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The Florida and Georgia Plank Road Company was one of five such plank road companies incorporated by the Florida legislature in 1850, but was the only one built. (The Jacksonville and Alligator Plank Road Company, incorporated 1851, only constructed part of its route, now Old Plank Road near Jacksonville.) Joseph and Green Chaires, cotton plantation owners, were granted a charter for the company. The original plan was for the road to start near Newport, Florida and run to near Thomasville, Georgia with spurs to Tallahassee, Monticello and Quincy.
By 1852, the plank road was completed to Old St. Augustine Road and the spur to Tallahassee was completed by 1855. The Plank Road intersected Old St. Augustine Road and it was near that intersection that during the Civil War, Captain Patrick Houston's father, Edward Houston, built the small "Old Fort" with earthworks still to be seen in a small city park in the Woodland Hills subdivision.
The Plank Road was used into the 1890s, but eventually became disused. Although the "Old Fort" or Fort Houston was built during the Civil War and is associated with the Battle of Natural Bridge, Captain Houston and his Kilcrease Light Artillery were nowhere near there during that battle. Rather his artillery was positioned near the center of the Confederate line at the Battle of Natural Bridge.
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Florida and Georgia Plank Road Company
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"There You Go" is a song recorded by American singer Pink for her debut studio album, Can't Take Me Home (2000). The track was co-written by Pink, Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs, and Kandi Burruss and was produced by Briggs, while Burruss produced the vocals. The song is about a relationship that the protagonist has ended, but the ex-boyfriend wants her back.
"There You Go" was released as the lead single from Can't Take Me Home on January 18, 2000, by LaFace Records and Arista Records to critical acclaim. It peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100, while peaking at numbers two and six in Australia and the United Kingdom, respectively. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), selling 600,000 copies in the United States.
Critical reception
Writing for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called "There You Go" one of the highlights of Can't Take You Home. Rob Brunner from Entertainment Weekly stated: "Briggs's 'There You Go' is remarkably similar to his hits for Destiny's Child ('Bills, Bills, Bills') and TLC ('No Scrubs') but minus the vocal interplay that gives those tunes their punch." In their review of Can't Take Me Home, MTV Asia called the song one of the album's "edgy cuts" which had "the grooves needed to top the charts". Rolling Stone was also positive, saying: "Her debut has one awesome single in 'There You Go', whose wronged-woman sass is set to a stop-start groove so bling-bling it redeems a chorus that ends, 'Sometimes it be's like that.'" In 2013, Complex ranked the song at number 11 on their list "The Best R&B Songs by White Singers in the 2000s".
Music video
The accompanying music video for "There You Go" was directed by Dave Meyers and debuted via The Box in late November 1999. In the music video, Pink's ex-boyfriend Mikey calls her asking for a ride and she reluctantly agrees to give him one. She hops on a motorcycle and rides to the top of a parking structure overlooking his apartment, where she calls him. She then accelerates her motorcycle, jumps off the last second, and watches as it soars off the building and crashes into his apartment window before exploding into flames, burning the armchair and the PlayStation Mikey was playing on earlier in the video. Pink then jumps into a car driven by a new guy, giving Mikey the middle finger as they drive off. Entertainment Weekly described the video by saying: "In the video for 'There You Go' — her smash single — the piqued Pink freaks, sending a motorcycle crashing into Floyd's fab bachelor pad."
In 2019, Pink confessed to being under the influence of marijuana while shooting the video, to the point she was unable to keep her eyes open, explaining that "Dave Meyers kept coming up to me and saying, 'Can you wait to smoke that next blunt before the beauty shot?' I was like, 'What do you mean?'. He was like, 'I really want you to be able to open your eyes.'"
Track listings and formats
US and European CD single
"There You Go" (album version) – 3:26
"There You Go" (instrumental) – 3:36
Canadian and Australian CD single, European maxi-CD single
"There You Go" (album version) – 3:26
"There You Go" (Hani Num club) – 8:27
"There You Go" (Hani radio edit) – 3:33
"There You Go" (Hani MFF mix) – 8:39
"There You Go" (Hani Mix Show edit) – 5:32
UK CD single
"There You Go" (album version) – 3:26
"There You Go" (Hani radio edit) – 3:33
"There You Go" (video) – 3:47
UK cassette single
"There You Go" (album version) – 3:26
"There You Go" (Hani radio edit) – 3:33
"There You Go" (instrumental) – 3:36
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the Australian CD single liner notes.
Studios
Recorded at Triangle Sound Studio (Atlanta, Georgia, US)
Mixed at Larrabee North Studios (Hollywood, California, US)
Mastered at Powers House of Sound (New York City)
Personnel
Pink – writing (as Alecia Moore), vocals, background vocals
Kandi Burruss – writing, background vocals, vocal production
Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs – writing, production, recording
Andre Ware – recording
Kevin "K.D." Davis – mixing
Steve MacAuley – mixing assistant
Herb Powers – mastering
Antonio M. Reid, Kenneth B. Edmonds – management
Kawn "KP" Prather, Sharon Daley – A&R direction
Regina Davenport, Celeste Moses – A&R coordination
Darrick "D.L." Warfield – art direction
Cherie O'Brien – creative coordinator
Fusion Designworks – artwork design
Daniela Federici – photography
Lysa Cooper – prop stylist
Yellaka – image consultant
Justin Henry – make-up
Fredrick Parnell – hair
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
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There You Go
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Pompton Lakes High School (PLHS) is a four-year comprehensive public high school in the borough of Pompton Lakes in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Pompton Lakes School District. The school serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Pompton Lakes and Riverdale, in neighboring Morris County, whose students attend as part of a sending/receiving relationship. The high school is accredited by the New Jersey Department of Education.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 681 students and 51.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1. There were 70 students (10.3% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 15 (2.2% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
The school mascot is the Cardinal.
History
The building has a colonial revival exterior, a product of the New Deal Era. The building was constructed in 1932 and was opened to students in September 1933.
Students from Wayne, New Jersey had attended the school until 1952, when Wayne Valley High School was opened.
Awards, recognition and rankings
During the 1986-87 school year, Pompton Lakes High School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive.
The school was the 153rd-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 85th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 173rd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 156th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 188th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school as 127th out of 376 public high schools statewide in its 2010 rankings (a decrease of 2 positions from the 2009 rank) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the language arts literacy and mathematics components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
History
Built in 1932 in Colonial Revival style, the high school opened to students in September of that year and graduated its first class the following June. Students from Pompton Lakes attended Butler High School before the opening of Pompton Lakes High School. At its opening in 1933, the school received students from Wayne, Oakland, and Midland Park as well as Pompton Lakes. Since then, the school has maintained much of its original structure, with additions of a larger library, another locker room, and an entirely new wing erected in the 1960s.
Academics
Advanced Placement (AP) courses offered include AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP Calculus, AP Statistics, AP United States History, AP English Literature and Composition, AP Spanish Language, AP German Language, AP French Language, AP 2-D Art and Design, AP Environmental Science, and AP Computer Science.
Clubs
There are many different clubs that students can participate in at Pompton Lakes High School, including:
Assembly Planning Committee,
Book Club,
Environmental Club,
FBLA,
Health and Wellness Coalition (HAWC),
Health Careers Club,
Interact,
Marching Band,
Spring Musical,
National Honor Society,
Peer Helpers,
Performing Arts Club,
Student Council,
Student Movement Against Cancer (SMAC),
Student Opportunities for Academic Recognition (SOAR),
Yearbook,
Varsity Club,
Volleyball Club and
Zonta club.
Athletics
The Pompton Lakes High School Cardinals participate in the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference, which is comprised of small-enrollment schools in Bergen, Hudson, Morris and Passaic counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to realignment that took effect in the fall of 2010, Pompton Lakes was part of the smaller Bergen-Passaic Scholastic League (BPSL). With 453 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 478 to 672 students.
Boys sports offered include: football, soccer, lacrosse, cross country, basketball, wrestling, fencing, bowling, winter track, baseball, spring track, and tennis. Girls sports include field hockey, soccer, cross country, tennis, basketball, fencing, winter track, bowling, lacrosse, softball, and spring track.
