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Richard Carlton (c. 1558 – c. 1638) was an English composer and vicar. He is known mainly for his madrigals and was a contemporary of John Wilbye.
Life and career
Born c. 1558, Richard Carlton graduated from Clare College, Cambridge in 1577. He served simultaneously as both the vicar of St Stephen's Church, Norwich and a minor canon of the Norwich Cathedral. At the latter institution he was Master of the Choristers from 1591 to 1605. In October 1612 he was given a living at Bawsey-cum-Glosthorpe in Norfolk where he presided until his death in c. 1638.
In 1601 Carlton's madrigal Calm was the air was published in Thomas Morley The Triumphs of Oriana, and that same year he published a collection of madrigals in London. In this latter work he is described as "Preist: Batchelor in Musique". One of his madrigals, Come, woeful Orpheus, was an elegy to Sir John Shelton. These two 1601 works were his only publications, although original copies of two of his unpublished anthems are in the collection at the Bodleian Library and another unpublished pavane is in the collection of the British Library.
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Richard Carlton
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Godbrange (, ) is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg. , the village has a population of 574 inhabitants.
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Godbrange
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Dahod Lok Sabha constituency (formerly Dohad Lok Sabha constituency) () is one of the Lok Sabha parliamentary constituencies in Gujarat state in western India. This constituency is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.
Assembly segments
Presently, Dahod Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven assembly segments. These are:
Members of Parliament
^ by poll
Election results
2019
General election 2014
General elections 2009
General election, 2004
See also
Dahod district
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Notes
Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat
Dahod district
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Dahod Lok Sabha constituency
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WWME-CD (channel 23) is a low-power, Class A television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, which serves as the flagship station of multicast networks MeTV and Heroes & Icons. It is owned by locally based Weigel Broadcasting alongside fellow Weigel flagship properties, CW affiliate WCIU-TV (channel 26) and independent station WMEU-CD (channel 48). The stations share studios on Halsted Street (between Washington Boulevard and Madison Street) in the Greektown neighborhood, while WWME-CD's transmitter is located atop the Willis Tower on South Wacker Drive in the Chicago Loop.
Even though WWME-CD has a digital signal of its own, the low-power broadcasting radius does not reach the outer ring of Chicago proper or surrounding suburbs. Therefore, the station can also be seen through a 16:9 widescreen standard definition simulcast on WCIU's third digital subchannel, with Heroes & Icons being carried on WCIU-DT4 in order to reach the entire market. This signal is broadcast on channel 26.3 from the same Willis Tower transmitter site.
History
Early history
The station first signed on the air on October 28, 1987 as W23AT, originally operating as a translator of WFBT. In 2001, the station changed its callsign to WFBT-CA and shifted to a brokered-time ethnic programming format (coincidentally, this was the original programming format of sister station WCIU-TV from 1964 until it converted into an English-language, entertainment-based independent station on December 31, 1994).
Launch of MeTV as a programming format
On January 6, 2003, WFBT debuted a programming block called "Me-TV", which featured classic television series from the 1950s to the 1980s (such as The Jack Benny Program, Sergeant Bilko, The Carol Burnett Show, Maude and One Day at a Time) daily from 12:00 to 3:00 p.m. "Me-TV" underwent several lineup changes throughout its existence as a block, adding and removing shows and expanding the time periods during which it broadcast (eventually running from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. by 2004).
On December 31, 2005, Weigel rechristened channel 23 as WWME-CA, with MeTV becoming the station's full-time programming format and on-air branding. The station's former ethnic programming and WFBT call letters moved to W48DD (channel 48). On August 4, 2007, WWME introduced "Sí! Me-TV" (the first two parts of the moniker were based on the phrase "see me", although "Sí" is the Spanish word for "yes"), a weekend morning block which featured Spanish-dubbed versions of classic shows from the Universal Television library (such as Hercules, Xena, Miami Vice, Quantum Leap and The Incredible Hulk). Some programs that aired during the block were available to the station only in Spanish, due to syndicated restrictions imposed on the original English-language versions; "Sí! Me-TV" also offered a public affairs program targeted at Chicago's Latino population, which began at a later date. The block was discontinued on January 25, 2009.
On March 1, 2008, channel 48 – which adopted the WMEU-CA call letters at that time – was converted into an extension of WWME's MeTV format as MeToo. Initially, the two stations maintained similar programming schedules; however by that fall, one station focused mainly on sitcoms while the other largely focused on dramas, and vice versa. In addition to classic television series, WWME also broadcast sporting events from the Chicago Public Schools Public League.
On September 14, 2009, WWME's MeTV schedule shifted its programming to a sitcom-intensive format (running such shows as The Bernie Mac Show, All in the Family, The Three Stooges and Frasier), while the MeToo schedule on WMEU-CA was restructured to feature only off-network dramatic programs (such as Perry Mason, Star Trek, Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Twilight Zone) and films to streamline the schedules of both MeTV outlets.
Conversion into the flagship station of the MeTV network
On November 22, 2010, Weigel Broadcasting announced that it would turn the MeTV concept into a national network that would compete along with similar classic television multicast networks such as the Retro Television Network and (the then yet-launched) Antenna TV, while complementing its successful sister network This TV. The MeTV network launched on December 15, 2010, with WWME serving as its flagship station, and by effect, effectively became an owned-and-operated station of the national network. Concurrently, WMEU reincorporated comedy series into its schedule, resulting in both stations once again maintaining identical formats – albeit with other programming as the national MeTV network focuses on series from the 1950s to the 1970s while WMEU's MeToo format continued to offer series from the 1980s to the 2000s on its schedule, in addition to older programs.
On December 15, 2010, WCIU moved its simulcast of WWME to digital subchannel 26.3 in preparation for the January 1 launch of "The U Too", a general entertainment programming service that replaced the WWME simulcast on digital channel 26.2. In concurrence with the launch of The U Too, PSIP channel 48.1 was deleted (to be later used by the digital signal of WMEU-CA), while 23.1 reverted to being the virtual channel number for WWME-CA (23.2 was also discontinued, but WWME restored that subchannel with the addition of Bounce TV upon the network's September 2011 launch as part of affiliation agreement with Weigel Broadcasting).
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
WWME-CD2
As part of an affiliation agreement between the network and Weigel Broadcasting (which also included Milwaukee sister station WBME-TV), the station began carrying Bounce TV on digital subchannel 23.2 when it launched on September 26, 2011. On September 29, 2014, WWME-CD2 disaffiliated from Bounce TV to become a charter affiliate of Heroes & Icons, a Weigel-owned network focusing primarily on classic drama and action series.
Analog-to digital transition
On March 11, 2008, WWME signed on its digital signal on UHF channel 39, becoming the first low-power television station in the Chicago market to operate a digital signal. From early 2009 to December 2010, the station's full-power simulcast on WCIU-DT was also mapped as virtual channel 23.1, while WWME-CA was mapped to virtual channel 23.2 to prevent channel duplication.
WWME-CA replaced the simulcast of WCIU's main channel on its analog signal on January 10, 2011, in favor of carrying a simulcast of WCIU's "The U Too" subchannel (which was otherwise carried on digital subchannel 26.2). In September 2013, with the upgrade of "The U Too"'s programming to high definition (as shown on WMEU-CD channel 48.1), the WWME analog signal was shifted to a simulcast of WCIU's "MeToo" service on digital subchannel 26.4; the analog simulcast of MeToo ended on January 7, 2015, with the analog signal never broadcasting any programming as a result until March 2015, when the analog signal began carrying programming from Heroes & Icons. The future of UHF channel 23 is uncertain, as a spectrum incentive auction for U.S. broadcast television stations is currently scheduled for mid-2016. WWME-CA would have been required to shut down its analog transmitter on September 1, 2015 in any event, as the FCC's since-delayed digital transition for low-power stations did not affect Class A-licensed stations.
WWME-CA shut down its analog signal on January 7, 2015. No termination notification campaign was produced as was done in 2009, as it was assumed most viewers had made the transition years before to WWME's digital signal with the full-power analog transition.
Analog nightlight programming
On June 12, 2009, WWME converted its analog signal into a simulcast of full-power sister station WCIU-TV, in order to provide an analog nightlight signal following the digital television transition. From June 13 to July 12, 2009, WWME also carried simulcasts of morning and early evening newscasts from NBC owned-and-operated station WMAQ-TV (channel 5), along with the 9:00 p.m. newscast from WCIU's sports broadcast partner WGN-TV (channel 9), except on nights when WGN aired sports telecasts. The regular MeTV schedule continued to air on WCIU-TV digital channel 26.3 and WWME-LD 23.1 (digital channel 39).
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WWME-CD
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Front Range Express (FREX - stylized frex) was a commuter bus service that began in 2004 and operated between the cities of Colorado Springs and Denver, with stops along the way in Greenwood Village, Monument and Castle Rock in Colorado, USA. FREX operated on Interstate 25 except when exiting to make stops at each city. FREX served the southern portion of the Colorado Front Range and during its tenure was operated via different contracts by Veolia Transport & Laidlaw Transit. It was added as a part of Mountain Metropolitan Transit, which serves the Colorado Springs and El Paso County areas. In 2005, annual ridership was 118,389 and daily ridership was 464.
In 2007, nineteen Gillig BRT suburban buses were bought. Before 2007, FREX used many different models of buses including the GMC RTS, MCI 102-C3, MCI 102-D3, MCI 102-DL3 and NovaBus RTS WFD suburban. However, the older buses were prone to breaking down. To provide a more efficient service, standard Mountain Metropolitan Transit buses were used from December 2006 until the new Gillig BRT suburban buses entered service in mid-2007.
FREX buses included amenities such as free Wi-Fi available to passengers throughout the route.
Due to the lack of funding, FREX faced the likelihood of being eliminated after February 12, 2010. As a last resort, FREX put up for sale nine out of the nineteen Gillig BRT suburban buses. The first two attempts to sell the buses failed. On February 8, a successful bid of $1.44 million, an average of $160,000 per bus (a substantial loss), was made by York County Transportation Authority in Pennsylvania. These funds enabled FREX to continue for the remainder of 2010 with a reduction in service, including service times. The city of Castle Rock did not wish to help fund FREX any longer, so they lost the service at their stop.
With the budget being higher than expected for 2011, FREX service continued through 2011 and most of 2012. However, due to the Colorado Springs new mayor's wishes, the FREX service was discontinued completely on August 31, 2012.
On May 5, 2014 the Denver Post reported that the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) was in the process of planning a replacement for FREX that would run along the Interstate 25 corridor and add new service into the mountains along the Interstate 70 corridor as part of their statewide transportation plan. The service is now in operation, known as Bustang, and includes new buses with lavatories. However, it doesn't stop at Castle Rock like the FREX did.
Service along the Front Range
The FREX bus service made many stops along the Front Range, including many in the Denver metropolitan area. The list below shows the stops, ordered from south to north.
Colorado Springs
Fountain Park and Ride (Southern Exit) - was discontinued in 2008
Tejon Park and Ride
Woodmen Park and Ride
Monument Park and Ride
Castle Rock - Outlet Mall Park & Ride - was discontinued in early 2010
Greenwood Village - Arapahoe at Village Center Park-n-Ride (Gate H)
Denver
Northbound
Lincoln & Virginia
Lincoln & 7th
Lincoln & Colfax
18th & California (Light Rail transfer)
18 & Champa
18th & Arapahoe
18th & Larimer
Blake St. (Mid-block between 17th & 16th St.’s) (Market St. Station and Union Station transfer)
Elitch Gardens – Little Raven St. off 15th
Southbound
Elitch Gardens – Little Raven St. off 15th
Market & 16th (Market St. Station and Union Station transfer)
19th & Market
19th & Arapahoe (Greyhound bus station transfer)
19th & Stout (Light Rail transfer)
Broadway & Court Pl.
Broadway & 14th Ave.
Broadway & Speer
Broadway & Alameda
See also
Bustang
Front Range Passenger Rail
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Front Range Express
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The National Production Authority (NPA) was an agency of the United States government which developed and promoted the production and supply of materials and facilities necessary for defense mobilization. It was part of the Department of Commerce.
The agency was created by Department Order 123, issued September 11, 1950, under authority of the Defense Production Act of 1950 and Executive Order 10161 (issued September 9, 1950). The organization's function was to ensure the needs of the civilian economy were adequately represented in defense mobilization efforts, and that small businesses were participating in defense contracts.
In 1951, after the escalation of the Korean War, the NPA was placed under the control of the Defense Production Administration in the Office of Defense Mobilization.
The NPA was abolished by Department Order 152, issued October 1, 1953. Its functions were dispersed among a number of successor agencies, including the Business and Defense Services Administration (1953–1970); the Bureau of Domestic Commerce (1970–1972); the Domestic and International Business Administration (1972–1977); the Industry and Trade Administration (1977–1980); and the International Trade Administration (1980–present).
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National Production Authority
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Aline Bernstein (December 22, 1880 – September 7, 1955) was an American set designer and costume designer. She and Irene Lewisohn founded the Museum of Costume Art. Bernstein was the lover, patron, and muse of novelist Thomas Wolfe.
Early life
She was born in 1880 in New York City, the daughter of Rebecca (Goldsmith) and Joseph Frankau, an actor. Joseph was a cousin of London cigar importer Arthur Frankau and thus, by marriage, of novelist and art historian Frank Danby, whom Aline recalled visiting as a child when Joseph Frankau was performing in London. Her family was Jewish. By the time she was 17, both of her parents had died and she was raised by her aunt, Rachel Goldsmith. Goldsmith had a theatrical boarding house on West 44th Street in New York City.
Career
Between 1916 and 1951, Bernstein would do set design, costuming, or both for 51 productions.
Bernstein was a theater set and costume designer for the Neighborhood Playhouse on the Lower East Side, volunteering her work to make her name.
In 1926 she struggled but prevailed in becoming the first female member of the designers union. This membership opened up opportunities for Broadway commissions. However, as a woman, she still found that it was much easier to find work as a costume designer than as a set designer. Her career ran in phases; early on, she focused largely on costume design. After about 14 years of work, in 1930, she was able to move into set design. For about a decade, she primarily did set design work, only to return to costume design again around 1940 for the final phase of her career.
In the 1930s she also began to write, with two books published by Knopf, a highly respected publisher at that time. She was personal friends with Alfred and Blanche Knopf.
Her first book, Three Blue Suits, helped to more firmly establish her as a designer in New York. The book included a series of three stories in which three very different men wear the same blue serge suit. The details of how each man wears — or drags (the jacket on the floor) — his suit, reveal aspects of each man's character in subtle ways. A common trope among costume designer is that costumes, if they are good, should ultimately not be noticed. In contrast, the blue suit stories reveal Bernstein's ability to discern how critical details of costume evoke, and interact with, a character, and ultimately her skill as a costume designer at making this happen effectively.
Some of her publications include:
Three Blue Suits (collection of short stories), 1933
The Journey Down (over her relationship with Wolfe), Knopf, 1938
Miss Condon, Knopf, 1947
An Actor's Daughter (memoir), 1940
The Martha Washington Doll Book, 1945
Masterpieces of Women's Costume of the 18th and 19th Centuries, 1959 (published posthumously)
In 1950, Aline Bernstein finally won some hard-earned recognition. In 1949 she had designed costumes for the opera Regina. The music and libretto were written by Marc Blitzstein but based on the play The Little Foxes by Lillian Hellman, a play for which Bernstein had previously designed costumes. Although that production of Regina (it would be regularly revived in the 20th century) ran for only a month and a half, Bernstein won a Tony for her costume design in 1950.
Personal life
Aline married Theodore F. Bernstein, a Wall Street broker, on November 19, 1902. Bernstein and her husband had two children: Theodore Frankau Bernstein (1904–1949), and Edla Cusick (1906–1983). Her marriage remained intact throughout and despite her affair with Thomas Wolfe.
Bernstein died on September 7, 1955, in New York City, aged 74.
Relationship with Thomas Wolfe
Bernstein met Thomas Wolfe in 1925 aboard the RMS Olympic when Wolfe was 25 and Bernstein 44. Bernstein became Wolfe's lover and provided Wolfe with emotional, domestic, and financial support while he wrote his first novel, Look Homeward, Angel, which he dedicated to Bernstein.
Wolfe immortalized Bernstein as the character Esther Jack in his novels Of Time and the River, The Web and the Rock, You Can't Go Home Again, and The Good Child's River. Bernstein, in turn, centered her autobiographical novel The Journey Down around her affair with Wolfe. Bernstein's and Wolfe's affair ended after a few years, but their friendship continued. One of Wolfe's last phone calls, when he was dying of a brain tumor at age 37, was to tell Bernstein he loved her. At the time of Wolfe's death in 1938, Bernstein possessed some of Wolfe's unpublished manuscripts.
In the 2016 biographical drama film Genius, Bernstein was portrayed by Nicole Kidman, while Wolfe was portrayed by Jude Law.
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Aline Bernstein
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Latvia participated in the ninth Winter Paralympics in Turin, Italy.
Latvia entered one athlete in the following sport:
Alpine skiing: 1 male
Medalists
See also
2006 Winter Paralympics
Latvia at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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Latvia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
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CLIC or Clic can refer to:
Science and Technology
Chloride intracellular channel (a type of chloride channel, e.g. CLIC1)
Clathrin-independent carrier (a subtype of endocytic membrane)
Compact Linear Collider, a proposed particle accelerator at CERN
Music
Clic (album) an album by Italian experimental musician Franco Battiatio
Other
S4C Clic, a video on demand service from Welsh broadcaster S4C
CLIC Sargent (now Young Lives vs Cancer), a cancer charity in the United Kingdom
Cluster LInux pour le Calcul, is a special version of Mandrakelinux for computer clusters
CLiC (Colectivo de Livecoders), a livecoding collective from Argentina
Community Leadership Independence Coalition, a party formed by Peter Lewis in the 2002 South Australian legislative election
Company Level Intelligence Cell, a group of infantry Marines who form a small intelligence unit
Cooperating Libraries in Consortium, a non-profit consortium of the libraries of eight private colleges and universities in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Programs organized by the Cumbria County Council:
Cumbria Learning and Improvement Collaborative, an information resource for health and social workers
Cumbria Libraries Interactive Catalogue, a county-wide public library catalogue system
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CLIC
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Wyandanch (c. 1571 – 1659 was a sachem of the Montaukett Indians in the mid-17th century on eastern Long Island. Initially he was a minor chief among the Montaukett, but due to his skillful manipulation of various alliances and his accommodating stance towards the European colonists who gave him substantial military and economic support, he eventually became an influential "alliance chief" (a sachem who was responsible for maintaining friendly relations between his tribe and the settlers).
Early life
Wyandanch (sometimes spelled as Wyandance or Wayandance) was born on Long Island roughly at the time of the pilgrims' arrival at Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts. While still young, in the second half of the 1630s Wyandanch heard about the almost total destruction of the Pequot in the Pequot War. He concluded that it was best to come to an understanding with the English colonists in southern New England and on Long Island.
Three-way power struggle
Throughout most of the mid-17th century, Wyandanch was involved in a three-way political, and occasionally military, struggle against the famous Mohegan sachem Uncas and the Niantic sachem Ninigret. Acting with the support of the colonists, Wyandanch was able to resist the Native American pressures. He kept his tribe in relation to the colonists.
Miantonomoh's plan and war
Wyandanch was credited by Lion Gardiner with being the sachem who prevented a rebellion by Miantonomoh (sometimes spelled as Miantonomi) of the Narragansetts. Miantonomoh supported the colonists during the Pequot War and in 1638 a tripartite treaty of peace and friendship was signed between English colonists, the Narragansetts and the Mohegans. However, upset by further expansion of English colonies and the founding of new settlements, in 1640 Miantomoh approached Wyandanch with an offer of a pan-Indian alliance against the colonists and a surprise attack on the newly built colonial villages. Wyandanch however, reminded Miantomoh about the fate of the Pequots and of the Mystic river massacre and in that way managed to dissuade him from attacking the colonists for the time being. In 1643 the Narragansetts went to war against the Mohegans, were defeated, and Miantomoh was captured by Uncas and executed with the approval of the colonists. Because Miantomoh had been trying to agitate other Montaukett chiefs against Wyandanch - to get their support against the Mohegans, which Wyandanch refused - his defeat and death strengthened Wyandanch's position within his own tribe.
Increasing influence
In 1644 Wyandanch was still most likely a minor chief among the Montauketts, His elder brother Poggaticut was grand sachem; as evidenced by an agreement from that year in which the tribe sold of land near Southampton to English colonists; a number of other sachems' signatures appear before his on the document, indicating their relative importance.
In 1649 and 1650 however, Wyandanch skillfully used his position as an "alliance chief" to increase his own prestige. He defused a tense stand off between the Shinnecock tribe and the colonists, over the killing of a female colonists (which was itself done in retaliation for the murder of a Shinnecock Indian earlier). As a result, he acquired the right to manage and sell Shinnecock land as his own, although he was also made responsible for preventing Shinnecock attacks on the colonists and other tribes.
Dispute with Ninigret
Soon after the sachem of the Niantics, Ninigret, tried to assassinate the chief of the Shinnecocks, Mandush, for his having made an alliance with Wyandanch. However, the would-be assassin was captured before he could carry out his orders and was executed by Wyandanch and Mandush, who then burned his body as an insult to the Niantic leader. Ninigret attempted to get revenge starting in 1652, after the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War. After getting a tacit promise from the English colonial authorities (according to Roger Williams) that they would not intervene in a Niantic-Montaukett war, Ninigret attacked a Montaukett settlement, killed thirty men and carried off fourteen prisoners, among whom were two of the tribes sachems and Wyandanch's own daughter. Soon, however, a peace settlement was reached and the captives released, though the exact terms of the agreement are uncertain. According to Ninigret, Wyandanch swore allegiance to him, agreed to pay tribute and allowed the Niantic chief to sell his land. Wyandanch however claimed that he had simply paid ransom for the captives, through the intermediation of Lion Gardiner. Additionally, Roger Williams gave the credit for the peace to English in their role as mediators.
Wyandanch broke the agreement in 1654, perhaps in a calculated move to demonstrate his independence, by launching a surprise attack against the Niantics. At the same time, Wyandanch brokered an agreement between members of his tribe and the English colonists on Long Island in relation to cattle grazing rights. As a result, by 1655, he received substantial military support from the colonists in his war against Ninigret. This included a colonial sloop which patrolled Long Island Sound and sank any Niantic canoes that were trying to make their way across.
Ninigret in turn attempted to use colonial institutions to get back at Wyandanch and accused the Montaukett sachem before the English. The three charges were that Wyandanch had broken the peace treaty, that he had personally murdered an Englishman named Drake, and that he had been practicing witchcraft in an attempt to kill the Mohegan chief Uncas (Uncas made a similar charge at about the same time). Wyandanch was exonerated on all three charges because Ninigret's witnesses failed to show up on time, and because the English colonists of Long Island testified on Wyandanch's behalf in the Plymouth court. The trial however did demonstrate the greater use and reliance of the Native American tribes in the area on colonial institutions.
Later life
In the second half of the 1650s, Wyandanch had acquired enough power and influence to be considered the main "alliance chief" on Long Island by the colonists. He acted as an intermediary between English colonists and the Native Americans; he defused a tense situation between the colonists and some Shinnecocks who had been accused of arson. After the Shinnecocks were ordered to pay an outrageous fine for restitution Wyandanch filed an appeal on their behalf which resulted in the fine being somewhat reduced. His other activities involved certifying land sales, making such sales himself and resolving disputes over deeds and payments. Eventually, the English colonists accepted that any such transfer of land had to first be approved by Wyandanch.
In late 1658 Wyandanch let an English colonists, Jeremy Daily, use his canoe (which may have been up to long) to transport goods across Long Island sound, in exchange for Daily carrying out some repairs on it prior to the shipment. After arriving on Gardiners Island, Daily failed to properly care for the boat and in subsequent bad weather it became damaged. As a result, Wyandanch sued Daily in colonial court, in what was one of the earliest trials with an English defendant and a Native American plaintiff in the history of the English colonies in North America. Wyandanch won his case and Daily had to pay him ten shillings for damages and additional fines for court fees.
Death
In 1659, he deeded a portion of his land to Lion Gardiner which later became the town of Smithtown and also appointed Gardiner the guardian of his young son, Wyancombone until he reached maturity. Gardiner later claimed that Wyandanch was poisoned but he did not state why or by whom.
Wyandanch's wife and son died soon after him, in the plague that struck the Algonquian tribes in southern New England during this time. After his death the office of "chief sachem" and "alliance chief" went into decline and was completely eliminated by the colonists after they managed to conquer New Netherland.
Legacy
Wyandanch, New York is named for him.
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Wyandanch (sachem)
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Gynecological surgery refers to surgery on the female reproductive system usually performed by gynecologists. It includes procedures for benign conditions, cancer, infertility, and incontinence. Gynecological surgery may occasionally be performed for optional or cosmetic purposes, such as hymenoplasty or labiaplasty.
Gynecologic Procedures
Following are different types of Gynecologic Procedures-
Cervical Cryosurgery
Colposcopy
Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
Hysteroscopy
LEEP Procedure
Pelvic Laparoscopy
Gynecologic Procedures
Gynecological surgery includes:
Removal of ovarian cyst
surgical contraception, and
Hysterectomy
Technology Development
With the advancement of technology there has been robot-assisted surgery in many areas. It helps in avoiding extra testing and other instruments.
Gynecologic Procedures
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Gynecological surgery
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Pinguin may refer to:
Bromelia pinguin, an edible plant
Fischtown Pinguins, a German ice hockey team
German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin, a World War II naval ship
Memín Pinguín, a fictional comic book character
See also
Penguin (disambiguation)
Pingouin (disambiguation)
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Pinguin
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Kepler College (formerly Kepler College of Astrological Arts and Sciences) is an online certificate program for the study of astrology . Based out of Seattle, Washington, U.S., it is named after the mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630).
Kepler College was founded in 2000 as an unaccredited institution of higher learning.that was authorized to grant degrees from 2000 until 2010 by the Higher Education Coordinating Board of Washington State. Its programs were based in the liberal arts and it offered degrees in astrological studies with a focus on the history of astrology. Since 2010, students have been awarded certificates of completion of a course of study instead of degrees.
History
In March 2000, Kepler College received provisional authorization from Washington State's Higher Education Coordinating (HEC) Board to grant degrees while the school pursued regional or national accreditation, a requirement for maintaining degree-granting status.
The HEC Board's decision was criticized by many academics due to Kepler's focus on astrology. An administrator at the University of Washington called the HEC Board's approval "ludicrous" and compared the study of astrology to "quack medicine". John Silber, chancellor of Boston University, wrote in a Boston Herald editorial that the school's promoters "honored Kepler not for his strength but for his weakness, as if a society advocating drunkenness named a school for Ernest Hemingway". Silber also said, "The fact is that astrology, whether judged by its theory or its practice, is bunkum. In a free society there is no reason to prevent those who wish to learn nonsense from finding teachers who want to make money peddling nonsense. But it is inexcusable for the government to certify teachers of nonsense as competent or to authorize—that is, endorse—the granting of degrees in nonsense."
Kepler College promoted itself as the only institution in the Western Hemisphere to offer bachelor's and master's degrees in astrological studies and 31 students enrolled for the first term in July 2000. The majority of coursework was offered online, allowing students from across the U.S. to enroll with the requirement that they were present in-person for one week of the 11-week term.
Kepler College did not obtain the required accreditation status by 2010 and as a result, the HEC Board revoked Kepler's right to grant degrees. After losing this authority, Kepler became an online certificate program.
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Kepler College
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The Great Crash, 1929 is a book written by John Kenneth Galbraith and published in 1955. It is an economic history of the lead-up to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The book argues that the 1929 stock market crash was precipitated by rampant speculation in the stock market, that the common denominator of all speculative episodes is the belief of participants that they can become rich without work and that the tendency towards recurrent speculative orgy serves no useful purpose, but rather is deeply damaging to an economy. It was Galbraith's belief that a good knowledge of what happened in 1929 was the best safeguard against its recurrence.
The idea for the book
Galbraith wrote the book during a break from working on the manuscript of what would become The Affluent Society. Galbraith was asked by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. if he would write the definitive work on the Great Depression that he would then use as a reference source for his own intended work on Roosevelt. Galbraith chose to concentrate on the days that ushered in the depression. "I never enjoyed writing a book more; indeed, it is the only one I remember in no sense as a labor but as a joy." Galbraith received much praise for his work, including his humorous observations of human behavior during the speculative stock market bubble and subsequent crash. The publication of the book, which was one of Galbraith's first bestsellers, coincided with the 25th anniversary of the crash, at a time when it and the Great Depression that followed were still raw memories - and stock price levels were only then recovering to pre-crash levels. Galbraith considered it the useful task of the historian to keep fresh the memory of such crashes, the fading of which he correlates with their re-occurrence.
The speculative bubble
The Florida land boom of the 1920s established the mood "and the conviction that God intended the American middle classes to be rich," a sentiment so strong that it survived the ensuing crash of property prices. In the early 1920s, yields of common stocks were favorable and prices low. In the final six months of 1924, prices began to rise and continued through 1925, from 106 in May 1924 stock prices rose to 181 by December 1925. After a couple of short downturns during 1926, prices began to increase in earnest throughout 1927, the year in which conventional wisdom saw the seeds of what became the Great Crash sown. Following Britain's return to the Gold Standard, and subsequent foreign exchange crises, there followed an exodus of gold from Europe to the United States.
In the spring of 1927, Montagu Norman and other governors of European Banks asked the Federal Reserve to ease their monetary policy and they agreed, reducing the rediscount rate from 4 to 3.5%, a move that Lional Robbins described as resulting “in one of the most costly errors committed by it or any other banking system in the last 75 years”. The funds released by the Fed became available to invest in the stock market and “from that date, according to all the evidence, the situation got completely out of control.” Galbraith disagreed with this simplistic analysis by arguing that the availability of money in the past was no sure recipe for a bubble in common stocks and that prices could still be regarded as a true valuation of the stock at the end of 1927. It is early in 1928 that the “escape into make believe” started in earnest, when the market began to rise by large vaulting leaps rather than steady increments. Prominent investors, such as Harrison Williams, the proponent of both the Shenandoah & Blue Ridge Trusts, were described by Professor Dice as “having vision for the future and boundless hope and optimism” and not “hampered by the heavy armour of tradition”.
On 12 March, the volume of trading had reached 3,875,910 shares, an all-time high. By 20 June, 5,052,790 shares were traded in a falling market that many prematurely thought signalled the end of the bull market. Prices rose once more and after the election of Hoover, with a “victory boom” resulting in an all-time record trading of 6,641,250 shares in a rising market (16 November). Overall, the market rose during the year from 245 to 331 which was accompanied by a phenomenal increase in trading on margin, which relieved the buyer from putting up the full purchase price of the stock by using the securities as collateral for a loan. The buyer obtained full benefit of ownership in rising stock valuation, but the loan amount remained the same. People swarmed to buy stock on margin. In the early 1920s, brokers' loans used to finance purchases on margin averaged 1–1.5 billion but by November 1928 had reached six billion. By the end of 1928, the interest on such loans was yielding 12% to lenders which led to a flood of gold converging on Wall St. from all over the world to fuel the purchase of stocks on margin.
Aftermath of the crash
In the wake of Black Tuesday, London newspapers reported that ruined speculators were throwing themselves from windows but Galbraith asserts there was no substance to these claims of widespread suicides. Embezzlement now came to the fore. During the bubble, there was a net increase of what Galbraith calls “psychic wealth”; the person being robbed was unaware of their loss whilst the embezzler was materially improved. With the bursting of the bubble, accounts were now more closely scrutinized and reports of defaulting employees became a daily occurrence after the first week of the crash. The looting of the Union Industrial Bank became the most spectacular embezzlement of the period. Unknown to each other, several of the bank's officers began making away with funds for speculation. Over a period of time, they became aware of each other's activities and unable to expose each other entered into a cooperative venture which in time came to include all of the principal officers of the bank. They took a short position just as the market “soared into the blue yonder of the summer sky”; so costly was this to the group that they took a long position just before the crash and this was to prove a mortal blow.
The influence of the Wall Street crash on the Great Depression
Contrary to what had been Wall Street's perceived tendency in playing down its influence, Galbraith asserted the important contribution of the 1929 crash on the Great Depression which followed: causing a contraction of demand for goods, destroying for a time the normal means of investment and lending, arresting economic growth and causing financial hardship which alienated many from the economic system.
Galbraith further argues that the Great Depression was caused by a mixture of five main weaknesses:
First, an imbalance in the income distribution. Galbraith asserts that "the 5 per cent of the population with the highest incomes in that year [1929] received approximately one third of all personal income." Personal income in the form of rents, dividends, and interest of the well-to-do was approximately twice as much as in the period following the Second World War, leaving the economy dependent on a high level of investment and luxury consumer spending, and vulnerable to the stock market crash.
Second, problems in the structure of corporations. Most specifically, he cites newly formed investment entities of the era (such as holding companies and investment trusts) as contributing to a deflationary spiral, due in no small part to their high reliance on leverage. Dividends paid the interest on the bonds in the holding companies, and when these were interrupted, the structure collapsed. “It would be hard to imagine a corporate system better designed to continue and accentuate a deflationary cycle." Also, "The fact was that American enterprise in the twenties had opened its hospitable arms to an exceptional number of promoters, grafters, swindlers, impostors, and frauds. This, in the long history of such activities, was a kind of flood tide of corporate larceny."
Third, the bad banking structure. The weakness was manifest in the large number of units working independently. As one failed, pressure was applied to another, leading to a domino effect accelerated by increasing unemployment and lower incomes.
Fourth, foreign trade imbalances. During World War I, the US became a creditor nation, exporting more than it imported. High tariffs on imports contributed to this imbalance. Subsequent defaults by foreign governments led to a decline in exports, which was especially hard on farmers.
And finally, "the poor state of economic intelligence." Galbraith says that the "economists and those who offered economic counsel in the late twenties and early thirties were almost uniquely perverse" and that "the burden of reputable economic advice was invariably on the side of measures that would make things worse."
Prospects for recurrence
Galbraith was of the opinion that the Great Crash had burned itself so deeply into the national consciousness that America had been spared another bubble up to the present time (1954).; however he thought the chances of another speculative orgy which characterized the 1929 crash as rather good as he felt the American people remained susceptible to the conviction that unlimited rewards were to be had and that they individually were meant to share in it. He considered the sense of responsibility in the financial community for the wider community as a whole as not being small but "nearly nil". Even though government powers were available to prevent a recurrence of a bubble their use was not attractive or politically expedient since an election is in the offing even on the day after an election.
Reception and popular culture
In 2008 and 2009, Jim Cramer took to waving John Kenneth Galbraith's book, and praising it on his show Mad Money. He has been struck by the similarities between the crash described by Galbraith and the crash occurring in the Late 2000s recession.
Revisions and updates
Revised editions of the book, each time with updated research and a more timely version of the introduction, were published in 1961, 1972, 1988, 1997 and 2009.
See also
Debt deflation
Financial Instability Hypothesis
Notes
Reference works
Galbraith, J.K, The Great Crash 1929, Pelican, 1961
1955 non-fiction books
1955 in economics
Economic history of the United States
Houghton Mifflin books
Books by John Kenneth Galbraith
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The Great Crash, 1929
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Svene is a village in the municipality of Flesberg in Buskerud, Norway. It is located in Numedal, 10 kilometres from Kongsberg. Its population (2017) is 376.
Former ski jumper Per Bergerud hails from Svene, he competed for the local sports team Svene IL.
Svene Church was constructed of wood and built in 1738.
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Svene
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Numena + Geometry (1997) is an album by the American ambient musician Robert Rich. It is a two-disc set containing Rich’s albums Numena (1987) and Geometry (1991).
Track listing
Disc one: Numena
”The Other Side of Twilight” – 25:04
”Moss Dance” – 5:45
”Numen” – 11:51
”The Walled Garden” – 10:32
Disc two: Geometry
”Primes, Part 1” – 5:20
”Primes, Part 2” – 6:34
”Interlocking Circles” – 8:35
”Geometry of the Skies” – 13:48
”Nesting Ground” – 6:13
”Geomancy” – 10:35
”Amrita (Water of Life)” – 6:39
”Logos” – 9:57
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Numena + Geometry
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Ski Wentworth is a Canadian alpine ski hill in Nova Scotia's Cobequid Hills.
Ski Wentworth is located in the hamlet of Wentworth in the Wentworth Valley, 48 km northwest of Truro and 67 km east of Amherst on Trunk 4.
It is the largest alpine ski facility in Nova Scotia, having a 248-metre (815 foot) vertical difference. It features 23 alpine trails, a half-pipe, and 2 terrain parks. The trails are varied in difficulty from beginner to expert and support both alpine skiing and snowboarding.
Trails
Wentworth also has varied glade or tree trails from intermediate to advanced. Glade trails exist over almost the entire mountain and are largely unmarked on the trail map.
Lifts
Wentworth has 2 Quad chair lifts, 1 T-bar lift and 1 Magic carpet (ski lift).
Terrain Park
The Terrain Park features many jumps, rails and boxes for all
2011 Canada Winter Games
Ski Wentworth was the main venue for the 2011 Canada Winter games in terms of Alpine and free-style Skiing. As of Summer 2009 construction was underway to enlarge the half-pipe as well as to improve the snow making equipment and re-create the moguls trail. The upgrades also featured new trails.
Other services
Wentworth has an outlet in the main lodge, offering a selection of ski and snowboard equipment, clothing and accessories. The SKIGLOO Daycare is open Weekends and Holidays from 9am to 4pm, and Friday nights 7pm to 10pm, throughout the entire season. The outlet also tunes and repairs equipment. The rental shop at Ski Wentworth features a variety of skis, boards and blades as well as boots, poles and helmets. Ski Wentworth also has ski and snowboard lessons and is patrolled by the Canadian Ski Patrol.
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Ski Wentworth
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The Declaration of Purna Swaraj was a resolution which was passed in 1930 because of the dissatisfaction among the Indian masses regarding the British offer of Dominion status to India. The word Purna Swaraj was derived , or Declaration of the Independence of India, it was promulgated by the Indian National Congress, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self-rule/total independence from the British rule
The flag of India was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 December 1929 on the banks of Ravi river, in Lahore. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day (see Legacy). The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers and the general public who aspired for self-governance and wanted to achieve independence.
Background
Dadabhai Naoroji in his presidential address at the 1886 National Congress in Calcutta advocated for Swaraj as the sole aim of the nationalist movement, but along the lines of Canada and Australia, which was colonial self-government under the British crown. In 1907, Sri Aurobindo, as editor of the newspaper Bande Mataram, began writing that the new generation of nationalists would not accept anything less than Purna Swaraj, full independence, as it exists in the United Kingdom. Through his writings and speeches, along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak he popularised this idea, making it a core part of the nationalist discourse.
Before 1930, Indian political parties had openly embraced the goal of political independence from the United Kingdom. The All India Home Rule League had been advocating Home Rule for India: dominion status within the British Empire, as granted to Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa. The All India Muslim League favoured dominion status as well, and opposed calls for outright Indian independence. The Indian Liberal Party, by far the most pro-British party, explicitly opposed India's independence and even dominion status if it weakened India's links with the British Empire. The Indian National Congress, the largest Indian political party of the time, was at the head of the national debate. Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1930 from an All-India Congress Forum. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi supported the 'Poorna Swaraj' motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani. Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sri Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire.It is said that the first independence day was celebrated on 1930, by Sitaram Seksaria in his book.
Following the 1919 Amritsar Massacre, there was considerable public outrage against British rule. Europeans, (civilians and officials) were targets and victims of violence across India. In 1920, Gandhi and the Congress committed themselves to Swaraj, described as political and spiritual independence. At the time, Gandhi described this as the basic demand of all Indians; he specifically said that the question of whether India would remain within the Empire or leave it completely would be answered by the behaviour and response of the British. Between 1920 and 1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation movement: nationwide civil disobedience to oppose the Rowlatt Acts and the exclusion of Indians from the government, and the denial of political and civil freedoms.
Simon commission and the Nehru report
In 1927, the British government further outraged people across India by appointing a seven-man, all-European committee led by Sir John Simon, called the Simon Commission to deliberate on constitutional and political reforms for India. Indian political parties were neither consulted nor asked to involve themselves in the process. Upon arrival in India, Chairman Sir John Simon and other commission members were met with angry public demonstrations, which followed them everywhere. The death of a prominent Indian leader, Lala Lajpat Rai, from severe beatings by British police officials further outraged the Indian public.
The Congress appointed an all-Indian commission to propose constitutional reforms for India. Members of other Indian political parties joined the commission led by Congress President Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report demanded that India be granted self-government under the dominion status within the Empire. While most other Indian political parties supported the Nehru commission's work, it was opposed by the Indian Liberal Party and the All India Muslim League. The British ignored the commission, its report and refused to introduce political reform.
Dominion or republic?
The Nehru Report was also controversial within Congress. Younger nationalist leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that Congress resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British. Jawaharlal Nehru also persuaded Congress to vote for total independence for the country with no links with Great Britain. Now Bose and Nehru opposed dominion status, which would retain the King of Great Britain as the constitutional head of state of India (although in the separate capacity as Emperor of India), and preserve political powers for the British Parliament in Indian constitutional affairs. They were supported in their stand by a large number of rank-and-file Congressmen.
In December 1929, Congress session was held in Lahore and Mahatma Gandhi proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years. After some time Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one. Jawaharlal Nehru voted for the new resolution, while Subhash Bose told his supporters that he would not oppose the resolution, and abstained from voting himself. The All India Congress Committee voted 118 to 45 in its favour (the 45 votes came from supporters of a complete break from the British). However, when Bose introduced an amendment during the open session of Congress that sought a complete break with the British, Gandhi admonished the move:
You may take the name of independence on your lips but all your muttering will be an empty formula if there is no honour behind it. If you are not prepared to stand by your words, where will independence be?
The amendment was rejected, by 1350 to 973, and the resolution was fully adopted.
On 31 October 1929, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin announced that the government would meet with Indian representatives in London for a Round Table Conference. To facilitate Indian participation, Irwin met with Mahatma Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and out-going Congress President Motilal Nehru to discuss the meeting. Gandhi asked Irwin if the conference would proceed on the basis of dominion status and Irwin said he could not assure that, resulting in the end of the meeting.
The declaration
As a result of the denial of reforms and political rights, and the persistent ignorance of Indian political parties, the Indian National Congress grew increasingly cohesive – unified in the desire to out the British from India completely. A very large number of Congress volunteers and delegates, members of other political parties and an especially large public gathering attended the session convened in Lahore. Despite the bitterly cold weather, Pattabhi Sitaramayya records that:
The heat of passion and excitement, the resentment at the failure of negotiation, the flushing of faces on hearing the war drums – oh, it was all in marked contrast to the weather.
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president and veteran leaders like Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel returned to the Congress Working Committee. They approved a declaration of independence, which stated:
The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.... Therefore...India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.
At midnight on New Year's Eve, President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore, which later became part of Pakistan. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony were asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. One hundred seventy-two Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment.
The Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on 26 January 1930. Gandhi and other Indian leaders would immediately begin the planning of a massive national non-violence would encourage the common people not to attack Britishers even if they attacked them. Subsequently, the Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930 and what followed gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and sparked off the nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement.
The resolution was a short 750-word document; it does not have a legal/constitutional structure – instead, it reads more like a manifesto. The document called for severing ties with the British and claimed 'Purna Swaraj' or completes independence. It indicted British rule and succinctly articulated the resulting economic, political and cultural injustice inflicted on Indians. The document spoke on behalf of Indians and made its intention of launching the civil disobedience movement clear.
Authorship
The text of the declaration of Independence is credited to either Gandhi or Nehru.
Legacy
The Congress regularly observed 26 January as the Independence Day of India – commemorating those who campaigned for Indian independence. In 1947, the British agreed to transfer power and political finesse to India, and 15 August became the official Independence Day. However, the new Constitution of India, as drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly, was mandated to take effect on 26 January 1950, to commemorate the 1930 declaration. On that day in 1950, India became a republic. 26 January is now celebrated as Republic Day of India every year.
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Purna Swaraj
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Henrietta Christian Wright (1852–1899) was an American children's author who resided in the Old Bridge section of East Brunswick, New Jersey. She was born there on February 18, 1852, died there on December 13, 1899, and buried in the Chestnut Hill Cemetery.
