180 (Zone 18)
Bibb mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,210,130 E 246,440 (Zone 18)
Boxley's mine
Quadrangle: Lake Anna West
Location: About northeast of Mineral, just north of and now in the flooded area of Contrary Creek, just west of its intersection with State Road 652.
Chick mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,210,880 E 246,880 (Zone 18)
Cooper mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,213,140 E 245,430 (Zone 18)
Harris mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,210,310 E 246,560 (Zone 18)
Jenkins mine
Quadrangle: Lake Anna West
Location: N 4,216,520 E 248,960 (Zone 18)
Lett mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,212,080 E 244,880 (Zone 18)
Louisa mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,207,490 E 245,280 (Zone 18)
Luce mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,208,410 E 245,260 (Zone 18)
MacDonald mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,209,180 E 242,560 (Zone 18)
Morriston mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,210,720 E 246,800 (Zone 18)
New Luce mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,209,020 E 245,670 (Zone 18)
Proffit mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,206,950 E 243,670 (Zone 18)
Ricswan mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,207,690 E 244,490 (Zone 18)
Slate Hill mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,207,930 E 244,740 (Zone 18)
Stockton mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,210,780 E 246,780 (Zone 18)
Thomasson's mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,205,840 E 242,640 (Zone 18)
Tinder (Tinder Flats) mine
Quadrangle: Lake Anne West
Location: N 4,216,660 E 248,020 (Zone 18)
Triple Fork mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: About north of mineral, off the northwest side od US.S. Highway 522 approximately bt road northeast of its intersection with State Road 667.
Twin Vein mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: About southwest of Mineral; according to the Spotsylvania County Deed Books, the mine is located on the old R.E. Dolan property known as the Louisa Gold Company Land tract comprising 766 arces, which includes the Waddy tract and the Waldorf tract; near the property of Lewis Thomasson on and along the old Richmond Road (U.S. Highway 33)
Walnut Grove mine
Quadrangle: Pendleton
Location: N 4,205,640 E 242,480 (Zone 18)
Walton mine
Quadrangle: Mineral
Location: N 4,212,810 E 245,180 (Zone 18)
Warren Hill mine
Quadrangle: -
Location: On the "Fisher Lode"
Mines by another user contributions
Armenious mine, located somewhere near Mineral, location uncertain
Dolan mine
Hemmer mine, located about north of Mineral
Hunter prospect, located about NW of Mineral south of SR-22
Josh mine, located about SW of Yanceyville
Mines in Montgomery County
Brush Creek mine
Quadrangle: Pilot
Location: N 4,100,370 E 560,420 (Zone 17)
Mines in Orange County
Ambler mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,244,510 E 260,150 (Zone 18)
Dickey mine
Quadrangle: Mine Run
Location: N 4,240,540 E 249,650 (Zone 18)
Gordon's, H (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: -
Location: N 4,247,870 E 258,640 / N 4,247,540 E 258,480 (Zone 18)
Grasty mine
Quadrangle: Mine Run
Location: N 4,240,470 E 249,470 (Zone 18)
Greenwood (Laird) mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,247,180 E 261,930 (Zone 18)
Jones mine
Quadrangle: Mine Run
Location: N 4,248,500 E 254,140 (Zone 18)
Melville (Rapidan) mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,249,140 E 261,930 (Zone 18)
Old Tinder mine
Quadrangle: Mine Run
Location: N 4,240,350 E 249,370 (Zone 18)
Orange Grove mine
Quadrangle: Mine Run
Location: N 4,246,420 E 258,070 (Zone 18)
Partridge mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,248,830 E 259,860 (Zone 18)
Prospect A mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,244,790 E 260,390 (Zone 18)
Saunders (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Lahore
Location: N 4,235,290 E 245,470 (Zone 18)
Seldon mine
Quadrangle: Lahore
Location: N 4,235,330 E 248,270 (Zone 18)
Somerville mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: Just west of Wilderness.
Stuart mine
Quadrangle: Lahore
Location: N 4,234,870 E 242,930 (Zone 18)
Vaucluse (Grimes, Grymes)(2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,248,390 E 261,560 / N 4,248,220 E 261,430 / N 4,248,110 E 261,390 (Zone 18)
Wilderness mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,246,430 E 261,240 (Zone 18)
Woodman mine
Quadrangle: Mine Run
Location: Lower Orange County
Woodville mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,246,140 E 260,630 (Zone 18)
Young mine
Quadrangle: Lahore
Location: N 4,234,670 E 245,020 (Zone 18)
Mines with insufficient data
Randolph mine
Mines in Patrick County
Polebridge Creek mine
Quadrangle: Patrick Springs
Location: N 4,064,570 E 576,340 (Zone 17)
Mines in Prince William County
Cabin Branch (Dumfries) mine
Quadrangle: Patrick Springs
Location: N 4,271,980 E 295,420 (Zone 18)
Crawford (Neabsco Creek) mine
Quadrangle: Quantico
Location: N 4,277,360 E 299,620 (Zone 18)
Greenwood Gold Mine
Quadrangle: Independent Hill
Location: N 4,278,360 E 288,260 (Zone 18)
Mines in Spotsylvania County
Anderson's mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: About southwest of Parker, probably on Robertson Run, west of the Old Shady Grove church.
Beazley mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,236,840 E 258,660 (Zone 18)
Bell mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,246,140 E 274,320 (Zone 18)
Brinton mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,248,350 E 269,930 (Zone 18)
Faws Tract mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: About west of Fredericksburg, near the old Wilderness Tavern, southwest of the Greenwood mine.
Furnace mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,240,960 E 267,950 (Zone 18)
Gardiner mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,245,730 E 271,870 (Zone 18)
Goodwyn (Goodwins, Pocahontas) mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,244,820 E 254,030 (Zone 18)
Grindstone Hill mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,230,790 E 257,780 (Zone 18)
Higgins (Huggin's) mine
Quadrangle: Brokenburg
Location: On Upper Po River, near the Whitehall mine.
Horde mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: Near the United States Ford at confluence of Rapidan and Rappahannock Rivers.
Hunting Run mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,246,630 E 267,790 (Zone 18)
Johnston's (Johnston) mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,229,740 E 258,440 (Zone 18)
Julian mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: Tract lies near southwest bank of the Rappahannock River.
Knapp (New Dominion) mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,224,810 E 254,260 (Zone 18)
Marsden mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,240,150 E 262,150 (Zone 18)
Mitchell (Old Dominion, Emily) mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,228,700 E 256,340 (Zone 18)
Mott mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,244,630 E 275,710 (Zone 18)
New Grindstone mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,231,210 E 256,780 (Zone 18)
Powell's (Powells, Jerdones) mine
Quadrangle: Brokenburg
Location: N 4,232,270 E 259,440 (Zone 18)
Prospect A
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,243,350 E 266,790 (Zone 18)
Prospect B
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,230,750 E 256,550 (Zone 18)
Quaker mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: N 4,238,590 E 265,430 (Zone 18)
Ramsey mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,246,850 E 274,860 (Zone 18)
Randolph mine
Quadrangle: Brokenburg
Location: N 4,236,570 E 261,310 (Zone 18)
Rawlings mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,231,450 E 257,010 (Zone 18)
Roney mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,232,650 E 258,130 (Zone 18)
Smith mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,245,370 E 273,670 (Zone 18)
Starrs (Stajar's Stairs) mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,225,110 E 254,060 (Zone 18)
Trigg mine
Quadrangle: Chancellorsville
Location: Near Brockville (now Bockroad), According to Spotsylvania County Deed books, the old mine is located near Stephens Station on the south side of the Old Potomac, Piedmont and Fredericksburg Railway; a tract of approximately bounded by lands of Oscar Todd, George Rowe Welford and Alexander B. Hawkins.
UNITED STATES (Welford) mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,248,480 E 270,940 (Zone 18)
Valzinco (Halladay, Holloday) mine
Quadrangle: Belmont
Location: N 4,228,850 E 254,940 (Zone 18)
Whitehall mine
Quadrangle: Brokenburg
Location: N 4,235,680 E 260,320 (Zone 18)
Mines with insufficient data
Donnings mine
Gold Flat mine
Marshall mine
Pulliam (Pullman) mine
Quisenberry mine
Spotsylvania mine
Mines in Stafford County
Eagle (Rappahannock, Smith, Morgan and Rappahannock) mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,249,440 E 272,560 (Zone 18)
Elliot Farm mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,250,400 E 272,290 (Zone 18)
Horse Pen (Horse Pin, Hospen, Rattlesnake) (2 mines) mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,248,860 E 274,170 / N 4,248,750 E 274,020 (Zone 18)
Lee mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,249,290 E 275,130 (Zone 18)
MacDonald mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,249,720 E 274,280 (Zone 18)
Monroe mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,250,370 E 271,960 (Zone 18)
New Hope (Newhope) mine
Quadrangle: Storck
Location: N 4,252,240 E 276,060 (Zone 18)
Pris-King (2 shafts) mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,250,140 E 273,160 / N 4,250,000 E 273,090 (Zone 18)
Prospect A
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,249,830 E 272,920 (Zone 18)
Wiseman mine
Quadrangle: Salem Church
Location: N 4,247,920 E 273,240 (Zone 18)
Mines with insufficient data
Brower mine
Fairview mine
Stafford mine
Mines in Warren County
Gooney-Manor mine
Quadrangle: Front Royal
Location: N 4,307,220 E 739,340 (Zone 17)
Other mines, claims, and prospects
Crawford placer prospect, in Dale City on Neabsco Creek about 500 yards west of I-95
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Gold mining in Virginia
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The Final Sanction is a BBC Books original novel written by Steve Lyons and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Second Doctor, Zoe and Jamie. It was the last book in the series to use the "silver" version of the film logo.
Synopsis
It is the second and so far final encounter between the Doctor and the Selachians, first introduced by Lyons in his previous Second Doctor novel, The Murder Game. The year is 2204. The Doctor is caught in human history. When the TARDIS is stolen and Zoe is kidnapped by a Selachian he is forced to intervene in a war. The Doctor most make a painful choice which is more important the flow of a time stream or the lives of his companions.
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The Final Sanction (novel)
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Aragona ( or Raona) is a commune in the province of Agrigento, Sicily, southern Italy. It is northeast of Agrigento. It is known mainly for the Macalube natural reserve and for being the Italian municipality with the highest emigration rate.
Geography
The sulfur mine Mandra, today inactive, is located in the municipality.
Aragona is part of the agricultural region Platani Hills ().
Bounding communes are:
Agrigento
Campofranco
Casteltermini
Comitini
Favara
Grotte
Joppolo Giancaxio
Sant'Angelo Muxaro
Santa Elisabetta
History
Aragona is located on the eastern slopes of the Mount Belvedere at an altitude of 428 m. In the 13th century, the Castello di Barrugeri was built near what is now Aragona, but it no longer exists. The town was founded on 6 January 1606, upon the initiative of lord Baldassare III Naselli, Count of Comiso. He had previously submitted a request for the foundation of a new village in his fiefdom of Diesi during the 49th Extraordinary General Parliament, overseen by the Spanish viceroy Lorenzo Suarez de Figueroa e Cordoba on 2 August 1604, in Messina. On 6 September that year the viceroy ordered an official investigation into the matter, which eventually resulted on 6 January 1606 in the granting of a licentia populandi, i.e. the permission to increase the fief's population. The new village was named after the Count's mother, donna Beatrice Aragona Branciforti.
Culture
Cinema
In the 1950 Italian language drama film Path of Hope () directed by Pietro Germi, Aragona is featured for a little over a minute, with a panoramic view of the historical city center, dominated by the Palace of the Naselli Princes, and part of the cemetery.
In Aragona were filmed parts of the 1994 Italian language drama film Law of Courage (), directed by Alessandro Di Robilant about the life of Rosario Livatino, a magistrate murdered by the mafia in 1990.
Between 1999 and 2000 the movie on the Marcinelle mines is filmed there.
Aragona is featured in the 2009 movie Rehearsal for a Sicilian Tragedy () with and by John Turturro, which was presented at the 66th edition of the Venice Film Festival.
Television
Televideo Aragona.
Cuisine
The taganu is a dish cooked with Rigatoni, eggs and tuma (cheese) a typical local fresh, non-salted cheese made from sheep's milk. The name derives from the name of the pot in which it is cooked on the Holy Saturday, to be then consumed on Easter Monday. It is baked for two hours and can be eaten hot or cold. It is accompanied by a white wine.
Another typical dish of the local cuisine is the 'mbriulata, which consists of dough filled with olives, caramelized onions, crumbled sausage, oil, salt and pepper. They are then rolled into the form of a bun and placed in the oven for 40 minutes.
Main sights
In Aragona
The 17th century Prince Palace in Piazza Umberto I. The City Hall was located there before it moved to its current location in via Roma 161, Aragona's central street.
The Church of the Rosario in piazza Umberto I, built in 1689.
The Mother Church of Nostra Signora dei Tre Re (Our Lady of the Three Kings) in piazza Matrice, built in 1606.
Near Aragona
The Natural Reserve Macalube of Aragona (singular macaluba, from Arabic maqlūbah, '(a land) that turns over', from the verb qalaba 'to turn over, turn upside down, invert') is the site of a particular and rare phenomenon of sedimentary volcanism. It is located 4 km SO of Aragona and 15 km North of Agrigento. The reserve proper extends over 93 ha and only research activities or authorized guided tours can be performed there. A buffer area of 163 ha surrounds the reserve and it is open to visitors.
Archeological remains of a Roman Villa in contrada Fontanazza.
The Salto D’Angio Tower, 5 km north of Aragona, which also offer a panoramic view of the surrounding area.
People
The mother of brothers John Turturro and Nicholas Turturro is from Aragona.
Dominique Fidanza, former member of the Lollipop.
Vincenzo Scifo, Belgian football player
Pietro Zammuto, football player
Transportation
There is a railroad station located in Aragona Caldare.
Twin towns
La Louvière, Belgium, since 2010
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Aragona
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Bruno's Supermarkets, LLC was an American chain of grocery stores with its headquarters in Birmingham, Alabama.
It was founded in 1932 by Joseph Bruno in Birmingham. During the company's pinnacle, it operated over 300 stores under the names Bruno's, Food World, Foodmax, Food Fair, Fresh Value, Vincent's Markets, Piggly Wiggly, Consumer Foods, and American Fare in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and South Carolina. The chain was acquired by Birmingham-based Belle Foods which discontinued the brand in 2012.
History
The company began during the Great Depression as a market opened in Birmingham, Alabama, by Joseph Sam Bruno (October 2, 1912 – January 24, 1996), the son of immigrants from Bisacquino, Sicily.
According to the 1983 book Joe: The Fiftieth Anniversary of Bruno’s Food Stores by Pat Dunbar, "the store would have fit into a modern day meat cooler." The company grew steadily, with ten stores in place during the 1950s, and 29 stores open under the Bruno's name when it became a publicly traded company in 1971. In 1972, Bruno's opened its discount grocery chain, Food World, which was followed by warehouse-oriented Consumer Foods. As Food World and Consumer Foods became more profitable, the old Bruno's stores began to be phased out. Consumer Foods was replaced by Food Fair in 1983, and in 1984 Bruno's opened its first Foodmax stores. The 1980s and early 1990s saw Bruno's as a dominant force, not only in Alabama, but in the Southeastern US. In 1988, Bruno's acquired Piggly Wiggly Southern, which operated stores in Georgia. Everything changed when Bruno's top executives, including the chairman and vice chairman of the board, were killed in a plane crash.
On December 11, 1991, the nearly $3 billion (~$ in ) company suffered a catastrophic blow when its corporate jet crashed into Lavender Mountain in Rome, Georgia, killing all 9 passengers: the chairman of the board, Mr. Angelo Bruno; his brother, the vice chairman of the board, Mr. Lee Bruno; Mr Sam Vacarella, senior vice president of merchandising; Mr. Edward C. Hyde, vice president of store operations; Mr. Randy Page, vice president of personnel; Mr. Karl Molica, director of produce; Mrs. Mary Faust, an advertising executive; and two pilots, Mr. John Tesney, and Mr Rob Stamps. The cause of the crash was not released until April 1992 along with the NTSB report, citing pilot error as the main cause of the crash. The senior pilot, John Tesney, who had been flying since World War II, was known for not following procedures and taking unnecessary risks. His co-pilot, Rob Stamps was known for his very keen experience with instrument and technical knowledge of flying. Stamps had already filed two reports/complaints with the FAA regarding John Tesney's disregard of proper aircraft procedures, none of which were followed up due to Tesney's length of flight time and experience. The most basic pre-flight tasks were ignored by the pilot John Tensey the morning of the crash. There was not a pre-flight checklist followed, in a hurry, the aircraft established VFR (visual flight rules) but did not have IFR (instrument flight rules) clearance, which could have only come from Atlanta, GA, because Rome, GA's small airport did not have radar. A very low fog was observed upon landing in Rome, GA nearly an hour before the accident. The Tower at Rome granted VFR clearance with the aircraft planning to get IFR clearance once airborne. There was not only heavy fog with a very low ceiling but there was another smaller prop aircraft student pilot flying above the clouds over Russell Regional Airport, in Rome, GA as well as a TV/Radio tower to the left of the runway at Rome. Neglecting for known knowledge of the heavy fog, TV tower, and small student aircraft that was observed and notated upon landing, the Beechjet received clearance to take off and began to taxi down the runway and lift off and fly to Huntsville, AL. Once in the air, the pilot, John Tesney, became aware of the smaller student aircraft, the TV Tower, and the very low ceiling. Unsure of his proximity to Lavender Mountain, Tesney pulled the aircraft to make a right 360-degree turn to take off and circle back over the airport and then push through the clouds on the way to Rome. Having neglected a pre-flight checklist, heavy fog warning from the tower, and constant warning from co-pilot, Rob Stamps, regarding the location of Lavender Mountain, Tesney took control of the aircraft, climbed using only VFR clearance, and struck the mountain traveling about 280mph, missing clearance of the mountain by only 100 feet. Upon reading the full FAA report, a former US Air Force veteran and 30 year FAA Air Traffic Controller stated it was the most preventable accident that he had ever read about in his entire career.
Following the crash, only 3-5 executives were left, including Founder Joe A. Bruno, who would pass away, at age 83, in 1996, his nephew CEO Ronald G. Bruno, who inherited his father's shares of the company stock making him the de facto chairman of the Board, Executive VP Paul Garrison, and Sr. VP for Store Operations, Samie Manzella, with a few others. With the majority of the company leadership and experienced grocers now deceased, the company quickly lost footing in the Birmingham, AL area along with other states and within four years the company had been sold to KKR, a grocery stores conglomerate.
The crash caused a large outpouring of grief among the Birmingham metropolitan community due to the family and the company's well-known philanthropic contributions. Bruno's quickly cut ties with the families who had lost loved ones in December 1991, as lawsuits began to be filed due to Bruno's gross neglect, causing the airplane crash. In an effort to memorialize Angelo and Lee Bruno, The Bruno's Classic, a PGA Seniors Tour tournament which was announced just prior to the crash, was renamed the Bruno's Memorial Classic.
The 1990s also saw the reintroduction of the Bruno's banner on stores, this time as Bruno's Supercenters and Bruno's Food and Pharmacy, both of which were upper-class stores. In 1996, Bruno's began converting its Foodmax stores to the Bruno's banner in the Nashville, Tennessee, market, including the construction of several new stores to replace smaller, aging ones. Before the process was complete (some stores carried Foodmax signage on the outside and Bruno's signage inside), the company sold these stores to Albertsons, which finished construction, but spent less than four years in the market before shuttering all of its Nashville-area locations (most of which later became Publix). In January the same year, Joseph Bruno died at the age of 83.
Another concept, the upscale Vincent's Market, was tried in a one-location experiment in Homewood, Alabama. The experimental store featured a wide variety of prepared foods such as seafood, bakery goods and take-out meals as well as regular grocery sales. Around 2000, Vincent's Market was converted to the Bruno's nameplate (though it was largely unchanged otherwise), and the Vincent's Market name was applied to the deli/bakery departments in all existing Bruno's stores.
In 1995, the company was acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), a leveraged buyout firm. That acquisition was ill-fated, as the company's debt structure combined with management missteps and increased competition from Wal-Mart Supercenters to drive it into Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 2000 after closing a number of unprofitable stores, but acquiring three new stores from the Gregerson's chain in and around Gadsden, Alabama. The company was sold in December 2001 to Ahold, a Dutch corporation, who then combined it with BI-LO. The new management struggled as well, and in 2005, Ahold finally sold the combined operation to Lone Star Funds, a private investment company which also owns Captain D's and Shoney's restaurants. Lone Star then sold some stores to C&S Wholesale Grocers, which operated the new stores under its Southern Family Markets affiliate for a time but closed most of the acquired stores in 2007. C&S Wholesale also is the primary supplier for Bruno's which derives from the agreement between Lone Star and C&S. C&S would own and operate the logistics and warehouse while Lone Star would own and operate the stores.
On March 20, 2007, Lone Star Funds announced it had spun out Bruno's from BI-LO creating a separate corporate entity. Seven unprofitable stores were closed as a result of this transaction.
In October 2008, Bruno's announced plans to close 22 of their 40 in-store pharmacies "because of their consistently low performance over the last several years and the lack of prospect for turning them around." This left Bruno's with 18 in-store pharmacies within the 66 stores they ran at the time. All inventories and records were sold to CVS/pharmacy, and all employees were either offered severance packages or employment with CVS.
In December 2008 the corporate offices were moved to International Park office park located in Hoover, Alabama. This move left the former Bruno's headquarters located on Lakeshore Parkway in Birmingham totally in the hands of C&S Wholesale Grocers who acquired the building in 2005 as part of purchasing the former logistics operations and warehouse previously owned by Bruno's.
At the beginning of 2009, Bruno's Supermarkets operated 23 Bruno's stores and 41 Food World stores. Two Foodmax stores remained in Northport and Oxford. The Foodmax stores were operated the same way as Food World stores with their name being the only discernible difference. The two Foodmax stores were tied to labor agreements with the UFCW union, which prevented any name change to the stores. The employees in these stores wore "Food World" uniforms, and the signage in the stores used the Food World banner. Both of these stores were closed following the company's sale to Southern Family Markets.
Bankruptcy
On February 5, 2009, Bruno's announced plans to enter into Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganisation proceedings. The company planned to continue business as usual for the duration of the bankruptcy. The company retained the advisory firm Alvarez & Marsal to assist in the bankruptcy process. President and CEO Kent Moore resigned and the Company appointed Jim Grady, Senior Director with Alvarez & Marsal, as Chief Restructuring Officer.
On February 18, 2009, Bruno's Supermarkets LLC applied to the bankruptcy court for permission to close 10 stores. These included 4 in the Birmingham area and 5 in the Montgomery-Auburn area. They also informed the court that 30 corporate office positions were being eliminated. This amounts to 15% of the store count and about 30% of the corporate office positions. They also asked the court for permission to hire a closeout firm to oversee the sell down and closing of the 10 closing stores. These 10 locations were closed by March 31.
On March 9, 2009, Bruno's filed a motion in bankruptcy court requesting approval to renegotiate its agreement with UFCW Local 1657. Bruno's announced its intent to sell some or all of its stores, and is seeking to remove the successor-ship clause from its contracts. The successor-ship clause requires any acquirer of the company or any of its stores to agree, as a term of the sale, to honor the collective bargaining agreements which are currently in place. The removal of this clause was hoped to make the company more marketable to potential buyers who said they would not buy the company or any stores if they were required to honor the collective bargaining agreements. The court ruled on April 27 that the successor-ship clause and the rest of the collective bargaining agreements would remain intact.
A court-ordered auction of Bruno's assets was held on April 29, 2009. The auction continued into the day on April 30. A hearing on the sale was held on May 4. Court documents show that Southern Family Markets, a subsidiary of C&S Wholesale Grocers, was the only bidder for a significant number of stores. Southern Family Markets took possession of 57 locations (56 active stores plus one recently closed location). They elected to operate 31 of those, and turn over the remaining 25 open locations to Hilco Liquidators for "going out of business" sales. All of the 25 closing stores were closed by May 31, 2009.
In June 2009, Bruno's ceased to exist as stand alone company, with 31 of its locations being absorbed into the Southern Family Markets chain. As a requirement of the sale agreement, Bruno's petitioned bankruptcy court to change its name to BFW Liquidations, LLC. Southern Family Markets purchased the rights to the banners of Bruno's, Food World, Food Fair, Food Max, and Vincent's Markets, and did not allow Bruno's Supermarkets, LLC to operate under any name which contains any of those banners.
Southern Family Markets continued the use of the Bruno's and Food World brands, and did not convert any of the stores to the Southern Family Markets banner. In fact, some former Food World stores operating under the Southern Family Markets name were converted back to Food World, such as the location in Scottsboro, Alabama.
Bruno's as a defunct brand
In late 2011, newly formed Birmingham-based Belle Foods purchased Southern Family Markets and its 57 stores in Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi.
20 years after the horrific crash, in 1991, Bruno's would never ever recover nor would any grocery companies who acquired the last few locations would ever find success ever again. As Publix Supermarkets began to move and expand into Alabama, George, Mississippi, Tennessee, and into Virginia, Publix would rise to be, a true successor or Bruno's, as Publix was the closest thing to what Bruno's had been in the 1970's, 80's and very early 1990's
The company announced they would rebrand all locations to the Belle Foods name, eliminating the Bruno's brand entirely. The first location to receive the new look was one of Bruno's former flagship stores in Hoover. It was the only remaining Bruno's store in the Birmingham area.
Belle did not own any of the Piggly Wiggly stores in Birmingham. All of the company's Piggly Wiggly stores in Georgia changed to the Belle Foods name.
Sports sponsorship
The Bruno's Memorial Classic was an event on the PGA Seniors Tour in which Bruno's was the event sponsor.
The ARCA race at Talledega was sponsored by Bruno's subsidiary Food World from 1994 to 1995 and again from 2001 to 2006. It was called the Food World 500k in 1994 and 1995, the Food World 3000 from 2001 to 2005 and the Food World 250 in 2006.
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Bruno's
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Bay Area Quiz Kids is an academic quiz public-access television show for San Francisco Bay Area high schools. From the start in 1999 it has been hosted by Brad Friedman, the Drama Director at San Mateo High School.
Originally developed as Peninsula Quiz Kids by Bob Marks and Liz La Porte of Peninsula TV Cable 26 (Pen-TV) in 1999, the show began airing on KRON-4 in San Francisco as Bay Area Quiz Kids. The show is now a production of TV Game Brains, headed by Executive Producer Marc Balcer.
Throughout its run, the show has been sponsored by the San Mateo Credit Union. Other sponsors have included Kaiser Permanente, SamTrans, the San Francisco Chronicle, AT&T, Oracle, Fisher Investments, and Wells Fargo Bank.
Format (until Season 11)
Quiz Kids is played by two teams of three players each. The player in the center position is the team captain and is responsible for giving the team's answer on all non-toss-up questions. In early years the format varied somewhat from year to year. A face-off round of five questions from a single field in which one player from each team would answer questions was at one point used, but later dropped. The number of schools involved each year fluctuated from the original 16 up to about 40, but as schools grew discontent with bad judging and bad questions.
Season 11 (2010–11)
Thirty-two teams competed in the 2010–2011 season with the members of the winning team receiving an all-expense-paid trip to Europe courtesy of ACIS. In 2011–12 the competition saw 24 teams. The runners-up receive a $1000 scholarship per student provided by Golden Gate Commandry No. 16, Knights Templar and Burlingame Bodies Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. ACIS withdrew as a sponsor for the 2012–13 year.
In the 2011–2012 season 24 teams competed in round one after a screening process at non-televised tournaments. Several teams were inadvertently permitted a grandfather clause to play without screening, leading to a few problems. Concerns arose because some of losing teams outperformed low-scoring winning teams by as much as 200 points. As a result, an intermediary round was devised whereby the bottom four teams were dropped outright, and the remaining eight teams who had lost in round one played again, with the four winners advancing to the second round with all 12 original winners (regardless of score) to make a total of 16. Round two featured 16 teams who played in eight single elimination matches. The eight survivors were then staggered in a ladder tournament whereby the lower six teams contended for a shot to take on the number two seed (Harker School). The winner of that match would play the number one seed, Bellarmine Prep for the championship. Bellarmine Prep defeated the Menlo School (#3 seed) to win the 2011–2012 season.
Game play in 2011–2012
The game is divided into four rounds. There are no point penalties for wrong answers at any point in the game.
The game begins with a "Three for All round" in which the first part is a tossup open to all six players. The first player who buzzes in must answer without consulting his teammates. If the player is incorrect, the opposing team can consult before giving an answer. If a player answers correctly, his team earns 5 points and receives a second, related, collaboration 5 point question. If the team answers that currently also it receives a third, related, collaboration 15 point question. A clean sweep earned the team 25 points. The other team may not steal either bonus.
In the Collaboration round, each team chooses one of three categories containing seven questions. Each correct answer earns 10 points; a team that answers all seven correct receives a 30-point bonus for a total of 100 points.
The main Three for All round features three-part questions exactly like the first round except that the point totals increase to 10, 15, 25 respectively. Correctly answering all three questions earns a team 50 points.
In the final Countdown round, teams have three minutes to answer tossup questions worth 30 points each. As in the Three for All round, if a player misses a tossup question, the opposing team can consult before answering.
History
BAAL President Gaius Stern worked with the show as a writer and consultant from 2001 to 2003. BAAL Vice President Ross Ritterman served as question writer/editor and show consultant Season 6 through Season 9. In Seasons 8, question material was provided by NAQT and in Season 13 by both NAQT and BAAL.
In some years (2001–2003, 2004–2008, 2010–2012) the Bay Area Academic League (BAAL) has participated in writing the questions and judging the matches. BAAL has organized San Francisco Area High School Quizbowl events since 1995. BAAL was originally an arm of the University of California-Berkeley Quiz Bowl club, until 2001.
The show underwent difficulties from 2008 to 2010, leading many schools to withdraw. A change of leadership in 2010 brought about many reforms.
In 2010 the show underwent a major redesign, under new producer Marc Balcer. Balcer introduced the "Three for All" format and redesigned the set and graphics. In response to many complaints over bad judging, bad questions, and in an effort to improve the integrity of the show, Balcer brought back BAAL president and UC Berkeley classics professor Gaius Stern as editor and judge. In 2013, Jeff Hoppes took over as question writer and judge. Jeff also runs the Northern California Quiz Bowl Alliance.
Topics
History
Literature/Language Arts
Math
Science
Geography
Fine/Performing Arts
Sports
Current News Events
2008 season
Round One
Bentley def. Terra Nova (500–140)
Crystal Springs def. Aragon (380–120)
Mountain View def. Campolindo (540–170)
San Mateo def. Menlo Atherton (410–230)
Clayton Valley def. Sacred Heart (340–290)
Westmoor def. South San Francisco (380–360)
Capuchino def. Gilroy (350–80)
Mission San Jose def. Gunn (390–370)
Mills def. Half Moon Bay (420–70)
Bellarmine def. Castro Valley (420–300)
Harker def. Evergreen Valley (500–90)
Menlo School def. San Leandro (350–240)
Homestead def. Riordan (510–150)
Hillsdale def. Woodside (190–170)
Season 11 (2009–2010)
Round One
Bellarmine def. Mountain View (560–510)
Concord def. Terra Nova (260–100)
Harker def. Archbishop Riordan (450–190)
Menlo School def. Carlmont (410–120)
San Mateo def. Westmoor (580–340)
Mills def. Woodside (450–200)
Mountain View (Wild Card) def. Menlo-Atherton (570–410)
Hillsdale def. Gunn (420–300)
Winners
2000: Menlo-Atherton
2001: Menlo-Atherton
2002: Menlo-Atherton
2003: Menlo-Atherton
2004: Half Moon Bay
2005: Mission San Jose
2006: Bentley
2007: Sacred Heart
2008: San Mateo
2009: Bellarmine
2010: Mission San Jose
2011: Bellarmine
2012: Bellarmine
2013: Bellarmine
2014: Bellarmine
2015: Mission San Jose
Participating high schools
Archbishop Riordan
Bellarmine
Bentley
Carlmont High School
Castro Valley
Concord High School
Crystal Springs Uplands School
Gunn High School
Harker School
Hillsdale High School
Jefferson
Lynnbrook
Menlo School
Menlo-Atherton High School
Mills High School
Mission San Jose High School (dropped out 2011, returning 2013)
Mountain View
Pinewood
Sacred Heart
San Mateo High School
San Leandro High School
Sequoia
Serra
Stuart Hall High School
South San Francisco
Summit
Terra Nova High School (Pacifica)
Westmoor
Woodside
Past Participants
Acalanes
Aragon High School
Burlingame High School - 2008 season
Campolindo
Capuchino High School
Carondolet
Clayton Valley
De La Salle
Evergreen Valley
Gilroy
Half Moon Bay
Miramonte
Monta Vista
Novato
Palo Alto High School
Pescadero
San Carlos
Tamalpais
Valley Christian
Vintage
Willow Glen
Notes
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Quiz Kids (game show)
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Craigendoran railway station () is a railway station serving Craigendoran, east of Helensburgh, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail, who operate all services at the station, and is located on the North Clyde Line between Helensburgh Central and Cardross, west of (High Level), measured via Singer and Maryhill. West Highland Line trains used to call here but no longer do following the closure of the upper platforms.
History
Opened by the North British Railway on 15 May 1882, at one time the station had five platforms: two as an island platform on the West Highland Line - sometimes called Craigendoran Upper (closed in 1964 and subsequently demolished), one on Craigendoran Pier serving Clyde Steamers (closed in 1972 and lifted) and two on the line to Helensburgh (one closed when the line was singled). All five platforms, bar those for the West Highland Line, were electrified. There were once goods sidings located in here, built in the 1940s, but these were removed in 1964 with the end of regular local freight workings.
The track layout at Craigendoran Junction was simplified in 1984 under the auspices of British Rail, singling the line to Helensburgh Central. The present layout at the junction, just east of the station, consists of a loop (available to West Highland Line trains only) and single lines to and . The line south of here towards remains double track.
Facilities
The station is equipped with a shelter (which is accessed by some steps), a bench and bike racks, as well as a car park, accessed over the footbridge. The only step-free access to the station is from Dennistoun Crescent. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
On weekdays & Saturdays, there is a typically half-hourly service westbound to Helensburgh Central, and eastbound to Edinburgh Waverley, via Glasgow Queen Street low-level and Airdrie, which skips stations between Dalmuir and Hyndland. On Sundays, the service remains half-hourly, but trains serve all stations via .