The field hockey team won the North I Group II state sectional championship in 1975, 1977 and 1997-1999, the North I Group I title in 1986-1988, 1991 and 2008-2010, and won the North I / II Group I title in 1993; the team won the Group II state championship in 1999, defeating Collingswood High School in the final game of the tournament. The field hockey team is a perennial power in northern New Jersey. The team finished with a 17-1-2 record in 1999 after winning the Group II state title with a 3-0 win against Collingswood in the championship game. The Cardinals have won the Passaic County title 14 times, most recently in 2008 when they beat Wayne Hills High School 1-0 in the final. Pompton Lakes won three consecutive sectional titles from 2008–2010, defeating Boonton High School 2-1 in the 2010 final.
The varsity baseball team won the Passaic County Tournament championships in 1978, 1990, 1996, 2013, 2014 and 2017. Down 6-0, the 2017 team came back to win the program's sixth PCT title with a 10-6 win against Passaic County Technical Institute in the championship game.
The football team won the NJSIAA North I Group I state sectional title in 1982, 2005, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and won the North I Group II state sectional title in 1997. Down 14-0 at halftime, the 1982 team pulled ahead with four touchdowns in the second half to defeat Mahwah High School by a score of 28-14 in the North I Group I sectional championship game and finish the season at 11-0. The 1998 boys football team were the North I, Group II state football champions, beating Westwood Regional High School 7-6 on a snowy field. In 2005, the football team won the North I, Group I title, defeating Hasbrouck Heights High School 27-7 in the championship game played at Giants Stadium. The team won the North I Group I state title in 2011 and 2012 with a win over Glen Rock High School and Cedar Grove High School, respectively.
The boys' soccer team won the Group II state championship in 1996 (against runner-up Somerville High School in the tournament final) and won the Group I title in 2005 (vs. Bordentown Regional High School) and 2017 (vs. Glassboro High School). The 1996 boys' soccer team were league and state champions with an overall record of 23-1, with the team's only loss that season coming in the final of the Passaic County tournament to Paterson's John F. Kennedy High School. The 2017 team won the Group I state championship with a 3-2 win against Glassboro High School on a goal scored one minute into overtime.
The 2001 boys' tennis team won the North I, Group II over Rutherford High School 3½-1½ in the tournament final.
In 2001, the softball team won the North I, Group II sectional championship, edging Mahwah High School 1-0. The team repeated in 2002, again winning by a 1-0 score in the final, this time over top-seeded Hawthorne High School, their first sectional championship since their win in 2002. The 2007 team won the title, with a 4-1 win vs. Saddle Brook High School. The 2008 team repeated the North I, Group I title, defeating Park Ridge High School 8-3 in the tournament final.
The boys' track and field team won the 2006 and 2007 North I, Group I state sectional championships tying Hasbrouck Heights High School in 2006 and winning outright with 65 points in 2007.
The girls' tennis team won the 2007 North I, Group I state sectional championship with a 4-1 win over New Milford High School. The win was the team's first ever state sectional title.
The wrestling team won the North I Group I state sectional championship in 2015
The school also has a marching band and color guard which competes in USSBA competitions. The Cardinal Marching Band has been a part of PLHS since the 1930s, with up to 100 students participating.
Administration
The school's principal is Vincent S. Przybylinski Jr. His core administration team includes the assistantprincipal.
In popular culture
Selected for its "beautiful auditorium, a great gymnasium" and other aesthetic qualities, the high school was used extensively as a filming location for the 1997 movie In & Out starring Kevin Kline. Many different classrooms and facilities were used as the set for the movie, as well as many students were used as extras.
Notable alumni
Cat Bauer (born 1955), author.
Jacqueline Dubrovich (born 1994), Olympic foil fencer.
Larry Elgart (1922-2017), jazz bandleader who, with his brother Les, recorded "Bandstand Boogie", the theme to the long-running dance show American Bandstand.
Les Elgart (1917-1995), trumpet player and bandleader.
Scott Ellsworth (born 1927), radio personality, news presenter and actor.
Charlie Getty (born 1952), played ten seasons in the NFL, mainly for the Kansas City Chiefs.
Carol Habben (1933-1997), center fielder and backup catcher who played from 1951 through 1954 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
Fred Kornet (1919–2018, class of 1936), lieutenant general in the United States Army who served as commander of the U.S. Army Aviation Systems Command.
Robert A. Roe (1924–2014), politician who represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1993.
Carl Sawatski (1927–1991), professional baseball player and executive who was an MLB catcher for the Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Braves, Philadelphia Phillies and St. Louis Cardinals.
Patty Shwartz (born 1961), United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
Travis Tuck (1943-2002), metal sculptor known for his hand-crafted weather vanes of repoussé copper and bronze.
Michael Weiner (born 1961), Executive Director of the Major League Baseball Players Association.
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Pompton Lakes High School
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Gastrique is caramelized sugar, deglazed with vinegar or other sour liquids, used as a sweet and sour flavoring for sauces.
The gastrique is generally added to a fond, reduced stock or brown sauce. It is also used to flavor sauces such as tomato sauce, savory fruit sauces, and others, such as the orange sauce for duck à l'orange.
The term is often broadened to mean any sweet and sour sauce, e.g., citrus gastrique or mango gastrique. An agrodolce is a similar sauce found in Italian cuisine.
It is different from the Belgian sauce base of the same name, which consists of vinegar, white wine, shallots, tarragon stems, bouquet garni, and peppercorns. The gastrique with this composition was already used by Auguste Escoffier, but at the end of the 19th century, Louis Védy from Brussels turned it into a plant extract that ensures a constant level of acidity when making béarnaise sauce.
History
Caramel dissolved in vinegar is used by Escoffier in 1903, with no special name, just described as "sucre cuit au caramel blond, dissous avec 1 décilitre de vinaigre" in his recipes for Sauce Romaine and Carpe à la Polonaise; similarly, Prosper Montagné in 1922 just says "caramel au vinaigre", and the Répertoire de la Cuisine says "caramel blond dissous au vinaigre".
The name gastrique appears to have come in with nouvelle cuisine by the 1980s, defined as an "indispensable preparation used in making sauces to accompany hot creations including fruits, such as duck à l'orange."
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Gastrique
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Parzival Copes, (22 January 1924 – 8 September 2017) was a Canadian economist with a particular interest in regional science and specialization in fisheries economics and management.
Born in Nakusp, British Columbia, he moved with his family to the Netherlands in 1933 and was educated at Vierde Vijfjarige H.B.S. in Amsterdam from 1936 to 1941. In 1942, he became active in 'underground' activities against the German occupation and in 1944 joined a Dutch resistance army unit. Later that year, he was arrested and spent time in prison and a penal labour camp Erika at Ommen. In April 1945, he escaped from a prison convoy and met up with the advancing Canadian Army, where he was employed in uniform as an interpreter.
After spending a year with the British military government in Germany, he returned to Canada, and enrolled at the University of British Columbia, where he also joined the Canadian Officers Training Corps in 1946. In 1949, he obtained a Commission. In the reserves, he served as Intelligence Officer with the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa and later as Commanding Officer (rank of Major) of 112 Manning Depot in St. John's. He was awarded a Canadian Forces Decoration in 1963.
He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and political science in 1949 and a Master of Arts degree in economics in 1950 from the University of British Columbia. He earned his Ph.D. in economics in 1956 from the London School of Economics. He has been awarded honorary doctorates by Royal Roads Military College in Victoria, by the University of Tromsø in Norway and by the Memorial University of Newfoundland.
From 1953 to 1957, he was an economist and statistician with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in Ottawa, where he was placed in charge of the Canadian Sickness Survey unit. In 1957, he was appointed associate professor—and subsequently professor—at the Memorial University of Newfoundland and Head of the Department of Economics. In 1961, he proposed and helped create Memorial's Institute of Social and Economic Research and was its first director of economic research.