Publishing career
She wrote children's books on literature, history and science. One of her children's books, Children's Stories in American Literature: 1660-1860, covered the lives and works of such great authors as Edgar Allan Poe, William Bryant, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. First published in 1861, this book was a part of the everyday schooling of young pre-teens. In 1883, the New York publisher White and Stokes published Little Folk in Green written by Wright and illustrated at the age of 16 by Miss Lydia Emmet (1866–1952), who went on to become a noted portrait artist. Wright also produced Children's Stories in English Literature from Taliesin to Shakespeare, in which she introduces traditional songs and literary work by Chaucer, Spenser, Phillip Sidney, and Shakespeare with biographical and historic notes before re-telling their writings in language for children. It was published by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1889.
Selected works
Little Folk in Green: New Fairy Stories, New York : White and Stokes, 1882
Children's Stories in American History, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1885
The Princess Lilliwinkins and Other Stories, New York, Harper & brothers, 1889
Children's Stories in English Literature from Shakespeare to Tennyson, 1891 C. Scribner's Sons, New York
Children's Stories of the Great Scientists, New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1888, publ. 1894 Republished by Dodo Press, 2008, paperback
Children's Stories in English Literature from Taliesin to Shakespeare, New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1889
Children's Stories in American Literature: 1861–1896, Charles Scribner's Sons., New York, NY 1895 Republished by Arden Library, 1978
American Men of Letters, 1660–1896, London, D. Nutt, 1897
Children's Stories of American Progress, New York, C. Scribner's sons, ©1886, publ. 1914. Republished by Read Books, paperback, 2010
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Henrietta Christian Wright
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Fossbergom is the administrative centre of Lom Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located on the south shore of the river Otta, at the north end of the Bøverdal valley. The village has a population (2021) of 830 and a population density of . Fossbergom is the main population centre for the municipality and a large portion of the residents work in the tourism, commerce, and the service sectors.
Geography
Bøverdalen, a valley in the western part of Lom, stretches from Fossbergom to the Sogn area in Western Norway. Fossbergom is situated where the river Bøvra falls over Prestfossen waterfall into the river Otta.
Transportation
Fossbergom is located on a main transportation junction with roads leading to Stryn (Rv.15 Strynefjellsvegen road), Sogn (Rv. 55 Sognefjellsvegen road), and Eastern Norway. During the summer months, this is an important road junction connecting Eastern and Western Norway. The Sognefjellsvegen road is closed from October/November until about the end of April/beginning of May. Fossbergom is also accessible by taking the train from Trondheim or Oslo to Otta, and then traveling the remaining by bus.
Attractions
The Fossheim Hotel () first opened in 1897. It is a two-story log building with an attic, kitchen, two living rooms, and seven bedrooms. The site was run both as a farm and as a hotel until World War I, after which cars became the more common means of transportation. In the 1950s and 1960s, several renovations were carried out in order to satisfy demands made by new groups of tourists. Today, the main building has 26 double rooms and 3 single rooms and a connecting restaurant. The new annex building was also built to satisfy foreign visitors.
The Fossheim Stone Center geological museum () has one of the larger collections of minerals and precious stones in the country.
The thirteenth-century Lom Stave Church (), which is one of the biggest stave churches in Norway, is located here. The church was built in the 12th century and restored in the 17th century.
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Fossbergom
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The 17th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2006 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2005, were held on January 22, 2006. The ceremony at the Universal Hilton Hotel in Hollywood, California was hosted by Queen Latifah. The nominations were announced on January 4, 2006. The award for Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures was given out for the first time at this ceremony.
Winners and nominees
Film
{| class=wikitable style="width="100%"
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! colspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;"| Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures
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Brokeback Mountain – Diana Ossana and James Schamus Capote – Caroline Baron, William Vince, and Michael Ohoven
Crash – Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman
Good Night, and Good Luck – Grant Heslov
Walk the Line – James Keach and Cathy Konrad
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! colspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;"| Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
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Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit – Claire Jennings and Nick Park Chicken Little – Randy Fullmer
Corpse Bride – Tim Burton and Allison Abbate
Madagascar – Mireille Soria
Robots – Jerry Davis, John C. Donkin, and William Joyce
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Television
David O. Selznick Achievement Award in Theatrical Motion PicturesRoger CormanMilestone AwardClint EastwoodProducers Guild Achievement Award in TelevisionNorman LearStanley Kramer Award
Awarded to the motion picture that best illuminates social issues.Good Night, and Good Luck
Vanguard Award
Awarded in recognition of outstanding achievement in new media and technology.
Jonathan Miller
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17th Producers Guild of America Awards
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The 17th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Hala Tivoli, Ljubljana, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia, in 1970.
Cathy Rigby won the first medal for the United States women at the World Championships with a silver on balance beam.
Results
Medals
Men
Team Final
All-around
Floor Exercise
Pommel Horse
Rings
Vault
Parallel Bars
Horizontal Bar
Women
Team Final
All-around
Vault
Uneven Bars
Balance Beam
Floor Exercise
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1970 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
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The Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena & Skating Centre is a recreation complex in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It includes a figure skating rink and a 2,500-seat ice hockey arena. Originally it was built in 1966, known as the Mountain Arena until it was renovated in 2005 and renamed in honour of Dave Andreychuk, a former ice hockey player from Hamilton.
Tenants
On two brief occasions, the arena was home to Hamilton teams in the Ontario Hockey League, the Fincups (1977–1978) and the Steelhawks (1984–1985). From 1973 to 2015 it was home to Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and is the home of the Hamilton Jr. B Bengals lacrosse.
Currently the senior Hamilton Steelhawks and Jr. B Hamilton Kilty B's play out of the arena.
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Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena & Skating Centre
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Nydal is a village in Ringsaker Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the European route E6 highway about northwest of the town of Hamar and about southeast of the town of Brumunddal. The village of Furnes lies about to the southwest and the village of Kvalfeltet lies about to the northwest.
The village had a population (2012) of 849 and a population density of . Since 2012, it has been included as a part of the urban area of the town of Hamar so the population and area data for this village area has not been separately tracked by Statistics Norway.
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Nydal
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The House of Danneskiold-Samsøe is a Danish family of high nobility associated with the Danish Royal Family, and who formerly held the island of Samsø as a fief.
By royal statutory regulation, the Counts Danneskiold-Samsøe and their male-line descendants are ranked as the second-highest nobles in Denmark, second only to the Counts of Rosenborg, who also descend from the Danish Kings. With a place in the 1st Class No. 13, they are entitled to the style "His/Her Excellency".
The family uses a traditional spelling of the name; a modern spelling would be Danneskjold-Samsø.
History
The name was created for several descendants of Danish monarchs of the House of Oldenburg, born of their liaisons with royal mistresses. The first grantees were children from the 1677 marriage between Countess Antoinette von Aldenburg and Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, Count of Laurvig, a celebrated (Norwegian) general and the son of Frederick III of Denmark by his mistress Margrethe Pape. King Christian V, the count's half-brother, granted a comital title to all of his male-line descendants.
The next grantees were all the children of Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø, the eldest son of Christian V by his mistress Sophie Amalie Moth in 1696. He married his cousin, Countess Antoinette Augusta von Aldenburg (1660-1701) (eldest daughter of Count Anton I von Aldenburg und Knyphausen and his first wife, Countess Auguste Johanna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein, himself a legitimated son of Anton Gunther, last independent Count of Oldenburg). The male Danneskiold-Laurvigen line was extinguished in 1783, and the Laurvig countship was inherited through an heiress by the noble Danish line of Ahlefeldt family. In 1786, François Xavier Joseph Gyldenløve, second Count of Løvendal, great-grandson of Count Ulrik Frederik's first marriage, was granted the surname Danneskiold as well ; but this Danneskiold-Løvendal branch, too, was extinguished in its male line upon the death of his childless son in 1829. The first marriage of Count Christian produced only daughters, but the issue of his second marriage succeeded to the countship of Samsø and continues in male line, bearing the surname "Danneskiold-Samsøe".
All Danneskiolds since 1829 have been descendants of the eldest son of Christian V and his mistress Sofie Amalie Moth (1654-1719), whom the king elevated to be the first Lensgrevinde til Samsø ("Countess of Samsø"). A descendant, Countess Frederikke Louise Danneskiold-Samsøe (1699-1744,) married her kinsman Christian August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1696-1754), a partitioned-off duke, and from whose marriage all the future Augustenburgs descend.
The present comital family numbers the noble families Ahlefeldt, Frijs-Frijsenborg, Kaas, Trolle, Ulfeldt, Huitfeldt, Sehested, Gyldenstierne, Rosenkrantz, Rantzau, Reventlow, Brahe, Grubbe, Krag til Juellund, and Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs among their ancestress-linked relatives.
The present head of the family is Mikkel Archibald Valdemar Christian Count Danneskiold-Samsoe, with the style of Excellency.
Other Danneskiolds
Danneskiold-Løvendal
Frederik III's son with Margrethe Pape, Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve's sons from his first marriage to Sophie Urne, Carl and Woldemar (1660-1740) became barons of Løvendal in 1662, the latter's son Ulrik Frederik Woldemar was elevated in 1741 by the king of Poland to regent, and his son, Major General and french Marshal François Xavier Joseph Danneskiold-Løvendal (1742-1808), was admitted in 1778 to the Danish court with the name Danneskiold-Løvendal. This line became extinct in 1829 with his son Carl Valdemar Count Danneskiold-Løvendal (1773-1829).
Danneskiold-Laurvig
Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve's children from his third marriage to Countess Antoinette Augusta von Aldenburg were named Danneskiold in 1693. The son, Ferdinand Anton, founded the count's line Danneskiold-Laurvig. He owned the County of Laurvig in Norway , was director of the West Indies-Guinea Company and built it since the Counts Moltke belonging to the Palace in Bredgade in Copenhagen. With his son Christian Conrad, Count Danneskiold-Laurwigen, the line also died out in 1783.
Notable family members
Frederik Danneskiold-Samsøe (1703-1770), politician, minister, admiral, chief of the Danish-Norwegian marine
Christian Conrad Danneskiold-Samsøe (1774-1823), councillor, board member, landowner and magistrate
Henriette Danneskiold-Samsøe (1776–1843), businesswoman, founder of Holmegaard Glass Factory
Countess Louise Sophie Danneskiold-Samsøe, (1796-1867)
Christian Conrad Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (1836-1908) theatre director
Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal (1700-1755)
Ferdinand Anton Danneskiold-Laurvig (1688-1754)
Agnatic succession
Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg (1040–1108)
Elimar II, Count of Oldenburg (1070–1142)
Christian I, Count of Oldenburg († 1167)
Maurice, Count of Oldenburg (1145–1211)
Christian II, Count of Oldenburg (1184–1233)
John I, Count of Oldenburg (1204–1270)
Christian III, Count of Oldenburg (1234–1285)
John II, Count of Oldenburg (1272–1315)
Conrad I, Count of Oldenburg (1300–1347)
Christian V, Count of Oldenburg (1342–1399)
Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg (1390–1440)
King Christian I of Denmark (1426–1481)
King Frederick I of Denmark (1471–1533)
King Christian III of Denmark (1503–1559)
King Frederick II of Denmark (1534–1588)
King Christian IV of Denmark (1577–1648)
King Frederick III of Denmark (1577–1648)
Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, Count of Løvendal (1638–1704)
Count Carl Danneskiold-Løvendal (1660-1689)
Count Woldemar Danneskiold-Løvendal (1660–1740)
Count Ulrich Friedrich Danneskiold-Løvendal (1694–1754)
Count Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar Danneskiold-Løvendal (1700–1755)
Count Woldemar Henrik Danneskiold-Løvendal (1723-1724)
Count Frederik Woldemar Danneskiold-Løvendal (1724-1740)
Count Franz Xaver Danneskiold-Løvendal (1742–1808)
Count Carl Woldemar Danneskiold-Løvendal (1773–1829)
Count Ulrik Frederik Danneskiold-Laurvig (1678)
Count Christian Anton Danneskiold-Laurvig (1679-1679)
Count Frederik Christian Danneskiold-Laurvig (1681-1696)
Ferdinand Anton, Count of Laurvig (1688–1754)
Count Frederik Ludwig Danneskiold-Laurvig (1717–1762)
Count Christian Frederik Danneskiold-Laurvig (1717–1762)
Count Ulrich Ferdinand Danneskiold-Laurvig (1720)
Count Christian Conrad Danneskiold-Laurvig (1723–1783)
King Christian V of Denmark (1646–1699)
King Frederick IV of Denmark (1646–1699)
Prince Christian William of Denmark (1672–1673)
Prince Christian of Denmark (1675–1695)
Prince Charles of Denmark (1680–1729)
Prince William of Denmark (1687–1705)
Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsøe (1674–1703)
Count Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe (1702-1728)
Count Frederik Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe (1722-1778)
Count Christian Conrad Danneskiold-Samsøe (1774-1823)
Count Frederik Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe (1798-1869)
Count Christian Conrad Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (1800-1886)
Count Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe (1838-1914)
Count Christian Emil Robert Danneskiold-Samsøe (1884-1886)
Count Aage Conrad Danneskiold-Samsøe (1886-1945)
Count Christian Ernest Danneskiold-Samsøe (1840-1908)
Count Magnus Otto Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (1804-1894)
Count Christian Conrad Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (1836-1908)
Count Christian Valdemar Danneskiold-Samsøe (1864-1931)
Count James Christian Carl Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (1900-1966)
Count Valdemar Dale Danneskiold-Samsøe (1935-2016)
Count Mikkel Archibald Valdemar Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1971)
(1) Count Frederik Valdemar Mikkel Hannibal Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1985)
(2) Count Christian Valdemar Gustav Mikkel Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1987)
(3) Count Kevin Christopher Christian Mikkel Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1990)
(4) Count Sofus Charles Valdemar Mikkel Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1992)
Count Oliver James Mikkel Alexander Danneskiold-Samsøe (2000-2016)
Count Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe (1874-1936)
Count Knud Danneskiold-Samsøe (1900-1969)
Count Hans Christian Erik Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe (1915-1975)
(5) Count Carl Christian Erik Leopold Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1945)
(6) Count Frederik Jost Conrad Erling Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1946)
(7) Count Christian Jürg Heinrich Caspar Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1951)
(8) Count Kaj Ulf Carl Johan Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1959)
(9) Count Ulrik Otto Hubert Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1965)
(10) Count Philip Christian Ulrik Manuel Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1989)
(11) Count Niklas Christian Sophus Laszlo Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1990)
Count Niels Frederik Kjeld Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe (1916-1994)
(12) Count Ulrik Christian Lauritz Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1945)
(13) Count Niels Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1982)
(14) Count Otto Frederik Aage Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1947)
(15) Count Rolf Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1976)
(16) Count Helge Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1981)
(17) Count Kjeld Viggo Gerhard Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1952)
Count Oluf Erling Christoffer Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe (1917)
Count Ubbe Eyvind Gregers Sophus Viggo Danneskiold-Samsøe (1921-1978)
(18) Count Jakob Frederik Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1968)
(19) Count Julius Valentin Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1991)
(20) Count Johan Conrad Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1970)
(21) Count Valdemar August Theodor Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 2008)
(22) Count Vilfred Arthur Cornelius Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 2012)
Count Knud Danneskiold-Samsøe (1876-1957)
Count Frederik Vilhelm Steen Danneskiold-Samsøe (1837-1895)
Count Frederik Sophus Christian Ludvig Danneskiold-Samsøe (1864-1944)
Count Einar Carl Otto Danneskiold-Samsøe (1868-1908)
Count Axel Edzard Ernest Danneskiold-Samsøe (1871-1925)
Count Palle Julian Danneskiold-Samsøe (1906-1968)
(23) Count Thomas Godske Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1946)
(24) Count Mikkel Frederik Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1985)
Count Otto Ludvig August Balthazar Danneskiold-Samsøe (1841-1896)
Count Adam Sophus Danneskiold-Samsøe (1874-1961)
Count Adam Otto Danneskiold-Samsøe (1910-1981)
(25) Count Bent Otto Aksel Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1943)
(26) Count Adam Peter Wilhelm Danneskiold-Samsøe (b. 1946)
Count Ludvig Danneskiold-Samsøe (1926-1990)
Count Ulrik Adolph Danneskiold-Samsøe (1723-1751)
Count Friedrich Danneskiold-Samsøe (1703–1770)
Count Christian Ulrich Danneskiold-Samsøe (1725-1726)
Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø (1678–1719)
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Danneskiold-Samsøe
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This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1973.
The Districts in Wales (Names) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/34
The London Borough of Lewisham (Wards) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/64
Drainage (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/69 (N.I. 1)
Water and Sewerage Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/70 (N.I. 2)
The Metropolitan District (Names) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/137
Value Added Tax (Terminal Markets) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/173
The Divided Areas (Boundaries) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/297
Legal Advice and Assistance (Scotland) Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/390
Financial Provisions (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/414 (N.I. 5)
Police Pensions Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/428
Police Pensions (Transitory Provisions) Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/429
Police Cadets (Pensions) Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/430
Special Constables (Pensions) Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/431
Act of Adjournal (References to the European Court) 1973 S.I. 1973/450
Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (Transitional Modifications of Part I) (Amendment) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/485
The English Non-metropolitan District (Names) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/551
Plant Varieties and Seeds (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/609
Gatwick Airport—London Noise Insulation Grants Scheme 1973 S.I. 1973/617
Act of Adjournal (Alteration of Criminal Legal Aid Fees) 1973 S.I. 1973/673
The New Parishes Order 1973 S.I. 1973/688
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (Central Fife and Kirkcaldy) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/764
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (East Renfrewshire and Paisley) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/765
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (Midlothian and Edinburgh East) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/766
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (North Lanarkshire and Coatbridge and Airdrie) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/767
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (South Angus and Dundee West) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/768
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (West Aberdeenshire, North Angus and Mearns, Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/769
The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) (West Stirlingshire and Stirling, Falkirk and Grangemouth) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/770
Superannuation (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/962 (N.I. 13)
Salaries (Comptroller and Auditor-General and Others) (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1086 (N.I. 14)
The Local Government (Successor Parishes) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1110
Windsor Great Park Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/1113
Criminal Appeal (References of Points of Law) Rules 1973 S.I. 1973/1114
M66 Motorway (Bury Easterly Bypass Northern Section) And Connecting Roads Scheme 1973 S.I. 1973/1142
Act of Adjournal (Criminal Legal Aid Fees Amendment) 1973 S.I. 1973/1145
Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Scotland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1165
Enterprise Ulster (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1228 (N.I. 16)
Pig Production Development (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1322 (N.I. 20)
Finance (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1323 (N.I. 18)
Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (France) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1328
Pensions Increase (Annual Review) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1370
The New Parishes (Amendment) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1466
National Health Service (General Dental Services) Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/1468
The Local Government (Successor Parish Councils) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1528
Extradition (Protection of Aircraft) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1756
House-Building Standards (Approved Scheme etc.) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1843
Land Acquisition and Compensation (Northern Ireland) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1896 (N.I. 21)
Parish and Community Meetings (Polls) Rules 1973 S.I. 1973/1911
Diseases of Animals (Waste Food) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1936
The Local Government (Successor Parishes) (No. 2) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/1939
Legal Aid (Scotland) (General) Amendment Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/2125
Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) (No. 2) Regulations 1973 S.I. 1973/2143
Northern Ireland (Modification of Enactments—No. 1) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/2163
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (Wards) Order 1973 S.I. 1973/2230
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List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1973
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Māori religion encompasses the various religious beliefs and practices of the Māori, the Polynesian indigenous people of New Zealand.
Traditional Māori religion
Traditional Māori religion, that is, the pre-European belief-system of the Māori, differed little from that of their tropical Eastern Polynesian homeland (Hawaiki Nui), conceiving of everything – including natural elements and all living things – as connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy. Accordingly, Māori regarded all things as possessing a life force or mauri. Illustrating this concept of connectedness through genealogy are the major personifications dating from before the period of European contact:
Tangaroa was the personification of the ocean and the ancestor or origin of all fish.
Tāne was the personification of the forest and the origin of all birds.
Rongo was the personification of peaceful activities and agriculture and the ancestor of cultivated plants.
(Some sources reference a supreme personification: Io; however this idea remains controversial.)
Tapu and mana
Māori followed certain practices that relate to traditional concepts like tapu. Certain people and objects contain mana – spiritual power or essence. In earlier times, tribal members of a higher rank would not touch objects which belonged to members of a lower rank – to do so would constitute "pollution"; and persons of a lower rank could not touch the belongings of a highborn person without putting themselves at risk of death.
The word tapu can be interpreted as "sacred", as "spiritual restriction" or as "implied prohibition"; it involves rules and prohibitions. Two kinds of tapu operate: private tapu (relating to individuals) and public tapu (relating to communities). A person, an object or a place which is tapu may not be touched by human contact, or in some cases, not even approached. A person, object or a place could be made sacred by tapu for a certain time.
In Māori society prior to European contact, tapu was one of the strongest forces in Māori life. A violation of tapu could have dire consequences, including the death of the offender through sickness or at the hands of someone affected by the offence. In earlier times food cooked for a person of high rank was tapu, and could not be eaten by an inferior. A chief's house was tapu, and even the chief could not eat food in the interior of his house. Not only were the houses of people of high rank perceived to be tapu, but also their possessions – including their clothing. Burial grounds (urupā) and places of death were always tapu, and protective fencing often surrounded such areas.
In the 21st century, Māori still observe tapu in matters relating to sickness, death, and burial:
Tangihanga or funeral rites may take two or three days. The deceased lies in state, usually in an open coffin flanked by female relatives dressed in black, their heads sometimes wreathed in kawakawa leaves, who take few and short breaks. During the day, visitors come, sometimes from great distances despite only a distant relationship, to address the deceased. They may speak frankly of his or her faults as well as virtues, but singing and joking are also appropriate. Free expression of grief by both men and women is encouraged. Mourners may invoke traditional beliefs and tell the deceased to return to the ancestral homeland, Hawaiki, by way of te rerenga wairua, the spirits' journey. The close kin or kiri mate ("dead skin") may not speak. On the last night, the pō whakamutunga (night of ending), the mourners hold a vigil and at sunrise the coffin is closed, before a church or marae funeral service and/or graveside interment ceremony, invariably Christian, takes place. It is traditional for mourners to wash their hands in water and to sprinkle some on their heads before leaving a cemetery. After the burial rites are completed, a feast is traditionally served. Mourners are expected to provide koha or gifts towards the meal. After the burial, the home of the deceased and the place they died are ritually cleansed with karakia (prayers or incantations) and desanctified with food and drink, in a ceremony called takahi whare (trampling the house). That night, the pō whakangahau (night of entertainment) is a night of relaxation and rest. The widow or widower is not left alone for several nights following.
During the following year, the kinfolk of a prominent deceased person will visit other marae, "bringing the death" (kawe mate) to them. They carry pictures of the deceased person on to the marae.
Unveilings of headstones (hura kōwhatu) usually take place about a year after a death, often on a public holiday to accommodate visitors who could not get to the tangihanga. The dead are remembered and more grief expressed.
Christianity
In the early 19th century, many Māori embraced Christianity and its concepts. Large numbers of converts joined the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church, both of which are still highly influential in Māori society. The Māori aspect of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand has long been recognised by the ordination of Māori priests as Bishop of Aotearoa; a well-known and sometimes controversial holder of that title was the late Most Rev. Sir Whakahuihui Vercoe, who is remembered for a frank speech he delivered in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II during a Waitangi Day ceremony. The Roman Catholic Church also ordains Māori to high positions. Other churches were also locally successful in the 19th century, including, among others, the Presbyterian Church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was also very successful in gaining Maori converts from the 1880s on, and by 1901 there were nearly 4,000 Maori members in 79 branches.
Today, Christian prayer (karakia) is the expected way to begin and end Māori public gatherings of many kinds. Prayers are also made at the beginning of many new projects, personal journeys, and endeavours.
Syncretic religions
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, several new syncretic religions arose, combining various aspects of Christianity with traditional and non-traditional Māori philosophies. These include:
Pai Mārire ("Hauhau"), 1863
Ringatū, 1868
Church of the Seven Rules of Jehovah, 1890s
followers of Rua Kenana Hepetipa at Maungapohatu, 1905
Te Haahi Ratana, 1925
In the 2006 New Zealand Census, 16,419 people stated their religion as Ringatū, and 50,565 Ratana. The Ratana Church also has considerable political strength.
Islam
The proportion of Māori followers of Islam is low. Although the number of Māori Muslims grew rapidly at the end of the 20th century to 1,074 at the 2006 census, the total number of New Zealanders identifying as Māori was 565,329. Thus, the total number of identified Māori Muslims was 0.19 percent of the Māori population in 2006. This dropped to 0.1 percent in the 2018 census.
Hinduism
The Hindu and Maori traditions have similarities and have a close relationship with nature. There are other concepts like importance of respecting elders, living in extended families, helping and sharing with each other during happy and difficult times, sacred lands which Hindus and Maori share. The Maori words such as mana, tama, ethu, etc, have similar meanings in Indian spiritual traditions. The proportion of Māori followers of Hinduism and other Dharmic/Indic religions are low. Although the number of Māori Indians grew rapidly at the end of the 20th century upto 2,610 at the 2006 census, the total number of New Zealanders identifying as Māori was 565,329. Most of the new converts are followers of the Hare Krishna Movement. There is also a minority who follow other Dharmic faiths including Sikhism and Buddhism.
See also
Māori culture
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Māori religion
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Star Junction is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Perry Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located on Pennsylvania Route 51. At the 2010 census, the population was 616.
History
Star Junction was founded in 1893, when the Washington No. 2 Mine was opened by the Washington Coal and Coke Company. It is so-named because it was once the site of a railroad depot, the end of the line for the Washington Run Railroad. Star Junction was once a coal mining center, with beehive ovens for coke manufacture and a foundry. It was the site of labor unrest, including the walkout of 4,500 miners in 1922. Although the company store and mines are long gone, the "patch" (the groups of company houses) still remains and houses many residents. This area was added to the "Determined Eligible List" of the Bureau of Historic Preservation, as an example of a typical coal town, and has been added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Notable person
John Kundla (1916-2017), educator and college/professional basketball coach, was born in Star Junction.
Geography
Star Junction is in northwestern Fayette County, in the southwest part of Perry Township. Via PA 51 it is north to Perryopolis and south to Uniontown, the county seat.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Star Junction CDP has a total area of , of which , or 1.42%, is water.
Education
Star Junction is served by the Frazier School District.
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Star Junction, Pennsylvania
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Wag (Amharic: ዋግ) is a traditional Highland district in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, in the approximate location of the modern Wag Hemra Zone. Weld Blundell described the district as bounded on the south by the mountains of Lasta, on the east and north by the Tellare River, and the west by the Tekezé. The major urban center is the town of Sokota, which has been a major marketplace for centuries.
James Bruce states that Wag was given to the heirs of the deposed Zagwe dynasty, when the Solomonic dynasty was restored to the throne of Ethiopia in 1270. The head of the fallen Zagwe family accepted the district as well as the title of Wagshum as part of the settlement for their loss. However, the province is mentioned for the first time only in the 14th century. Mugahid of Adal led the conquest of Wag in the sixteenth century.
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Wag Province
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The Central Provinces was a province of British India. It comprised British conquests from the Mughals and Marathas in central India, and covered parts of present-day Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra states. Nagpur was the primary winter capital while Pachmarhi served as the regular summer retreat. It became the Central Provinces and Berar in 1903.
The Central Provinces was formed in 1861 by the merger of the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories and Nagpur Province. The district of Nimar which was administered by the Central India Agency was added in 1864. It was almost an island encircled by a sea of "native States" such as Bhopal State and Rewa State to the north, the Chota Nagpur States and Kalahandi State to the east, and the Nizam's territories of Hyderabad to the south and Berar to the west.
Geography
The Central Provinces was landlocked, occupying the mountain ranges, plateaus, and river valleys in the centre of the Indian subcontinent.
The northernmost portion of the state extended onto the Bundelkhand upland, whose northward-flowing rivers are tributaries of the Yamuna and Ganges. The Vindhya Range runs east and west, forming the watershed between the Ganges-Yamuna basin and the Narmada River basin, which occupies the center and west of the province, and flows westward to empty into the Arabian Sea. The upper Narmada valley forms the center of the Mahakoshal region. Jabalpur (formerly Jubbulpore) lay on the upper Narmada, and was an important railway junction.
The Satpura Range divides the Narmada valley from the Deccan Plateau to the south. The Central Provinces included the northeastern portion of the Deccan, drained by tributaries of the Godavari River including the Wainganga, Wardha, and Indravati. These flow east towards the Bay of Bengal. A portion of Berar lay in the upper basin of the Tapti River, which drains westward into the Arabian Sea. The portion of the Central Provinces on the Deccan Plateau formed the Vidarbha region, which includes Nagpur, the capital of the province.
The eastern portion of the state lay in the upper Mahanadi River basin, which forms fertile rice-growing region of Chhattisgarh. The Maikal Range separates the basins of the Narmada and the Mahanadi. The Chota Nagpur Plateau extended into the northeast corner of the province.
Demographics
General censuses were held in 1866, 1872, 1881, 1891 and 1901. The population in 1866 was over 9 million, and in 1872 over 9.25 million. 1869 was a famine year. There were epidemics of smallpox and cholera in 1872, 1878, and 1879. By 1881 the population had risen to 11.5 million, and by 1891 to nearly 13 million. The population in 1901 was 11,873,029, a reduction of 800,000 from 1891. The lack of summer monsoon rains in 1897 and 1900 led to widespread crop failures and huge famines in those years, and there were partial crop failures in four other years in the decade, with epidemics of cholera in seven of the ten years. A portion of the decrease (between one-eighth and one-quarter) was from emigration to Assam and other provinces of India.
Linguistic regions
The central Provinces contained two distinct linguistic regions: Mahakoshal, consisting mainly of Hindi-speaking districts, and Vidarbha, chiefly, but not exclusively, a Marathi-speaking area. The linguistic regions could not be fully integrated as a unit.
In the 1901 census, 6,111,000 (63% percent) of the population spoke variants of Hindi, chiefly Chhattisgarhi (27%), Bundeli (15%), Bagheli (10%) and Malvi or Rajasthani (5%). 2,107,000 (20%) spoke Marathi, the majority language of Wardha, Nagpur, Chanda, and Bhandara districts, and the southern portions of Nimar, Betul, Chhindwara, and Balaghat districts. Oriya speakers numbered 1,600,000, or 13.5%, but the transfer of Sambalpur District to Bengal in 1905 reduced the number of Oriya speakers to 292,000. There were 94,000 Telugu speakers, mostly in Chanda District. Of the 730,000 who spoke other Dravidian languages, the majority spoke Gondi, and 60,000 spoke Korku. 74,000 spoke Munda languages.
Politics and administration
The Central Provinces were administered from 1861 to 1920 by a chief commissioner.
Administratively, the Central Provinces consisted of four divisions (Nerbudda, Jubbulpore, Nagpur, and Chhattisgarh), which were further divided into 18 districts - five districts in each division except Chhattisgarh, which had three districts. Berar was under the administrative authority of the Chief Commissioner for the Central Provinces, but administered separately. The Central Provinces also contained 15 princely states, which accounted for 31,188 square miles and a population in 1901 of 1,631,140, approximately 15% of the total population. The largest was Bastar, with an area of 13,062 miles, and the smallest was Satki, with an area of 138 square miles. The princely states were in Chhattisgarh Division, except for Makrai, which was in Hoshangabad District.
See also
List of governors of the Central Provinces and Berar
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Central Provinces
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The fibular retinacula (also known as peroneal retinacula) are fibrous retaining bands that bind down the tendons of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles as they run across the side of the ankle. (Retinaculum is Latin for "retainer.")
These bands consist of the superior fibular retinaculum and the inferior fibular retinaculum. The superior fibers are attached above to the lateral malleolus and below to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. The inferior fibers are continuous in front with those of the inferior extensor retinaculum of the foot; behind they are attached to the lateral surface of the calcaneus; some of the fibers are fixed to the calcaneal tubercle, forming a septum between the tendons of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis.
See also
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
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Fibular retinacula
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Carl Edward Bereiter (born 1930) is an American education researcher, professor emeritus at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto known for his research into knowledge building.
Biography
He was born and raised in Wisconsin and entered Wisconsin University, where he was awarded B.A. in 1951, M.A. in 1952 and a Ph.D in 1959.
In 1961 he was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois, before moving his current position as Professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Since 1996 he is also held the position of Co-Director, Programs and Research, Education Commons.
He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967.
Contributions
His areas of research are:
Knowledge building
Knowledge age
Knowledge workers
Research design
Intentional learning
Instruction
Cognitive psychology
Educational policy
Educational technology.
Carl Bereiter is one of the pioneers of Computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL). In collaboration with Marlene Scardamalia, he introduced and developed the theory of "knowledge building". He is one of the main researchers of Computer Supported Intentional Learning Environments (CSILE), the first networked system for collaborative learning. The second generation of product was renamed Knowledge Forum.
Bereiter is one of the founders and leading researchers of the Institute for Knowledge Innovation and Technology, (IKIT). His educational contributions, along with those of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Michel Foucault, Howard Gardner, and others, are profiled in Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education.
He became well known for a 1966 proposal cowritten with Siegfried Engelmann on the persistent gap between inner city and middle class children in educational achievement that appeared in Teaching Disadvantaged Children in the Preschool. This position came to be called the cultural deficit hypothesis. This provoked a response by William Labov encapsulated in a much reprinted paper called "The logic of non-standard English." that argued that cultural and linguistic difference rather than deficit lay behind much of the gap. Bereiter has claimed that he was misread by his critics.
Books by Bereiter
Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C. Fillion, B. (1981). Writing for Results: A Sourcebook of Consequential Composing Activities; Curriculum Series; Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (44).
Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1987). The psychology of written composition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bereiter, C. and Scardamalia, M. (1989). Across the World: Reading Skills Workbook Level 3:2.
Bereiter, C. and Scardamalia, M (1993). Surpassing Ourselves: An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise.
Anderson, V., Brown, A. Scardamalia, A., Campione, J. and Bereiter, C. (1995). Continuous assessment (collections for young scholars, masters/grade 3)
Bereiter, C., Anderson,A., Brown, A., and Scardamalia, M. (1995). Reproducible Masters - Support for Teacher Tool Cards.
Anderson, V., Brown, A., Scardamalia, M., Campione, J., and Bereiter, C. (1995). Essay and writing assessment (collections for young scholars, masters/grade 3).
Bereiter, C. (1997). Collections for Young Scholars: Volume 3, Book 1.
Bereiter, C. (1997). Spelling and Vocabulary Skills Annotated Teacher's Edition Grade 5 (SRA Open Court Reading).
Bereiter, C., Jager, M., Pressley, A. and Pressley, M. (2000). SRA Open Court Reading: Reading and Writing Workbook, Level 4, Teacher's edition.
Koschmann, T., Scardamalia, M., Zimmerman, B.J., and Bereiter, C. (2000). Problem-based Learning: A Research Perspective on Learning Interactions.
Bereiter, C. (2002). Education and Mind in the Knowledge Age.
Bereiter, C. (2002). Open Court Reading Level 2 Book 2.
Smith, B. and Bereiter, C. (2002). Liberal Education in a Knowledge Society.
Bereiter, C., Kaplan, S.N. and Pressley, M. (2003). Open Court Classics: Level 3.
Bereiter, C., Adams, J., Pressley, M. and Roit, M. (2004). Open Court Reading: Level 4.
Bereiter, C., Carl (1970) Willy the Wisher and Other Thinking Stories. Open Court Publishing
See also
Knowledge building
Knowledge Forum
OISE
University of Toronto
Marlene Scardamalia
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Carl Bereiter
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James Edwards Rains (April 10, 1833 – December 31, 1862) was a lawyer and colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was appointed and nominated as a brigadier general on November 4, 1862, but his appointment was unconfirmed at the date of his death. He was killed while leading his brigade at the Battle of Stones River (Murfreesboro) on December 31, 1862, before the Confederate States Senate acted on his nomination.
Early life
Rains was born on April 10, 1833, in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Methodist minister Rev. John and Lucinda Cartwright Rains. He spent his youth making tack in his father's small saddlery. A benefactor lent him $400 to attend Yale, where he graduated second in the Class of 1854 at Yale Law School. While at Yale, he was a member of the Linonian Society, and won first prize for his speech, "Is the maxim, 'Our Country Right or Wrong' worthy of our support?"
He served as headmaster at the Millwood Institute in newly formed Cheatham County. He was associate editor of the Daily Republican Banner, serving under a future fellow Confederate general, Felix Zollicoffer. Rains was an active member of the Whig Party, and was initially opposed to secession. He was elected the Nashville city attorney in 1858.
He married Ida Yeatman later that year, and their only child, a daughter named Laura, was born in 1859. Rains was attorney general for his judicial district of Davidson, Williamson and Sumner Counties in 1860.
Civil War
When the Civil War began, despite his personal objections to the concept of secession, Rains enlisted in April 1861 in the Confederate army as a private in the "Hermitage Guards", a local company. He was quickly elected first lieutenant, captain and finally appointed colonel of the 11th Tennessee Infantry, succeeding George E. Maney. He was commissioned May 10, 1861. The greater part of his military service was in eastern Tennessee. During the winter of 1861–62, he commanded the garrison at the Cumberland Gap and successfully repulsed numerous attempts by Union forces to seize the critical gap. It did not fall until June 1862 when Federals finally outflanked his position. His defense of the gap proved vital, as east Tennessee would have been completely lost to the Confederates much earlier in 1862. But the forces that Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith had gathered about Knoxville, in addition to those in the neighborhood of Cumberland Gap, made the Union occupation of that post almost a barren victory. In August, Smith advanced into Kentucky, leaving Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson with a strong division to operate against the Union general Morgan, who was holding the gap with about 9,000 men. Col. Rains commanded a brigade in Stevenson's division. Kirby Smith's success in the Kentucky Campaign eventually forced the Union forces to abandon Cumberland Gap and retreat through eastern Kentucky to the Ohio River.
Rains was rewarded for his contribution at Cumberland Gap by being appointed to and nominated for the rank of brigadier general on November 4, 1862. When Gen. Braxton Bragg was concentrating his army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, that same month, Rains's brigade of troops from North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee traveled to Murfreesboro and was assigned to the division of Maj. Gen. John P. McCown in Hardee's Corps. At the Battle of Stones River on December 31, 1862, Rains was shot through the heart and killed instantly while leading his brigade forward in an attack against Union artillery. His last words were "Forward my brave boys, forward!" The Confederate States Senate had not acted to confirm Rains's nomination as brigadier general on the date of his death.
Rains was initially buried on the battlefield, but Rains's father, wife, Ida, and 3-year-old daughter, met with Union Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans and formally requested General Rains's body. It was transferred through Federal lines and reburied in the Nashville City Cemetery. In 1888, Rains was reinterred in the Confederate section of Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville.
Honors
After the war, surviving members of the 11th Tennessee from Dickson County named their camp of the veterans group, the Association of Confederate Soldiers Tennessee Division, in honor of James E. Rains.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate)
Wikimedia Commons material Cotton States International Exposition Article (Brief Rains Bio).
Wikimedia Commons material Rains business card.
Notes
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James Edwards Rains
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UKNC () is a Soviet PDP-11-compatible educational micro computer, aimed at teaching school informatics courses. It is also known as Elektronika MS-0511. UKNC stands for Educational Computer by Scientific Centre.
Hardware
Processor: KM1801VM2 1801 series CPU @ 8 MHz, 16 bit data bus, 17 bit address bus
Peripheral processor: KM1801VM2 @ 6.25 MHz
CPU RAM: 64 KiB
PPU RAM: 32 KiB
ROM: 32 KiB
video RAM: 96 KiB (3 planes 32 KiB each, each 3-bit pixel had a bit in each plane)
Graphics: max 640×288 with 8 colors in one line (16 or 53 colors on whole screen), it is possible to set an individual palette, resolution (80, 160, 320, or 640 dots per line) and memory address for each of 288 screen lines; no text mode.
Keyboard: 88 keys (MS-7007), JCUKEN layout
built-in LAN controller
built-in controller for common or special tape-recorder with computer control (to use for data storage, usually 5-inch FDD's were used)
One unique part of the design is the usage of a peripheral processing unit (PPU). Management of peripheral devices (display, audio, and so on) was offloaded to the PPU, which can also run user programs.
The computer was released in 3 sub-models: 0511, 0511.1, 0511.2. The 0511.1 model, intended for home use, has a power supply for 220 V AC, while others use 42 V AC. The 0511.2 features new firmware with extended functionality and changed the marking of the keyboard's gray keys, compared to the initial version. The photo shows an 0511.2 variant.
There is no active cooling, and at least the 0511.2 variant tends to overheat and halt after several hours of operation.
The design of the case, the layout of the keyboard, the location and the shape of expansion slots are inspired by the Yamaha MSX system, which was purchased by the Soviet Union in the early 1980s for use in schools. The same case, with changed markings, is found with the IBM PC clone called Elektronika MS-1502. The same case and keyboard are found on another educational computer called Rusich (i8085 based).
Software
Operating system: RAFOS, FODOS (RT-11 clones), or RT-11SJ/FB
LAN control program
Programming languages:
BASIC (Vilnius BASIC)
Fortran
Pascal
Modula-2
C
Assembler
Rapira
E-practicum
Logo
Prolog
Forth
FOCAL
See also
DVK
Elektronika BK-0010
SM EVM
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UKNC
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Muqur (also spelt Moqur) is a district in the southwest of Ghazni province, Afghanistan. Its population was estimated at 70,900 in 2002, of whom 19,538 were children under 12.
On 8 May 2016, a vehicular accident on a stretch of the Kabul-Kandahar Highway occurred in the district, killing 73. Two buses travelling from Kabul to Kandahar collided with a fuel tanker. The stretch of highway in this district is reportedly dangerous due to Taliban presence, and the vehicles were speeding to avoid ambush.
Divisions
The district is divided in four main areas:
Khoband
Khodzaie
Gadakhel
Manger Khel
Agriculture
Main crops include wheat, alfalfa, peas, beans and honey melons. Animal husbandry includes sheep, goats, domestic poultry and a limited number of donkeys and horses.
Politics and Governance
Geography
Healthcare
Education
Demographics
Infrastructure
Natural Resources
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Muqur District, Ghazni
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The Forrest Group (also Groupe Forrest) is a group of companies founded around the mining industry in 1922. As of 2018, the Forrest Group is active primarily in Central and East Africa. It is owned by George Arthur Forrest, a Belgian entrepreneur of New Zealand descent.
Early history
Malta Forrest launched l'Entreprise Générale Malta Forrest (EGMF), a transport company, in 1922, in Katanga Province in the south of the Belgian Congo. In 1933, the company moved into mining gold, copper and manganese in the Kolwezi, Musonoi and Kasekelesa mines. In 1951, the company undertook the mining and civil engineering works to open the Kisenge manganese mine. In the early 1950s, it broadened out into public works and civil engineering, building the roads, sewerage system and airport for the mining city of Kolwezi. Around this time, the firm began to focus on civil engineering in the western Katanga copper belt.
Victor Eskenazi-Forrest, Malta Forrest’s adoptive son, helped his father to manage the company starting in 1954, and took over the company with George Arthur Forrest after the death of the founder. In 1968, the company took limited liability status. It was then involved in a series of large scale public works projects funded by international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Malta Forrest died in 1974, and Victor Eskenazi-Forrest and George Arthur Forrest, the founder's son, became Managing Directors. In 1986, after the death of Victor Eskenazi Forrest, George Arthur Forrest took full control.
The company undertook a major government contract to restore the road network in Lubumbashi, Likasi, Kolwezi and Kalemie.
In 1990 EGMF undertook a large strip mining work for the state-controlled mining company Gécamines.
In 1991 the country, now called Zaire, went through political upheaval and fell into a prolonged recession, bring the engineering works to a halt.
In May 1995 EGMF helped fund Gécamines in mining the cobalt deposit of Kasombo 1, working as a private sector partner to the state-owned company.
George Forrest created the George Forrest International Group that year.
Later activities
The Forrest Group today includes "Malta Forrest", "George Forrest International S.A.", etc. The companies consist of diverse industrial activities, including wind power energy, hydroelectric energy, mining & metallurgy, cement manufacturing, public works, civil engineering, biological food, aviation, and munitions manufacturing.
Controversy
In 2002, a United Nations panel named the George Forrest Group as one of 29 companies that should face sanctions for their operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In December 2010, WikiLeaks published cables that alleged showed that US officials were ignoring reports of dangerously high levels of radiation at Forrest's Luiswishi Mine, and implied that uranium was being separated from the ore which purportedly held only copper and cobalt. Groupe Forrest International refuted these rumors, saying that although uranium was present in the copper and cobalt ore from the mine, it was at far too low a grade to be exploited, and radioactivity in the Luiswishi mine was largely lower than the European standards.
In 2009, Forrest invested in Korongo Airlines, together with Brussels Airlines and local investors, for flights between Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The launch of other domestic services under the Forrest Group brand depended on upgrades to airport infrastructure.