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Craigendoran railway station
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Ryan Steven Plackemeier (born March 5, 1984) is a former American football punter. He played college football for Wake Forest University, and earned unanimous All-American honors. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft, and also played professionally for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL).
Early years
Plackemeier was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He attended Fallbrook Union High School in Fallbrook, California, and was a letterman in soccer and football. In soccer, he was a four-year letterman and was twice recognized as his team's most valuable player. In football, as a senior, he was a first team All-Avocado League selection and was named the North County Times Kicker of the Year.
College career
Plackemeier attended Wake Forest University, where he played for coach Jim Grobe's Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team from 2002 to 2005. He was a three-time first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection (2003, 2004, 2005), and a unanimous first-team All-American (2005). Following his senior season, he was presented the Ray Guy Award, given annually to the top college punter in the nation.
Professional career
Seattle Seahawks
Plackemeier was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round (239th overall pick) of the 2006 NFL Draft and signed to a four-year, $1.65 million contract.
He was released from the Seahawks on September 9, 2008.
Washington Redskins
After beating out fellow veteran punter Josh Miller, Plackemeier was signed by the Redskins on October 14, 2008 due to injuries and poor performance that plagued former punter Durant Brooks. He became the second consecutive former Ray Guy Award-winning ACC punter to hold the job for the Redskins.
On February 12, 2009, he was waived by the Redskins.
Cincinnati Bengals
Plackemeier was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Bengals on February 13, 2009. He was waived on April 28, 2009.
Personal
His father Steve, a math teacher at Mission Vista High School, was a swimmer and played water polo at Southeast Missouri State and uncle, Jim Israel, played basketball and baseball at Wake Forest. He double majored in communication and religion. He is married to his wife Kristen.
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Ryan Plackemeier
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Infinity is the debut album from New Zealand pop duo Deep Obsession. The album peaked at No.8 in the New Zealand album chart, and included three No.1 singles.
Awards and nominations
At the 2000 New Zealand Music Awards, the album was honoured with five nominations -
Top Group - Deep Obsession,
Best Cover - "Lost in Love",
Best Song - "Cold" (written by Zara Clark/Chris Banks)',
Top Female Vocalist - Zara Clark, (for her work on the 'Infinity' album)
Most Promising Female Vocalist - Vanessa Kelly (Vanessa sings 'The Power in You' from "Infinity" album)
At the 2001 New Zealand Music Awards, Deep Obsession was nominated for'International Achievement Award'.
In May 2015 NZ Top 40 charts Ruby Awards, Deep Obsession was nominated and won for achieving three consecutive Number One songs from their début album 'Infinity'
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Certifications
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Infinity (Deep Obsession album)
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Newtonmore Camanachd Club is a shinty club from Newtonmore, Badenoch, Scotland. It is historically the most successful side in the history of Shinty, having won the Camanachd Cup a record 34 times. They won the Marine Harvest Premier Division seven years in a row beginning in 2010.
The reserve team currently play in North Division One.
History
Shinty has been played in the Newtonmore area for centuries, but more recently, there are records of shinty being played at the Eilan since 1877, and the club was formally re-constituted in 1890 and was a founding member of the Camanachd Associationin 1895. One of their greatest early players was Dr. John Cattanach, the sole shinty player in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.
Since then, the club has won the Camanachd Cup 34 times – a record unmatched by any other team in the game. The club's most recent victory was in 2019. A defining moment in their history was winning a pulsating match 4–3 after extra time against Kingussie in 2011. This was their first win since 1985, signalled the end of Kingussie's dominance of the sport and helped lay the ghosts of their record loss to Kingussie in 1991.
Two of the greatest names in shinty history, goalkeeper Hugh Chisholm and David "Tarzan" Ritchie jointly hold the Newtonmore club record of twelve Camanachd Cup winners medals each. The club has also won the MacTavish Cup a record forty times, together with a string of other honours. The club won the MacTavish Cup in 2009 5–4 against Kingussie at the Bught Park, Inverness on 13 June 2009. The game was broadcast live on BBC Alba. Players such as Paul MacArthur, Danny MacRae and Michael Ritchie are the sons and nephews of famous Newtonmore players and the club has a long dynastic tradition.
Many clubs throughout Scotland have long and friendly rivalries with Newtonmore – notably, Kyles Athletic who they met frequently in Camanachd Cup Finals in the 1970s. However the keenest rivalry, and certainly least friendly is with near neighbours, Kingussie. For over twenty years from the mid-1980s Kingussie dominated the sport and Newtonmore won nothing. However, from 2010 Newtonmore have won the Premier Division title and numerous cups at both first and reserve team level.
The Club field and pavilion at Eilean Bheannchair AKA The Eilan (built in 1993) are both owned by the club. In 2016 Newtonmore bought the adjacent field to the Eilan and work is underway to create a new training pitch to be called the Dr Johnny Cattanach Memorial Field.
2010s Revival
Although the club had finished second in the Premier Division in 2008, 2009 saw Newtonmore finish in the same position but edged out of the title position by Kingussie in their final match. The next few seasons promised a lot for 'More with a young squad doing well over the last few years. 2010 saw them go into the last game of the season against Fort William with the chance of winning the league by only needing to avoid defeat. In the end, 'More won the league outright with a goal from Danny MacRae with 10 minutes to go. This was Newtonmore's first league title in 25 years.
In 2011, Newtonmore overcame Inveraray 5–2 after extra-time to book their first Camanachd Cup final appearance since their humiliation in 1997 by Kingussie, going on to win the final at the Bught Park in Inverness 4–3 against Kingussie.
The first team also retained the Premier Division in 2011 with a last minute goal from Danny MacRae in the final match of the season in a winner takes all match against Kyles Athletic. This sealed a season with both teams at the club winning their respective leagues and also a cup, the second team winning the Strathdearn Cup. it was Newtonmore's first double since 1985.
2012 saw Newtonmore relinquish the Camanachd Cup after defeat to Kyles in the semi-final. Their second team again romped away with the North Division Two, but were stripped of the Sutherland Cup, which they had won 5–4 against Kingussie. This was due to playing an ineligible player in both the semi and final. The first team also won their third Premier Division in a row in 2012.
The Premiership title was clinched in 2013 with relative ease, but hopes of a Grand Slam were dashed by a MacTavish semi-final defeat to Glenurquhart and a disastrous MacAulay Cup final defeat to Kyles Athletic. Newtonmore did clinch the double with revenge over Kyles in the Camanachd Cup final, their second title in three years. This victory was notable as Newtonmore were only the second team, and the first since Furnace in 1929 to go through the competition without conceding a goal.
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Newtonmore Camanachd Club
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Rexhai Surroi (Serbian: Реџаји Суроји, Redžaji Suroji) (8 June 1929 — 22 December 1988) was a Yugoslav Albanian journalist, diplomat and writer.
He was a member of the first cohort of students to have finished high school in Albanian in the former Yugoslavia in 1947/48. He graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School. He was also one of the few Kosovo Albanians to become ambassadors of Yugoslavia. He was the father of Veton and Flaka Surroi.
He was an active football player before becoming journalist and editor of weekly "Zani i Rinis". He was an editor in Radio Pristina, where he became director in the mid-sixties. In 1969/70, he served as vice-president of the provincial government of SAP Kosovo, he was one of the most fervent advocates for the establishment of the University of Pristina, the only in Yugoslavia where the medium of instruction was Albanian. In 1971, he was appointed ambassador of Yugoslavia to Bolivia and from 1974-1977 he held the post of assistant secretary in the Federal Secretariat of Foreign Affairs. From 1977 to 1981, he lived in Mexico City where he was the Yugoslav ambassador to Mexico, Honduras and Costa Rica, and from 1981 to 1983 again he held the post of the assistant secretary in the Federal Secretariat of Foreign Affairs. From 1983 to 1985 he was the general manager of the largest Albanian media company in Kosovo Rilindja.
He died in a car accident in December 1988 while serving as Yugoslavia’s ambassador to Spain. An award for excellence in journalism is named after him in Kosovo.
He is the author of a number of Albanian-language works such as Besniku, Dashunija dhe urrejtja, Pranvera e tretë, and Orteku I & II.
See also
Albanians in Kosovo
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Rexhai Surroi
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Barry Manilow is the debut album by Barry Manilow, released initially in 1973 by Bell Records.
The original release was unsuccessful, with only around 35,000 copies sold by 1975. After the success of Manilow's second album Barry Manilow II, the album was re-released as Barry Manilow I in 1975 by Arista that had taken over Bell Records. Four songs of the original album were reworked for this version, including "Could It Be Magic" which served as the single for the re-release. The re-released album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1976 for over half a million copies sold.
Record World called the single "Sweet Water Jones" an "Elton John-ish number...about splitting the city for country."
Track listing
All tracks composed by Barry Manilow; except where indicated.
Original 1973 release
Issued on Bell Records as Barry Manilow
This version was remastered and reissued for the first time in 2023 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its original release.
Side 1
"Sing It"
"Sweetwater Jones"
"Cloudburst" (Jimmy Harris, Jon Hendricks, Leroy Kirkland)
"One of These Days"
"Oh My Lady" (Manilow, Adrienne Anderson)
"I Am Your Child" (Manilow, Marty Panzer)
Side 2
"Could It Be Magic" (inspired by Prelude in C Minor, Frédéric Chopin; Manilow, Adrienne Anderson)
"Seven More Years" (Manilow, Marty Panzer)
"Flashy Lady" (Marty Panzer, Ron Dante)
"Friends" (Buzzy Linhart, Mark Klingman)
"Sweet Life"
1975 reissue
Issued on Arista Records as Barry Manilow I
"Sweet Life", "Could It Be Magic", "One of These Days" and "Oh My Lady" were re-recorded at Mediasound Studios, NYC, April 1975 for the re-release on Arista Records.
This version was also remastered and re-issued by Arista Records again in 1989 on CD and Cassette tape.
Album peaked at #64 on Canada’s RPM Album Chart.
Side 1
"Sing It" - 1:16
"Sweetwater Jones" - 2:31
"Cloudburst" - 2:25
"One of these Days" - 2:50
"Oh My Lady" - 3:28
"I Am Your Child" - 2:14
Side 2
"Could It Be Magic" - 6:50
"Seven More Years" - 3:35
"Flashy Lady" - 3:53
"Friends" - 3:05
"Sweet Life" - 3:47
2006 remaster
CD remastered reissue by Arista (Bell Label on Disc) Records as 1973's Barry Manilow with bonus tracks and original cover art.
"Sing It"
"Sweetwater Jones"
"Cloudburst"
"One of these Days"
"Oh My Lady"
"I Am Your Child"
"Could It Be Magic"
"Seven More Years"
"Flashy Lady"
"Friends"
"Sweet Life"
Bonus tracks
<li>"Caroline" (Manilow, Anderson)
<li>"Rosalie Rosie" (Manilow, Anderson)
<li>"Star Children"
<li>"Let's Take Some Time to Say Goodbye" (Arthur Schroeck)
Personnel
Barry Manilow - vocals, piano, arrangements, conductor
Dick Frank - electric guitar
Stuart Scharf - acoustic guitar
Stu Woods - bass
Steve Gadd - drums
Norman Pride - congas, tambourine
with:
Russell George - bass on "Sweetwater Jones", "I am Your Child" and "Sweet Life"
Bob Babbitt - bass on "Flashy Lady"
Bob Mann, Ron Dante - guitar on "Flashy Lady"
Andrew Smith - drums on "Flashy Lady"
Jimmy Maelen - percussion on "Flashy Lady"
Joseph "Grandpa Joe" Manilow - vocals on "Sing It"
Gail Kantor, Melissa Manchester, Merle Miller, Ron Dante, Adrienne Anderson, Jane Scheckter, Jane Stuart, Kathe Green, Laurel Massé, Pamela Pentony, Robert Danz, Sheilah Rae - backing vocals
Technical
Elliot Scheiner - recording, mixing
Jerome Gasper - recording on "Sweetwater Jones", "I am Your Child" and "Sweet Life"
Artie Friedman - remixing on "Sweetwater Jones"
Beverly Weinstein - art direction
Ken Duncan - cover photography
Chart positions
Billboard Albums
1975: Barry Manilow I - Billboard 200 No. 28
Billboard Singles
1975: "Could It Be Magic" - Adult Contemporary No. 4
1975: "Could It Be Magic" - Billboard Hot 100 No. 6
Certifications
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Barry Manilow (1973 album)
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Srđan Cvijić is a Serbian political scientist who is a senior policy analyst on European Union external relations. Cvijić is the Senior Policy Analyst at the Open Society Foundations in Brussels and member of the Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group. He is an expert in the area of democratisation, public and international law and human rights law. Prior to working for the Open Society, Cvijić was employed at the European Policy Centre, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, the Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe, and in the area of diplomacy for Serbia. He received his LLB from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, M.A. in International Relations and European Studies from Central European University and PhD from the Law Department of the European University Institute. He is a regular contributor to news sources, including Politico, EUobserver, the European Western Balkans as well as a commentator for Euronews, Radio Free Europe, Voice of America and others.
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Srđan Cvijić
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Strange Synergy is a card game published by Steve Jackson Games in which players build a team of super heroes to battle an opponent's team.
The game supports up to four players. However, there are bases and flags for two more players. Each player receives a team of three "Super Heroes" cards that all share a base special power (such as accelerated movement or higher damage). Each player then receives nine power cards which they will distribute evenly amongst their team. There are three main ways to win the game: kill all opposing team members, stun/freeze (neutralize) all enemies for three turns in a row, or capture an opposing team's flag.
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Strange Synergy
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Karin Proia (born 14 March 1974 in Latina, Lazio) is an Italian actress who began acting in 1994.
Movies she has appeared in include the Italian movies The Crusaders, the comedy Cinque giorni di tempesta and Wasteland.
She has also appeared in television dramas, including Amico mio 2, Avvocato Porta, Shoo Shoo and Lo zio d'America.
Her stage performances include Catherine in A View from the Bridge (Italy, 1995) and Shelby in Steel Magnolias (Italy, 1997).
Biography
An actress since 1994, she works in theatre, cinema and television in Italy and abroad. She worked such as leading-actress with directors as Joseph Sargent, Dominique Othenin-Girard, Michele Placido and close to actors such as Henry Cavill, Joe Mantegna, Emmanuelle Seigner, Valeria Golino, Giancarlo Giannini, Burt Young, Armin Mueller-Stahl.
In 1990 she obtained the "theory, solfeggio and musical dictation" diploma at the Conservatory "L. Refice" in Frosinone. She plays piano and she sings.
In 1991 she obtained the diploma of "Master of Art" at the State Institute of Art "J. Romani" in Velletri, Italy and in 1993 the diploma of "Applied Art" at the same Institute, specializing in "Art of Ceramics".
From 1991 to 1994 she attended some seminars: acting, diction, movement, theatral fencing at the "S.A.T (I.A.L.S)" of Rome and a course of mime at the "Perfecta of Latina".
In 1993 she enrolled at Sapienza University of Rome in Literature DMS (Study of the performing arts) where she also attended a class of "psichodrama" with prof. Ferruccio Di Cori.
She studied dancing and she trained in skating, archery and competitive swimming.
In 2006 she attended a course of "editing" in Rome. The short film Farfallina is her first film as director.
In 2016, she directed her first feature film, Una gita a Roma (An outing to Rome), prizewinning in Italy, Canada and Russia.
Filmography
Cinque giorni di tempesta, director Francesco Calogero (1997)
A View from the Bridge, director Luciano Odorisio – TV RAIDUE (1997)
L'avvocato Porta, director Franco Giraldi – TV Series CANALE 5 (1997)
Amico mio 2, director Paolo Poeti – TV Series CANALE 5 (1998)
Terra bruciata, director Fabio Segatori (1999)
La vita che verrà, director Pasquale Pozzessere – TV Series RAIDUE (1999)
Lui e lei 2, director Luciano Manuzzi – Episodes 1/4 – Elisabetta Lodoli – Episodes 5/8 – TV Series RAIUNO (1999)
The savior of san Nicola a.k.a. Vola Sciusciù, director Joseph Sargent – TV MOVIE (2000)
Week-end, director Paola Columba – Short Film (2000)
Don Matteo, director Enrico Oldoini – TV Series RAIUNO (2000)
Arresti domiciliari, director Stefano Calvagna (2000)
The crusaders Aka Crociati, director Dominique Othenin-Girard – TV Series (2001)
Segreti di famiglia Aka Hotel Laguna Aka Vendetta, director Dennis Berry (2001)
Lo zio d'America, director Rossella Izzo – TV Series RAIUNO (2002)
Vite a perdere, director Paolo Bianchini – TV Series RAIDUE (2004)
Orgoglio capitolo secondo, director Vittorio De Sisti – Giorgio Serafini – Alessandro Capone – TV Series RAIUNO (2005)
Ho sposato un calciatore, director Stefano Sollima – TV Series CANALE 5 (2005)
Boris 2, written and directed by Giacomo Ciarrapico, Mattia Torre and Luca VendruscoloTV Series FOX (2008)
Salomè – una storia, director Raffaele Buranelli – Short Film (2009)
Boris 3, director Davide Marengo – TV Series (2010)
L'importanza di piacere ai gatti, director Claudia Nannuzzi – Short Film (2010)
Italia bella mostrati gentile, director Augusto Fornari – Short Film (2010)
Area Paradiso, director Diego Abatantuono e Armando Trivellini (2010)
Boris – Il film, written and directed by Giacomo Ciarrapico, Mattia Torre and Luca Vendruscolo (2011)
Walter Chiari – fino all'ultima risata, director Enzo Monteleone TV Series RAIUNO (2011)
Le tre rose di Eva, director Raffaele Mertes, Vincenzo Verdecchi TV Series CANALE 5 (2011)
Ragazze a mano armata, director Fabio Segatori (2012)
Le tre rose di Eva 2, director Raffaele Mertes, Vincenzo Verdecchi TV Series CANALE 5 (2013)
Ombrelloni, director Riccardo Grandi TV Series RAIDUE (2013)
Il ritorno, director Olaf Kreinsen (2013)
Le tre rose di Eva 3, director Raffaele Mertes, Vincenzo Verdecchi TV Series CANALE 5 (2015)
Una gita a Roma (An outing to Rome), director Karin Proia (2017)
Le tre rose di Eva 4, director Raffaele Mertes, Vincenzo Verdecchi TV Series CANALE 5 (2017)
Theatre
A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller, director Teodoro Cassano (1995/1998) Character: Catherine
Steel Magnolias by Robert Harling, director Teodoro Cassano (1997/1998) Character: Shelby
Denise Calls Up by Hal Salwen, director Pino Quartullo (2005) Character: Martina
Liolà by Luigi Pirandello, director Gigi Proietti (2006) Character: Tuzza
Uomini sull'orlo di una crisi di nervi 2 by Rosario Galli & Alessandro Capone, director Marco Simeoli (2008) Character: Livia
Quel venticinque Luglio a Villa Torlonia by Pier Francesco Pingitore, director Pier Francesco Pingitore (2010)
Terms of Endearment by Dan Gordon, director Gino Zampieri (2010) Character: Emma Horton
Director
Farfallina – Short Film (2008) – 10 min.
Una gita a Roma (An outing to Rome) – Feature Film (2017)
Screenwriter
Farfallina, director Karin Proia – Short Film (2008) – 10 min.
Salomè – una storia, director Raffaele Buranelli – Short Film (2009) – 13 min. – winner Opera IMAIE award 2009
Una gita a Roma (An outing to Rome) – Feature Film (2017)
Notes
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Karin Proia
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Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy (August 10, 1911 – June 15, 1996) was a mustang officer in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, who served during World War II and the Korean War. He was also the Superintendent of Ambulances in the Chicago Fire Department;
however, with respect for his wartime heroics, firefighters continued to address him by his wartime military rank of “Captain.”
Marine Corps Service
On February 20, 1937, McCarthy first enlisted in the Marine Corps in Chicago, and served for four years. He re-enlisted following the attack on Pearl Harbor, and returned to active duty in February 1942. In June of that year, he was discharged with the rank of first sergeant, in order to accept a commission in the Marine Corps Reserve.
McCarthy joined the 4th Marine Division shortly thereafter, and went overseas in January 1944. While deployed, he took part in the Roi-Namur, Saipan-Tinian, and Iwo Jima campaigns. In 1944, he was awarded the Silver Star for heroism as a rifle company commander on Saipan. He received the Purple Heart with Gold Star for wounds received in action on Saipan and Iwo Jima.
On Iwo Jima, McCarthy was the company commander of G Co. 2nd Battalion 24th Marines. He landed on yellow beach 2 alongside the 23rd Marines. On D plus 3, the 24th RCT relieved the 25th. His battalion moved, and was supported by the blue beaches. On February 21, 1945, as a captain, he earned the Medal of Honor, while leading an assault team across exposed ground to wipe out positions holding up the advance of his company at airfield No. 2. It is believed that a Seabee heavy weapons platoon provided the fire support he needed that day. (Fig. 1) On October 5, 1945, President Harry S. Truman presented the Medal of Honor to McCarthy in ceremonies at the White House.
Released from active duty following the war, he continued to serve in the Marine Corps Reserve, and was eventually promoted to the grade of lieutenant colonel.
“I would hope and pray there never be another Medal of Honor issued,” McCarthy remarked in a 1992 interview. “I hope and pray there's never any more wars.”
After the War
In 1949, McCarthy drove from Maine to North Carolina in order to visit the families of twenty-six Marines that had been killed on Iwo Jima. He told each family that their man had been just as brave as he was, just not as lucky. After the war, McCarthy moved to the Near West Side, residing at 720 West Vernon Park Place for a time.
McCarthy was the Grand Marshal of the City of Chicago's Saint Patrick's Day Parade in 1959.
McCarthy retired from the Marine Corps Reserve in 1971, and from the Chicago Fire Department in 1973. Thereafter, he and his wife split their time between their homes in Wisconsin and Delray Beach, Florida. His wife, Anita, died in 1978. The couple had no children.
The building that houses the Headquarters of the 2nd Battalion 24th Marines in Chicago is named in his honor. Lt. Col. McCarthy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery following a funeral mass at Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago.
Awards and honors
Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to:
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of a rifle company attached to the 2nd Battalion 24th Marines|, 4th Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces during the seizure of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, on 21 February 1945. Determined to break through the enemy's cross-island defenses, Capt. McCarthy acted on his own initiative when his company advance was held up by uninterrupted Japanese rifle, machine gun, and high-velocity 47mm. fire during the approach to Motoyama Airfield No. 2. Quickly organizing a demolitions and flamethrower team to accompany his picked rifle squad, he fearlessly led the way across 75 yards of fire-swept ground, charged a heavily fortified pillbox on the ridge of the front, and, personally hurling hand grenades into the emplacement as he directed the combined operations of his small assault group, completely destroyed the hostile installation. Spotting two Japanese soldiers attempting an escape from the shattered pillbox, he boldly stood upright in full view of the enemy, and dispatched both troops before advancing to a second emplacement under greatly intensified fire, and then blasted the strong fortifications with a well-planned demolitions attack. Subsequently entering the ruins, he found a Japanese taking aim at one of our men, and, with alert presence of mind, jumped the enemy, disarmed, and shot him with his own weapon. Then, intent on smashing through the narrow breach, he rallied the remainder of his company, and pressed a full attack with furious aggressiveness, until he had neutralized all resistance and captured the ridge. An inspiring leader and indomitable fighter, Capt. McCarthy consistently disregarded all personal danger during the fierce conflict, and, by his brilliant professional skill, daring tactics, and tenacious perseverance in the face of overwhelming odds, contributed materially to the success of his division's operations against this savagely defended outpost of the Japanese Empire. His cool decision and outstanding valor reflect the highest credit upon Capt. McCarthy, and enhance the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service.
Silver Star citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Captain Joseph Jeremiah McCarthy (MCSN: 0-11098), United States Marine Corps Reserve, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of Company G, Second Battalion, Twenty-fourth Marines, FOURTH Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Saipan, Marianas Islands, 4 July 1944. With his company in a defensive position and receiving intense and accurate enemy rifle and machine-gun fire, Captain McCarthy gallantly left cover to answer the cries of the wounded after two hospital corpsmen had been shot in quick succession while attempting to aid a wounded officer. Finding one of the men still alive, he attempted to remove him to safety, despite the withering enemy fire, but during this endeavor, the wounded man was shot through the head, and died in Captain McCarthy's arms. His outstanding courage, unselfish efforts, and gallant devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Of note
His military record lists his year of birth as 1911, but it is inscribed as 1912 on his headstone.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
Battle of Iwo Jima
2nd Battalion 24th Marines
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133
Notes
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Joseph J. McCarthy
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Lead(II) chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula (PbCrO4). It has a vivid yellow color and is generally insoluble. Two polymorphs of lead chromate are known, orthorhombic and the more stable monoclinic form. Monoclinic lead chromate is used in paints under the name chrome yellow, and many other names. It occurs also as the mineral crocoite.
Structure
Lead chromate adopts the monazite structure, meaning that the connectivity of the atoms is very similar to other compounds of the type MM'O4. Pb(II) has a distorted coordination sphere being surrounded by eight oxides with Pb-O distances ranging from 2.53 to 2.80 Å. The chromate anion is tetrahedral, as usual. Unstable polymorphs of lead chromate are the greenish yellow orthorhombic form and a red-orange tetragonal form.
Applications
Approximately 37,000 tons were produced in 1996. The main applications are as a pigment in paints, under the name chrome yellow.
Preparation
Lead(II) chromate can be produced by treating sodium chromate with lead salts such as lead(II) nitrate or by combining lead(II) oxide with chromic acid.
Related lead sulfochromate pigments are produced by the replacement of some chromate by sulfate, resulting in a mixed lead-chromate-sulfate compositions Pb(CrO4)1-x(SO4)x. This replacement is possible because sulfate and chromate are isostructural. Since sulfate is colorless, sulfochromates with high values of x are less intensely colored than lead chromate. In some cases, chromate is replaced by molybdate.
Reactions
Heating in hydroxide solution produces chrome red, a red or orange powder made by PbO and CrO3. Also, in hydroxide solution lead chromate slowly dissolves forming plumbite complex.
PbCrO4 + 4 OH− → [Pb(OH)4]2− + CrO42−
Safety hazards
Despite containing both lead and hexavalent chromium, lead chromate is not particularly toxic because of its very low solubility. The LD50 for rats is only 5,000 mg/kg. Lead chromate is treated with great care in its manufacture, the main concerns being dust of the chromate precursor. "Extensive epidemiological investigations have given no indication that the practically insoluble lead chromate pigments have any carcinogenic properties". Despite its low acute toxicity and lack of broad evidence for carcinogenicity, lead chromate is highly regulated in advanced countries. One of the greatest threats comes from inhalation of particles, so much effort has been devoted to production of low-dust forms of the pigment.
In the 1800s, the product was used to impart a bright yellow color to some types of candy. It is used (illegally) to enhance the color of certain spices, particularly turmeric, particularly in Bangladesh.
Unlike other lead-based paint pigments, lead chromate is still widely used.
See also
Crocoite
Iranite
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Lead(II) chromate
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"Into the Void" is a song by British heavy metal band Black Sabbath, released in 1971 on their album Master of Reality. An early version of "Into the Void" called "Spanish Sid" was released on the deluxe edition of Master of Reality. It is written in the key of C# minor.
Various artists have covered the song, including Soundgarden, Kyuss, Monster Magnet, Sleep, Dr. Know, Cavity, Exhorder, Thou, Lumsk, Dimmi Argus and Orange Goblin.
"Into the Void" was ranked the 13th best Black Sabbath song by Rock - Das Gesamtwerk der größten Rock-Acts im Check.
In Soundgarden's version, the original lyrics are replaced by words of protest by Chief Seattle, which fit the metre of the song. At the 35th Annual Grammy Awards, the appropriately renamed "Into the Void (Sealth)" received a nomination for Best Metal Performance.
Influence
"Into the Void" has been listed as a favorite song by some of heavy metal's most notable performers. James Hetfield from Metallica lists "Into the Void" as his favorite Black Sabbath track. Eddie Van Halen has listed the song's main riff as one of his all-time favorites. Washington, D.C. hardcore punk band, Void, took their name from the song.
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Into the Void (Black Sabbath song)
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Shanghai Jinjiang Hotel (a.k.a. Jin Jiang Hotel) is a luxury hotel in Shanghai. The main part of the hotel comprises two early 20th century apartment buildings, set around two lawns. The hotel contains 515 guest rooms, which include both modern facilities and traditional furniture and decor. The hotel covers an area of about 30,000 square metres, of which 10,000 square metres are covered with green leisure space, flowers, and trees.
History
The current Jinjiang Hotel was converted from three buildings: the 13-storey Cathay Mansion apartment building completed in 1929, the 18-storey Grosvenor House apartment building completed in 1934, and a three-storey side wing of Grosvenor House. Both buildings were owned by Victor Sassoon's E.D. Sassoon and Company Limited. By the time the Communist Party of China liberated Shanghai in 1949, many of the residents had fled the city. According to records, by the end of 1949, of Grosvenor House's 77 apartments, only 12 were inhabited: 10 by foreigner households, and two Chinese.
The name "Jinjiang" derives from a restaurant opened in 1935 by female entrepreneur Dong Zhujun elsewhere in Shanghai. In 1951, the new government took over Cathay Mansion and converted it into a hotel for senior party officials and international visitors. Dong's restaurant moved into Cathay Mansion, the hotel was named "Jinjiang Hotel", and Dong became the hotel's first chairman.
Grosvenor House remained an apartment building, but in 1956 was confiscated by the government. Some of the apartments were allocated to Shanghai's prominent literati. These same residents were denounced and "swept out" in 1957 during the Anti-Rightist Movement. The building was then allocated to Jinjiang Hotel as well.
When President Nixon visited China, the American delegation stayed at this hotel, and the Shanghai Communiqué was signed there. Jinjiang Hotel was renovated in 1998.
The separate Jin Jiang Tower hotel is a high-rise hotel built one block from the original Jinjiang Hotel. It was built in 1988.
In March 2000, the Jinjiang Hotel was rated as a 5-star hotel rating by the National Tourism Bureau of China.
The hotel was renovated in 2004.
Awards and recognition
As a representative of the state of "Chinese culinary artistry", the hotel's cuisine was highly praised by a New York Times reporter, proving that the China's cuisine is returning to its "glory days".
The catering service department of Jinjiang Grand Hall gained the honor of “Advanced Group of National Travel Industry” and made a speech as the only representative from Shanghai (a total of six were chosen in China) in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
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Jinjiang Hotel
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 54 (13 How.) of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1852.
Nominative reports
In 1874, the U.S. government created the United States Reports, and retroactively numbered older privately published case reports as part of the new series. As a result, cases appearing in volumes 1–90 of U.S. Reports have dual citation forms; one for the volume number of U.S. Reports, and one for the volume number of the reports named for the relevant reporter of decisions (these are called "nominative reports").
Benjamin Chew Howard
Starting with the 42nd volume of U.S. Reports, the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States was Benjamin Chew Howard. Howard was Reporter of Decisions from 1843 to 1860, covering volumes 42 through 65 of United States Reports which correspond to volumes 1 through 24 of his Howard's Reports. As such, the dual form of citation to, for example, Mitchell v. Harmony is 54 U.S. (13 How.) 115 (1852).
Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of 54 U.S. (13 How.)
The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).
When the cases in 54 U.S. (13 How.) were decided the Court comprised these nine members:
Citation style
Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.
Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions.
"C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . .
e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey
"D." = United States District Court for the District of . . .
e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
"E." = Eastern; "M." = Middle; "N." = Northern; "S." = Southern; "W." = Western
e.g.,"C.C.S.D.N.Y." = United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York
e.g.,"M.D. Ala." = United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
"Ct. Cl." = United States Court of Claims
The abbreviation of a state's name alone indicates the highest appellate court in that state's judiciary at the time.
e.g.,"Pa." = Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
e.g.,"Me." = Supreme Judicial Court of Maine
List of cases in 54 U.S. (13 How.)
Notes and references
See also
certificate of division
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 54
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"" (Spanish for "Our Anthem") is a Spanish-language version of the United States national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". The debut of the translation came amid a growing controversy over immigration in the United States (see 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests).
Background
The idea for the song came from British music executive Adam Kidron, as a show of support to Hispanic immigrants in the United States. The song is included on the album ; a portion of the profits of which go to the National Capital Immigration Coalition, a Washington, D.C.-based group. Many other artist including Tito El Bambino and Frank Reyes are also originally to be feature on the song, originating from an album which is a "collection of the latino experience in America" according to Barry Jeckell of Billboard.
Reporter Stephen Dinan wrote: "The song 'Nuestro Himno,' which means 'Our Anthem,' is not a faithful and literal Spanish translation of the words to 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' but is a hip-hop-style remix with new raps and chants."
The song's first verse is apparently based on a 1919 translation prepared by Francis Haffkine Snow for the United States Bureau of Education. The only changes to the first verse from this version are a replacement of "" ("don't you see?") with "" ("do you see it?"); "" ("bars") with "" ("stripes"); and "" ("the brilliance of rockets, the roar of bombs") with "" ("the brilliance of struggle, in step with freedom"). However, subsequent verses diverge significantly between the 1919 and 2006 versions.
The song features Latin American artists such as Haitian native Wyclef Jean, Cuban-American hip hop star Pitbull and Puerto Rican singers Carlos Ponce and Olga Tañón. It debuted at 7:00 pm. ET on 28 April 2006 on more than 500 Spanish language radio stations.
A remix was planned to be released in June. It will contain several lines in English that condemn U.S. immigration laws. Among them: "These kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws... let's not start a war with all these hard workers, they can't help where they were born."
This is not the first time that the National Anthem has been translated into another language by ethnic and immigrant groups in the United States. In 1861, it was translated into German. It has also been translated into Yiddish by Jewish immigrants and into French by Cajuns.
Controversy
Although the song's creators did not claim that it was a verbatim translation, Nuestro Himno has nonetheless provoked controversy for favoring style over precision and de-emphasizing the original anthem's bellicose aspects. It has also received criticism for its political use by supporters of immigrants and more liberalized immigration policies. Others criticize the rendition, believing that any variation from the official version demeans a near-sacred symbol to some Americans. According to Victor Martinez of LaLey and Radio Mex in Atlanta, Georgia, "The flag, and the country's national anthem are sacred. You shouldn't touch them. You shouldn't change them."
Another critic of the new version is Charles Key, great-great-grandson of Francis Scott Key, whose poem "Defense of Fort McHenry" was set to music as "The Star-Spangled Banner." Key has commented that he "think[s] it's a despicable thing that someone is going into our society from another country and ... changing our national anthem."