In 1964, he was appointed professor in the Department of Economics and Commerce at Simon Fraser University, serving as founding head of the department until 1969 and as chairman from 1972 to 1975. In 1968, he introduced Canada's first Executive MBA program. He organized the Centre for Canadian Studies, serving as director from 1978 to 1985. From 1980 to 1994 he was founding Director of the Institute of Fisheries Analysis. In 1991, he was appointed Emeritus Professor.
He has served as president of the Canadian Regional Science Association, the Western Regional
Science Association and the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organization, and as vice-president of the Social Science Federation of Canada and the Canadian Economics Association.
In 1992 he was named a Foreign Fellow of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. He was the first recipient of the Sterling Prize in Support of Controversy in 1994 and received the Distinguished Service Award of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade in 1996. In 2005, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
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Parzival Copes
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Eric Joseph Flaim (born March 9, 1967) is an American former speed skater. He became a world champion in 1988, as well as capturing Olympic silver medals, namely in speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics and in short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
Biography and Olympic career
Flaim was born in Pembroke, Massachusetts. He began skating at the age of five on a small pond next to his home on Fairwood Drive, Pembroke. He soon starting playing youth ice hockey in his hometown at the Hobomock Arena, later joining travel teams always with the encouragement and support of his father Enrico. His first introduction to the sport started in short track speed skating with the Baystate Speed Skating Club. At 11 years of age in 1979, he pursued both hockey and speed skating for two seasons. Watching the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid and Eric Heiden's astonishing five-gold-medal achievement fueled Flaim's own dream of competing for the U.S. in the Winter Olympics, and he focused on speed skating. After the 1983 season and winning both North American titles for juniors in short track and long track speed skating, he decided to fully pursue long track as short track was not yet an official Olympic sport. In his first major international competition, the Junior World Allround Championships, he placed in the top 30, he competed in two. As a senior, he participated in his first World Allround Championships in 1987 in Heerenveen, Netherlands. He finished 17th, failing to qualify for the final distance (the 10,000 m) by just one position.
In 1988, Flaim had his best season. In front of a Milwaukee crowd, he won a 1000m gold medal and bronze overall at the World Sprint Championships. Two weeks later, at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Flaim missed medals, placing fourth three times. In his favorite distance he had the disadvantage of starting in the first pair on the 1,500 m and immediately broke Igor Zhelezovski's world record. This was a surprise, as the 20-year-old was not regarded as a leading contender. It would not be the new world record, though, because two pairs later, East German skater André Hoffmann set an even faster time, by just .06 of a second. Flaim's time, however, would remain the second fastest 1,500 m time and so he earned Olympic silver. A highlight for Flaim's career came two weeks later when, in Alma-Ata – then a part of the Soviet Union – he became World Allround Champion at the high-altitude Medeu stadium. Despite poor outdoor conditions, he skated the best 10,000m of his career to solidify his championship.
In 1989, Flaim won the 1,000 m World Cup, a first-place overall finish shared with Austrian skater Michael Hadschieff. After that season he underwent knee surgery in early 1990 and began extensive therapy to get back into elite condition. In 1992, he seemed to be on his way to a comeback when he finished first in Davos, Switzerland, one of the eight 1,000 m races to determine the 1,000 m World Cup, two weeks prior to the start of the Olympics.
During the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, after a 6th place in the 5,000 m, a case of food-poisoning the evening before his 1,500 m race ruined his chances for the rest of the Olympics.
At the 1994 Winter Olympics, he won his second Olympic silver medal – this time in short track skating – as part of the United States team in the 5,000 m relay. This made him the first skater to win Olympic medals in two different winter disciplines (though not the first skater to win Olympic medals in two different overall disciplines – that honor goes to Christa Luding-Rothenburger). Flaim participated in his fourth and final Olympics during the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, having been elected by his Olympic peers to carry the flag into the opening ceremonies.
Personal records
Flaim was number one on the Adelskalender, the all-time allround speed skating ranking, from February 17, 1988, to March 21, 1992, a total of 1,494 days, which is almost exactly equal to Eric Heiden's reign length of 1,495 days. Flaim's Adelskalender score is 157.340 points.
Personal life
Flaim currently is the Managing Director of a Registered Independent Investment practice; Estate Planners of New Hampshire www.epne.net.
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Eric Flaim
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The 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games, officially known as the II Commonwealth Youth Games, and commonly known as Bendigo 2004, a regional sporting event that was held from 30 November to 3 December 2004 in Bendigo, Australia. They were the second Commonwealth Youth Games, which are held every four years. Bendigo was proposed as one of the host cities of the regional 2026 Commonwealth Games in Victoria. However, those games would be cancelled.
Sports
The following sports were included in the 2004 Games:
Medal Count
This is the full table of the medal count of the Commonwealth Youth Games 2004.
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2004 Commonwealth Youth Games
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Mad Gab is a board game involving words. At least two teams of 2–12 players have two minutes to sound out three puzzles. The puzzles are known as mondegreens and contain small words that, when put together, make a word or phrase. For example, "These If Hill Wore" when pronounced quickly sounds like "The Civil War". There are two levels, easy and hard. The faster the puzzles are answered, the more points the players score.
This game uses phonetics, which is a branch of linguistics. This game is a test for the human brain to process sounds based on simpler English-written sounds into a meaningful word or phrase. The game is designed where a person would not be able to decode the meaning of the phrase unless spoken out loud and listened; reading the phrase silently will not allow the player to decode the meaning because sounds would have to be encoded into meaningful English words.
Game versions
Bible Mad Gab, released in 2000, references the NIV, e.g. "know Ozark".
See also
Ambiguity
Amphibology
Double entendre
Eggcorn
Folk etymology
Holorime
Ladle Rat Rotten Hut
Mairzy Doats
Malapropism
Mondegreen
Same-sounding phrases
Phono-semantic matching
Relaxed pronunciation
Soramimi
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Mad Gab
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Scouting is active in New Caledonia. The Scouts et Guides de France is the largest Scout Association on the island. Scouts Vaillants is a smaller association.
Scouts from New Caledonia participated in the 1998 World Jamboree in Chile, and in the Australian Jamboree in 2013.
The Scout Motto is Sois Prêt (Be Prepared) or Toujours Prêt (Always Prepared) in French, depending on the organization.
See also
Scouting in France
Overseas branches of Scouting and Guiding associations
Scouting and Guiding in France
Scouting and Guiding by country
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Scouting and Guiding in New Caledonia
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This is a list of television and radio sitcoms (situation comedies).
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
See also
List of situation comedies with LGBT characters
Sitcoms
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List of situation comedies
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Fisherman's Village is a waterfront mall, commercial boat anchorage and tourist attraction located in the world's largest man-made small boat harbor in Los Angeles County at Marina del Rey, California. The Ballona Wetlands State Ecological Reserve is just east of Fisherman's Village and immediately to the south is the federally-owned riverine estuary of Ballona Creek. The historical Fisherman's Village, built in 1967, is nestled on the eastern bank of main harbor entrance channel between Whiskey Reds restaurant to the south and the Windward boatyard to the north.
Fisherman's Village was developed and built by the Sheldon L. Pollack Corporation. The company also developed and/or built several other similar projects in Southern California including San Diego Seaport Village, Port Hueneme Fisherman's Village (now called Fisherman's Wharf Channel Islands Harbor) and Oceanside Harbor Village.
Constructed in the style of a New England fishing village, Fisherman's Village consists of five brightly painted wooden buildings, a waterfront promenade, a lighthouse, a water fountain and commercial boat docks. Tourist attractions include live music concerts, restaurant and café dining, harbor and fishing cruises, boat and bicycle rentals, a Catalina Island ferry service, souvenir shops, a nightclub and a public water shuttle (harbor ferry) service.
The waterfront promenade offers panoramic views of the harbor in which approximately 5,300 pleasure boats, yachts, and commercial vessels are berthed in 21 individual marinas including yacht clubs.
Various types of ocean-going vessels can be seen as they pass Fisherman's Village en route to, or returning from, voyages into Santa Monica Bay, Catalina Island, the Pacific Ocean and beyond. On Wednesday evenings during March to September from 5 pm to 7 pm, up to 100 sailboats from 22 to 70 feet in length can be seen, sails unfurled, racing toward the finishing line in California Yacht Club's (CYC) Sunset Series regatta.