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Forrest Group
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An assembly line is a manufacturing process (often called a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced. By mechanically moving the parts to the assembly work and moving the semi-finished assembly from work station to work station, a finished product can be assembled faster and with less labor than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece for assembly.
Assembly lines are common methods of assembling complex items such as automobiles and other transportation equipment, household appliances and electronic goods.
Workers in charge of the works of assembly line are called assemblers.
Concepts
Assembly lines are designed for the sequential organization of workers, tools or machines, and parts. The motion of workers is minimized to the extent possible. All parts or assemblies are handled either by conveyors or motorized vehicles such as forklifts, or gravity, with no manual trucking. Heavy lifting is done by machines such as overhead cranes or forklifts. Each worker typically performs one simple operation unless job rotation strategies are applied.
According to Henry Ford:
Designing assembly lines is a well-established mathematical challenge, referred to as an assembly line balancing problem. In the simple assembly line balancing problem the aim is to assign a set of tasks that need to be performed on the workpiece to a sequence of workstations. Each task requires a given task duration for completion. The assignment of tasks to stations is typically limited by two constraints: (1) a precedence graph which indicates what other tasks need to be completed before a particular task can be initiated (e.g. not putting in a screw before drilling the hole) and (2) a cycle time which restricts the sum of task processing times which can be completed at each workstation before the work-piece is moved to the next station by the conveyor belt. Major planning problems for operating assembly lines include supply chain integration, inventory control and production scheduling.
Simple example
Consider the assembly of a car: assume that certain steps in the assembly line are to install the engine, install the hood, and install the wheels (in that order, with arbitrary interstitial steps); only one of these steps can be done at a time. In traditional production, only one car would be assembled at a time. If engine installation takes 20 minutes, hood installation takes five minutes, and wheels installation takes 10 minutes, then a car can be produced every 35 minutes.
In an assembly line, car assembly is split between several stations, all working simultaneously. When a station is finished with a car, it passes it on to the next. By having three stations, three cars can be operated on at the same time, each at a different stage of assembly.
After finishing its work on the first car, the engine installation crew can begin working on the second car. While the engine installation crew works on the second car, the first car can be moved to the hood station and fitted with a hood, then to the wheels station and be fitted with wheels. After the engine has been installed on the second car, the second car moves to the hood assembly. At the same time, the third car moves to the engine assembly. When the third car's engine has been mounted, it then can be moved to the hood station; meanwhile, subsequent cars (if any) can be moved to the engine installation station.
Assuming no loss of time when moving a car from one station to another, the longest stage on the assembly line determines the throughput (20 minutes for the engine installation) so a car can be produced every 20 minutes, once the first car taking 35 minutes has been produced.
History
Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufactured products were made individually by hand. A single craftsman or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product. They would use their skills and tools such as files and knives to create the individual parts. They would then assemble them into the final product, making cut-and-try changes in the parts until they fit and could work together (craft production).
Division of labor was practiced by Ancient Greeks, Chinese and other ancient civilizations. In Ancient Greece it was discussed by Plato and Xenophon. Adam Smith discussed the division of labour in the manufacture of pins at length in his book The Wealth of Nations (published in 1776).
The Venetian Arsenal, dating to about 1104, operated similar to a production line. Ships moved down a canal and were fitted by the various shops they passed. At the peak of its efficiency in the early 16th century, the Arsenal employed some 16,000 people who could apparently produce nearly one ship each day and could fit out, arm, and provision a newly built galley with standardized parts on an assembly-line basis. Although the Arsenal lasted until the early Industrial Revolution, production line methods did not become common even then.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution led to a proliferation of manufacturing and invention. Many industries, notably textiles, firearms, clocks and watches, horse-drawn vehicles, railway locomotives, sewing machines, and bicycles, saw expeditious improvement in materials handling, machining, and assembly during the 19th century, although modern concepts such as industrial engineering and logistics had not yet been named.
The automatic flour mill built by Oliver Evans in 1785 was called the beginning of modern bulk material handling by Roe (1916). Evans's mill used a leather belt bucket elevator, screw conveyors, canvas belt conveyors, and other mechanical devices to completely automate the process of making flour. The innovation spread to other mills and breweries.
Probably the earliest industrial example of a linear and continuous assembly process is the Portsmouth Block Mills, built between 1801 and 1803. Marc Isambard Brunel (father of Isambard Kingdom Brunel), with the help of Henry Maudslay and others, designed 22 types of machine tools to make the parts for the rigging blocks used by the Royal Navy. This factory was so successful that it remained in use until the 1960s, with the workshop still visible at HM Dockyard in Portsmouth, and still containing some of the original machinery.
One of the earliest examples of an almost modern factory layout, designed for easy material handling, was the Bridgewater Foundry. The factory grounds were bordered by the Bridgewater Canal and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The buildings were arranged in a line with a railway for carrying the work going through the buildings. Cranes were used for lifting the heavy work, which sometimes weighed in the tens of tons. The work passed sequentially through to erection of framework and final assembly.
The first flow assembly line was initiated at the factory of Richard Garrett & Sons, Leiston Works in Leiston in the English county of Suffolk for the manufacture of portable steam engines. The assembly line area was called 'The Long Shop' on account of its length and was fully operational by early 1853. The boiler was brought up from the foundry and put at the start of the line, and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. From the upper level, where other parts were made, the lighter parts would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be completed.
Interchangeable parts
During the early 19th century, the development of machine tools such as the screw-cutting lathe, metal planer, and milling machine, and of toolpath control via jigs and fixtures, provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line by making interchangeable parts a practical reality.
Late 19th-century steam and electric conveyors
Steam-powered conveyor lifts began being used for loading and unloading ships some time in the last quarter of the 19th century. Hounshell (1984) shows a sketch of an electric-powered conveyor moving cans through a filling line in a canning factory.
The meatpacking industry of Chicago is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or disassembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of this slaughterhouse practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company.
20th century
According to Domm, the implementation of mass production of an automobile via an assembly line may be credited to Ransom Olds, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. Olds patented the assembly line concept, which he put to work in his Olds Motor Vehicle Company factory in 1901.
At Ford Motor Company, the assembly line was introduced by William "Pa" Klann upon his return from visiting Swift & Company's slaughterhouse in Chicago and viewing what was referred to as the "disassembly line", where carcasses were butchered as they moved along a conveyor. The efficiency of one person removing the same piece over and over without moving to another station caught his attention. He reported the idea to Peter E. Martin, soon to be head of Ford production, who was doubtful at the time but encouraged him to proceed. Others at Ford have claimed to have put the idea forth to Henry Ford, but Pa Klann's slaughterhouse revelation is well documented in the archives at the Henry Ford Museum and elsewhere, making him an important contributor to the modern automated assembly line concept. Ford was appreciative, having visited the highly automated 40-acre Sears mail order handling facility around 1906. At Ford, the process was an evolution by trial and error of a team consisting primarily of Peter E. Martin, the factory superintendent; Charles E. Sorensen, Martin's assistant; Clarence W. Avery; C. Harold Wills, draftsman and toolmaker; Charles Ebender; and József Galamb. Some of the groundwork for such development had recently been laid by the intelligent layout of machine tool placement that Walter Flanders had been doing at Ford up to 1908.
The moving assembly line was developed for the Ford Model T and began operation on October 7, 1913, at the Highland Park Ford Plant, and continued to evolve after that, using time and motion study. The assembly line, driven by conveyor belts, reduced production time for a Model T to just 93 minutes by dividing the process into 45 steps. Producing cars quicker than paint of the day could dry, it had an immense influence on the world.
In 1922, Ford (through his ghostwriter Crowther) said of his 1913 assembly line:
Charles E. Sorensen, in his 1956 memoir My Forty Years with Ford, presented a different version of development that was not so much about individual "inventors" as a gradual, logical development of industrial engineering:
As a result of these developments in method, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals or six feet per minute. This was much faster than previous methods, increasing production by eight to one (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower. It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colours available before 1914, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926.
The assembly line technique was an integral part of the diffusion of the automobile into American society. Decreased costs of production allowed the cost of the Model T to fall within the budget of the American middle class. In 1908, the price of a Model T was around $825, and by 1912 it had decreased to around $575. This price reduction is comparable to a reduction from $15,000 to $10,000 in dollar terms from the year 2000. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.
Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism", and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the take-off of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods.
In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide. Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany and Ford Japan 1925; in 1919, Vulcan (Southport, Lancashire) was the first native European manufacturer to adopt it. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke by not being able to compete; by 1930, 250 companies which did not had disappeared.
The massive demand for military hardware in World War II prompted assembly-line techniques in shipbuilding and aircraft production. Thousands of Liberty ships were built making extensive use of prefabrication, enabling ship assembly to be completed in weeks or even days. After having produced fewer than 3,000 planes for the United States Military in 1939, American aircraft manufacturers built over 300,000 planes in World War II. Vultee pioneered the use of the powered assembly line for aircraft manufacturing. Other companies quickly followed. As William S. Knudsen (having worked at Ford, GM and the National Defense Advisory Commission) observed, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."
Improved working conditions
In his 1922 autobiography, Henry Ford mentions several benefits of the assembly line including:
Workers do not do any heavy lifting.
No stooping or bending over.
No special training was required.
There are jobs that almost anyone can do.
Provided employment to immigrants.
The gains in productivity allowed Ford to increase worker pay from $1.50 per day to $5.00 per day once employees reached three years of service on the assembly line. Ford continued on to reduce the hourly work week while continuously lowering the Model T price. These goals appear altruistic; however, it has been argued that they were implemented by Ford in order to reduce high employee turnover: when the assembly line was introduced in 1913, it was discovered that "every time the company wanted to add 100 men to its factory personnel, it was necessary to hire 963" in order to counteract the natural distaste the assembly line seems to have inspired.
Sociological problems
Sociological work has explored the social alienation and boredom that many workers feel because of the repetition of doing the same specialized task all day long.
Karl Marx expressed in his theory of alienation the belief that, in order to achieve job satisfaction, workers need to see themselves in the objects they have created, that products should be "mirrors in which workers see their reflected essential nature". Marx viewed labour as a chance for people to externalize facets of their personalities. Marxists argue that performing repetitive, specialized tasks causes a feeling of disconnection between what a worker does all day, who they really are, and what they would ideally be able to contribute to society. Furthermore, Marx views these specialised jobs as insecure, since the worker is expendable as soon as costs rise and technology can replace more expensive human labour.
Since workers have to stand in the same place for hours and repeat the same motion hundreds of times per day, repetitive stress injuries are a possible pathology of occupational safety. Industrial noise also proved dangerous. When it was not too high, workers were often prohibited from talking. Charles Piaget, a skilled worker at the LIP factory, recalled that besides being prohibited from speaking, the semi-skilled workers had only 25 centimeters in which to move. Industrial ergonomics later tried to minimize physical trauma.
See also
Modern Times, a 1936 film featuring the Tramp character (played by Charlie Chaplin) struggling to adapt to assembly line work
Final Offer, a documentary film about the 1984 UAW/CAW contract negotiations shows working life on the floor of the GM Oshawa Ontario Car Assembly Plant (Watch Online)
Reconfigurable and flexible manufacturing systems, involving Post-Fordism and lean manufacturing-influenced production
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Assembly line
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The California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science (COSMOS) is a summer program for high school students in California for the purpose of preparing them for careers in mathematics and sciences. It is often abbreviated COSMOS, although COSMOS does not contain the correct letters to create an accurate abbreviation. The program is hosted on four different campuses of the University of California, at Davis, Irvine, San Diego, and Santa Cruz.
History
COSMOS was established by the California State Legislature in the summer of 2000 to stimulate the interests of and provide opportunities for talented California high school students. The California State Summer School for Mathematics & Science is modeled after the California State Summer School for the Arts. In the first summer, 292 students enrolled in the program. Each COSMOS campus only holds 150 students, so selection is competitive. It is a great experience in exploring the sciences and a good activity for college applications, especially the University of California application. This program is designed for extremely gifted students who make amazing discoveries in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) areas.
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California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science
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Club Deportivo Mirandés is a Spanish football team based in Miranda de Ebro, Province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded on 3 May 1927, the club competes in the Segunda División, holding home matches at Estadio Municipal de Anduva.
History
Mirandés' origins can be traced to the beginnings of the 20th century, with clubs such as El Deportivo Mirandés (1917), Sporting Club Mirandés (1919), Deportivo SC (1919), and Miranda Unión Club (1922) all being its predecessors. Club Deportivo was founded as such on 3 May 1927, playing its first game on 4 June in the Saint John of the Mountain Festival, against Arabarra, winning 1–0 courtesy of a Fidel Angulo goal; the team's first president was Arturo García del Río, with the organization's initial capital consisting of 666 shares of 15 pesetas each.
From 1944 to 1977, Mirandés competed in Tercera División, with the exception of three seasons spent in the regional leagues. The club's debut in Tercera división took place on 24 September 1944, with a 2–2 draw against Vasconia from San Sebastián.
One of the best Mirandés campaigns during these years was in 1957–58 season, when under the presidency of Andrés Espallargas and with Juan Malón as a coach, the club finished in 2nd in Tercera división.
In 1977–78, Mirandés moved to the newly created Segunda División B, lasting five years, twice unsuccessful in the promotion playoffs. On 28 December 1977, the team faced Mario Kempes and Valencia at home in the Copa del Rey, losing 2–4; future Real Madrid player and La Liga manager Miguel Ángel Portugal played with the team during this decade.
In 1986, Mirandés was one of the founders of the La Rioja Football Federation. Three years later, the club won its first major trophy, conquering the fourth level championship under 23-year-old manager Juan Manuel Lillo. The team went on to fluctuate between divisions three and four in the following years, again experiencing the odd visit to the regional levels (two seasons).
21st century
Mirandés returned to the third division in the 2008–09 campaign, following two seasons in which the club finished the regular season top of the table only to fall short in the playoffs. In the decisive match, the team won against Jerez Industrial 3–2 at home (4–2 on aggregate).
In 2011–12, Mirandés started the league with a run of 833 minutes without conceding a goal, eventually losing its first match in the 18th game. In the season's domestic cup, the club reached the semi-finals – becoming the first third-tier team to make it to that stage since Figueres in the 2001–02 edition – after disposing of top level sides Villarreal, Racing Santander, and Espanyol, falling to Athletic Bilbao. At the end of that season, the team was promoted to Segunda División for the first time ever, after defeating Atlético Baleares in the playoffs. In the 2012–13 season, they managed to remain in Segunda División by finishing 15th out of 22 teams. There was another credible cup run in 2015–16, Mirandés eliminating top-division opponents Málaga and Deportivo La Coruña before losing to Sevilla in the quarter-finals.
At the end of the 2016–17 season, Mirandés was relegated after spending five years in the second division. On 28 March 2019, Mirandés won the season's Copa Federación after beating Cornellà in the final. In the 2018–19 season, the club finished 3rd in Segunda División B, Group 2 and again was promoted to the Segunda División in the playoffs, coincidentally overcoming Atlético Baleares once more.
On 5 February 2020, Mirandés beat Villarreal 4–2 to reach the semi-finals of the 2019–20 Copa del Rey, also defeating two other La Liga teams Celta Vigo and Sevilla; their run was ended by eventual winners Real Sociedad.
Season to season
10 seasons in Segunda División
15 seasons in Segunda División B
50 seasons in Tercera División
Current squad
Reserve team
Out on loan
Current technical staff
Honours
Segunda División B: 2011–12, 2017–18
Tercera División: 1988–89, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08
Copa Federación de España: 2018–19
Castilla y León Cup: 2011, 2012
Stadium
Mirandés plays home games at Estadio Municipal de Anduva. Owned by the Miranda de Ebro Town Hall, it was inaugurated on 22 January 1950, and has a capacity of 5,759 spectators (mostly seated), with a dimension of 105×68 meters of natural grass.
Additionally, it also held other sporting events, most notably the under-21 match between Spain and Poland in 2006 (0–1).
Prior to this stadium, the club played its matches in other settings. During its first year of life, it played at Campo de Kronne, which was located between the Carretera de Logroño and the Avenida República Argentina. The following year the team moved to another ground and, on 26 May 1928, the first game at Campo de La Estación took place, against Club Ciclista de San Sebastián, with the team remaining there until 1950.
Famous players
Note: this list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.
Iván Agustín
Alain Arroyo
César Caneda
Iñaki Garmendia
Pablo Infante
Mikel Iribas
Erik Jirka
Gorka Kijera
Mikel Martins
Aritz Mújika
Randy
Oussama Souaidy
See
Famous coaches
Juan Manuel Lillo (1988–89), (1990–91)
José Ignacio Soler (2004)
José María García de Andoin (2005)
Ismael Urtubi (2005–06)
Miguel Ángel Sola (2006–08)
Julio Bañuelos (2008–10)
Carlos Pouso (2010–13)
Gonzalo Arconada (2013)
Carlos Terrazas (2013–2016)
Andoni Iraola (2019–2020)
See also
CD Mirandés B, reserve team.
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CD Mirandés
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Woolston is a suburb of Southampton, Hampshire, located on the eastern bank of the River Itchen. It is bounded by the River Itchen, Sholing, Peartree Green, Itchen and Weston.
The area has a strong maritime and aviation history. The former hamlet grew as new industries, roads and railways came to the area in the Victorian era with Woolston formally incorporated into the borough of Southampton in 1920.
History
Woolston is believed to originate from Olafs tun, a fortified tun on the East bank of the River Itchen established by the Viking leader Olaf I of Norway in the 10th Century.
In the Domesday Book of 1086, the area is recorded as Olvestune. The area now known as Woolston is certain to have received consignments of wool to be ferried across the River Itchen, Hampshire by the inhabitants of Itchen Ferry village. The evolution of Olvestune into "Woolston" is a result of that trade.
The former hamlet grew as new industries, roads and railways came to the area in the Victorian era with Woolston formally incorporated into the borough of Southampton in 1920. First-class cricket was briefly played at Woolston at Day's Itchen Ground by Hampshire from 1848 to 1850; the ground was leased on land owned by the Woolston Hotel, today known as The Cricketers Arms, on Portsmouth Road.
Development of the Itchen Bridge in the 1970s, to link Woolston with the Southampton City Centre, required significant changes. Old terraces had to be demolished to make room for the new structure. However, as the bus terminal that served passengers boarding and departing the Woolston ferry was no longer required, it was demolished and made way for houses to be built.
In the 21st century Woolston's Vosper Thorneycroft shipyard closed and a new development, Centenary Quay, was built on the site.
Governance
Before 1920 Woolston was governed as part of the Itchen Urban District, from when it became part of Southampton, which later achieved city status and then became a unitary authority, governed by Southampton City Council.
Woolston is within the Woolston ward which also includes the neighbouring Weston. The ward elects three councillors to the city council, currently all Labour members. Many locations generally considered part of Woolston, including the railway station and the Millennium Garden, are in the neighbouring Peartree ward.
The Woolston ward is within the Southampton Itchen parliamentary constituency, represented in the House of Commons by Royston Smith of the Conservative Party since 2015.
Prior to Brexit in 2020, the area was represented in the European Parliament within the South East England constituency.
Geography
Woolston is bounded by Sholing, Peartree Green, Itchen and Weston; with the western boundary as the River Itchen. Its boundary with Weston is the stream that runs through Mayfield Park.
The nearest motorway is the M27; Woolston is closest to Junctions 7 and 8.
Economy
Woolston has a shopping area centred on the Victoria Rd/Portsmouth Rd crossroads and by the Woolston Floating Bridge.
There had been a shipbuilding site on Victoria Road since 1870, (from 1900 the Vosper Thorneycroft shipbuilding company) which was the major employer in Woolston until 31 March 2004 when Vosper Thorneycroft relocated its operations to Portsmouth.
A large 'supermarket style' Co-op was opened on Victoria Road in April 2004, to replace a smaller ageing shop on the same road. On Saturday 23 May 2015, the large Co-op was shut down and the building sold to Lidl, which opened in February 2017.
Woolston Riverside Regeneration
The Victoria Road shipyard site was acquired by the South East England Development Agency (SEEDA) in March 2003. and finally vacated by Vosper Thorneycroft March 2004.
The South East England Development Agency subsequently announced plans for the site, to be split into two sections:
A residential and retail area, to be developed and delivered by Crest Nicholson under the brand name Centenary Quay.
8.2 hectares for a marine employment quarter at the north of the site resulting in 820 employees – with plans developed by Dean and Dyball, but with SEEDA now responsible for the delivery of the site. This sector will also include an 'upper tier budget hotel'.
The marine and commercial section will include several quays for vessels:
The redevelopment of the waterside site may rejuvenate the shopping area, but has also been predicted to place extra burden on the Itchen Bridge and cause extra congestion in Woolston. Developers of the residential site are reported to be considering the possibility of re-introducing a ferry service to Southampton.
Work started on phase one of the Centenary Quay development July 2010. Phase one consists of creating family housing to the east of the site, as well as establishing a frontage to Victoria Road.
Houses have already been built on the land where the Royal Navy stores once stood. Clearing that brownfield site was a major exercise, complicated by old munitions, including Mustard Gas shells which had been buried in the ground and asbestos. The redeveloped area is now in the district of Woolston
Woolston is thus becoming more of a residential area, though it will still retain some marine industry with facilities to berth vessels of up to 76 m in length.
Landmarks
The Woolston Millennium Garden was created for the residents by a local group. It was completed in 2002. Its focal point is a 10-metre tall metal and recycled glass feather intended to signify Woolston's history of flight and sail. The garden is divided into three areas, signifying the earth, the sky and the sea. Many of the crew of the Titanic came from Woolston and there are bricks in the pathway through the garden that are inscribed with their names.
Education
St. Mark's Infants school in Church Road moved to new premises in Florence Road in 1974, becoming Woolston First School and is now known as Woolston Infant School. Ludlow Infant School is situated on the same site as Ludlow Junior School, the largest Southampton primary school with 600 pupils.
Woolston no longer provides education for pupils over the age of eleven, since Woolston School was controversially closed in July 2008 to make way for Oasis Academy Mayfield. The woolston school porchester road site is at present in the stages of being demolished to make way for new buildings (to be confirmed by the council). The former Key Stage 4 block has now been relocated to sholing Grove site as the new site has been completed as of July 2011. In February 2012 all students hope to start study at the newly built site Oasis Academy Mayfield- in Sholing.
Southampton City College operates a Marine Skills Centre on Hazel Road which runs vocational courses (usually for 16+ pupils).
Religious sites
Woolston has three Christian places of worship. St. Mark's Church, built in 1863 and a Grade II listed building, serves the Church of England community; St. Patrick's Church, built in 1884 serves the Roman Catholic community (the site also houses a catholic primary school). There is also a Kingdom Hall operated by Jehovah's Witnesses.
St. Mary's Presbyterian Church was built in 1876 but was demolished in 1972.
Leisure and community
The Archery Grounds, bounded by Swift Road and Archery Road, consists of a large grass space, with a children's play area. There is a path leading through to Mayfield Park, a partially wooded, partially open recreational area situated on the border of Woolston and neighbouring Weston.
The building that was previously St. Mark's Infants School in Church Road is now Woolston Community Centre.
Public services
The fire station in Portsmouth Road was no longer required once the Itchen Bridge provided easy access for the fire crews at St Mary's on the Southampton side of the river. That old building is now a Doctors' surgery.
Across the road are two more doctors surgeries – Woolston Lodge Surgery and Canute Surgery – and a Lloyds pharmacy.
Transport
Woolston railway station is on the West Coastway Line, situated at the end of the Itchen Bridge and operated by South Western Railway. The line from Southampton to Woolston was opened on 5 March 1866, accessible from Bridge Road, with an extension opened in November 1867 to serve the Royal Victoria Military Hospital at Netley, where it originally terminated. The line was extended to Fareham on 2 September 1889, whereupon it became possible to run through trains to Portsmouth via a separate line that had been built to link Eastleigh and Gosport in 1841.
The Itchen Bridge is a toll bridge that crosses the River Itchen, from Woolston to the Chapel area of Southampton near Ocean Village and St Mary's Stadium. The bridge was opened to traffic on 1 June 1977 and formally named on 13 June 1977 by Princess Alexandra. Costing £5.7 million, the high-level concrete bridge spans 107 m between its central pillars and carries two lanes of traffic 24 m above the river, allowing large vessels to proceed further upstream to the wharfs and quays in Northam. Tolls are charged for vehicles crossing the bridge, toll booths and a control room are situated at the Woolston end, however pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists cross free. A cable ferry served Woolston from 1938 until the opening of the bridge. Prior to the Woolston Floating Bridge, the Itchen ferry boats provided transport across the River Itchen.
There is a major bus stop on the Woolston link road, a separate bus-only access to the Itchen Bridge which by-passes the toll booths, served by a number of bus routes running through the suburb.
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Woolston, Southampton
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Hondo is a 1953 Warnercolor 3D Western film directed by John Farrow and starring John Wayne and Geraldine Page. The screenplay is based on the 1952 Collier's short story "The Gift of Cochise" by Louis L'Amour. The book Hondo was a novelization of the film also written by L'Amour, and published by Gold Medal Books in 1953. The supporting cast features Ward Bond, James Arness and Leo Gordon.
The shoot went over schedule, and Farrow had to leave the production as he was contractually obligated to direct another movie. The final scenes featuring the Apache attack on the circled wagons of the Army and settlers were shot by John Ford, whom Wayne had asked to finish the film; Ford was uncredited for this work.
Plot summary
Homesteader Angie Lowe (Geraldine Page) and her 8 year-old son Johnny (Lee Aaker) are doing chores when Hondo Lane (John Wayne) arrives, carrying his saddle bags and rifle, accompanied by his dog Sam. He was riding dispatch for the US Army Cavalry, had an encounter with Indians and lost his horse. Hondo offers to work for awhile to earn a horse and Angie agrees. After Angie has said several times that her husband is simply away herding cattle, Hondo confronts her with evidence that he must have been gone a long time, judging by the condition of the ranch and horses. He encourages her to pack up and return with him to the Army fort, since the treaty with the Apache has been broken and they are planning a war; Angie believes her long-standing friendship with the Apache will keep her safe. That night, she notices Hondo's name on his rifle case and remembers hearing he killed three men. She threatens him with an unloaded gun; he loads it for her.
As Hondo prepares to leave, he mentions that he once lived among the Apache and had an Apache wife. He tells Angie that she reminds him of his wife and kisses her before he goes. She is confused and upset because she is married, but Hondo insists that people ought to do what they feel is right. He leaves for the fort. Shortly thereafter, the Apaches come to the ranch, led by Chief Vittoro (Michael Pate) and Silva (Rodolfo Acosta). When Vittoro touches Angie, Johnny gets the gun Hondo loaded and shoots at Silva. Though he misses, Vittoro is impressed with his bravery and makes him a blood-brother. Vittoro insists that a brave child should have a father, and leaves.
Hondo returns to the fort and sees Buffalo Baker (Ward Bond), a fellow scout. He reports to the major that C Troop was wiped out by Apaches and has an encounter with a settler angry that the cavalry is not better protecting the settlers. In a saloon, Hondo gets into a fight with the same settler. Baker later tells Hondo the man is "Ed Lowe" (Leo Gordon); who he realizes is Angie's absentee husband. Meanwhile, Vittoro, sure that Angie's husband is dead, gives her an ultimatum to take an Apache husband by the rainy season.
The next morning, Ed Lowe accuses Hondo of stealing his horse, seeing the "EL" brand. His friends defend Hondo, who immediately leaves to return the horse to the ranch. Upset about the fight and horse, Ed follows Hondo to bushwhack him. While camped, Hondo is set upon by Apache, who also attack Ed. In the confusion, Hondo saves Ed's life, but when he turns his back, Ed draws on him, and Hondo kills him. He finds Ed was clutching a photograph of Johnny, which he takes. In the ensuing chase, the Apache capture and torture Hondo for information about the cavalry's movements. When Vittoro sees the photo of his blood-brother, he decides to subject Hondo to a one-on-one fight to the death with Silva, whose brother Hondo killed. Hondo is victorious, but lets Silva live; the Apache drop Hondo off at the ranch, where Angie lies about him being her husband.
Hondo and Angie grow close as he recuperates. Hondo attempts to reveal the truth of her husband's death, but is interrupted by Vittoro's return. The chief tells them that the pony soldiers will soon come. He asks Hondo to mislead the cavalry as a test; Hondo refuses to lie, and Vittoro is satisfied. Angie admits she loves Hondo and they kiss. The next day, the cavalry arrive at the ranch and expect Angie to leave. She and Hondo refuse. While they camp, another scout blackmails Hondo for his Winchester rifle - he says he will tell Angie how Hondo killed Ed if he doesn't give him the rifle. Hondo punches him, but Angie overhears. The cavalry eventually leave and Hondo stays behind.
Hondo prepares to go, but first tells Angie the truth about her husband's death. He also wants to tell Johnny, but she persuades him not to, admitting that she did not love her husband any longer. She says it would be unkind to tell the boy the truth of his father's death and that the secret will not follow them to Hondo's ranch in California. Hondo responds to her emotional plea with an Indian word that seals an Apache wife-seeking ceremony, "Varlabania", which he tells her means "forever".
The cavalry return to the ranch, having killed Vittoro in a battle but having their commanding officer badly wounded. While the Apache regroup, Hondo, Angie, and Johnny join the wagon train and head for the fort. The Apaches catch up and the cavalry, led by Hondo, circle the wagons and counter-attack. Hondo kills Silva (their new leader) and the Apache scatter, giving the settlers and soldiers a chance to escape. The wagon train regroups and proceeds to the fort with Hondo remaining in command.
Cast
Development and production
Wayne's newly formed production company Wayne-Fellows Productions (later Batjac) purchased the rights to Louis L'Amour's short story "The Gift of Cochise" in 1952, and set Wayne's friend and frequent collaborator James Edward Grant to write the adaptation, which expanded the original story, introduced new characters, and added the cavalry subplot. L'Amour was given the rights to write the novelization of the film, which became a bestseller after the film's release. The film shoot was scheduled for the summer of 1953 in the Mexican desert state of Chihuahua in the San Francisco de Conchos
region. Today, this region is known for its tourist attractions like Lago Colina and spring pools like Los Filtros. It is a green area region with plenty of fishing and agriculture growth.
Wayne and his producing partner Robert Fellows wanted to shoot the film in the trend-setting 3D format. Warner Brothers supplied the production with the newly developed "All Media Camera," which could shoot in any format, including 3-D, using twin lenses placed slightly apart to produce the stereoscopic effect necessary for it. Despite the fact that they were smaller than the twin camera process used previously for 3D, the All-Media Cameras were still bulky and made the film shoot difficult, causing delays when transporting the cameras to remote desert locations. Further, the director John Farrow and director of photography Robert Burks were unfamiliar with the new technology and had trouble adjusting to using it, while the cameras were frequently broken due to wind blowing sand into the mechanism or from other inclement weather conditions. Farrow used the technology to produce fewer gimmicks than other 3D films did at the time, with only a few scenes showing people or objects coming at the camera, such as gunfire or knives. Instead he preferred to use it to increase the depth of the expansive wide shots of the Mexican desert, or when showing figures against a landscape.
The casting of Geraldine Page as the female lead was considered quite puzzling to many in Hollywood at the time. Though Hondo was not her first film, she had been known primarily as a Broadway stage actress and employed the Method acting style deemed by some to be too introspective for film, and especially for Westerns. However, she delivered a powerfully nuanced and original-feeling performance utterly appropriate to her character which later garnered her an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress, the first of only two acting nominations ever for a film shot or presented in 3D. (The award went to Donna Reed for From Here to Eternity.) Page, one of the cinema's most acclaimed actresses, would receive seven Academy Award nominations during her four-decade career before winning the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1986 for The Trip to Bountiful.
San Francisco de Conchos, The exterior of the Church of San Francisco de Asís in the village was used for the army camp scenes.
John Ford shot the final scenes of the wagon train attack as a favor for Wayne when Farrow had to leave the film before its completion due to a conflicting contractual obligation to begin another film. Ford accepted no credit for directing the last sequence of the film.
John Wayne later said John Farrow "didn't really have a great deal to do with" the film. "Everything was set up before he came on it...It was written and I went out and looked for locations and picked the locations where each scene would be shot. I went back and brought the cameraman, and they said there's no color here. I said wait until I show you, and within seventeen miles of town I had white molten rock, blue pools of water, black buttes, big chalk-white buttes. We were using 3-D. We made it in 3-D but then it was never released in that, because Warner Brothers decided to give up and use the Fox system."
Theatrical release
Even with the production troubles that came with the location shooting in 3D, the studio thought it was a worthwhile venture since 3D pictures were at the height of popularity at the time of the film's development. However, by the time the film was completed, public interest in 3D had started to wane. The distributing studio Warner Brothers did everything it could to promote its new 3D camera process and how it went beyond the typical gimmicks used by other popular 3D films at the time such as House of Wax, producing a richer sense of perspective.
Hondo was released on November 27, 1953, and was presented in the 3D format in only extremely few if any theaters at the time; theaters were unable to show the film in the stereoscopic format because the Polaroid 3D projection system required a brighter and more light-reflective screen, referred to as a "silver screen," which was an added cost theater owners were reluctant to pay.
The film has an intermission, which comes right after Hondo is captured by the Apaches. This is included on the DVD version.
The film ended up becoming quite popular with audiences, eventually grossing $4.1 million at the box office and placing it in the top 20 money-makers for that year.
Restoration and DVD release
An initial restoration of Hondo was overseen by Wayne's son Michael, head of Batjac Productions, in the late 1980s culminating in a syndicated broadcast of the film in June 1991 on American over-the-air stations in anaglyph 3D. 3D glasses were sold to viewers, with proceeds going to charity.
A frame-by-frame digital restoration by Prasad Corporation of the film was later completed, and the DVD of it was released on October 11, 2005.
The 3D version of Hondo has yet to be released on either DVD or Blu-Ray.
A restored 3D theatrical version was exhibited for a week in 2015 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and projected the following year at New York's Film Forum, introduced at both venues by Michael Wayne's wife Gretchen Wayne.
References in popular culture
Part of a 1988 episode of Married... with Children, titled "All In The Family", has Al Bundy readying himself to watch Hondo in peace during a three-day weekend, but Peggy's family comes to visit, and their ensuing problems prevent him from seeing the film, just as their antics prevented him from seeing Shane the previous year. A 1994 episode of Married... with Children, titled "Assault and Batteries", has a subplot in which Al is desperate not to miss a television airing of Hondo because, as he explains, it is the best John Wayne movie and it only airs "once every 17 years". Al does miss this airing at the end of the episode and will have to wait until February 18, 2011 to see it again. Al holds the film in very high esteem, once telling Peggy's family members "Your lives are meaningless compared to Hondo!"
Two later John Wayne Westerns contain subtle references to "Hondo." In Rio Lobo (1970), a wanted poster for Hondo Lane can be seen on a wall in the sheriff's office. In the 1973 film The Train Robbers, the chief male and female characters (played by Wayne and Ann-Margret) are Lane and Mrs. Lowe, the same names as in "Hondo".
In Men in Black 3 (2012), Agent K refers to Agent J as "Hondo" when J stares at him as he drives, "You lose something over here, Hondo?"
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Hondo (film)
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Broadway () is a road in the U.S. state of New York. Broadway runs from State Street at Bowling Green for through the borough of Manhattan and through the Bronx, exiting north from New York City to run an additional through the Westchester County municipalities of Yonkers, Hastings-On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow.
It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, with much of the current street beginning as the Wickquasgeck trail before the arrival of Europeans. This then formed the basis for one of the primary thoroughfares of the Dutch New Amsterdam colony, which continued under British rule, although most of it did not bear its current name until the late 19th century.
Broadway in Manhattan is known widely as the heart of the American commercial theatrical industry, and is used as a metonym for it, as well as in the names of alternative theatrical ventures such as Off-Broadway and Off-off-Broadway.
History
Colonial history
Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. This trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island.
Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail was widened and soon became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642 ("the Wickquasgeck Road over which the Indians passed daily"). The Dutch called it the Heeren Wegh or Heeren Straat, meaning "Gentlemen's Way" or "Gentlemen's Street" – echoing the name of a similar street in Amsterdam – or "High Street" or "the Highway"; it was renamed "Broadway" after the British took over the city, because of its unusual width. Although currently the name of the street is simply "Broadway", in a 1776 map of New York City, it is labeled as "Broadway Street".
18th century
In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town commons north of Wall Street. The part of Broadway in what is now Lower Manhattan was initially known as Great George Street. Traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road and the West Side via Bloomingdale Road, which opened in 1703, continued up to 117th Street and contributed to the development of the modern Upper West Side into an upscale area with mansions.
In her 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans, Fanny Trollope wrote of her impressions of New York City in general and of Broadway in particular:
19th century
In 1868, Bloomingdale Road between 59th Street (at the Grand Circle, now Columbus Circle) and 155th Streets would be paved and widened, becoming an avenue with landscaped medians. It was called "Western Boulevard" or "The Boulevard". An 1897 official map of the city shows a segment of what is now Broadway as "Kingsbridge Road" in the vicinity of Washington Heights.
On February 14, 1899, the name "Broadway" was extended to the entire Broadway / Bloomingdale / Boulevard / Kingsbridge complex.
20th century
In the 20th century, a 30-block stretch of Broadway, extending mainly between Times Square at 42nd Street and Sherman Square at 72nd Street, formed part of Manhattan's "Automobile Row". Before the first decade of the 20th century, the area was occupied mostly by equestrian industries and was "thoroughly lifeless", but by 1907, The New York Times characterized this section of Broadway as having "almost a solid line of motor vehicle signs all the way from Times Square to Sherman Square". In the late 1900s and early 1910s, several large automobile showrooms, stores, and garages were built on Broadway, including the U.S. Rubber Company Building at 58th Street, the B.F. Goodrich showroom at 1780 Broadway (between 58th and 57th Streets), the Fisk Building at 250 West 57th Street, and the Demarest and Peerless Buildings at 224 West 57th Street.
Broadway once was a two-way street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle (59th Street), came about in several stages. On June 6, 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. None of Broadway became one-way, but the increased southbound traffic between Columbus Circle (Eighth Avenue) and Times Square (Seventh Avenue) caused the city to re-stripe that section of Broadway for four southbound and two northbound lanes. Broadway became one-way from Columbus Circle south to Herald Square (34th Street) on March 10, 1957, in conjunction with Sixth Avenue becoming one-way from Herald Square north to 59th Street and Seventh Avenue becoming one-way from 59th Street south to Times Square (where it crosses Broadway). On June 3, 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place and Church Street carrying northbound traffic.
Another change was made on November 10, 1963, when Broadway became one-way southbound from Herald Square to Madison Square (23rd Street) and Union Square (14th Street) to Canal Street, and two routes – Sixth Avenue south of Herald Square and Centre Street, Lafayette Street, and Fourth Avenue south of Union Square – became one-way northbound. Finally, at the same time as Madison Avenue became one-way northbound and Fifth Avenue became one-way southbound, Broadway was made one-way southbound between Madison Square (where Fifth Avenue crosses) and Union Square on January 14, 1966, completing its conversion south of Columbus Circle.
21st century
In 2001, a one-block section of Broadway between 72nd Street and 73rd Street at Verdi Square was reconfigured. Its easternmost lanes, which formerly hosted northbound traffic, were turned into a public park when a new subway entrance for the 72nd Street station was built in the exact location of these lanes. Northbound traffic on Broadway is now channeled onto Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, makes a left turn on the three-lane 73rd Street, and then a right turn on Broadway shortly afterward.
In August 2008, two traffic lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street to Union Square.
Since May 2009, the portions of Broadway through Duffy Square, Times Square, and Herald Square have been closed entirely to automobile traffic, except for cross traffic on the Streets and Avenues, as part of a traffic and pedestrianization experiment, with the pavement reserved exclusively for walkers, cyclists, and those lounging in temporary seating placed by the city. The city decided that the experiment was successful, and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Though the anticipated benefits to traffic flow were not as large as hoped, pedestrian injuries dropped dramatically and foot traffic increased in the designated areas; the project was popular with both residents and businesses. The current portions converted into pedestrian plazas are between West 47th and 42nd Streets within Times and Duffy Squares, and between West 35th and 33rd Streets in the Herald Square area. Additionally, portions of Broadway in Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, allowing ample pedestrian plazas to exist along the side of the road.
2010s
A terrorist attempted to set off a bomb on Broadway in Times Square on May 1, 2010. The attempted bomber was sentenced to life in prison.
In May 2013, the NYCDOT decided to redesign Broadway between 35th and 42nd Streets for the second time in five years, owing to poor connections between pedestrian plazas and decreased vehicular traffic. With the new redesign, the bike lane is now on the right side of the street; it was formerly on the left side adjacent to the pedestrian plazas, causing conflicts between pedestrian and bicycle traffic.
In spring 2017, as part of a capital reconstruction of Worth Square, Broadway between 24th and 25th Streets was converted to a shared street, where through vehicles are banned and delivery vehicles are restricted to . Delivery vehicles go northbound from Fifth Avenue to 25th Street for that one block, reversing the direction of traffic and preventing vehicles from going south on Broadway south of 25th Street. The capital project expands on a 2008 initiative where part of the intersection of Broadway and Fifth Avenue was repurposed into a public plaza, simplifying that intersection. As part of the 2017 project, Worth Square was expanded, converting the adjoining block of Broadway into a "shared street".
In September 2019, the pedestrian space in the Herald Square area was expanded between 33rd and 32nd Streets alongside Greeley Square. Five blocks of Broadway—from 50th to 48th, 39th to 39th, and 23rd to 21st Street—were converted into shared streets in late 2021. The block between 40th and 39th Streets, known as Golda Meir Square, was closed to vehicular traffic at that time.
2020s
During 2020, the section from 31st to 25th Street was converted to a temporary pedestrian-only street called NoMad Piazza as part of the New York City Department of Transportation's Open Streets program. Following the success of the pedestrian-only street, the Flatiron/23rd Street Partnership BID closed the section between 25th and 27th Streets to vehicular traffic again during 2021 and 2022.
City officials announced in March 2023 that the section of Broadway between 32nd and 21st Streets would be redesigned as part of a project called Broadway Vision. The section between 32nd and 25th Streets would receive a bidirectional bike lane and would be converted to a shared street. Cars would be banned permanently from 27th to 25th Street.
Route
Route description
Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River (the portion of the Hudson River bordering Manhattan), from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a one-way southbound street. Since 2009, vehicular traffic has been banned at Times Square between 47th and 42nd Streets, and at Herald Square between 35th and 33rd Streets as part of a pilot program; the right-of-way is intact and reserved for cyclists and pedestrians. From the northern shore of Manhattan, Broadway crosses Spuyten Duyvil Creek via the Broadway Bridge and continues through Marble Hill (a discontiguous portion of the borough of Manhattan) and the Bronx into Westchester County. U.S. 9 continues to be known as Broadway until its junction with NY 117.
Lower Manhattan
The section of lower Broadway from its origin at Bowling Green to City Hall Park is the historical location for the city's ticker-tape parades, and is sometimes called the "Canyon of Heroes" during such events. West of Broadway, as far as Canal Street, was the city's fashionable residential area until ; landfill has more than tripled the area, and the Hudson River shore now lies far to the west, beyond Tribeca and Battery Park City.
Broadway marks the boundary between Greenwich Village to the west and the East Village to the east, passing Astor Place. It is a short walk from there to New York University near Washington Square Park, which is at the foot of Fifth Avenue. A bend in front of Grace Church allegedly avoids an earlier tavern; from 10th Street it begins its long diagonal course across Manhattan, headed almost due north.
Midtown Manhattan
Because Broadway preceded the grid that the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 imposed on the island, Broadway crosses midtown Manhattan diagonally, intersecting with both the east–west streets and north–south avenues. Broadway's intersections with avenues, marked by "squares" (some merely triangular slivers of open space), have induced some interesting architecture, such as the Flatiron Building.
At Union Square, Broadway crosses 14th Street, merges with Fourth Avenue, and continues its diagonal uptown course from the Square's northwest corner; Union Square is the only location wherein the physical section of Broadway is discontinuous in Manhattan (other portions of Broadway in Manhattan are pedestrian-only plazas). At Madison Square, the location of the Flatiron Building, Broadway crosses Fifth Avenue at 23rd Street, and is discontinuous to vehicles for a one-block stretch between 24th and 25th Streets. At Greeley Square (West 32nd Street), Broadway crosses Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), and is discontinuous to vehicles until West 35th Street. Macy's Herald Square department store, one block north of the vehicular discontinuity, is located on the northwest corner of Broadway and West 34th Street and southwest corner of Broadway and West 35th Street; it is one of the largest department stores in the world.