During a press conference on 28 April 2006, President George W. Bush commented, "I think people who want to be a citizen of this country ought to learn English. And they ought to learn to sing the anthem in English." However, author Kevin Phillips has noted that "[w]hen visiting cities like Chicago, Milwaukee, or Philadelphia, in pivotal states, he would drop in at Hispanic festivals and parties, sometimes joining in singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" in Spanish, sometimes partying with a "Viva Bush" mariachi band flown in from Texas." In addition, the Department of State offers several Spanish translations of the anthem on its website.
On 4 May 2006, comedian Jon Stewart called the controversy over the translation "unbelievably stupid," and jokingly suggested that the first verse (the only verse commonly sung) be kept in English, and that the other verses be given to "whoever wants [them]," because those are the verses "Americans don't want or won't sing," alluding to the stereotype that undocumented immigrants take the jobs that other Americans don't want.
On the second season of Mind of Mencia, comedian Carlos Mencia decodes the first verse of the song.
In September 2012 the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History highlighted another Spanish translation of the national anthem, commissioned in 1945 by the U.S. State Department for use in Latin America. Two prior Spanish translations of the anthem were considered difficult to sing to the music of the English version. The State Department's Division of Cultural Cooperation approved "El Pendón Estrellado," the translation submitted by the Peruvian composer Clotilde Arias. Arias' translation was considered more faithful to the original English verses than prior Spanish translations.
Spanish
Amanece, lo veis?, a la luz de la aurora?
lo que tanto aclamamos la noche al caer?
Sus estrellas, sus franjas flotaban ayer,
En el fiero combate en señal de victoria.
Fulgor de lucha, al paso de la libertad,
Por la noche decían: «¡Se va defendiendo!»
¡Oh, decid! ¿Despliega aún su hermosura estrellada
Sobre tierra de libres la bandera sagrada?
English translation
Day is breaking: Do you see by the light of the dawn
What so proudly we hailed at last night's fall?
Its stars, its stripes, streamed yesterday,
Above fierce combat as a symbol of victory.
The splendor of battle, on the march toward liberty.
Throughout the night, they proclaimed: "We march on to defend it!"
O say! Does its starry beauty still wave
Above the land of the free, the sacred flag?
See also
Immigration reform
Jimi Hendrix's Star Spangled Banner
List of United States immigration legislation
United States immigration debate
Official Spanish (singable) translation of the Star Spangled Banner
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Nuestro Himno
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A software technical review is a form of peer review in which "a team of qualified personnel ... examines the suitability of the software product for its intended use and identifies discrepancies from specifications and standards. Technical reviews may also provide recommendations of alternatives and examination of various alternatives" (IEEE Std. 1028-1997, IEEE Standard for Software Reviews, clause 3.7).
"Software product" normally refers to some kind of technical document. This might be a software design document or program source code, but use cases, business process definitions, test case specifications, and a variety of other technical documentation, may also be subject to technical review.
Technical review differs from software walkthroughs in its specific focus on the technical quality of the product reviewed. It differs from software inspection in its ability to suggest direct alterations to the product reviewed, and its lack of a direct focus on training and process improvement.
The term formal technical review is sometimes used to mean a software inspection. A 'Technical Review' may also refer to an acquisition lifecycle event or Design review.
Objectives and participants
The purpose of a technical review is to arrive at a technically superior version of the work product reviewed, whether by correction of defects or by recommendation or introduction of alternative approaches. While the latter aspect may offer facilities that software inspection lacks, there may be a penalty in time lost to technical discussions or disputes which may be beyond the capacity of some participants.
IEEE 1028 recommends the inclusion of participants to fill the following roles:
The Decision Maker (the person for whom the technical review is conducted) determines if the review objectives have been met.
The Review Leader is responsible for performing administrative tasks relative to the review, ensuring orderly conduct, and ensuring that the review meets its objectives.
The Recorder documents anomalies, action items, decisions, and recommendations made by the review team.
Technical staff are active participants in the review and evaluation of the software product.
Management staff may participate for the purpose of identifying issues that require management resolution.
Customer or user representatives may fill roles determined by the Review Leader prior to the review.
A single participant may fill more than one role, as appropriate.
Process
A formal technical review will follow a series of activities similar to that specified in clause 5 of IEEE 1028, essentially summarised in the article on software review.
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Software technical review
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Iacobus de Ispania (James of Hesbaye; died after 1330) was a music theorist active in the southern Low Countries who compiled The Mirror of Music () during the second quarter of the 14th century. Before the discovery of his full name, scholars designated him Jacques de Liège ().
The Speculum musicae, the longest surviving medieval work on music, was previously attributed to Jean de Muris by Edmond de Coussemaker, until it was discovered that the initial letters of each of the seven books of the treatises spell out the acrostic IACOBUS. Further research associated him with the diocese of Liège, and suggested that he studied in Paris in the late 13th century before returning to Liège to complete the final two books of his treatise. Smits van Waesberghe associated him with Iacobus de Oudenaerde, professor at the University of Paris and canon of Liège, while he has also been identified with the Iacobus de Montibus mentioned in another manuscript.
The discovery of an attribution of the Speculum to a Iacobus de Ispania initially suggested that the author had come from Spain (), possibly identifying him with a James of Spain known to have worked in Oxford in the 14th century, suggesting that the connection with Liège was spurious. Further research demonstrated that Ispania more likely refers to Hesbaye, and brought forward further evidence of the author's association with Liège.
Of the seven books of Speculum musicae, the last has received the most attention by recent scholars for its long argument against an unnamed "doctor musicus" (apparently of the Vitrian or a related Ars nova school) and the rhythmic innovations Jacobus was seeing in his time.
See also
Ars antiqua
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Iacobus de Ispania
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Adolphe Boucard (1839 – 15 March 1905) was a French ornithologist and trader in specimens who collected extensively in Mexico and Central America. He lived in San Francisco between 1851 and 1852, at the height of the California Gold Rush. He concentrated on collecting hummingbirds, sold scientific bird skins to natural history museums, and supplied the plume trade. He collected birds on expeditions to southern Mexico between 1854 and 1867, and many specimens were sold to P.L. Sclater. By 1865 he had become a foreign corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London. In 1891 he moved to London and set up a taxidermist company, Boucard, Pottier & Co. He published a periodical The Hummingbird (1891–95), which was stopped shortly after he moved to the Isle of Wight in 1894, the same year in which he published Travels of a Naturalist. He died at his son's home in Hampstead in 1905.
Taxa named in honor of Boucard
Seven species of birds are named after Boucard, including Boucard's tinamou Crypturellus boucardi (also known as the slaty-breasted tinamou) described in 1859 by Philip Sclater. A subspecies of lizard, Phrynosoma orbiculare boucardii, was named in his honor by Auguste Duméril and Marie Firmin Bocourt in 1870; this subspecies is sometimes considered a synonym of Phrynosoma orbiculare cortezii.
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Adolphe Boucard
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Rendezvous Island South Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Rendezvous Islands in Calm Channel, to the east of the north end of Read Island in the Discovery Islands at the northern end of the Strait of Georgia region. The park contains a total of 164 ha. 113 ha. of it upland, 53 ha. of it foreshore.
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Rendezvous Island South Provincial Park
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Gus Lafayette Baker (May 10, 1922 – May 16, 1994) was a painter, illustrator, photographer and lecturer.
Early life
Baker was born May 10, 1922, in Winchester, Tennessee, as the son of Thomas Murrell Baker and Nora Wright. He attended Central High School in Winchester, where he served as an art illustrator for the school yearbook his senior year. After graduating in 1940, he enrolled at the University of the South in Sewanee, but after several years the Second World War interrupted his education. He served in the U.S. Army and spent time in the European Theater.
After the war, Baker returned to the University of the South where he majored in philosophy. He was deeply influenced by Dr. John M. S. McDonald, Professor of Philosophy. He was also a music major, and for a while seriously debated a career as a pianist. He graduated magna cum laude in 1947 with a B.A. degree in Philosophy.
Art education
In 1938, aged sixteen, Baker met another Winchester artist, Avery Handly (1913-1958). Though some nine years older, Handly helped shape his perceptions, criticized, and shared his insights in literature and music. Through his encouragement and mentoring Baker chose a career in the arts. He later studied art at the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, Southern Methodist University and the Art Institute of Chicago. He spent four years at the Atlanta Art Institute, obtaining the degrees of B.F.A., 1952, and M.F.A., 1953. There he was rated “the star” of the school and awarded the Ellen S. Booth scholarship for advanced studies in painting at Cranbrook Academy of Art, Michigan. He later studied at the Fine Arts Center of Colorado Springs.
Artistic career
In 1955 Baker came to Nashville, Tennessee to teach art at Watkins Institute. He later taught at the University of Tennessee, Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art and Tennessee State University. Besides being a popular art teacher, Baker continued to create. He expressed himself in many different styles ranging from touches of cubism and expressionism to impressionistic scenes sometimes bordering on pointillism.
In 1960 Baker was honored as Nashville Artist of the Year by the Davidson County Business and Professional Women's Club for his work in organizing a memorial exhibition for his longtime friend and mentor, Avery Handly.
Baker won numerous honors for his work and exhibited at the University of the South, 1950; Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, 1950; Virginia Intermont Competition, 1953; the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, 1953; University of Tennessee, 1958; Tennessee State Fair, 1958, 1959; Vanderbilt University, 1962; and the Parthenon (Nashville), 1960, 1979. But perhaps his most memorable work is the 63 stained glass windows he designed for the Thomas P. Phillips Memorial Library and Archives in Nashville.
His work is widely represented in private collections as well as the permanent collections at the Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art, the Tennessee State Museum, the Dallas Museum of Art, and the Southern Methodist University.
In 1985 he retired from teaching and died May 16, 1994. He is buried in the Baker family plot in Winchester.
In 1996 a memorial retrospective of Baker’s work was held at Belmont University in Nashville.
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Gus Baker
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The Waiting is a Christian alternative pop rock band, consisting of Brad Olsen (vocals), Todd Olsen (guitar), Clark Leake (bass), and Brandon Thompson (drums, percussion, loops).
Early albums by "The Waiting" were guitar driven alternative rock that drew fans with clever songwriting and introspective lyrics that stood out from most Christian rock of the day. The band's later albums moved towards a more polished pop sound.
In August 2003, The Waiting played a sold out show Georgia after which they quit touring full-time. The Waiting still plays occasional spot dates.
In May 2009 Brad Olsen released his solo album titled The More I Think I Understand The Less I Can Explain, It was produced by "Oats", aka Todd Olsen. Brad Olsen continues to write and record music. He resides in Atlanta, GA.
Todd Olsen also resides in Atlanta where he works as a music producer. In November 2011, he released a solo album under his nickname "Oats" entitled A Tear and a Sneer.
Clark Leake received a Masters in Theology from St. Vladimir Orthodox Seminary in May 2007. He lives in Louisville, KY with his wife.
Brandon Thompson resides in the Atlanta Georgia area with his wife and two sons and has produced a couple of bands in his home studio as well as taking a job at Mount Paran North Church of God in Marietta, GA, at which he remained until mid-2006. In 2006, Brandon moved to another local church, His Hands Church where he was the Technical Director. In 2011 Brandon became the main auditorium Production Director for Woodstock City Church, (formerly Watermarke Church), a campus of North Point Ministries in Woodstock, GA. Brandon maintains and occasionally updates his personal website at BranThomps.com, btec.cc, wazzit.com and his wife's personal page TeaTimeWithTiffany.com and TeaOfLifePodcast.com. He can be found on Twitter at @BranThomps.
Latest Release: In 2010, The Waiting announced that they had been working on a new album and released a new single, "Name" and were playing limited spot dates. In 2011, the band released three more singles. In June 2012, the new album Mysteriet became fully funded by 119 backers on Kickstarter, when it was estimated to release in September 2012. The band's last Facebook entry (as of April 2016), written by Todd Olson on March 23, 2016 stated that Brad Olson is doing vocals for the album (Todd mailed him a mic). In 2013, Todd said, "our new album Mysteriet is written but we are still working on getting the music right- no surprise bc how does one make music that evokes the mystery and majesty of the Trinity? I can best describe what we are doing by saying what we are not doing. We are NOT making a follow up to wonderfully made or unfazed- tho unfazed was very successful. what we are attempting to do is make a follow up to the song Hands In The Air musically and spiritually. if we are making a follow up at all."
Discography
Tillbury Town (1991) (external link)
Blue Belly Sky (1995) 11 tracks, color cover
The Waiting (1997) (Spotify link)
Blue Belly Sky (1998 re-issue) 15 tracks, black and white cover (Spotify link)
Unfazed (1998) (Spotify link)
Wonderfully Made (2002) (Spotify link)
Mysteriet (coming soon?)
Compilation Contributions
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The Waiting (band)
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The list of ship launches in 1988 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1988.
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List of ship launches in 1988
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Craig Budan Joeright (born September 19, 1978) is an American former competitive pair skater. With his wife, Larisa Spielberg, he is the 2002 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion and 2000 U.S. national bronze medalist.
Personal life
Joeright was born on September 19, 1978, in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from Troy High School (Michigan) in 1997 and then studied sports psychology at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. He and Spielberg announced their engagement in August 2003. They were married in early 2006. Their twin daughters were born in 2012.
Career
Joeright began learning to skate in 1983. Skating with Celina Taylor, he placed sixth in junior pairs at the 1996 U.S. Championships.
A pairs coach, Johnny Johns, introduced him to Larisa Spielberg. Spielberg/Joeright teamed up in September 1996 at the Detroit Skating Club. Early in their partnership, they were coached by Johns, Mitch Moyer, and Jason Dungjen in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
Competing in the 1998–99 ISU Junior Grand Prix series, the pair won bronze in Mexico City, Mexico, and placed fifth in Budapest, Hungary.
During the 1999–2000 ISU Junior Grand Prix series, Spielberg/Joeright won silver in Ostrava, Czech Republic, and then took bronze in Nagano, Japan. They finished as third alternates for a spot at the JGP Final. In February, they competed in the senior ranks at the 2000 U.S. Championships and received the bronze medal. In March, they placed 13th at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Oberstdorf, Germany.
In 2001, Spielberg injured her left wrist and foot, causing the pair to withdraw from the Grand Prix series. Sergey Petrovskiy, Richard Callaghan, and Veronica Voyk became their coaches after Spielberg/Joeright relocated to the Onyx Skating Academy in Rochester, Michigan, in 2001.
Making their senior international debut, the pair placed fifth at the 2002 Nebelhorn Trophy and then won gold at the 2002 Golden Spin of Zagreb. They took the pewter medal at the 2003 U.S. Championships.
In their final season, Spielberg/Joeright competed at two senior Grand Prix events; they placed seventh at the 2003 Skate America and tenth at the 2003 Skate Canada International. They retired from competitive skating after placing sixth at the 2004 U.S. Championships.
Joeright coaches skaters around the Greater Detroit area, mainly at the Detroit Skating Club and Royal Oak Ice Arena.
Programs
(with Spielberg)
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Spielberg
With Taylor
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Craig Joeright
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Water motorsports at the Summer Olympics may refer to:
Water motorsports at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Water motorsports at the 1908 Summer Olympics
See also
Olympic results index#Water motorsports
Discontinued sports at the Summer Olympics
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Water motorsports at the Summer Olympics
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Triuridales was an order of flowering plants that was used in the Cronquist system, in the subclass Alismatidae. It used the folliwing circumscription:
order Triuridales
family Petrosaviaceae
family Triuridaceae
In the classification system of Dahlgren the Triuridales contained the single family Triuridaceae and was the sole order in the superorder Triuridiflorae (also called Triuridanae).
The APG II system leaves the first of these two families unassigned in the clade monocots while the second is moved to order Pandanales. In the APG III and APG IV systems the second is placed in the monotypic order Petrosaviales.
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Triuridales
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The Belgium national cricket team is the team that represents Belgium in international cricket. The team is organised by the Belgian Cricket Federation, which has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 2005 (and previously an affiliate member, from 1991). Belgium played its first international match in 1910, in an exhibition tournament in Brussels that also featured France, the Netherlands, and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Since the 1990s, the team has regularly competed in European Cricket Council (ECC) tournaments, usually in the lower divisions.
History
Beginnings
The first game of modern cricket in Belgium appears to have been a match played by British soldiers before the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, though research has suggested that cricket may be related to a game exported from Flanders to England in the Sixteenth Century. The first record of organised cricket is a painting dated 1870 that hangs in the pavilion of Lord's Cricket Ground in London that depicts the opening of the Brussels cricket ground in 1866 by mayor Jules Anspach.
The national team first played a match in 1905 when they played against the Netherlands. The match was played almost every year until 1986. Belgium hosted a tournament as part of the 1910 Brussels Exhibition also involving France, the MCC and the Netherlands. Belgium lost their match against the MCC by an innings and lost to the Netherlands by 116 runs.
ICC membership
Belgium became an affiliate member of the ICC in 1991. They began to play in European tournaments, playing in the ECC Trophy for the first time in 1999 when they finished last. They fared better in the next tournament, reaching the semi-finals of the 2001 ECC Trophy in Austria.
They finished sixth in the ECC Trophy in 2003, and gained associate membership of the ICC two years later. Belgium finished fourth in the European Affiliates Championship in 2005 and both played and hosted Division Three of the newly restructured European Championship in August 2007, they finished fifth.
In 2009 Belgium played in La Manga Club Ground, again in Division 3. Richard Nash captained the team and finished fourth. In 2011 Belgium hosted the new 2011 ICC European T20 Championship Division Two where they won the championship undefeated. The captain for the T20 squad was André Wagener.
Belgium got promoted to Division 1 where they finished a credible 7th out of 12 teams having fielded a weakened team because of visa issues. Their performance qualified them for the WCL 8 qualifier the following year.
In 2012 Belgium played the World Cricket League 8 Qualifier in La Manga Club Ground where they beat Gibraltar, Austria and France to qualify for the World Cricket league for the first time. Captained by Sheriyar Butt and Simon Newport in this tournament, they will travel to Samoa in September. On July 31, the Under-19 Belgium Cricket Team (Aadit Sheth, Aaryan Mehta, Raj Sanghvi, Sabhya Jain, Burhan Niaz, Shaan Shah, Dev Jogani, Aarjav Jain, Alex Uzupris, Theodore Develodore, Aamad Ali Rehman, Rehaan Shah, and Zeeshan Diwan Ali), travelled to Essex to participate in the U19 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Europe Division 2.
2018-Present
In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Belgium and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I. Belgium played their first Twenty20 International on 11 May 2019 against Germany.
In August 2020, Belgium won the 2020 Luxembourg T20I Trophy tournament, after winning all four matches they played in.
Current squad
Year: 2020-21
Sheraz Sheikh (Sunny) (c)
Nemish Mehta (vc)
Ali Raza (wk)
Mamoon Latif
Wahidullah Usmani
Murid Ekrami
Zakil Saber
Gurnam Singh
Ashiqullah Said
Sazzad Hosen
Muhammad Muneeb
Raja Saqlain Tasawar
Khalid Ahmadi
Sherul Mehta (wk)
Anthony Ney (wk)
Phil Ney
Grounds
Tournament history
European Affiliates Championship
One-Day
1999: 7th place
2001: Semi-finals
2003: 6th place
2005: 4th place
2007: 5th place (remaining in division 3)
2009: 4th place (remaining il division 3)
2012: 1st place World Cricket League 8 qualifier. Tournament in September in Samoa.
T20
2011: 1st Place Division 2 T20 World Cup Qualifier.
2011: 7th place Division 1 T20 World Cup Qualifier.
Records and statistics
International Match Summary — Belgium
Last updated 11 June 2023
Twenty20 International
Belgium's highest score: 233/6 v Malta, 11 June 2022 at Ghent Oval, Meersen, Ghent.
Highest individual score: 125*, Shaheryar Butt v Czech Republic, 29 August 2020 at Pierre Werner Cricket Ground, Walferdange.
Best bowling figures in an innings: 4/8, Burman Niaz v Malta, 8 July 2021 at Marsa Sports Club, Marsa.
Most T20I runs for Belgium
Most T20I wickets for Belgium
T20I record versus other nations
Records complete to T20I #2093. Last updated 11 June 2023.
See also
List of Belgium Twenty20 International cricketers
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Belgium national cricket team
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Henry Fletcher may refer to:
Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet, of Hutton le Forest (died 1645)
Sir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet, of Hutton le Forest (1661–1712), English MP for Cockermouth
Henry Fletcher (engraver) (fl. 1710–1750), English engraver
Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet, of Clea Hall (1727–1807), British MP for Cumberland
Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 4th Baronet (1835–1910), British MP for Horsham and Lewes
Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet (1887–1969), Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire 1954–1961
Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baronet (born 1945), Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire since 2006
Henry A. Fletcher (1839–1897), American Civil War veteran and Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
Henry Fletcher (mayor) (1859–1953), Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island 1909–1913
Henry P. Fletcher (1873–1959), U.S. diplomat and RNC chair
Henry Fletcher (cricketer) (1882–1937), English cricketer
Henry Fletcher (missionary) (1868–1933), New Zealand missionary and Presbyterian minister
Henry Fletcher, pen name of Fletcher Hanks
See also
Henry Fletcher House, historic house in Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Henry Fletcher Hance (1827–1886), British diplomat
Harry Fletcher (disambiguation)
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Henry Fletcher
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, formerly known as , was a Japanese video game development company founded in 1986. The company was renamed in 2003 when Telenet Japan sold part of its stake and made Namco the majority shareholder. Namco Tales Studio was originally the primary developer of the Tales RPG series, as it had been since the series' beginning. In November 2011, it was announced that the current Tales Studio would be dissolved and would merge with their publisher, Namco Bandai Games. In February 2012, it was announced that the 80 people of the Tales team would join Bandai Namco Studios.
History
Originally headed by Masahiro Akishino, Wolf Team became independent from Telenet in 1987, was reintegrated in 1990 and got merged with another Telenet subsidiary called Lasersoft, then was completely absorbed in an internal restructuring at Telenet in 1993 at which point most of the staff left together with Akishino.
The remaining staff were the then-very-young programmer Yoshiharu Gotanda, designer Masaki Norimoto, director Joe Asanuma, graphic artist Yoshiaki Inagaki, sound composer Motoi Sakuraba, and sound effect designer Ryota Furuya. Wolf Team went on to create games such as Sol-Feace and Hiouden: Mamono-tachi tono Chikai, which faced weak sales. They were also notable for porting laserdisc video games to the Sega Mega-CD, including some Japan-only arcades like Time Gal and Ninja Hayate (released as Revenge of the Ninja for the Sega Mega-CD outside Japan).
For Tale Phantasia, a game concept by Gotanda, they looked for an outside publisher with a better reputation. After approaching Enix, Telenet struck a contract with Namco. Namco insisted on many changes to the game, including changing the title to Tales of Phantasia. The conflict over these changes pushed the game's release from 1994 into late 1995. Most of the initial staff left during this dispute and founded tri-Ace in early 1995.
To continue the lucrative arrangement with Namco to develop the Tales series, Telenet re-staffed Wolf Team and retained some other staff, such as Motoi Sakuraba on a freelance basis. Wolf Team dedicated itself to the series, developing or co-developing nearly every game. In 2003, Namco assumed majority ownership of the company and renamed it Namco Tales Studio.
At the time of its renaming Namco owned 60% of this venture, Telenet Japan/Kazuyuki Fukushima retained 34%, and Tales series director Eiji Kikuchi received 6%. (Kikuchi, who was the head of Telenet's game development department for 10 years, left Telenet to head the new team full-time.) Effective on April 1, 2006, the then-newly merged Bandai Namco Holdings bought the remaining shares from Telenet Japan, cutting the last link to the developers' former employer and increasing its stockholding majority to 94%. In October 2007, Telenet filed for bankruptcy and closed, putting an end to the Wolf Team name. Namco later acquired the remaining shares.
Namco Tales Studios remained the primary developer of the so-called "mothership" titles of the Tales series, with the exception of Tales of Legendia and Tales of Innocence. Legendia was developed by an internal Namco development team called Team Melfes; while Innocence was developed by an independent developer, Alfa System, which also developed various spinoff games in the Tales series.
In November 2011, it was announced that the current Tales Studio would be dissolved and would merge with their publisher, Namco Bandai Games. In February 2012, it was announced that the 80 people of the Tales team would join Bandai Namco Studios.
Developed games
Namco Tales Studio has developed games for the GameCube, PlayStation, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.
Notes:
Tales Studio sound staff only
For a complete list of Tales of games, see Tales (video game series).
As Wolf Team
Aisle Lord
Anett Futatabi
Arcus
Arcus II: Silent Symphony
Arcus 3
Arcus Odyssey
Akushu: Kagerou no Jidai wo Koe te
Apros: Daichi no Shou Kaze no Tankyuu Sha hen
Cliff Hanger
Cobra Command
Crystal Chaser: Tenkuu no Masuishou
D: European Mirage
Daitoua Mokujiroku Goh
Diamond Players
Devastator
Dino Land
Earnest Evans
El Viento
Fhey Area
Final Zone (FZ Senki AXIS)
Gaudi: Barcelona no Kaze
Granada
Goh 2
Gulf War Soukouden
Hiōden
Hiōden 2
Hiōden: Mamono-tachi tono Chikai
Jinmu Denshou
Mid-Garts
Neugier: Umi to Kaze no Kodō
Niko^2
Revenge of the Ninja
Road Blaster
Ryū: Naki no Ryū Yori
Seirei Shinseiki - Fhey Area
Shinsengumi: Bakumatsu Genshikou
Sol-Feace/Sol-Deace
Span of Dream
Suzaku
Tales of Destiny
Tales of Destiny 2
Tales of Eternia
Tales of Phantasia
Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon
Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 2
Tenbu Limited / Mankan Zenseki
Tenbu: Sangokushi Seishi
The Grail Hunter
Tokyo Twilight Busters
Time Gal
Valis: The Fantasm Soldier
Yaksa
Zan: Kagerou no Toki
Zan: Yasha Enbukyoku
Zan II: Spirits
Zan 2: Kagerou no Jidai
Zan 2: Kagerou no Jidai Soshuhen
Zan 3: Tenun Ware ni Ari
Zan Gear
Notes
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Namco Tales Studio
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Yenişehir or Yeni Şehir (Turkish for "new city" or "new town"), also spelt as Yeni Shehr may refer to:
Settlements
Yenişehir, the modern section of Ankara, Turkey
Yenişehir, Bursa, a district of Bursa Province, Turkey
Yenişehir, Diyarbakır, a district of the city of Diyarbakır, Diyarbakır Province, Turkey
Yenişehir, Mersin, a district of Mersin Province, Turkey
Yenişehir, Nicosia, a suburb of Nicosia, in Northern Cyprus
Yenişehir, Pendik, a neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey
Yenişehir-i Fener, the Ottoman name of the city of Larissa, Greece
Structures
Yenişehir Airport, an airport in Yenişehir district of Bursa Province, Turkey
Yenişehir railway station, a TCDD station in Ankara, Turkey
Yenişehir Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Karabük, Turkey
GSIM Yenişehir Ice Hockey Hall, a venue in Erzurum, Turkey
See also
Nevşehir, with an equivalent etymology in Turkish language
Turkish toponyms
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Yenişehir
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Mariazell Basilica, also known as Basilica Mariä Geburt (Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary), is a Roman Catholic church building in Mariazell, Austria. It is the most important Christian pilgrimage destination in Austria and one of the most visited shrines in Europe. In the church, a miraculous wooden image of the Virgin Mary is venerated.
Pope Pius X personally raised the sanctuary to the status of a minor basilica by a Motu proprio on 10 November 1907. Later, he ensured the coronation of the Marian image by a decree on 8 September 1908. Mariazell is the only church named as a national shrine of all German-speaking countries.
Early history
The territory around Mariazell was given to St. Lambert's Abbey around 1103, and the monks built a cell in order to serve the local residents. Tradition gives the town's founding day as December 21, 1157, but it is first documented in 1243. A Marian altar was dedicated in 1266.
The current church building
The Basilica of the Mariä Geburt
In the fourteenth century, a gothic church stood at Mariazell with a 90 m high spire and an ogive portal. In 1420 and 1474, the church was destroyed by fire. The church building was later expanded and redesigned in the Baroque style by Domenico Sciassia from 1644 to 1683. To the left and right of the gothic spire, a baroque tower was built, the nave was lengthened and widened, and a dome was added on the eastern side. The high altar, consecrated in 1704, was designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach.
The twelve side chapels each contain a baroque altar. The plaster stucco work of the organ gallery and the 1737 organ console was created by the Viennese sculptor Johann Wagner in 1740.
In front of the main entrance are two life-sized lead statues created by Balthasar Moll in 1757. To the left stands King Ludwig I of Hungary and to the right is Heinrich, Margrave of Moravia.
In 1907, the pilgrimage church was elevated to a basilica minor.
The basilica has been undergoing a general restoration since 1992, which was completed in 2007.
Holy image and chapel
The older part of the building, built in 1690, contains the Gnadenkapelle. This chapel sits on the site of the first "cell" and holds a Late Romanesque miraculous image of the Virgin Mary - the "Magna Mater Austria", a 48 cm tall statuette made of linden. The miraculous image receives an elaborately designed merciful dress every year. The more than 150 dresses can either be viewed in the treasury or are carefully conserved. Many clothes were donated as votive offerings or by wealthy people. The design of a mercy dress is still considered a great honor today.
Pilgrimage development
Pilgrims were already making their way to the Marian sanctuary in the 12th century. Larger numbers of pilgrims are documented beginning around 1330, when a secular court imposed a Zellfahrt (Zell journey) as atonement for its criminals. In the following years increasing numbers of pilgrims came from neighboring lands. After the Counter-Reformation, the Habsburgs made Mariazell a national sanctuary. However, in 1783, Emperor Joseph II abandoned the monastery in Mariazell, and in 1787, he completely banned pilgrimages to Mariazell. After the early withdrawal of the restrictions, around a million pilgrims visit Mariazell each year. In May 2004, the Mitteleuropäischer Katholikentag (Central European Catholic Day) took place in Mariazell.
Legends
There are three basic legends about the founding of Mariazell and its development. The legend of the town's founding says that in 1157, a monk of St. Lambrecht, called Magnus, was sent to the area of the current town as a minister. When his way was blocked by a rock, he set down the Marian figurine he had brought with him, whereby the rock broke apart and left Magnus' way clear. On a nearby bank, he settled down, placed the figurine on a tree trunk, and built a cell out of wood, which served as both his chapel and his living quarters.
The second legend relates how Henry Margrave of Moravia and his wife, having been healed of severe gout by the help of Our Lady of Mariazell, made a pilgrimage to that place around 1200. There they had the first stone church built on the site of the wooden chapel.
The third legend recounts a victorious battle of the Hungarian King Ludwig I. over a numerically superior Turkish army. In thanks he built the gothic church and endowed it with the Schatzkammerbild (treasury image) that he saw laid upon his chest in a dream.
In 2007, the Mariazell Basilica was selected as the main motif of a collectors' coin: the Austrian Mariazell Basilica commemorative coin, minted on May 9. The coin shows the facade of the basilica with its characteristic central gothic tower flanked by two baroque towers.
Gallery
See also
Roman Catholic Marian churches
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Mariazell Basilica
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Michael Dante DiMartino (born July 18, 1974) is an American animator, producer, writer, and director. He is best known, together with Bryan Konietzko, as the co-creator of the animated TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra, both on Nickelodeon.
Career
Before Avatar, DiMartino worked for twelve years at Film Roman, helping to direct King of the Hill, Family Guy and Mission Hill, in addition to his own animated short, Atomic Love, which was screened at a number of high-profile film festivals. The dedication to his father's memory can be seen in the penultimate episode of Avatar: The Last Airbender. In a 2010 interview the president of Nickelodeon, Cyma Zarghami, confirmed that DiMartino and Konietzko were developing a new series for the network, called The Legend of Korra. The series premiered on April 14, 2012, running 12 episodes for the first book "Air" and 14 for the second book "Spirits", which premiered on September 13, 2013, to 2.60 million viewers in the U.S., then the third book "Change" and the fourth and final book "Balance" of 13 episodes each.
On October 4, 2016, DiMartino released a new original novel, Rebel Genius. The story features a 12-year-old protagonist, Giacomo, who discovers he has a magical 'Genius,' the living embodiment of an artist's creative spirit, in a world where artistic expression is outlawed.
In September 2018, it was announced that Konietzko and DiMartino would serve as executive producers and showrunners for Netflix's upcoming live-action adaptation series of Avatar: The Last Airbender. On August 12, 2020, Konietzko and DiMartino revealed on social media that they've both departed the show, due to creative differences with the Netflix team.
In February 2021, ViacomCBS (the parent company of Nickelodeon) announced its formation of Avatar Studios, a division of Nickelodeon centered on developing newer animated series and movies set in the same universe as Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra with both DiMartino and Konietzko helming the studio as co-chief creative officers reporting to Nickelodeon Animation Studio president, Ramsey Ann Naito. Its first project will be an animated theatrical film which is set to start production later the same year.
Personal life
DiMartino was born in Shelburne, Vermont. He studied at the Rhode Island School of Design with Bryan Konietzko, with whom he created Avatar.
Filmography
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Michael Dante DiMartino
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The Alberta Federation of Labour (AFL) is the Alberta provincial trade union federation of the Canadian Labour Congress. It has a membership of approximately 170,000 from 29 affiliated unions.
The AFL was founded in 1912, when mining workers and tradespeople in Lethbridge organized to demand the establishment of occupational health and safety regulations in Alberta's coal fields which, at the time, had the highest workplace mortality rates in the world.
Today, the Federation continues its tradition of advocacy on issues it perceives to be of concern to working people. Often these issues relate directly to the workplace, but sometimes they relate to broader social issues such as education, pensions, energy policy and public health care.
News
On April 9, 2013, the AFL obtained a list of all employers who had been granted the ability to hire guest workers under the high-skilled section of the Temporary Foreign Worker program. The list of more than 2,400 employers included hundreds of fast food restaurants.
In August 2014, the Alberta Federation of Labour was fined $50,000 by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission for violating rules with 2012 provincial election robocalls.