The address of Fisherman's Village is 13755 Fiji Way, Marina del Rey, California, 90292-6909. It is situated on Los Angeles County land (public land) and designated as parcel #56 by the DBH (Department of Beaches and Harbors). DBH lease the parcels on the public's behalf. The adjoining public parking lot #1 is managed by Parking Concepts International (PCI) on behalf of DBH.
The lessee of Fisherman's Village is 'Gold Coast Village, LLC' who have appointed their property management company, 'Pacific Ocean Management'. The leasee also holds other parcels in Marina Del Rey such as Admiralty Apartments on Admiralty Way, Marina Beach strip mall on Washington Boulevard and Pier 44/Dock 77 marinas. Shoreline Village in Long Beach is another lease held.
Other entities of note adjoining Fisherman's Village are: US Coast Guard station, MDR LA Sheriff's Department station, the LA County Department of Beaches and Harbors (DBH) executive offices, Whiskey Red's restaurant, Villa Venetia apartment complex, UCLA rowing sheds to the south and Loyola Marymount University (LMU) rowing sheds, The Boatyard and DBH trailer offices to the North-east.
Since the late 1970s, Fisherman's Village has faced a decline of stores closing due to the leasing issues. A seal cage was emptied and various arcades for pinball machines and video games closed, including an eponymous arcade owned by actor Gary Coleman in the early 1990s. At times, the boat tours were shut down as well.
There has been an effort to rebuild Fisherman's Village with a parking complex, however, due to the millions of dollars involved in order to add new shops and stores, as well as the influx of heavy traffic, it had to go through several environmental impact reports before any demolition could take place. No decision has been made at this time.
The parking lot had to start charging fees in order to pay for the maintenance of Fisherman's Village.
Attractions
Live Music: Free concerts are held in fountain square, near the lighthouse, both weekend afternoons throughout the year, weather permitting. Concert times are 1pm - 4pm, or 2pm - 5pm during daylight saving time. Musical styles are varied and can include; Jazz, Funk, Blues, Reggae, Rockabilly, Salsa and Rock.
Dining: Restaurants 'El Torito' (Mexican) and 'Sapori' (Italian) offer licensed waterfront dining, whereas, 'Cafe Al Fresco', 'Thai Garden Cafe' and 'Lighthouse Grill' offer quick gourmet meals, snacks and drinks.
Harbor Cruises: Tiki Mermaid Charters and Hornblower Cruises offer fully catered and licensed private party harbor cruises and public cruises on weekends and for celebrations such as; July 4, the Marina Del Rey Boat Parade in December, Valentine's Day and New Year's Eve. Cruises depart from the docks.
Boat Rentals: Hourly/daily rental of power, sail and electric boats and kayaks is available 7 days on the docks.
Bicycling: Fisherman's Village connects with the Ballona Creek Bike Path and South Bay Bicycle Trails that combine more than 26 miles of coastal beach riding. Rentals are available from 'Daniel's Bicycle Rental & Sales'.
Fishing: Public 'Open Party' fishing trips are offered twice daily from the docks.
Fireworks: The annual 4 July and New Year's Eve fireworks are released from a barge in the main channel near Fisherman's Village. The promenade provides a good vantage point from which to view the display.
Boat Parade: The Annual Marina del Rey Holiday Boat Parade (Festival of Lights) is held the 2nd Saturday in December. Boaters decorate their vessels for the holidays and parade through the Marina to be judged for their creativity by a panel. Fisherman's Village and nearby Burton Chace Park offer the best sites for viewing the parade.
Boat Brokers: Mason Yacht Sales provides boat brokerage services.
The UCLA and LMU rowing teams practice both in nearby Ballona Creek and in the harbor's main channel.
In popular culture
Scenes involving The Bluth Banana Stand in the television program Arrested Development were filmed next to the lighthouse in Fisherman's Village. Set in Newport Beach and Balboa Island, the show was primarily filmed in locations around Culver City and Marina del Rey.
The dates that occur on the program Blind Date have often been filmed at Shanghai Red's, a restaurant at the far end of Fisherman's Village.
The Village was also the filming location for several scenes in the popular Fox TV series, The O.C.
A date scene for an episode of More to Love was filmed aboard the Tiki Mermaid Charter boat in 2009.
Scenes from a 3rd season episode of Greek were filmed in Fountain square, Fisherman's Village on January 5 & 6, 2010.
Scenes from District Nurse (2016), a lo-fi British chiller, were filmed throughout March 2014 in and around the nearby Boat Yard.
Scenes from Breezy (1973) with William Holden and Kay Lenz shopping for groovy clothing.
The scene with the boat party from Booksmart (2019) was filmed here.
Sources
Virtual Tourist: Marina del Rey
Marina del Rey, California
Shopping malls in the South Bay, Los Angeles
Buildings and structures in Los Angeles County, California
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Fisherman's Village
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Garry Jack (born 14 March 1961) is an Australian former rugby league footballer and coach. He was a representative in the Australian national team and star player with the Balmain Tigers. Jack was a for the Tigers during the late 1980s, and early 1990s, under the captaincy of Wayne Pearce and the coaching of Warren Ryan. Jack also represented the New South Wales State of Origin team on 17 occasions.
Club career
Jack commenced his first grade career with Western Suburbs Magpies in 1981. The following year he moved to Balmain Tigers where he played for the rest of his Australian first grade career.
His association with English rugby league began at the end of the 1986 Kangaroo tour when he stayed on to play for Salford before returning to the Tigers. He was member of the consecutive Balmain teams which fell at the final hurdle to firstly Canterbury-Bankstown in the 1988 Grand Final and then to Canberra in 1989.
1991 saw the departure of Warren Ryan as Balmain coach and the arrival of former Wallaby coach, Alan Jones. The years playing under Jones at Balmain were unhappy ones for Jack and eventually after he had left the club in 1992, he launched an attack on Jones' ability as a coach following his 'surprise' reappointment for a third year.
When his Australian club career ended having surpassed Keith Barnes' club record for first grade matches, he returned to England to play his final season with the Sheffield Eagles.
Representative career
In the 1984 State of Origin series Jack made his New South Wales début and played in all three games of that year's series. He was thereafter the Blues' first choice fullback for the next six years, aside from the 1987 fourth game exhibition match in Los Angeles when he made himself unavailable, and game I of 1988 when Cronulla's Jonathon Docking was preferred.
Jack made 17 appearances for New South Wales in State of Origin series between 1984 and 1989.
In 1984, he also made his international début in the three match Ashes series against Great Britain. He played twenty successive Tests (nine versus Britain, seven against New Zealand and two each against France and Papua New Guinea) as well as the 1988 World Cup Final against New Zealand and the Bicentenary International against a Rest of the World team.
On the 1986 Kangaroo tour, Jack played in all six Tests and seven minor Tour matches. He became the first Australian fullback to score three tries in a Test against France in the second Test.
On 20 July 1988, Jack played for Australia in their record 62-point win over Papua New Guinea, scoring a try.
After Jack broke an arm in a 1989 pre-season match the door opened for his State of Origin rival Queenslander Gary Belcher who from that point was the favoured Australian representative for the fullback position.
Post playing
Jack was appointed coach of English club Salford in July 1993, but departed following their relegation from the top flight at the end of the 1994–95 Rugby Football League season.
Personal life
Jack's sons Kieren and Brandon both played for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League.
Another son, Rhys Jack, played in the Bulldogs Toyota Cup (Under-20s) team and Balmain in the New South Wales Cup.
Since retiring Jack began learning martial arts and holds a Black Belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
In July 2016, it was reported Kieren Jack had a falling out with his parents. It was reported that Kieren did not invite his parents to his 200th AFL game. Former Swan and radio personality Ryan Fitzgerald criticised Garry Jack and his wife for airing the feud publicly on Twitter.
On 22 January 2021, Jack suffered a cardiac arrest. A friend was able to apply CPR until an ambulance arrived.