One famous stretch near Times Square, where Broadway crosses Seventh Avenue in midtown Manhattan, is the home of many Broadway theatres, housing an ever-changing array of commercial, large-scale plays, particularly musicals. This area of Manhattan is often called the Theater District or the Great White Way, a nickname originating in the headline "Found on the Great White Way" in the February 3, 1902, edition of the New York Evening Telegram. The journalistic nickname was inspired by the millions of lights on theater marquees and billboard advertisements that illuminate the area. After becoming the city's de facto red-light district in the 1960s and 1970s (as can be seen in the films Taxi Driver and Midnight Cowboy), since the late 1980s Times Square has emerged as a family tourist center, in effect being Disneyfied following the company's purchase and renovation of the New Amsterdam Theatre on 42nd Street in 1993.
The New York Times, from which the Square gets its name, was published at offices at 239 West 43rd Street; the paper stopped printing papers there on June 15, 2007.
Upper West Side
At the southwest corner of Central Park, Broadway crosses Eighth Avenue (called Central Park West north of 59th Street) at West 59th Street and Columbus Circle; on the site of the former New York Coliseum convention center is the new shopping center at the foot of the Time Warner Center, headquarters of Time Warner. From Columbus Circle northward, Broadway becomes a wide boulevard to 169th Street; it retains landscaped center islands that separate northbound from southbound traffic. The medians are a vestige of the central mall of "The Boulevard" that had become the spine of the Upper West Side, and many of these contain public seating.
Broadway intersects with Columbus Avenue (known as Ninth Avenue south of West 59th Street) at West 65th and 66th Streets where the Juilliard School and Lincoln Center, both well-known performing arts landmarks, as well as the Manhattan New York Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are located.
Between West 70th and 73rd Streets, Broadway intersects with Amsterdam Avenue (known as 10th Avenue south of West 59th Street). The wide intersection of the two thoroughfares has historically been the site of numerous traffic accidents and pedestrian casualties, partly due to the long crosswalks. Two small triangular plots of land were created at points where Broadway slices through Amsterdam Avenue. One is a tiny fenced-in patch of shrubbery and plants at West 70th Street called Sherman Square (although it and the surrounding intersection have also been known collectively as Sherman Square), and the other triangle is a lush tree-filled garden bordering Amsterdam Avenue from just above West 72nd Street to West 73rd Street. Named Verdi Square in 1921 for its monument to Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi, which was erected in 1909, this triangular sliver of public space was designated a Scenic Landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1974, one of nine city parks that have received the designation. In the 1960s and 1970s, the area surrounding both Verdi Square and Sherman Square was known by local drug users and dealers as "Needle Park", and was featured prominently in the gritty 1971 dramatic film The Panic in Needle Park, directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Al Pacino in his second onscreen role.
The original brick and stone shelter leading to the entrance of the 72nd Street subway station, one of the first 28 subway stations in Manhattan, remains located on one of the wide islands in the center of Broadway, on the south side of West 72nd Street. For many years, all traffic on Broadway flowed on either side of this median and its subway entrance, and its uptown lanes went past it along the western edge of triangular Verdi Square. In 2001 and 2002, renovation of the historic 72nd Street station and the addition of a second subway control house and passenger shelter on an adjacent center median just north of 72nd Street, across from the original building, resulted in the creation of a public plaza with stone pavers and extensive seating, connecting the newer building with Verdi Square, and making it necessary to divert northbound traffic to Amsterdam Avenue for one block. While Broadway's southbound lanes at this intersection were unaffected by the new construction, its northbound lanes are no longer contiguous at this intersection. Drivers can either continue along Amsterdam Avenue to head uptown or turn left on West 73rd Street to resume traveling on Broadway.
Several notable apartment buildings are in close proximity to this intersection, including The Ansonia, its ornate architecture dominating the cityscape here. After the Ansonia first opened as a hotel, live seals were kept in indoor fountains inside its lobby. Later, it was home to the infamous Plato's Retreat nightclub. Immediately north of Verdi Square is the formidable Apple Bank for Savings building, formerly the Central Savings Bank, which was built in 1926 and designed to resemble the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Broadway is also home to the Beacon Theatre at West 74th Street, designated a national landmark in 1979 and still in operation as a concert venue after its establishment in 1929 as a vaudeville and music hall, and "sister" venue to Radio City Music Hall.
At its intersection with West 78th Street, Broadway shifts direction and continues directly uptown and aligned approximately with the Commissioners' grid. Past the bend are the historic Apthorp apartment building, built in 1908, and the First Baptist Church in the City of New York, incorporated in New York in 1762, its current building on Broadway erected in 1891. The road heads north and passes historically important apartment houses such as the Belnord, the Astor Court Building, and the Art Nouveau Cornwall.
At Broadway and 95th Street is Symphony Space, established in 1978 as home to avant-garde and classical music and dance performances in the former Symphony Theatre, which was originally built in 1918 as a premier "music and motion-picture house". At 99th Street, Broadway passes between the controversial skyscrapers of the Ariel East and West.
At 107th Street, Broadway merges with West End Avenue, with the intersection forming Straus Park with its Titanic Memorial by Augustus Lukeman.
Northern Manhattan and the Bronx
Broadway then passes the campus of Columbia University at 116th Street in Morningside Heights, in part on the tract that housed the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum from 1808 until it moved to Westchester County in 1894. Still in Morningside Heights, Broadway passes the park-like campus of Barnard College. Next, the Gothic quadrangle of Union Theological Seminary, and the brick buildings of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America with their landscaped interior courtyards, face one another across Broadway. On the next block is the Manhattan School of Music.
Broadway then runs past the Manhattanville campus of Columbia University, and the main campus of CUNY–City College near 135th Street; the Gothic buildings of the original City College campus are out of sight, a block to the east. Also to the east are the brownstones of Hamilton Heights. Hamilton Place is a surviving section of Bloomingdale Road, and originally the address of Alexander Hamilton's house, The Grange, which has been moved.
Broadway achieves a verdant, park-like effect, particularly in the spring, when it runs between the uptown Trinity Church Cemetery and the former Trinity Chapel, now the Church of the Intercession near 155th Street.
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital lies on Broadway near 166th, 167th, and 168th Streets in Washington Heights. The intersection with St. Nicholas Avenue at 167th Street forms Mitchell Square Park. At 178th Street, US 9 becomes concurrent with Broadway.
Broadway crosses the Harlem River on the Broadway Bridge to Marble Hill. Afterward, it then enters the Bronx, where it is the eastern border of Riverdale and the western border of Van Cortlandt Park. At 253rd Street, NY 9A joins with US 9 and Broadway. (NY 9A splits off Broadway at Ashburton Avenue in Yonkers.)
Westchester County
The northwestern corner of the park marks the New York City limit and Broadway enters Westchester County in Yonkers, where it is now known as South Broadway. It trends ever westward, closer to the Hudson River, remaining a busy urban commercial street. In downtown Yonkers, it drops close to the river, becomes North Broadway and 9A leaves via Ashburton Avenue. Broadway climbs to the nearby ridgetop runs parallel to the river and the railroad, a few blocks east of both as it passes St. John's Riverside Hospital. The neighborhoods become more residential and the road gently undulates along the ridgetop. In Yonkers, Broadway passes the historic Philipse Manor house, which dates back to colonial times.
It remains Broadway as it leaves Yonkers for Hastings-on-Hudson, where it splits into separate north and south routes for . The trees become taller and the houses, many separated from the road by stone fences, become larger. Another National Historic Landmark, the John William Draper House, was the site of the first astrophotograph of the Moon.
In the next village, Dobbs Ferry, Broadway has various views of the Hudson River while passing through the residential section. Broadway passes by the Old Croton Aqueduct and nearby the shopping district of the village. After intersecting with Ashford Avenue, Broadway passes Mercy College, then turns left again at the center of town just past South Presbyterian Church, headed for equally comfortable Ardsley-on-Hudson and Irvington. Villa Lewaro, the home of Madam C. J. Walker, the first African-American millionaire, is along the highway here. At the north end of the village of Irvington, a memorial to writer Washington Irving, after whom the village was renamed, marks the turnoff to his home at Sunnyside. Entering into the southern portion of Tarrytown, Broadway passes by historic Lyndhurst mansion, a massive mansion built along the Hudson River built in the early 1800s.
North of here, at the Kraft Foods technical center, the Tappan Zee Bridge becomes visible. After crossing under the Thruway and I-87 again, here concurrent with I-287, and then intersecting with the four-lane NY 119, where 119 splits off to the east, Broadway becomes the busy main street of Tarrytown. Christ Episcopal Church, where Irving worshiped, is along the street. Many high-quality restaurants and shops are along this main road. This downtown ends at the eastern terminus of NY 448, where Broadway slopes off to the left, downhill, and four signs indicate that Broadway turns left, passing the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, another NHL. The road then enters Sleepy Hollow (formerly North Tarrytown), passing the visitors' center for Kykuit, the National Historic Landmark that was (and partially still is) the Rockefeller family's estate. Broadway then passes the historic Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, which includes the resting place of Washington Irving and the setting for "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow".
Broadway expands to four lanes at the trumpet intersection with NY 117, where it finally ends and U.S. 9 becomes Albany Post Road (and Highland Avenue) at the northern border of Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Nicknamed sections
Canyon of Heroes
Canyon of Heroes is occasionally used to refer to the section of lower Broadway in the Financial District that is the location of the city's ticker-tape parades. The traditional route of the parade is northward from Bowling Green to City Hall Park. Most of the route is lined with tall office buildings along both sides, affording a view of the parade for thousands of office workers who create the snowstorm-like jettison of shredded paper products that characterize the parade.
While typical sports championship parades have been showered with some 50 tons of confetti and shredded paper, the V-J Day parade on August 14–15, 1945 – marking the end of World War II – was covered with 5,438 tons of paper, based on estimates provided by the New York City Department of Sanitation.
More than 200 black granite strips embedded in the sidewalks along the Canyon of Heroes list honorees of past ticker-tape parades.
Great White Way
"The Great White Way" is a nickname for a section of Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, specifically the portion that encompasses the Theater District, between 42nd and 53rd Streets, and encompassing Times Square.
In 1880, a stretch of Broadway between Union Square and Madison Square was illuminated by Brush arc lamps, making it among the first electrically lighted streets in the United States. By the 1890s, the portion from 23rd Street to 34th Street was so brightly illuminated by electrical advertising signs, that people began calling it "The Great White Way". When the theater district moved uptown, the name was transferred to the Times Square area.
The phrase "Great White Way" has been attributed to Shep Friedman, columnist for the New York Morning Telegraph in 1901, who lifted the term from the title of a book about the Arctic by Albert Paine. The headline "Found on the Great White Way" appeared in the February 3, 1902, edition of the New York Evening Telegram.
A portrait of Broadway in the early part of the 20th century and "The Great White Way" late at night appeared in "Artist In Manhattan" (1940) written by the artist-historian Jerome Myers:
Transportation
From south to north, Broadway at one point or another runs over or under various New York City Subway lines, including the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, the BMT Broadway Line, IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, and IND Eighth Avenue Line (the IND Sixth Avenue Line is the only north–south trunk line in Manhattan that does not run along Broadway).
The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under Broadway from Bowling Green to Fulton Street ().
The BMT Broadway Line runs under it from City Hall to Times Square–42nd Street ().
The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line runs under and over Broadway from Times Square to 168th Street (), and again from 218th Street to its terminal in the Bronx at Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street ().
The northern portion of the IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under Broadway from Dyckman Street to Inwood–207th Street ().
Early street railways on Broadway included the Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad's Broadway and University Place Line (1864?) between Union Square (14th Street) and Times Square (42nd Street), the Ninth Avenue Railroad's Ninth and Amsterdam Avenues Line (1884) between 65th Street and 71st Street, the Forty-second Street, Manhattanville and St. Nicholas Avenue Railway's Broadway Branch Line (1885?) between Times Square and 125th Street, and the Kingsbridge Railway's Kingsbridge Line north of 169th Street. The Broadway Surface Railroad's Broadway Line, a cable car line, opened on lower Broadway (below Times Square) in 1893, and soon became the core of the Metropolitan Street Railway, with two cable branches: the Broadway and Lexington Avenue Line and Broadway and Columbus Avenue Line.
These streetcar lines were replaced with bus routes in the 1930s and 1940s. Before Broadway became one-way, the main bus routes along it were the New York City Omnibus Company's (NYCO) 6 (Broadway below Times Square), 7 (Broadway and Columbus Avenue), and 11 (Ninth and Amsterdam Avenues), and the Surface Transportation Corporation's M100 (Kingsbridge) and M104 (Broadway Branch). Additionally, the Fifth Avenue Coach Company's (FACCo) 4 and 5 used Broadway from 135th Street north to Washington Heights, and their 5 and 6 used Broadway between 57th Street and 72nd Street. With the implementation of one-way traffic, the northbound 6 and 7 were moved to Sixth Avenue.
, Broadway is served by the M4 (ex-FACCo 4), M7 (ex-NYCO 7), M55, M100, and M104. Other routes that use part of Broadway include the M5 (ex-FACCo 5), M10, M20, M60 Select Bus Service, Bx7, Bx9, and Bx20.
Bee-Line buses also serves Broadway within Riverdale and Westchester County. Routes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, and several others run on a portion of Broadway.
Notable buildings
Broadway is lined with many famous and otherwise noted and historic buildings, such as:
2 Broadway
280 Broadway (also known as the Marble Palace, the A.T. Stewart Company Store, or The Sun Building)
Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House (1 Bowling Green, between the two legs of the southern end of Broadway)
American Surety Building (100 Broadway)
Ansonia Hotel (2109 Broadway)
Bowling Green Fence and Park (between 25 and 26 Broadway)
Bowling Green Offices Building (11 Broadway)
Brill Building (1619 Broadway)
Corbin Building (196 Broadway)
Cunard Building (25 Broadway)
Dyckman House (4881 Broadway)
Equitable Building (120 Broadway)
Flatiron Building (Fifth Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street)
Gilsey House (1200 Broadway)
Gorham Manufacturing Company Building (889-91 Broadway)
Home Life Building (253, 256 Broadway)
International Mercantile Marine Company Building (1 Broadway)
Morgan Stanley Building (1585 Broadway)
One Times Square (1475 Broadway)
Paramount Building (1501 Broadway)
Standard Oil Building (26 Broadway)
Trinity Church (79 Broadway)
Union Theological Seminary (3041 Broadway)
United Palace (4140 Broadway)
United States Lines-Panama Pacific Lines Building (1 Broadway)
Winter Garden Theatre (1634 Broadway)
Woolworth Building (233 Broadway)
Historic buildings on Broadway that are now demolished include:
Appleton Building
Alexander Macomb House
Barnum's American Museum
Equitable Life Building
Grand Central Hotel (673 Broadway)
Mechanics' Hall
Metropolitan Opera House, from 1883 to 1966, between 39th and 40th Streets
Singer Tower (Liberty Street and Broadway)
St. Nicholas Hotel
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Broadway (Manhattan)
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Vuelvealavida, Rompecolchón, and Siete Potencias (Back into Life, Mattress-breaker and Seven Powers) are names given to various seafood cocktails in Venezuela. These cocktails are believed, perhaps apocryphally, to serve as revitalisers or sexual stimulants. This has not been confirmed by conventional science. These cocktails are commonly sold on Venezuelan beaches.
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Vuelvealavida
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Garriston is a hamlet and civil parish north-east of Leyburn in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. In 2015, North Yorkshire County Council estimated the population at 20. At the 2011 census the population remained less than 100. Details are included in the parish of West Hauxwell.
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Garriston
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Shifrin, Shiffrin and Schifrin (, ) is a matronymic Jewish surname of Yiddish origin. Notable people with the surname include:
Avraham Shifrin, Soviet-born human rights activist, Zionist, author, lawyer, and Israeli politician
David Shifrin, American classical clarinetist
Eduard Shifrin, Ukraine-born billionaire
Efim Shifrin, Russian actor and comedian
Eleonora Shifrin, Soviet-born Israeli politician
Karin Shifrin, Israeli opera singer
Lalo Schifrin, Argentine pianist and composer
Mikaela Shiffrin, American alpine skier
Peter Schifrin, American Olympic fencer and sculptor
Richard Shiffrin, American psychologist
Seana Shiffrin, American philosopher
Seymour Shifrin, American composer
See also
Anya Schiffrin
Jewish matronymic surnames
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Shifrin
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Eutzsch is a village and a former municipality in Wittenberg district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Kemberg.
Geography
Eutzsch lies about 6 km south of Lutherstadt Wittenberg.
History
Eutzsch had its first documentary mention in 965 under the name Usizi.
Economy and transportation
Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B 2 between Wittenberg and Bad Düben, and the B 100 both run straight through the community. Eutzsch's railway station is on the line running from Berlin to Nuremberg and Munich.
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Eutzsch
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Tungsten disulfide is an inorganic chemical compound composed of tungsten and sulfur with the chemical formula WS2. This compound is part of the group of materials called the transition metal dichalcogenides. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral tungstenite. This material is a component of certain catalysts used for hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrification.
WS2 adopts a layered structure similar, or isotypic with MoS2, instead with W atoms situated in trigonal prismatic coordination sphere (in place of Mo atoms). Owing to this layered structure, WS2 forms non-carbon nanotubes, which were discovered after heating a thin sample of WS2 in 1992.
Structure and physical properties
Bulk WS2 forms dark gray hexagonal crystals with a layered structure. Like the closely related MoS2, it exhibits properties of a dry lubricant.
Although it has long been thought that WS2 is relatively stable in ambient air, recent reports on the ambient air oxidation of monolayer WS2 have found this to not be the case. In the monolayer form, WS2 is converted rather rapidly (over the course of days in ambient light and atmosphere) to tungsten oxide via a photo-oxidation reaction involving visible wavelengths of light readily absorbed by monolayer WS2 (< ~660 nm; > ~1.88 eV). In addition to light of suitable wavelength, the reaction likely requires both oxygen and water to proceed, with the water thought to act as a catalyst for oxidation. The products of the reaction likely include various tungsten oxide species and sulfuric acid. The oxidation of other semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides (S-TMDs) such as MoS2, has similarly been observed to occur in ambient light and atmospheric conditions.
WS2 is also attacked by a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid. When heated in oxygen-containing atmosphere, WS2 converts to tungsten trioxide. When heated in absence of oxygen, WS2 does not melt but decomposes to tungsten and sulfur, but only at 1250 °C.
Historically monolayer WS2 was isolated using chemical exfoliation via intercalation with lithium from n-butyl lithium (in hexane), followed by exfoliation of the Li intercalated compound by sonication in water. WS2 also undergoes exfoliation by treatment with various reagents such as chlorosulfonic acid and the lithium halides.
Synthesis
WS2 is produced by a number of methods. Many of these methods involve treating oxides with sources of sulfide or hydrosulfide, supplied as hydrogen sulfide or generated in situ.
Thin films and monolayers
Widely used techniques for the growth of monolayer WS2 include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD) or metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), though most current methods produce sulfur vacancy defects in excess of 1×1013 cm−2. Other routes entail thermolysis of tungsten(VI) sulfides (e.g., (R4N)2WS4) or the equivalent (e.g., WS3).
Freestanding WS2 films can be produced as follows. WS2 is deposited on a hydrophilic substrate, such as sapphire, and then coated with a polymer, such as polystyrene. After dipping the sample in water for a few minutes, the hydrophobic WS2 film spontaneously peels off.
Applications
WS2 is used, in conjunction with other materials, as catalyst for hydrotreating of crude oil. In recent years it has also found applications as a saturable for passively mode locked fibre lasers resulting in femtosecond pulses being produced.
Lamellar tungsten disulphide is used as a dry lubricant for fasteners, bearings, and molds, as well as having significant use in aerospace and military industries. WS2 can be applied to a metal surface without binders or curing, via high-velocity air impingement. The most recent official standard for this process is laid out in the SAE International specification AMS2530A.
Research
Like MoS2, nanostructured WS2 is actively studied for potential applications, such as storage of hydrogen and lithium. WS2 also catalyses hydrogenation of carbon dioxide:
CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O
Nanotubes
Tungsten disulfide is the first material which was found to form non-carbon nanotubes, in 1992. This ability is related to the layered structure of WS2, and macroscopic amounts of WS2 have been produced by the methods mentioned above. WS2 nanotubes have been investigated as reinforcing agents to improve the mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites. In a study, WS2 nanotubes reinforced biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites of polypropylene fumarate (PPF) showed significant increases in the Young's modulus, compression yield strength, flexural modulus and flexural yield strength, compared to single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced PPF nanocomposites, suggesting that WS2 nanotubes may be better reinforcing agents than carbon nanotubes. The addition of WS2 nanotubes to epoxy resin improved adhesion, fracture toughness and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy is lower than that of pure epoxy. WS2 nanotubes were embedded into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning. The nanotubes were well dispersed and aligned along fiber axis. The enhanced stiffness and toughness of PMMA fiber meshes by means of non-carbon nanotubes addition may have potential uses as impact-absorbing materials, e.g. for ballistic vests.
WS2 nanotubes are hollow and can be filled with another material, to preserve or guide it to a desired location, or to generate new properties in the filler material which is confined within a nanometer-scale diameter. To this goal, non-carbon nanotube hybrids were made by filling WS2 nanotubes with molten lead, antimony or bismuth iodide salt by a capillary wetting process, resulting in PbI2@WS2, SbI3@WS2 or BiI3@WS2 core–shell nanotubes.
Nanosheets
WS2 can also exist in the form of atomically thin sheets. Such materials exhibit room-temperature photoluminescence in the monolayer limit.
Transistors
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) is investigating use of as a channel material in field effect transistors. The approximately 6-layer thick material is created using chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
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Tungsten disulfide
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"Camelot" is an episode of the British comedy television series The Goodies. Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. This episode featured extensive location filming at Bodiam Castle.
Plot
Tim says that he is expecting a letter from his Uncle King Arthur. Bill points out that King Arthur is not Tim's uncle. Tim responds, "Okay, Arthur King", and goes on to point out that his uncle's name is King Arthur on his birth certificate, although admits that there is a comma between "King" and "Arthur". He insisted that the uncle does look "king-ish" and he does live at Camelot, not "Camelot" in Bill's sense, but "Camelot, 33 Acacia Road, Wessex. Graeme and Bill mock Tim about it, and Graeme asks Tim if his aunt is Queen Guinevere. Tim answers "No, of course she's not Queen Guinevere. She's Queen Doris". Tim's other relatives include his Uncle Sir Lancelot, and a parson (the Venerable Bede).
Tim's Uncle King Arthur's heralds signal their arrival by blowing their trumpets, and deliver the letter to Tim by hand. Uncle King Arthur writes that he is having trouble with the local Town Planner and asks Tim to look after "Camelot" while he and the family are on holiday. He says that he will make Tim the Earl of Northumbria if Tim succeeds in keeping "Camelot" out of the Town Planner's hands.
Then, the Town Planner arrives accompanied by two of his clerks (standover men), and asks the Goodies to sign a release for "Camelot" to be handed over to him (following which "Camelot" can be demolished and replaced by a super-highway). Graeme decides that they should fight for "Camelot".
When the Goodies arrive at "Camelot", which is located in an ordinary suburban street, they are surprised to find that "Camelot" is indeed a real castle, complete with drawbridge and moat, bearing an extraordinary resemblance to Bodiam Castle.
Graeme, wandering around the castle, sees some notices on the wall: "An Englishman's castle is his home." and "You don't have to be mad to live here, but it helps", both of which he proceeds to rip off the wall. Bill walks into the room dressed in medieval clothes, while Tim arrives dressed as a jester and immediately begins to tell jester jokes. Tim and Bill say "Once a Knight, always a knight, twice a night, and you're doing all right!" followed by Tim and Bill singing (and dancing) a duet of the Morecambe and Wise song "Bring Me Sunshine".
Graeme is determined to keep "Camelot" safe, and he decides to open the castle to the public to help with its financial upkeep. He sings: "Roll up, roll up to Camelot in 1973, and tour the Middle Ages for only 50p".
The Town Planner then arrives at "Camelot", and Bill signs over the castle to him, saying that Tim's uncle and aunt would like a "two up, two down". Graeme is horrified at what Bill has done and says that Bill should not have sold the castle. Graeme refuses to hand the castle over to the Town Planner, saying that everyone who comes to the castle has to be dressed in medieval clothes. The Town Planner says that he will be back and will take over the castle by vacant possession. Graeme says that they do not intend to leave the castle. However, a fire-breathing dragon and a woman's scream succeed in making the Goodies do so. While they are outside rescuing the 'damsel in distress' from the dragon, the Town Planner returns (dressed as the Black Knight in a suit of medieval armour) to take over the vacant castle, sending the Goodies to the torture chamber to force their consent, but fails.
To regain the castle, the Goodies fight the Town Planner and his clerks in archery, swordsmanship and jousting (with the Goodies riding their trandem instead of a horse). The Goodies and their adversaries also fight other medieval contests, and the Goodies end up winning the battle, so they are able to hold on to the castle for Tim's relatives.
King Arthur and Queen Doris and their family then return from their holiday and everything returns to normal at "Camelot".
DVD and VHS releases
This episode has been released on DVD.
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Camelot (The Goodies)
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LFF Stadium (Lithuanian Football Federation stadium, ), formerly known as Vėtra Stadium, is a football stadium in Vilnius, Lithuania. The stadium has a capacity of 5,067 people and was home of the Lithuanian national football team between 2012 and 2022.
Overview
The stadium was originally built in 1957 and was first named Lokomotyvas. It was rebuilt in 2004 and renamed to Vėtra Stadium as the home ground of FK Vėtra. In 2005 it hosted its first national team matches.
Following the bankruptcy of Vėtra in 2010, the stadium was taken over by the Lithuanian Football Federation and renamed again as the LFF Stadium. The stadium has undergone various improvements to meet the UEFA Category 3 stadium requirements. Following the renovation, the stadium also includes the new headquarters of the LFF, while the grass pitch was changed to an artificial turf.
In 2015 the stadium was renewed - the artificial turf was renewed with a new higher quality surface, and the stadium lighting system was updated.
After a public backlash to an incident that occurred during the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group E match versus England, a specially created municipal investigative commission deemed the Southern stand structurally deficient and unfit to seat spectators. While the stadium underwent minor improvements afterwards, including an installation of a new scoreboard before an international game against Malta in 2016, the stand remained in use, infamously resulting in three fans sustaining injuries during the very same match when part of a floor in the stand cracked. It was then renovated in 2017. During the 2021 season, the Eastern stand's seating sections were also reinforced. The pitch was again relayed in April 2020 and June 2023.
Since 2011, the stadium has been the main venue of a majority of the city’s football clubs – Žalgiris Vilnius and Riteriai play here, as well as numerous clubs from the lower divisions. Between 2012 and 2022, the ground was the home venue of the Lithuanian national football team. It also sometimes hosts local american football team Iron Wolves of the Baltic American Football League, and it's also the venue of the Dancing Day of the Lithuanian Song Festival.
The current capacity of the stadium is 5,067.
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LFF Stadium
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Chełm County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Chełm, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Chełm County is Rejowiec Fabryczny, which lies west of Chełm.
The county covers an area of . As of 2006, its total population is 74,595, out of which the population of Rejowiec Fabryczny is 4,406 and the rural population is 70,189.
The emblem and flag of Chełm county was designed by Dr. Krzysztof Skupieński, a history teacher. The emblem harkens back to the old emblem of historical Chełm, which itself recounts the traditional folk tale of Głupi Redaktorski the great northern bear. Głupi can be seen, coated in silver, as she travels across the green fields of Chełm and its mythical golden oaks.
The county includes part of the protected area called Chełm Landscape Park.
Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Chełm, Chełm County is also bordered by Hrubieszów County to the south-east, Zamość County to the south, Krasnystaw County to the south-west, Świdnik County and Łęczna County to the west, and Włodawa County to the north. It also borders Ukraine to the east.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 15 gminas (one urban and 14 rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. (Gmina Rejowiec belonged to Krasnystaw County until 2006.)
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Chełm County
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Georges Delahaie received his diploma from l'École régionale des beaux-arts d'Angers and then furthered his studies at l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris where he received his diploma in 1957.
From his native Anjou and his studies at l'École régionale des beaux-arts d'Angers, he developed a weighted interest in the work and the craft as is seen in his countless sketches and models.
In Paris, he discovered Brancusi, Henry Moore, the energy of l'École des beaux-arts and the monumental works of the Atelier of Alfred Janniot.
After receiving his diploma, he liberated himself from the city and escaped to his Atelier and home in the countryside in Plouër-sur-Rance. From there, he accomplished his monumental works in copper, grès d'Erquy, pink granite, brass, aluminum and many bronzes. He sculpted the face of Marianne, a bronze measuring over a meter ten, which was commissioned by Étienne Pinte, the mayor of Versailles, for the great marriage hall in the city hall. His trophies were given for equestrian contests in Dinard and the Races at Branlebas. Certain of his objects were edited by Daum and by la Monnaie de Paris. His jewelry evokes an mythology both ancient and abstract.
Georges Delahaie was married to Claudine Demozay, they had a daughter named Eve.
He died the 6 of May 2014.
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Georges Delahaie
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Brandt William Jobe (born August 1, 1965) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Champions Tour. He has also played on the PGA Tour, Nationwide Tour and the Japan Golf Tour.
Early life and amateur career
Jobe was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He attended UCLA where he was a member of the 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Championship winning team.
Professional career
In 1988, Jobe turned professional. In 1990, Jobe led the Order of Merit on the Canadian Tour. He won membership of the PGA Tour at 1990 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates. However, he only made five cuts during the 1991 season. After a few unsettled seasons, during which he won the 1995 Asia Golf Circuit Order of Merit, he established himself on the Japan Golf Tour, where he played from 1995 to 1999 and won six tournaments. He returned to the PGA Tour as special temporary member in September 1999. He has played steadily despite a freak accident in his garage at home. After slicing his hand and severing several fingers with a shattered push broom, Jobe had significant hand and wrist surgery in 2003. He never won on the PGA Tour, but has tied for second place four times, including two in 2005 when he played on a major medical exemption.
Jobe finished 30th on the Nationwide Tour in 2010, which was not enough for a PGA Tour Card, but exempted him through the final stage of Q School, where he finished tied for sixth and earned his 2011 card. In June 2011, Jobe achieved his best finish in six years when he tied for second at the Memorial Tournament, one stroke behind Steve Stricker.
Jobe won the Champions Tour qualifying school to earn his tour card for 2016. On June 11 2017, he recorded his first Champions Tour victory at the Principal Charity Classic with a 14-under-par score of 202.
On August 25, 2019, Jobe won his second PGA Tour Champions victory at the Boeing Classic.
Personal life
Jobe and his wife, Jennifer have a son and a daughter together. Their son, Jackson, was selected third overall by the Detroit Tigers in the 2021 Major League Baseball draft.
Professional wins (15)
PGA of Japan Tour wins (6)
PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (3–0)
Asia Golf Circuit wins (4)
1994 Thailand Open
1995 Sabah Masters, Bali Open, Maekyung Open
Canadian Tour wins (2)
Other wins (1)
1992 Colorado Open
PGA Tour Champions wins (2)
Playoff record
PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place.
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (2001 U.S. Open – 2006 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 0
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = Tied
NT = No tournament
See also
1990 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2010 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
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Brandt Jobe
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Zerelda Elizabeth Cole James Simms Samuel (January 29, 1825 – February 10, 1911) was the mother of outlaws Frank James and Jesse James.
Biography
Cole was born to James and Sarah Lindsay Cole on January 29, 1825, in Woodford County, Kentucky. She had one brother, younger than her by one year, named Jesse Richard Cole. Her brother committed suicide in 1895 for unknown reasons.
She was of English and Scottish descent. When Zerelda was a child, her father broke his neck in a riding accident, leaving her mother with two young children. They were taken in by her paternal grandfather, who owned a saloon. Later, her mother remarried Robert Thomason, a farmer. Zerelda did not get along with her new stepfather, Robert, so she went to live with some of her mother's relatives in Kentucky, where she attended a Catholic girls' school.
First marriage
Zerelda Cole married Robert Sallee James on December 28, 1841, at the residence of her uncle, James Madison Lindsay, in Stamping Ground, Kentucky, when she was 16 years old. A college friend of Robert's officiated as the best man, and tobacco was given in bond. The two moved to the vicinity of Centerville (later Kearney, Missouri).
Robert James was a commercial hemp farmer, a slave owner, and a popular evangelical minister in the Baptist Church. Zerelda bore him four children.
Alexander Franklin James (b. January 10, 1843 – d. February 18, 1915)
Robert R. James (b. July 19, 1845 – d. August 21, 1845)
Jesse Woodson James (b. September 5, 1847 – d. April 3, 1882)
Susan Lavenia James (b. November 25, 1849 – d. March 3, 1889)
Shortly after the birth of his daughter, Susan, Robert James moved to California to preach to the gold miners, where he contracted either pneumonia, cholera or typhoid and died on (according to tradition) August 18, 1850. His grave has never been officially identified, and no marker exists for him today. There is a much-disputed story that in later years, Jesse went looking for his father's grave.
Second marriage
Benjamin Simms (born circa 1830 – d. January 2, 1854) was a wealthy farmer who married the widowed Zerelda James on September 30, 1852. The marriage proved unhappy, primarily because Simms disliked Frank James and Jesse James, to whom he was reportedly cruel. Zerelda left Simms, who died on January 2, 1854, when his horse threw him.
Third marriage
Zerelda was married a third time to Dr. Reuben Samuel (b. January 1829 – d. March 1, 1908), on September 25, 1855. Samuel has been described as "a quiet, passive man...standing in the shadow of his outspoken, forceful wife". Dr. Reuben Samuel and Zerelda Samuel had four children:
Sarah Louisa Samuel (b. April 7, 1858 – d. July 14, 1921)
John Thomas Samuel (b. December 25, 1861 – d. March 15, 1934)
Fanny Quantrill Samuel (b. October 18, 1863 – d. May 3, 1922)
Archie Peyton Samuel (b. July 26, 1866 – d. January 26, 1875)
There has been some dispute as to the spelling of the surname "Samuel". Sometimes it is spelled "Samuels". However, the spelling "Samuel" is attested by birth records, family gravestones, and neighbor Homer Croy.
Pinkerton Raid
The Pinkerton Agency's founder and leader, Allan Pinkerton, attempted to capture the James brothers. On the night of January 25, 1875, he staged a raid on the homestead. Detectives threw an incendiary device into the house; it exploded, killing James's young half-brother Archie (named for Archie Clement) and blowing off the right arm of Zerelda Samuel. Afterwards, Pinkerton denied that the raid's intent was arson, but biographer Ted Yeatman located a letter by Pinkerton in the Library of Congress in which Pinkerton declared his intention to "burn the house down."
Post Jesse: The James Farm Tour
With all the press of the famous James brothers of Missouri, the hysteria of the Frank James trial, and all the dime novels of which the family did not approve, it was inevitable that people would turn up at the farm wanting to see the place where the infamous Jesse James had grown up.
Zerelda charged for the tour, and the visitors were taken on a tour of the farmhouse including a vivid account of the Pinkerton Raid in January. The fireplace does not bear burn marks but there is evidence of which floor boards were salvaged and which were replaced when the repairs were made as compensation by Pinkerton to Mrs. James for the death of her son and injury to herself.
The tour culminated at the grave of Jesse, who was originally buried in the front yard outside Zerelda's bedroom window so when she slept at night, she had a clear, unobstructed view of his grave. Zerelda was worried that someone would come and take him so she had him buried an extra few feet down than the standard six. For an extra few coins visitors were allowed to scoop up the "authentic" pebbles from the grave. Zerelda replenished them from the stream where the boys used to play. Years later when Jesse's wife, also named Zerelda, died, his mother had Jesse reburied alongside his wife at Mount Olivet in Kearney, MO. She further would play on the sympathies of her visitors by offering to sell old, rusted, often inoperable guns that she said belonged to Jesse before he died, which in reality she had bought second-hand, leading to a proliferation of people claiming to and sincerely believing that they owned a gun that had once belonged to Jesse James.
Death
Zerelda died in 1911 in the Burlington carriage on a train traveling to San Francisco, California of a heart ailment (some 20 miles outside of Oklahoma City). She was 86 years old and was buried next to Reuben Samuel, her third husband, and sons Jesse and Archie at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Clay County, Missouri.
Popular culture
Mamaw by Susan M. Dodd, a fictional book about Zerelda.
Fran Ryan played Zerelda in the 1980 film The Long Riders, which was a more or less accurate film about the last years of the James-Younger gang after the Civil War
Jane Darwell played Zerelda in the 1939 movie starring Tyrone Power, which has her character dying at the film's beginning, while in reality she outlived her son by nearly 30 years.
Mentioned in the Tom Waits song "Diamond in Your Mind"
The actress Ann Doran portrayed Zerelda in the ABC television series The Legend of Jesse James (1965–1966). Christopher Jones and Allen Case played Jesse and Frank James, respectively.
Timeline
1825 Birth on January 29
1850 Death of Robert Sallee James, her first husband
1854 Death of Benjamin Simms, her second husband
1875 Death of son Archie Samuel
1882 Death of son Jesse James
1900 US Census in Clay County, Missouri
1908 Death of Reuben Samuel, her third husband
1911 Death in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on February 10
1915 Death of son Frank James
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Zerelda James
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"Coming Undone" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn and The Matrix for Korn's seventh studio album, See You on the Other Side. It was released as the album's second single in February 2006.
Chart performance
The song reached number four on Billboards Mainstream Rock Songs chart and number fourteen on the Alternative Songs chart. It also peaked at number seventy-nine on the Hot 100, making it Korn's fourth biggest hit on the chart.
Charts
Live performance
The song is frequently played live, most recently as a combination with Queen's "We Will Rock You" during the first chorus. It is the only song from See You on the Other Side that has remained a staple of their live set. It has also been performed several times on television, including Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Spike TV's Scream Awards.
Music video
The video was directed by Little X, his second time behind the lens for a rock band. The video begins with Korn performing in a desert in broad daylight. The sky begins to shatter like glass during the chorus to reveal a night sky. Later, the whole background shatters, leaving a plain white background. Lastly, they literally become undone while continuing to perform, and as they do, they resemble slinkies. The band is completely unraveled and gone by the ending of the video.
Appearances in media
Former Detroit Tigers third baseman Brandon Inge used the song as his walkup song when batting. It was also used as the walkup song for Hunter Pence when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies. It was also featured in a commercial for the CBS crime drama series Criminal Minds and in the video games Blitz: The League and The Bigs 2. An instrumental version is used for the TNA wrestler Frankie Kazarian, also known as Kaz. It also appeared in VH1's "100 Most Shocking Music Moments" in the discussion of the Woodstock 1999; both "Did My Time" and "Coming Undone" are heard in the background.
Track listing
UK release
7" VUS323
"Coming Undone (Dave Bascombe Radio Edit)" – 3:03
"Eaten Up Inside" – 3:18
CD5" VUSCD323
"Coming Undone (Dave Bascombe Radio Edit)" – 3:03
"Eaten Up Inside" – 3:18
Mash-up
Korn and Atlanta crunk rappers Dem Franchize Boyz did a mash-up of their respective hit singles at the time, "Coming Undone" and "Lean wit It, Rock wit It", titled "Coming Undone wit It". It was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Scott Spock from The Matrix, and was first released on AOL in April 2006. A video for "Coming Undone wit It" was released on the DVD portion of Chopped, Screwed, Live and Unglued. This is the official remix to both songs.
Various elements of the two songs were combined with new parts exclusive to the mashup, produced by Scott Spock of The Matrix.
Track listing
CD5" 66844 2
"Coming Undone wit It" (radio version) – 3:30
"Coming Undone wit It" (album version) – 3:30
"Coming Undone wit It" (instrumental) – 3:30
"Coming Undone wit It" (a cappella) – 3:30
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Coming Undone
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James John Nance (19 February 1900 – 21 July 1984) was an American industrialist who became president of the Studebaker-Packard Corporation. Later, he was chief executive of the Central National Bank of Cleveland, chairman of the executive committee of Montgomery Ward and chairman of the board of trustees of the Cleveland State University and a major property investor.
Early life
Nance was born in Portsmouth, Lawrence County, Ohio, in 1900 to George W. Nance and Florence Nance. He was raised on their farm. Following military service during World War I, Nance graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan University in 1923; he also attended the Ohio State University where he pursued post-graduate course work.
Career
Nance began his career at National Cash Register (NCR) in 1924, staying until 1927 when he joined General Motors' Frigidaire division. In 1940 he left Frigidaire when he was named vice president of Zenith Radio Corporation of Chicago. Nance was named CEO of General Electric's Hotpoint brand in 1945 and CEO of the Packard Motor Car Company in 1952.
While at Studebaker Packard, Nance moved to separate the Packard Clipper range of vehicles into a stand-alone brand, Clipper. He also expedited development of Packard's first V8 engine and automatic transmission, Ultramatic.
Nance helped to orchestrate the 1954 Packard acquisition of the Studebaker Corporation, creating the Studebaker Packard Corporation in 1954. While the Studebaker merger appeared to be in the best interests of both automakers, Studebaker failed to provide Packard with a full disclosure of its tenuous cash position, jeopardizing both marques.
While Nance had held informal talks with George W. Mason of Nash Kelvinator about a potential merger that would bring all the U.S. independent automakers under one corporate entity, formal discussions were never established. Any hope of those discussions moving forward ended with Mason's death in October 1954.
Nance left Studebaker Packard in 1956 when the company was on the verge of insolvency, but not until he found the organization a safe-harbor relationship with airplane manufacturer Curtiss-Wright.
Following his tenure at Studebaker Packard, Nance was named vice president of Ford's Mercury Edsel Lincoln Division, but resigned under pressure from top Ford executives in 1959 when the Edsel's sales were poor.
He left the automobile business following his tenure with Ford and became president and CEO of Central National Bank of Cleveland, Ohio in 1960, being elevated to the position of chairman and CEO in 1962. According to Nance he left the automobile industry because while there he had learned that everything depended on money and who controlled it.
Following his retirement from Central National, Nance established his own consulting firm in Cleveland, Ohio.
Community leadership roles
In 1964 Nance was named as the first chairman of the board of trustees of Cleveland State University, a position that he held until 1970. Cleveland State named its business college in his honor (renaming it in June 2011 to honor another board of trustees chair, Monte Ahuja) and its library holds Nance's personal papers .
In addition to his tenure on the board of CSU, Nance also served as a life trustee for Northwestern University, trustee for Ohio Wesleyan University and a trustee for University Hospitals of Cleveland, an affiliate of Case Western Reserve University.
Personal life
Nance married the former Laura Battelle in 1925; the couple had two children. Following Nance's retirement he maintained his principal residence in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. Mrs. Nance died in Michigan on October 26, 1977, at the age of 78.
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James J. Nance
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Tin Can Sailors is the name of The National Association of Destroyer Veterans in the United States. It currently numbers approximately 20,000 members as of the end of 2010.
"Tin can sailor" is a term used to refer to sailors on destroyers.
The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors is a book by James D. Hornfischer about the Battle off Samar on October 25, 1944, in which destroyers saw off a much larger force of Japanese ships.
Tales from a Tin Can: The USS Dale from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay is a book by Michael Keith Olson which follows the destroyer USS Dale throughout World War II. The exploits of her sailors are told in their own words.
Tin Can Sailors Will Not Be Forgotten is a 53-minute-long documentary film directed by Greg Berg, which follows the destroyer USS Morris through her 15 battle stars earned in The Pacific War. The sailors themselves tell the story as recollections from a modern-day reunion.
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Tin Can Sailors
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"No, No, No" is Thalía's sixth single from the re-released edition of her El Sexto Sentido album, El Sexto Sentido Re+Loaded. The song features the Latin singer Anthony "Romeo" Santos, from the Latin group Aventura. The song was written by Anthony "Romeo" Santos, and produced by Archie Peña. The song reached number four on Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart. The song was awarded "Pop Song of the Year" at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2007 awards.
Music video
The music video was shot in New York, and officially premiered on 13 July 2006. In the beginning, Thalía and her boyfriend Anthony are shown happily bowling together. While the video goes on, the two are shown singing the song. When Thalía's part comes, she is seated. Next, they are playing billiards. When the bachata part (the actual chorus) breaks, Thalía and Anthony are dancing, in what seems to be a private room. After this, Thalía walks down to the bar and while asking for a drink, she sees Anthony with another woman. Thalía gets mad and walks away, whereafter Anthony calls her, apologizing for his actions and begging her to forgive him. Thalía does not let him finish talking, and hangs up on him.