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Alberta Federation of Labour
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Torba may refer to:
Places
Torba, Bodrum, a village in Turkey
Torba Province, Vanuatu
Torba, a village in Măgherani Commune, Mureș County, Romania
Torba, a frazione of Gornate Olona, Varese, Italy
Other uses
Torba, a cement-like material used for example in the construction of the Skorba Temples, Malta
Torba, a 2015 album by the hip hop group EarthGang
See also
Tarbha, Orissa, India
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Torba
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John W. Niddrie (September 24, 1863 – May 4, 1940) was a Canadian pioneer and missionary during the early years of the European colonization of Canada. He moved to Canada from Scotland. His memoirs were collected in a book titled Niddrie of the North-West. University of Alberta Press published the book.
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John W. Niddrie
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Fontenais is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Bressaucourt merged into the municipality of Fontenais.
History
Fontenais is first mentioned in 1148 as Fonteneis.
Geography
Fontenais has an area of . Of this area, or 48.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 43.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 7.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and or 0.4% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 41.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 27.5% is used for growing crops and 19.0% is pastures, while 1.1% is used for orchards or vine crops and 1.1% is used for alpine pastures.
The municipality is located in the Porrentruy district, south of the city of Porrentruy. It stretches across a small valley to the slopes of the surrounding mountains, where the main village developed. It consists of the village of Fontenais and the hamlet of Villars-sur-Fontenais as well as scattered farm houses. Somewhere on the Le Chételat hill, the remains of an 11th-century castle are supposedly buried.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Fountain Argent, and on a Chief Or two Mullets [of Six] Gules. The fountain () is an example of canting.
Demographics
Fontenais has a population () of . , 6.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -1.7%. Migration accounted for -2.4%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.6%.
Most of the population () speaks French (1,187 or 95.0%) as their first language, German is the second most common (35 or 2.8%) and Italian is the third (12 or 1.0%).
, the population was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. The population was made up of 550 Swiss men (44.2% of the population) and 47 (3.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 604 Swiss women (48.6%) and 43 (3.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 436 or about 34.9% were born in Fontenais and lived there in 2000. There were 501 or 40.1% who were born in the same canton, while 130 or 10.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 138 or 11.0% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 57.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.3%.
, there were 481 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 645 married individuals, 75 widows or widowers and 48 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 509 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 151 households that consist of only one person and 41 households with five or more people. , a total of 488 apartments (89.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 34 apartments (6.2%) were seasonally occupied and 25 apartments (4.6%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 2.61%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 70.06% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (15.54%), the SVP (6.75%) and the FDP (5.37%). In the federal election, a total of 617 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 62.9%.
Economy
, Fontenais had an unemployment rate of 4.9%. , there were 43 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 39 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 13 businesses in this sector. 74 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 19 businesses in this sector. There were 593 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.7% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 124. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 32, of which 31 were in agriculture and 1 was in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 36 of which 22 or (61.1%) were in manufacturing and 14 (38.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 56. In the tertiary sector; 18 or 32.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 10.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 3 or 5.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 7.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 2 or 3.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 14.3% were in education and 3 or 5.4% were in health care.
, there were 58 workers who commuted into the municipality and 454 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 7.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 22.4% of the workforce coming into Fontenais are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 6.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 73.4% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 904 or 72.4% were Roman Catholic, while 145 or 11.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 79 individuals (or about 6.33% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 15 (or about 1.20% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 1 individual who belonged to another church. 85 (or about 6.81% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 58 individuals (or about 4.64% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Fontenais about 391 or (31.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 107 or (8.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 107 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.6% were Swiss men, 29.0% were Swiss women, 4.7% were non-Swiss men.
The Canton of Jura school system provides two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four-year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 104 students attending 6 classes in Fontenais. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 21 students in the municipality. The municipality had 5 primary classes and 83 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Fontenais attend their secondary school in another municipality.
, there were 3 students in Fontenais who came from another municipality, while 95 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
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Fontenais
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is a Japanese pop music band. D-51 is group consisting of two men, Yu and Yasu. They are signed under Pony Canyon label. According to its members, the name D-51 came from Japanese National Railways' D51 steam locomotive class.
In 2005, they had their first big hit with the single No More Cry, which peaked at no. 5 on Oricon charts and became the 13th best selling single of the year, selling 402,034 copies.
Members
Yu : born Yū Uezato (上里優 Uezato Yū) on November 9, 1983 in Ginowan, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
Yasu : born Yasuhide Yoshida (吉田安英 Yoshida Yasuhide) on April 6, 1982 in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
Discography
Singles
Albums
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D-51
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Loveless is an American Western comic book series for mature readers published by DC Comics as a part of that company's Vertigo imprint. It is written by Brian Azzarello and drawn by Marcelo Frusin, Danijel Zezelj and Werther Dell'Edera. There are 24 issues total.
Plot
Loveless was originally about a man, Wes Cutter, who fought for the South in the Civil War and was captured. After spending time in a prison camp he comes back to his previous home of Blackwater after the North won to find the town under Union control and his house occupied. Soon after, Cutter is offered a position of sheriff in the town.
The comic's early issues explore the dynamic relationship between Cutter and the people of the town (most of whom hate him), the fate of Cutter's wife Ruth, and the lingering feelings of animosity between North and South after the end of the war.
Since the conclusion to its earlier issues, Loveless has become a comic of greater chronological and thematic narrative. The stories within Loveless, since its inception and especially in its later years center around racism and the grittier realities of American history.
The book had been stated to last about four years by Brian Azzarello in a Broken Frontier interview. In the interview Azzarello also hinted to end the story in the 1940s or so, but the series was cancelled with issue #24.
Characters
Wes (Wesley) Cutter
Protagonist
Ruth Cutter (Stokes)
Takes the name of James Wright
Jonny Cutter
Brother of Wes Cutter
Smuggled weapons from Canada
Boyd Johnson
Fought along with Wes under Bill Anderson's command
'Bloody' Bill Anderson
Abram Rivers
Silas Redd
Colonel
Crippled by Boyd Johnson and lost his leg
James Foley
Catholic, unlike most other soldiers
Promoted to sergeant
Irish
Jeremiah Trotter
George
Sergeant
Killed by Ruth
Atticus Man
Black bounty hunter
Lord
Referred as Captain, but probably holds higher position, since he dismisses colonel Redd of his duties
Punch
Assassin, hired by Abram to kill Seth, who's been spying for Lawson Company, and later Wes Cutter
Martha
Abram's Wife
Jasper
Later became a horse racer
Murphy
Sergeant
Helen
Convinced Ruth to help Jonny conceal smuggled weapons in her house
Found dead in her bed, her neck broken
Frank
Has a pig farm
Artists
The title was penciled and inked by three artists on a rotating schedule: Marcelo Frusin (#1-5, 9-10, covers), Danijel Zezelj (#6-8, 13-15, 22-24), Werther Dell'Edera (#11-12, 16-21). Frusin previously worked with writer Brian Azzarello for three years on Hellblazer. Zezelj also had a previous project with Azzarello: El Diablo, a western mini series, that in Azzarello's words "planted the seeds for Loveless". All three artists have clearly distinct, recognizable styles, colorist Patricia Mulviill ensured a graphic continuity throughout the series.
Collected editions
They are being collected together into trade paperbacks as the run continues:
See also
Western genre in other media
Notes
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Loveless (comics)
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The Yellow House (), alternatively named The Street (), is an 1888 oil painting by the 19th-century Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh.
The house was the right wing of 2 Place Lamartine, Arles, France, where, on May 1, 1888, van Gogh rented four rooms. He occupied two large ones on the ground floor to serve as an atelier (workshop) and kitchen, and on the first floor, two smaller ones facing Place Lamartine. The window on the first floor nearest the corner with both shutters open is that of van Gogh's guest room, where Paul Gauguin lived for nine weeks from late October 1888. Behind the next window, with shutters nearly closed, is van Gogh's bedroom. The two small rooms at the rear were rented by van Gogh at a later time.
Van Gogh indicated that the restaurant where he used to have his meals was in the building painted pink, close to the left edge of the painting (28 Place Lamartine). It was run by Widow Venissac, who was also van Gogh's landlady, and who owned several of the other buildings depicted.
To the right of the Yellow House, the Avenue Montmajour runs down to the two railway bridges. The first line (with a train just passing) served the local connection to Lunel, which is on the opposite (that is, right) bank of river Rhône. The other line was owned by the P.-L.-M. Railway Company (Paris Lyon Méditerranée).
In the left foreground is an indication of the corner of the pedestrian walk which surrounded one of the public gardens on Place Lamartine. The ditch running up Avenue Montmajour from the left towards the bridges served the gas pipe, which allowed van Gogh a little later to have gaslight installed in his atelier.
The building was severely damaged in a bombing raid by the Allies on June 25, 1944, and was later demolished.
Genesis
The painting was executed in September 1888, at which time van Gogh sent a sketch of the composition to his brother Theo:.
Initially, van Gogh titled the painting as The House and its environment (French: La Maison et son entourage). Later he opted for a more meaningful title and called it The Street (French: La Rue), paying homage to a suite of sketches showing streets in Paris, by Jean-François Raffaëlli, and recently published in Le Figaro.
Pedigree
This painting never left the artist's estate. Since 1962, it has been in the possession of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist's nephew, and on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.
Since the 1940s
The Yellow House itself no longer exists. It was severely damaged in bombing-raids during the Second World War, and later demolished. The place without the house looks almost the same. A placard on the scene commemorates its former existence.
See also
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
Resources
Notes
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The Yellow House
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The C&O Railroad bridge is a cantilever truss bridge carrying the CSX Transportation Cincinnati Terminal Subdivision over the Ohio River. It was the first railroad bridge connecting Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky.
The bridge was originally built between 1886 and 1889 by a predecessor of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The bridge cost $3,348,675, an enormous sum. By 1929 it was obsolete, and a replacement was built on extended piers immediately adjacent to the original structure. This new bridge was given the same name as the original and is still in use, carrying the CSX Railroad (the C&O's successor) across the river. The original bridge was sold to the Commonwealth of Kentucky and retrofitted as an automobile bridge. In 1970 that converted original bridge was pulled off its piers by two tug boats thus falling into the Ohio River below, the northern pier was extended, and the Clay Wade Bailey Bridge was built on that and the remaining preexisting piers.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Kentucky
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Ohio
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C&O Railroad Bridge
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U.N. Gunasekera (1922–2008), was a Sri Lankan civil engineer. He is a notable Sri Lankan civil engineer. He revolutionized engineering in Sri Lanka through his construction of high-rise buildings, including Sri Lanka's first five-star hotel (the Ceylon Inter-Continental) and its largest five-star hotel (the Cinnamon Grand), among various other projects.
Early life
He studied at the Royal College, Colombo. Having completed the University of Cambridge Higher Diploma, he graduated from the University of London with a degree in Engineering and qualifying as a Chartered Engineer.
Civil engineering
Gunasekera developed a large construction business that captured a large portion of the market share. He was the first Sri Lankan engineer to build high-rise buildings. By initiating the construction of high rise buildings in Sri Lanka, he played a role in the economic and social development of Sri Lanka. In 1995, he was the only pre-qualified Sri Lankan engineer to bid for the 2.6 billion Marriott renovation of the Galle Face Hotel. He was named one of the five billionaires of Sri Lanka in 1998, prior to his retirement.
In addition to his construction ventures owned other commercial enterprises, such as the Glass House Health Center and Diagnostic Laboratory, a printing press, and a food manufacturing company. He was a prominent real estate mogul, having invested in a famed billion-rupee multi-acre property in Sri Lanka's capital. He developed many influential friendships, including with Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Ranasinghe Premadasa.
Projects
Bank headquarters
Hatton National Bank
Hotels
Ceylon Inter-Continental
Lanka Oberoi aka Cinnamon Grand, including all 3 stages and 600 rooms
Habarana Lodge and Mount Lavinia Hotel Extension
Political party headquarters
SLFP
UNP
Places of worship
Cathedral of Christ the Living Savior
Shopping malls
Welikada Plaza
YMBA
Apartment complexes
Police
Office complexes
People's Park Complex
Auditoriums
Bishop's College Auditorium
Office buildings
Hemas
Headquarters for the Armed Forces
National Armed Reserve
Air Force
National Intelligence Bureau
Factory buildings
Ceylon Glass Company
Academic headquarters
Institution of Engineers
Institute of Chartered Accountants
Institute of Business Management
University buildings
Science Faculty, University of Colombo
Arts Faculty, University of Colombo
Warehouses
Aitken Spence
Ferntea
Houses
Sirimavo Bandaranaike's
Recognition
Gunasekera was elected Fellow and President of the Institute of Engineers, Sri Lanka for five consecutive years, later serving as the chairman of its board of trustees. In 2006, he was awarded membership of the Institution of Structural Engineers and life membership of the National Construction Association (whose presidency he declined), in recognition of his professional excellence. He also received an award for 50 years of construction activity from the World Institute of Engineers.
He was also the President of Ceylonese Rugby & Football Club, Vice-President of the Sinhalese Sports Club and Vice-President of the Royal College Union.
Personal life
He is the grandson of Gate Mudaliyar Abraham Mendis Gunasekera Wijaya Sri Wardana, a literary figure and the founder of the Sinhala-English Dictionary, and the great-grandson of Mudaliyar Bastian Mendis Gunasekera.
Gunasekera married Sita de Silva, daughter of Sir Ernest de Silva and Lady Evadne De Silva. They had three children, Srimani who became a Doctor, son Dhammika, who became an engineer and younger daughter, Sushila, was a prominent tennis player in the early 1970s before attending university to study architecture.
Gunasekera was a strong Buddhist and was one of the largest contributors to charities in Sri Lanka. He constructed the Sambodhi Vihara in Colombo.
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U. N. Gunasekera
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Parc (French) or Park (Dutch) is a Brussels Metro station located beneath Brussels Park in central Brussels, Belgium. It has one entrance, at the intersection of the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat and the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat, two of the main roads of the City of Brussels.
The station opened on 17 December 1969, as a premetro (underground tram) station on the tram line between De Brouckère and Schuman, and became a heavy metro station on 20 September 1976, serving former lines 1A and 1B. Following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it is served by lines 1 and 5, which cross Brussels from east to west.
Several places of interest other than the park itself lie near this station: the Royal Palace, the Belgian House of Parliament (Palace of the Nation), the office of the Prime Minister of Belgium, the Royal Park Theatre, and the United States' embassy.
History
When the station was first built, there was a plan to eventually construct a connecting line along the route of the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat. To provide for this line, a much larger underground space was excavated than necessary for a simple station. The Rue Royale line was quickly cancelled, and the underground chambers intended for it now house the Brussels metro's traffic control centre.
The tunnel between Parc/Park and Arts-Loi/Kunst-Wet stations was the first section of the Brussels metro system to be built using a tunnelling shield. This was done as a test; most parts of the Brussels metro having been built using open construction methods.
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Parc metro station (Brussels)
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Wath railway station was one of three railway stations in Wath-upon-Dearne, South Yorkshire, England. It was the southern terminus of The Hull & South Yorkshire Extension Railway which became part of the Hull and Barnsley Railway in 1898 and was the southern terminus of a branch line from Wrangbrook Junction. The station was located on Station Road between the Great Central Railway's Wath Central station and the Midland Railway's Wath North station. Branch line trains connected with Sheffield-Cudworth-Hull trains at Wrangbrook.
The railway was opened for passengers on 28 August 1902, with Wath being from Wrangbrook Junction and from , where the passenger service went to. However, the line was not a success for passenger traffic: it was closed to passengers on 6 April 1929. The station at Wath was a single platform affair but with a substantial station house. This and the former ticket office are the only surviving remains of the station and have survived the buildings of Wath's other two, more successful stations: they still stand on Station Road, called "Station House" and "Barnsley Cottage" respectively.
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Wath (Hull and Barnsley) railway station
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Sport plays a central role in Scottish culture. The temperate, oceanic climate has played a key part in the evolution of sport in Scotland, with all-weather sports like association football and golf dominating the national sporting consciousness. However, many other sports are played in the country, with popularity varying between sports and between regions.
Scotland has its own sporting competitions and governing bodies, such as the Camanachd Association, the Scottish Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby League. The country has independent representation at many international sporting events, for example the Rugby League World Cup, as well as the Commonwealth Games (although not the Olympic Games).
Scots, and Scottish immigrants, have made several key contributions to the history of sport, with important innovations and developments in:
golf, curling, football, rugby union (the invention of rugby sevens, first international, and first league system), Highland games (which have contributed to the evolution of modern athletics events), shinty (the predecessor of both ice hockey and bandy), cycling (Kirkpatrick Macmillan invented the pedal bicycle), and water polo (first set of rules, games and internationals).
Highland games, the largest and most widespread multi-sport festivals of the 19th century, are claimed to have influenced Baron Pierre de Coubertin and Dr William Milligan Sloane (a scholar of French History and close friend of Baron de Courbertin) of Princeton when he was planning the revival of the Olympic Games. De Coubertin and Milligan, who was researching his book on Napoleon at the time, saw a display of Highland games at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.
Football codes
Ever since the 19th century, the two main football codes in Scotland are association football (which is more commonly referred to as just "football" or "fitba") and rugby union, though the former being significantly dominant since World War II. Some others are also played. For Gaelic Football, please see under Gaelic Athletic Association, further down.
Traditional football
There is a long tradition of football games stretching back centuries. While these games were referred to as "football" (and numerous variants), many of them were very different from modern football, and involved carrying the ball. One of these games was outlawed in 1424. The history of football in Scotland includes various traditional ball games, for example the Ba game; some of these early games probably involved the kicking of a ball. Uncertainty about the specific nature of these games is because prior to 1863, the term "football" implied almost any ball game that was played on ones feet and not played on horseback. Some of these local games were probably played as far back as the Middle Ages, although the earliest contemporary accounts (as opposed to decrees simply banning "football") come in the eighteenth century. Many of these accounts refer to the violence of traditional Scottish football and as a result many games were abolished or modified. Several burghs retain an annual Ba game, with the Kirkwall Ba Game in Orkney being probably the most famous form of traditional football in Scotland. Elsewhere in Scotland, the greatest evidence for a tradition of football games comes from southern Scotland, in particular the Scottish Borders.
Association football
The world's first official international association football match was held in 1872 and was the idea of C. W. Alcock of the Football Association which was seeking to promote Association Football in Scotland. The match took place at the West of Scotland Cricket Club's Hamilton Crescent ground in the Partick area of Glasgow. The match was between Scotland and England and resulted in a 0–0 draw. Following this, the newly developed football became the most popular sport in Scotland. The Scottish Cup is the world's oldest national trophy, first contested in 1873 (although the FA Cup is an older competition, its original trophy is no longer in existence). Queen's Park F.C., in Glasgow, is probably the oldest association football club in the world outside England.
The Scottish Football Association (SFA), the second-oldest national football association in the world, is the main governing body for Scottish association football, and a founding member of the International Football Association Board (IFAB) which governs the Laws of the Game. As a result of this key role in the development of the sport Scotland is one of only four countries to have a permanent representative on the IFAB; the other four representatives being appointed for set periods by FIFA. The SFA also has responsibility for the Scotland national football team.
The national stadium is Hampden Park in Glasgow. Supporters of the national team are nicknamed the Tartan Army, or the "Sporran Legion". As of June 2023, Scotland's men's team are ranked as the 30th best national football team in the FIFA World Rankings. Their highest ranking was 14th, in 2007, and lowest was 86th, in 2004. The national team last attended the World Cup in France in 1998, but finished last in their group stage after defeats to runners-up Brazil and Morocco. They won a single point after a one-all draw with Norway.
Elite club association football in Scotland is represented by the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL).
Scotland's association football clubs have had a relatively high degree of success internationally. In terms of European competitions, Rangers, Celtic and Aberdeen have all won European competitions. Rangers, were the first British team to reach a European Final, the 1961 European Cup Winners Cup. However, Celtic are the only team to have won the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League), Europe's premier competition. Celtic won this cup in 1967 becoming the first British team to do so. Their victory is an important one in football history with the competition being won with a team comprising no players born more than thirty miles (48 km) from the home of the club, Celtic Park.
The most successful teams over the years have been the Old Firm: Rangers and Celtic. With Rangers currently being the second most successful team in professional football, behind Al Ahly of Egypt. Glasgow is therefore home to three major football stadia. With Celtic Park (60,411 seats), Ibrox Stadium (50,817 seats) and Hampden Park (51,866 seats).
Rugby union
Rugby union in Scotland is administered by the Scottish Rugby Union. Murrayfield Stadium, in Edinburgh, is the home of the Scotland national rugby union team. Scotland are placed 5th in the World Rugby Rankings. They annually take part in the Six Nations and participate in the Rugby World Cup, which takes place every four years. Scottish players are also eligible for selection for the British and Irish Lions, a composite team that tours the Southern hemisphere every 4 years.
The roots of Scottish rugby go back a long way. Many ball games played in Scotland, and referred to as "football" were frequently as similar to rugby as they were to soccer.
The Scottish Football Union (SFU) was founded in 1873 and was a founding member of the International Rugby Board in 1886 with Ireland and Wales. (England joined in 1890). In 1924 the SFU changed its name to become the Scottish Rugby Union.
The world's oldest continual rugby fixture was first played in 1858 between Merchiston Castle School and the former pupils of The Edinburgh Academy. The Edinburgh Academy was also involved in the first ever international rugby union game when a side representing England met the Scottish national side on the cricket field of the Academy at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh on 27 March 1871, which Scotland won. The national side today competes in the annual Six Nations Championship and has appeared at every Rugby World Cup. Scotland has two professional sides that compete in the Pro14 and the European Professional Club Rugby tournaments – Edinburgh Rugby and Glasgow Warriors. Two other professional sides also formerly existed: Caledonia Reds and the Border Reivers but these sides were disbanded due to funding problems in the SRU. The Scottish League Championship exists for amateur and semi-pro clubs. The national side regularly fill Murrayfield for Six Nations fixtures.
Rugby union is most popular in the Borders region, where it is played widely, and this is probably the only area of Scotland where rugby is the most popular sport, although it has a strong presence in Aberdeen, Cupar, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Stirling, Ayrshire and Perthshire.
Rugby sevens
Rugby sevens is a variant of rugby union, which was initially conceived by Ned Haig, a butcher from Melrose, Scottish Borders as a fundraising event for his local club, Melrose RFC, in 1883. The first ever sevens match was played at the Greenyards, where it was well received. The first ever officially sanctioned international tournament occurred at Murrayfield as part of the "Scottish Rugby Union's celebration of rugby" centenary celebrations in 1973. Due to the success of the format, the ongoing Hong Kong Sevens was launched three years later, and numerous other international competitions followed. In 1993, the Rugby World Cup Sevens, in which the Melrose Cup is contested, was launched, which is named after its town of origin. In the meantime, the Melrose Sevens continue to be popular and there is a healthy Borders Sevens Circuit. The annual IRB Sevens World Series, featuring international sides from around the world, used to feature the Edinburgh Sevens at Murrayfield, but that tournament has since been replaced by the Paris Sevens.
Rugby league
Rugby league is administered by Scotland Rugby League. The main international team has been playing since 1909 although their first proper international wasn't until 1996 when they beat Ireland in Dublin 6–26. In the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, Scotland finished last in their group, although only narrowly lost to Ireland, Samoa and New Zealand. The latter two matches were played in Edinburgh and Glasgow respectively.
A major boost to rugby league in Scotland came when the Rugby League Challenge Cup Final was brought to Murrayfield, Edinburgh. On both occasions over 60,000 watched the final. This was coupled with a fantastic 42–20 win over France in July 2001, possibly one of Scotland's best wins in their short history.
Scotland finished top of Group C in the 2013 Rugby League World Cup progressing ahead of Tonga and Italy but losing to New Zealand 40–4. In the 2016 Rugby League Four Nations Scotland came away with a historic draw 18–18 with New Zealand in Workington, Cumbria although finishing last in the tournament.
The top tier of the domestic game in Scotland is the semi-professional Scottish National League currently features teams including the Aberdeen Warriors, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles and the Strathmore Silverbacks.
American Football
It is played on an amateur basis throughout Scotland. There are 14 under 18 teams ranging from Inverness Blitz in the North, Inverclyde Hawks in the West through to Edinburgh in the East.
7 teams currently play in the BAFA Community Leagues with Glasgow Tigers, Clyde Valley Blackhawks, Dundee Hurricanes, Highland Wildcats, Edinburgh Wolves and West Coast Trojans playing in Division 2, and the East Kilbride Pirates playing in Division 1.
A professional team the Scottish Claymores played in NFL Europe between 1995 and 2004 based in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Lawrence Tynes, Joe Andruzzi and Dante Hall all played for the team and went on to have success in the NFL.
Australian Rules Football
Australian Rules Football is a minor sport in Scotland.
There are currently three teams in SARFL, most established in the early 2000s. It has seen growth around the major cities and now has a national team.
Futsal, indoor football and five-a-side
Futsal is a Brazilian form of football, similar to, but not the same as indoor football, which is more closely related to standard football.
Five-a-side (not to be confused with fives) is popular in Scotland, with many casual leagues.
Stick and bat games
For hurling and camogie, please see under Gaelic Athletic Association.
Cricket
Cricket has a much lower profile in Scotland than it has south of the border in England. Scotland is not one of the twelve leading cricketing nations which play Test matches, but the Scottish national team is now allowed to play full One Day Internationals, and takes part in the Cricket World Cup, in which Scotland reached the final tournament in 2007. Scotland has a well established recreational cricket structure. Scotland has co-hosted the 1999 Cricket World Cup along with England, Ireland and Netherlands.
The governing body for Scottish cricket is Cricket Scotland, which administers women's cricket and junior cricket as well as the men's game.
Cricket has an image as an "English" sport in Scotland, with many top players competing for the England national side, such as Jon Croft, and indeed, the national side competes in the English counties system.
Freuchie Cricket Club in Fife famously won the Village Championship in the 1985.
It is widely played in Scottish private schools, and has some presence in the major cities.
Moreover, Scotland defeated England for the first time on 2018. They still remain unbeaten by Bangladesh and West Indies, the two full members in cricket, in T20I.
They also participated in the 2015 ICC World Cup.
Golf
Scotland is the "Home of Golf", and is well known for its many links courses, including the Old Course at St Andrews, Carnoustie, Muirfield and Royal Troon. The first record of golf being played was at Leith Links in 1457.
Scotland is at the forefront of international golf, with some of the world's premier courses being located there. The most famous courses, such as St Andrews tend to be on the east coast's dunelands, which are known in Lowland Scots as "links" – this word has passed over into golf terminology as meaning a course. There are also major courses at Gleneagles, Ayrshire, East Lothian and Loch Lomond.
While there is considerable disagreement as to where in Scotland golf was invented – St Andrews, Leith or Bruntsfield – or even if it was invented within Scotland – both the Netherlands and China have staked claims – the modern game was codified in Scotland. Much of golf terminology has its roots in Lowland Scots, e.g. caddy, links, tee etc.
Shinty
Shinty or camanachd is the traditional game of the Scottish Highlands, although historically it has a wider range.
It is still played widely across the area today, with clubs also based in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Fife and Perth, and in most universities. Its governing body is the Camanachd Association (in Scottish Gaelic, Comunn na Camanachd) who are based in Inverness.
The sport's premier prize is the Scottish Cup, more popularly known as the Camanachd Cup. Shinty also has the honour of having provided, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the world's most successful sporting team, Kingussie Camanachd. Shinty was formerly played through the Winter but has recently become a primarily Summer game. It has common roots with the Irish sport of Hurling.
Baseball
Baseball has existed in Edinburgh since the 1930s when it was played at US air bases at Kirknewton and East Fortune. In 2007 the Scottish National League was formed after previously being associated with British Baseball Federation. The league consisted of the Edinburgh Diamond Devils, Edinburgh Eagles, Strathclyde Falcons and the Glasgow Baseball Association. In 2011 the league was still going strong with the Edinburgh Diamond Devils, Edinburgh Cannons, Edinburgh Giants, and the Glasgow Baseball Association. In 2018 the first Postseason was established in line with the traditions of the game - The Caledonia Classic. In 2022 the Scottish National League split into two divisions. The lower, Single A, and the higher, AAA.
There have been 8 Scottish baseball players to play in the Major leagues, and in 2023 a player who played in Edinburgh at ages 13 - 15 was drafted to the Philadelphia Phillies organisation in MLB.
Baseball is still a minority sport in Scotland and is only played at an amateur level but is growing year on year.
Croquet
The Scottish Croquet Association, formed in 1974, has responsibility for croquet in Scotland.
Notable Scottish croquet players include Compton Mackenzie.
Elephant polo
Elephant polo is not played in Scotland, but gained notoriety within Scotland when The Duke of Argyll's team representing Scotland won the 2001, 2004 and 2005 Elephant Polo World Championships.
Field hockey
Field hockey is mainly played in the Lowlands, where it displaced shinty. Field hockey in Scotland is run by the Scottish Hockey Union.
Ice Hockey
Scotland has a very long successful history of ice hockey, and it is the third most attended team sport in the country after association football and rugby union. Scotland are host to the oldest ice hockey team in Britain which are the Fife Flyers. At the moment there are four Scottish teams competing in the UK-wide Elite Ice Hockey League. Edinburgh Capitals have been in the Elite Ice Hockey League since it was formed and in 2010 they were joined by the Dundee Stars and the newly formed Braehead Clan and in 2011 the Fife Flyers were admitted as both their previous league and the Newcastle Vipers went bust creating an opening. Scotland has produced 3 of the top British Players of all time in Colin Shields.
Eight professional ice hockey teams in Scotland compete in the Scottish National League.https://siha-uk.co.uk
Lacrosse
Lacrosse has a minor presence, tending to be played by girls at private schools, although there have been some male university teams as well.
Field lacrosse is the main sport, but box lacrosse is also played. It is always at amateur level. However, lacrosse in Scotland goes back to 1890 at St Leonards School, Fife, where women's lacrosse had been introduced by Louisa Lumsden. Lumsden brought the game to Scotland after watching a men's lacrosse game between the Canghuwaya Indians and the Montreal Lacrosse Club. One of Lumsden's students, Rosabelle Sinclair, established the first women's lacrosse team in the United States was at the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore, Maryland.
Scotland fields three national teams – men's, women's and an indoor side
Rock-It-Ball
Rock-It-Ball has a minor presence, tending to be played in the Central Belt but is spreading throughout Scotland. The Scottish team won the World Cup in 2007 and 2011.
Scotland is also leading the way in the individual version of the sport known as V2. The current World Champion is Scott MacMichael who plays his Rock-It-Ball with the Falkirk Cannons. He also is the only player to have won medals in the 2007 and 2011 team World Cup Victories.
At Youth level Scotland has the top female player in World V2 in Meghan Plummer, who also plays her Rock-It-Ball with the Falkirk Cannons.
It is a relatively new sport, having been created in the 21st century.
Basket codes
Basketball
Basketball itself was originally invented by James Naismith, a Canadian of recent Scottish family origins, when he was in the USA.
basketballscotland is the governing body of basketball in Scotland.
Until the late 50s, Scotland was one of Europe's main teams as it twice qualified for the EuroBasket. Since then, the team declined. Scotland had some success at the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries where it has five bronze medals most recently in 2014.
Netball
Netball is played mostly by girls from the age of ten to fifteen, and is popular in private schools.
Cue sports
Cue sports are very popular in Scotland.
Pool
Pool tables are commonly to be found in Scottish pubs and social clubs.
Snooker
Scotland has produced many great snooker players over the years, many of which have gone on to win the World Championship. Walter Donaldson was the first Scotsman to be crowned World Champion, winning in 1947 and again in 1950.
In the modern snooker era the most successful Scottish snooker player is Stephen Hendry. He has won the World Snooker Championship a record 7 times, winning it 5 years in a row from 1992 onwards and holds the record as being the youngest ever winner, beating Englishman Jimmy White 18 frames to 12 in 1990 aged just 21 years.
Between 1990 and 2012 Scottish players reached the final on 16 occasions, with Scots winning 12 Championships in that time. As well as Hendry's record 7 wins, John Higgins and Graeme Dott have also won the title.
In 1996, the Scotland Team of Stephen Hendry, John Higgins and Alan McManus won the Snooker World Cup.
Racquet sports
Badminton
BadmintonScotland is the national governing body for the sport of badminton in Scotland.
There are two major tournaments – the Scottish National Badminton Championships and the Scottish Open.
Racquets
There are several former racquets courts in Scotland: Eglinton Castle, Fyvie Castle, Kinloch Castle (Rùm). However, the game is not much played any more.
Squash
Squash is played in most major urban centres.
A notable player of squash, is Peter Nicol. After initially representing Scotland in international squash, Nicol switched his representation to England in 2001, claiming that he felt he was not receiving sufficient support from Scottish Squash, the national governing body.
Tennis
Scotland competes as Great Britain in tennis, however its contribution to the pool of British players traditionally has been small in the modern era with almost all notable players being English. However, this has taken an about turn in recent years with emergence of Andy Murray, and doubles players Colin Fleming and Jamie Murray. Andy Murray is one of the best singles player currently representing Scotland as the previous UK number 1 and was also previously world number 1. On 7 July 2013 he became the first British player to win the men's singles at Wimbledon since Fred Perry in 1936, 77 years before. Brother Jamie and won the Wimbledon mixed doubles title along with Serbian Jelena Janković in 2007, the first time any British player had won a major title at Wimbledon in 20 years. Colin Fleming along with his English partner Ross Hutchins is currently ranked 9th in the ATP Doubles Team Rankings. There are no official ATP tournaments in Scotland however, with all major events in Britain being contested in England.
Martial arts
A wide range of martial arts are practised in Scotland, but are usually administered at UK level.
Fencing
Scotland has produced Olympic fencers, many Commonwealth medallists and some very successful Paralympian and Commonwealth wheelchair fencers. There are nearly 50 Olympic-rules fencing clubs active, with 37 of them currently affiliated to Scottish Fencing, the Home Country Governing Body. The most commonly used weapon in Scottish fencing is the foil. Many of these clubs are classically focussed.
Scotland is at the forefront of the growth and development of the historic fencing movement with 16 historic fencing classes active, and many affiliated to the British Federation for Historical Swordplay. Many of these clubs are also classically focused.
Judo
Scots have been very prominent on the podium at the Judo events at the Commonwealth Games.
Karate
Karate in Scotland is mainly overseen by Karate Scotland, formerly known as the Scottish Karate Governing Body. This is the body affiliated with the World Karate Federation (WKF), who were the global body associated with Karate's inclusion at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
A number of other clubs are instead affiliated with the World Union of Karate Do Federations (WUKF).
Track and field events
See also under Olympics and Commonwealth Games.
Athletics
Scottish Athletics is the governing body for athletics in Scotland. It replaced the Scottish Athletics Federation in April 2001.