Footnotes
Sources
Big League's 25 Years of Origin Collectors' Edition, News Magazines, Surry Hills, Sydney
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Garry Jack
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The 19th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from May 24, 1979, to October 5, 1982, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1979 Alberta general election held on March 14, 1979. The Legislature officially resumed on May 24, 1979, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued on May 4, 1982 and dissolved on October 5, 1982, prior to the 1982 Alberta general election on November 2, 1982.
Alberta's nineteenth government was controlled by the majority Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta for the third time, led by Premier Peter Lougheed. The Official Opposition was led by Robert Curtis Clark of the Social Credit Party and later Raymond Speaker. The Speaker was Gerard Amerongen who would serve in the role until he was defeated in the 1986 Alberta general election.
Seating plan in the 19th Assembly
Members elected
For complete electoral history, see individual districts.
Standings changes since the 19th general election
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19th Alberta Legislature
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Die Stille nach dem Schuss (literally The Silence after the Shot) is a 2000 German film that was released in English as The Legend of Rita (also sometimes referred to as Legends of Rita or The Legends of Rita or Rita's Legends). The film focuses on collusion between the East German secret police, or Stasi, and the West German terrorist group Red Army Faction (RAF). The fictional characters all have close parallels to real-life RAF members. The script was reportedly based on events in the life of Inge Viett.
Plot
In a letter left for her friend Tatjana, fugitive Red Army Faction terrorist Rita Vogt (Bibiana Beglau) relates the story of her life.
During the 1970s, Rita and her fellow urban guerrillas carried out armed robberies, kidnappings, and various other attacks in West Germany, as part of their campaign of armed struggle against the capitalist system. During a visit to Paris, Rita is asked by a local police officer for her license. In response, she flees, the French police officer pursues her into a parking ramp, and Rita fatally shoots him.
Later, following a prison break which involves the murder of a West Berlin corrections officer, Rita and her comrades flee via the Friedrichstraße train station into East Berlin. As the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has signed conventions against terrorism, the communist East German government is reluctant to help. The chief of the Stasi, Erich Mielke (Dietrich Körner), disagrees. In a conversation with Stasi officer Erwin Hull (Martin Wuttke), Mielke expresses sympathy for the RAF's terrorist attacks against West German and U.S. targets, which he compares to his own similar activities during both the Weimar Republic and the Nazi regime. He orders Agent Hull to assist them unofficially.
Hull arranges a safe house for the fugitives and secretly trains them in the use of military hardware. As Rita watches her comrades training in the use of Rocket-propelled grenades, she is visibly horrified.
That evening, Hull boasts that the RAF has "to break laws; we can make them". He explains that those who wish to retire from armed struggle will be given new identities so that they can start a new life in the GDR. The group's two women, Friederike Adebach (Jenny Schily) and Rita, accept the offer, much to the shock and horror of the men.
Hull then prepares Rita for her new identity and coaches her on a fictitious "legend", or backstory, that becomes her new "truth". Once the "legend" is constructed and memorized, Rita is given a menial job at a Volkseigener Betrieb clothing factory. Explaining that she is a West German, who voluntarily emigrated across the Berlin Wall, Rita shocks her co-workers, who have never heard of such a thing.
To their further shock, Rita takes "solidarity" cash collections for the Sandinistas at face value and willingly donates large amounts of money. Disgusted, Rita's coworkers explain that the donations actually go to the East German government's coffers and that the claims about helping Nicaragua are just a confidence scam. Rita's patronizing response sickens her coworkers, who ostracize her.
Only her depressed and alcoholic co-worker Tatjana (Nadja Uhl) develops a friendship with her. They bond deeply, Rita helps Tatjana toward sobriety, and even begins a lesbian relationship with her. Then a television announcement about the RAF from West Germany stops Rita short during a birthday party. Not only has her former lover been killed during an RPG attack against a NATO base, but the West German media continues to broadcast her as a hunted fugitive. The next morning, a co-worker tells Rita that she recognizes her from the broadcast and vows to expose who she is. In response, the Stasi promptly relocates her, allowing her only a brief, painful goodbye to Tatjana.
Her next residence and workplace, "Legend Number 2", is a children's day care center. While on vacation on the Baltic Sea, she gets to know and falls in love with a student, Jochen Pettka (Alexander Beyer). Despite her cautiousness, it becomes ever more difficult for her to hide her past. After she becomes pregnant, Jochen asks her to marry him and to travel with him to an event in the Soviet Union. Agent Hull, however, tells her that this is impossible, as it will cause the Stasi's ties to the RAF to leak out. Explaining that the increasing unrest may soon topple the GDR, Hull urges Rita to have an abortion—implying that her child will be better off.
During a choral performance, Rita notices Friederike Adebach among the choir's participants. Now married with a child, Friederike is suffering under the Communist system, and bears it with grudging resentment — the same emotion seen on the faces of other GDR residents throughout the film. Rita and Friederike's reunion is sullen and they part unceremoniously.
Soon after, Rita reveals her past to Jochen. Deeply sickened, he breaks his ties to her.
In 1989, East Germany collapses. As Western consumer goods flood in, Rita is visibly disgusted and horrified. Ignoring her coworker's contempt for her opinion, Rita lectures them about how they "will never have it this good again."
Soon after, the Stasi is disbanded and its weapons are confiscated. Agent Hull informs Rita that he can no longer protect her. The news of her presence has gotten out and the GDR's Volkspolizei, or Vopos, will soon be coming to arrest her. In response, Rita expresses outrage that capitalism "has no borders". After watching news footage of Friederike's arrest and extradition to West Germany, Rita goes on the run.
Meanwhile, after years of imprisonment by Agent Hull merely for knowing about Rita's presence in the GDR, Tatjana is finally released and joyously runs to Rita's flat. Upon her arrival, she is grabbed by a group of plainclothes Vopos, who ask, "Are you Rita Vogt?"
Attempting to flee to Poland by motorbike, Rita is asked to show her ID at a Vopo checkpoint. In a deeply ironic moment, Rita accelerates, clearly expecting the East German policemen to chase after her like their predecessor in Paris. Instead, a Vopo raises an AK-47 and riddles Rita with bullets. As she falls dead from the motorbike, Rita's voice is heard in voiceover: "THAT'S EXACTLY HOW IT WAS. MORE OR LESS."
Depiction
Notably, the film is shot with a decidedly 1970s-style color scheme, rather than with simply 1970s furniture and effects as most such movies do; this provides an interesting "throwback" visual experience for the viewer considering the movie was indeed made at the turn of the century. And although the movie mainly centers around the trials and tribulations of a leftist-activist woman known as Rita Vogt, many motifs in the script reflect Inge Viett's real life: she really did flee to East Germany along with some others in 1982, having fatally shot a Paris policeman in 1981, and she really did receive a new identity to live under in Dresden.
Throughout, the GDR is shown as a drab, grey, and dull nation. Its citizens are depicted as bearing their fate with resignation which masks their deep hatred of the Communist system. Rita, however, is always smiling and joyful, in unnerving contrast to everyone around her. For Rita, the GDR is a romantic and happy utopia. This is in direct contrast to her angry expressions towards capitalism and visible excitement during the bank robberies at the beginning of the film. This is also why she displays such profound disappointment at the end of the film when the Berlin Wall is toppled. It never crosses her mind that no one else she has met has ever truly believed in the GDR.
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The Legend of Rita
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OPK Oboronprom () was a Russian aerospace holding company. The company was involved in helicopter production, engine production, air-defence systems, complex radio-electronic systems and leasing. Russian Helicopters, Oboronprom’s helicopter manufacturing group is the leading Russian designer and manufacturer of rotary-wing aircraft equipment.
Oboronprom was dissolved in January 2018. All of its assets were transferred to Rostec.
Ownership
The capital structure of the company is as follows:
50.24% Rostec.
38.44% Russian Federation.
4.73% RSK MiG.
4.41% Republic of Tatarstan.
1.81% Rosoboronexport.
0.36% Rostvertol.