Official remixes and versions
"No, No, No" (Reggaeton Remix)
"No, No, No" (Regional Mexican Version)
Charts
Year-end charts
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No, no, no (Thalía song)
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Chronicles of an Age of Darkness is a ten-volume series of cross-genre fantasy and science fiction novels created by New Zealand cult author Hugh Cook. The series broadly tells of the events leading to the end of a fantasy world's dark age.
The Chronicles are not high fantasy, but could be described as Sword and sorcery or Planetary romance. The novels include elements of science fiction, comedy, graphic violence, grotesque and macabre happenings, and political cynicism. They are sometimes described as "gritty" because of their realism.
Books
The Wizards and the Warriors (published in the USA as Wizard War) – 1986 ()
The Wordsmiths and the Warguild (published in the USA as The Questing Hero and The Hero's Return) – 1987 ()
The Women and the Warlords (published in the USA as The Oracle) – 1987 ()
The Walrus and the Warwolf (published in the USA as Lords of the Sword) – 1988 () ()
The Wicked and the Witless - 1989 ()
The Wishstone and the Wonderworkers - 1990 ()
The Wazir and the Witch - 1990 ()
The Werewolf and the Wormlord - 1991 ()
The Worshippers and the Way - 1992 ()
The Witchlord and the Weaponmaster - 1992 ()
The Wizards and the Warriors
The Wizards and the Warriors is the closest of the series to a traditional epic fantasy. This novel set the scene and plot that would dominate the first five books, introducing some of the characters that would feature in the following novels. It is told chiefly from the view of the Rovac warriors Elkor Alish and Morgan Hearst, and the wizards Phyphor, Miphon, and Garash.
The Wordsmiths and the Warguild
Cook originally intended for The Women and the Warlords to be the second in the series:
The Women and the Warlords
The Women and the Warlords tells the story of Yen Olass, a female oracle from the Collosnon Empire. Being a female in a male dominated society (the Collosnon Empire and its people, the Yarglat, being loosely based on the Mongols) she suffers some very unpleasant experiences. Cook later described it as "a big commercial mistake [that] probably killed the series".
The Walrus and the Warwolf
The Walrus and the Warwolf describes the picaresque adventures of Drake Douay, an apprentice swordsmith turned pirate. Drake's story is driven by two narrative strands, both of which are established in the opening chapters. Firstly, Drake meets and falls in love with Zanya Kliedervaust, who rejects him; secondly, the swordsmith for whom Drake works becomes insane and founds a new religion in which Drake is denoted as a figure of evil. The novel relates Drake's exile from homeland (which has fallen into the hands of adherents of his ex-master's religion), and his long quest to win Zanya.
The latter half of the novel is intertwined with the central events of the other novels in the first five volumes of the series: the war of Elkor Alish, the invasion of Argan by the Collosnon Empire, and the fall of the Confederation of Wizards.
The Walrus and the Warwolf was republished in 2010 by Paizo's Planet Stories line.
The Wicked and the Witless
This is the last book in the series to be set entirely on the continent of Argan and deal with the events around which the early novels revolve. It is the story of Sean Sarazin, aka Watashi, who is the oldest son of the ruler of Argan's most powerful state, the Harvest Plains. Although very ambitious, Watashi is barred by law from seeking power for himself. The novel relates his attempts to make himself a ruler, both in the Harvest Plains and elsewhere.
The Wishstone and the Wonderworkers
This volume is purportedly a manuscript written by a madman which has been extensively censored and annotated by hostile editors. It represents a break with the narrative of the previous five novels, being set at an earlier time and in a largely unconnected location. Although some of the characters from the Argan novels appear, The Wishstone and the Wonderworkers does not deal with the events of the Argan chronology (the war launched by Elkor Alish and the fall of the Confederation of Wizards). Instead it is concerned with events on the tropical island of Untunchilamon which is subject to the continent of Yestron.
This novel is the first to introduce the Nexus, the interstellar civilization which forms the distant backstory of the Chronicles. It provides an explanation of the history of the planet, and of how it came to be separated from the Nexus and plunged into the "Age of Darkness".
The Wazir and the Witch
This seventh novel continues the story begun in book six. It is narrated by the same madman, this time writing at a later date at which he has, for the most part, recovered his sanity. It concerns the ruler of Untunchilamon, the Empress Justina. Justina's enemy, Aldarch the Third, has triumphed in the political struggle on Yestron and Justina's rule is at an end. The novel relates her attempts to stay alive and in power long enough to flee the island with her supporters.
The Werewolf and the Wormlord
The events of The Werewolf and the Wormlord take place shortly after those of the two Untunchilamon novels. The novel is set in the Empress Justina's homeland, Wen Endex, in the north of Yestron and nominally subject to Aldarch the Third. Justina herself is a peripheral character for much of the novel. Wen Endex is ruled by the Yudonic Knights who are reminiscent of the heroic characters of Scandinavian myth.
The novel relates a power struggle to succeed the Wormlord, ruler of Wen Endex, between his daughter Ursula and his grandson Alfric, the protagonist. Alfric is a Yudonic Knight who has largely abandoned his heritage to work for the supranational organization of the Partnership Banks. He is drawn, reluctantly at first, into the contest to succeed his grandfather. Volume eight is notable for its treatment of traditional monsters such as werewolves, vampires, and giants.
The Worshippers and the Way
Volume nine is set on the continent of Parengarenga. For the most part, it does not deal with the events that take place on either Argan or Yestron. In this novel Cook returns to the backstory of the series first introduced in book six, the interstellar civilization of the Nexus. On Parengarenga, a Nexus combat school has survived the twenty thousand years since the link between the Nexus and the world of the Chronicles was broken.
The AI which administers the combat school continues to train students from the city in which it is located. Thus many inhabitants of the Dark Age city are trained to be members of the advanced technological civilization of the Nexus. However, none of the space-going vessels and superweapons of the Nexus are still in existence and the cadets are trained by means of virtual reality programs. Their technological skill and advanced scientific knowledge are of no use to them in the world they inhabit. The novel deals with one trainee, Asodo Hatch, and the conflict between his loyalty to his family and people in the real world, and his involvement in what he knows to be the futile concerns of the combat school.
The Witchlord and the Weaponmaster
Book ten tells the story of Guest Gulkan, a recurring character who appears in many of the first nine novels. Guest's story encompasses the entire chronology of the Chronicles, beginning before the earliest previously related events, and ending with the close of the "Age of Darkness". Guest is a typically complex Cook character, a questing hero who begins as a thoughtless, overconfident boy of 14 and, by the time he finally fulfills his ambitions, finishes as a more self-reflective, semi-traumatized conqueror. Guest's quest for power unites many of the most significant plot elements of the series and his eventual success is of a different order from that of the previous protagonists, giving him enough control over his world to change it entirely and bring the series to a conclusion.
Other plans
The series concluded with The Witchlord and the Weaponmaster due to poor sales. However, Cook had plans to extend it to twenty novels. This would have been followed by two equally long series, Chronicles of an Age of Wrath, and Chronicles of an Age of Heroes.
Style
The Chronicles do not tell the adventures of a main protagonist on a particular quest in sequential order. Instead, each book is written from the viewpoint of a different character, whose personality and objectives differ markedly from the protagonists of other books in the series. The novels are set over the course of about thirty years.
Only occasionally do the plots of the novels interact directly, and when characters cross paths, they perceive events in markedly different fashions. These juxtapositions have been compared to Akira Kurosawa's film Rashomon. The following passages illustrate this; the first shows the view of the prisoner Drake Douay, the second that of his jailer, Watashi.
Setting
Cosmology
The underlying cosmology of the series is outlined in The Wizards and the Warriors (pgs 110 - 111). The universe of Amarl was created by a god known as The Horn. It was a world of rock, in which stones and mountains were alive. However, The Horn was killed by another god, Ameeshoth, who proceeded to remake the universe as Lemarl, imprisoning the rocks (still sentient) in their current existence. This is further expanded on in The Witchlord and the Weaponmaster, when it is explained that Ameeshoth was later attacked and destroyed by a group of Revisionary Gods. (pg 100)
History
The series originally seems to be set in a generic fantasy world, or perhaps post-apocalyptic Earth, but is later revealed to be one part of a multiverse. It is set on a planet once called Olo Malan (or, derisively Skrin), which was once part of an advanced civilisation called The Golden Gulag, which was itself part of a vast, interdimensional political entity called the Nexus. The technology of the Nexus was based upon probability manipulation.
However, 20,000 years prior to the events of the books, the Chasm Gates that linked the planet to the Nexus were accidentally destroyed. A devastating series of wars resulted (still known as The Days of Wrath), which caused untold environmental damage to the world, and reduced the population to feudal levels of technology (although some advanced machines still exist). The science of probability manipulation also devolved to the art of magic.
There was once a period of brief recovery, known as the Technic Renaissance, but this too collapsed following a war known as the Genetic Mutiny.
Geography
The novels take place across a number of continents, each with its own distinct history and ethnic groupings of humans.
Argan. 4,000 years before the novels are set, the Wizards formed an alliance with a race of warriors and set out to enslave a mysterious entity called The Skull of the Deep South, a being that served as the hive mind for an array of dangerous monsters known as the Swarms. However, this failed, and the Swarms proceeded to invade Argan. The Wizards defeated the Swarms and built a flame trench stretching across the narrowest point of the continent (Drangsturm) to keep them out. They then proceeded to form an oppressive Empire, which ruled Argan until they were overthrown and the Empire of Wizards reformed as the Confederation of Wizards (a commercial rather than political entity). Argan during this "Age of Darkness" consists of a patch-work of independent and competing kingdoms, with the trading language of Galish serving as the lingua franca. Argan can be seen as analogous to Western Europe.
Tameran. Lying north of Argan (separated by a channel), Tameran is largely united under the Collosnon Empire. Once ruled by a sophisticated civilisation called the Sharla, they were conquered by nomadic warriors called Yarglat. Tameran is somewhat similar to Central Asia.
Yestron. Far to the east of Argan and Tameran, across the Great Ocean of Moana, the continent of Yestron is dominated by the Izdimir Empire. The heart of this empire is the land of Ang, a highly civilised culture that nevertheless practices slavery, human sacrifice, and tyrannical absolute rule. Ang itself appears to be modelled upon Japan, although the northern subservient kingdom of Wen Endex bears a strong similarity to Norse-era Scandinavia.
Parengarenga. Lying midway between Argan and Yestron, Parengareanga is largely desert, vastly underpopulated and extremely poor. Of all the continents, it suffered most from the effects of war.
Reception
Interzone reviewed The Wizards and the Warriors negatively, calling it overlong, uninteresting, and with poor control of tone. However, Publishers Weekly reviewed The Wordsmiths and the Warguild favourably, saying that the picaresque adventure's tone shifts "keep the reader interested and off balance, never sure what's next or why." Library Journal called it "an entertaining fantasy" about an endearing hero bumbling from disaster to disaster.
Publishers Weekly reviewed The Warwolf and the Walrus negatively, saying that despite "flashes of imagination, the reader eventually loses interest". China Miéville wrote an introductory essay for the Paizo reissue calling it a fan favorite and an anti-Bildungsroman, noting that Cook's pirates avoided both romanticism and didacticism.
In his essay, Miéville described the series as "extraordinary", "underrated", and in need of rediscovery. Adrian Tchaikovsky called the series "enormously ahead of its time", and opined that while Cook wrote female characters well, there were not enough of them. He also compared the series's humour to The Dying Earth by Jack Vance. However, in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, John Clute said that the series included "conceits of some considerable interest", such as the odex, but that it is "considerably more incoherent than most readers will accept."
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Chronicles of an Age of Darkness
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"Two Cathedrals" is the 44th episode and second season finale of The West Wing. It was first broadcast on May 16, 2001, on NBC.
President Bartlet is beset by memories of Mrs. Landingham as her funeral approaches. Meanwhile, the staff deals with a crisis in Haiti and questions from congressional Democrats regarding Bartlet's health, following his disclosure that he has multiple sclerosis (MS). "Two Cathedrals" is widely considered to be one of the greatest episodes of The West Wing and one of the best episodes in television history.
Synopsis
Leo McGarry (John Spencer) is talking to two Democrats who are convinced that the White House's cover-up of President Bartlet's multiple sclerosis will be a significant obstacle for Democrats in the House seeking re-election. They ask whether the President will seek re-election, but Leo only says that there will be a press conference that night, and that they should watch.
Toby Ziegler (Richard Schiff) is preparing the Mural Room for the President's statement when Sam Seaborn (Rob Lowe) asks if the President is ready, so soon after Mrs. Landingham's death in a car accident at the end of "18th and Potomac". Toby tells him that they have no choice and despite her funeral, they will be proceeding with the plan to publicly address Bartlet's MS. Toby is offered a 'lifeboat' by way of a job offer, but turns it down in a show of loyalty to the President. C. J. Cregg (Allison Janney) gathers reporters from several news agencies in her office to 'leak' information about the President's disease. Josh Lyman (Bradley Whitford) gives her a brief for a press briefing about an ongoing tobacco lawsuit, but she tells him that with the story the President is about to reveal, even news about an ongoing diplomatic situation in Haiti will be ignored by the press.
Throughout the day, Bartlet revisits his early memories of Mrs. Landingham (Kirsten Nelson) when she was a secretary at the school where he studied and where his father was headmaster. In one flashback sequence, she pushes a young Bartlet (Jason Widener) to challenge his father about pay inequality between women and men working at the school. Mrs. Landingham clearly sees something in Jed, "a boy king ... blessed with inspiration." She comments that if Bartlet won't say anything because he's afraid or can't be bothered, then she doesn't even want to know him. He then puts his hands in his pockets, looks away, and smiles, which Mrs. Landingham understands to mean that he has decided to act, and will talk to his father.
Bartlet and his staff attend Mrs. Landingham's funeral at the National Cathedral. Afterward, a grief-stricken Bartlet remains alone in the cathedral, railing at God in both Latin, and English. He then lights a cigarette, drops it on the cathedral floor, and grinds it under his foot before angrily declaring that he will not run again: "You get Hoynes!". Later, in the Oval Office, as a pre-season tropical storm rages outside, Bartlet has a vision of Mrs. Landingham (Kathryn Joosten), who tells him that if he isn't going to run because he thinks he won't win or because it will be too hard, she doesn't even want to know him.
Bartlet and his entourage then travel to the State Department to give a press conference on the disclosure of his MS. Shots of the motorcade driving in the rain are intercut with shots in the cathedral, where a janitor finds the extinguished cigarette. Beginning the press conference, Bartlet disregards advice to first call upon a handpicked reporter who will not ask about re-election, choosing instead one who immediately asks if he will seek a second term as president. Bartlet puts his hands in his pockets, looks away, and smiles, indicating his intention to seek re-election.
Production
Writing
Aaron Sorkin was inspired to write the death of Mrs. Landingham into the show after Kathryn Joosten told him that she had auditioned for a role in a pilot episode for another series (CBS's Joan of Arcadia). Sorkin explained how he opted to "embrace the problem rather than just sweeping it away", and find the drama in the opportunity:
Sorkin explained that the Latin monologue in the National Cathedral was written in the language in order to avoid censorship by network NBC. NBC initially refused to allow a line where Mrs. Landingham describes the President's father as a "prick". Explaining its use, Sorkin stated, "It was the right word and the slightly startling nature of it was really what you needed."
Casting
Casting director Kevin Scott described the process of casting the younger versions of Bartlet (Jason Widener) and Mrs. Landingham (Kirsten Nelson):
C.J. instructs the President to select medical correspondent Lawrence Altman of The New York Times for the first question, although he does not. While portrayed by an actor (Alfred Hurwitz), Altman is the name of the Times medical correspondent, who for decades reported on the health of presidents and vice presidents.
Lawrence O'Donnell, a writer and producer on The West Wing, was cast as Bartlet's father after impressing Sorkin and Schlamme during a read-through for the episode. Jane Lynch appeared as a reporter in the White House Press Room.
Filming locations
St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware served as young Bartlet's boarding school. It was also the shooting location of Dead Poets Society.
During filming in the National Cathedral, Sheen as Bartlet stubbed out a cigarette on the floor, prompting the cathedral to ban filming inside the building.
Music
The episode featured the song "Brothers in Arms" by Dire Straits. The show's composer W. G. Snuffy Walden explained that Sorkin had specified the use of the song: "There was no question that this song was going to end the show which is really quite rare." Sorkin, however, explained in 2017 that he initially had some reservations about the use of the track:
Reception
Critical reception
'"Two Cathedrals" is widely regarded as one of The West Wing'''s best episodes and one of the greatest episodes of television in general.
On Martin Sheen's Inside the Actors Studio episode, host James Lipton remarked that "Two Cathedrals" was "one of the best episodes in the history of American television".
In 2009, Entertainment Weekly put the episode on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, hailing it as "the show at its most brilliantly dramatic".
In 2009, TV Guide ranked "Two Cathedrals" #40 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.
In 2018, for its 65th anniversary, TV Guide'' picked it as the ninth-best episode of the 21st century.
Awards
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Two Cathedrals
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Antinomy (Greek ἀντί, antí, "against, in opposition to", and νόμος, nómos, "law") refers to a real or apparent mutual incompatibility of two laws. It is a term used in logic and epistemology, particularly in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
There are many examples of antinomy. A self-contradictory phrase such as "There is no absolute truth" can be considered an antinomy because this statement is suggesting in itself to be an absolute truth, and therefore denies itself any truth in its statement. It is not necessarily also a paradox. A paradox, such as "this sentence is false" can also be considered to be an antinomy; in this case, for the sentence to be true, it must be false.
Kant's use
The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of reason that are proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience (phenomena). Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it.
For Kant there are four antinomies, connected with:
the limitation of the universe in respect to space and time
the theory that the whole consists of indivisible atoms (whereas, in fact, none such exist)
the problem of free will in relation to universal causality
the existence of a universal being
In each antinomy, a thesis is contradicted by an antithesis. For example: in the first antinomy, Kant proves the thesis that time must have a beginning by showing that if time had no beginning, then an infinity would have elapsed up until the present moment. This is a manifest contradiction because infinity cannot, by definition, be completed by "successive synthesis"—yet just such a finalizing synthesis would be required by the view that time is infinite; so the thesis is proven. Then he proves the antithesis, that time has no beginning, by showing that if time had a beginning, then there must have been "empty time" out of which time arose. This is incoherent (for Kant) for the following reason: Since, necessarily, no time elapses in this pretemporal void, then there could be no alteration, and therefore nothing (including time) would ever come to be: so the antithesis is proven. Reason makes equal claim to each proof, since they are both correct, so the question of the limits of time must be regarded as meaningless.
This was part of Kant's critical program of determining limits to science and philosophical inquiry. These contradictions are inherent in reason when it is applied to the world as it is in itself, independently of any perception of it (this has to do with the distinction between phenomena and noumena). Kant's goal in his critical philosophy was to identify what claims are and are not justified, and the antinomies are a particularly illustrative example of his larger project.
Marx's use
In Das Kapital, Volume I in the chapter entitled "The Working Day", Karl Marx claims that capitalist production sustains "the assertion of a right to an unlimited working day, and the assertion of a right to a limited working day, both with equal justification". Furner emphasizes that the thesis and antithesis of this antinomy are not contradictory opposites, but rather "consist in the assertion of rights to states of affairs that are contradictory opposites".
See also
Mutual incompatibility
Law:
Alternative pleading
Logic:
Mutual exclusivity
Kettle logic
Paradox
Religion:
Antinomianism (Christianity)
Others:
Oxymoron
Double bind
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Antinomy
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Laurence Dunmore is a graphic designer and film director whose first major collaboration was the British production of The Libertine in 2005. He is a member of Ridley Scott Associates and has directed advertisements for AT&T, BMW, ING and Turkish Airlines.
Career
Dunmore began his career as a graphic designer studying on the now defunct Media and Production Design Degree (and also as Head of the Student Union in 1984) at the London College of Printing (now London College of Communication) under Brian Grimbley and Anthoney Froshaug. He left the course before completion to work with Howard Brown working for clients such as Richard Curtis (through Faber & Faber), Goldcrest Films and the Post Office, prior to joining Pentagram Design, when Brown became a partner in 1987. By 1988 Dunmore had set up Laurence Dunmore Design working for the record industry, designing covers for Enya (Watermark) and The Jeremy Days.
Soon after, Dunmore began to make music videos through a production company, The Oil Factory. Dunmore scaled down his design business to focus his career on film and media, a move which eventually brought him to Ridley Scott Associates in 1997. His design business was a fertile ground for graphic talent with collaborators moving on to form design companies including MetaDesign London and Struktur Design.
Dunmore was interviewed by the BBC in which he was quoted as saying "I'm a British director, I'm meant to make a gangster film as my first movie."
Awards
At the Cannes Film Festival in 2002, Dunmore won a Cannes Lion, and in 2006 at the British Independent Film Awards, he was nominated for Best Director of a British Independent Film.
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Laurence Dunmore
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The Jerusalem College of Technology - Lev Academic Center (JCT; ) is a private college in Israel, recognized by the Council for Higher Education, which specializes in providing high-level science and technology education to the Jewish community. More than 2,000 of JCT's 4,700 students are ultra-Orthodox, and the remainder of the students are from diverse segments of Israeli society including Ethiopian-Israelis, national religious and international students.
JCT's main campus ("Lev") is situated in the Givat Mordechai neighborhood of Jerusalem. Other branches are located in the Givat Shaul neighborhood ("Tal Campus") of Jerusalem and Ramat Gan ("Lustig Campus"). JCT offers bachelor's degrees and master's degrees in several fields of study combined with intensive Jewish studies.
History
The college, founded in 1969 by Professor Josef Haim Yakopow and Professor Ze'ev Lev, specializes in high-tech engineering, industrial management and life and health sciences. JCT is particularly known for its electro-optics faculty. The institution is fully accredited by the Council for Higher Education in Israel, the main authority overseeing Israel's academic institutions. Some 5,000 students are currently enrolled in JCT, with a faculty of over 500 professors, instructors and researchers. JCT's goal to bring higher education to under-served communities is most evident in their Program for Students from the Ethiopian Community and Haredi Integration programs.
JCT has separate campuses for men and women in order to allow the Orthodox and Haredi communities, who comprise the majority of its student body and insist on gender-separated classes, to study comfortably.
The college trains 20 percent of Israel's women engineers. One out of every five Israeli women studying for a BSc in computer science and/or software engineering does so at JCT, and 53 percent of the school's computer science students are women—18 percent higher than any other Israeli university.
Branches
The Jerusalem College of Technology comprises the following campuses:
Lev Campus - academic studies combined with yeshiva studies for men. This campus also includes the Naveh program for Haredi men.
Tal Campus - academic studies combined with midrasha (religious) studies for women. This campus also includes the Tvuna program for Haredi and Hassidic women.
Lustig Campus - founded in 1999 and geared toward Haredi women.
Degrees awarded
Bachelor of Science
Electronic Engineering
Applied Physics/Electro-Optical Engineering
Applied Physics/Medical Engineering
Software Engineering
Communication Systems Engineering
Computer science
Bioinformatics
Industrial Engineering and Marketing
Nursing (BSN)
Bachelor of Arts
Accounting & Information systems
Business Administration
Masters Degree
(M.B.A.) - Business Administration
(M.Sc) - Telecommunications Systems Engineering
(M.Sc) - Physics/Electro-Optical Engineering
(MSN) - Nursing
Special Programs
The Reuven Surkis Program for Students from The Ethiopian Community
JCT was the pioneer among Israel's leading institutions of higher education in advancing the integration of Ethiopian immigrants. The Reuven Surkis Program for Students from The Ethiopian Community consists of a preparatory year program (Mechina) and a full degree program; most of the students studying in the full degree program participated first in the preparatory year program. The Reuven Surkis Program has produced 158 graduates.
Haredi Integration Program
The Center for Advancement of Haredim at JCT encourages Haredi men and women to pursue academic careers and consists, much like the program for the Ethiopian community of a preparatory year program (Mechina) and a full degree program. The Haredi Integration program has graduated thousands. There are currently more than 2,000 Haredi men and women studying towards degrees at JCT. According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, about 50 percent of Haredi men in the country were employed by the end of 2017. JCT's Haredi graduates have attained an 89-percent employment rate, including 77 percent that are employed in their field of choice. Among the 1,000 Israeli Haredim who studied computer science in 2017, two-thirds of them studied at JCT.
International Program
The International Program in English at JCT is a three-year-long program with majors in Computer Science (Full-Time BSC), and Business Administration (Part-Time BA).
Cyber Elite
JCT's Cyber Elite program provides training to graduates in software engineering and computer science, while simultaneously placing them in cyber departments of multinational, aerospace and defense companies, and in cyber startups. This opens up the cyber field to the Haredi community and to others who previously experience difficulty attaining cyber positions because they were not represented in cyber units within the Israel Defense Forces.
Nursing program
JCT's BSN (bachelor's of nursing) program in nursing accounts for 20 percent of all nursing students in Israel. The college's Nursing Department was awarded (2018) the Israeli Ministry of Health's National Prize for Excellence, ranking first among 24 departments nationwide in all measured criteria.
Israel's First Master's Program in Health Informatics
JCT's Nursing Department is launching Israel's first master's degree program in the growing field of Health Informatics, which focuses on managing and analyzing data to support the best clinical decisions and treatment for patients. Health informatics utilizes the study and application of clinical information and computer science to design and deploy effective technologies that support the delivery of health care services and improve information management.
JCT's health informatics program is open to registered nurses with a bachelor's degree and was developed with the assistance of the University of Toronto's Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, in addition to the support of the Canadian Friends of JCT. The certificate program that ran this year as a prelude to opening the MSc programt completed its studies in April (2018), just as Israel's Council for Higher Education approved the Master of Health Informatics degree for the 2018-2019 academic year. The partnership between JCT and U of T was facilitated by Professor Judith Shamian, past president of the International Council of Nurses and a member of JCT's board of trustees.
See also
Education in Israel
List of universities and colleges in Israel
Science and technology in Israel
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Jerusalem College of Technology
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Burning Oil is the first studio album by Skeletal Family, released in 1984. The band had been together less than two years when this album was released by the independent label Red Rhino Records. Tracks 11-13 are bonus tracks.
Track listing
All lyrics written by Anne-Marie Hurst except "Ritual" (Karlheinz) and "Black Ju Ju" (Dunaway)
"So Sure" –
"Ritual" – 2:57
"Burning Oil" – 2:41
"The Wind Blows" – 4:13
"And I" – 3:37
"11:15" – 2:30
"Waiting Here" – 3:47
"Someone New" – 4:21
"Black Ju Ju" – 5:10
"Woman and Child" – 4:24
"Trees"
"Just a Friend"
"The Night"
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Burning Oil
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Sir Richard Saltonstall (baptised, 4 April 1586 – October 1661) led a group of English settlers up the Charles River to settle in what is now Watertown, Massachusetts in 1630.
He was a nephew of the Lord Mayor of London Richard Saltonstall (1517–1600), and was admitted pensioner at Clare College, Cambridge, in 1603. Before leaving England for North America, he served as a Justice of the Peace for the West Riding of Yorkshire and was Lord of the Manor of Ledsham, which he got from the Harebreds and later sold to the Earl of Strafford.
Family
Sir Richard Saltonstall was the eldest of the eleven children of Samuel Saltonstall and Anne, born Ramsden.
Sir Richard married his first wife, Grace Kaye, around 1609; their children were named Richard, Rosamond, Grace, Robert, Samuel, and Henry. After Grace died in 1625, Sir Richard married Lady Elizabeth West, with whom he had daughter Anne and son John.
Although Saltonstall remained in Massachusetts only briefly, his descendants played a major role in New England history. Amongst others, Sir Richard's son Henry was graduated in the first class at Harvard in 1642.
Early life
Saltonstall was admitted as a pensioner at Clare College in 1603 and, fifteen years later, was knighted on 23 November 1618. He served as justice of the peace in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1625–1626 and was Lord of the Manor at Ledsham.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Sir Richard became involved with the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629, signing the original charter of Massachusetts, and was named to the emigrant committee and appointed first assistant to Governor John Winthrop. After the death of his first wife, he sold his land in England and set sail for New England with his family. They boarded the Arbella on 26 August 1629 at Yarmouth, off of the southern coast of England, with the Winthrop company and arrived in Salem, Massachusetts on 12 June 1630.
Saltonstall Plantation
Shortly after his arrival in New England, Sir Richard led a small party of planters, including Rev. George Phillips, up the Charles River on the Arbella. They brought several servants and cattle on the trip to establish the Saltonstall Plantation at present day Watertown. On 30 July 1630, the group of about 40 men at the Saltonstall Plantation entered into a "liberal church covenant". He was soon appointed magistrate and justice of the peace.
Despite a land grant of over 580 acres, Saltonstall decided to leave the colony because of the harsh winter. On 29 March 1631, Sir Richard and his family, less two sons, travelled to Boston where they lodged at Governor Winthrop's house. The next morning they set sail for England.
Life in Europe
Sir Richard Saltonstall settled in London and remained involved with colonial affairs. In a letter to two leaders of the Boston church, Saltonstall expressed his disapproval of their hypocritical punishments and religious persecutions.
Connecticut Colony
In 1631, Sir Richard, and several other English gentlemen and lords, were granted a patent of Connecticut by the Plymouth Council in England. The patentees appointed John Winthrop as governor and commissioned him to construct a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River. In 1635, he organized and funded a party of over 20 men, led by Francis Stiles, to prepare a settlement in Connecticut for the arrival of the patentees. This claim was heavily disputed and resulted in severe financial losses for Saltonstall.
Domestic service
In 1644, Saltonstall was appointed ambassador to Holland. His portrait was painted there. Once thought to be by Rembrandt., the portrait is now attributed to Abraham de Vries. In 1649, he, among others, was commissioned by parliament for the trial of the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and the Earl of Holland, for high treason.
Wales
Sir Richard Saltonstall appears to have been in Newtown, Montgomeryshire (Powys), Wales at the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. On 18 July 1660 the Council of King Charles II issued an order to Sir Matthew Price, High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire to take into safe custody Vavasour Powell (described as, "a most factious and dangerous minister"), Sir Richard Saltonstall, and Richard Price of Aberbechan.
According to Sir Matthew Price's letters to Secretary Sir Edward Nicholas, Vavasour Powell, Sir Richard Saltonstall and Richard Price were concerned in a plot to depose King Charles II. Letters were found in their possession indicating the plot extended all the way to London. By 2 August 1660 Vavasour Powell was taken into custody, while Sir Richard Saltonstall and Capt. Richard Price "had left these parts" [Montgomeryshire].
Legacy
There are several monuments dedicated to Saltonstall in Watertown. These include Saltonstall Park on Main Street, Watertown, Sir Richard's Landing (later to be renamed Gerry's Landing), and the Saltonstall Founders Memorial near the Charles River.
There is a small granite monument commemorating their settlement close to the Mt. Auburn Bridge in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Richard Saltonstall
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Uqqummiut (, Inuinnaqtun: Uqqurmiut) is a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada.
The riding consists of the communities of Clyde River and Qikiqtarjuaq.
The Member of the Legislative Assembly was Samuel Nuqingaq. On 24 October 2014, he was expelled for the legislature and the seat became vacant with a by-election to be held within six months. The by-election was held 9 February 2015 and Pauloosie Keyootak of Qikiqtarjuaq was elected.
Election results
1999 election
2004 election
2008 election
2013 election
After the original count both Samuel Nuqingaq and Niore Iqalukjuak were tied with 187 votes each. A recount was held November 5 and Nuqingaq was declared elected with 187 while Iqalukjuak had 185.
2015 By-election
2017 election
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Uqqummiut
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Truman Annex is both a neighborhood and military installation in Key West, Florida, United States. It is the part of the island that is west of Whitehead Street, with the exception of Bahama Village. It is where the winter White House for President Harry S. Truman is located from its days as part of the former Naval Station Key West. The Harry S. Truman Little White House in Key West, Florida was the winter White House for President Truman for 175 days during 11 visits.
Formerly the Truman Annex Naval Station, this award-winning, mixed use redevelopment sits on 45 acres in the heart of the Key West historic district. Between 1973 and 1977 the distressed surplus US Navy property was released to be managed by the Government Services Administration. The City of Key West created the Key West Urban Redevelopment Agency which was for 12 years unsuccessful in developing a master plan for the site.
In 1986 Pritam Singh purchased the 43-acre property from the GSA for a bid of $17 million and began the redevelopment initiative considered to be one of the most successful highly regulated and permitted real estate projects in Florida history. The Singh Company became one of the first private entities in the State of Florida to receive a formal development agreement under the State's Development of Regional Impact legislation.
This complex redevelopment project of over 800,000 square feet was completed in 1996 with 425 classic conch style, single family homes, high end condominiums, a hotel, affordable housing, parks, marina, retail, commercial and museums. The community includes several designated National Register properties and most significantly the Little White House, the former vacation home of President Harry Truman which is now a historic house museum.
The Truman Annex is one of the most lauded and awarded projects in US development history. Awards won include the 1994 Florida Design Arts Award from the Florida Arts Council among others.
History
The annex got its start in 1845 as part of Fort Zachary Taylor, a U.S. Army installation. The base was eventually taken over in 1947 as the "Fort Zachary Taylor Annex" to Naval Station Key West. New docks had been added in 1932 to make it a home base for submarines. The base was mostly decommissioned in 1974 because contemporary nuclear submarines were too large to use the facility. The Navy's primary installation in the area, Naval Air Station Key West, continues to operate about six miles (10 km) east of the annex on Boca Chica Key.
The area around Fort Taylor, as well as the fort itself, is now under the control of the State of Florida as Fort Zachary Taylor State Park. Much of the annex was sold to private developers who have made it a gated residential community (which does not create a barrier to visiting the Truman White House within this area), while were transferred to the City of Key West at no cost to be used for green space and to protect a neighborhood known as "Bahama Village" which is home to many citizens of African-Bahamian descent. The remainder continues to be utilized as a military installation and is known as Naval Air Station Key West - Truman Annex.
Many refugees from the 1980 Mariel boatlift arrived via the Truman Annex. The ship berthing dock and the Outer Mole (Harbor) have been retained by the Navy, which dredges the harbor and collects 40 percent of cruise ship docking fees.
The Annex was renamed the "Truman Annex" after U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who spent his winters in Key West in what is now the annex.
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Truman Annex
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is a 1999 arcade style action video game for the PlayStation, and the second game developed by CyberConnect. Silent Bomber is based on the classic top down shoot 'em up genre but with a twist: Instead of shooting the enemy, the player blows them up using bombs. In 2006, it was released for the PlayStation Network in Japan.
Gameplay
The player takes control of the protagonist, Jutah, whose mission is to attack and destroy the facilities and defenses of the colossal space dreadnought Dante. The player can either plant bombs simply where they stand, or by launching them using the lock-on reticle. Bombs that are launched at enemies also attach to their target. Bombs can then be detonated at any time at the player's discretion. This introduces the chaining element of gameplay, where the number of enemies simultaneously destroyed awards more points. Bombs can also be "stacked", and a larger number of bombs in the same place is more destructive. Jutah can set only a limited number of bombs at one time, so the set bombs must be detonated before more bombs can be set.
Jutah also has access to material liquids, which are enhanced bombs with special effects. Napalm continues to burn after it is detonated, damaging enemies within the flames. It is also more effective against biological enemies. Gravity forms a miniature black hole, sucking in nearby enemies. Paralysis temporarily disables electrical devices. It also does extra damage to mechanical enemies. Material liquids can also be stacked and chained with standard bombs.
Jutah can upgrade the number of bombs he can plant before needing to detonate them, the range of his bomb-planting hologram and his resistance to enemy attack by using E-Chips hidden throughout the levels. Jutah's E-Chips can be configured at any time to adapt his skills to different situations.
In keeping with arcade style tradition, many levels end with a powerful boss that Jutah must destroy or repel to move on through the game's 14 levels.
Plot
The game begins with Jutah Fate, a war criminal, being drafted into a covert military operation by his home planet of Hornet. Because of events that occurred prior to the game, he is largely devoid of emotions. The mission is to destroy a space cruiser, known as the Dante, that is threatening the planet. Also part of the mission are Benoit Manderubrot, a political criminal; Micino Tifone, a spy; and John Loss, an escape artist and member of an oppressed tribe. The operation is headed by CO Annri Ohara.
Upon arrival at the Dante, their ship is shot down by Dante's anti-aircraft weapons. Everyone lands on the cruiser unharmed, but Jutah is separated from the group. As the game progresses and Jutah is asked to destroy various parts of Dante, Jutah and Annri begin to develop feelings for each other.
Finally, Jutah reaches Dante's bridge, but finds that the crew was killed by its own defenses. A hologram of Benoit appears and reveals that it was he who killed the crew, and that he had taken control of the ship and still planned to destroy Hornet. After Jutah refuses to join with Benoit, Benoit tries to kill Jutah by ejecting him into space. He is rescued by his crew as Benoit seals off Dante.
Jutah breaks back into the ship and destroys Dante's powerful cannon in time to save Hornet. With the cannon gone, Jutah finds Benoit in the ship's core, and discovers that Benoit has bonded himself to the Dante's AI. After the final battle, Benoit activates Dante's self-destruct system. Jutah tries to get back to his ship, but his way is blocked, forcing the others to leave without him. The game ends with Jutah visiting Annri at her home three years later.
Characters
Jutah Fate: A genetically engineered man created by the military government Tarakhan and based on the planet controlled by it and named for it-Tarakhan-as part of its Elite Fighter Engineering Project. He was trained as a military weapon, specialising in spying, assassination, and demolition. He lived only to destroy. Then the military government collapsed, and he was sentenced to 30 decades in prison. There, he had a mental breakdown. Now, he's fighting for his freedom.
Annri Ohara: An elite military officer and computer specialist that graduated from the military academy at the head of her class. Annri sought fulfillment in the Hornet government maintaining planet-wide peace. But, after joining the Hornet army, she discovered there were problems with the government, as with any large institution. Annri is the only member of Operation Toroy from the Hornet Military.
Benoit Manderubrot: An international political criminal and chess master who has joined and led seven major revolutions. Benoit assumed a different identity and embraced a different ideology for each conflict. He believes that revolution is like chess, and uses people as game pieces. He volunteered for Operation Toroy. Benoit is considered the most mysterious member of the troop, his ability as a soldier exceeding even Jutah's.
Micino Tifone: A professional spy who will do anything for money. Micino has stolen state secrets by seducing government officials with her beauty. Her strong points are her physical strength and cat-like agility, and her uncanny sixth sense.
John Loss: A hero, he uses guerrilla tactics to fight for the liberation of the oppressed Nufu tribe, a 'primitive' tribe held in government "preservation". He agreed to join Operation Toroy on condition that the tribe be freed. His character is described as intelligent and quiet, but once he's on the battlefield, his bravery and ferocity are unmatched.
Tim Palmer: The youngest member of the mission, Tim is a brilliant and resourceful pilot. He needs only a few minutes to master any vehicle. He gets his nickname "Mr. Escape" from his previous career of breaking prisoners out of jail. He's a talented weapons operator and is master of the hasty retreat.
Reception
The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In an early review, Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen called it "An engrossing, challenging game with a very different approach than most." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 29 out of 40.
The D-Pad Destroyer of GamePro said of the game in one review, "Silent Bomber is just the thing for action gamers looking for something different. It's challenging enough to keep veterans busy, but the controls are simple enough to rope in casual gamers. If you've got an old-school action itch and want to try something different, this game is da bomb." In another review, Major Mike said, "Gamers looking for a fun action game that's easy to pick up will be served well by Silent Bomber. It doesn't have the deep story line of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis or Syphon Filter 2, but, as an amusing time-killer, it gets the job done."
Notes
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Silent Bomber
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Getinge is a locality situated in Halmstad Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 1,843 inhabitants in 2010.
Economy
Getinge Group had its headquarters in the village until 2014.
History
The local assembly, the Hallandic thing took place in Getinge.
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Getinge
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VantageScore is a consumer credit-scoring system in the United States, created through a joint venture of the three major credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). The model is managed and maintained by an independent company, VantageScore Solutions, LLC, that was formed in 2006 and is jointly owned by the three bureaus.
VantageScore models compete with the FICO score produced by Fair Isaac Corp. (FICO). Like the models developed by FICO, VantageScore models operate on data stored in the consumer credit files maintained by the three national credit bureaus. VantageScore models and FICO models use statistical analysis on those data to predict the likelihood a consumer will default on a loan. Both VantageScore and FICO models represent risk of loan default in the form of three-digit scores, with higher scores indicating lower risk, but VantageScore and FICO use different, proprietary analytical methods, and scores from one system cannot be translated into one from the other. As of 2023, Synchrony Bank uses VantageScore as the credit score for granting its store credit cards.
VantageScore vs FICO score
VantageScore and FICO are competitors, and FICO was not involved with the creation of VantageScore's formula.
VantageScore, FICO and the credit bureaus have allowed the public to know some information about the credit score categories and the corresponding calculation weights. FICO allows consumers to get their generic or classic FICO score for Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax through the myFICO website. Consumers can get their VantageScores from free credit report websites, and TransUnion and Experian offer VantageScores to consumers for a fee through their websites.
In contrast with FICO's credit scoring models, which are custom-built for each of the three national credit bureaus, to accommodate structural differences in the bureaus' databases, VantageScore model design allows a single model to operate on all three bureaus' data. VantageScore Solutions holds several patents on processes that ensure pieces of data within each bureau's consumer database will be treated identically, regardless of differences in database structure. These methods eliminate much, but not all, discrepancy in VantageScore scores obtained at the same time from different credit bureaus. Some variation is unavoidable because factors such as the timing of lenders' payment-information reports can mean the contents of a given consumer's credit file will differ somewhat at each of the three credit bureaus.
Important differences between the VantageScore and FICO algorithms include:
FICO scores require having at least one account that has been open for six months or more and has been reported to the credit bureaus within the prior six months, whereas the VantageScore can be issued from just one month’s credit history and with just one account reported within the prior two years. VantageScore thus captures consumers with little or thin credit histories;
tax liens are weighed less heavily in VantageScore® 4.0 than in FICO scores;
When a credit inquiry is made at one of the credit bureaus, it negatively impacts credit scores. Current versions of the FICO score treat multiple credit inquiries made within a 45-day period as if they were a single inquiry for scoring purposes (though some older versions of the FICO score restrict this to 14 days), but only if they are for the same type of loan. VantageScore counts multiple inquiries within a 14-day period as if they were a single inquiry, even if the inquiries are made for different types of loans.
The older FICO 8 score, which is still often used as of 2020, treated medical debt like any other unpaid debt for scoring purposes; medical debt has less impact than other unpaid debt in the newer FICO 9 score and VantageScore 3.0 and forward.
Updates to VantageScore Model
The first two VantageScore models (VantageScore 1.0, issued in 2006, and VantageScore 2.0, released in 2010) used a scale range of 501 to 990, and assigned letter grades to various bands within that range, according to TransUnion:
A: 900–990
B: 800–899
C: 700–799
D: 600–699
F: 501–599
VantageScore 3.0, the version of the model released in 2013, adopted a scale of 300 to 850. VantageScore attributed the change, which matches the scale range used by FICO models, to the fact that consumers were more familiar with it than with the original VantageScore range, and because a 300-850 scale would make it easier for lenders to incorporate the VantageScore into automated systems.
VantageScore 4.0 was released in mid-2017, and contains many updates from 3.0. For example, version 4.0 weights medical accounts reported "in collection" less heavily than nonmedical collection accounts. Paid collection accounts of any type are not factored into the score; this is a major difference from FICO, since most versions of FICO count any collection account into the score, paid or unpaid. VantageScore 4.0 also looks at trended data provided by the credit bureau from which the score is calculated, and examines a consumer's credit utilization rates over time. This is a major development in credit scores, since other models to date (including older versions of VantageScore and all existing versions of FICO) only examine the most recently reported billing cycle. So, for example, if a consumer's credit card often reports at or near the credit limit, but the consumer paid his/her balance recently, and it now reflects a $0 balance, most credit scores would look only at the current $0 balance when calculating utilization rates. However, the makers of VantageScore 4.0 believe it is more accurate to look at the consumer's utilization rates over a period of time. This may help or hurt a consumer, depending on their situation. A consumer who has historically used very little of their credit but makes a large one-time purchase and shows a high balance at the time the score is calculated would score better under VantageScore 4.0 than, say, FICO 8, which looks only at the most current billing cycle information.
See also
Alternative data
Comparison of free credit report websites
Criticism of credit scoring systems in the United States
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VantageScore
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Atomic semantics is a type of guarantee provided by a data register shared by several processors in a parallel machine or in a network of computers working together.
Atomic semantics are very strong. An atomic register provides strong guarantees even when there is concurrency and failures.