Marathon
There are four marathons in Scotland: Edinburgh Marathon, Loch Ness Marathon, Lochaber Marathon and the Moray Marathon
Angling
Scotland has long been popular with anglers, both coarse and fly fishers. Many of its major rivers such as the Spey and Tay have famous fishing beats. The Malloch Trophy is Scotland's premier award for salmon fishing. The award is given for the largest salmon caught – and safely returned to the water – on the fly in Scotland each year.
Bowls
Lawn bowls is played in many parts of Scotland. Ten pin bowling arcades can be seen in a few places too. Much to the chagrin of bowling fans, bumpers are traditionally used in ten pin bowling.
Boxing
Notable Scottish boxers include world champions Benny Lynch, Walter McGowan and Ken Buchanan; Lord David Douglas-Hamilton (who went on to become a Conservative politician)
Canoeing
A number of Scottish rivers are popular with canoeists, including the River Spey.
Climbing and mountaineering
Climbing is popular in some parts of Scotland. Notable climbers include Harold Raeburn.
Cycling
Cycling is a popular amateur sport, with 99 clubs throughout the country, from the Shetland Wheelers to the Stewartry Wheelers. At the elite level, Scots have been more successful at track cycling rather than road racing, although Scotland has a long history of time-trialing on the road. The lack of road races within the country, with not a single UCI-ranked event, is largely to do with the refusal of Scottish local authorities to close public roads to allow road races to take place safely. Scotland has three velodromes, one at Meadowbank Stadium, in Edinburgh, another at Caird Park in Dundee and a third, the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, which was built in Glasgow for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The governing body is the Scottish Cyclists' Union.
In recent years mountain biking has become very popular, with Scottish geography being ideal for training and racing. A World Cup event is regularly held in Fort William.
Scotland has produced several world-class cyclists. Robert Millar finished in 4th place at the 1984 Tour de France winning the King of the Mountains jersey; He also achieved 2nd-place finished at the 1985 and 1986 Vuelta a España as well as runner up in the 1987 Giro d'Italia.
In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Chris Hoy became the most successful British Olympian in over 100 years when he cycled to 3 golds in the velodrome in sprint events (Sprint, team sprint and keirin). His achievements earned him the honour of carrying the nation's flag in the closing ceremony and a knighthood in 2008.
Graeme Obree and David Millar (no relation) have also reached the very peak of their respective events.
Curling
Scotland is the home of curling which, although not as popular today as in Canada, remains more popular in Scotland than anywhere else in Europe. The Scottish men's team are the world's second most successful curling nation having won a total of 32 World Championship medals including 5 golds, with the most recent coming in 2009. The Scotland Women's Team have won the World Championships on two occasions in 2002 and 2013.
Although elite-level curlers have been assisted significantly by funding from the National Lottery, facilities at the grassroots level have not benefited from this, with the number of ice rinks offering curling in Scotland declining from 31 in 1993 to 22 in 2018.
Darts
Darts is popular in Scotland, with many pubs having their own teams. Former world champions from Scotland include Jocky Wilson, Les Wallace and Gary Anderson.
Gaelic Athletic Association
The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) has had a long history in Scotland, thanks to Scotland's substantial Irish population. The base of the GAA in Scotland is at Cambuslang, and GAA sports tend to be most popular in Greater Glasgow, although there is also a presence in various Scottish universities.
Scotland GAA is the GAA board that is responsible for Gaelic Games in Scotland. Scotland is treated as a "County" by the GAA.
Gaelic Football
Gaelic football is also played in Scotland, and the games are shown in some of the country's "Irish pubs". University teams have had great success, especially those of Heriot-Watt and Napier.
The "Gaelic" part of the name refers to Ireland, rather than Scotland.
The following teams play Gaelic Football in Scotland:
Dálriada, Dúnedin Connollys, Glaschu Gaels, Sands MacSwineys, Tír Conaill Harps
Hurling
Hurling is a close relative of the indigenous Scottish sport of shinty, and there is an annual international between Scotland's shinty players and Ireland's hurlers, using composite rules. The traditional forms of hurling played in Counties Antrim and Donegal, where many of Scotland's Irish immigrants originate from, were closest to Scottish shinty, and were at one point almost indistinguishable.
The Ireland national hurling team plays an annual international against a Scotland national shinty team under composite rules.
Camogie is also played to a basic level. Currently, there is only one hurling/camogie club in Scotland, Ceann Creige, which was established in 2019.
Handball
Horseracing
As of 2020 Scotland has 5 BHA licensed racecourses. Hamilton Park races solely on the flat, Kelso and Perth provide jump racing under National Hunt Rules, while Ayr and Musselburgh are dual purpose courses providing both flat and jump racing. The flat racing course at Lanark was closed in October 1977.
Point-to-point racing over jumps for amateur riders takes place at Overton in Lanarkshire and at Friars Haugh and Mosshouses in the Borders. The point-to-point course Balcormo Mains in Fife was used for an annual fixture in 2019 but after the 2020 fixture was closed due to Covid-19 lockdown it was announced that the course would close with immediate effect.
The main meeting held is the Scottish Grand National, held over 4 miles and half a furlong at Ayr each April.
One of the most valuable flat handicaps in Europe is the Ayr Gold Cup held over 6 furlongs at Ayr each September.
Orienteering
Pétanque
The French sport of Pétanque is administered and promoted in Scotland by the Scottish Petanque Association There are 11 affiliated clubs in Scotland and many other groups which play on a casual basis.
Rowing
Strathclyde Country Park is the home to the Scottish Rowing Centre, including an Olympic standard 2 km rowing course that has hosted rowing events at the Commonwealth Games and World Rowing Championships.
Dame Katherine Grainger with five Olympic medals is Great Britain's most decorated female Olympian.
Sailing
There are various events including the West Highland Yachting Week.
Offshore Power Boat Racing
Scotland hosts the UK's premier offshore power boat race the P1 Scottish Grand Prix of the Sea
Skiing
The Scottish Highlands are one of the few parts of the United Kingdom to have a number of ski resorts.
Aviemore is a centre for the sport in the Cairngorms. There are also other resorts such as Aonach Mòr, and slopes at Glencoe Ski area and Glenshee Ski Centre. The Midlothian Snowsports Centre near Edinburgh, known locally as "Hillend", is the largest dry ski slope in Europe.
Speedway
Scotland currently has two Motorcycle Speedway teams racing in the SGB Championship, Glasgow Tigers and Edinburgh Monarchs.
Swimming
The governing body is the Scottish Amateur Swimming Association. Most major urban centres and medium-sized towns have a swimming pool. Sea swimming does take place, but the low water temperature around Scotland tends to mean it is not particularly popular any more.
Sub aqua
Underwater Hockey
Underwater Hockey is a growing sport in Scotland. The nation has 8 clubs registered with the British Octopush Association and regular sees native born players compete for Great Britain.
Surfing
Water polo
Water polo is considered to be invented in Scotland with the original rules being written by William Wilson for the Bon Accord Club in Aberdeen in 1877. It was based on a game played in the rivers Dee and Don in Aberdeen. The first game in a pool took place in Glasgow and the Scottish rules were those most adopted during the early years of the sport. Additionally, Scotland provided a number of Olympians to the GB squads that were successful in the early Olympics.
Scotland had a proud tradition of amateur water polo with many strong clubs across the country. However, it took a downturn after the early 1990s at which point it was successfully competing in home countries and 8 nations tournaments. As the rest of the world moved to deep water facilities, increased their training regime and professionalised their coaching structures, Scotland's water polo remained static and fell far behind. The national squad stopped competing in internationals in 2003 with the exception of the women's squad competing at the Commonwealth tournament in Perth in 2006. However, the sport has turned around since 2008 with fast growth of members, clubs and competitions. The national squads are once again competing internationally in the annual Celtic Nations tournament with recent wins in Women's 2010 & 2012 and Men's 2011. Scotland is expected to host the Commonwealth tournament in Aberdeen in April 2014.
Blood sports
All forms of animal fighting e.g. cock fighting, dog fighting, badger baiting etc. are banned, and have been for a long time. Fox hunting and hare coursing have been banned much more recently, and the former has never had a major presence in Scotland.
Folk sports
Aside from the Highland Games, a few localities have preserved traditional sports from before the standardisation of games. These include the ba games of Jedburgh and Kirkwall, and various forms of folk shinty, known as 'knotty' or 'hummie', which use improvised materials.
Multisport events
Highland games
The Highland Games are a distinctive feature of the national sporting culture. There are numerous annual games hosted in the Highlands including Braemar and Dunoon. They are also popular in various parts of the world, where large numbers of Scottish emigrants have settled.
Events at the Highland Games often test physical strength, such as the weight over the bar and sheaf toss, and novelty events of recent origin such as haggis hurling.
Commonwealth Games
Scotland is one of only six countries to have competed in every Commonwealth Games since the first Empire Games in 1930.
Scotland has hosted the Commonwealth Games three times, Edinburgh in 1970 and 1986, and Glasgow in 2014. The inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games were held in Edinburgh in 2000. 259 athletes and 166 officials were sent from Scotland to the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England, where Scotland won a total of 51 medals (13 Gold, 11 Silver and 27 Bronze).
Island Games
Scotland sends three teams to the Island Games tournament: one for the Orkney Islands, Shetland, and Outer Hebrides.
The 2005 Island Games were hosted by Shetland.
Olympic Games
Scottish athletes have competed at every Olympic Games, since the inaugural modern Games, as part of the Great Britain and Ireland team (prior to Irish independence) and then the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team. A Scot, Launceston Elliot, won Great Britain and Ireland's very first Olympic gold medal, in 1896 in Athens. Some of the most notable Scots athletes are Eric Liddell, (whose story is featured in the film Chariots of Fire), Alan Wells, the Olympic 100m winner in 1980, and Chris Hoy, winner of six cycling gold medals in 2004, 2008 and 2012.
Scotland have only ever won one Olympic medal as Scotland, when the men's field hockey team won a bronze medal at the 1908 Summer Games. This was also the only occasion when either England (gold) or Wales (bronze) have won a medal in their own right; and was Ireland's only medal (silver) prior to independence. The curling gold medal in Chamonix in 1924 was won by the Royal Caledonian Curling Club team, the Scottish national team, and the women's curling gold in Salt Lake City in 2002 was won by the top Scottish team at the time, skipped by Rhona Martin. There is a long-running Campaign for a Scottish Olympic Team
In 2009, two sports of Scottish origin, golf and rugby sevens were accepted into the Olympics. Curling has been an event at the Winter Olympics for many years.
For a list of Scottish Olympic medal winners, see Scottish Olympic medallists.
Motorsport
Scotland has a notable track record of success in the world of motor sport, being one of only five countries in the world to have produced World Champions on two, three and four wheels.
Several Scottish competitors have had illustrious careers at the top level and success has come in many different championships including Formula One, The World Rally Championship, Le Mans 24 hours, IndyCar Series, the British Touring Car Championship, Grand Prix motorcycle racing, the British Superbike Championship and the Sidecar World Championship.
Formula One
Scotland has had several Formula One drivers over the years since the championship commenced in 1950. A full list of these drivers can be found at :Category:Scottish Formula One drivers. Scotland's early successes in Formula One began with Innes Ireland, the Dumfries man winning Lotus’ first Grand Prix, at Watkins Glen in 1961. However, perhaps the best known Scottish drivers are Jim Clark, who won 2 World Championships before his untimely death, Jackie Stewart who managed to gain 3 World Championships and David Coulthard who raced from 1994 to 2008 with McLaren F1, Williams F1 and Red Bull F1. Coulthard has been Scotland's most successful driver in recent memory finishing runner up in the World Drivers Championships in 2001. Other recent successes include Bathgate's Paul di Resta who drove for Force India between 2010 and 2013 and Oban's Susie Wolff who in 2014 became the first woman to take part in a Formula One race weekend in 22 years, at the British Grand Prix, at Silverstone. No round of F1 has however been held in Scotland making the country one of the most successful countries without hosting a race, however a 50 lap 100-mile (160 km) motor race run to Formula One regulations called the Scottish Grand Prix was held in 1951 and there has been public discussion about the possibility of reviving the event in some form.
IndyCar
IndyCar refers to the top-level American single-seater racing championship and it just so happens that Scotland is home to one of the most successful drivers in the history of US single-seater racing – Dario Franchitti. Dario won the IndyCar Series championship four times and claimed the Indy 500 three times.
On 6 October 2013, he was involved in a serious crash at the Grand Prix of Houston, when his car flew into catch-fencing after contact with another car. Franchitti suffered two fractured vertebrae, a broken ankle and a concussion in the accident. A month later, on 14 November 2013, Franchitti announced his immediate retirement from motor racing on medical advice. He retired with 31 victories from 265 starts in American open-wheel racing, a tally which put him in a tie for ninth place on the all-time wins list.
The only other Scot to have had considerable success in US single seater racing, was the extremely versatile Jim Clark, who won the Indianapolis 500 in 1965.
Rallying
Away from the track, Scotland has always enjoyed a distinguished pedigree in stage rallying.
The McRae name is perhaps one of Scotland's most famous exports, with Colin McRae winning the World Rally Championship in 1995. His ‘flat-out’ driving style earned him millions of fans around the world and he enjoyed cult status during his 15-year career at the top of the sport. Colin was the son of 5-time British Rally Champion, Jimmy McRae, and brother of Alister McRae who also enjoyed success in the world of international rallying.
Scotland's most recent world crown was won in 2001, when Perthshire born co-driver Robert Reid won the World Rally Championship with Richard Burns.
Louise Aitken-Walker also made significant inroads into the male-dominated sport and is Britain's most successful female rally driver of all time, claiming the ladies world rally championship in 1990.
Endurance Racing
One of the most enduring stories from the world of Scottish motorsport is that of the legendary Ecurie Ecosse racing team. From a humble back-street mews garage in Merchiston, Edinburgh the team stunned the motor racing world by beating household names such as Porsche and Ferrari. In 1956, David Murray's team won the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans race with a privately entered D-type Jaguar, driven by Scotsmen Ron Flockhart and Ninian Sanderson.
In more recent years, Scotland has continued to enjoy success in the world of endurance and sports car racing. Dumfrieshire's Allan McNish competed in F1 in 2002 for Toyota, but is best known for becoming one of the all-time greats in the gruelling world of sportscar racing, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans three times and finishing on the podium on no fewer than six further occasions. In 2013, he also won the FIA World Endurance Championship (FIA WEC). Peter Dumbreck has also competed in the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans, and is better known for his infamous accident in the 1999 event where his Mercedes-Benz CLR car suffered aerodynamic problems and took off, somersaulting through the air. In 2012, Bathgate's Marino Franchitti was confirmed as the first driver of Nissan's innovative DeltaWing as an unclassified entrant at Le Mans and in 2014 he won the 12 Hours of Sebring. Another star Scottish endurance driver is Ryan Dalziel who in 2012 won the FIA World Endurance Championship, as well as taking a class wins in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the 12 Hours of Sebring.
BTCC
In the British Touring Car Championship Scotland has had a double champion in John Cleland. A number of drivers have raced successfully in recent years including Anthony Reid, David Leslie and Gordon Shedden, who won the championship in 2012. One round of the championship is annually held at Knockhill in Scotland.
Motorcycle Sport
In motor cycling, the legends continue. Jock Taylor took the Sidecar World Championship in 1980 and Jimmy Guthrie and Bob McIntyre both set the standard for Scottish motorcycle competitors on either side of the war.
In the 1980s and 1990s, it was Niall Mackenzie and Steve Hislop who led the way. Mackenzie competed in the 500cc Grand Prix championship (now MotoGP) for nine years from 1986 to 1994, only twice finishing outside the top ten. He went on to win the British Superbike Championship no less than three times.
Borders man Steve Hislop won the British Superbike Championship in 1995 although was better known for his success in the Isle of Man TT races, winning no less than eleven TTs.
In recent years Stuart Easton continues the charge for Scotland in the British Superbikes, while John McPhee promotes the Scots abroad, running in the highly competitive Spanish Moto3 class.
The Scottish off-road motorcycling scene has produced numerous British Enduro and Motocross champions, most recently Richard Hay in the British Enduro Veteran Class. Euan McConnell contested the World Enduro Championship from 2001 to 2007. In 2009 and 2010 teams from Scotland competed to medal results in the International Six Days Enduro and in each of the same years Scottish riders successfully finished the gruelling Dakar Rally as the first Scots to do so. Scotland can even claim a World Champion in motorcycle stunt riding with Kevin Carmichael taking the title in 2002.
Scottish Motorsport Venues
There are various motor sport venues throughout Scotland, the biggest of which is Knockhill Racing Circuit in Fife .
For Motorcycle sport in Scotland, the Governing Body is the SACU.
Sports media
Scotland has a distinct set of media products, especially when it comes to sports coverage. The main Scottish daily newspapers, the Daily Record, The Herald and The Scotsman, have extensive coverage of Scottish and international sport; and coverage of Scottish sport is one of the key tools used by Scottish editions of British newspapers, most successfully employed by The Scottish Sun. However, the vast majority of sports coverage in Scotland is of association football.
There is also a variety of magazine titles. Titles include The Celtic View, Rangers News, bunkered, Scottish Club Golfer and Rally Action.
The main sports television shows on the largest two channels are Scotsport on STV and ITV1 Border Scotland (which is recognised by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's longest running sports television programme) and Sportscene on BBC Scotland. BBC Radio Scotland's main sports show is Sportsound, and it has other sports output, for example the comedy show Off the Ball. All the main independent radio stations report on local sport, and often cover football matches live (although not the SPL, to which the BBC hold exclusive radio rights).
BBC Alba's Spòrs shows one full, delayed SPL match.
In 2011, QuipuTV – a multimedia production company and digital broadcaster specialising in livestreaming – launched with the aim of providing a digital platform for minority sports in Scotland. They produce live programming for Cricket Scotland, Scottish Hockey Union, Scottish Swimming, and Netball Scotland.
See also
List of national sports teams of Scotland
Politics and sports
BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year
Sportscotland
Scottish Institute of Sport
Scotsport
Sport in Glasgow
Sport in the United Kingdom
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Sport in Scotland
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Shaqib al-Salam () or Segev Shalom () and also known as Shqeb as-Salam, is a Bedouin town and a local council in the Southern District of Israel, southeast of Beersheba. In it had a population of .
Shaqib was founded in 1979 as part of a government project to settle Negev Bedouins in permanent settlements, and declared a local council in 1996. It is one of seven Bedouin townships in the Negev desert with approved plans and developed infrastructure alongside Hura, Tel as-Sabi (Tel Sheva), Ar'arat an-Naqab (Ar'ara BaNegev), Lakiya, Kuseife (Kseife) and the city of Rahat, the largest among them.
Etymology
Township's name "Segev Shalom" comes from a Sagiv river that flows nearby and also relates to the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel (Shalom stands for peace in Hebrew) signed the same year the township was founded.
History
Prior to the establishment of Israel, the Negev Bedouins were a semi-nomadic society that had been through a process of sedentariness since the Ottoman rule of the region.
During the British Mandate, the administration did not provide a legal frame to justify and preserve lands’ ownership. In order to settle this issue, Israel’s land policy was adapted to a large extent from the Ottoman land regulations of 1858 as the only preceding legal frame. Thus Israel nationalized most of the Negev lands using the state’s land regulations from 1969.
Shaqib al-Salam/Segev Shalom was founded in 1979 based on an agreement reached with Azazmeh Sheikh Ouda which allowed the tribe to settle on its traditional lands. The Segev Shalom local council, with nine members, was created as an instrument of local government. In 2000, the council held mayoral elections.
Demographics
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of Shaqib was 7,739 in December 2010, up from 6,500 in December 2006. The average population growth rate here was 5.5%.
Shaqib al-Salam's jurisdiction is 5,981 dunams (~6 km²). Most residents belong to various clans of the al-Azazme tribe which also populates Bir Hadaj, and also to Tarabin.
Economy
The township is situated close to Beersheva so its economy is closely related to that of the city. Several industrial parks are situated in the area: Beersheba, Hura, Ramat Hovav, Idan HaNegev and Rahat. Residents also work in the services industry in Beersheba. There are several organizations that promote entrepreneurship among the 160,000 Bedouins living in the Negev, primarily aimed at Bedouin women.
As of 2015, the average monthly income was 4,908 shekels.
In May 2010 a One Stop Employment Center was established in Shaqib al-Salam to facilitate the integration of Bedouins into the workplace. It has dramatically increased the proportion of Bedouins employed.
Education and culture
There is a number of organizations carrying out different activities aimed at supporting and facilitating entrepreneurship in Israel's South in order to further integrate the 160,000 Bedouins living in the Negev into Israel's mainstream economy. They are primarily aimed at Bedouin women.
Twenty Arab-Bedouin women from the towns of Rahat, Lakiya, Tel Sheva, Segev Shalom, Kuseife and Rachma participated in a sewing course for fashion design at the Amal College in Beer Sheva, including lessons on sewing and cutting, personal empowerment and business initiatives.
Healthcare
There is a branch of Clalit Health Services in the township, as well as several Tipat Halav perinatal (baby care) centers.
Parks and landmarks
The Jewish National Fund built a central park with an amphitheater adjacent to the community’s town hall.
See also
Arab localities in Israel
Negev Bedouin
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Shaqib al-Salam
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Konstantin Alekseyevich Soukhovetski (born January 19, 1981) was born into a family of artists, and began playing the piano at the age of four. He studied at the Moscow Central School under the auspices of the Moscow Conservatory, where his special subjects also included composition and acting. He then studied at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City, gaining his bachelor's degree in 2003 with the Anton Rubinstein Prize as an outstanding pianist. He received his Master's degree from Juilliard in 2005 with the support of The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans, and is in the Artist's diploma program at Juilliard, studying with Jerome Lowenthal. He was named winner of the William Petschek Piano Debut Recital Award for 2006. His NYC debut recital was on April 20, 2006 at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center.
In 2002, Soukhovetski won Second Prize in the Walter W. Naumburg Piano Competition and Second Prize in the Hilton Head International Competition. This was followed in 2003 with success in Juilliard's Gina Bachauer Competition and the Cleveland International Piano Competition, and in 2004 he won Second Prize in the UNISA International Piano Competition in Pretoria, South Africa.
Before moving to the United States, Soukhovetski performed extensively in Western Europe and Russia. During 1998 and 1999, he toured and performed with the Russian violinist Vladimir Spivakov in France, Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and North America. He also performed at the Colmar Festival in France.
Soukhovetski has performed with the Cleveland Orchestra, the Pretoria Symphony (South Africa), and the Austin Symphony (Minnesota). He gave his Weill Recital Hall, Carnegie Hall debut in 2003, and played for Prince Raed and Princess Maida in Amman, Jordan and Beirut, Lebanon. He has also performed at Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center, Severance Hall, Jordan Hall in Boston, and the Bolshoi Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. In May 2002, Soukhovetski was featured in a live performance on NPR's Performance Today, and in October 2003, he appeared on WQXR's Young Artists Showcase, hosted by Bob Sherman, live from the Juilliard School. In September 2005, Soukhovetski completed a four-week tour in South Africa (solo recitals and concerti with major orchestras) and had a recital at the Louvre Museum in Paris on March 2, 2006.
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Konstantin Soukhovetski
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The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition. The OT has also been shown to play a role in locomotor and attentional behaviors, particularly in relation to social and sensory responsiveness, and it may be necessary for behavioral flexibility. The OT is interconnected with numerous brain regions, especially the sensory, arousal, and reward centers, thus making it a potentially critical interface between processing of sensory information and the subsequent behavioral responses.
The OT is a composite structure that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and contains the morphological and histochemical characteristics of the ventral pallidum and the striatum of the forebrain. The dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway project onto the GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (receptor D3 is abundant in these two areas ). In addition, the OT contains tightly packed cell clusters known as the islands of Calleja, which consist of granule cells. Even though it is part of the olfactory cortex and receives direct input from the olfactory bulb, it has not been shown to play a role in processing of odors.
Structure
The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, other primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the basal forebrain anterior to the optic chiasm and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and other primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional anatomy, the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdaloid nuclei because of its location along the rostral ventral region of the brain, that is, the front-bottom part. Second, it is considered to be part of the olfactory cortex because it receives direct input from the olfactory bulb. Third, it is also considered to be part of the ventral striatum based on anatomy, neurochemical, and embryology data.
One of the most striking features of the olfactory tubercle is the closely packed crescent-shape cell clusters, which are located mostly in layer III and sometimes in layer II. These cell clusters, called the islands of Calleja, are innervated by dopaminergic projections from the nucleus accumbens and the substantia nigra, suggesting the role that the olfactory tubercle plays in the reward system.
The olfactory tubercle is a multi-sensory processing center due to the number of innervations going to and from other brain regions such as the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem, auditory and visual sensory fibers, and a number of structures in the reward–arousal system, as well as the olfactory cortex. Due to its many innervations from other brain regions, the olfactory tubercle is involved in merging information across the senses, such as olfactory/audition and olfactory/visual integrations, possibly in a behaviorally relevant manner. Thus, damage to the olfactory tubercle is likely to affect the functionality of all these areas of the brain. Examples of such disruption include changes in normal odor-guided behavior, and impairments in modulating state and motivational behavior, which are common in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia and depression.
The olfactory tubercle has been shown to play a large role in behavior. Unilateral lesions in the olfactory tubercle have been shown to alter attention, social and sensory responsiveness, and even locomotor behavior. Bilateral lesions have been shown to reduce copulatory behavior in male rats. The olfactory tubercle has also been shown to be especially involved in reward and addictive behaviors. Rats have been shown to administer cocaine into the olfactory tubercle more than the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, other reward centers in the brain. In fact, they will administer cocaine into the olfactory tubercle at about 200 times per hour and even till death.
Functional contributions of the olfactory tubercle to olfaction are currently unclear; however, there is evidence of a perceptual role that it may play. Work from Zelano, et al. suggest that the olfactory tubercle may be crucial in sorting out the sources of olfactory information. This suggests that it may also play a role in odor guided behavior. Thus, it may link perception of odor with action through its connections with attention, reward, and motivation systems of the basal forebrain. Functional imaging data from this same group also shows that the olfactory tubercle is highly activated during tasks that engage attention, thus playing a large role in arousal-related systems.
Because the olfactory tubercle is a component of the ventral striatum, it is heavily interconnected with several affective-, reward-, and motivation-related centers of the brain. It also sits at the interface between the olfactory sensory input and state-dependent behavioral modulatory circuits, that is the area that modulates behavior during certain physiological and mental states. Thus, the olfactory tubercle may also play an important role in the mediation of odor approach and odor avoidance behavior, probably in a state-dependent manner.
Anatomy
In general, the olfactory tubercle is located at the basal forebrain of the animal within the medial temporal lobe. Specifically, parts of the tubercle are included in the olfactory cortex and nested between the optic chiasm and olfactory tract and ventral to the nucleus accumbens. The olfactory tubercle consists of three layers, a molecular layer (layer I), the dense cell layer (layer II), and the multiform layer (layer III). Other than the islands of Calleja, which are characteristic of the tubercle, it is also noted for the being innervated by dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area. The olfactory tubercle also consists of heterogeneous elements, such as medial forebrain bundle, and has a ventral extension of the striatal complex. During the 1970s, the tubercle was found to contain a striatal component which is composed of GABAergic medium spiny neurons. The GABAergic neurons project to the ventral pallidum and receive glutamatergic inputs from cortical regions and dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area.
Morphological and neurochemical features
The ventral portion of the olfactory tubercle consists of three layers, whereas the dorsal portion contains dense cell clusters and adjoins the ventral pallidum (within the basal ganglia). The structure of the most ventral and anterior parts of the tubercle can be defined as anatomically defined hills (consisting of gyri and sulci) and clusters of cells.
The most common cell types in the olfactory tubercle are medium-size dense spine cells found predominantly in layer II (dense cell layer). The dendrites of these cells are covered by substance p immunoreactive (S.P.I) axons up into layer III (multiform layer). These cells also project into the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen, thus linking the olfactory tubercle with the pallidum. Other medium-size cells reside in layers II and III of the olfactory tubercle as well. These include the spine-poor neurons and spindle cells and they differ from the medium-size dense spine cells because they have sparse dendritic trees. The largest cells, and most striking feature of the olfactory tubercle, are densely packed crescent-shape cell clusters, Islands of Calleja that reside mostly in the dorsal portion of the olfactory tubercle, layer III, and can also be found in layer II. The olfactory tubercle also contains three classes of small cells found mostly in layers I and II. The first are pial cells (named as such because of location near pial surface), which look like miniature medium-size dense spine cells. The second are radiate cells and are easily identified by numerous multi-directional spineless dendrites. The third, small spine cells, are similar to the pial cells in that they also look like medium-size spine cells except they are not located near the pial surface.
Development
Migrating cells from several developmental sites come together to form the olfactory tubercle. This includes the ventral ganglionic eminence (found in ventral part of telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles that later become the basal ganglia, present only in embryonic stages) and the rostromedial telencephalic wall (of the forebrain). Olfactory tubercle neurons originate as early as embryonic day 13 (E13), and the cell development occurs in a layer specific manner. The emergence of the three main layers of the olfactory tubercle begins almost simultaneously. The large neurons in layer III originate from E13 to E16, while the small and medium originate between E15 and E20. Like the small and medium cells in layer III, the cells of layer II and the striatal bridges also originate between E15 and E20 and develop in a lateral to medial gradient. The granule cells of the islands of calleja originate between E19 and E22 and continue to migrate into the islands until long after birth.
Fibers from the lateral olfactory tract begin branching into the olfactory tubercle around E17. The lateral portion of the olfactory tubercle (which adjoins the olfactory tract) receives the densest fiber input and the medial portion receives light fiber projections. This branching continues until completion about the end of the first week after birth.
Function
Multi-sensory processes
The olfactory tubercle plays a functional role in the multisensory integration of olfactory information with extra modal senses. Auditory sensory information may arrive at the olfactory tubercle via networks involving the hippocampus and ventral pallidum or directly from the olfactory cortex, thus showing a possible role of the olfactory tubercle in olfactory auditory sensory integration. This convergence has been shown to cause the perception of sound, caused by the interaction between smell and sound. This possibility has been supported by work from where olfactory tubercle displayed olfactory–auditory convergence.
Retinal projections have also been found in layer II of the olfactory tubercle, suggesting that it constitutes a region of olfactory and visual convergence. These visual sensory fibers arrive from the retinal ganglion cells. Thus, the olfactory tubercle may play a role in the perception of odors when a visual source is identified.
As far as olfaction is concerned, in vitro data from some studies suggest that the olfactory tubercle units have the functional capability of other olfactory center neurons in processing odor. It has been suggested that the olfactory tubercle may be crucial in determining the source of olfactory information and responds to odor inhalations that are attended to.
Role in behavior
The olfactory tubercle has been shown to be concerned primarily with the reception of sensory impulses from olfactory receptors. Because of its connections to regions like the amygdala and hippocampus, the olfactory tubercle may play a role in behavior. Rats rely heavily on olfactory sensory input from olfactory receptors for behavioral attitudes. Studies show that bilateral lesions in the olfactory tubercle significantly reduce stereotyped behavior such as copulatory behavior in male rats and a reduction in sniffing and chewing behaviors. These stereotyped inhibitions may have been caused by the removal of central neuronal processes other than the dopaminergic cells in the olfactory tubercle. Unilateral lesions have been shown to alter attention, social and sensory responsiveness, and even locomotor behavior in rats.
Arousal and reward
The dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area that innervate the olfactory tubercle enable the tubercle to play roles in reward and arousal and appears to partially mediate cocaine reinforcement. The anteromedial portions of the tubercle have been shown to mediate some of the rewarding effects of drugs like cocaine and amphetamine. This has been shown in studies where rats learn to self-administer cocaine at significantly high rates into the tubercle. Injections of cocaine into the tubercle induce robust locomotion and rearing behavior in rats.
Clinical significance
The multi-sensory nature of the olfactory tubercle and the many innervations it receives from other brain regions, especially the direct input from the olfactory bulb and innervations from the ventral tegmental area, makes it likely to be involved in several psychiatric disorders in which olfaction and dopamine receptors are affected. Many studies have found reduced olfactory sensitivity in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD) and dementia and schizophrenia. Patients with MDD have been shown to have reduced olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex as compared to normal people. In dementias, especially of the Alzheimer's disease type, the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and orbitofrontal cortex, all areas of the brain that process olfaction are affected. The deficits observed in dementia include decrease in odor threshold sensitivity, odor identification and odor memory. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in olfactory discrimination that are not seen in patients with other psychiatric disorders not mentioned here. Rupp, et al. found that in patients with schizophrenia olfactory sensitivity and discrimination as well as higher order identification abilities are reduced. As mentioned earlier, the olfactory tubercle may be involved in the perception of odors due to the inputs received from the bulb and thus, by extension, may play a role in these psychiatric disorders.
History
The olfactory tubercle was first described by Albert von Kölliker in 1896, who studied them in rats. Since then, there have been several histological and histochemical studies; done in this area to identify it in other rodents, cats, humans, non-human primates, and other species. Similar studies were done by several authors to find the cell composition and innervations to and from other regions in the OT. Over the years, several other methods have been employed to find the possible functions and role of the OT in the brain. These began with lesion studies and early electrophysiological recordings. Improvements in technology have made it possible to now place multiple electrodes in the olfactory tubercle and record from anesthetized and even awake animals participating in behavioral tasks.
See also
Mesolimbic pathway
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Olfactory tubercle
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Thomas William Landrum (born August 17, 1957) is a former right-handed Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played eight seasons with four teams, the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Montreal Expos from to .
Landrum finished sixth in the National League in saves with 26 in and had a 1.67 earned run average that season and finished seventh in the NL in saves with 17 in with the Pirates.
In 361.1 innings pitched over 268 games, Landrum handled 76 total chances (31 putouts, 45 assists) without an error for a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage.
His father Joe Landrum pitched for the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1950s.
Bill Landrum has retired and lives in Columbia, South Carolina.
See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
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Bill Landrum
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Ann Druyan ( ; born June 13, 1949) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American documentary producer and director specializing in the communication of science. She co-wrote the 1980 PBS documentary series Cosmos, hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981. She is the creator, producer, and writer of the 2014 sequel, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey and its sequel series, Cosmos: Possible Worlds, as well as the book of the same name. She directed episodes of both series.
In the late 1970s, she became the creative director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project, which produced the golden discs affixed to both the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. She also published a novel, A Famous Broken Heart, in 1977, and later co-wrote several best selling non-fiction books with Sagan.