Sanctions
Sanctioned by the United Kingdom since 2014.
In March 2022, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the EU imposed sanctions on OPK Oboronprom.
Organisation
As of 2016, Oboronprom has stakes in or controls the following entities:
Stankoprom
Avtocomponents
United Engine Corporation
Russian Helicopters
Stankoimport
St. Petersburg OJSC Red October
Ural Works of Civil Aviation
Center for Management of Non-core Assets OPK Oboronprom
Perm Motors - Real Estate
Savelovsky Machine Building Plant
Arsenyev Aviation Company Progress
Moscow Helicopter Plant
Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant
Stupino Machine-Building Production Enterprise
Kamov
Kazan Helicopter Plant
Moscow Machine Building Plant named after V.V. Chernyshev
Ufa Engine-Building Production Association
NPP Motor
JSC Kuznetsov
Helicopter Service Company
NPO Saturn
Klimov
Kumertau Aviation Production Enterprise
ODK-STAR
Aviadvigatel
Center of Technological Competence Blades of gas turbine engines
UDK-Perm Motors
Instrumental Plant-PM
REMOS-Perm Motors
Railwayman-Perm Motors
Metalist - Perm Motors
Energetik - Perm Motors
Motorservice-PM
ODK-Gas Turbines
Aviation gearboxes and transmissions - Perm motors
P.J.J. Ummels Beheer B.V.
ODK Gas Turbines B.V.
Metalist-Samara
Volzhsky Diesel named after Maminykh
MAG-RT
LIC Servicing Company
International Helicopter Programs
Integrated Helicopter Services
International RotorCraft Services FZC
Rostov Helicopter Production Complex
Rostvertol
BP Technologies
Procurement and Logistics Center
Omsk Motor-Building Design Bureau
Management Company Vereiskaya 29
12 Aircraft Repair Plant
356 aircraft repair plant
419 aircraft repair plant
150 aircraft repair plant
810 aircraft repair plant
218 Aviation Repair Plant
Aramil Aircraft Repair Plant
570 aircraft repair plant
712 Aircraft Repair Plant
Research and Production Center for Gas Turbine Construction Salyut
Kazan Optical and Mechanical Plant
Products
Helicopters
Russian Helicopters' products include:
Kamov Ka-27
Kamov Ka-31
Kamov Ka-52
Kamov Ka-62
Kamov Ka-226
Kazan Ansat
Mil Mi-8
Mil Mi-17
Mil Mi-24
Mil Mi-26
Mil Mi-28
Mil Mi-34
Mil Mi-38
Mil Mi-54
VRT500
A fifth generation helicopter is currently under development.
See also
"Russia to Gather Mil Helicopter Units Under Centralized Control." Defense News. May 5, 2005.
"To Compete With Foreign Producers, Russian Helicopter Manufacturers Are to Unite." Interfax. January 25, 2006.
Oboronprom targets Ukrainian company as helicopter consolidation continues Jane's Defence Industry, 23 August 2006
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Oboronprom
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Charles Henderson may refer to:
Politicians
Charles Henderson (Alabama politician) (1860–1937), American politician, Governor of Alabama, 1915–1919
Charles Henderson (Nevada politician) (1873–1954), U.S. Senator from Nevada
Charles Henderson (Canadian politician) (1883–1957), Canadian member of Parliament
Charles P. Henderson (1911–1990), mayor of Youngstown, Ohio
Charles Henderson Yoakum (1849–1909), U.S. Representative from Texas
Scientists
Charles Richmond Henderson (1848–1915), American sociologist
Charles Roy Henderson (1911–1989), U.S. animal geneticist
Other
Charles E. Henderson (1907–1970), American songwriter and composer
Charles Henderson (historian) (1900–1933), British historian and antiquarian of Cornwall
Charles Henderson (bishop) (1924–2006), Irish-born UK Roman Catholic bishop
Charles W. Henderson (born 1948), author of books about Marine Corps sniper Carlos Hathcock and Vietnam
Charles Henderson (American football) (born 1946), former head football coach of Delaware State University
Charles Cooper Henderson (1803–1877), British painter of horses and coaches
Charles Henderson (character), fictional character in the Henderson's Boys and CHERUB series
Charles Hanford Henderson (1861–1941), American educator and author
Charles Henderson (weightlifter) (1922–2019), Australian weightlifter
Charlie Henderson (1870–?), English footballer
Charles Henderson, organist and choirmaster of St. George's Church from 1955-?, New York City.
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Charles Henderson
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Candel may be:
a surname related to Kandel
Sébastien Candel (born 1946), French physicist
Francesc Candel Tortajada (1925–2007), writer and journalist
Vicente Carlos Campillo Candel (born 1951), Spanish footballer and manager
a Middle English spelling of candle
Candel Astra, or simply candel, an Uruguayan brand of candy
See also
Candle (disambiguation)
Kandel (disambiguation)
CANDELS
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Candel
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The Merry Maidens (), also known as Dawn's Men (a likely corruption of the Cornish Dons Men "Stone Dance") is a late neolithic stone circle located 2 miles (3 km) to the south of the village of St Buryan, in Cornwall. A pair of standing stones, The Pipers is associated both geographically and in legend.
Description
The circle, which is thought to be complete, comprises nineteen granite megaliths and is situated in a field alongside the B3315 between Newlyn and Land's End. The stones are approximately 1.2 metres high, with the tallest standing 1.4 metres. They are spaced three to four metres apart with a larger gap between the stones on the east side. The circle is approximately twenty-four metres in diameter. To the south is another stone which suggests a possible north-south orientation. In earlier times there was another stone circle located 200 metres away, but this had been destroyed by the end of the 19th century. 300 metres to the northeast are The Pipers – two 3-metre-high standing stones. These have been described as "largest surviving standing stones in Cornwall and probably the best known". The Tregiffian Burial Chamber is nearby.
Myth and legend
The local myth about the creation of the stones suggests that nineteen maidens were turned into stone as punishment for dancing on a Sunday. (Dans Maen translates as Stone Dance.) The Pipers, two megaliths some distance north-east of the circle, are said to be the petrified remains of the musicians who played for the dancers. A more detailed story explains why the Pipers are so far from the Maidens – apparently the two pipers heard the church clock in St Buryan strike midnight, realised they were breaking the Sabbath, and started to run up the hill away from the maidens who carried on dancing without accompaniment. These petrification legends are often associated with stone circles, as is reflected in the folk names of some of the nearby sites, for example, the Tregeseal Dancing Stones, the Nine Maidens of Boskednan, as well as the more distant Hurlers and Pipers on Bodmin Moor. Another tradition says that The Pipers were erected to commemorate Howel and Æthelstan, leaders who died in a 10th-century battle.
Research
The Merry Maidens were first examined in detail by antiquarian William Borlase in 1769, who also reported a second equally large circle of stones. In 1872 William Copeland Borlase, a descendant of the elder Borlase, produced a more detailed description of the area. At that time seven stones were still present from the second stone circle, before it disappeared by the end of the 19th century. Hugh O'Neill Hencken wrote a first modern scientific view of the archaeological site in 1932.
A more recent study was produced by John Barnatt in 1982. Today it is thought that there were originally 18 standing stones. In the mid-19th century new stones were added in an attempt at reconstruction, but not in the correct position or number. In addition, some of the old stones were moved, giving the appearance that the stone circle has today.
See also
Other prehistoric stone circles in the Penwith district:
Boscawen-Un
Boskednan, also known as the Nine Maidens of Boskednan
Tregeseal East, also known as the Tregeseal Dancing Stones
Notes
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The Merry Maidens
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Music psychology, or the psychology of music, may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology. It aims to explain and understand musical behaviour and experience, including the processes through which music is perceived, created, responded to, and incorporated into everyday life. Modern music psychology is primarily empirical; its knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants. Music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music performance, composition, education, criticism, and therapy, as well as investigations of human attitude, skill, performance, intelligence, creativity, and social behavior.