A read/write register R stores a value and is accessed by two basic operations: read and write(v). A read returns the value stored in R and write(v) changes the value stored in R to v.
A register is called atomic if it satisfies the two following properties:
1) Each invocation op of a read or write operation:
•Must appear as if it were executed at a single point τ(op) in time.
•τ (op) works as follow:
τb(op) ≤ τ (op) ≤ τe(op): where τb(op) and τe(op) indicate the time when the operation op begins and ends.
•If op1 ≠ op2, then τ (op1)≠τ (op2)
2) Each read operation returns the value written by the last write operation before the read, in the sequence where all operations are ordered by their τ values.
Atomic/Linearizable register:
Termination: when a node is correct, sooner or later each read and write operation will complete.
Safety Property (Linearization points for read and write and failed operations):
Read operation:It appears as if happened at all nodes at some times between the invocation and response time.
Write operation: Similar to read operation, it appears as if happened at all nodes at some times between the invocation and response time.
Failed operation(The atomic term comes from this notion):It appears as if it is completed at every single node or it never happened at any node.
Example : We know that an atomic register is one that is linearizable to a sequential safe register.
The following picture shows where we should put the linearization point for each operation:
An atomic register could be defined for a variable with a single writer but multi- readers (SWMR), single-writer/single-reader (SWSR), or multi-writer/multi-reader (MWMR). Here is an example of a multi-reader multi-writer atomic register which is accessed by three processes (P1, P2, P3). Note that R. read() → v means that the corresponding read operation returns v, which is the value of the register. Therefore, the following execution of the register R could satisfies the definition of the atomic registers:
R.write(1), R.read()→1, R.write(3), R.write(2), R.read()→2, R.read()→2.
See also
Regular semantics
Safe semantics
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Atomic semantics
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Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) is a component of Microsoft Windows XP and later iterations of the operating systems, which facilitates asynchronous, prioritized, and throttled transfer of files between machines using idle network bandwidth. It is most commonly used by recent versions of Windows Update, Microsoft Update, Windows Server Update Services, and System Center Configuration Manager to deliver software updates to clients, Microsoft's anti-virus scanner Microsoft Security Essentials (a later version of Windows Defender) to fetch signature updates, and is also used by Microsoft's instant messaging products to transfer files. BITS is exposed through the Component Object Model (COM).
Technology
BITS uses idle bandwidth to transfer data. Normally, BITS transfers data in the background, i.e., BITS will only transfer data whenever there is bandwidth which is not being used by other applications. BITS also supports resuming transfers in case of disruptions.
BITS version 1.0 supports only downloads. From version 1.5, BITS supports both downloads and uploads. Uploads require the IIS web server, with BITS server extension, on the receiving side.
Transfers
BITS transfers files on behalf of requesting applications asynchronously, i.e., once an application requests the BITS service for a transfer, it will be free to do any other task, or even terminate. The transfer will continue in the background as long as the network connection is there and the job owner is logged in. BITS jobs do not transfer when the job owner is not signed in.
BITS suspends any ongoing transfer when the network connection is lost or the operating system is shut down. It resumes the transfer from where it left off when (the computer is turned on later and) the network connection is restored. BITS supports transfers over SMB, HTTP and HTTPS.
Bandwidth
BITS attempts to use only spare bandwidth. For example, when applications use 80% of the available bandwidth, BITS will use only the remaining 20%. BITS constantly monitors network traffic for any increase or decrease in network traffic and throttles its own transfers to ensure that other foreground applications (such as a web browser) get the bandwidth they need.
Note that BITS does not necessarily measure the actual bandwidth. BITS versions 3.0 and up will use Internet Gateway Device counters, if available, to more accurately calculate available bandwidth. Otherwise, BITS will use the speed as reported by the NIC to calculate bandwidth. This can lead to bandwidth calculation errors, for example when a fast network adapter (10 Mbit/s) is connected to the network via a slow link (56 kbit/s).
Jobs
BITS uses a queue to manage file transfers. A BITS session has to be started from an application by creating a Job. A job is a container, which has one or more files to transfer. A newly created job is empty. Files must be added, specifying both the source and destination URIs. While a download job can have any number of files, upload jobs can have only one. Properties can be set for individual files. Jobs inherit the security context of the application that creates them.
BITS provides API access to control jobs. A job can be programmatically started, stopped, paused, resumed, and queried for status. Before starting a job, a priority has to be set for it to specify when the job is processed relative to other jobs in the transfer queue. By default, all jobs are of Normal priority. Jobs can optionally be set to High, Low, or Foreground priority. Background transfers are optimized by BITS,1 which increases and decreases (or throttles) the rate of transfer based on the amount of idle network bandwidth that is available. If a network application begins to consume more bandwidth, BITS decreases its transfer rate to preserve the user's interactive experience, except for Foreground priority downloads.
Scheduling
BITS schedules each job to receive only a finite time slice, for which only that job is allowed to transfer, before it is temporarily paused to give another job a chance to transfer. Higher priority jobs get a higher chunk of time slice. BITS uses round-robin scheduling to process jobs in the same priority and to prevent a large transfer job from blocking smaller jobs.
When a job is newly created, it is automatically suspended (or paused). It has to be explicitly resumed to be activated. Resuming moves the job to the queued state. On its turn to transfer data, it first connects to the remote server and then starts transferring. After the job's time slice expires, the transfer is temporarily paused, and the job is moved back to the queued state. When the job gets another time slice, it has to connect again before it can transfer. When the job is complete, BITS transfers ownership of the job to the application that created it.
BITS includes a built-in mechanism for error handling and recovery attempts. Errors can be either fatal or transient; either moves a job to the respective state. A transient error is a temporary error that resolves itself after some time. For a transient error, BITS waits for some time and then retries. For fatal errors, BITS transfers control of the job to the creating application, with as much information regarding the error as it can provide.
Command-line interface tools
BITSAdmin command
Microsoft provides a BITS Administration Utility (BITSAdmin) command-line utility to manage BITS jobs. The utility is part of Windows Vista and later. It is also available as a part of the Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools or Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 Support Tools.
Usage example:
C:\>bitsadmin /transfer myDownloadJob /download /priority normal https://example.com/file.zip C:\file.zip
PowerShell BitsTransfer
In Windows 7, the BITSAdmin utility is deprecated in favor of Windows PowerShell cmdlets. The BitsTransfer PowerShell module provides eight cmdlets with which to manage BITS jobs.
The following example is the equivalent of the BITSAdmin example above:
PS C:\> Start-BitsTransfer -Source "https://example.com/file.zip" -Destination "C:\file.zip" -DisplayName "myDownloadJob"
List of non-Microsoft applications that use BITS
AppSense – Uses BITS to install Packages on clients.
BITS Download Manager – A download manager for Windows that creates BITS Jobs.
BITSync – An open source utility that uses BITS to perform file synchronization on Server Message Block network shares.
Civilization V – Uses BITS to download mod packages.
Endless OS installer for Windows – Uses BITS to download OS images.
Eve Online – Uses BITS to download all the patches post-Apocrypha (March 10, 2009). It is also now used in the client repair tool.
Some Google services including Chrome, Gears, Pack, Flutter updater and YouTube Uploader used BITS.
Firefox (since version 68) for updates.
KBOX Systems Management Appliance – A systems management appliance that can use BITS to deliver files to Windows systems.
RSS Bandit – Uses BITS to download attachments in web feeds.
Oxygen media platform – Uses BITS to distribute Media Content and Software Updates.
SharpBITS – An open source download manager for Windows that handles BITS jobs.
WinBITS – An open source Downloader for Windows that downloads files by creating BITS Jobs.
Novell ZENworks Desktop Management – A systems management software that can use BITS to deliver application files to workstations.
Specops Deploy/App – A systems management software that (when available) uses BITS for delivering packages to the clients in the background.
See also
List of Microsoft Windows components
Protocols for file transfer
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Background Intelligent Transfer Service
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The list of neighborhoods of Kansas City, Missouri has nearly 240 neighborhoods. The list includes only Kansas City, Missouri and not the entire Kansas City metropolitan area, such as Kansas City, Kansas.
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri has nearly 240 neighborhoods including Downtown, 18th and Vine, River Market, Crossroads, Country Club Plaza, Westport, the new Power and Light District, and several suburbs. The Neighborhood & Community Services Department of the City of Kansas City, Missouri maintains an official registry of neighborhood associations, many of which overlap, and a map of neighborhoods.
CBD-Downtown
CBD-Downtown
Greater Downtown
18th and Vine
Beacon Hill-McFeders
Columbus Park
Crossroads
Hospital Hill
Library District
Longfellow/Dutch Hill
Quality Hill
River Market
Union Hill
West Side
East Side
Ashland Ridge
Blue Hills
Blue Valley
Boulevard Village
Brown Estates
Country Valley-Hawthorne Square
Cunningham Ridge
Dunbar
East 23rd Street P.A.C.
Eastwood Hills
Glen Lake
Glen Oaks
Ingleside
Ivanhoe
Key Coalition
Knoches Park
Leeds
Mount Cleveland
Oak Park
Palestine
Parkview
Riss Lake
Santa Fe
Sheraton Estates
Stayton Meadows
Sterling Acres
Sterling Gardens
Vineyard
Vineyard Estates
Washington-Wheatley
Wendell Phillips
Midtown-Westport
Center City
Coleman Highlands
Hanover Place
Hyde Park
Manheim Park
Mount Hope
Old Hyde Park Historic District, Inc.
Old Westport
Plaza Westport
Roanoke
Southmoreland
Squier Park
Valentine
Volker
Westport
Northeast
Forgotten Homes
Independence Plaza
Indian Mound
Lykins
Northeast Industrial District
Paseo West
Pendleton Heights
Scarritt Point
Sheffield
North Blueridge
Northland
Antioch Acres
Barry Harbour
Barry Heights
Barry Woods/ Park Hill
Beacon Hill
Beulmar Acres
Birmingham Bottoms
Bradford Place
Breen Hills
Briarcliff
Briarcliff West
Chaumiere
Chouteau Estates
Claymont
Claymont North
Clayton
Colonial Square
Cooley Highlands
Country Club Estates-Big Shoal
Coves North
Crestview Homes Association 1
Davidson
Dearfield
Foxwoods-Carriage Hills
Gashland
Glenhaven
Gracemor-Randolph Corners
Greenwood
Harlem
Highland View
Hill Haven
Holiday Hills
Jefferson Highlands
KCI
Lakeview Terrace
Linden Park
Line Creek-Northern Heights
Maple Park
Maple Park West
Milton
Minneville
Meadowbrook Heights
Nashua
New Mark
Northhaven Gardens
Outer Gashland-Nashua
Parkdale-Walden
Park Forest
Park Hill South/ South Platte
Park Plaza
Platte Brook North
Platte Ridge
Platte Woods
Prairie Point-Wildberry
Ravenwood-Somerset
Riss Lake
River Forest
River View
Royal Oaks North
Sherrydale
Sherwood Estates
Shoal Creek
Staley Farms
Tanglewood-Regency North
The Coves
Winnetonka
Winnwood-Sunnybrook
Winnwood Gardens
Plaza area
Brookside
Countryside
Country Club
Country Club Plaza
Country Club District
Park Central-Research
West Plaza
Westport
South Plaza
Sunset Hill
Rockhill
Westwood Park
South Kansas City
49-63 Coalition
Armour Fields
Armour Hills
Bannister Acres
Battleflood Heights
Boone Hills
Blue Hills Estates
Blue Vue Hills
Blue Ridge Farm
Bridlespur
Calico Farms
Citadel
Coachlight Square
Country Lane Estates
Crestwood
Crossgates
East Swope Highlands
Fairlane
Foxcroft-Glen Arbor
Foxtown East
Foxtown West
Hickman Mills
Hickman Mills South
Hidden Valley
Highview Estates
Hillcrest
Holmes Park
Kirkside
Knobtown
Lea Manor
Legacy East
Lewis Heights
Linden Hills-Indian Heights
Little Blue Valley
Loma Vista
Longview
Marlborough East
Marlborough Heights
Marlborough Pride
Martin City
Mission Lake
Morningside
Neighbors United For Action
Newcastle
New Santa Fe
Noble-Gregory Ridge
Oakwood
Oak Meyer Garden
Park Central-Research Hospital
Red Bridge
Red Bridge South
Richards Gebaur
Robandee-Fairwood
Robandee South
Rolling Meadows
Romanelli West
Royal Oaks
Ruskin Heights
Ruskin Hills
Santa Fe Hills
Sechrest
Self-Help Neighborhood Council
Stratford Estates
Strupwood
Swope Park Campus
Swope Park-Winchester
Swope Parkway-Elmwood
Terrace Lake Gardens
Tri-Blenheim
Timber Valley
Tower Homes
Town Fork Creek
Troost Avenue Lawn
Unity Ridge
Verona Hills
Waldo
Waldo West
Walnut Grove
Ward Estates
Ward Parkway
Ward Parkway Plaza
Western Hills
White Oak
Woodbridge
Wornall Homestead
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Neighborhoods of Kansas City, Missouri
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Neovascularization is the natural formation of new blood vessels (neo- + vascular + -ization), usually in the form of functional microvascular networks, capable of perfusion by red blood cells, that form to serve as collateral circulation in response to local poor perfusion or ischemia.
Growth factors that inhibit neovascularization include those that affect endothelial cell division and differentiation. These growth factors often act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion; they include fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor.
There are three different pathways that comprise neovascularization: (1) vasculogenesis, (2) angiogenesis, and (3) arteriogenesis.
Three pathways of neovascularization
Vasculogenesis
Vasculogenesis is the de novo formation of blood vessels. This primarily occurs in the developing embryo with the development of the first primitive vascular plexus, but also occurs to a limited extent with post-natal vascularization. Embryonic vasculogenesis occurs when endothelial cells precursors (hemangioblasts) begin to proliferate and migrate into avascular areas. There, they aggregate to form the primitive network of vessels characteristic of embryos. This primitive vascular system is necessary to provide adequate blood flow to cells, supplying oxygen and nutrients, and removing metabolic wastes.
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the most common type of neovascularization seen in development and growth, and is important to both physiological and pathological processes. Angiogenesis occurs through the formation of new vessels from pre-existing vessels. This occurs through the sprouting of new capillaries from post-capillary venules, requiring precise coordination of multiple steps and the participation and communication of multiple cell types. The complex process is initiated in response to local tissue ischemia or hypoxia, leading to the release of angiogenic factors such as VEGF and HIF-1. This leads to vasodilatation and an increase in vascular permeability, leading to sprouting angiogenesis or intussusceptive angiogenesis.
Arteriogenesis
Arteriogenesis is the process of flow-related remodelling of existing vasculature to create collateral arteries. This can occur in response to ischemic vascular diseases or increase demand (e.g. exercise training). Arteriogenesis is triggered through nonspecific factors, such as shear stress and blood flow.
Ocular pathologies
Corneal neovascularization
Corneal neovascularization is a condition where new blood vessels invade into the cornea from the limbus. It is triggered when the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors are disrupted that otherwise maintain corneal transparency. The immature new blood vessels can lead to persistent inflammation and scaring, lipid exudation into the corneal tissues, and a reduction in corneal transparency, which can affect visual acuity.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity is a condition that occurs in premature babies. In premature babies, the retina has not completely vascularized. Rather than continuing in the normal in utero fashion, the vascularization of the retina is disrupted, leading to an abnormal proliferation of blood vessels between the areas of vascularized and avascular retina. These blood vessels grow in abnormal ways and can invade into the vitreous humor, where they can hemorrhage or cause retinal detachment in neonates.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy, which can develop into proliferative diabetic retinopathy, is a condition where capillaries in the retina become occluded, which creates areas of ischemic retina and triggering the release of angiogenic growth factors. This retinal ischemia stimulates the proliferation of new blood vessels from pre-existing retinal venules. It is the leading cause of blindness of working age adults.
Age-related macular degeneration
In persons who are over 65 years old, age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of severe vision loss. A subtype of age-related macular degeneration, wet macular degeneration, is characterized by the formation of new blood vessels that originate in the choroidal vasculature and extend into the subretinal space.
Choroidal neovascularization
In ophthalmology, choroidal neovascularization is the formation of a microvasculature within the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. Neovascularization in the eye can cause a type of glaucoma (neovascularization glaucoma) if the new blood vessels' bulk blocks the constant outflow of aqueous humour from inside the eye.
Neovascularization and therapy
Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Ischemic heart disease develops when stenosis and occlusion of coronary arteries develops, leading to reduced perfusion of the cardiac tissues. There is ongoing research exploring techniques that might be able to induce healthy neovascularization of ischemic cardiac tissues.
See also
Choroidal neovascularization
Corneal neovascularization
Revascularization
Rubeosis iridis
Inosculation
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Neovascularization
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Life Partners, Inc. is a life settlement provider headquartered in Waco, Texas. LPI's parent company, Life Partners Holdings, Inc., delisted from the NASDAQ, currently trades on the OTCPK under the ticker LPHI.Q. This follows the company seeking Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, resulting from a total of $46.9 million in penalties levied against the company and two of its officers.
Overview
Life Partners Inc. is the world's oldest life settlement provider and one of the most active companies in the world engaged in the secondary market for life insurance. Life Partners Inc. is the architect of the newest asset class, life settlements, which has grown over the past decade to become an $80 billion industry. By selling the policy, the policyholder receives an immediate cash payment to use as he or she wishes.
It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on January 19, 2015.
Since its incorporation in 1991, Life Partners Inc. has completed over 150,000 transactions and generated a total business volume of over $3.2 billion in face value of policies for its worldwide client base of over 29,000 high-net-worth individuals and institutions in connection with the purchase of over 6,500 policies. Life Partners Inc. utilizes Advance Trust & Life Escrow Services, LTA for its life settlement transactions. ATLES is supervised and regulated by the Texas Department of Banking and is responsible for the custody and dispersion of LPI client funds.
Senior citizen clientele
Through life settlements, the secondary market for life insurance provides more options for policy owners to pursue when they no longer want or need their current life insurance policy. Many seniors paying premiums on life insurance policies cannot afford to continue. Premiums have skyrocketed and the need for the policy has diminished. More than 85% will simply let their policies lapse. Most likely, they are unaware they can sell these policies for four to ten times the cash value in the secondary market. If seniors give the proceeds from their life insurance policy sale to charity, they may reap substantial tax benefits.
Lawsuits and legal action
SEC legal actions
In January 2012, the SEC filed a civil action against Life Partners Holdings and three of its senior executives for an alleged fraudulent disclosure and accounting scheme involving life settlements. The SEC alleged that Life Partners' chairman and CEO, the president and general counsel, and the chief financial officer misled shareholders by failing to disclose a significant risk to Life Partners' business: the company was systematically and materially underestimating the life expectancy estimates it used to price transactions.
In 2011, a securities fraud class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of current and former shareholders Life Partners Holdings, Inc. The lawsuit alleged that LPHI violated US federal securities laws misleading its investors by issuing false financial statements and reports. The allegedly misleading statements led LPHI's stock price to increase and then dramatically plummet upon the uncovering of the misleading statements made by LPHI, thereby causing LPHI investors to suffer financial losses. On November 22, 2012, the court heard oral argument from the parties on the defendants' motion to dismiss. The court has not issued a ruling on the motion to dismiss. No trial date has been set. The viability of the case may be substantially affected by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Haliburton v. Erica P. John Fund which the Supreme Court is expected to rule on later this summer.
December 2013: Plaintiffs dismiss lawsuit against Life Partners—class certification denied
Life Partners Holdings, Inc. announced on December 4, 2013, that the plaintiffs have voluntarily dismissed a lawsuit filed against the company as well as its operating subsidiary, Life Partners, Inc., and two corporate officers. The abandonment of the lawsuit comes after the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas denied a motion for class certification in the lawsuit. Life Partners, Inc. is a life settlement provider and provides purchasing agent services for life settlement transactions. A life settlement is an alternative investment involving the purchase of an existing life insurance policy at a discount to its face value.
While the plaintiffs in the case could have appealed the denial of the class action or continued to pursue the case as individuals, they elected instead to voluntarily dismiss the case against the Life Partners defendants. A key allegation was that Life Partners' medical consultant used an unreasonable method of estimating life expectancies. However, this allegation was criticized by the Court as part of its 34-page order denying certification as a class action:
Proof only of results does not address these factors. Nor could an after-the-fact analysis of the insureds' deaths, in the aggregate, establish that LPI was unreasonable in using Dr. Cassidy when and how it did. The Court is highly skeptical that an analysis of results alone could lead a reasonable juror to determine that Dr. Cassidy's methods were flawed.
Life Partners CEO Brian Pardo commented, "This is yet another example of attorney-driven litigation which damages the entire economy, not to mention the companies that are the targets of such litigation. We are very pleased that the plaintiffs decided to walk away from this case and we hope to see other similar cases end the same way."
The case is styled Sean Turnbow et al. v. Life Partners, Inc. et al., Case No. 3:11-CV-1030-M, United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division.
March 2014: Life Partners cleared of all fraud claims
Life Partners Holdings, Inc. announced in March 2014 that an Austin Federal court has ruled that the Securities and Exchange Commission failed to prove any of its fraud claims against Life Partners and its CEO, Brian Pardo, and General Counsel, Scott Peden. The ruling followed a jury finding in February that neither Life Partners, Mr. Pardo nor Mr. Peden committed securities fraud under Rule 10b-5 and that Mr. Pardo and Mr. Peden did not engage in insider trading. In the earlier ruling, the jury had found in favor of the SEC's fraud claim under Section 17(a) relating to the company's revenue recognition policies. That claim, which a government attorney characterized as "a lead" claim in the case, was challenged by Life Partners on the basis that it was not supported by any evidence.
The United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, Austin Division agreed with Life Partners that there was no evidence to support the revenue recognition claims for the period of time in question and ordered that judgment be entered in favor of Life Partners, Mr. Pardo and Mr. Peden on that issue. As a result of this ruling, the Company, Mr. Pardo and Mr. Peden have been completely exonerated from any allegations of fraud alleged by the SEC. The Court let stand the jury's findings against Life Partners relating to bookkeeping, reporting and certification by the CEO of the company's financial statements, none of which involve fraud or knowingly or recklessly misleading shareholders. The case is SEC v. Life Partners Holdings, Inc. et al., Civil Action No. 1-12-C V-33-JRN in the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, Austin Division.
April 2014: Life Partners sues Charles Schwab subsidiary for counterfeiting
On April 15, 2014, Life Partners Holdings, Inc. filed suit against optionsXpress, Inc., a subsidiary of The Charles Schwab Corporation, the company's chief financial officer, and one of the company's largest customers for issuing and selling counterfeit shares of Life Partners Holdings stock.
The lawsuit, filed in Illinois by California attorney Gary Aguirre, whose practice focuses on market manipulation, asks the Court for an order preventing the Schwab subsidiary from creating and selling shares of Life Partners Holdings' stock which were not authorized by the company. The action also asks the Court for protection from securities fraud, deceptive business practices and civil conspiracy arising from the unlawful issuance of the counterfeit shares.
Under the law of Illinois, Texas, and every other state, a company has the exclusive right to issue and sell its own stock. The creation and sale of counterfeit or "phantom" stock by brokers and their customers violate these laws.
The lawsuit is based on findings in an administrative proceeding by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission against optionsXpress and the other defendants which concluded that optionsXpress, its chief financial officer, and one of its biggest customers committed securities fraud by engaging in the sales of hundreds of millions of dollars in counterfeit-phantom stock passed off as the genuine stock of 25 public companies, including almost $5.5 million of counterfeit-phantom stock of Life Partners Holdings, Inc.
The company is continuing to investigate other persons and entities who may have engaged in counterfeiting shares of Life Partners Holdings, Inc.
December 2014: LPHI loses lawsuit with the SEC. LPHI, Pardo and Peden ordered to pay a total of $46.9 million in penalties
A federal judge ordered Life Partners Holdings Inc and two top executives to pay $46.9 million for misleading investors about the core aspects of its business. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission had sued Life Partners in 2012 and sought to prove that Life Partners intentionally misled investors over nearly four years about core aspects of its "life-settlements" business and that its two top executives engaged in insider trading. U.S. District Court Judge James Nowlin on Tuesday ordered Life Partners to pay $15 million in illegal profit and $23.7 million in civil penalties. Chief Executive Brian Pardo was ordered to pay a $6.2 million civil penalty, while general counsel and secretary of LPHI, R. Scott Peden, was given a $2 million civil penalty. Judge Nowlin reversed a jury finding in March that Life Partners and its executives were liable on one count of fraud. "In ordering this significant monetary relief, the court recognized the egregious nature of their misconduct, noting that the defendants engaged in 'serious violations' of the securities laws, that they 'deprived the investing public of the information it needed to make a fully informed decision about whether to invest in Life Partners," said Andrew Ceresney, SEC's enforcement director.
December 2016: Life Partners Inc. exits bankruptcy
On December 9, 2016, a Joint Plan of Reorganization sponsored by H. Thomas Moran, II the Chapter 11 trustee, and the Official Unsecured Creditors' Committee became effective. Life Partners emerged from bankruptcy, reorganized to maximize the recovery of investors' funds.
Moran was quoted as saying:
Within the next two weeks, distributions of more than $100 million collected from matured policies during the bankruptcy proceedings will be distributed to investors. Going forward, we project that investors will receive roughly 90 percent of their invested capital over time as a result of the plan we were able to put in place—depending on the option they elected.
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Life Partners, Inc.
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Chuandongocoelurus ( ) is a genus of carnivorous tetanuran theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China.
Discovery and naming
The type species Chuandongocoelurus primitivus was first described and named by Chinese paleontologist He Xinlu in 1984. The generic name combines references to the Chuandong in Sichuan Province and the theropod genus Coelurus, itself named after the Greek κοῖλος, , meaning "hollow" and οὐρά, , meaning "tail". The specific name means "the primitive one" in Latin, a reference to the great age of the find.
He assigned two partial skeletons to Chuandongocoelurus. The holotype, a thighbone, is part of specimen CCG 20010. Vertebrae, pelvic bones and hindlimb elements, also catalogued under this inventory number, may belong to the same individual. The specimen has unfused neurocentral sutures in its vertebrae, meaning that the animal was immature at the time of death. The second specimen, CCG 20011, is a set of neck vertebrae from a much larger individual. In 2012, it was concluded that both specimens represent different taxa, probably not even closely related. CCG 20011 was found to instead share similarities with the ceratosaur Elaphrosaurus. The formation in which it was discovered was the Lower Shaximiao Formation, meaning Chuandongocoelurus dates to the Bathonian or Callovian stage of the Middle Jurassic.
The holotype thighbone has a length of 201 millimetres.
Classification
He placed Chuandongocoelurus in the Coeluridae, at the time a wastebasket taxon including almost all small theropods. David Bruce Norman in 1990 considered it to be an indeterminate theropod. More recently, Roger Benson (2008, 2010) and Benson et al. (2010) found it to be the sister taxon of Monolophosaurus, together forming a clade belonging either to Megalosauroidea or outside of Megalosauroidea in the Tetanurae. In 2012, Matthew Carrano et al. found Chuandongocoelurus outside of the Megalosauroidea.
The cladogram below follows Rauhut and Pol (2019):
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Chuandongocoelurus
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Last Chance to Breathe is the fifth studio album from the Christian rock band Spoken.
Critical reception
Awarding the album three stars for Christianity Today, Russ Breimeier states, "this is still a fine entry for the genre." Josh Taylor, giving the album three and a half stars at Jesus Freak Hideout, describes, "Last Time to Breathe is one tasty treat." Rating the album an eight out of ten from Cross Rhythms, Tony Cummings writes, "'Last Chance To Breathe' is well above average." Sarah Verno, indicating in a three and a half out of five review by The Phantom Tollbooth, says, "Last Chance to Breathe...is a reasonably solid album that’s worth checking out." Reviewing the album for The Phantom Tollbooth, Justin Wright comments, "this album will please old Spoken fans while allowing them to continue to reach out to new fans alike."
Track listing
Chart performance
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Last Chance to Breathe
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The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (OEB) presents comprehensive information on the card game contract bridge with limited information on related games and on playing cards. It is "official" in reference to the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) which authorized its production and whose staff prepared and/or supervised its various editions.
The first edition of the Encyclopedia was published in 1964 with Richard Frey as Editor-in-Chief; it was the only one with an edition revised for an overseas market (The Bridge Players' Encyclopedia, 1967). The seventh and latest edition was published in 2011 following intermediate editions in 1971, 1976, 1984, 1994 and 2001. The Executive Editor for the first six was Alan Truscott, bridge editor of The New York Times. For the fourth through sixth editions, Henry Francis succeeded Frey as Editor-in-Chief. Frey and Francis were also successive editors of the ACBL monthly membership magazine. Numerous contributing editors to the Encyclopedia were listed in each edition as were members of Editorial Advisory Boards.
The redesigned seventh edition, in preparation since 2006, was released in November 2011. Editor was Brent Manley, with primary assistance from Mark Horton, Barry Rigal, and Tracey Yarbro. This is the first edition to depart from the traditional alphabetical listing of individual entries and present a compilation of entries grouped into chapters, such as Bidding, Conventions and Card Play. Numerous photographs are included, together with two CDs; one containing the full printed version of the Encyclopedia and the other with biographies and tournament results.
First edition – 1964
The first edition set the ground work for the goals and scope of the Encyclopedia. In its forward, Editor-in-Chief Richard L. Frey observed that:
The only previous Encyclopedia of Bridge was edited by Ely Culbertson and published in 1935 ... The ambitious goal set for this Official Encyclopedia of Bridge was simple to state: "To provide an official and authoritative answer to any question a reader might ask about the game of contract bridge and its leading players."
On its dust jacket, the first edition states:
This encyclopedia is the most complete and authoritative book of information, guidance, and instruction for bridge players, ever published. It covers every aspect of bridge in all bridge-playing countries of the world; it contains complete and lucid definitions of every term; it describes and illustrates every standard bid, every recognized convention, and every type of play.
The first edition is divided into two main parts:
Main listings: The Introduction indicates that the entries in the main listings fall into five main categories (technical, historical, procedural, biographical and geographical, and terminological) and are presented alphabetically over 683 pages with entries frequently ending with cross-references to other entries on related category topics. Over 50 bridge-playing countries are listed and brief biographies of over 1,500 American and over 400 other players are recorded.
Bibliography: The main listings are followed by an eight-page bibliography.
The Harvard University online catalog entry for the first edition includes a note that "A great majority of the unsigned technical entries are by Alan Truscott."
Editors
Richard L. Frey, Editor-in-Chief
Alan F. Truscott, Executive Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
Albert H. Morehead, Chairman
B. Jay Becker
Geoffrey L. Butler
Carlos Cabanne
S. Carini-Mazzaccara
Robert de Nexon
Charles H. Goren
Alfred M. Gruenther
Ranik Halle
Johannes Hammerich
Ernst Heldring
Oswald Jacoby
Eric Jannersten
Alvin Landy
Alphonse Moyse, Jr.
Carlo Alberto Perroux
David R. Pigot
Leon Sapire
Alfred Sheinwold
Charles J. Solomon
Michael J. Sullivan
Severo A. Tuason
Harold Vanderbilt
Waldemar von Zedtwitz
Contributing Editors
Russell Baldwin
Jean Besse
George W. Beynon
Easley Blackwood
Jens Boeck
George S. Coffin
Eric Crowhurst
Victor R. Daly
Albert Dormer
Albert Field
Harry Fishbein
Mrs. A.L. Fleming
Sam Fry, Jr.
Richard Goldberg
Harry Goldwater
M. Harrison-Gray
Mrs. Dorothy Hayden
Lee Hazen
Don Horwitz
Monroe Ingberman
Arturo Jaques
Edwin B. Kantar
Edgar Kaplan
Sammy Kehela
Jack Kelly
Edwart Kempson
José Le Dentu
A. Littman-Lemaitre
Paul Lukacs
Arthur Marks
Mrs. Rixi Markus
Philip Merry
Marshall L. Miles
Victor Mollo
Florence Osborn
George Partos
Harry Polunsky
R. Anthony Priday
Terence Reese
William S. Root
Federico Rosa
Dr. George Rosenkranz
Lawrence Rosler
Ernest Rovere
Jeff Rubens
Howard Schenken
Jerome Scheuer
William Seamon
Ramon Skoroupo
Al Sobel
Norman Squire
Sam Stayman
Roy G. Telfer
Alec Traub
Robert Wakeman
Charlton Wallace
Robert W. Wilson
International Edition
In 1967 an edition revised for the needs of a British and European audience was published by Paul Hamlyn (London) under the title The Bridge Players' Encyclopedia. It was described as an International Edition based on The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge of 1964. The edition modified American spellings, 'translated' bidding structures to the more widely used Acol system, omitted biographical notes on some lesser known Americans and added biographical notes on British and European players resulting in coverage of over 50 countries and over 500 players. The editors were Ben Cohen and Rhoda Barrow.
Second edition – 1971
Richard Frey writes that since the first edition of 1964, ... bridge has attracted new adherents throughout the world, systems and conventions have been more and more influenced by "science" and "artificiality" ...
The second edition is divided into four main parts:
Main listings: technical bidding and play, historical, procedural (tournament organization, laws, etc.), geographical, and terminological. As in the first edition, entries frequently end with cross-references to other entries on related topics.
Biographies of leading personalities: The biographies include over 2,000 Americans and over 500 players from elsewhere.
Tournament results: American Bridge Association National Championships, All-American Regional Championships, and European, Far East and South American Championships. World Championships and USBA Grand Nationals are in the main listings
Bibliography: listed according to subject matter.
Editors
Richard L. Frey, Editor-in-Chief
Alan F. Truscott, Executive Editor
Thomas S. Smith, Managing Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
B. Jay Becker
Geoffrey L. Butler
Carlos Cabanne
S. Carini-Mazzaccara
Charles H. Goren
Alfred M. Gruenther
Ranik Halle
Johannes Hammerich
Ernst Heldring
Oswald Jacoby
Eric Jannersten
Edgar Kaplan
Alphonse Moyse, Jr.
Carlo Alberto Perroux
Leon Sapire
Alfred Sheinwold
Charles J. Solomon
Michael J. Sullivan
Severo A. Tuason
Waldemar von Zedtwitz
Contributing Editors
Mrs. Rhoda Barrow
Jean Besse
Easley Blackwood
Jens Boeck
George S. Coffin
Eric Crowhurst
Victor R. Daly
Albert Dormer
Albert Field
Mrs. A.L. Fleming
Sam Fry, Jr.
Richard Goldberg
Harry Goldwater
M. Harrison-Gray*
Mrs. Dorothy Hayden
Lee Hazen
Don Horwitz
Monroe Ingberman
Arturo Jaques
Edwin B. Kantar
Fred Karpin
Sammy Kehela
Jack Kelly*
Edwart Kempson*
José Le Dentu
A. Littman-Lemaitre
Paul Lukacs
Arthur Marks*
Mrs. Rixi Markus
Philip Merry
Marshall L. Miles
Victor Mollo
George Partos
Harry Polunsky
R. Anthony Priday
Terence Reese
William S. Root
Federico Rosa
Dr. George Rosenkranz
Lawrence Rosler
Ernest Rovere
Jeff Rubens
Howard Schenken
Jerome Scheuer
William Seamon
Ramon Skoroupo*
Terry Smith
Al Sobel
Sam Stayman
Roy G. Telfer
Alec Traub
Robert Wakeman
Charlton Wallace
Robert W. Wilson*
Third edition – 1976
Richard Frey comments on several themes in the foreword to the third edition:
We have seen rapid and radical developments in bidding systems; explosions of new cheating scandals and employment of devices to prevent them; the creation of techniques for warning opponents about bids that have unusual meanings ...
... the newly uncovered evidence that bridge was known and played before the earliest previous accreditation (to Russia) of its origin and its name.
The third edition is organized into the same four parts as the second. There are again over 2,500 biographies but newer and stricter criteria were applied and many previous entries have been superseded by new ones; successes in competitions remain in the appropriate event listings.
Editors
Richard L. Frey, Editor-in-Chief
Alan F. Truscott, Executive Editor
Amalya L. Kearse, Editor, Third Edition
Editorial Advisory Board
B. Jay Becker
Geoffrey L. Butler
Carlos Cabanne
S. Carini-Mazzaccara
Herman Filarski
Richard L. Goldberg
Charles Goren
Alfred M. Gruenther
Ranik Halle
Johannes Hammerich
Ernst Heldring
Oswald Jacoby
Eric Jannersten
Edgar Kaplan
José Le Dentu
A. Littman-Lemaitre
Carlo Alberto Perroux
Julius Rosenblum
George Rosenkranz
Leon Sapire
Alfred Sheinwold
Waldemar von Zedtwitz
Contributing Editors
Jean Besse
Easley Blackwood
Jens Boeck
George S. Coffin
Ralph Cohen
Eric Crowhurst
Victor R. Daly
Albert Dormer
Robert Ewen
Albert Field
Mrs. A.L. Fleming
Henry G. Francis
Harold Franklin
Sam Fry, Jr.
Richard Goldberg
Harry Goldwater
Lee Hazen
Don Horwitz
Monroe Ingberman
Arturo Jaques
Edwin B. Kantar
Fred Karpin
Sammy Kehela
Ron Klinger
Rhoda Barrow Lederer
Paul Lukacs
Rixi Markus
Philip Merry
Marshall L. Miles
Victor Mollo
George Partos
R. Anthony Priday
Terence Reese
William S. Root
Lawrence Rosler
Ernest Rovere
Jeff Rubens
Howard Schenken
William Seamon
Edith Simon
Terry Smith
Thomas M. Smith
Sam Stayman
Roy G. Telfer
Alec Traub
Robert True
Dorothy Hayden Truscott
Jo Van Den Borre
Robert Wakeman
Charlton Wallace
Fourth edition – 1984
The fourth edition contains 922 pages — the most of any edition. Again, the pace of change in bridge is great as Richard Frey, now Editor Emeritus having been succeeded as Editor-in-Chief by Henry Francis, notes in the Foreword, ... a quantum leap in the technical material ... many new and intriguing methods and ideas have made their appearance in the past seven years, and some have been widely adopted.
The organization of the fourth edition follows that of the third and second.
Editors
Henry G. Francis, Editor-in-Chief
Alan F. Truscott, Executive Editor
Richard L. Frey, Editor Emeritus
Diane Hayward, Editor, Fourth Edition
Editorial Advisory Board
B. Jay Becker
Geoffrey L. Butler
Carlos Cabanne
S. Carini-Mazzaccara
Benno Gimkiewicz
Richard L. Goldberg
Charles Goren
Ranik Halle
Johannes Hammerich
Denis Howard
Oswald Jacoby
Edgar Kaplan
José Le Dentu
Jaime Ortiz-Patiño
George Rosenkranz
Leon Sapire
Alfred Sheinwold
Waldemar von Zedtwitz
Contributing Editors
Bertrand N. Bauer
Jean Besse
Easley Blackwood
George S. Coffin
Ralph Cohen
Eric Crowhurst
Victor R. Daly
George F. Donaghy
Albert Dormer
Sue Emery
Robert Ewen
Albert Field
Irene (Dimmie) Fleming
Harold Franklin
Sam Fry, Jr.
Richard Goldberg
Harry Goldwater
Lee Hazen
Don Horwitz
Monroe Ingberman
Arturo Jaques
Edwin B. Kantar
Fred Karpin
Steve Katz
Sammy Kehela
Ron Klinger
Rhoda Barrow Lederer
Rixi Markus
Philip Merry
Marshall L. Miles
Richard Oshlaf
George Partos
Richard Anthony Priday
Terence Reese
William S. Root
Lawrence Rosler
Ernest Rovere
Jeff Rubens
William Sachen
William Seamon
Edith Simon
Terry Smith
Thomas M. Smith
Sam Stayman
Peggy Sutherlin
Roy G. Telfer
Alec Traub
Robert True
Dorothy Hayden Truscott
Jo Van Den Borre
Fifth edition – 1994
In the Foreword, Alan Truscott notes,The changes in the technical section have been far greater than in any of the earlier editions, reflecting the many theoretical advances in the past decade.
The four part organization of the book follows the format of its immediate predecessors. More than 2,800 bridge personalities are listed in the biographies, largely updated by Dorthy Fancis; Truscott prepared most of the technical and foreign material with Frank Stewart contributing significantly to the technical; the expanded 21 page bibliography was prepared by William Sachen. Previous editions were published by Crown Publishers Inc. of New York; the 5th edition was published by the American Contract Bridge League.
Editors
Henry G. Francis, Editor-in-Chief
Alan F. Truscott, Executive Editor
Dorthy A Francis, Editor, Fifth Edition
Contributing Editors
Phillip Alder
Carlos Cabanne
Larry N. Cohen
Gabriel Chagas
Hugh Darwen
Sue Emery
Albert Field
Santanu Ghose
Richard Grenside
Olof Hanner
Diane Hayward
Per Jannersten
Jared Johnson
Patrick Jourdain
Edgar Kaplan
Phillip Martin
Svend Novrup
David Parry
R. Anthony Priday
Bill Sachen
Ton Schipperheyn
Frank Stewart
Jess Stuart
Dorothy Truscott
Sol Weinstein
Sixth edition – 2001
The front inside panel of the dust jacket states:
"This work is the most complete and authoritative book of information, guidance and instruction ever published for bridge players."
The Foreword states,This edition has been prepared primarily by Henry Francis, with major contributions and help from Alan Truscott and Barry Rigal. Once again Dorthy Francis has updated American biographies and world-wide tournament results. Tim Bourke, who owns one of the world's most complete bridge libraries and who assembled the Morehead Library at ACBL Headquarters, prepared the bibliography.
The four part organization of the book follows the format of its immediate predecessors. More than 3,000 bridge personalities are listed in the biographies; the 60 page bibliography doubled that of the previous edition.
Editors
Henry G. Francis, Editor-in-Chief
Alan F. Truscott, Executive Editor
Dorthy A Francis, Editor, Sixth Edition
Contributing Editors
Phillip Alder
Carlos Cabanne
Gabriel Chagas
Hugh Darwen
Herman De Wael
Elly Ducheyne-Swaan
Albert Field
Santanu Ghose
Anna Gudge
Mazhar Jafri
Per Jannersten
Danny Kleinman
Eric Kokish
Sandra Landy
Jean-Paul Meyer
Svend Novrup
Julian Pottage
Barry Rigal
Gianarrigo Rona
Seventh edition – 2011
The 7th edition had its beginning about 2006, when decisions were made about the format, the contents and the people who would be involved in putting it together.
It departs from previous editions in several ways. Foremost is the medium: two CD-ROM volumes with one book whose contents match the first CD. All previous editions were one-volume books.
This edition introduces photographs and has many of them. It comes with an index instead of a cross-reference table. In the print volume, both pages and font are bigger. The four-part organization introduced in 1971, with a very large alphabetical part one, has been replaced by about 40 chapters and appendices. The printed book and the first CD both comprise chapters 1 to 26. The second volume, CD only, comprises eight chapters of biographical entries and three appendices on Masterpoints, achievements, and tournament results.
Editors
Brent Manley, Editor
Mark Horton, Co-Editor
Tracey Greenberg-Yarbro, Co-Editor
Barry Rigal, Co-Editor
Contributing editors
Current edition
Henry B. Anderson
Bill Buttle
John Carruthers
Simon Cocheme
Lee Daugharty
Tom Dawson
Judy Dawson
Herman De Wael
Fred Gitelman
Robb Gordon
Terre Gorham
Anna Gudge
Peter Hasenson
Per Jannersten
Peggy Kaplan
Paul Linxwiler
Donna Manley
Jan Martel
Kelley McGuire
Jean-Paul Meyer
Pony Nehmert
Julian Pottage
Jeff Rubens
Frank Stewart
Ron Tacchi
Bob van de Velde
Jeroen Warmerdam
Anders Wirgen
Past editions
Phillip Alder
Jean Besse
Larry N. Cohen
Eric Crowhurst
Albert Dormer
Sue Emery
Robert Ewen
Richard Grenside
Olof Hanner
Maurice Harrison-Gray
Diane Hayward
Monroe Ingbergman
Jane Johnson
Jared Johnson
Patrick Jourdain
Edgar Kaplan
Fred Karpin
Sami Kehela
Rhoda Barrow Lederer
Phillip Martin
Marshall Miles
Victor Mollo
David Parry
Tony Priday
Bill Sachen
Jess Stuart
Alec Traub
Dorothy Truscott
Ray Telfer
Sol Weinstein
Contents
The book contains the following Table of Contents; the first of two compact discs (CD) contains a Portable Document Format (pdf) version of the book.