Early life
Druyan was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of Pearl A. () and Harry Druyan, who co-owned a knitwear firm. Her family was Jewish. Druyan's early interest in math and science was, in her word, "derailed" when a junior high-school teacher ridiculed a question she asked about the universality of . "I raised my hand and said, 'You mean this applies to every circle in the universe?', and the teacher told me not to ask stupid questions. And there I was having this religious experience, and she made me feel like such a fool. I was completely flummoxed from then on until after college." Druyan characterized her three years at New York University as "disastrous", and it was only after she left school without graduating that she discovered the pre-Socratic philosophers and began educating herself, thus leading to a renewed interest in science.
Career
In the late 1970s, Druyan became the creative director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project. As creative director, Druyan worked with a team to design a complex message, including music and images, for possible alien civilizations. These golden phonograph records affixed to the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft are now beyond the outermost planets of the solar system, and Voyager 1 has entered interstellar space. Both records have a projected shelf life of one billion years.
Druyan's role on the project was discussed on the July 8, 2018, 60 Minutes segment "The Little Spacecraft That Could". In the segment, Druyan explained her insistence that Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" be included on the Golden Record, saying: "...Johnny B. Goode, rock and roll, was the music of motion, of moving, getting to someplace you've never been before, and the odds are against you, but you want to go. That was Voyager." The segment also discussed Sagan's suggestion, in 1990, that Voyager 1 turn its cameras back towards Earth to take a series of photographs showing the planets of our solar system. The shots, showing Earth from a distance of 3.7 billion miles as a small point of bluish light, became the basis for Sagan's famous "Pale Blue Dot" passage, first published in Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (1994).
During that time, Druyan also co-wrote (with Carl Sagan and Steven Soter) the 1980 PBS documentary series Cosmos, hosted by Carl Sagan. The thirteen-part series covered a wide range of scientific subjects, including the origin of life and a perspective of our place in the universe. It was highly acclaimed, and became the most widely watched series in the history of American public television at that time. The series won two Emmys and a Peabody Award, and has since been broadcast in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people. A book was also published to accompany the series. , it is still the most widely watched PBS series in the world. Several revised versions of the series were later broadcast; one version, telecast after Sagan's death, opens with Druyan paying tribute to her late husband and the impact of Cosmos over the years.
Druyan wrote and produced the 1987 PBS NOVA episode "Confessions of a Weaponeer" on the life of President Eisenhower's Science Advisor George Kistiakowsky.
In 2000, Druyan, together with Steve Soter, co-wrote Passport to the Universe, the inaugural planetarium show for the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Natural History Museum's Hayden Planetarium. The attraction is narrated by Tom Hanks. Druyan and Soter also co-wrote The Search for Life: Are We Alone, narrated by Harrison Ford, which also debuted at the Hayden's Rose Center.
In 2000, Druyan co-founded Cosmos Studios, Inc, with Joseph Firmage. As CEO of Cosmos Studios, Druyan produces science-based entertainment for all media. In addition to Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey, Cosmos Studios has produced Cosmic Africa, Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt, and the Emmy-nominated documentary Cosmic Journey: The Voyager Interstellar Mission and Message. In 2009, she distributed a series of podcasts called At Home in the Cosmos with Annie Druyan, in which she described her works, the life of her husband, Carl Sagan, and their marriage.
Druyan is credited, with Carl Sagan, as the co-creator and co-producer of the 1997 feature film Contact.
In 2011, it was announced that Druyan would executive produce, co-write, and be one of the episodic directors for a sequel to Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, to be called Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, which began airing in March 2014. Episodes premiered on Fox and also aired on National Geographic Channel on the following night. At the time of its release, Fox gave the series the largest global rollout of a television series ever, debuting it in 180 countries. The premiere episode was shown across nine of Fox's cable properties in addition to the broadcast network in a "roadblock" style premiere. The series went on to become the most-watched series ever for National Geographic Channel International, with at least some part of the 13-episode series watched by 135 million people, including 45 million in the U.S.
In March 2020, a third season of Cosmos, named Cosmos: Possible Worlds, for which Druyan was executive producer, writer, and director, premiered on National Geographic. Druyan also said: "I very much have season four in mind, and I know what it's going to be. And I even know some of the stories that I want to tell in it."
Writing
Druyan's first novel, A Famous Broken Heart, was published in 1977.
Druyan co-wrote six New York Times bestsellers with Carl Sagan, including: Comet, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, and The Demon-Haunted World. She is co-author, along with Carl Sagan, F. D. Drake, Timothy Ferris, Jon Lomberg and Linda Salzman Sagan, of Murmurs Of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record. She also wrote the updated introduction to Sagan's book The Cosmic Connection and the epilogue of Billions and Billions. She wrote the introduction to, and edited The Varieties of Scientific Experience, published from Sagan's 1985 Gifford lectures.
In February 2020, Druyan published Cosmos: Possible Worlds, a companion volume to the television series of the same name, which premiered in March 2020.
Work in science
Druyan is a fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims for the Paranormal (CSICOP).
Druyan served as program director of the first solar-sail deep-space mission, Cosmos 1, launched on a Russian ICBM in 2005.
Druyan is involved in multiple Breakthrough Initiatives. With Frank Drake, Druyan is the co-chair of Breakthrough Message and also a member of Breakthrough Starshot.
She is a member of the advisory board of The Carl Sagan Institute.
Activism
Druyan has for many years been a vocal advocate for nuclear disarmament. She was arrested three times at the Mercury, Nevada nuclear test site during Mikhail Gorbachev's unilateral moratorium on underground nuclear testing, with which President Ronald Reagan did not cooperate. This included an arrest in June 1986, when she crossed a white painted line indicating the test site's boundary. Sagan, who attended the same protest with Druyan, was not arrested.
In the early 1990s, Druyan worked with Sagan and then-Senator Al Gore, Jr. and a host of religious and scientific leaders to bring the scientific and religious worlds together in a unified effort to preserve the environment, resulting in the Declaration of the 'Mission to Washington.
She was a founding director of the Children's Health Fund until the spring of 2004, a project that provides mobile pediatric care to homeless and disadvantaged children in more than half a dozen cities. She is currently a member of their advisory board.
She has been on the board of directors of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) for over 10 years and was its president from 2006 to 2010.
Honors
An asteroid discovered in 1988 was named in Druyan's honor by its discoverer Eleanor F. Helin. In a 2020 interview with Skeptical Inquirer, Druyan discussed 4970 Druyan and the asteroid named after her late husband, saying that 4970 Druyan is in a "wedding ring orbit" around the Sun with 2709 Sagan. Druyan was presented with a plaque on Sagan's sixtieth birthday, which is inscribed: "Asteroid 2709 Sagan in eternal companion orbit with asteroid 4970 Druyan, symbolic of their love and admiration for each other."
In November 2006, Druyan was a speaker at "Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival".
In January 2007, she was a juror at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, responsible for selecting the winner of the Alfred P. Sloan Prize for films about science and technology.
In November 2007, Druyan was awarded the title of "Humanist Laureate" by the International Academy of Humanism.
In October 2019, the Center for Inquiry West opened the Carl Sagan–Ann Druyan Theater in Los Angeles.
Religious and philosophical views
In an interview with Joel Achenbach of The Washington Post, Druyan said that her early interest in science stemmed from a fascination with Karl Marx. Achenbach commented that "She had, at the time, rather vaporous standards of evidence", a reference to her belief in the ancient astronauts of Erich von Däniken and the theories of Immanuel Velikovsky pertaining to the solar system.
Concerning the death of her husband she stated:
When my husband died, because he was so famous and known for not being a believer, many people would come up to me—it still sometimes happens—and ask me if Carl changed at the end and converted to a belief in an afterlife. They also frequently ask me if I think I will see him again. Carl faced his death with unflagging courage and never sought refuge in illusions. The tragedy was that we knew we would never see each other again. I don't ever expect to be reunited with Carl.
Personal life
Druyan and Sagan's working and resulting romantic relationship has been the subject of numerous treatments in popular culture, including the Radiolab episode "Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan's Ultimate Mix Tape" and a segment of the Comedy Central program Drunk Historys episode "Space". The asteroid 4970 Druyan, which is in a companion orbit with asteroid 2709 Sagan named after Druyan's late husband, is named after Druyan. In 2015, it was announced that Warner Brothers was in development on a drama about Sagan and Druyan's relationship, to be produced by producer Lynda Obst and Druyan.
In 2020, Sagan and Druyan's daughter Sasha Sagan released a book For Small Creatures Such As We: Rituals for Finding Meaning in our Unlikely World, which discusses life with her parents and her father's death when she was fourteen years old.
Druyan also gave Sasha a recurring role in Cosmos: Possible Worlds, where she played her own grandmother, including in the episode Man of a Trillion Worlds, which featured the life of Carl Sagan.
Awards
2004 Richard Dawkins Award
2014 Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming Primetime Emmy Award
2015 The Award for Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television from Producers Guild of America
2015 Writers Guild Award for "Documentary Script – Other than Current Events"
2017 Harvard Humanist of the Year Award
2020 National Geographic Further Award
See also
Women in science
List of peace activists
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Ann Druyan
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Capacity or capacities may
refer to:
Mathematics, science, and engineering
Capacity of a container, closely related to the volume of the container
Capacity of a set, in Euclidean space, the total charge a set can hold while maintaining a given potential energy
Capacity factor, the ratio of the actual output of a power plant to its theoretical potential output
Storage capacity (energy), the amount of energy that the storage system of a power plant can hold
Nameplate capacity, the intended full-load sustained output of a facility such as a power plant
Heat capacity, a measurement of changes in a system's internal energy
Combining capacity, another term for valence in chemistry
Battery capacity, the amount of electric charge a battery can deliver at the rated voltage
Computer
Data storage capacity, amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold
Channel capacity, the highest rate at which information can be reliably transmitted
Social
Carrying capacity, the population size of a species that its environment can sustain
Capacity planning, the process of determining the production resources needed to meet product demand
Capacity building, strengthening the skills, competencies and abilities of developing societies
Productive capacity, the maximum possible output of an economy
Capacity management, a process used to manage information technology in business
Capacity utilization, the extent to which an enterprise or a nation uses its theoretical productive capacity
Road capacity, the maximum traffic flow rate that theoretically may be attained on a given road
Seating capacity, the number of people who can be seated in a specific space
Legal
Capacity (law), the capability and authority to undertake a legal action
Arts
Capacities (album), an album by Up Dharma Down
Capacity (album), an album by Big Thief
See also
Capacitance, in physics
Ability (disambiguation)
Cability (disambiguation)
Capacity (disambiguation)
Incapacitation (disambiguation)
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Capacity
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A surgical drain is a tube used to remove pus, blood or other fluids from a wound, body cavity, or organ. They are commonly placed by surgeons or interventional radiologists after procedures or some types of injuries, but they can also be used as an intervention for decompression. There are several types of drains, and selection of which to use often depends on the placement site and how long the drain is needed.
Use and Management
Drains help to remove contents, usually fluids, from inside the body. This is beneficial since fluid accumulation may cause distension and pressure, which can lead to pain. For example, nasogastric (NG) tubes inserted through the nose and into the stomach can help remove stomach contents for patients who have a blockage further along in their gastrointestinal tract. After surgery, drains can be placed to remove blood, lymph, or other fluids that accumulate in the wound bed. This helps to promote wound healing and allows healthcare providers to monitor the wound for any signs of internal infection or damage to surgically repaired structures.
Drains may be classified as passive or active, open or closed, and external or internal. Passive drains rely on gravity or capillary action to remove fluid, whereas active drains rely on a suction/vacuum force, whether that be through connection to wall suction, a portable suction device, or a bulb that has been squeezed to create a vacuum. Open drains are commonly used for superficial wounds and drain into dressings or a stoma bag. Closed drains are tubes or other channel-like structures that are connected to a container, thereby creating a closed system. External drains go from inside the body to outside the body and can be seen, while internal drains are completely inside the body. An example of an internal drain is a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, which is a tube that connects ventricles of the brain to the peritoneal cavity. This helps remove extra cerebrospinal fluid from the brain.
Accurate recording of the volume of drainage as well as the contents is vital to ensure proper healing and monitor for excessive bleeding. Depending on the amount of drainage, a patient may have the drain in place one day to weeks. Drains will have protective dressings that will need to be changed daily/as needed.
The routine use of drains for surgical procedures is diminishing as better radiological investigation and confidence in surgical technique have reduced their necessity. It is felt now that drains may hinder recovery by acting as an 'anchor' limiting mobility post surgery and the drain itself may allow infection into the wound. In certain situations their use is unavoidable.
Complications
Drains risk becoming occluded or clogged, resulting in retained fluid that can contribute to infection or other complications. Thus efforts must be made to maintain and assess patency (condition of being open) when they are in use. Once a drain becomes clogged or occluded, it should be removed, as it is no longer providing any benefit.
Types of drains
Surgical drains can be broadly classified into:
Jackson-Pratt drain - consists of a perforated round or flat tube connected to a negative pressure collection device. The collection device is typically a bulb with a drainage port which can be opened to remove fluid or air. After compressing the bulb to remove fluid or air, negative pressure is created as the bulb returns to its normal shape.
Blake drain - a round silicone tube with channels that carry fluid to a negative pressure collection device. Drainage is thought to be achieved by capillary action, allowing fluid to travel through the open grooves into a closed cross section, which contains the fluid and allows it to be suctioned through the tube.
Penrose drain - a soft rubber tube
Negative pressure wound therapy - Involves the use of enclosed foam and a suction device attached; this is one of the newer types of wound healing/drain devices which promotes faster tissue granulation, often used for large surgical/trauma/non-healing wounds.
Redivac drain - a high negative pressure drain. Suction is applied through the drain to generate a vacuum and draw fluids into a bottle.
Shirley drain
Pigtail drain - has an exterior screw to release the internal "pigtail" before it can be removed
Davol
Chest tube - is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space or mediastinum
Wound manager
See also
Wound healing
Incision and drainage
Instruments used in general surgery
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Drain (surgery)
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Manning Ferguson Force (December 17, 1824 – May 8, 1899) was a lawyer, judge, and soldier from Ohio. He became known as the commander of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and was a recipient of the Army Medal of Honor for gallantry in action.
Early life and career
Manning F. Force was born in Washington, D.C., where his father, Peter Force, was the mayor. He turned down an appointment to West Point and went on to attended Harvard College until 1845, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1848. The following year, Force moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and began his law practice.
Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Force joined the Union forces as major of the 20th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving in the Western Theater as part of General James B. McPherson's 17th Corps.
Colonel Force's 20th Ohio bore the brunt of the Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, in the Vicksburg Campaign. Osborn Oldroyd related the number of casualties from the 20th Ohio to his commander:
I took the roll-book from the pocket of our dead sergeant and found that while we had gone in with thirty-two men, we came out with but sixteen— one-half of the brave little band, but a few hours before so full of hope and patriotism, either killed or wounded. Nearly all the survivors could show bullet marks in clothing or flesh, but no man left the field on account of wounds. When I told Colonel Force of our loss, I saw tears course down his cheeks, and so intent were his thoughts upon his fallen men that he failed to note the bursting of a shell above him, scattering the powder over his person, as he sat at the foot of a tree.
Following the Siege of Vicksburg, Force marched on to northern Georgia, where he fought in the Atlanta Campaign. He was severely wounded in the face during the Battle of Atlanta and was disfigured for life. For his valor during the Atlanta Campaign, Force was promoted to major general of volunteers in March 1865. Following the Battle of Atlanta, he participated in Sherman's March to the Sea.
The thirty-seven-year-old lawyer began the conflict as a major and ended as a brevetted major general. Sgt. Osborn Oldroyd noted his leadership when he wrote in his diary: As Colonel Force called us to 'Attention' this morning one of the boys remarked, 'I love that man more than ever.' Yes, we have good reason to be proud of our Colonel, for upon all occasions we are treated by him as volunteers enlisted in war from pure love of country. ... " In his memoirs printed after the war, Force stated:
When lying there (in the trenches outside Vicksburg) it sometimes occurred to me, what a transformation it was for these men, full of individuality and self-reliance, accustomed always to act upon their own will, to so completely subordinate their wills to the wills of other men ... Their practical sense had told them an army differs from a mob only in discipline, and discipline was necessary for self-preservation.
Postbellum activities
After the war, Force returned to Cincinnati, where he became a justice of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. He also authored several law books and became a prominent writer as well as a lecturer. He was a companion of the Ohio Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
In 1892, he received the Medal of Honor.
Manning Force is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati. His papers and documents are housed in the Manning Ferguson Force Collection of the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers. Place and date: At Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. Entered service at: Cincinnati, Ohio. Born: Washington, D.C. December 17, 1824. Date of issue: March 31, 1892.
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Brigadier General Manning Ferguson Force, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 22 July 1864, while serving with U.S. Volunteers, in action at Atlanta, Georgia. Brigadier General Force charged upon the enemy's works, and after their capture defended his position against assaults of the enemy until he was severely wounded.
See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
Notes
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Manning Ferguson Force
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William Thomas Gould Hackett (30 May 1906 – 16 July 1983) was a Canadian economist and an economic adviser for the Bank of Montreal. During World War II he was secretary of the Wartime Industries Control Board.
Born in Carbonear, Newfoundland on 30 May 1906, he was baptized on 23 July 1906. He was educated at Guelph Collegiate, Ontario, and attended the University of Toronto. He married Alice Diretta Scroogie on 1 July 1936.
Hackett was author of the 1945 book, A Background of Banking Theory.
He served as an economic adviser at the Bank of Montreal from 1943 to 1952. Other positions at the bank included:
Assistant General Manager, 1952–1954
Assistant General Manager, Securities Department, 1955–1959
Assistant General Manager, Special Senior Executive Duties, 1959–1963
Deputy General Manager Investments, 1964–1965
General Manager Investments, 1966–?.
Lecturer in Money & Banking Sir George Williams University 1970–1971
President, University Club of Montreal 1970–1971
During World War II, Hackett was Secretary, Ontario Executive Committee, National War Finance Committee (1941), and Secretary, Wartime Industries Control Board, Ottawa (1941-1943). He died at a Montreal nursing home in 1983.
Notes
1906 births
1983 deaths
University of Toronto alumni
20th-century Canadian economists
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William Thomas Gould Hackett
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Great Corby is a village in northern Cumbria, England, above the eastern bank of a wooded gorge on the River Eden. Directly across the river from Great Corby is the village of Wetheral. The two villages are linked by a railway viaduct (Corby Bridge, popularly known as "Wetheral Viaduct"). This is on the Tyne Valley Line from Newcastle to Carlisle, which passes to the north of the village. The railway station at Wetheral is accessible to residents of Great Corby by a pedestrian footpath attached to the railway viaduct.
Administratively Great Corby lies within the civil parish of Wetheral and the electoral ward of Great Corby and Geltsdale. It thus forms part of the district administered as the City of Carlisle. Women in the ward had the highest life expectancy at birth, 97.2 years, of any ward in England and Wales in 2016.
The village pub/restaurant, the Queen Inn, is next to the upper village green in the heart of the village.
Early in 2015, the Corby Bridge Inn, beside the level crossing on the railway at the northern entrance to the village, closed after being sold to a property developer. The pub, a Grade II Listed Building, was built in the 1830s to serve the needs of travellers on the new railway, and was thought to be the oldest 'railway' pub in the world.
Great Corby Brewhouse, a local microbrewery, operates from the Old Forge opposite the Queen Inn and sells locally brewed ales and stouts.
There is also a primary school. There is no church, the village forming part of Wetheral parish. The village's Methodist chapel closed in the mid 80's, and the building is now a private house.
Great Corby is notable for Corby Castle, a historic home of the Howard family on the south-western edge of the village overlooking the river. Corby Castle is now owned by the family of Northern Irish businessman Edward Haughey.
In 1836 one of the very earliest railway accidents happened in Corby Bridge, close to the railway viaduct.
Within the village many sporting events occur largely due to the effort of the Great Corby Cricket Club. They recently merged forces with Scotby CC meaning the sides altogether now have two senior teams and two junior sides. There are around 50 junior and 40 senior members within the club which is run by enthusiastic members who are looking to improve facilities and opportunities for the local cricket side.
See also
Listed buildings in Wetheral
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Great Corby
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Norton & Sons is a Savile Row bespoke tailor founded in 1821 by Walter Grant Norton. The firm is located on the east side of the street, at No. 16. It was purchased by Scottish designer Patrick Grant in 2005.
History
In 1859, George James Norton was granted the freedom of the City of London. At about this time, the company became the tailor and Royal Warrant holder to William I, German Emperor. The firm specialised as a sporting tailor.
During the 1970s, the firm absorbed Hoare & Tautz, formed by the merger of E. Tautz & Sons, a sporting tailor, and J. Hoare & Co, a tailor.
In the early 21st century, the company was making fewer than 200 suits per year. It was acquired from the Granger family in 2005 by Patrick Grant, who graduated the same year from Saïd Business School, and his investors. Grant asked Moving Brands to design a "new identity",
and has "forged links with young British Fashion Designers". Grant also relaunched E. Tautz & Sons as a ready-to-wear label in 2009, for which he was awarded the Menswear Designer of the Year Award at the British Fashion Awards in 2010.
Norton & Sons is a comparatively small outfit, making about 300 bespoke suits a year (the largest probably makes about 1,000 per year) and employing seven tailors and just two cutters.
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Norton & Sons
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George Dennis (21 July 1814 in Ash Grove, Hackney, Middlesex – 15 November 1898 in South Kensington, London) was a British explorer of Etruria; his written account and drawings of the ancient places and monuments of the Etruscan civilization combined with his summary of the ancient sources is among the first of the modern era and remains an indispensable reference in Etruscan studies.
Early life
George Dennis left school at the age of 15. He never went to college, and yet he interested himself in languages, studying ancient Greek and Latin on his own and eventually becoming a polyglot in French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, modern Greek, Turkish and some Arabic. A strongly physical man as well, he often went for 40-mile hikes in the uplands of Scotland and Wales. He resolved to become an explorer; however, he worked mainly alone.
Solitary Explorer
At age 22 Dennis conducted his first explorations in Portugal and Spain, writing his first work, A Summer in Andalucia, in 1839. Dennis roughed it in Etruria between 1842, at age 28, and 1847, in the company of artist Samuel Ainsley in three separate trips from 1842 to 1844. Etruria of the times had reverted to a semi-wilderness state, rural, depopulated, malarial and infested with bandits. There were few roads. Dennis hiked about the country living in the outdoors or in rural quarters infested with insects studying and recording the monuments he found and any traditions about them.
The result of his travels was his 1,085-page treatise Cities and cemeteries of Etruria, published in 1848 by the British Museum and including sketches by Dennis and Ainsley. Dennis captures Etruscan civilization and Tuscan landscapes in able prose with scholarly detail. It was nevertheless generally unknown and unappreciated by the British public, partly because of Dennis' lack of academic credentials. He did make some fast friends among the academics who read his work, such as Austen Henry Layard.
Colonial officer
As his book did not receive the recognition and remuneration it deserves, George used his contacts to obtain work with the Colonial Service, which shipped him off to British Guiana. He married there but he found life dreary. After 14 years he asked his friend Austen Henry Layard to mediate with Lord John Russell to get him out of Guiana. The ploy was successful and in 1863, at age 50, Dennis went as vice-consul to Sicily, subsequently to Benghazi and Smyrna in Turkey, accompanied by his wife. He had no children.
Recognition
Meanwhile, his magnum opus became widely read and was appreciated for the masterpiece it is. Oxford University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Civil Law for it. He was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. His lack of a formal education was a stigma that prevented higher honours. He endured shallow reviews and comments for the rest of his life.
End
George Dennis died alone in London at age 84 officially of "senile decay". At some time before his death, the second and third editions of his work had come out.
Notes
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George Dennis (explorer)
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The Combat Logistics Regiment 35 (CLR-35) was a logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps that was headquartered at Camp Kinser, Okinawa, Japan. When active, the unit fell under the 3rd Marine Logistics Group (3rd MLG) and the III Marine Expeditionary Force (III MEF). The unit was formerly known as 3rd Materiel Readiness Battalion but officially changed its designation on October 20, 2006.
Subordinate units
3rd Supply Battalion
3rd Maintenance Battalion
Combat Logistics Company 36
Mission
Provides integrated intermediate supply and maintenance support to III Marine Expeditionary Force including isolated components in garrison and when deployed as a MEF or as a part of a MAGTF in expeditionary conditions.
History
As part of the on-going reorganization of the Marine Corps, the regiment was decommissioned in May 2020.
Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. CLR-35 was presented with the following awards:
See also
List of United States Marine Corps regiments
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
Citations
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Combat Logistics Regiment 35
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FC Wiltz 71 is a football club, based in Wiltz, in north-western Luxembourg. The club is currently playing in the highest football league in Luxembourg.
History
It was formed in 1971 as an amalgam of Union Sportive Niederwiltz and Gold a Ro'd Wiltz. In 1976, it absorbed Arminia Weidingen.
In the 2005–06 season, Wiltz finished fifth in the National Division, but the team was relegated to the Division of Honour after finishing twelfth in the 2007–08 season.
Despite the relegation in 2010–11 into the "Promotion d'Honneur", Sanel Ibrahimović succeed in scoring the most goals (18), which let him win the trophy for best topscorer of the season. FC Wiltz 71 managed to climb once again to the "BGL Ligue" for the season 2012–13.
Honours
Luxembourg Cup
Runners-up (1): 2000–01
Current squad
As of 1 October, 2023.
Managers
Mike Ney (July 1, 2008 – June 30, 2009)
Steve Majerus (July 1, 2009 – Oct 27, 2010)
Pascal Lebrun (Oct 27, 2010 – Nov 5, 2012)
Samir Kalabic (Nov 6, 2012 – June 30, 2014)
Claude Ottelé (July 1, 2014 – June 30, 2015)
Henri Bossi (July 1, 2015 – June 30, 2016)
Dan Huet (July 1, 2016 – October, 2021)
David Vandenbroeck (October, 2021 – now)
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FC Wiltz 71
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All We Know Is Falling is the debut studio album by American rock band Paramore, released on July 26, 2005, under the Atlantic-distributed Fueled by Ramen in the United States. Its production was handled by James Paul Wisner, Mike Green, Nick Trevisick, and Roger Alan Nichols. The departure of bassist Jeremy Davis, which occurred a few days after arriving in Orlando, served as the album's main theme. This theme was reflected especially in the album's cover and title. Mostly categorized as a pop-punk album, the album received mostly positive reviews and has been labeled a "scene classic".
The album's production took place in Orlando, Florida. Instead of making a major push towards radio, the band's A&R recommended that the band build a fanbase through word of mouth. Initially, the album received positive reviews by music critics, praising the vocals of Hayley Williams; retrospective criticism has been mixed. The album had a weak domestic commercial performance: it failed to enter the Billboard 200, though it did reach number 30 on Billboards Heatseekers Chart. It reached No. 4 on the UK Rock Chart, and in 2010 it managed to reach No. 51 on the UK Albums Chart and earned a gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In July 2014, after the group found success with its following records, All We Know Is Falling received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Three singles from the album were released: "Pressure", "Emergency" and "All We Know". None of the singles managed to reach any major chart, although "Pressure" was certified gold by the RIAA in 2016 after the band found commercial success with subsequent releases.
Background
Hayley Williams was originally signed to Atlantic Records in 2003 as a solo pop singer. However, Williams resisted the label's solo-career wishes, saying she did not envision herself as "the next Madonna". As a result, she formed Paramore with Josh Farro, Zac Farro, and Jeremy Davis. In her short solo career, Williams recorded some demos, which were later re-recorded with the band for a "more authentic" sound. However, the band was almost fired because the label thought they "were terrible." Williams and Farro wrote two new songs, "Here We Go Again" and "Hallelujah", which saved the group from being fired. The former song became the fifth track on All We Know Is Falling, while "Hallelujah" was saved for their sophomore album Riot! (2007).
Production
The group traveled to Orlando, Florida, to write and record the remainder of the album. A few days after arriving in Orlando, Davis left the band. The remaining members continued work on the album. The band decided to base the album's theme around Davis' departure. According to Williams, the album's cover art also represented Davis' departure: "The couch with no one there and the shadow walking away; it's all about Jeremy leaving us and us feeling like there's an empty space." The album's artwork was created by Electric Heat.
The album's recording process took about three weeks, with Josh Farro calling the sessions "rushed". "All We Know", "Never Let This Go" and "My Heart" were recorded with producer James Paul Wisner at Wisner Productions, located in St. Cloud, Florida. "Pressure", "Emergency", "Brighter", "Whoa", "Conspiracy" and "Franklin" were recorded with producer Mike Green at ARS Studios, located in Orlando, Florida. "Here We Go Again" was recorded with producers Roger Alan Nichols and Nick Trevisick at Bigger Dog Studio, located in Franklin, Tennessee. Additional recording took place at Stone Gables Studio, located in Brentwood, Tennessee and at The Skyview Church of Tone and Soul, located in East Nashville, Tennessee.
All of the songs were mixed by Green, except for "Here We Go Again", which was mixed by Nichols and Trevisick. Tom Baker mastered the recordings at Precision Mastering in Hollywood, California. Nath Warshowsky acted as the studio drum tech for every song, except for "Here We Go Again". Dave Buchman engineered "Here We Go Again". Lucio Rubino, then frontman of StorySide:B, replaced the absent Davis in the studio. He performed bass on every song except for "Here We Go Again", which was done by Jeremy Caldwell.
Typically, Farro would write the music while Williams wrote the lyrics. On occasion, Farro would contribute lyrics as well. "Conspiracy" was composed by Williams, Farro, and Taylor York. It was the first song they wrote together. Many of the lyrics in All We Know Is Falling which are not related to Davis' departure deal with the bad relationship and divorce of Williams' parents.
Composition
Critics have variously called All We Know Is Falling a pop-punk, emo, pop rock, and alternative rock album. Trevor Kelley at Alternative Press categorized the music on the album as "vaguely emo, but mostly mall-punk". Tom Whitson of Click Music defined the music on the album as emo with "pop-punk beats", drawing comparisons from Avril Lavigne and Fall Out Boy. The Allmusic review by Neil Z. Yeung referred to the album as a "formulaic" pop punk album, complete with "head-bobbing drums, straightforward riffs, and a midtempo sameness throughout". In a retrospective Alternative Press review by Tyler Sharp, the album was referred to as what would have been "just another pop-rock effort that ultimately fell short in the face of its true potential" if not for the band's later success. Gigwise reviewer David Renshaw also drew comparisons to Lavigne, but believed that the songs on the album were inferior to those of Lavigne's.
Release and promotion
Paramore released All We Know Is Falling on July 26, 2005, in the United States. According to Paramore's A&R at Atlantic Records, Steve Robertson, the promotion strategy behind the album was that the band would start small and slowly build through word of mouth instead of giving the debut album a major radio promotional push. In his own words, Robertson "wanted kids to discover the band without it being shoved down their throats." In September 2005, a special Japanese edition containing a previously unreleased song "Oh Star" was made available. In January 2009, the album was released on vinyl for the first time. On May 19, 2009, a deluxe edition of the album was released exclusively on iTunes with live versions of "Pressure" and "Here We Go Again", and the music videos for all the singles. A 10th anniversary edition of the album was released on December 4, 2015 on vinyl, which contains "O Star" and "This Circle" as bonus tracks; this version was limited to 4,000 copies. The album featured three singles: "Pressure", "Emergency" and "All We Know".
Two weeks before starting a tour to promote the album, John Hembree joined the band to replace bassist Jeremy Davis, though Davis ended up rejoining the group after five months away from the band. In October and November, the group supported Simple Plan on their headlining tour in the United States, followed by a supporting slot for Funeral for a Friend in December. In February 2006, the group went on Midwest and east coast tour with Halifax, My American Heart, and So They Say. Through the spring of 2006, Paramore was an opening act on tours for both Bayside and The Rocket Summer. The band was initially planned to appear on the 2006 edition of the Take Action Tour in early March 2006, but Williams came down with flu, which resulted in the band being replaced by Sullivan. The band went on the 2006 edition of the Warped Tour, which took place in Nashville, near the group's hometown. In August and September, the band headlined a tour in the US with support from Hit the Lights, Cute Is What We Aim For and This Providence, followed by some dates in the United Kingdom in October.
Reception
Critical reception
All We Know Is Falling was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Kelley stated "it's obvious that someone has done Williams wrong" from the lyrics in the album's songs, and noted its similarity to Lavigne's previous studio album Under My Skin (2004). Tony Pascarella of The Trades said that "these passionate, rocking tracks are what make this Tennessee group so talented [...] Paramore is a band you may not yet have heard of, but look for them to make a major splash in the very near future." He also praised Williams' voice as "a rich, powerful voice that rarely makes a mistake on this stunning debut." In a tenth-anniversary review from Alternative Press, Tyler Sharp wrote that the album evolved into "a scene classic" after the band's gradual rise to mainstream popularity in later years.
The album is often held in a negative light in comparison to the band's subsequent studio albums, however, and retrospective reviews have been mixed. In a retrospective review, Yeung showed mixed feelings about the album. He regarded the album as "alright", however, he believed that the songs were too straightforward and lacked "differentiation, excitement, or the brightness that would be found on later albums." Whitson said that the album was "this group of youngsters have written a great debut album for their age [...] [All We Know Is Falling] isn't the best album around, but is far from the worst." Renshaw was critical about the fact that "Paramore are for the kids who think Pink is not cool enough but My Chemical Romance are too scary, they want to rebel but they have to be in by 9 o' clock. Paramore are not terrible; they are simply a transitional band." Jordan "Anchors" Rogowski from Punknews.org was more critical of the album; he praised Williams' voice, but criticized the structures of the songs, regarding them "just too flat, too linear [...] the guitar seems a bit uninspired, the drumming a bit lazy, and the bass is barely existent, if existent at all."