Music psychology can shed light on non-psychological aspects of musicology and musical practice. For example, it contributes to music theory through investigations of the perception and computational modelling of musical structures such as melody, harmony, tonality, rhythm, meter, and form. Research in music history can benefit from systematic study of the history of musical syntax, or from psychological analyses of composers and compositions in relation to perceptual, affective, and social responses to their music.
History
Early history (pre-1850)
The study of sound and musical phenomena prior to the 19th century was focused primarily on the mathematical modelling of pitch and tone. The earliest recorded experiments date from the 6th century BCE, most notably in the work of Pythagoras and his establishment of the simple string length ratios that formed the consonances of the octave. This view that sound and music could be understood from a purely physical standpoint was echoed by such theorists as Anaxagoras and Boethius. An important early dissenter was Aristoxenus, who foreshadowed modern music psychology in his view that music could only be understood through human perception and its relation to human memory. Despite his views, the majority of musical education through the Middle Ages and Renaissance remained rooted in the Pythagorean tradition, particularly through the quadrivium of astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and music.
Research by Vincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo) demonstrated that, when string length was held constant, varying its tension, thickness, or composition could alter perceived pitch. From this, he argued that simple ratios were not enough to account for musical phenomenon and that a perceptual approach was necessary. He also claimed that the differences between various tuning systems were not perceivable, thus the disputes were unnecessary.
Study of topics including vibration, consonance, the harmonic series, and resonance were furthered through the scientific revolution, including work by Galileo, Kepler, Mersenne, and Descartes. This included further speculation concerning the nature of the sense organs and higher-order processes, particularly by Savart, Helmholtz, and Koenig.
Rise of empirical study (1860–1960)
The latter 19th century saw the development of modern music psychology alongside the emergence of a general empirical psychology, one which passed through similar stages of development. The first was structuralist psychology, led by Wilhelm Wundt, which sought to break down experience into its smallest definable parts. This expanded upon previous centuries of acoustic study, and included Helmholtz developing the resonator to isolate and understand pure and complex tones and their perception, the philosopher Carl Stumpf using church organs and his own musical experience to explore timbre and absolute pitch, and Wundt himself associating the experience of rhythm with kinesthetic tension and relaxation.
As structuralism gave way to Gestalt psychology and behaviorism at the turn of the century, music psychology moved beyond the study of isolated tones and elements to the perception of their inter-relationships and human reactions to them, though work languished behind that of visual perception. In Europe Géza Révész and Albert Wellek developed a more complex understanding of musical pitch, and in the US the focus shifted to that of music education and the training and development of musical skill. Carl Seashore led this work, producing his The Measurement of Musical Talents and The Psychology of Musical Talent. Seashore used bespoke equipment and standardized tests to measure how performance deviated from indicated markings and how musical aptitude differed between students.
In 1963 F. Chrysler was the first one to use the term "science of music" when he was working on his "year book for musical knowledge". European musicology was found in Greek. They were focused on the philosophy, and the concepts of any relations with music. Greek's several theories rose later to Arab and the Christians theories. Although their theories survived, they were also corrupted along the way, in the Middle Ages of Europe.
Modern (1960–present)
Music psychology in the second half of the 20th century has expanded to cover a wide array of theoretical and applied areas. From the 1960s the field grew along with cognitive science, including such research areas as music perception (particularly of pitch, rhythm, harmony, and melody), musical development and aptitude, music performance, and affective responses to music.
This period has also seen the founding of music psychology-specific journals, societies, conferences, research groups, centers, and degrees, a trend that has brought research toward specific applications for music education, performance, and therapy. While the techniques of cognitive psychology allowed for more objective examinations of musical behavior and experience, the theoretical and technological advancements of neuroscience have greatly shaped the direction of music psychology into the 21st century.
While the majority of music psychology research has focused on music in a Western context, the field has expanded along with ethnomusicology to examine how the perception and practice of music differs between cultures. It has also emerged into the public sphere. In recent years several bestselling popular science books have helped bring the field into public discussion, notably Daniel Levitin's This Is Your Brain On Music (2006) and The World in Six Songs (2008), Oliver Sacks' Musicophilia (2007), and Gary Marcus' Guitar Zero (2012). In addition, the controversial "Mozart effect" sparked lengthy debate among researchers, educators, politicians, and the public regarding the relationship between classical music listening, education, and intelligence.
Research areas
Perception and cognition
Much work within music psychology seeks to understand the cognitive processes that support musical behaviors, including perception, comprehension, memory, attention, and performance. Originally arising in fields of psychoacoustics and sensation, cognitive theories of how people understand music more recently encompass neuroscience, cognitive science, music theory, music therapy, computer science, psychology, philosophy, and linguistics.
Affective response
Music has been shown to consistently elicit emotional responses in its listeners, and this relationship between human affect and music has been studied in depth. This includes isolating which specific features of a musical work or performance convey or elicit certain reactions, the nature of the reactions themselves, and how characteristics of the listener may determine which emotions are felt. The field draws upon and has significant implications for such areas as philosophy, musicology, and aesthetics, as well the acts of musical composition and performance. The implications for casual listeners are also great; research has shown that the pleasurable feelings associated with emotional music are the result of dopamine release in the striatum—the same anatomical areas that underpin the anticipatory and rewarding aspects of drug addiction.
According to research, listening to music has been found to affect the mood of an individual. The main factors in whether it will affect that individual positively or negatively are based on the musics tempo and style. In addition, listening to music also increases cognitive functions, creativity, and decreases feelings of fatigue. All of these factors lead to better workflow and a more optimal result in the activity done while listening to music. This leads to the conclusion that listening to music while performing an activity is an excellent way of increasing productivity and the overall experience. It has been proposed that the ability to understand the emotional meaning of music might rely on the existence of a common neural system for processing the affective meaning of voices/vocalizations and musical sounds. In addition to emotional responses, music has influenced the lifestyles of individuals and changed people's perceptions of what "sexy" is. Although music cannot resolve all human beings needs but is heavily relied on to alter the feelings and emotions.
Neuropsychology
A significant amount of research concerns brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music perception and performance. These behaviours include music listening, performing, composing, reading, writing, and ancillary activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics and musical emotion. Scientists working in this field may have training in cognitive neuroscience, neurology, neuroanatomy, psychology, music theory, computer science, and other allied fields, and use such techniques as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), and positron emission tomography (PET).
The cognitive process of performing music requires the interaction of neural mechanisms in both motor and auditory systems. Since every action expressed in a performance produces a sound that influences subsequent expression, this leads to impressive sensorimotor interplay.
Processing pitch
Perceived pitch typically depends on the fundamental frequency, though the dependence could be mediated solely by the presence of harmonics corresponding to that fundamental frequency. The perception of a pitch without the corresponding fundamental frequency in the physical stimulus is called the pitch of the missing fundamental. Neurons lateral to A1 in marmoset monkeys were found to be sensitive specifically to the fundamental frequency of a complex tone, suggesting that pitch constancy may be enabled by such a neural mechanism.
Pitch constancy refers to the ability to perceive pitch identity across changes in acoustical properties, such as loudness, temporal envelope, or timbre. The importance of cortical regions lateral to A1 for pitch coding is also supported by studies of human cortical lesions and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain. These data suggest a hierarchical system for pitch processing, with more abstract properties of sound stimulus processed further along the processing pathways.
Absolute pitch
Absolute pitch (AP) is the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone or to produce a musical tone at a given pitch without the use of an external reference pitch. Researchers estimate the occurrence of AP to be 1 in 10,000 people. The extent to which this ability is innate or learned is debated, with evidence for both a genetic basis and for a "critical period" in which the ability can be learned, especially in conjunction with early musical training.
Processing rhythm
Behavioural studies demonstrate that rhythm and pitch can be perceived separately, but that they also interact in creating a musical perception. Studies of auditory rhythm discrimination and reproduction in patients with brain injury have linked these functions to the auditory regions of the temporal lobe, but have shown no consistent localization or lateralization. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies have shown that the motor regions of the brain contribute to both perception and production of rhythms.
Even in studies where subjects only listen to rhythms, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and supplementary motor area (SMA) are often implicated. The analysis of rhythm may depend on interactions between the auditory and motor systems.