Chapter 1. History
Chapter 2. ACBL Hall of Fame
Chapter 3. CBF Hall of Fame
Chapter 4. Bridge at the Top
Chapter 5. Bridge Museum
Chapter 6. ACBL – How it Works
Chapter 7. Tournaments
Chapter 8. Trophies
Chapter 9. World of Bridge
Chapter 10. Terminology
Chapter 11. Bidding
Chapter 12. Competitive Bidding
Chapter 13. Conventions
Chapter 14. Systems
Chapter 15. Card play
Chapter 16. Matchpoints vs. IMPs
Chapter 17. Carding
Chapter 18. Advanced Plays
Chapter 19. Squeezes
Chapter 20. Suit Combination
Chapter 21. At the Table
Chapter 22. Mathematics at Bridge
Chapter 23. Rules and "Laws" of Bridge
Chapter 24. Bridge and the Digital Age
Chapter 25. Curiosities
Chapter 26. Rubber Bridge
The second CD provides more information about bridge people and competitions per the following table of contents; its contents are not available in print.
ACBL Hall of Fame
CBF Hall of Fame
Grand Life Masters
Platinum Life Masters
Emerald Life Masters
Diamond Life Masters
Other Noted Personalities
ACBL Presidents
National Tournament Directors
Appendix One — North American Results
Appendix Two — Masterpoints Race Results
Appendix Three — World Championship Results
Bibliographic data
See also
Encyclopedic bibliographies on bridge
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The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge
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Jacqueline "Jackie" Frank DeLuca Cochran (born May 1, 1980, in Hermosa Beach, California) is an American water polo goalkeeper, 2004 bronze medal Olympian and two-time collegiate National Player of the Year.
Early life
Jackie Frank began competitive swimming at the Long Beach Swim Club at age 10. After a year of swimming, she joined the water polo team. In the last game of the year, she played in goal when the regular goalie did not show up and ended up making first-team all-tournament.
Frank is 1998 graduate of Los Alamitos High School, where she competed on both the swim and water polo teams and was named First-Team All-America in water polo each of her four years. Her Los Al Griffins water polo team won the Southern Section Championship in 1996 and her swimming team won the Southern Section Championship in 1994. In her junior year, her girls water-polo team finished 24–0. Besides athletics, Frank was active in the Key Club and was selected for the California Scholarship Federation.
Stanford University
As a freshman in 1999, Jackie Frank redshirted to train with the U.S. National Team. The next year, however, she decided to return to Stanford and did not play with the US Olympic team at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. As a first year goalie, Frank played in 27 games for 686 minutes and recorded a GAA of 4.65. She played well against good opponents: 15 saves to keep Cal scoreless in the first three periods of play in the Northern California Regional Qualifiers, 7 saves to help Stanford to an 8–5 win over the California Golden Bears in the National Championship third-place game.
As a sophomore in 2001, Frank was named First Team All-America by the American Water Polo Coaches Association and All-Tournament Team honors at the NCAA and the MPSF Championships. She recorded 151 saves in 25 games with a 6.0 saves per game average and held opponents to just 79 goals. The Stanford Athletic Board awarded Jackie Frank the Block 'S' for the athlete with the highest cumulative grade point average.
In 2002: Stanford women's water polo had a 23–2 season and avenged their 2001 loss in the NCAA Women's Water Polo Championship by beating UCLA 8–4. Frank was voted the MVP of the tournament; in the final game she had 12 saves and allowed only 1 goal when UCLA had 6 on 5 advantage. The American Water Polo Coaches Association named her Player of the Year for a second year in a row. Frank had 161 saves in goal for the Stanford Cardinal, averaging 7.32 per game and allowed only 87 opponent goals. She was also selected as an Academic All-American and Stanford Athletic Board Block 'S' outstanding athlete for a second year.
The Stanford women made their third consecutive appearance in the NCAA title game in May 2003. Frank's statistics by then: 23 games, 142 saves, including a thrilling overtime game against UCLA at the MPSF Tournament with 22 saves. The senior goalkeeper was honored as the NCAA Player of the Year and Mountain Pacific Sports Federation Goalie of the Year for the second straight season. In June 2003, Jackie Frank receiving the Stanford Athletic Board's highest honor, The Al Masters Award, for attaining the highest standards of athletic performance, leadership and academic achievement. The same month, Frank was named recipient of the Peter J. Cutino Award, which annually recognizes the best male and female American collegiate water polo player.
Olympics and international play
Jacqueline Frank Deluca Cochran played on the U.S. Senior National Team from 1998 to 2004, and since summer of 2002 as starting goalkeeper. In five games at the 2002 World Cup in Perth, Australia, Frank amassed 52 saves, including a tournament-high 14 in a semifinal game against Canada and 8 in the silver medal performance against Hungary. Her 4.2 goals per game was the lowest among all goalies at the World Cup.
In June 2004, Jackie Frank came up with two stops during the deciding penalty shootout of an eventual 12–10 win over Hungary in the gold medal game of the FINA Women's Water Polo World League Super Final. In Long Beach, California before a crowd of 3,108, Team USA and Hungary never got more than one goal ahead of each other through 36 minutes of play. Still tied 8–8 at the end of regulation, the gold-medal decision came down to a penalty shootout.
The 2004 U.S. women's Olympic water polo team, with Jackie Frank as goalie, just missed out on the gold medal game when Italy defeated the US on a last minute shot that got past Frank for a goal. The team defeated Australia for the bronze medal. She was the top goalkeeper at the 2004 Olympics, with 41 saves.
After taking a year off to have a baby, Stanford alumna and 2004 Olympic Team goalkeeper Jackie Cochran, formerly Frank, rejoined the USA Water Polo Women's National Team in October 2005. A month later. her first competition was the Speedo Top 40 tournament at the USA Water Polo National Training Center in Los Alamitos, where she had won MVP honors in 2002.
Jackie completed dermatology residency at Wake Forest Baptist health and is now a dermatologist at Kaiser Permanente in southern California. She has 4 children and is married to Pat Cochran. She has studied Lionel Richie music for over 15-years and is considered a world renowned expert on the Richie family.
See also
United States women's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (women)
List of women's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
List of world champions in women's water polo
List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo
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Jacqueline Frank DeLuca
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Terra Sirenum is a large region in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at and covers 3900 km at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 10 to 70 South and longitudes 110 to 180 W. Terra Sirenum is an upland area notable for massive cratering including the large Newton Crater. Terra Sirenum is in the Phaethontis quadrangle and the Memnonia quadrangle of Mars. A low area in Terra Sirenum is believed to have once held a lake that eventually drained through Ma'adim Vallis.
Terra Sirenum is named after the Sirens, who were birds with the heads of girls. In the Odyssey these girls captured passing seamen and killed them.
Chloride deposits
Evidence of deposits of chloride based minerals in Terra Sirenum was discovered by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter's Thermal Emission Imaging System in March 2008. The deposits are approximately 3.5 to 3.9 billion years old. This suggests that near-surface water was widespread in early Martian history, which has implications for the possible existence of Martian life. Besides finding chlorides, MRO discovered iron/magnesium smectites which are formed from long exposure in water.
Based on chloride deposits and hydrated phyllosilicates, Alfonso Davila and others believe there is an ancient lakebed in Terra Sirenum that had an area of 30,000 km2 and was 200 meters deep. Other evidence that supports this lake are normal and inverted channels like ones found in the Atacama desert.
Inverted relief
Some areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface. It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas. Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits. Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water. On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces. Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah. Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times.
Martian gullies
Terra Sirenum is the location of many Martian gullies that may be due to recent flowing water. Some are found in the Gorgonum Chaos and in many craters near the large craters Copernicus and Newton. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young.
Tongue-shaped glaciers
Possible pingos
The radial and concentric cracks visible here are common when forces penetrate a brittle layer, such as a rock thrown through a glass window. These particular fractures were probably created by something emerging from below the brittle Martian surface. Ice may have accumulated under the surface in a lens shape; thus making these cracked mounds. Ice being less dense than rock, pushed upwards on the surface and generated these spider web-like patterns. A similar process creates similar sized mounds in arctic tundra on Earth. Such features are called “pingos,”, an Inuit word. Pingos would contain pure water ice; thus they could be sources of water for future colonists of Mars.
Concentric crater fill
Concentric crater fill, like lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill, is believed to be ice-rich. Based on accurate topography measures of height at different points in these craters and calculations of how deep the craters should be based on their diameters, it is thought that the craters are 80% filled with mostly ice. That is, they hold hundreds of meters of material that probably consists of ice with a few tens of meters of surface debris. The ice accumulated in the crater from snowfall in previous climates. Recent modeling suggests that concentric crater fill develops over many cycles in which snow is deposited, then moves into the crater. Once inside the crater shade and dust preserve the snow. The snow changes to ice. The many concentric lines are created by the many cycles of snow accumulation. Generally snow accumulates whenever the axial tilt reaches 35 degrees.
Liu Hsin Crater features
Magnetic stripes and plate tectonics
The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) discovered magnetic stripes in the crust of Mars, especially in the Phaethontis and Eridania quadrangles (Terra Cimmeria and Terra Sirenum). The magnetometer on MGS discovered 100 km wide stripes of magnetized crust running roughly parallel for up to 2000 km. These stripes alternate in polarity with the north magnetic pole of one pointing up from the surface and the north magnetic pole of the next pointing down. When similar stripes were discovered on Earth in the 1960s, they were taken as evidence of plate tectonics. Researchers believe these magnetic stripes on Mars are evidence for a short, early period of plate tectonic activity. When the rocks became solid they retained the magnetism that existed at the time. A magnetic field of a planet is believed to be caused by fluid motions under the surface. However, there are some differences, between the magnetic stripes on Earth and those on Mars. The Martian stripes are wider, much more strongly magnetized, and do not appear to spread out from a middle crustal spreading zone.
Because the area containing the magnetic stripes is about 4 billion years old, it is believed that the global magnetic field probably lasted for only the first few hundred million years of Mars' life, when the temperature of the molten iron in the planet's core might have been high enough to mix it into a magnetic dynamo. There are no magnetic fields near large impact basins like Hellas. The shock of the impact may have erased the remnant magnetization in the rock. So, magnetism produced by early fluid motion in the core would not have existed after the impacts.
When molten rock containing magnetic material, such as hematite (Fe2O3), cools and solidifies in the presence of a magnetic field, it becomes magnetized and takes on the polarity of the background field. This magnetism is lost only if the rock is subsequently heated above a particular temperature (the Curie point which is 770 °C for iron). The magnetism left in rocks is a record of the magnetic field when the rock solidified.
Other features
Interactive Mars map
See also
Climate of Mars
Geology of Mars
Glaciers on Mars
Groundwater on Mars
Impact crater
List of craters on Mars
Martian gullies
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Terra Sirenum
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Handicap race may refer to:
Handicap (horse racing), a race in which horses carry different weights
Handicap (greyhound racing), a race in which greyhounds start from different starting traps
Bracket racing, in drag racing, where cars, motorcycles, or trucks start at different times based on vehicle category.
Handicap (sailing), handicaps for sailing vessels in races
Handicap (speedway), the Match Average calculated for every motorcycle speedway rider
See also
Handicapping, the various methods of leveling the outcome in a competitive sport or game
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Handicap race
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Celemantia (or Kelemantia; the modern name of the site is Leányvár) was a Roman castellum and settlement on the territory of the present-day municipality Iža (Hun: Izsa), some 4 km to the east of Komárno in Slovakia. It is the biggest known Roman castellum in present-day Slovakia. It was a part of the Roman limes, the frontier-zone of the Empire.
A Germanic settlement "Celemantia" in this area is mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaios in the 2nd century AD. It could be identical with the remnants of a civil settlement found next to the castellum or with another unknown settlement or, as some historians assume, it is the name of both the castellum and the remnants of the civil settlement.
The construction of the castellum started in the 2nd half of the 1st century. It was conquered during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180) and burned down by Germanic tribes, and was rebuilt later. It ceased to exist around 400 (beginning of the Migration Period). The ruins were very well visible up to the late 18th century, but afterward people used stones from the constructions to build the fortress and other buildings in Komárno.
According to a local legend, a Roman soldier, Valentin, kept his mistresses in the fortress. The fictitious story explains the origin of the name Leányvár, meaning Girl Castle in Hungarian. However, the name probably refers to the fact that the ruins of the castle were donated by King Béla IV of Hungary to the Dominican nuns of Margitsziget who later built a small fortress among them.
In July 2021, Celemantia was added to the UNESCO's World Heritage List as part of the Western segment of the Danubian Limes of the Roman Empire.
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Celemantia
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The PZL-Mielec M-20 Mewa (Polish: Gull) is a licence-built version of the Piper PA-34 Seneca II manufactured in Poland by WSK PZL Mielec in a limited series from the 1980s.
Development
A licence to build the PA-34-200T was purchased in 1978, when WSK-Mielec started to co-operate with Western manufacturers. The Polish aircraft were to be fitted with PZL-Franklin F6A-350 engines. The first Mewa, partly assembled from US-delivered parts, flew on 25 July 1979. However, the Polish communist authorities were reluctant to produce civil aircraft of this class as there was no civil aircraft free market in Poland at that time. As a result, the second prototype, built in Poland, was not flown until 1982 and the third M-20 02, being the basis for serial production, on10 October 10, 1985. In 1988, an air ambulance version M-20 03 was developed, with Teledyne Continental TSIO/LTSIO-360-KB engines.
After 1990 production of the Mewa commenced for the civilian market. Despite the fact that it won the Teraz Polska award in 1993, interest was very limited and only 33 had been built by the end of 1998.
In April 2015, Aero AT (Jiangsu) Aviation Industrial bought the intellectual property for the M-20 Mewa from U.S.-based Sikorsky Aircraft's subsidiary PZL Mielec in Poland. Poland-based Aero AT Ltd., Jiangsu Aero AT Aviation Technologies and Changzhou National Hi-Tech District entered into an investment agreement on 30 October 2015. The plan being for Jiangsu Aero to assemble the M-20 Mewa in China at the Changzhou Konggang Industrial Park. The first Chinese produced M-20 Mewa was expected to roll off the production line at the facility in 2017, followed by 50 aircraft annually starting in 2018.
Operational history
Four M-20s were used by the Polish Air Ambulance Service. As of 2006, there were still 14 M-20s on the Polish civilian registry. One is used by the Polish Border Guard.
Operators
Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe (Polish: Air Ambulance Service) operated 4 aircraft till 2009. They were replaced by two Piaggio P.180 Avanti.
Polish Border Guard received 1 aircraft.
Specifications (PZL M-20 Mewa)
See also
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PZL M-20 Mewa
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Picanha is a cut of beef first made popular in Brazil, and later adopted in Portugal. It consists of the final part of the biceps femoris muscle, at the bottom of the animal, and its fat cap. In recent years the cut has become popular in most of Latin America and has gained a reputation as a tasty meat in the barbecue culture.
In Brazil
In Brazil, the most prized cut of meat tends to be the picanha. There the traditional preparation is to skewer the meat and cook it over a charcoal grill, with a minimal seasoning consisting of sea salt. The fat is retained until the steak has been cooked.
United States
In the United States, the cut is little known and often named top sirloin cap, rump cover, rump cap, or culotte (French). American butchers generally divide this cut into other cuts like the rump, the round, and the loin. Unlike in Brazil, the traditionally-retained fat tends to be removed before preparation, unless requested otherwise by the customer.
Etymology
The term picanha is of unknown origin. It could be derived from the word picana, which was a pole used by ranchers in the southern parts of Portugal and Spain, particularly in Alentejo, for herding cattle. In Brazil, the word was imported by the gaúcho cowboys of the South region and incorporated into the day-to-day of the countryside. It was common to hear them say among colleagues picanha o bicho! ("prick the animal!"). The location where the animals were pricked is the point where the picanha cut is located, so the name stuck.
See also
Churrasco
Tafelspitz, an Austrian and Bavarian preparation of the same cut by boiling or simmering
List of Brazilian dishes
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Picanha
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Maddy or Maddie is a shortened form of the feminine given names Madeleine, Madelyn, Madison, etc.
People
Maddy Crippen (born 1980), American medley swimmer
Maddy Cusack (1995–2023), English footballer
Maddy English (1925–2004), American professional baseball player
Maddy Evans (born 1991), American soccer player
Maddy Hill (born 1990), English actress
Maddie Moate (born 1988), English TV presenter and YouTube filmmaker
Maddie Poppe (born 1997), American singer-songwriter, 16th winner of American Idol (2018)
Maddy Prior (born 1947), English folk singer
Maddie Rooney (born 1997), American ice hockey player
Maddy Rosenberg (born 1956), American artist and curator
Maddy Scott (born 1991), Canadian person who has been missing since 2011
Maddy Siegrist (born 2000), American basketball player
Maddy Thorson (born 1988), Canadian video game developer
Maddie Ziegler (born 2002), American dancer
R. Maddy, nickname of R. Madhavan (born 1970), Indian film actor
Fictional characters
Madalyn "Maddie" Bishop, main character of the 2018 show Siren
Madeline "Maddie" Kendall-Buckley, a 9-1-1 dispatcher on American television series 9-1-1
Maddie Fenton, on the Nickelodeon show Danny Phantom
Maddy Ferguson, on the U.S. television series Twin Peaks
Maddie Fitzpatrick, on the Disney television series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody
Maddie Flour, from the Disney Channel animated series Amphibia
Maddie Hayes, on the U.S. television series Moonlighting, role played by Cybill Shepherd
Maddie Heath, on the UK television show Coronation Street
Maddie Magellan, a lead character in the UK television show Jonathan Creek
Maddy Osborne, on the Australian soap opera Home and Away
Maddy Perez, a main character of the US HBO television show Euphoria
Maddie Rooney, from the Disney Channel program Liv and Maddie, played by Dove Cameron
Maddy Young, from the BBC medical drama Holby City
Maddie, inland taipan protagonist of Back to the Outback
See also
Feminine given names
Hypocorisms
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Maddy (given name)
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is a Japanese video game developer and a subsidiary of Nintendo based in Japan with offices in Tokyo and Sapporo. The majority of the company is made up of former employees of Hudson Soft. They have also been the developers of the Mario Party series since Mario Party 9 onwards.
History
The company was founded on March 1, 2000, as a joint venture between Nintendo and the biggest advertising firm in Japan called Dentsu, hence the "ND" in the name. Nintendo had at the time 78% of the shares of the company, while 13.3% of the shares were owned by Dentsu and the rest of the 8.7% were owned by other shareholders.
In 2010, Nintendo decided to buy out the company's shares from Dentsu and the other shareholders, being then the major shareholder on the company, with its changing from 78% to 96% initially, to 97% in 2015, and since 2023, to 99% of the shares.
Since 2010, many employees from Hudson Soft migrated to a restructured NDcube, which is also head by Hidetoshi Endo, a former president at Hudson Soft that assumed NDcube at the end of the 2000s.
In 2019, the director of Mario Party series since his Hudson Soft days, Shuichiro Nishiya, became president of the company in the place of Hidetoshi Endo, who was the president of NDcube for almost ten years.
Games
Notes
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NDcube
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Coaster Works, known in Japan as , is a simulation game for the Dreamcast console published by Bimboosoft. The game is a simulation of roller coaster design and construction. Each of the levels offer certain requirements that the player must meet to pass to the next level. The game starts the player off in a "kiddie" themed park and progresses to more and more difficult levels with more difficult requirements. A direct sequel titled was released on November 2, 2000 in Japan only as the North American and PAL releases were cancelled for 2001. A third game titled Rollercoaster World was developed by Takara and published by D3 Publisher in Japan as (part of the Simple 2000 series) on July 24, 2003, and by Midas Interactive Entertainment in Europe on May 21, 2004 for the PlayStation 2.
Reception
The game received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN gave it favorable reviews, while GameSpot gave it mixed reviews, months before the game was released Stateside. Eric Bratcher of NextGen, however, said of the game, "The engine is fast (though graphically bland), but a trip to a real amusement park would cost about the same and last longer than four hours. Plus, you could buy corn dogs and funnel cake." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40 for the first Jet Coaster Dream, 25 out of 40 for the sequel, and 27 out of 40 for the PlayStation 2 version.
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Coaster Works
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The Timoleague and Courtmacsherry Light Railway, Ireland, opened in April 1891, was originally operated by two locomotives, both from the Leeds works of the Hunslet Engine Company. The first of these was an 0-6-0ST named Slaney, built in 1885 it did not survive to the 1925 amalgamation, being scrapped five years previously.
The second locomotive was Hunslet No.520, built in 1890, an 0-4-2T named St. Molaga, which under the classification adopted by the Great Southern Railways on amalgamation in 1925 became the sole representative of Class L6.
This locomotive, along with a third Hunslet, Argadeen, passed to the GSR on amalgamation in 1925. It passed to Córas Iompair Éireann at the 1945 nationalisation and was withdrawn in 1949.
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TCLR St. Molaga
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Karl Kennedy is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Alan Fletcher. The actor previously appeared in the soap in 1987 as mechanic Greg Cooper. He made his first screen appearance as Karl during the episode broadcast on 20 September 1994. Karl and his family were created by Neighbours storyliners in an attempt to bring the show back to its roots. Karl was given the job of local GP to provide him with immediate links to other characters. Debuting shortly before his wife, Susan Kennedy, he is the longest running continuously appearing character in the series' history.
Creation and casting
In 1994, the Neighbours''' storyliners decided to introduce the "solid" Kennedy family. They felt that they needed to take the show back to its roots when it seemed that all the houses on Ramsay Street were populated with misfits and distant relatives. Susan (Jackie Woodburne) was given the job of teacher at the local school and Karl was made the local GP, giving the family immediate links with other characters.
Fletcher had previously starred in Neighbours as Greg Cooper for a three-week guest role in 1987. When the character of Karl Kennedy came up, Fletcher auditioned for the role in the same way as he had for the role of Greg. He was subsequently cast in the show again seven years after his first appearance. Fletcher admitted that when he joined the show again he thought he would be there for a year.
In 2009, Fletcher celebrated the 15th anniversary of his character's arrival on Ramsay Street. In 2014, Fletcher celebrated 20 years on the show. He commented "I am planning to hang around for quite a while longer because I do love it too much, we're talking at the moment about a continuation."
Development
Marriage to Susan Kennedy
Susan and Karl were childhood sweethearts who married in 1978, before they both graduated from university. Karl has cheated on Susan and the couple have broken up and divorced, but they later reunited and have remarried. Karl and Susan are best friends who enjoy each other's company, share a deep connection and take joy in each other's quirks and ways. Woodburne described them as having a "really solid foundation for a marriage" and she has said that she does not want to see Susan and Karl's relationship break up again.
A writer for Holy Soap has called Susan and Karl "contenders for the friskiest couple on Ramsay Street". Following their "passionate arguments", the couple enjoy making up together as they have a healthy attraction for each other. Fletcher says he and Woodburne find the scenes "funny". Fletcher said "Karl and Susan every now and again do go through a phase where they become slightly more amorous than in their tougher times and tougher storylines – suffice to say it's not bawdy, but I think the audience will enjoy the fun aspect". Karl and Susan have been caught in the nude together on three occasions; at the beach, in Lou Carpenter's (Tom Oliver) spa and when they went skinny-dipping in the bush.
Character reflection
Upon the news that Neighbours would be concluding on 28 July 2022, Fletcher said that the finale would be a "huge celebration of the show, but a celebration that goes back 37 years. It'll be quite memorable." He described Channel 5's decision to cancel the show a "harsh reality", but understood why the decision had been made. When asked of his favourite storyline, Fletcher said, "Well, it's hard to get past the Izzy/Karl/Susan triangle, because unlike the Sarah affair, which was very much an affair, the Izzy storyline was a lot more complex. Karl left Susan mentally for Izzy, before he left her physically. Izzy actually had no interest in Karl. It was only when Izzy found out she was pregnant with another man's child, and that man had died in the Lassiters fire, that she said: 'I'll take you Karl, so you can be the father to my child'. Of course, she faked the date of her pregnancy at the hospital. It was an incredible story. Susan's reaction to Karl having a baby with another woman was spectacular. She really gave it to me in the street. It had many twists and turns and finished beautifully."
Fletcher also stated that he enjoyed comedic storylines, especially the serial's 7000th episode, where Karl shares a nude lunch. Fletcher explained that his least favourite storyline as Karl was when "he got himself a job as a pharmaceutical rep. He discovered that the company that he was working for were selling expired medicines in third world countries", and he thought the storyline unrealistic for Neighbours. Fletcher added that he and Woodburne were "very excited" for Izzy and Malcolm's returns in the final episodes. Upon the idea of Karl and Susan leaving the street at the end of the serial, Fletcher responded, "For me to fulfil my fantasy that Karl and Susan go on holiday on the last episode and turn up over the next year in every UK soap as tourists – for that to happen, I guess we'd have to leave!"
Storylines
Karl met his wife, Susan at university and they had three children together; Malcolm (Benjamin McNair), Libby (Kym Valentine) and Billy (Jesse Spencer). After he is suspected of causing the death of a patient, Karl decides to move his family from the countryside to Erinsborough. The move is initially difficult on the family, but they eventually settle into the community. Karl goes into partnership with Tamsin Caldo (Soula Alexander) at the local medical centre. The children begin causing problems for Karl. Billy befriends Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney), who Karl dislikes, while Libby falls for an older guy and Malcolm begins dating Danni Stark (Eliza Szonert). Karl becomes friends with his neighbours, Philip Martin (Ian Rawlings) and Lou Carpenter. He starts treating Kate Cornwall (Christie Sistrunk), a patient with an incurable disease. He develops a close friendship with her and just before she leaves, they share a kiss. When Kate dies, Karl struggles with his grief and admits to Susan that he was attracted to Kate. Karl's father, Tom (Bob Hornery), comes to stay with the family and he reveals he is not Karl's biological father. Karl assures Tom he will always consider him as his father, but he decides to track down his biological father, Ronald Davies-Smythe (Tony Hawkins). Ronald visits the family once, before dying.
Karl clashes with Libby's boyfriend, Darren Stark (Todd MacDonald), and a feud between Karl and Darren's mother, Cheryl (Caroline Gillmer) begins. They later call a truce and when Cheryl is knocked down by a lorry, Karl tries to help her. He gives her painkillers, but Cheryl dies. Karl later realises that Cheryl may have been allergic to the drugs he gave her and thinking he caused Cheryl's death, Karl stops practising medicine. However, when Karl saves Malcolm's life by performing a tracheotomy on him, he decides to resume practising medicine and takes over the lease on the surgery at the Lassiter's Complex. Karl allows Toadie to stay with the family after his own family leave. When Malcolm leaves home, he sends his friend Joel Samuels (Daniel MacPherson) to Erinsborough to stay with Karl and Susan. Karl become attracted to his receptionist, Sarah Beaumont (Nicola Charles). He helps her to become a nurse and when he comforts her about a break up, they kiss. Karl tries to distance himself from Sarah, but she falls for him. Karl tells Sarah that he cannot be with her as he loves Susan. Toadie learns of the kiss and tells Billy, who then tells Susan on the same day that their friends Philip and Ruth are getting married. After breaking down in tears, Susan slaps Karl across the face and asks him to move out of the family home. The separation between Karl and Susan has ramifications for their family and friends; Libby ends her friendship with Sarah and both Libby and Billy side with Susan instead of Karl.
Karl moves into a flat and the distance between Karl and Susan is widened when an old university friend, Martin Chester (Gil Tucker), arrives in Erinsborough and comforts Susan. She kisses Martin, but realises she loves Karl and they reunite. Sarah becomes engaged to Peter Hannay (Nick Carrafa) and on the day of her wedding, Karl gives her a lift. Following the wedding, Karl and Sarah kiss again, before Sarah and Peter leave for good. Karl clashes with new neighbour, Joe Scully (Shane Connor), over the boundaries of their households. Libby gets engaged to Drew Kirk (Dan Paris) and Karl gives her away at the wedding. A few months later, Karl, Susan and Libby attended Malcolm's wedding. Karl offers Susan's nephew, Darcy Tyler (Mark Raffety), a job at the surgery and they later become partners. Darcy tries to convince Karl to sell the practice to a private medical company, but Karl refuses and offers to buy Darcy out of the partnership. Susan slips on some spilt milk and develops retrograde amnesia, which causes her to lose thirty years of her memory. Susan rejects Karl as she cannot remember him and decides to divorce him. Drew dies and Karl supports Libby. Soon after, Susan falls in love with Karl again and they decide to remarry. Susan regains her memory halfway through their vows.
Karl is fined for drink-driving after he has a few glasses of wine at a medical conference and is stopped by the police. He is banned from driving for six months and his fine is doubled when he attends court. Karl starts drinking behind Susan's back and she suspects he is having an affair with Izzy Hoyland (Natalie Bassingthwaighte). Susan's suspicions grow when Karl begins to use breath freshener more often and arrives home at odd hours. However, she is forced to apologise after Karl assures her nothing is going on. Susan discovers Karl's drinking problem when she finds he has drunk a whole bottle of wine and all the scotch. Susan decides they should spend some time apart and she goes to Adelaide. Karl begins spending time with Izzy and when Susan returns, Karl asks her for a trial separation. He later admits that he no longer loves Susan and he moves out and rents a flat nearby. Karl has sex with Izzy and they begin a relationship. Izzy later announces she is pregnant. Susan takes the news badly as does Libby, Malcolm and Billy. Susan files for divorce and they divide their assets without lawyers. They share a kiss and decide to remain friends.
Karl proposes to Izzy, who accepts. After she falls down some steps and miscarries, Izzy begins staying out and partying, while Karl starts drinking again. They sort their issues out and decide to go ahead with the wedding. However, Izzy gets spooked by her ex-boyfriend, Gus Cleary's (Ben Barrack) presence and tries to leave. She returns and Karl forgives her. Karl goes away to the country for the weekend and he suffers a heart attack while changing a tyre on his car. Karl believes he is dying and calls Susan to tell her he loves her. The paramedics arrive and Karl is taken to Erinsborough Hospital, where Susan is waiting. Karl learns he was not the father of Izzy's child and they break up. Susan becomes engaged to Alex Kinski (Andrew Clarke), a man Karl is treating for terminal cancer. Karl urges Alex to tell Susan the truth about his illness, but he refuses. Karl then tells Susan the truth and encourages her to seize her chance of happiness with Alex. Karl begins dating Jenny McKenna (Carrie Barr), but they break up when Jenny realises Karl still loves Susan. Karl acts as a witness at Susan and Alex's wedding and he comforts his former wife when Alex dies hours later.
Karl begins dating Jenny again and he asks her to move in with him. However, when Jenny's political career takes her away from Erinsborough more and more often, they break up again. Karl and Susan start growing closer and after they take care of Tom together, they kiss. They decide to get back together, but keep their relationship a secret from Susan's stepchildren, Rachel (Caitlin Stasey) and Zeke (Matthew Werkmeister). When the children find out, they find it hard to accept, but eventually give the relationship their blessing. Karl moves in with Susan and the children and quits medicine after a mistake on a paternity test. Karl decides to become self-sufficient and plants an organic vegetable patch in the back garden. During a trip to London, Karl and Susan run into a pregnant Izzy and they try to help her out. Karl proposes to Susan and they marry on a boat on the Thames. The ceremony is interrupted when Izzy turns up and goes into labour. Karl helps to deliver her daughter, who she names Holly (Chaya Broadmore). Susan learns Karl is Holly's father and she tells him when they return home. Karl then goes back to London to spend time with his daughter.
When he returns, Karl starts working for Vivex Pharmaceuticals company. He learns some of their drugs are faulty from Steve Parker (Steve Bastoni) and reports this to the company. Trouble-shooter Christian Johnson (Neil Pigot) arrives and tells Karl that some batches had a problem and that it was being dealt with. However, Karl and Steve become suspicious that there is a cover up going on and Karl decides to proof of corruption. Vivex promote Karl and give him his own personal assistant Julia Sanders (Raelene Isbester). Karl and Julia break into a warehouse and to find some proof, but they are caught by security. Julia reveals that Christian is planning to set Karl up and when he is arrested, she admits to the police that Karl is innocent and that she has proof that Christian set everything up. Susan is diagnosed with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Karl returns to work at the hospital to help out with their finances. Karl befriends Nicola West (Imogen Bailey) and when she takes blood from a patient without permission, he helps her cover it up. Nicola tries to blame her malpractice on Karl and he is suspended by the hospital board. However, Nicola later tells the board that she took the blood and Karl is reinstated.
Zeke goes missing following a rafting accident and Karl and Susan later find him living with Phil Andrews (Robert Mammone). They bring him home and realise he is suffering from amnesia. The family help Zeke recover his memories. A few months later, Karl realises Zeke is suffering from anxiety disorder and he takes him back to the scene of the rafting accident to help him. Karl begins writing a medical column for the local newspaper and he co-presents a radio show on PirateNet with Zeke. Karl is sacked from the radio show when he plays his own music, but Zeke begins a successful campaign for him to be reinstated. Karl suffers a health scare and is taken to the hospital, where he clashes with Doug Harris (Mahesh Jadu). Karl takes part in a Million Paws Walk with Dahl, the Galah, but Dahl goes missing and Karl blames Rebecca Robinson's (Jane Hall) cat. Lou finds Dahl and he and Karl compete to see who can attract her back. Dahl flies into Toadie's house and Toadie brings her back to Karl. Ringo Brown (Sam Clark) asks Karl to be his best man at his wedding to Donna Freedman (Margot Robbie). Karl is devastated when Ringo dies a few months later after being hit by Stephanie Scully's (Carla Bonner) motorbike.
Karl and Susan compete for Citizen of the Year, but they both lose out to Lou. Following a fire at the Scully house, Karl comes up with a plan for a male nude calendar to help raise money for the repairs. He makes a bet with Jade Mitchell (Gemma Pranita), who is overseeing the women's calendar, that whoever raises the most money will win the Men's Shed. The women win, but after seeing the state of the shed, they give it back. When Karl thinks Libby is being consumed by work, he tries to set her up on a date with his colleague, Jonathan Swan (Gary Abrahams). Libby is embarrassed and she fakes a relationship with Lucas Fitzgerald (Scott Major) to get her own back. Susan invites Summer Hoyland (Jordy Lucas) to stay without consulting him and Karl later tells his wife that he thinks they are heading in different directions. He worries that he is not enough for her, but they make up and plan a holiday together. Karl gives Susan's friend, Jim Dolan (Scott Parmeter), some medical advice and manages to rile the new doctor, Rhys Lawson (Ben Barber). Malcolm returns home for a visit and detects all is not well with Karl and Susan. Karl becomes angry when he learns Susan wants to postpone their holiday to care for Jim.
Karl asks Jim to keep his distance from Susan for a while, but later confesses that he overreacted. Karl helps save Jim when he collapses and he later witnesses Susan kissing Jim. Karl and Susan leave the hospital to talk and Jim dies. Susan is angry with Karl for keeping her from Jim and she goes away to plan his funeral. Rhys covers for Karl when he makes a mistake on a prescription form. Karl joins Susan and on their return, they announce they have decided to separate. Malcolm initially blames Susan for the separation, but Karl tells him he initiated it. Karl learns Malcolm is having an affair with Jade and he orders them both to end it. Susan also finds out and is disappointed when she realises Karl knew. When they get stuck in a storage shed, Karl and Susan reminisce about the past and they share a kiss, but Karl realises it was a goodbye and Susan moves out. Susan notices their dog, Audrey, is not well and she and Karl come together for her final days. Susan tells Karl that she wants Audrey to be buried somewhere that she can visit often. They argue, but put aside their differences when Audrey's body, which was placed in an esky, is collected by a hard rubbish collector. Karl rescues the esky and he and Susan bury Audrey at Sonya's (Eve Morey) nursery.
Karl begins dating his colleague Jessica Girdwood (Glenda Linscott). Karl learns Jimmy Edwards, a friend from university, has died and he attends the funeral with Susan, where he sings a duet with Jimmy's widow, Valerie (Grace Knight). Karl later has dinner with Jessica, but feels like he is boring her with stories of Jimmy. He then invites Susan to share a drink with him at home. Jessica finds out about Karl and Susan spending the evening together and tells Karl that he can have her or Susan, but not both. They later end their relationship. Valerie sends Jimmy's drums to Karl and he decides to restart his band, The Right Prescription. He invites Adrian Pearce (Christopher Waters) and Ajay Kapoor (Sachin Joab) to join. Karl expresses a concern for Susan's health when he learns she has taken on extra work at the newspaper office, but she reassures him she is looking after herself. Susan informs Karl that she has a date and he invites her to watch The Right Prescription play their first gig at Charlie's. Karl bonds with Susan's date, Bernard Cabello (Bruce Alexander) and Andrew Robinson (Jordan Smith) offers to manage the band. Karl goes on holiday to Peru, but he cuts the trip short and tells Ajay that he missed having Susan with him.
Karl tries online dating and meets Olivia Bell (Alyce Platt). Karl and Olivia go on a couple of dates, but Olivia rejects a third after realising Karl wants something serious. Susan's sister, Carmel (Kirsty Child), comes to visit and gets on well with Karl. Summer warns Karl that Carmel likes him, but he takes no notice until she tries to make a move on him, which he rejects. After having dinner together on night, Karl and Susan almost kiss. Karl believes that Susan is hiding her feelings for him and he admits that he wants them to get back together. Sarah Beaumont returns to town and she and Karl catch up. He asks her not to tell anyone that they had sex together during their affair, especially Susan. Karl is surprised when Susan gives him divorce papers. He invites Sarah to join him for a drink and they kiss, but soon realise that it was a mistake. Karl tells Susan the truth about how far things went with Sarah and she admits that deep down, she knew. On the way to lodge the divorce papers, Karl changes his mind and goes home. Susan turns up and tells him that she does not want to get divorced either. They forgive each other for their past mistakes and Susan moves back in.
Karl counsels Ajay through his grief when his wife, Priya (Menik Gooneratne), dies and he diagnoses Lucas with testicular cancer. When Steph returns to Erinsborough, Susan hints to Karl that she should stay with them. Thinking about losing Ringo, Karl rejects the idea. However, impressed by how supportive Steph is towards Lucas, Karl relents. Steph opens up to Karl about her time in prison and missing her sons. He becomes concerned when Steph stops taking her anti-psychotic medication and treats her when she suffers a psychotic break. Karl is put out when Ajay asks Georgia Brooks (Saskia Hampele) to fill in for him in the band. Georgia proves to be popular, which initially upsets Karl. But when Ajay leaves town, Karl invites Georgia to join the band permanently. Izzy contacts Karl to tell him that Holly (Lucinda Armstrong Hall) is coming for a visit. Karl is delighted to spend time with his daughter, while Susan is exasperated when Holly is rude to her and Karl does not see she is running rings around them. Karl and Susan realise Holly is not happy that Izzy has seemingly abandoned her and Karl asks Izzy if Holly can stay with him. Susan senses that Holly misses her mother and Karl then takes her back to England. Karl trains for the local fun run, but ends up injuring his ankle. Rhiannon Bates (Teress Liane) and her son, Jackson (Finn Woodlock), move in, when Rhiannon learns Karl is looking for a drummer for his band. When Karl and Susan argue over who should look after Jackson, he runs away, but is found shortly after. Matt Turner (Josef Brown) persuaded Karl to run for mayor against Paul. Karl is disappointed when Susan initially refuses to support his decision. Karl fails to notice Susan having an MS relapse, until Paul announces it at an election debate. He eventually loses the election to Paul, despite having had the opportunity to expose Paul's dodgy past when approached by Paul's enemy Marty Kranic (Darius Perkins). Susan tells Karl that he did the right thing not playing dirty as he would have stooped to Paul's level.
When Karl's pig Lennie and Chop the sheep push through the fence into Number 26 and destroy the vegetable patch, Sheila Canning (Colette Mann) demands that Karl get rid of them. Susan agrees makes Karl realise that the animals would be happier with more freedom and sends them to a hobby farm. Karl visits Holly in London and returns having dyed his hair black. When Susan probes why he has done this, he reveals that someone mistook him for Holly's grandfather and he felt bad. He returns his hair to grey. He and Susan are delighted when Zeke returns to Erinsborough to get married, and Susan realises she wants to be a celebrant. Karl accidentally ruins her first potential ceremony, but as an apology helps her organise the ceremony of Matt and his wife Lauren Turner (Kate Kendall). Susan brings Holly to Australia to surprise Karl, and also hires Libby as stand-in deputy principal for a few weeks. Karl drops hints that Libby should return to Erinsborough permanently, but she cottons on and tells him she is happy with her life away from Melbourne. Karl writes an erotic novel under the name E. M. Williams, but when Susan has a difficult time coping with the attention it receives, Karl asks Lou to pretend to be E. M. Williams.
Alex Kinski's nephew, Nate (Meyne Wyatt), moves in. When a tornado hits Erinsborough, Karl has to guide Susan through an emergency tracheotomy over the phone, when Lou becomes trapped and starts choking. Malcolm visits his parents and informs them that Catherine is pregnant. He asks Susan and Karl to relocate to England and help him and Catherine out with the baby. Susan and Karl reminisce about their time on Ramsay Street and, after speaking with Lou, Toadie and Paul, they decide to stay. Susan tries counselling Nate through his posttraumatic stress disorder, but she becomes affected by Nate's stories and Karl urges her to find a professional for Nate. Karl finds a scratchcard in a card from Malcolm and he wins $7000. He briefly loses it through a hole in his pocket, but finds it at Toadie's house. He commissions Kyle Canning (Chris Milligan) to make him a new bed and Sonya to redesign his garden. Karl visits Lennie and Chop at the farm and decides that he wants another pet. Susan bans him from getting anymore farm animals, and Karl buys a pottery pig as a compromise. He later buys an Axolotl, but becomes spooked by it and gives it to Chris (James Mason) and Nate.
Karl counsels Erin Rogers (Adrienne Pickering) through her drug treatment program, but he is forced to ask a nurse to be present at their meetings when Erin propositions him. After visiting Brad Willis (Kip Gamblin) at the Men's Shed, Karl accidentally picks up a bottle of chemical catalyst that Brad was using to make a surfboard. Karl drinks the liquid, which immediately burns his oesophagus. Karl is rushed to the hospital, but he soon recovers. Karl interviews oncologist Nick Petrides (Damien Fotiou) for a position at the hospital and becomes enamoured with him. Karl later learns Nick has been treating Paul for leukaemia and agrees to keep it a secret. After realising that he has put on weight, Karl forms a cycling club with Toadie, Kyle, Nate and Lou. He bets Susan that he can lose more weight cycling than she can walking. After Nick is exposed and arrested for faking Paul's leukaemia, Karl is tasked with double-checking Nick's patient files. He finds a file on Rhonda Brooks (Kim Denman), Georgia's mother. He approaches her and asks about her treatment, learning that Nick did not take advantage of her. After learning Susan has a separate bank account that contains her mad money, Karl is dared to spend big and so he invests in Daniel Robinson's (Tim Phillipps) Off Air bar. Karl discovers some of his prescriptions have been stolen and Nate's friend Tyler Brennan (Travis Burns) confesses to taking them to get painkillers. After Tyler's brother throws him out of his house, Karl allows him to stay with him and Susan. When Karl suspects Tyler has taken his guitar, Tyler lashes out at him, Karl later apologises when Susan admits to sending it away for repair, and understands that Tyler's reaction relates to his troubled relationship with his father. Karl and Susan argue when he admits to sympathising with Brad, who has feelings for Lauren, despite being married. Karl and Susan's grandson Ben Kirk (Felix Mallard) moves in, while Libby is in China for work.
After Jimmy Williams (Darcy Tadich) is struck by a car while out on his bike, Karl launches a campaign to install bike lanes on the roads. Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) helps Karl with the campaign, and Sonya approves the bike lanes, despite opposition. Susan's niece Elly Conway (Jodi Anasta) comes to stay when she gets a job at the school. Karl treats Elly when she is bitten by a snake and suffers a miscarriage. Karl questions his colleague Maureen Knights (Judith Chaplin) about her son Cooper's (Charlie Hannaford) home life, after he suffers a head injury. Cooper soon admits that Maureen caused the injury and she tries to justify her actions to Karl, but he tells her there is no excuse. Karl befriends first year resident David Tanaka (Takaya Honda), who confides in him about his search for his father when he is caught looking at medical records. Karl attends Brad's stag night, and the following day he is one of the first people on the scene when a hot air balloon crashes. He finds a badly injured Regan Davis (Sabeena Manalis) and realises that she will die if he does not help her. He uses a drill to relieve the pressure on her brain. At the hospital, Karl enquires about Regan's condition and Nurse Eve Fisher (Abbe Holmes) informs him that Regan died shortly after surgery. Nurse Fisher reports Karl for malpractice, after she smells alcohol on his breath. Karl tries to help Brad when his health deteriorates due to a mystery illness. Karl takes leave from the hospital, but on his return, he diagnoses Brad with arsenic poisoning. Karl learns Nurse Fisher has a grudge against him for his part in Maureen losing her job and he asks Maureen for her help. The coroner clears Karl of any wrongdoing during the inquest into Regan's death.