Commercial performance
Initially, All We Know Is Falling only charted on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, peaking at number 30 in September 2006. After the success of their second studio album Riot! (2007), the album sales gradually built. Although it never charted on the Billboard 200, it did manage to take number eight on the Billboard Catalog Albums chart in 2009. All We Know Is Falling only reached number 51 on the UK Albums Chart, but still received gold certification in 2009 by the British Phonographic Industry for shipping over 100,000 copies. It was then certified in Australia in 2012, where it went gold for shipments of over 35,000 units despite never reaching an Australian chart. In 2014, the album was certified gold in the United States for shipments of over 500,000 copies. Initially, none of the singles managed to chart, but after the success of Riot!, "Pressure" was able to peak at number 62 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart. In 2016, the recording was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Track listing
Bonus tracks
Personnel
Paramore
Hayley Williamslead vocals
Josh Farrolead guitar, backing vocals
Jason Bynumrhythm guitar, backing vocals
Jeremy Davisbass
Zac Farrodrums
Additional musicians
Lucio Rubinobass
Production
James Paul Wisnerproducer and recording
Mike Greenproducer and recording ; mixing
Roger Alan Nichols and Nick Trevisickproducers, recording and mixing
Nathan Warshowskystudio drum technician
Tom Bakermastering engineer
Dave Buchananengineer
John Janichexecutive producer
John Deebphotography
Electric Heatalbum artwork
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Notes and references
Footnotes
Citations
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All We Know Is Falling
|
Eastern Yugur is the Mongolic language spoken within the Yugur nationality. The other language spoken within the same community is Western Yughur, which is a Turkic language. The terms may also indicate the speakers of these languages, which are both unwritten. Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term Yellow Uygur, from the autonym of the Yugur. Eastern Yugur speakers are said to have passive bilingualism with Inner Mongolian, the standard spoken in China.
Eastern Yugur is a threatened language with an aging population of fluent speakers. Language contact with neighbouring languages, particularly Chinese, has noticeably affected the language competency of younger speakers. Some younger speakers have also begun to lose their ability to distinguish between different phonetic shades within the language, indicating declining language competency.
Grigory Potanin recorded a glossary of Salar, Western Yugur, and Eastern Yugur in his 1893 book written in Russian, The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia.
Phonology
The phonemes /ç, çʰ, ɕ, ɕʰ, ʂ, ʑ/ appear exclusively in Chinese loanwords.
Vowel length is also distributed.
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Eastern Yugur language
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Sir! No Sir! is a 2005 documentary by Displaced Films about the anti-war movement within the ranks of the United States Armed Forces during the Vietnam War. The film was produced, directed, and written by David Zeiger. The film had a theatrical run in 80 cities throughout the U.S. and Canada in 2006, and was broadcast worldwide on Sundance Channel, Discovery Channel, BBC, ARTE France, ABC Australia, SBC Spain, ZDF Germany, YLE Finland, RT, and several others.
Synopsis
Sir No Sir! tells for the first time on film the story of the 1960s GI movement against the war in Vietnam. The film explores the profound impact that the movement had on the war, and investigates the way in which the GI Movement has been erased from public memory.
In the 1960s an anti-war movement emerged that altered the course of history. This movement didn't take place on college campuses, but in barracks and on aircraft carriers. It flourished in army stockades, navy brigs and in the dingy towns that surround military bases. It penetrated elite military colleges like West Point. And it spread throughout the battlefields of Vietnam. It was a movement no one expected, least of all those in it. Hundreds went to prison and thousands into exile. And by 1971 it had, in the words of one colonel, infested the entire armed services. Yet today few people know about the GI Movement against the war in Vietnam.
The review in the Boston Globe notes,
A Navy nurse was arrested after she flew a plane over military bases in San Francisco that dropped antiwar leaflets, two black soldiers were given eight to 10 years for attempting to organize a discussion group that asked whether black soldiers should be participating in the war, and hundreds of other soldiers were jailed for any number of reasons. Decades later, the veterans Zeiger talks to still seem completely astonished, shell-shocked as it were, by both the confusing scope of the war itself and by their ability to resist it.
Footage
The film brings to life the history of the GI Movement and the stories of those who were part of it through interviews with veterans plus hitherto unseen archival material. Archival materials include news reports from local and national television broadcasts, images from newspapers and magazines, and Super-8 and 16mm film footage of events in the GI Movement shot by GIs and civilian activists. Recently shot interviews with individuals involved in the struggle include soldiers imprisoned for refusing to fight, to train other soldiers, or to ship out to the frontlines; Vietnam veterans who became antiwar activists or joined the 500,000+ soldiers whom the Pentagon listed as deserters during the war; the leader of the Presidio 27 Mutiny, also known as the Presidio mutiny; and soldiers who went on strike while in Vietnam, plus other interviews, including with Hollywood activist Jane Fonda. Exclusive footage from documentary coverage of the movement includes highlights from the FTA Show, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland's antiwar stage revue that traveled to military bases around the world, F.T.A. the feature-length film about that tour; Vietnam veterans hurling their medals onto the Capitol steps; the refusal by troops to engage in combat at Firebase Pace; and an audio recording made by the journalist Richard Boyle, who was also the author of The Flower of the Dragon and the Oliver Stone film Salvador.
Historical overview
1965-1967: "A Few Malcontents"
As the Johnson administration turns what was initially a small "police action" into an all-out war and the peace movement begins, isolated individuals and small groups in the military refuse to participate and are severely punished: Lt. Henry Howe is sentenced to two years hard labor for attending an antiwar demonstration; the Fort Hood Three are sentenced to three years hard labor for refusing duty in Vietnam; Dr. Howard Levy, a military doctor, refuses to train Special Forces troops and is court-martialed as Donald W. Duncan, a celebrated member of the Green Berets, resigns after a year in Vietnam; and Corporal William Harvey and Private George Daniels are sentenced to up to 10 years in 1967 for meeting with other marines on Camp Pendleton to discuss whether Blacks should fight in Vietnam.
1968-1969: "We Thought The Revolution Was Starting."
The war escalates as the peace movement becomes an international mass movement, and soldiers begin forming organizations and taking collective action: The Ft. Hood 43, Black soldiers who refused riot-control duty at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, are sentenced for up to 18 months each; the largest military prison in Vietnam, Long Binh Jail (affectionately called LBJ by the troops), is taken over by Black soldiers who hold it for two months. The Presidio 27 – prisoners in the stockade on the Presidio Army Base in San Francisco – are charged with mutiny, a capital offense, when they refuse to work after a mentally ill prisoner is killed; underground newspapers published by antiwar GIs appear at almost every military base in the country; the American Serviceman's Union is formed; antiwar coffeehouses are established outside of military bases. In Vietnam, small combat - refusals occur and are quickly suppressed, but on Christmas Eve, 1969, 50 GIs participate in an illegal antiwar demonstration in Saigon. Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) is formed.
1970-1973: "Sir, My Men Refuse To Fight!"
Opposition to the war turns militant and the counter-culture rises to its peak: 92,000 soldiers were declared deserters, with tens of thousand fleeing to Canada, France and Sweden; thousands of soldiers organize and participate in Armed Forces Day demonstrations at 19 military bases on May 15, 1971; drug use is rampant and underground radio networks flourish in Vietnam as Black and white soldiers increasingly identify with the antiwar and Black liberation movements; combat refusals and fragging of officers in Vietnam are epidemic. Thousands are jailed for refusing to fight or simply defying military authority, and nearly every U.S. military prison in the world is hit by riots. Jane Fonda's antiwar revue, The FTA Show, tours military bases and is cheered by tens of thousands of soldiers; the Pentagon concludes that over half the ground troops openly oppose the war and shifts its combat strategy from a ground war to an air war; the Navy and Air Force are both riddled with mutinies and acts of sabotage. VVAW holds the Winter Soldier Investigation, exposing American war crimes through the testimony of veterans, and stages the most dramatic demonstration of the Vietnam era as hundreds of veterans hurl their medals onto the Capitol steps.
Coffee Houses.
Zeiger highlights the history of the coffee houses that sprang up near army bases where many of the activist meetings took place, including the Oleo Strut, where Zeiger worked as a teenager. "The GIs turned the Oleo Strut into one of Texas's anti-war headquarters, publishing an underground anti-war newspaper, organizing boycotts, setting up a legal office, and leading peace marches."
Epilogue: The Myth Of The Spitting Hippie.
As the U.S. military and its allies flee Vietnam in disarray in the spring of 1975, the government, the media, and Hollywood begin a 20-year process of erasing the GI Movement from the collective memory of the nation and the world. Ronald Reagan's "Resurgent America" campaign re-writes the history of Vietnam and erases the GI Movement; by 1990, over 100 theatrical films have been produced about the Vietnam War, none of which portray the GI Antiwar Movement or any opposition to the war by soldiers; the myth that antiwar activists routinely spat on returning soldiers is spread as part of the buildup to the 1990 Gulf War.
Featured individuals and groups
Greg Payton, an African-American, imprisoned at Long Binh Jail for refusing to fight, who was part of the uprising there
Dave Cline, wounded three times in Vietnam and antiwar activist at Ft. Hood, the site of some of the staunchest resistance to the war and racism
Keith Mather, jailed in the Presidio of San Francisco for publicly refusing orders to go to Vietnam and a leader of the Presidio mutiny
Dr. Howard Levy, jailed three years for refusing to train Special Forces troops
Navy nurse Susan Schnall, jailed for dropping leaflets from an airplane onto the Presidio army base
Terry Whitmore, a highly decorated combat veteran who deserted to Sweden
Members of "WORMS" (We Openly Resist Military Stupidity)
Air Force linguists stationed in Asia who went on strike during the 1972 Christmas bombings of Hanoi and Haiphong.
Awards
Los Angeles Film Festival Audience Award, Best Documentary
Full Frame Documentary Film Festival Seeds of War Award
Hamptons Film Festival Jury Award, Golden Starfish for Best Documentary
Vermont International Film Festival Jury Award, Best Film in Category: War and Peace
Independent Spirit Awards Best Documentary Nominee Award
Video Librarian's Best Documentaries of the Year List
American Library Association's VRT Notable Videos for Adults List
Independent Feature Project Nomination for a Gotham Award
Reception
The film garnered critical acclaim and has an 89% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Ebert & Roeper gave the film "Two Thumbs Up", and Richard Roeper proclaimed: "This is an important chapter in the Vietnam library of films." Manohla Dargis in the New York Times called it a "smart, timely documentary about the G.I. Movement" and praised it for serving "as a corrective to the rah-rah rhetoric about Vietnam in such schlock entertainments as the 1980's 'Rambo' franchise". The Los Angeles Times declared it "a powerful documentary that uncovers half-forgotten history, history that is still relevant but not in ways you might be expecting." For L.A. Weekly, Chuck Wilson wrote: "David Zeiger's superb documentary about the Vietnam War era's GI protest movement is jammed with incident and anecdote and moves with nearly as much breathless momentum as the movement itself." Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote: "I expected to emerge depressed by how long these stories have gone untold, but the speakers' courage and humanity are a shot in the arm."
See also
Concerned Officers Movement
Donald W. Duncan
Fort Hood Three
FTA Show - 1971 anti-Vietnam War road show for GIs
F.T.A. - 1972 documentary film about the FTA Show
GI's Against Fascism
G.I. coffeehouses
GI Underground Press
Movement for a Democratic Military
Opposition to the Vietnam War
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Presidio mutiny
Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War, book about soldier & sailor resistance during the Vietnam War
Stop Our Ship (SOS) anti-Vietnam War movement in and around the U.S. Navy
Vietnam Veterans Against the War
Waging Peace in Vietnam
Winter Soldier Investigation
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Sir! No Sir!
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"Lost and Found" is a single from UK rock band Feeder and is one of three new songs featured on their compilation album, The Singles. It was the second single from the compilation after "Shatter" was a double A-side with "Tender".
The song was voted 79th best song of 2006 by the readers of Q Magazine. The music video features Feeder playing in an abandoned community centre and a street gang. The vinyl set also includes a 1998 recording named "Uptight", which features Jon Lee playing drums. The music video uses quick switching of the scenes featuring the band and the gang, this has been noted by many who have seen the video as off-putting due to the speed the scene changes are made which were likened to that of those that can cause epileptic seizures.
Lost and Found was supported for the first time with a series of digital downloads, recorded live during each date of the bands delayed 2005–2006 tour, and helped the track chart at No. 20 on the UK Download Chart, and No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May 2006. It became their fifth and last top 10 single in Scotland charting at No. 9. During live performances of the song, the band use the opening lines of All My Life by the band Foo Fighters as an interlude throughout 2008.
The single made No.7 on the physical sales chart, becoming their fifth and final top 10 single on that chart prior to the 2007 rule change on downloads on the overall chart, being when CD singles started to become a near extinct format. “Lost and Found” was their second to last single release when a physical single had to be released to allow a song to chart.
Critical reception
The song was released to a generally mixed reception. Kerrang! picked the song as a highlight of the accompanying compilation The Singles, specifically marking it as a song for readers to "download". However, Stylus Magazine were not impressed with the song, with an average reviewer score of 2.33/10, with Joris Gillet of the publication giving the single 4/10 and saying it "leaves no impression whatsoever."
Despite the critical reception, the track was however well received by the general public, helping its parent compilation album stay in the top 10 albums chart for 4 weeks, although this did in the long run, affect the sales of follow up single "Save Us".
Track listing
CD
"Lost and Found" – 2:57
"High 5" – 2:30
"Lost and Found" (acoustic) – 3:10
"Lost and Found" (video)
CD (Europe)
"Lost and Found" – 2:59
"High 5" – 2:32
"Uptight" – 3:12
"Lost and Found" (acoustic) – 3:15
"Lost and Found" (video)
7" #1
"Lost and Found"
"High 5"
7" #2 (Gatefold)
"Lost and Found"
"Uptight"
Download exclusives
"Lost and Found" (Live from Hammersmith Apollo 21 March 2006)
"Lost and Found" (Live from Hammersmith Apollo 22 March 2006)
"Lost and Found" (Live from Brighton Centre 24 March 2006)
"Lost and Found" (Live from Birmingham NEC 25 March 2006)
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Lost and Found (Feeder song)
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Kari Motor Speedway is a purpose-built Formula 3 auto racing circuit or race track, located in Chettipalayam, Coimbatore, India. The long track was inaugurated in 2003. The circuit is named after S. Karivardhan.
History
Part of the existing track was used as a runway for power gliders, as a part of an ultralight aviation manufacturing company owned by S. Karivardhan. The stretch was also used in the late 1990s for drag racing events. In 2002, the land was purchased by former racer B. Vijay Kumar to build a track to conduct national motorsport events and the track was inaugurated in 2003. The track is named after S.Karivardhan, who designed and built entry level race cars.
Activities
The track regularly conducts the National Championship races for go-karts, motorcycle road racing and formula racing events. The track is also approved by the CIK and FIA to hold races up to the Formula 3 category. The category of cars that race in this track include Formula Maruti, Formula LGB, and Formula Rolon Chevrolet. The track is also used by motorcycle clubs, racing and karting schools and others for vehicle tests and driver training. The track also hosts Formula Bharat on a yearly basis since January 2017. Recently the track hosted first edition of FFS India 2017 in October 2017 with its second edition to be conducted in October 2018.
See also
Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India
SAEINDIA
Indian National Rally Championship
Madras Motor Sports Club
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Kari Motor Speedway
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Dominick Alexander Guinn (born April 20, 1975) is an American professional boxer. He is self-managed and he is trained by Ronnie Shields and Alexander Gutierrez. He stands at 6'3" tall.
Known as the "Southern Disaster", he currently resides in Houston, Texas.
Amateur career
Born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, Guinn began boxing at age nine and lost in the quarterfinals in the Michigan Junior Olympic Tournament at 139 pounds. Fighting in the 147-pound class at 15 years of age, Guinn lost in the finals. Guinn won the 19-and-under Junior World title in 1993.
Guinn had an amateur career record of 290-26, twice winning the National Golden Gloves Super Heavyweight Championship in 1997 and 1999 but losing in the Olympic qualification to Calvin Brock. In 1998, Guinn won the U.S. National Championships and won a Bronze Medal at the Goodwill Games in New York City.
Professional career
He began his career winning his first 24 fights, including a seventh-round knockout win over Michael Grant and a victory over Duncan Dokiwari.
In 2004 he lost his first fight, a lackluster, but controversial decision to Monte Barrett. He knocked out veteran Phil Jackson but then lost his second fight to Sergei Liakhovich, who went on to win the WBO heavyweight title.
In 2005 he drew with Friday Ahunanya and lost to James Toney. In 2006, he defeated once-beaten British southpaw and Olympic Gold medalist Audley Harrison at the Agua Caliente casino, but lost his next fight against another southpaw Tony Thompson. In 2007 he continued his slide with losses against unbeaten Eddie Chambers in May and Robert Hawkins in December.
In October 2008, Guinn knocked out heavyweight prospect Jean François Bergeron in the second round. In 2009, Guinn knocked out unbeaten Johnnie White (21-0) in a first-round knockout to move back into contendership status and recently defeated Charles Davis by decision.
He has never been beaten inside the distance in his professional career.
Professional boxing record
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|- align=center
|Loss
|35-12-1
|align=left| Artur Szpilka
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|35-11-1
|align=left| Hughie Fury
|PTS
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|35-10-1
|align=left| Donnie Davis
|KO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|34-10-1
|align=left| Tomasz Adamek
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|34-9-1
|align=left| Stacy Frazier
|KO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|33-9-1
|align=left| Denis Boytsov
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|33-8-1
|align=left| Amir Mansour
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|33-7-1
|align=left| Kubrat Pulev
|UD
|8
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|33-6-1
|align=left| Terrell Nelson
|RTD
|7
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|32-6-1
|align=left| Charles Davis
|UD
|6
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|31-6-1
|align=left| Johnnie White
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|30-6-1
|align=left| Gabe Brown
|UD
|8
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|29-6-1
|align=left| Jean François Bergeron
|KO
|2
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|28-6-1
|align=left| Robert Hawkins
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|28-5-1
|align=left| Eddie Chambers
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|28-4-1
|align=left| Zuri Lawrence
|TKO
|2
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|27-4-1
|align=left| Zack Page
|SD
|8
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|26-4-1
|align=left| Tony Thompson
|UD
|12
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|26-3-1
|align=left| Audley Harrison
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|25-3-1
|align=left| James Toney
|UD
|12
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|25-2-1
|align=left| Friday Ahunanya
|PTS
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|25–2
|align=left| Siarhei Liakhovich
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|25–1
|align=left| Phil Jackson
|KO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|24–1
|align=left| Monte Barrett
|SD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|24–0
|align=left| Derrick Banks
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|23–0
|align=left| Duncan Dokiwari
|UD
|10
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|22–0
|align=left| Michael Grant
|TKO
|7
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|21–0
|align=left| Charles Hatcher
|TKO
|9
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|20–0
|align=left| Otis Tisdale
|UD
|8
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|19–0
|align=left| Garing Lane
|SD
|8
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|18–0
|align=left| Terry McGroom
|TKO
|7
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|17–0
|align=left| Wade Lewis
|KO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|16–0
|align=left| Drexie James
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|15–0
|align=left| Derek Berry
|TKO
|2
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|14–0
|align=left| Tony LaRosa
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|13–0
|align=left| Antonio Colbert
|UD
|6
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|12–0
|align=left| Todd Diggs
|KO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|11–0
|align=left| Maurice Wheeler
|KO
|2
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|10–0
|align=left| Marvin Hill
|KO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|9–0
|align=left| Ronnie Smith
|UD
|6
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|8–0
|align=left| Marvin Hunt
|TKO
|4
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|7–0
|align=left| Anthony Moore
|UD
|4
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| James Lester
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Rodney Phillips
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| John Lewis
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Michael Rothberger
|TKO
|1
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Leonard Childs
|TKO
|2
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|1–0
|align=left| Leroy Hollis
|TKO
|1
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
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Dominick Guinn
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John Arnold Logan (January 1, 1921 – September 16, 1977) was an American professional basketball player and coach born in Richmond, Indiana. A 6'2" guard who played at Indiana University, Logan played for four seasons with the now-defunct St. Louis Bombers, and a fifth season with the Tri-Cities Blackhawks. While with the Blackhawks, he served three games as an interim player-coach.
BAA/NBA career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
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Johnny Logan (basketball)
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Ranunculus aquatilis, the common water-crowfoot or white water-crowfoot, is a plant species of the genus Ranunculus, native throughout most of Europe and western North America, and also northwest Africa.
This is an aquatic plant, growing in mats on the surface of water. It has branching thread-like underwater leaves and toothed floater leaves. In fast flowing water the floaters may not be grown. The flowers are white petaled with yellow centres and are held a centimetre or two above the water. The floater leaves are used as props for the flowers and are grown at the same time.
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Ranunculus aquatilis
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Courage International, also known as Courage Apostolate and Courage for short, is an approved apostolate of the Catholic Church that counsels "men and women with same-sex attractions in living chaste lives in fellowship, truth and love". Based on a treatment model for drug and alcohol addictions used in programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Courage runs a peer support program aimed at helping gay people remain abstinent from same-sex sexual activity.
The organization runs support groups led by a priest to encourage its members to abstain from acting on their homosexual desires and to live according to the teachings of the Catholic Church on homosexuality. Courage also has a ministry geared towards the relatives and friends of gay people called Encourage.
The apostolate was endorsed by the Pontifical Council for the Family in 1994 through the statement of Alfonso Cardinal López Trujillo.
Courage has received criticism from LGBT advocacy groups, such as New Ways Ministry, which say that Courage's methods are "problematic and very dangerous to people's spiritual health". In 2015, the Southern Poverty Law Center listed Courage International as one of the ten most prominent "ex-gay" anti-LGBT organizations.
History
Terence Cardinal Cooke, Archbishop of New York, conceived the ministry in the early 1980s as a spiritual support system which would assist gay Catholics in adhering to the teachings of the Church on sexuality and sexual behavior. Cooke invited the moral theologian Fr. John F. Harvey, O.S.F.S., to come to New York to begin the work of Courage with Fr. Benedict Groeschel, C.F.R. The first meeting was held in September 1980 at the Shrine of Mother Seton in South Ferry.
Courage faced resistance from its establishment from conservative Catholics who did not believe any such organisation should be directing its attention fully towards supporting openly gay and lesbian Catholics. However, Courage maintained a number of endorsements from senior bishops of the Church.
In 2003, it became a member of Positive Alternatives to Homosexuality (now Positive Approaches to Health Sexuality).
Father Harvey's successor was Father Paul Check. He states the program does not support conversion therapy. He has at times been asked to comment on the group experiencing protests from those who object to its belief homosexual activity is sinful.
The current executive director of Courage, International is Father Philip Bochanski. Bochanski identifies the group's five goals as: living chastity; developing a life of prayer and dedication; helping one another by sharing experiences; forming chaste friendships; and giving good examples to others.
Courage and Ignatius Press organized a Pre-Synod conference, "Living the Truth in Love", which took place in Rome on 2 October 2015 to address the pastoral needs of gay Catholics. The conference featured George Cardinal Pell and Robert Cardinal Sarah, and Jennifer Roback Morse of the Ruth Institute, among other speakers; it also heard the testimony of Catholic homosexuals who followed the doctrine of the Church on sexuality.
Organization and practices
Courage is officially recognized by the Church hierarchy, and was endorsed by the Roman Curia. It is financially supported by the Archdiocese of New York and the Archdiocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut, as well as donations. Individual chapters are self-supporting and exist with the permission of their diocesan bishop. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) recommended Courage as a ministry to gay Catholics in their 2006 publication, Ministry to Persons with a Homosexual Inclination.
There are chapters in many U.S. cities and several foreign countries. In 2005, Courage formed a branch for Spanish-speakers called Courage Latino based in Cuernavaca, Mexico. It currently extends to seven countries: Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and Venezuela.
Courage does not practice conversion therapy, but offers counseling based on the 12-step program for addictions treatment developed by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). The steps were adapted with the permission of the AA, but without further participation from the latter. Courage describes its goals as "chastity, prayer and dedication, fellowship, support, good example". The organization believes that physical and mental suffering can often be a consequence of moral corruption or vice, and that same-sex attraction is a "cross to bear" and an opportunity to grow in holiness. The SPLC claims that the founder of Courage, John Harvey, believed homosexuality was pathological, which contradicts the official positions of the main American professional associations, such as American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Counseling Association, and the National Association of Social Workers, among others, which have all stated that homosexuality is not a disorder and cannot be changed. However, Catholics point out that those institutions de-pathologized homosexuality largely under political pressure from various pro-LGBT groups and figures during the 1970s.
Criticism from LGBT advocacy groups
Courage has faced criticism over the years in its approach from Catholics who disagree with Church teachings on homosexuality and argue that the organization promotes "mandatory celibacy for gays and lesbians".
Hostility has at times broken out between the groups working with these communities. Harvey has set Courage in opposition to DignityUSA and has publicly criticised New Ways Ministry on a number of occasions. Both DignityUSA and New Ways Ministry have suggested that having a lesbian or gay identity is a blessing from God, and that Courage is being "anti-pastoral" in its work. Dignity and NWM have called for a stronger attempt at reconciliation with gay Catholics and recognition that stable same-sex relationships may be a good thing.
The leaders of New Ways Ministry, Jeannine Gramick, , and Fr. Robert Nugent do not recommend Courage to Catholics, because they fundamentally disagree with its approach, particularly because its founder John Harvey insisted that homosexuality was an illness or disorder. The executive director of DignityUSA said in 2014 that "Courage is really problematic and very dangerous to people’s spiritual health. And we have been very concerned about it for a lot of years".
The Southern Poverty Law Center included a description of Courage International in a report on the ten most prominent ex-gay, anti-LGBT groups in 2015, and the National LGBTQ Task Force wrote in a report that the "ex-gay industry" was "re-framing its attack on homosexuality in kinder, gentler terms" in a way that undermines progress towards LGBT rights.
In France, three organizations wrote a letter to a local mayor's office in August 2016 to denounce meetings that had been held by Courage International in a municipal building. They objected to Courage's view that individuals who identify as LGBT are "wounded people" and its claims to offer a "perfect path towards chastity" using AA's 12-step model, which they viewed as "homophobic, humiliating, and discriminatory". The joint letter was written by the Human Rights League (), Rainbow Chalon-sur-Saône, and Secular Solidarity 71 ( 71).
See also
Catholics United
Ex-Ex-Gay
GLAAD
Homophobia
Homosexuality and Roman Catholicism
Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality (JONAH)
Matthew Shepard Foundation
North Star (organization)
The Trevor Project
True Freedom Trust
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Courage International
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The Karakol society (), was a Turkish clandestine intelligence organization that fought on the side of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence. Formed in November 1918, it refused to merge itself with Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Its leadership was decapitated in the aftermath of the 1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election, leading to its eventual dissolution in 1926.
Operation
The Karakol Society, also known as the Black Arm, Sentinel Association or Guard Society, was founded in November 1918, as the first clandestine organization fighting against the Allied Occupation of Constantinople. It served as a continuation of the Committee of Union and Progress' intelligence agency, the Special Organization, with the majority of its members coming from the latter. It was founded by Kara Vâsıf Bey and Kara Kemal on Talaat Pasha's orders, soon after he fled the country. The name was chosen on the grounds that it was the amalgamation of the founder's names; a secret password (K.G.) was also adopted. Karakol's central committee consisted of Kara Vâsıf Bey, Baha Said Bey, Refik Ismail Bey, Ali Riza Bey (Bebe), Edip Servet Bey (Tör), Kemalletin Sami Bey, and Galatali Sevket Bey. The aims of the organization were outlined as protecting and, where non existent, establishing national unity through legitimate means behind the scenes. Revolutionary action was to be taken in the case of oppressors of freedom and justice. The third article of the declaration of establishment highlighted Karakol's socialist nature.
During his stay in Constantinople between November 1918 and May 1919 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk met with Ali Fethi Bey, Kara Kemal, Ismail Canbulat, and an unknown fourth person, whereupon a revolutionary committee was established. The committee was to assassinate the sultan and overthrow the government, applying pressure on the government that was to succeed it. Canbulat's hesitation temporarily halted the committee's plans, which were later abandoned after its members agreed that the sultan's removal would not be enough to save the crumbling Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal departed for Anatolia, which was to become the center of the Turkish resistance movement. Karakol created a line of communication and transportation between Constantinople and Anatolia, smuggling volunteers, weapons, and armaments into the latter. Karakol representatives took part in the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, where they supported the unification of various resistance organizations under the banner of the Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (ADRAR), and Karakol went on to publish the Amasya Protocol. However a rift soon emerged between the Karakol leadership and Kemal; Karakol refused to accept Ankara as the center of national resistance and continued to act independently from ADRAR, seeing itself as the real core of the resistance. Kemal became suspicious of Karakol's intentions, ordering it to terminate its activities.
Downfall
On 11 January 1920, Baha Said Bey traveled to Baku where he signed an alliance with the Bolsheviks, presenting himself as an envoy of the Turkish resistance. On 26 February, Kara Vâsıf Bey informed Kemal of the agreement, which Kemal rebuffed as illegitimate since it was concluded without ADRAR's knowledge or consent. Kemal once more requested Karakol to incorporate itself into ADRAR. Karakol remained defiant, operating until the 1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election, which was disrupted when British troops entered the parliament and arrested several deputies on 16 March. A part of Karakol's leadership was subsequently exiled to Malta, others either joined Kemal in Ankara or Enver Pasha in the Caucasus. Insignificant remnants of Karakol continued to exist until 1926, however Kemal had already solidified his position at the head of the Turkish National Movement. Karakol's function as an intelligence agency was substituted by a number of other organizations including Yavuz Group, Zabitan Group, Hamza Group. They continued to operate until the end of the independence war. Karakol is considered one of the precursor organizations to the modern day National Intelligence Organization, MİT.
Notes
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Karakol society
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City Idol was a contest and part of a 2006 initiative called Who Runs This Town, a project to boost citizen interest and participation in municipal politics in Toronto.
Overview
Who Runs This Town and City Idol were created by David Meslin, founder of the Toronto Public Space Committee. The City Idol contest sought out ordinary Torontonians to seek elected office in the 2006 municipal election on November 13. The goal was to have 100 candidates participate in a series of events whereby some would be voted off by a live audience. The "prize" was a campaign to run for Toronto city council, in the form of volunteer support (not funds). The first round was held at the Danforth Music Hall on April 28, 2006, and saw 70 candidates give one-minute speeches to an audience of more than 600 people who then voted for five candidates. A total of 48 candidates advanced to the second round regional runoffs.
After opening night, the winners were divided off for regional runoffs. The regions followed the same boundaries as Toronto's community council boundaries, which roughly follow old municipal boundaries prior to a forced municipal amalgamation in 1997. Because there were so many candidates in the Toronto-East York Regional Runoff, an extra semifinals event was held in which 24 candidates were narrowed down to six through a series of speeches and questions from the audience.
The format of the finals included short speeches, questions from contestants and the audience and a mock emergency press conference where candidates were told to research a topic prior to the event, and would have to address an emergency issue in a media scrum with reporters from Eye Weekly, NOW and Toronto Life.
Winners
The winners of City Idol were
North York: Bahar Aminvaziri
Scarborough: Amarjeet Chhabra
Toronto-East York: Desmond Cole
Etobicoke-York: Arthur Roszak
The City Idol winners formally declared their candidacies on June 15. A number of other City Idol contestants who did not win the competition also stood as candidates.
Of the contest winners, Roszak had the most success in the general election, finishing second in his race.
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City Idol
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Georgios Kyriakou Iacovou (born 19 July 1938) is a Cypriot diplomat and politician. Iacovou served as Foreign Minister of Cyprus for two consecutive terms from 1983 to 1993 and for a third term from 2003 to 2006, which makes him Cyprus's longest serving Foreign Minister. Between 2006 and 2007, he served as High Commissioner of Cyprus to the United Kingdom. He is also known for his work on the rehabilitation of Greek Cypriot refugees and on persons of Greek origin living in the former Soviet Union. Between 2008 and 2013, Iacovou was Minister of Presidency.
Early life
Iacovou was born in the village of Peristeronopigi, in Famagusta District. He graduated from the Famagusta Gymnasium. From 1955 to 1960, Iacovou was a student in the United Kingdom and was active in student politics and Greek Cypriot community affairs.
Career
From 1960 until 1964, Iacovou worked in the private sector in Cyprus. He worked as a Senior Consultant at the international enterprise Price Waterhouse in London, as Principal Officer for Operational Research and later on as Senior Finance Officer of the board of directors for British Rail. In 1972, he returned to Cyprus from the United Kingdom, and was appointed Director of the Cyprus Productivity Centre, where he introduced new management methods in industry and commerce, pioneering programmes for continuing education of business executives, such as a post-graduate management course that has been running for over thirty years. He also turned his attention to the upgrading of skills of artisans and technicians in many fields. Concurrently, Iacovou was Chairman of the board of directors of the Hotel and Catering Institute of Cyprus ("HCI"), and under his stewardship, the HCI became internationally known, being acknowledged accordingly on the island.
Political career
Following the Turkish invasion of 1974, he established and directed the "Service for the Relief and Rehabilitation of Displaced Persons" on directions from the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Cyprus. He later also established the "Service for the Reintegration of Displaced Persons". Iacovou's work for refugees has had an important impact on subsequent developments in Cyprus, including what has been dubbed the Cypriot "economic miracle". In this capacity, Iacovou became a close associate of Archbishop Makarios, the first President of the Republic of Cyprus. He also became one of the most articulate advocates of the rights of displaced persons in Cyprus, who form a core issue of the wider Cyprus problem. His work in the field has been nationally and internationally acknowledged, with his exposure to these people's problems influencing his subsequent career. Iacovou is considered one of the ablest administrators of Cyprus and is often referred to as the technocrat with the big heart. From April 1976 until January 1979, he served as Head of the Africa Department of the UN High Commission for Refugees in Geneva.
From January 1979 until January 1983, he was Ambassador of the Cyprus Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, with parallel accreditation to Austria and Switzerland; later on, he served as Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
On 22 September 1983, he was appointed Foreign Minister and remained in this post until February 1993. His first appointment to this office came just before the illegal and unilateral declaration of "independence" by the Turkish Cypriot leadership in 1983. Nevertheless, he successfully pursued the condemnation of this action in the United Nations Security Council through the adoption of SC Resolutions 541 and 550. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, he negotiated Cyprus's Customs Union Agreement with the then European Economic Community (EEC) in 1987, and in 1990, he submitted the application of Cyprus to join the EEC. In 2003, Iacovou signed the Treaty of Accession of Cyprus to the European Union ("EU").
Later on, he was appointed by the Greek government as President of the National Foundation for the Reception and Resettlement of Repatriated Greeks. His programme for the integration of several hundred thousand persons of Greek origin returning to Greece from the former Soviet Union was met with great success. Iacovou masterminded operation Golden Fleece, the liberation of fifteen hundred men, women and children of Greek origin from the besieged city of Sukhumi in Abkhazia; he later participated in a similar operation in the city of Groznyy, Chechnya. He also founded several university departments for the teaching of the Greek language in countries of the former Soviet Union.
Presidential election
Following his return to Cyprus in 1997, he ran for office in the February 1998 presidential election as an independent candidate supported by the political parties AKEL and DIKO. He lost, by a narrow margin, to the incumbent President of the Republic, Glafcos Clerides. On 1 March 2003, he was appointed Foreign Minister in the new government of President Tassos Papadopoulos, serving until June 2006. In October that year, he was appointed as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Awards and affiliations
Iacovou has been awarded several honours, distinctions and medals from numerous countries, universities and organisations, amongst which are:
The Grand Cross of Merit, Federal Republic of Germany
The Grand Cross of the Order of Phoenix, Hellenic Republic
The Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1983)
The Grand Cross of the Order of Isavel La Catolica, Kingdom of Spain
The Grand Cross of the Order of Honour, Hellenic Republic
The Grand Cross of the Order of Infante D. Henrique, Republic of Portugal
The Decoration of the Battalion of the Yugoslav Flag
The Decoration of the Arab Republic of Egypt
The Decoration of the Cross of St. Mark of the 1st order of the Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa
Decoration of St. Catherine's Monastery of Sinai
Honorary Doctorate of the Athens Panteion University, of Political and Social Sciences
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Georgios Iacovou
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Cularo was the name of the Gallic city which evolved into modern Grenoble. It was renamed Gratianopolis in 381 to honor Roman emperor Gratian.
The first remaining reference to what is now Grenoble dates back to a July 43 BC letter by Munatius Plancus to Cicero. The small town founded by the Allobroges Gallic people was at that time called Cularo. In 292, the western emperor Maximian elevated the town to the rank of “city” and had defensive walls built around it. These walls both protected the urban area and marked its status of Civitas. Their vestiges are now a landmark of this era.
Wishing to thank and honor the emperor Gratian for creating its bishopric, the inhabitants of Cularo renamed their town Gratianopolis in 381. That name would subsequently evolve into Grenoble through Graignovol.
The Saint-Laurent crypt and the baptistery of Grenoble date also back from the Gallo-Roman period (4th century), and have been preserved to this day; the latter remained in use until the 9th century but had later been buried under accumulated urban layers; it was rediscovered in 1989 during the construction of tramway tracks, excavated until 1996, and incorporated into the adjacent Musée de l'Ancien Évêché. Several small sections of the Gallo-Roman city wall are also visible in the old town, especially in rue Lafayette.
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Cularo
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Kulceratops is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It lived in the late Albian stage. It is one of the few ceratopsians known from this period. However, the fossils from this genus have been sparse: only jaw and tooth fragments have been found so far.
Description
Kulceratops was named by Lev Alexandrovich Nesov in 1995. The type species is Kulceratops kulensis. Both the genus name and the specific name are derived from the Khodzhakul Formation, kul meaning "lake" in Uzbek. Its fossils were found in Uzbekistan, central Asia. The holotype, CCMGE No. 495/12457, was in 1914 discovered by geologist Andrei Dmitrievich Arkhangelsky. It consists of a left maxilla, of which the front end has been broken off.
Classification
Kulceratops belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Greek for "horned face"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period. As Kulceratops is the oldest known neoceratopian, Nesov assigned it to a special Archaeoceratopsidae. Later workers considered it a member of the Protoceratopidae or at least a basal member of Neoceratopia. Due to the paucity of the remains, it is considered a nomen dubium
Diet
Kulceratops, like all ceratopsians, was a herbivore. During the early Cretaceous, flowering plants were "geographically limited on the landscape", and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era: ferns, cycads and conifers. It would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the leaves or needles.
See also
Timeline of ceratopsian research
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Kulceratops
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Ernst Schröder (27 January 1915 – 26 July 1994) was a popular German theatre, film and TV actor.
Life
Born in Herne, Schröder began his acting career at the nearby Bochum Theatre in 1934, under the director Saladin Schmitt. He worked there until 1936, also working as assistant director and Stage Designer. After working at Bielefeld and Wuppertal, he moved to the Schiller Theatre in Berlin in 1938, which became his artistic home and the location of his greatest triumphs, particularly after the Second World War.
During the war he served briefly in the army, was wounded, and returned to the Schiller Theatre in 1942. When in 1944 the theatre was closed, he returned to serve in the army, and ended the war in Italy as a prisoner. He returned to the theatre in 1946 and rapidly re-established his reputation.
He was a member of the jury at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival in 1957.
He was considered one of the greatest character actors of the German theatre, enjoying larger than life roles. He was frequently compared with the pre-war star Heinrich George. In addition, he frequently acted in Zurich and Munich. Although he concentrated on stage work, both as actor and director, he occasionally appeared in film roles, most notably as German General Hans von Salmuth in the 1962 film The Longest Day.
He achieved broader popularity in the 1970s, appearing more frequently on television, particularly in crime shows like Derrick and Der Alte.
In 1980, his daughter, the actress Christiane Schröder (18 January 1942 – 17 September 1980), committed suicide by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
In 1981, he staged a production of Shakespeare's King Lear at the Bad Hersfeld Festival. At the end of the 1980s he returned to television in the role of 'Lauritz Lorentz' in the series of (Lorentz and Sons).
In 1991–92, he appeared as the narrator in a dramatised radio version of The Lord of the Rings.
Throughout his career, Schröder also dubbed the voices of popular English-speaking actors into German. Amongst others, he provided the voices for Charles Boyer, James Cagney, William Conrad, Rex Harrison, Herbert Lom, Spencer Tracy and Peter Ustinov.
At the age of 79, Schröder was diagnosed with cancer at a Berlin hospital. He committed suicide on 26 July 1994 by jumping out of a window.
Theatre
Filmography
Television
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Ernst Schröder (actor)
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Jean-Martin Folz (born 11 January 1947) is a French businessman. He was the chairman and CEO of PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1997 to 2007.
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Jean-Martin Folz
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Montasser el-Zayat () or Muntasir al-Zayyat ( ) (born 1956) is an Egyptian lawyer and author whose former clients, according to press reports, included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011 the leader of al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization, and al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya.
Following the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat, as a young man, el-Zayat was one of the hundreds of politically active Egyptians who were rounded up. He was detained for three years although he was never tried or convicted.
Early life and education
Montasser al-Zayat was born in 1956 in Egypt and educated there. His family is of Nubian descent.
As a young man of 21, he was arrested along with hundreds of other politically active Egyptians after the assassination of Anwar Sadat. He was detained for three years without trial and finally released.
Career
Al-Zayyat became an attorney in Egypt.
His former clients are said to have included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011 the leader of al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization based in Afghanistan and Pakistan. He also defended al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya.
He has written a book entitled Ayman al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him (2006), which is strongly critical of al-Zawahiri.
El-Zayat claims that al-Zawahiri responded to his criticism by electronic mail. The Washington Post reported that el-Zayat has said of al-Zawahiri, "He always thinks he is right, even if he is alone."
El-Zayat also represented Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar in the 1999 case of the Returnees from Albania.
On 1 December 2002 the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review reported that el-Zayat "accused the United States of 'invading the region and imposing its policies — it wants to interfere with our life, and it wants us to modify our religious curriculum. ... This is why the people approved of what happened in Kuwait, Yemen and Bali".
El-Zayat is currently the lawyer for the Egyptian cleric, Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr. He was living in exile in Italy when he was allegedly abducted by the CIA's Special Activities Division under the direction of Robert Seldon Lady.Invited to defend a Guantanamo captive
In May 2009, Al Arabiya'' reported that el-Zayat had been invited to defend Mustafa al-Hawsawi, one of the fourteen high-value detainees held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, before a Guantanamo military commission. El-Zayat described thinking at first that he was the target of a hoax.
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Montasser el-Zayat
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Toothlessness, or edentulism, is the condition of having no teeth. In organisms that naturally have teeth, it is the result of tooth loss.
Organisms that never possessed teeth can also be described as edentulous. Examples are the members of the former zoological classification order of Edentata, which included anteaters and sloths, as they possess no anterior teeth and no or poorly developed posterior teeth.
In naturally dentate species, edentulism is more than just the simple presence or absence of teeth. It is biochemically complex because the teeth, jaws, and oral mucosa are dynamic (changing over time). Processes such as bone remodeling (loss and gain of bone tissue) in the jaws and inflammation of soft tissue in response to the oral microbiota are clinically important for edentulous people. For example, bone resorption in the jaw is frequently how the teeth were able to detach in the first place. The jaw in an edentulous area undergoes further resorption even after the teeth are gone; and the insertion of dental implants can elicit new bone formation, leading to osseointegration. Meanwhile, bacteria and yeasts of the oral cavity and the immune system of their host create an immensely complicated and constantly changing interplay that presents clinically as gingivitis, caries, stomatitis, and other periodontal pathology.
Signs and symptoms
For people, the relevance and functionality of teeth can be easily taken for granted, but a closer examination of their considerable significance will demonstrate how they are actually very important. Among other things, teeth serve to:
support the lips and cheeks, providing for a fuller, more aesthetically pleasing appearance
maintain an individual's vertical dimension of occlusion
along with the tongue and lips, allow for the proper pronunciation of various sounds
preserve and maintain the height of the alveolar ridge
cut, grind, and otherwise chew food
Tooth loss also has a psychological impact: it has been shown to generally lower a patient's quality of life, with this compromised oral function leading to decreased self-esteem and a decline is psychological well-being. Patients may be embarrassed to smile, eat and talk.
Facial support and aesthetics
When an individual's mouth is at rest, the teeth in the opposing jaws are nearly touching; there is what is referred to as a "freeway space" of roughly 2–3 mm. However, this distance is partially maintained as a result of the teeth limiting any further closure past the point of maximum intercuspidation. When there are no teeth present in the mouth, the natural vertical dimension of occlusion is lost and the mouth has a tendency to overclose. This causes the cheeks to exhibit a "sunken-in" appearance and wrinkle lines to form at the commissures. Additionally, the anterior teeth, when present, serve to properly support the lips and provide for certain aesthetic features, such as an acute nasiolabial angle. Loss of muscle tone and skin elasticity due to old age, when most individuals begin to experience edentulism, tend to further exacerbate this condition.
The tongue, which consists of a very dynamic group of muscles, tends to fill the space it is allowed, and in the absence of teeth, will broaden out. This makes it initially difficult to fabricate both complete dentures and removable partial dentures for patients exhibiting complete and partial edentulism, respectively; however, once the space is "taken back" by the prosthetic teeth, the tongue will return to a narrower body.
Vertical dimension of occlusion
As stated, the position of maximal closure in the presence of teeth is referred to as maximum intercuspidation, and the vertical jaw relationship in this position is referred to as the vertical dimension of occlusion. With the loss of teeth, there is a decrease in this vertical dimension, as the mouth is allowed to overclose when there are no teeth present to block the further upward movement of the mandible towards the maxilla. This may contribute, as explained above, to a sunken-in appearance of the cheeks, because there is now "too much" cheek than is needed to extend from the maxilla to the mandible when in an over closed position. If this situation is left untreated for many years, the muscles and tendons of the mandible and the TMJ may manifest with altered tone and elasticity.
Pronunciation
The teeth play a major role in speech. Some letter sounds require the lips and/or tongue to make contact with teeth for proper pronunciation of the sound, and lack of teeth will obviously affect the way in which an edentulous individual can pronounce these sounds.
For example, the consonant sounds of the English language s, z, j, and x are achieved with tooth-to-tooth contact; d, n, l, t, and th are achieved with tongue-to-tooth contact; the fricatives f and v are achieved through lip-to-tooth contact. The edentulous individual finds these sounds very difficult to enunciate properly.
Preservation of alveolar ridge height
The alveolar ridges are columns of bone that surround and anchor the teeth and run the entire length, mesiodistally, of both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. The alveolar bone is unique in that it exists for the sake of the teeth that it retains; when the teeth are absent, the bone slowly resorbs. The maxilla resorbs in a superioposterior direction, and the mandible resorbs in an inferioanterior direction, thus eventually converting an individual's occlusal scheme from a Class I to a Class III. Loss of teeth alters the form of the alveolar bone in 91% of cases.
In addition to this resorption of bone in the vertical and anterioposterior dimensions, the alveolus also resorbs faciolingually, thus diminishing the width of the ridge. What initially began as a tall bell curve (in the faciolingual dimension) eventually becomes much shorter and broader. Resorption is exacerbated by pressure on the bone; thus, long-term complete denture wearers will experience more drastic reductions to their ridges than non-denture wearers. Those individuals who do wear dentures can decrease the amount of bone loss by retaining some tooth roots in the form of overdenture abutments or have implants placed. Note that the depiction above shows a very excessive change and that this many take many years of denture wear to achieve.
Ridge resorption may also alter the form of the ridges to less predictable shapes, such as bulbous ridges with undercuts or even sharp, thin, knife-edged ridges, depending on the many possible factors that influenced the resorption.
Bone loss with missing teeth, partials and complete dentures is progressive. According to Wolff's law, bone is stimulated, strengthened and continually renewed directly by a tooth or an implant. Teeth and implants provide this direct stimulation which develops stronger bone around them.
A 1970 research study of 1012 patients by Jozewicz showed denture wearers had a significantly higher rate of bone loss. Tallgren's 25-year study in 1972 also showed denture wearers have continued bone loss over the years. The biting force on the gum tissue irritates the bone and it melts away with a decrease in volume and density. Carlsson's 1967 study showed a dramatic bone loss during the first year after a tooth extraction which continues over the years, even without a denture or partial on it.
The longer people are missing teeth, wear dentures or partials, the less bone they have in their jaws. This may result in decreased ability to chew food well, a decreased quality of life, social insecurity and decreasing esthetics because of a collapsing of the lower third of their face.
The bone loss also results in a significant decrease in chewing force, prompting many denture and partial wearers to avoid certain kinds of food. Food collecting under the appliance takes their enjoyment out of eating so they make their grocery and restaurant choices by what they can eat. There are several reports that correlate the quality and length of peoples lives with their ability to chew.
Dental implant studies from 1977 by Branemark and countless others show dental implants stop this progressive loss and stabilize the bone over the long term. Implanted teeth provide a stable, effective tooth replacement that feels natural. They also provide an improved ability to chew comfortably and for those missing many teeth an improved sense of well being. Dental implants have become the standard for replacing missing teeth in dentistry.
Masticatory efficiency
Physiologically, teeth provide for greater chewing ability. They allow us to masticate food thoroughly, increasing the surface area necessary to allow for the enzymes present in the saliva, as well as in the stomach and intestines, to digest our food. Chewing also allows food to be prepared into small boli that are more readily swallowed than haphazard chunks of considerable size. For those who are even partially endentulous, it may become extremely difficult to chew food efficiently enough to swallow comfortably, although this is entirely dependent upon which teeth are lost. When an individual loses enough posterior teeth to make it difficult to chew, he or she may need to cut their food into very small pieces and learn how to make use of their anterior teeth to chew. If enough posterior teeth are missing, this will not only affect their chewing abilities, but also their occlusion; posterior teeth, in a mutually protected occlusion, help to protect the anterior teeth and the vertical dimension of occlusion and, when missing, the anterior teeth begin to bear a greater amount of force than they are structurally prepared for. Thus, loss of posterior teeth will cause the anterior teeth to splay. This can be prevented by obtaining dental prostheses, such as removable partial dentures, bridges or implant-supported crowns. In addition to reestablishing a protected occlusion, these prostheses can greatly improve one's chewing abilities.
As a consequence of a lack of certain nutrition due to altered eating habits, various health problems can occur, from the mild to the extreme. Lack of certain vitamins (A, E and C) and low levels of riboflavin and thiamin can produce a variety of conditions, ranging from constipation, weight loss, arthritis and rheumatism. There are more serious conditions such as heart disease and Parkinson's disease and even to the extreme, certain types of Cancer. Treatments include changing approaches to eating such as cutting food in advance to make eating easier and less likely to avoid as well as consumer health products such as multivitamins and multi-minerals specifically designed to support the nutritional issues experienced by denture wearers.
Numerous studies linking edentulism with instances of disease and medical conditions have been reported. In a cross-sectional study, Hamasha and others found significant differences between edentulous and dentate individuals with respect to rates of atherosclerotic vascular disease, heart failure, ischemic heart disease and joint disease.
Cause
Edentulism is a condition which can have multiple causes. In exceedingly rare cases, toothlessness may result from the teeth not developing in the first place (anodontia). However, in most cases it is as a result of permanent tooth extraction in adulthood. This may or may not be due to dental caries, periodontal disease (gum disease), trauma or other pathology of the face and mouth (i.e. cysts, tumours). In those under 45 years of age, dental caries is considered to be the main cause of toothlessness, whereas periodontal disease is the primary cause of tooth loss in older age groups.
Replacing missing teeth
There are three main ways in which missing teeth can be replaced:
Bridges: Used to replace one or more missing teeth. False teeth are supported by the remaining, adjacent natural teeth.
Advantages:
They are fixed, they do not require removal on a frequent basis. Therefore, they are easily maintained.
Can be cleaned by normal brushing procedures.
Unlike dentures, they do not require skill in their use. They will not move about.
Disadvantages:
They generally require the preparation of adjacent teeth. This is destructive and not required for the placement of a denture.
They have a higher rate of failure than either Dentures or Implants.
Dentures: False teeth are mounted onto an acrylic base. These may be partial (to replace some missing teeth) or complete (where all the natural teeth are missing). Dentures may be removable, or fixed in the mouth by dental implants.
Advantages:
This is the least expensive option for the replacement of teeth.
The least invasive, no surgery needed (usually).
Disadvantages:
Quite often rely solely on the mucosa for support, do not tend to be as stable as the other options.
Very difficult to keep clean and can exacerbate any oral hygiene issues.
They are difficult to learn to use. Quite often require complex muscular control to hold them in place.
Not as efficient as other options. Foods such as apples and nuts will often have to be avoided.
Dental Implants: To replace a single tooth, a screw (the implant) is placed into the jaw bone, which a false tooth is screwed onto. Implants can also be used to support bridges or dentures.
Advantages:
They are much more realistic than the other options. They have similar efficiency and aesthetics to an actual tooth.
They do not require the destruction of the adjacent teeth like bridges.
They last 5-8 times longer than both bridges and dentures. Despite the initial higher cost, it pays off in the long term.
Much easier to maintain, with oral hygiene procedures being rather similar to an actual tooth.
Disadvantages:
Cost: they are very expensive. A single implant will cost between £2000-3000 on average.
Surgery: Their placement requires quite invasive surgery. With surgery comes risks (e.g. infection, swelling, bleeding).
Replacement: The actual implant itself rarely requires replacement, but the actual abutment, or tooth sitting on top of the implant will. This needs replacing on average every 10–15 years.
Time: Once an implant has been placed, the tooth replacement does not occur immediately. Implants take time for bone integration. The majority require 3 to 6 months before the final restoration is placed.
Clinical classification
A classification system has been developed by the American College of Prosthodontists. The classification are based on diagnostic findings, which is used to help practitioners determine appropriate treatments for patients.
The diagnostic criteria used to classify edentulism are:
Location and extent of the edentulous areas
Condition of abutment teeth
Occlusal scheme
Residual ridge
There are four categories which are Class I, II, III and IV.
Class I: Minimally compromised
This class is most likely to be successfully treated with complete dentures. The characteristics include:
Residual bone height of 21mm or more measured at the lowest vertical height of the mandible shown on a panoramic radiograph.
Residual ridge morphology resists horizontal and vertical movement of the denture base
Location of muscle attachments that arc conducive to denture base stability and retention
Class I maxillomandibular relationship.
Class II: Moderately compromised
This class is distinguished by the continued degradation of the denture‐supporting anatomy. It is also characterised by specific patient management and lifestyle considerations as well as systemic disease interactions. Characteristics include:
Residual bone height of 16 to 20mrn measured at the lowest vertical height of the mandible on a panoramic radiograph.
Residual ridge morphology that does not show horizontal and vertical movement of the denture base.
Location of muscle attachments with limited influence on denture base stability and retention.
Class I maxillomandibular relationship.
Minor modifiers, psychosocial considerations, mild systemic disease with oral manifestation.
Class III: Substantially compromised
This classification level is where surgical revision of supporting structures is needed to allow for adequate prosthodontic function.
Residual alveolar bone height of 11 to 15mm measured at the least vertical height of the mandible on a panoramic radiograph.
Residual ridge morphology has minimum influence to resist horizontal or vertical movement of the denture base.
Location of muscle attachments with moderate influence on denture base stability and retention.
Class I, II or III maxillomandibular relationship.
The conditions that need preprosthetic surgery include:
minor soft tissue procedures
minor hard tissue procedures including alveoloplasty
simple implant placement, no augmentation required
multiple extractions leading to complete edentulism for immediate denture placement.
Class IV: Severely compromised
This classification level depicts the most debilitated edentulous condition. Surgical reconstruction is almost always indicated but cannot always be accomplished because of the patient's health, preferences, dental history, and financial considerations. When surgical revision is not an option, prosthodontic techniques of a specialized nature must be used to achieve an adequate treatment outcome.
Residual vertical bone height of 10mm or less measured at the least vertical height of the mandible on a panoramic radiograph.
Residual ridge offers no resistance to horizontal or vertical movement.
Muscle attachment location that can be expected to have significant influence on denture base stability and retention.
Class I, II, or III maxillomandibular relationships.
History of paresthesia or dysesthesia.
Major conditions requiring preprosthetic surgery
complex implant placement, augmentation required
surgical correction of dentofacial deformities
hard tissue augmentation required
major soft tissue revision required, i.e., vestibular extensions with or without soft tissue grafting.
Epidemiology
Edentulism affects approximately 158 million people globally as of 2010 (2.3% of the population). It is more common in women at 2.7% compared to the male rate of 1.9%.
A cross-sectional analysis of data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from 14 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) and Israel showed substantial variation in the age-standardized mean numbers of natural teeth amongst people aged 50 years and older, ranging from 14.3 teeth (Estonia) to 24.5 teeth (Sweden). The oral health goal of retaining at least 20 teeth at age 80 years was achieved by 25% of the population or less in most countries. A target concerning edentulism (≤15% in population aged 65–74 years) was reached in Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, France, and Germany. Tooth replacement practices varied especially for a number of up to five missing teeth which were more likely to be replaced in Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, and Switzerland than in Israel, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, and Sweden.
The prevalence of Kennedy Class III partial denture was predominant among younger population of 21-30 year and 31–40 years, whereas in group III between 41 and 50 years Class I was predominant. It can be stated that the need for prosthodontics care is expected to increase with age, and hence, more efforts should be made for improving dental education and motivation among patients.
Edentulism occurs more often in people from the lower end of the socioeconomic scale.
Society and culture
It is estimated that tooth loss results in worldwide productivity losses in the size of about US$63 billion yearly.
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Toothlessness
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Kevin Stacey Young (born June 16, 1969) is an American former professional baseball player. He played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1992–95, 1997–2003) and Kansas City Royals (1996), primarily as a first baseman. He batted and threw right-handed.
Young was also the recipient of the Roberto Clemente Award in Pittsburgh. This award is given annually to the MLB player who best exemplifies sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team.
Amateur career
When Young was 17 years old, he played on a Kansas City Kansas American Legion team that finished 24th in the nation out of 5,000 teams. Attended Kansas City Kansas Community College, where he was an All-American and the recipient of the Rawlings Big Stick Award while leading the 5 state region with a .477 batting average. He attended the University of Southern Mississippi where he was an All-American and led the Golden Eagles to its first Regional tournament in 1990.
Professional career
Young was drafted by the Pirates in the 7th round of the 1990 MLB draft. He quickly moved his way through their minor league system, debuting in the MLB a little over two years later. In a 12-season career, Young posted a .258 batting average with 144 home runs and 606 RBI in 1205 games played.
In 1999 Young became only the third first baseman in the history of the game to have more than 25 home runs, 40 doubles, 20 stolen bases, 100 runs scored, and 100 RBI in a single season. At the time of his retirement in 2003, 11 seasons into their streak of 20 consecutive losing seasons which lasted from 1993 to 2012, he was the last remaining player to leave the Pittsburgh Pirates who had played on a winning team with the club (their last winning season before the streak was in 1992, which was his rookie year).
Originally selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the seventh round of the 1990 MLB draft and spent 11 MLB seasons playing for the Pirates. He also played for his hometown Kansas City Royals in 1996 for a total of 12 seasons.
After being named Pittsburgh's Minor League Player-of-the-Year in 1991 and the American Associations top prospect in 1992, K.Y. made his Major League debut with the Pirates on 7/12/92 and singled off Cincinnati's Tim Belcher in his second big league at bat.
Young spent his first full season in the majors with the Pirates in 1993 and established a club record with a .998 fielding percentage at first base (three errors in 1220 total chances), breaking Willie Stargell's previous mark of .997 set in 1979. He also connected off San Francisco's Rod Beck for his first big league home run on 4/9/93 at Three Rivers Stadium.
In his 11 seasons with the Pirates (1992–1995 and 1997–2003), Young played a total of 1022 games at first base and ranks third on the club's all-time list for games played at that position, trailing Gus Suhr (1339) and Jake Beckley (1045). Young spent the 1996 campaign in the Kansas City Royals organization before returning to the Pirates for the 1997 season. He set career highs in batting average (.300) in 1997 and in games (159), home runs (27) and RBI (108) the following year. In 1998, he became the second of only three Pirates player to have at least 20 stolen bases 40 doubles, 25 home runs 100 runs scored and 100 RBI in a single season since Dave Parker in 1978. Jason Bay also reached the feat in 2005
K.Y. played a total of 12 seasons in the Major Leagues, appearing in his final game with the Pirates on 6/27/03. He produced a .258 career average, going 1007-for-3897 with 235 doubles, 17 triples, 144 home runs and 606 RBI in 1205 games. Primarily as first baseman, he also made 97 career appearances at third base where he shares the NL record for most assist in a single game (11) with Cincinnati Reds Chris Sabo. Also played 18 games in right field and 13 in left field during his Major League career.
Young finished his career with 65 home runs hit at historic Three Rivers Stadium, which ranks fourth on the all-time list behind Willie Stargell (147), Barry Bonds (89) and Dave Parker (88). And only Stargell (184) hit more home runs as a first baseman than Young did (128) in a Pirates uniform. 1997 Kevin was the recipient of the Roberto Clemente Award for his contributions from within the Pittsburgh community.
Personal life
Two children Kaleb and Kaden. Kevin is known for his smile, kid-friendly humor and desire to educate kids about the game of baseball. He now lives in Arizona, where he lends his support to the Scottsdale Cal Ripken Baseball and the founder of Protégé Baseball. Currently serves as the offensive coordinator for the Pittsburgh Pirates Baseball Club.
In December, 2007, Kevin was linked to performance-enhancing drug usage in the Mitchell Report.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report
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Kevin Young (baseball)
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Hugo von Seeliger (23 September 1849 – 2 December 1924), also known as Hugo Hans Ritter von Seeliger, was a German astronomer, often considered the most important astronomer of his day.
Biography
He was born in Biala, completed high school in Teschen in 1867, and studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig. He earned a doctorate in astronomy in 1872 from the latter, studying under Carl Christian Bruhns. He was on the staff of the University of Bonn Observatory until 1877, as an assistant to Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander. In 1874, he directed the German expedition to the Auckland Islands to observe the transit of Venus. In 1881, he became the Director of the Gotha Observatory, and in 1882 became a Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Observatory at the University of Munich, which post he held until his death. His students included Hans Kienle, Ernst Anding, Julius Bauschinger, Paul ten Bruggencate, Gustav Herglotz, Richard Schorr, and especially Karl Schwarzschild, who earned a doctorate under him in 1898, and acknowledged Seeliger's influence in speeches throughout his career.
Seeliger was elected an Associate of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1892, and President of the Astronomische Gesellschaft from 1897 to 1921. He received numerous honours and medals, including knighthood (Ritter), between 1896 and 1917.
His contributions to astronomy include an explanation of the anomalous motion of the perihelion of Mercury (later one of the main tests of general relativity), a theory of nova coming from the collision of a star with a cloud of gas, and his confirmation of James Clerk Maxwell's theories of the composition of the rings of Saturn by studying variations in their albedo. He is also the discoverer of an apparent paradox in Newton's gravitational law, known as Seeliger's Paradox. However his main interest was in the stellar statistics of the Bonner Durchmusterung and Bonn section of the Astronomische Gesellschaft star catalogues, and in the conclusions these led about the structure of the universe. Seeliger's views on the dimensions of our galaxy were consistent with Jacobus Kapteyn's later studies.
Seeliger was an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
He continued his work until his death, on 2 December 1924, aged 75.
The asteroid 892 Seeligeria and the lunar crater Seeliger were named in his honour. The brightening of Saturn's rings at opposition is known as the Seeliger Effect, to acknowledge his pioneering research in this field. Minor planet 251 Sophia is named after his wife, Sophia.
Students
His PhD students were (after Mathematics Genealogy Project, Hugo Hans von Seeliger) :
Julius Bauschinger, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1884
Ernst Anding, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1888
Richard Schorr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1889
Karl Oertel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1890
Oscar Hecker, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1891
Adalbert Bock, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1892
George Myers, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1896
Karl Schwarzschild, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München 1897
Lucian Grabowski, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1900
Gustav Herglotz, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1900
Emil Silbernagel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1905
Ernst Zapp, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1907
Kasimir Jantzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1912
Wilhelm Keil, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1918
Friedrich Burmeister, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1919
Gustav Schnauder, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1921
Walter Sametinger, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1924
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Hugo von Seeliger
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Blanes () is a town and municipality in the comarca of Selva in Girona, Catalonia, Spain. During Roman rule it was named Blanda or Blandae. It is known as the "Gateway to the Costa Brava". Its coast is part of the Costa Brava, which stretches from Blanes to the French border. The township is . Blanes is a popular tourist town, and it is known for the Concurs de Focs d'Artifici during the Santa Anna festival; this event includes many fireworks. Other places of interest include botanical gardens, coves such as the Cala Bona, and beaches that are surrounded by mountains.
The population in 2017 was 38,813.
History
The history of Blanes predates the Roman conquest. Iberian activity has been attested in the area. Romanization of Blanes and its surroundings began around the third century BC. Roman remains of the Blandae site lie nearby. After Roman rule ended the area shared the fate of much of the Peninsula, being conquered successively by the Goths, the Moors, and the Christians shortly after. In the 13th century, after the Christians regained power, important architectural developments took place in Blanes. Some examples are the palace, Palau Vescomtal, the Església Parroquial church, and the city walls.
In the 17th century, during the Catalan Revolt (Guerra dels Segadors), Blanes was practically burned to ashes. The Palau Vescomtal was completely destroyed.
The War of the Spanish Succession also affected Blanes. Following this, reconstruction and the expansion of agriculture began.
Botanical gardens
One of the botanical gardens in Blanes is the Marimurtra, which covers almost . It includes over 4,000 different plant species and is visited by 300,000 people every year. Another garden is the Pinya de Rosa, consisting of over 7,000 different plant species.
Fireworks competition
The Festa major or festival of Santa Anna and Sant Joaquim (on 26 July) is usually celebrated in the third or forth week of July, from 21 to 27 July, annually. During the eight days, this major festival is celebrated as well as the European Concurs de Focs d'Artifici which attracts more than 500,000 visitors. This is an international competition. Over of fireworks are detonated at each event. Most people watch the fireworks from the beach.
The first documented date of a firework launch in Blanes is 1906. It was not until 1962 that the launch became an annual event. 1971 marks the first Fireworks Competition, taking place over three nights; this number has fluctuated over the years to as many as seven nights. Since 1958, firework launches have always been done from Sa Palomera, a big rock that separates the two parts of the Blanes coast and is symbolically considered the beginning of the Costa Brava.
Every night of the celebration, a different firework company presents its work to the public who come to the beach, each spectacle lasting between 20 and 24 minutes. This is rated by the Popular Jury, designated each year, who responsible for choosing the winners.
The fireworks competition nearly always runs in the last full week of July. The year 2018 marked the 48th edition of the competition.
According to a local radio station, Radio Marina, nearly one million people visited the fireworks competition during its five-day course.
Prior to 2012, the competition ran for five consecutive days. At the height of Spain's financial crisis it was decided to drop the event to four days to save money. In 2016 enough sponsors were found to restore the fifth day of the event. Likewise in 2017.
Festa menor
The Festa menor or the feast of the co-patrons (Sant Bonòs and Maximià), is traditionally celebrated on "la Nit de la Caminada Popular" () in mid-August and has been around for over 30 years as of 2021. This is a wholly family-oriented trek which many people walk accompanied by their children, pets, etc. It is approximately long. The reward is a memento and a slice of watermelon.
2008 storm
On 26 December 2008 an unusually strong storm struck Blanes' beach on Boxing Day. The port of Blanes was hit hardest. The old seawall was unable to resist the storm. Many boats were damaged and/or smashed onto the beach. Before the storm, plans had been made to upgrade the harbor but repairs were delayed. The poor state of the harbor made it more vulnerable to the storm surges and resulted in the heavy loss in the Boxing Day storm. This storm has been commonly referred to by locals as the worst storm Blanes had seen since the 1950s.
Economy
Sport
Blanes is home to the Club de Futbol Obispado. The city has a roller hockey team, Blanes Hoquei Club, and competes in the main League OK Liga. Blanes is also home to an international roller hockey tournament, the Golden Cup.
Notable people
Quim Torra (born 1962)lawyer, journalist and former president of the Government of Catalonia
Mamadou Tounkara (born 1996)footballer
Rubén Yáñez (born 1993)footballer
Roberto Bolaño – Chilean novelist, short-story writer, poet and essayist
Twin towns
Ardales, Andalusia, Spain
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Blanes
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Scott Adams (born 17 March 1971 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian Paralympic skier. He was from Toongabbie and lives in Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada. He is a below-knee amputee (LW4 classification).
At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, he competed in four events - 12th in the Men's Downhill LW4, 9th in the Men's Slalom LW4 and did not finish in the Men's Giant Slalom LW4 and Men's Super-G LW4. At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, he competed in four events - 40th in the Men's Downhill standing, 40th in the Men's Giant Slalom standing, 38th Men's Slalom standing and 46th in the Men's Super-G standing.
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Scott Adams (skier)
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Robert Ross "Roy" Knight (12 December 1891 – 11 September 1971) was a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland and became a farmer and teacher by career.
Knight lived in Northern Ireland during his childhood, attending the Royal School Dungannon. He moved to Canada in 1909, attended Saskatoon Normal School, then Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where he received his Bachelor of Arts.
He was first elected at the Saskatoon City riding in the 1945 general election, then re-elected at Saskatoon in 1949 and again in 1953. Knight was defeated by Henry Frank Jones of the Progressive Conservative party in the 1957 election. Knight was again unsuccessful there in 1958.
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Roy Knight (politician)
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