Karl buys some jewellery for Susan from Brooke Butler (Fifi Box), but later learns that the jewels are fake. He falls out with the Canning family even though Gary Canning (Damien Richardson) vows to pay him back. Karl becomes concerned for Susan's health when she suffers another MS relapse. He persuades her to go to a retreat in Thailand. When they return, Susan is angry with Karl and it emerges that he tried to bring some seeds and a Durian into the country, but was stopped at customs because of the smell, which he blamed on Susan soiling herself. Karl runs against Sheila for the leadership of the Liveability Committee, but drops out when Sheila blackmails him about the customs incident. She later allows him to take over from her while she deals with her grief at the death of a former partner. Karl's ideas find support from Shane Rebecchi (Nicholas Coghlan), but he is fired after he is wrongly accused of removing the statue from the Lassiter's Complex. Shane is chosen to take over from Karl. They briefly fall out when Shane accuses him and Ben of writing graffiti around the town, and later sabotaging Shane's lawnmower. After Erinsborough wins the Most Liveable Suburb award, Karl argues with Susan and Sonya about how the money should be spent.
Izzy and Holly return to Erinsborough. Izzy informs the Kennedys that she has inherited £41 million from her late husband. She offers to invest in the building of a new hospital wing, as long as Karl receives the naming rights. Izzy soon tells Karl that the real reason she has returned is to ask him to father another child with her. Karl initially considers the offer, which puts a strain on his marriage, but ultimately declines. Izzy then steals his sperm sample from the hospital to impregnate herself. Karl asks Izzy to take a pregnancy test, which is negative. Izzy then admits that she actually wanted Karl back, as she felt happier with him. She leaves Erinsborough without Holly, who stays with Karl and Susan before leaving for a school exchange trip. Karl is tasked with analysing the some test results from a medical trial and discovers participant 18D has a blood clot. Karl soon learns he is 18D and he is diagnosed with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and put on blood-thinners. After he accidentally cuts his finger, Karl rushes to the hospital and he tells Susan about his condition. Karl tries to raise finds for his new MRI screening project, despite Clive Gibbons (Geoff Paine), the hospital's COO, telling him it will likely fail. Karl's project receives interest from Rita Newland (Lisa Kay), who offers to fund it for a year.
After learning Susan has gone missing in the bush while on a school trip, Karl makes his way out there alone to help with the search. Karl's health deteriorates and he struggles to breathe. He falls down a bank, causing a dislocated knee and a broken leg. Xanthe Canning (Lilly Van der Meer) finds him and calls the emergency services, but she is then forced to perform CPR when Karl's heart stops. Karl is rushed to the hospital where he has to undergo surgery for a pulmonary embolism. Rita tells the Kennedys that she wants to instigate an experimental MS treatment trial at the hospital. Karl supports the idea, and Susan wants to take part in the trial, but Clive opposes it. Karl nominates himself for a vacant seat on the hospital board, so he can put forward Rita's idea. David is also nominated, but Karl wins after Clive votes for him. Clive explains that he did not want to vote against the majority, and that he still does not support the trial. Karl has a minor health scare and Rita hires him an assistant called Patrick, who is actually Finn Kelly (Rob Mills), the man who tampered with Susan's medication in order to take her job. Finn alters the data from overseas studies, causing Karl to be blamed and stood down. He is later cleared, but learns that Rita is no longer funding the MS trial.
Karl becomes Chloe Brennan's (April Rose Pengilly) confidant when he informs her that she has Huntington's disease. He urges her to tell her brothers, as they could have inherited the gene too. Karl starts researching his family tree, and learns he has several half-siblings on his father's side, but none of them want to meet. Karl receives a reply from a half-sister, Jemima Davies-Smythe (Magda Szubanski), who he and Susan try to find. Jemima comes to Erinsborough and ends up replacing Susan as celebrant at Aaron Brennan (Matt Wilson) and David Tanaka's (Takaya Honda) wedding. Karl and Jemima bond over a shared interest in music and songwriting. When Karl learns that Jemima has nowhere to stay, he invites her to move in, upsetting Susan who suspects Jemima is a gold digger. Jemima encourages Karl to redecorate and they take a sledgehammer to some shelves, prompting Susan to ask Jemima to leave. Jemima then reveals that she is actually a millionaire and wants to support them financially for the rest of their lives. Karl and Susan turn her offer down and help her reconcile with her daughter in Boston.
Reception
Fletcher has earned various award nominations for his role as Karl. At the 2007 Inside Soap Awards, Fletcher was nominated for Best Actor, Best Couple (with Jackie Woodburne) and Best Storyline for Susan and Karl's wedding. The following year, Fletcher was again nominated for Best Couple with Woodburne. 2009 saw Fletcher nominated for Best Actor, he was also nominated alongside Woodburne, Valentine, Stasey and Werkmeister for Best Family. At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards ceremony, Fletcher was nominated for Most Popular Actor. He and Woodburne were also nominated for Best On-Screen Partnership, and their 2007 storyline in London was nominated for Storyline of the Year. 2011 saw Fletcher nominated for Best Daytime Star at the Inside Soap Awards. He won the Best Daytime Star accolade in 2016, and he received a nomination in the same category in 2018.
In 2022, Kate Randall from Heat included Karl and Susan in the magazine's top ten Neighbours characters of all time feature. In 2007, Australian newspaper the Herald Sun placed Karl's affair with Sarah at number eight on their list of Neighbours Top Ten moments. They said "In one of the most shocking storylines, no one could believe that the perfect Dr Karl, played by Alan Fletcher, could cheat on his wife of many years, Susan, played by Jackie Woodburne. But, that's exactly what happened when he couldn't resist his receptionist Sarah Beaumont played by the vampy Nicola Charles". In 2009, Karl came tenth in a poll by British men's magazine Loaded for "Top Soap Bloke". The following year, he was voted the third "Most Popular Doctor". Karl and Susan were placed at joint second place on the Huffpost's "35 greatest Neighbours characters of all time" feature. Journalist Adam Beresford described Karl as a "the doctor with the implausibly broad array of medical specialisms." He believed that Susan and Karl were a "dream team" and "the bedrock of Ramsay Street". He assessed that the Kennedy's were a "a solid, dependable family unit" until Karl's affairs. He was also certain that "whatever life throws at them, Karl and Susan will make it." In 2021, Karl was placed eighth in a poll ran via soap fansite "Back To The Bay", which asked readers to determine the top ten most popular Neighbours characters. In a feature profiling the "top 12 iconic Neighbours characters", critic Sheena McGinley of the Irish Independent placed Karl as her eighth choice. She stated that Karl has "pinballed from upstanding pillar of the community to alcohol dependent, to veg patch enthusiast, and back to being a conscientious doctor." Lorna White from Yours profiled the magazine's "favourite Neighbours characters of all time". Karl was included in the list and was hailed a "Neighbours icon". Sam Strutt of The Guardian compiled a feature counting down the top ten most memorable moments from Neighbours. Strutt listed Karl and Izzy's affair in sixth place and scathed "Dr Karl just couldn’t keep it in his pants." He concluded that the countless stories the affair birthed was "classic soap fodder".
In 2010, to celebrate Neighbours' 25th anniversary Sky, a British satellite broadcasting company profiled 25 characters of which they believed were the most memorable in the series history. Karl is in the list and describing him they state: "Karl and Susan became a truly legendary soap couple in an age when they have become thin on the ground. On paper, it's not quite clear why – they're just a pleasant, middle-class couple, and Karl can be a bit moany sometimes. But the important thing is it works, and watching the writers break them up and put them back together several times has made for great telly. And you know it's only a matter of time before Karl adds another unexpectedly sexy neighbour to his cheatin' list..." Nicky Branagh from Studentbeans.com included Karl in her list of the "Top ten hottest Aussie soap guys" and she stated "It's not worth thinking about a Ramsay Street without Dr Karl Kennedy in it. Now in his 18th year in the role, Alan Fletcher has charmed Neighbours viewers with his medical skills, smooth moves and his tendency to parent anyone who walks through the Kennedy door. Now a smooth crooner and frequenter of student nights in the UK to boot, Fletch has made it to the top of our ultimate Aussie soap heart-throbs list."
Michael Cregan for Inside Soap enjoyed the pottery pig storyline, saying "Never let it be said that life is dull on Ramsay Street. Now that Karl Kennedy has got a massive pottery pig called Elvis, what could possibly go wrong? Apart from a few filthy looks from Susan of course..." Ben Pobjie of The Sydney Morning Herald thought Karl's "peculiar childlike enthusiasm that makes him such great comic relief" was "his most endearing feature apart from his tendency to periodically have affairs with younger women."
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Karl Kennedy
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USS Wassuc — a single-turreted, twin-screw monitor — was built by the George W. Lawrence & Co., Portland, ME, and launched 25 July 1865, and completed 28 October 1865.
Wassuc was a Casco-class, light-draft monitor intended for service in the shallow bays, rivers, and inlets of the Confederacy. These warships sacrificed armor plate for a shallow draft and were fitted with a ballast compartment designed to lower them in the water during battle.
Design revisions
Though the original designs for the Casco-class monitors were drawn by John Ericsson, the final revision was created by Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers following Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont's failed bombardment of Fort Sumter in 1863. By the time that the plans were put before the Monitor Board in New York City, Ericsson and Simers had a poor relationship, and Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair John Lenthall had little connection to the board. This resulted in the plans being approved and 20 vessels ordered without serious scrutiny of the new design. $14 million US was allocated for the construction of these vessels. It was discovered that Stimers had failed to compensate for the armor his revisions added to the original plan and this resulted in excessive stress on the wooden hull frames and a freeboard of only 3 inches. Stimers was removed from the control of the project and Ericsson was called in to undo the damage. He was forced to raise the hulls of the monitors under construction by 22 inches to make them seaworthy.
Fate
Therefore, the Navy Department ordered on 24 June 1864 that Wassuc's deck be raised to provide sufficient freeboard. Upon delivery, the monitor was laid up at the Boston Navy Yard; and she saw no commissioned service. She was renamed Stromboli on 15 June 1869, but resumed the name Wassuc on 10 August 1869. Wassuc was sold for scrapping on 9 September 1875.
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USS Wassuc (1865)
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Rector Potens, Verax Deus is the name of the daily hymn for the midday office of Sext in the Roman Breviary and in the Benedictine Rite.
The text of the hymn
The original version of the Hymn ended the third line with the verb 'instruis.' This was amended during the Renaissance to the more stylistic verb 'illuminas'
The purpose and meaning of the hymn
As a hymn for the midday office, the focus of the hymn is physically upon the midday sun. Metaphorically and allegorically the hymn goes from the heat of the sun, to the heat of argument, which the hymn asks God's assistance to avoid. In Christian tradition midday was considered the time when Eve was tempted by Satan and committed the first sin, and so this gives added force to the prayer of the hymn, asking God to protect against strife.
The origins of the hymn are unknown. But the similarity of this hymn with the hymns for Terce (Nunc sancte nobis spiritus) and None (Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor) means that it probably shares the same author. Baudot ("The Roman Breviary", London, 1909, 34) thinks the hymn is "probably" by St. Ambrose. However none of this set of three hymns are found in the oldest Benedictine collections of hymns, where Ambrose's other works are found. All three of these hymns are found in later Celtic collections. suggesting that they probably have a different author. (For discussion of authorship, see Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor).
English translations of the hymn
Music and chants for the hymn
The hymn has been set to many different tunes. The following links give examples:
Rector Potens Verax Deus (Ferial Tone)
Rector Potens (Schola Hungarica)
Sources
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Rector Potens, Verax Deus
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Buffalo Public Schools serves approximately 31,000 students in Buffalo, New York, It is located in Erie County of western New York and operates nearly 70 facilities.
History
The Buffalo Public School System was started in 1838, 13 years after the completion of the Erie Canal and only 6 years after the 1832 incorporation of the City of Buffalo. Buffalo was the first city in the state of New York to have a free public education system supported by local taxes. Although New York City had a free public education system prior to 1838, NYC obtained additional funding through private donations and sources. Buffalo Public Schools' first Superintendent of Schools, Oliver Gray Steele (1805–1879), was a prominent and successful business man. Originally from Connecticut, Steele relocated to Buffalo in 1827. He held three different terms as Superintendent between 1838 and 1852, during which twelve new elementary facilities were built, bringing the total to 15 elementary buildings. A building for a dedicated high school was also purchased during this time. Steele is credited as being the "Father of the Public Schools of Buffalo" as his reorganization of the schools in Buffalo enabled children to have access to a free public education. Over 35 people have held the position of Superintendent of Buffalo Public Schools since that time.
Administration
The Board of Education of the Buffalo City School District is the policy-making body for the Buffalo Public Schools, as provided by the Constitution of New York, and is under the general supervision of the New York State Education Department. The board consists of nine members elected by popular vote of District residents.
Schools
Elementary schools
Except where noted, all schools serve Grades PreK-8
D'Youville Porter Campus School, Front Park
Buffalo Elementary School of Technology, Willert Park
Early Childhood Center 17, Cold Springs
Dr. Antonia Pantoja Community School of Academic Excellence, Front Park
Native American Magnet School, Grant Ferry
Hillery Park Elementary School, Seneca
Frank A. Sedita Academy, Front Park
Harriet Ross Tubman School, Emslie
Bennett Park Montessori School, Willert Park
Bilingual Center, First Ward
Marva J. Daniel Futures Preparatory School, Medical Park
Lovejoy Discovery School, Lovejoy
International School, Grant Ferry
School 48 @ MLK, Medical Park
North Park Community School, North Park
Community School, Kingsley
Dr. George E. Blackman School of Excellence, #54, Parkside
Dr. Charles R. Drew Science Magnet, MLK Park
Annex 59, Polonia
Arthur O. Eve School of Distinction, Leroy
Frederick Law Olmsted School, Park Meadow
Roosevelt Early Childhood Center, Riverside
Discovery School, South Abbott
Houghton Academy, Kaisertown
Lorraine Elementary School, Abbott McKinley
Hamlin Park Claude & Ouida Clapp Academy, Hamlin Park
Herman Badillo Bilingual Academy, Columbus
William J. Grabiarz School of Excellence, Military
Highgate Heights School, Kensington
School 81, North Park
Early Childhood Center 82, Kenfield
Health Care Center for Children, Grider
Dr. Lydia T. Wright School of Excellence, Grider
B.U.I.L.D. Community School, MLK Park
Southside Elementary School, Seneca
West Hertel Academy, Military
Waterfront Elementary School, Columbus
Harvey Austin School, Emerson
Stanley Makowski Early Childhood Center, Kingsley
Secondary schools
Except where noted, all schools serve Grades 9-12
Defunct schools
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Buffalo Public Schools
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Johan is a Dutch band fronted by singer/guitarist Jacco de Greeuw. Their music has been primarily influenced by bands such as The Beatles, Crowded House, and The Byrds.
History
Jacco de Greeuw founded Thank God For Us in the late eighties, after having played in several other bands. The band was renamed Little Mary Big when joined by Marike Groot. With this band, he reached second place at the Grote Prijs van Nederland, an important music competition in the Netherlands. However, arguments with female vocalist Marike Groot (who later appeared on Always..., the debut album of The Gathering), forced them to break up the band. De Greeuw formed a new band named Visions of Johanna after a Bob Dylan song. In 1992 they competed once again in the Grote Prijs competition, reaching the semi-finals this time.
After some changes in the line-up, the band signed a contract with Excelsior Recordings in 1995 and released a single ("Swing"). One year later, in 1996, the band's name was shortened to Johan. Under this name the band released a self-titled debut album. The album was received well by Dutch critics and became a commercial success.
SpinART Records signed the band for the US region. When legendary record executive Seymour Stein heard the band's music he became interested, and travelled to the Netherlands to see the band play. Impressed, he licensed the record from SpinART to release it on Sire Records. Subsequently, the band toured Stateside with Sloan, but then all went awry. For inexplicable reasons Sire pulled out of the deal and failed to give the album a proper release.
The band planned to record its second release in 1998, but De Greeuw's clinical depression took its toll. Three more years would pass before Pergola was released, in 2001. The album received rave reviews and got a lot of airplay on national radio stations. That summer Johan featured on the Pinkpop festival. The following year the band even received the Dutch Edison award for Best National Pop Group.
After an international tour, hardly any news was heard from Johan until 2004, when members Wim Kwakman and Diederik Nomdem left the band. Jeroen Kleijn stepped up and became the band's new drummer, and Diets Dijkstra became the band's bassist. After this Johan started playing live again, and recorded its third album, THX JHN, which was released in May 2006.
The first single of the album, "Oceans", became a great success. This was helped by the song's video, in which an actual fan from Argentina travels from her home country to the Netherlands to see Johan play live. The fact that we see a real fan documenting her trip gives the video something special. The theme of fans thanking Johan (THX is short for ‘thanks’) is also applied to the album's booklet, where various fans from other countries appear. The video's original concept and the question of the authenticity of the clip's footage made for a serious online buzz. The single stayed in the Dutch charts for more than 25 consecutive weeks.
Johan played a sold-out club tour and released two more successful singles, "Walking Away" and "She's Got A Way With Men". Through a deal with V2 Records the album was also released in Germany and Italy. Although the album deal for the debut with Sire fell through in the '90s, the band still has a steady following in the US.
The fourth album, titled 4, was scheduled to be released on 22 December 2008, but was eventually released on 30 April 2009, breaking with the tradition of a new record every five years.
On 26 August 2009 Johan announced they were disbanding at the end of 2009. On 22 December they played their last show, at Paradiso in Amsterdam. At this show they received a gold record for Pergola. A DVD of their last show was to be released at the end of 2010, but this has not happened to date.
On 11 January 2018 the band's new album was announced together with some tour dates.
The fifth and most recent album, titled Pull Up, was released on 13 April 2018.
On 4 March 2022 Johan announced that the latest tour would be cancelled, citing the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in place at the time.
Line-up
Current members
Jacco de Greeuw: lead singer, guitar (1996–2009, 2018–present)
Diets Dijkstra: guitar (1999), bass, backing vocals (1999–2009, 2018–present)
Jeroen Kleijn: drums (2004–2009, 2018–present)
Robin Berlijn: guitar (2018–present)
Live members
Matthijs van Duijvenbode: keyboard (2007–2009)
Jan Teertstra: keyboard, backing vocals (2018–present)
Former members
Remco Krull: guitar (1996–1998)
Niels de Wit: bass (1996–1998)
Wim Kwakman: drums (1996–2004)
David Corel: bass, backing vocals (1999–2001)
Diederik Nomden: guitar, keyboard (1999–2004)
Maarten Kooijman: guitar, backing vocals (2000–2009)
Discography
Singles
"Swing" – Excelsior Recordings – 25 November 1996
"Everybody knows" – Excelsior Recordings – 17 March 1997
"December" – Excelsior Recordings – 4 August 1997
"Pergola" – Excelsior Recordings – 26 March 2001
"Tumble and fall" – Excelsior Recordings – 25 June 2001
"Day is done" – Excelsior Recordings – 5 May 2001
"Oceans" – Excelsior Recordings – 22 May 2006
"Walking away" – Excelsior Recordings – 17 August 2006
"She's Got A Way With Men" – Excelsior Recordings – 20 November 2006
"About Time" – Excelsior Recordings – 22 February 2018
Albums
Johan – Excelsior Recordings – 4 November 1996
Pergola – Excelsior Recordings – 23 April 2001
THX JHN – Excelsior Recordings – 22 May 2006
4 – Excelsior Recordings – 4 May 2009
Pull Up – Excelsior Recordings – 13 April 2018
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Johan (band)
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Apfelbaum () is a Jewish surname. It may refer to:
Apfelbaum
Anna Apfelbaum (1897-1987), Polish fashion designer and co-founder of Maximilian Furs, New York
Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum, nom de guerre of a fighter in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Jay Apfelbaum (born 1951), American bridge player
Grigory Zinoviev (1883–1936), also known as Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Randomsky, born Hirsch Apfelbaum, Soviet politician
Maximilian Apfelbaum (d.1953) Polish furrier and co-founder of Maximilian Furs, New York
Peter Apfelbaum (1960–), American jazz musician and composer
Polly Apfelbaum (1955–), American visual artist
Stacy Apfelbaum, American athlete
Appelbaum
Binyamin Appelbaum, American journalist
Diana Muir Appelbaum, American author and historian
Eileen Appelbaum (born 1940), American economist
Ian Appelbaum, American physicist
Jacob Appelbaum (1983–), American hacker, Core Tor member
Jodi Appelbaum-Steinbauer (born 1956), American professional tennis player
Joseph Appelbaum (1936–), Israeli engineer
Josh Appelbaum, American screenwriter
Judith Appelbaum (1939–2018), American editor and author
LaDonna Appelbaum (1967–), American politician
Lilly Appelbaum (1928–), Belgian Holocaust survivor
Paul S. Appelbaum, American psychiatrist
Ralph Appelbaum, American museum designer and planner
Richard A. Appelbaum, Rear Admiral in the United States Coast Guard.
Robert Appelbaum (born 1952), American literary critic and academic
Stephen A. Appelbaum (1926–2000) American psychologist
Yoni Appelbaum, American editor
Apelbaum
Sam Apelbaum, Canadian politician
Epel'baum (Эпельбаум)
Mikhail Apelbaum (1894–1957), Soviet Jewish singer and actor
Naum Moiseevich Epelbaum (1927–2019), Soviet Moldavian sculptor
Brunhilda Petrovna Epelbaum-Marchenko (1927–1914), Soviet Moldavian sculptor and painter
See also
Applebaum
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Apfelbaum
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Screening in economics refers to a strategy of combating adverse selection – one of the potential decision-making complications in cases of asymmetric information – by the agent(s) with less information.
For the purposes of screening, asymmetric information cases assume two economic agents, with agents attempting to engage in some sort of transaction. There often exists a long-term relationship between the two agents, though that qualifier is not necessary. Fundamentally, the strategy involved with screening comprises the “screener” (the agent with less information) attempting to gain further insight or knowledge into private information that the other economic agent possesses which is initially unknown to the screener before the transaction takes place. In gathering such information, the information asymmetry between the two agents is reduced, meaning that the screening agent can then make more informed decisions when partaking in the transaction. Industries that utilise screening are able to filter out useful information from false information in order to get a clearer picture of the informed party. This is important when addressing problems such as adverse selection and moral hazard. Moreover, screening allows for efficiency as it enhances the flow of information between agents as typically asymmetric information causes inefficiency.
Screening is applied in a number of industries and markets. The exact type of information intended to be revealed by the screener ranges widely; the actual screening process implemented depends on the nature of the transaction taking place. Often it is closely connected with the future relationship between the two agents. Both economic agents can benefit through the notion of screening, for example in job markets, when employers screen future employees through the job interview, they are able to identify the areas the employee needs further training on. This benefits both parties as it allows for the employer to maximise from employing the individual and the individual benefits from furthering their skill set.
The concept of screening was first developed by Michael Spence (1973). It should be distinguished from signalling – a strategy of combating adverse selection undertaken by the agent(s) with more information.
Examples
Labour market
Screening techniques are employed within the labour market during the hiring and recruitment stage of a job application process. In brief, the hiring party (agent with less information) attempts to reveal more about the characteristics of potential job candidates (agents with more information) so as to make the most optimal choice in recruiting a worker for the role.
Screening techniques include:
Application review – the hiring party initially screens applicants by undertaking a review of their application submission and any responses received, including an evaluation of their resume and cover letter to reveal education, experience and fit for the role
Aptitude testing and assessment – the hiring party may require applicants to undertake a range of testing exercises (either online or in-person) to reveal academic or practical abilities
Interviews – candidates are often required to undertake an interview with a representative(s) from the hiring party to reveal a range of factors such as personality traits, verbal communication ability and confidence level
Insurance market
The process of screening customers is highly applicable in the market for insurance. In general, parties providing insurance perform such activities to reveal the overall risk level of a customer, and as such, the likelihood that they will file for a claim. When in possession of this information, the insuring party can ensure a suitable form of cover (i.e. commensurate with the customer’s risk level) is provided.
In particular, Michael Rothschild and Joseph Stiglitz conducted research on the insurance market and how individuals can improve their position in the market when presented with asymmetric information. Rothschild and Stiglitz found that individuals (uninformed party) are able to initiate action by extracting information through screening in order to better position themselves in the market. Insurance companies (uninformed party) had lacked information on the risk level of consumers (informed party). Through screening, insurance companies were able to gain information on the risk level of their consumers, this had been done by offering incentives to policyholders in order to disclose such information on customers. This allowed insurance companies to create a range of risk classes in which their consumers were allocated. Moreover, this allowed insurance companies to create policy contracts for higher deductibles in exchange for lower premiums.
Screening techniques include:
Background check – the party providing insurance obtains information about the customer such as their criminal history, credit rating and previous employment to reveal past behaviors
Provision of demographic information – the party providing insurance obtains information about the customer such as their age, gender and ethnicity to reveal their type. For example, a young male has a higher risk of being in a car accident than a middle-aged woman
Other information gathered by insurance parties during a screening process is usually specific to the type of insurance the customer is seeking. For example, car insurance will require provision of accident history, health insurance will require provision of health condition and previous illnesses, and so on.
Moral hazard:
Moral hazard take place when one party engages in actions that harm the other party. The chance of moral hazard can occur especially in insurance companies, in which one party takes part in risky behaviour as they have insurance coverage and therefore will benefit from being compensated by the insurance company. In this case, the insurance company is the uninformed party, however, through screening processes such as historic behaviour, therefore, insurance companies are able to identify those individuals in order to offer a different insurance plan.
Product market
Businesses apply screening techniques when generating and adapting a new product idea. Once businesses have developed product ideas, screening processes are used in order to determine how well the product will do in the market. In this scenario, businesses are the uninformed party whilst consumers are the informed party, however, in order to understand what consumers are looking for in products, businesses deploy screening techniques to get a detailed idea.
Screening techniques include:
Research and development - businesses take feedback from consumers based on prior products or products similar to one currently being developed to find what areas to improve on as well as how to create a point of difference to establish an innovative product that yields high return. Moreover, this allows businesses to identify consumer needs, the profitability of the idea and where the product fits in the market.
Test marketing - the party providing the product obtains information from a group of individuals that represent the product market in order to understand how well the product will do in the market as well as how much individuals value the product. This screening process allows businesses to further understand how to market the product to appeal to individuals as well as gain information on the product market.
Product launch - product launching is a screening process as it allows businesses to gain further information on how the product will do in the market as the product launch stage is the beginning of the product life cycle. Moreover, based on how the product does in the market as well as the feedback provided by consumers, businesses are able to gain further information on what areas of the product need to be improved.
Other techniques
Second-degree price discrimination is also an example of screening, whereby a seller offers a menu of options and the buyer's choice reveals their private information. Specifically, such a strategy attempts to reveal more information about a buyer’s willingness to pay. For example, an airline offering economy, premium economy, business and first class tickets reveals information regarding the amount the customer is willing to spend on their airfare. With such information, firms can capture a greater portion of total market surplus.
Incorrect Screening
One downfall of deploying screening techniques is the information gathered may be incorrect, this can therefore lead to inefficiency. For example, an unproductive employee may perform well in screening exams such as aptitude testing. However, as the employer is the uninformed party, they will not be able to notice these aspects until the individual has been employed, and therefore, the time and effort put into the employee causes inefficiency. Hence, it is important for industries to understand the biases involved when utilising screening techniques.
Incorrect Screening in the Insurance Market
Typical screening processes in the insurance market involve looking at historic data and demographic information, however, these screening processes may lead to incorrect conclusions. For example, a young male would typically be seen as high risk however, this may not truly be reflected as they could be a safe driver. Therefore, insurance companies need to ensure that further information is gathered prior to concluding what category individuals suit.
Contract theory
In contract theory, the terms "screening models" and "adverse selection models" are often used interchangeably. An agent has private information about his type (e.g., his costs or his valuation of a good) before the principal makes a contract offer. The principal will then offer a menu of contracts in order to separate the different types. Typically, the best type will trade the same amount as in the first-best benchmark solution (which would be attained under complete information), a property known as "no distortion at the top". All other types typically trade less than in the first-best solution (i.e., there is a "downward distortion" of the trade level).
Optimal auction design (more generally known as Bayesian mechanism design) can be seen as a multi-agent version of the basic screening model. Contract-theoretic screening models have been pioneered by Roger Myerson and Eric Maskin. They have been extended in various directions. For example, it has been shown that, in the context of patent licensing, optimal screening contracts may actually yield too much trade compared to the first-best solution. Applications of screening models include regulation, public procurement, and monopolistic price discrimination. Contract-theoretic screening models have been successfully tested in laboratory experiments and using field data.
See also
Adverse selection
Information asymmetry
Joseph E. Stiglitz
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Screening (economics)
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Proximity marketing is the localized wireless distribution of advertising content associated with a particular place. Transmissions can be received by individuals in that location who wish to receive them and have the necessary equipment to do so.
Distribution may be via a traditional localized broadcast, or more commonly is specifically targeted to devices known to be in a particular area.
The location of a device may be determined by:
A cellular phone being in a particular cell
A Bluetooth- or Wi-Fi-enabled device being within range of a transmitter.
An Internet enabled device with GPS enabling it to request localized content from Internet servers.
A NFC enabled phone can read a RFID chip on a product or media and launch localized content from internet servers.
Communications may be further targeted to specific groups within a given location, for example content in tourist hot spots may only be distributed to devices registered outside the local area.
Communications may be both time and place specific, e.g. content at a conference venue may depend on the event in progress.
Uses of proximity marketing include distribution of media at concerts, information (weblinks on local facilities), gaming and social applications, and advertising.
Bluetooth-based systems
Bluetooth, a short-range wireless system supported by many mobile devices, is one transmission medium used for proximity marketing.
The process of Bluetooth-based proximity marketing involves setting up Bluetooth "broadcasting" equipment at a particular location and then sending information which can be text, images, audio or video to Bluetooth enabled devices within range of the broadcast server. These devices are often referred to as beacons. Other standard data exchange formats such as vCard can also be used. This form of proximity marketing is also referred to as close range marketing.
It used to be the case that due to security fears, or a desire to save battery life, many users keep their Bluetooth devices in OFF mode, or ON but not set to be 'discoverable'. Because of this, often regions where Bluetooth proximity marketing is in operation it is accompanied by advising via traditional media - such as posters, television screens or field marketing teams - suggesting people make their Bluetooth handsets 'discoverable' in order to receive free content - this is often referred to as a "Call-to-Action." A 'discoverable' Bluetooth device within range of the server is automatically sent a message asking if the user would like to receive the free content.
Current mobile phones usually have bluetooth switched ON by default, and some users leave bluetooth switched on for easy connection with car kits and headsets.
Wi-Fi-based systems
There are systems capable of detecting certain signals periodically emitted by any electronic devices equipped with Wi-Fi or Bluetooth technology, and the subsequent use of gathered information to detect the position or presence of, and/or flows of information to and from, said devices, in a statistical or aggregate form.
This technology is used in a manner equivalent to other systems, such as Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), which serve for locating devices within a controlled environment; it works in conjunction with signals from Wi-Fi issuers (also called wireless tags) and receiving antennas, in different locations, so that the movements and presence of Wi-Fi-equipped devices can be analyzed in terms of arrival time, length of visit per zone, paths of movement, general flows, etc.
The continuously increasing use of smartphones and tablets has fueled a boom in Wi-Fi tracking technology, specially in the retail environment. Such technology can be used by managers of a physical business to ascertain how many devices are present in a given area, and to observe or optimize business marketing and management.
Technically, such technology is based on two main models:
1. Re-use of standard Access Point (AP) technologies with a Captive Portal, already deployed in numerous locations (airports, malls, shops, etc.).
2. Use of antennas for the detection of signals in the 2.4 or 5 GHz frequency bands, positioning the detected devices within strategic areas, in order to obtain a unique identifier about every mobile device is detected in such locations, and with the corresponding HTML5, iOS and Android SDKs integrated in any APP or Web, allowing interaction by proximity with the users through the mobile devices.
The first option manifests weaker ability to detect and send messages to the public, because AP devices were created for purposes other than wireless tracking and operate by extracting information only from select devices (smartphones or tablets which have previously connected to the AP in question). In practice, and depending on the environment, as many as 10-20% of visitors access to the captive portal when they visit a point of sale
The second option is to analyze all signals detected within the bands used by the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technology, offering a higher detection ratio of total visitors (about 60%-70%) and extracting behavior patterns that allow the assignment of a unique identifier, each time a device is detected. Such identifiers are not linked to any data present on the device, nor to any information from the device manufacturer, so that relation to any particular user of the device cannot be made. Unlike in the above case, visitor security (in the sense of anonymity) is total.
Assignment of the same unique identifier to tracking information obtained by the antennas, APP and Webs APIs remains a challenge, and allows to have both online and offline beviour information to optimize proximity communication campaigns in a non-intrusive way.
NFC-based systems
Near Field Communication (NFC) tags are embedded in the NFC Smart Poster, Smart Product or Smart Book. The tag has a RFID chip with an embedded command. The command can be to open the mobile browser on a given page or offer. Any NFC-enabled phone can activate this tag by placing the device in close proximity. The information can be anything from product details, special accommodation deals, and information on local restaurants.
The German drugstore chain, Budnikowsky, launched the first NFC-enabled Smart Poster in October 2011 which allowed train commuters to tap their phones on the poster to shop and find more information. in November 2011, Atria Books/Simon & Schuster launched the Impulse Economy, the first NFC-enabled Smart Book.
In the UK NFC is being adopted by most of the outdoor poster contractors. Clear Channel have installed over 25,000 Adshel posters with NFC tags (and QR codes for Apple phones).
Retailers are also looking at NFC as it offers a cost-effective method by which consumers can engage with brands but doesn't require integrating the technology into their IT systems - which is a barrier to many new technologies like BLE. A number of retailers have already started using NFC to enhance the shopping experience, Casino in France and Vic in Holland.
Proximity Marketing Strategy using NFC Technology has been widely adopted in Japan and uses 'pull' rather than 'push' marketing allowing the consumer the choice of where and when they receive marketing messages.
There are a number NFC-enabled phones entering the market spurred by NFC mobile wallet trials globally. NFC wallets include the Google Wallet and ISIS (mobile payment system). While mobile payment is the driver for NFC, proximity marketing is an immediate beneficiary in-market.
Apple did not include this technology in their initial smartphone models. Apple added NFC to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus.
GSM-based systems
Proximity Marketing via SMS relies on GSM 03.41 which defines the Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast. SMS-CB allows messages (such as advertising or public information) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical area. In the Philippines, GSM-based proximity broadcast systems are used by select Government Agencies for information dissemination on Government-run community-based programs to take advantage of its reach and popularity (Philippines has the world's highest traffic of SMS). It is also used for commercial service known as Proxima SMS. Bluewater, a super-regional shopping centre in the UK, has a GSM based system supplied by NTL to help its GSM coverage for calls, it also allows each customer with a mobile phone to be tracked though the centre which shops they go into and for how long. The system enables special offer texts to be sent to the phone.
See also
Mobile marketing
Narrowcasting
Geotargeting
Sideloading
Low-power broadcasting
Locative media
Location-based service
Hypertag
Spamming
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Proximity marketing
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Pedro Nuño Colón de Portugal y Castro, 6th Duke of Veragua, 6th Marquess of Jamaica, 6th Count of Gelves (Madrid, Spain, 13 December 1628 – December 8, 1673, Mexico City) was viceroy of New Spain from December 3, 1673 to December 8, 1673.
Early life
He was born in Madrid, the son of Álvaro Colón de Portugal y Portocarrero, 5th Duke of Veragua, 4th Duke of la Vega, 6th admiral of the Indies, and of Catalina de Castro y Portugal, 5th countess of Gelves, and descendant of the House of Braganza, distantly related to the Portuguese royal family.
Career
He was a knight of Order of the Golden Fleece, 1670, and also inherited the positions of admiral and governor of the Indies. He became the first viceroy of New Spain named under the authority of King Charles II.
On April 28, 1672, Enrique de Toledo y Osorio, Marquess of Villafranca was named viceroy of New Spain, but he declined the post.
Instead, Colón de Portugal was named viceroy on June 10, 1672, and he arrived in Veracruz in September 1673. He delayed some time in Veracruz to look over the fortifications there, as Spain was then at war with France.
He arrived at Chapultepec November 16, 1673, and remained there three weeks for reasons of health before making his entry into Mexico City. He took possession of the government the night of November 20, but delayed exercising the functions of government. He finally made his solemn entry into Mexico City on December 8, 1673, and his government is dated from this date, rather than November 20. One of his few official acts was to lower the prices of cacao and maize.
Colón de Portugal's governorship would not last long, however, as he died on December 13 at 5 am, only five days after formally taking up the position. His term was the shortest of all the viceroys'. His funeral was conducted with great solemnity in the cathedral, where his remains were deposited in the chapel of Santo Cristo. Some historians claim that his remains were later moved to Spain, but others claim they are still in the cathedral.
On the day of his death, the Inquisitor Juan de Ortega delivered sealed instructions to the Audiencia that in the event of the death of Pedro Nuño Colón de Portugal, the government was to be transferred to Payo Enríquez de Rivera, archbishop of Mexico.
Descendants
His first marriage, dated 8 February 1645, when he was 18, was to Isabel de la Cueva y Enriquez de Cabrera, daughter of Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 7th Duke of Alburquerque.
They had a son named Pedro Manuel Colón de Portugal, 7th duke of Veragua, (1651–1710), a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1675, Viceroy of Valencia, 1696, Viceroy of Sicily, 1696–1701, and Viceroy of Sardinia, 1706–1708.
This son, the 7th duke since 1673, married Teresa de Ayala Toledo y Fajardo de Mendoza, born around 1650, on 30 August 1674. A daughter of this 7th Duke, Catalina Ventura (1690–1739), sister of the 8th Duke of Veragua (also named Pedro Nuño), would in turn marry the famous James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick, the Spanish Ambassador in Russia.
Additional information
Sources
http://www.grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/arjona.htm
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1610s births
1673 deaths
Counts of Spain
Marquesses of Spain
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Pedro Nuno
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Spanish people of Portuguese descent
Viceroys of New Spain
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Pedro Nuño Colón de Portugal, 6th Duke of Veragua
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Iselin Vollen Steiro (born 15 September 1985) is a Norwegian model.
Career
She grew up in Harstad in the northern part of Norway, and began her fashion career in 2003 by working for Prada and Calvin Klein in her first season.
In 2004, she moved to New York City to pursue her modeling career. In 2007, she moved back to Norway and enrolled at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, majoring in architecture while continuing to model in various capacities.
During the spring 2010 Fashion Week, Iselin made a return to the runway, modelling in 20 fashion shows. In New York, Iselin modelled for companies including Michael Kors, Alexander Wang, and Tommy Hilfiger. After skipping the London Fashion Week, and modelling exclusively for Prada in Milan, Iselin went on to model for designers such as Balenciaga, Valentino, Stella McCartney, and Celine.
She has appeared in editorials for magazines including Vogue, W, and T.
She has been featured in campaigns for brands including Prada, Chanel, Versace, Tommy Hilfiger, and Louis Vuitton.
In 2013 she portrayed the young David Bowie in his music video "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)".
As of 2018, she works as a co-designer for the undergarment line Le Backhand.
Personal life
In 2007 Steiro met Anders Danielsen Lie, a Norwegian physician and actor, and they married on 5 July 2008. They have two daughters together.
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Iselin Steiro
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Eggers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alfred J. Eggers (1922–2006), senior NASA administrator
Bartholomeus Eggers (c.1637–1692), Flemish sculptor active in the Dutch Republic
Dave Eggers (born 1970), American writer, editor and publisher
Doug Eggers (born 1930), American football player
Frank H. Eggers (1901–1954), American politician
Graydon Eggers, American football coach
Hans Jürgen Eggers (1906–1975), German historian, eponymous of his Eggers chronology of the Roman imperial era
Henrik Franz Alexander von Eggers (1844–1903), Danish soldier and botanist
Jeff Eggers, American Navy SEAL, author, and security advisor
Jens G. Eggers, British physicist
Kira Eggers (born 1974), Danish model
Kurt Eggers (1905–1943), German war correspondent and writer
Otto Reinhold Eggers (1882–1964), American architect in the firm Eggers & Higgins
Paul Eggers (1919–2013), Texas politician
Per Eggers (born 1951), Swedish actor
Peter Eggers (born 1980), Swedish actor
Reinhold Eggers (1890–1974), German security officer at Colditz Castle
Robert Eggers (born 1983), American screenwriter and director
William D. Eggers (born 1967), American writer, government reform consultant
See also
Egger (surname)
German-language surnames
Dutch-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
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Eggers
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(plural: Schanigärten) is the Austro-Bavarian term for tables and chairs set up on the sidewalk in front of eating and drinking places. Unlike normal beer gardens (Gastgärten), the customers actually sit on public property. Originally, Schanigärten referred only to Viennese coffee houses, but now the expression is used in other parts of Austria and for other types of establishments like restaurants and taverns.
Regulations
In order to operate a , an establishment needs an authorization according to road traffic or trade regulations, which is valid from March 1 to November 15. The is a very attractive proposition for the owners of an establishment as they only pay a very limited yearly fee of several euros per square meter to the municipality. Operations like ice cream stores can thereby effectively multiply their seating area on public property at minimal cost. An extreme example is the ice cream store Zanoni in the Vienna city center that extends its over three quarters of the adjacent public square and has set up glass separators to prevent side walk users from crossing the privatized zone.
Furthermore, permissions are also granted to set up Schanigärten not on the sidewalk but on the actual driving lanes or parking lanes, reducing the number of available parking spaces.
History
The origins of the term are unknown. One thread of speculation believes it stems from "Gianni's garden". Indeed a first authorization to put up tables and chairs on the street was given around 1750 to Johann (Gianni) Jokob Tarone (Tarroni), a former distiller probably of Italian descent who had opened a coffeehouse on Graben. Another popular tale involves a Schani derived from the common name Hans or French: Jean for an apprentice boy or waiter, who was told to "Put up the garden!" He then dutifully obeyed the order by carrying chairs, tables and flower boxes outside.
Popularity during Covid-19 Pandemic
With many restrictions in place due to the pandemic, the indoor seating capacity is sharply reduced as to maintain the distance between tables. This causes many establishments to earn less revenues. Adding or expanding the outdoor eating area can help the establishments recoup the revenue. Many cities around the world have allowed the Schanigärten to be set up on the parking lanes in front of the gastronomic establishments. The popularity means the Schanigärten can more or less continue through the winter in some cities in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Schanigarten
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Richard Robinson (19 January 1927 – 19 April 2009) was a football player from England. Robinson signed for Middlesbrough after being watched by their manager David Jack.
Jack had spotted Dicky playing for local team Marsden Welfare Juniors. Dicky played in the Colts for Middlesbrough and guested for Dunfermline Athletic, whilst working as a Bevin Boy in Scotland at the end of World War II.
His debut for Middlesbrough was in the 1–0 away win against Newcastle United on 7 October 1944 as a 17-year-old in wartime competition, and he played in Boro's first post-war game against Manchester City aged 18. He went on to play a total of 390 games in the league and 26 in the FA Cup for Middlesbrough. He scored only one goal in his career – against local rivals Sunderland. After the game, he travelled home on the Sunderland team bus!
During his time at Middlesbrough, Dicky went on two FA tours with the England team to Switzerland, Portugal and Scandinavia, yet never gained a full cap. He was supposed to stand in for the injured Neil Franklin in England's 10–0 victory against Portugal in 1947, but Franklin declared himself fit 30 minutes before the start.
Dicky also went on to gain the following English League representative honours:
30 April 1947 English League v League of Ireland (Dublin)
22 October 1947 English League v Irish League (Windsor Park Belfast)
20 September 1948 English League v Irish League (Anfield)
29 November 1950 English League v Scottish League (Ibrox)
10 October 1951 English League v League of Ireland (Goodison Park)
During his time at Middlesbrough, Dicky also won the Players 'Footballers Association' Golf Championship at Childwall, Southport in 1951, with his manager David Jack acting as his caddy. The trophy was presented to him by Arthur Drury, the Football League Chairman.
He transferred to Barrow AFC in 1959–60 season from Middlesbrough, where he continued to play, notching up another 151 league and FA Cup games, until injury forced him out of playing the game in 1963. He carried on from 1964 to 1969 as trainer for Barrow, and then retired from the game having played in a total of 567 league and cup games.
Dicky died in April 2009, aged 82.
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Dicky Robinson
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