Neural correlates of musical training
Although auditory–motor interactions can be observed in people without formal musical training, musicians are an excellent population to study because of their long-established and rich associations between auditory and motor systems. Musicians have been shown to have anatomical adaptations that correlate with their training. Some neuroimaging studies have observed that musicians show lower levels of activity in motor regions than non-musicians during the performance of simple motor tasks, which may suggest a more efficient pattern of neural recruitment. Other studies have shown that early musical training may positively affect word reading, by promoting the specialization of an extra right-sided "note visual area" to process spatially relevant visual information (i.e., pentagram, bars, etc.) This neuroplastic effect might help prevent surface dyslexia. Music learning also involves the formation of novel audio visuomotor associations, which results in the ability to detect an incorrect association between sounds and the corresponding musical gestures, also allowing to learn how to play a musical instrument.
Motor imagery
Previous neuroimaging studies have consistently reported activity in the SMA and premotor areas, as well as in auditory cortices, when non-musicians imagine hearing musical excerpts.
Recruitment of the SMA and premotor areas is also reported when musicians are asked to imagine performing.
Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music). Topics of study include perception of the pitch, timbre, loudness and duration of musical sounds and the relevance of such studies for music cognition or the perceived structure of music; and auditory illusions and how humans localize sound, which can have relevance for musical composition and the design of venues for music performance. Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics.
Cognitive musicology
Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.
Cognitive musicology can be differentiated from the fields of music cognition and cognitive neuroscience of music by a difference in methodological emphasis. Cognitive musicology uses computer modeling to study music-related knowledge representation and has roots in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. The use of computer models provides an exacting, interactive medium in which to formulate and test theories.
This interdisciplinary field investigates topics such as the parallels between language and music in the brain. Biologically inspired models of computation are often included in research, such as neural networks and evolutionary programs. This field seeks to model how musical knowledge is represented, stored, perceived, performed, and generated. By using a well-structured computer environment, the systematic structures of these cognitive phenomena can be investigated.
Evolutionary musicology
Evolutionary musicology concerns the "origin of music, the question of animal song, selection pressures underlying music evolution", and "music evolution and human evolution". It seeks to understand music perception and activity in the context of evolutionary theory. Charles Darwin speculated that music may have held an adaptive advantage and functioned as a protolanguage, a view which has spawned several competing theories of music evolution. An alternate view sees music as a by-product of linguistic evolution; a type of "auditory cheesecake" that pleases the senses without providing any adaptive function. This view has been directly countered by numerous music researchers.
Cultural differences
An individual's culture or ethnicity plays a role in their music cognition, including their preferences, emotional reaction, and musical memory. Musical preferences are biased toward culturally familiar musical traditions beginning in infancy, and adults' classification of the emotion of a musical piece depends on both culturally specific and universal structural features. Additionally, individuals' musical memory abilities are greater for culturally familiar music than for culturally unfamiliar music.
Applied research areas
Many areas of music psychology research focus on the application of music in everyday life as well as the practices and experiences of the amateur and professional musician. Each topic may utilize knowledge and techniques derived from one or more of the areas described above. Such areas include:
Music in society
Including:
everyday music listening
musical rituals and gatherings (e.g. religious, festive, sporting, political, etc.)
the role of music in forming personal and group identities
the relation between music and dancing
social influences on musical preference (peers, family, experts, social background, etc.)
Musical preference
Consumers' choices in music have been studied as they relate to the Big Five personality traits: openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. In general, the plasticity traits (openness to experience and extraversion) affect music preference more than the stability traits (agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness). Gender has been shown to influence preference, with men choosing music for primarily cognitive reasons and women for emotional reasons. Relationships with music preference have also been found with mood and nostalgic association.
Background music
The study of background music focuses on the impact of music with non-musical tasks, including changes in behavior in the presence of different types, settings, or styles of music. In laboratory settings, music can affect performance on cognitive tasks (memory, attention, and comprehension), both positively and negatively. Used extensively as an advertising aid, music may also affect marketing strategies, ad comprehension, and consumer choices. Background music can influence learning, working memory and recall, performance while working on tests, and attention in cognitive monitoring tasks. Background music can also be used as a way to relieve boredom, create positive moods, and maintain a private space. Background music has been shown to put a restless mind at ease by presenting the listener with various melodies and tones. It has been shown that listening to different types of music may modulate differently psychological mood and physiological responses associated with the induced emotions. For example, listening to atonal music might result in reduced heart rate (fear bradycardia) and increased blood pressure (both diastolic and systolic), possibly reflecting an increase in alertness and attention, psychological tension, and anxiety.
Music in marketing
In both radio and television advertisements, music plays an integral role in content recall, intentions to buy the product, and attitudes toward the advertisement and brand itself. Music's effect on marketing has been studied in radio ads, TV ads, and physical retail settings.
One of the most important aspects of an advertisement's music is the "musical fit", or the degree of congruity between cues in the ad and song content. Advertisements and music can be congruous or incongruous for both lyrical and instrumental music. The timbre, tempo, lyrics, genre, mood, as well as any positive or negative associations elicited by certain music should fit the nature of the advertisement and product.
Music and productivity
Several studies have recognized that listening to music while working affects the productivity of people performing complex cognitive tasks. One study suggested that listening to one's preferred genre of music can enhance productivity in the workplace, though other research has found that listening to music while working can be a source of distraction, with loudness and lyrical content possibly playing a role. Other factors proposed to affect the relationship between music listening and productivity include musical structure, task complexity, and degree of control over the choice and use of music.
Music education
Including:
optimizing music education
development of musical behaviors and abilities throughout the lifespan
the specific skills and processes involved in learning a musical instrument or singing
activities and practices within a music school
individual versus group learning of a musical instrument
the effects of musical education on intelligence
optimizing practice
Musical aptitude
Musical aptitude refers to a person's innate ability to acquire skills and knowledge required for musical activity, and may influence the speed at which learning can take place and the level that may be achieved. Study in this area focuses on whether aptitude can be broken into subsets or represented as a single construct, whether aptitude can be measured prior to significant achievement, whether high aptitude can predict achievement, to what extent aptitude is inherited, and what implications questions of aptitude have on educational principles.
It is an issue closely related to that of intelligence and IQ, and was pioneered by the work of Carl Seashore. While early tests of aptitude, such as Seashore's The Measurement of Musical Talent, sought to measure innate musical talent through discrimination tests of pitch, interval, rhythm, consonance, memory, etc., later research found these approaches to have little predictive power and to be influenced greatly by the test-taker's mood, motivation, confidence, fatigue, and boredom when taking the test.
Music performance
Including:
the physiology of performance
music reading and sight-reading, including eye movement
performing from memory and music-related memory
acts of improvisation and composition
flow experiences
the interpersonal/social aspects of group performance
music performance quality evaluation by an audience or evaluator(s) (e.g. audition or competition), including the influence of musical and non-musical factors
audio engineering
Music and health
Health benefits
Scientific studies suggest that singing can have positive effects on people's health. A preliminary study based on self-reported data from a survey of students participating in choral singing found perceived benefits including increased lung capacity, improved mood, stress reduction, as well as perceived social and spiritual benefits. However, one much older study of lung capacity compared those with professional vocal training to those without, and failed to back up the claims of increased lung capacity. Singing may positively influence the immune system through the reduction of stress. One study found that both singing and listening to choral music reduces the level of stress hormones and increases immune function.
A multinational collaboration to study the connection between singing and health was established in 2009, called Advancing Interdisciplinary Research in Singing (AIRS). Singing provides physical, cognitive, and emotional benefits to participants. When they step on stage, many singers forget their worries and focus solely on the song. Singing is becoming a more widely known method of increasing an individual's overall health and wellness, in turn helping them to battle diseases such as cancer more effectively due to decreased stress, releasing of endorphins, and increased lung capacity.
Effect on the brain
John Daniel Scott, among others, have cited that "people who sing are more likely to be happy". This is because "singing elevates the levels of neurotransmitters which are associated with pleasure and well being". Humans have a long prehistory of music, especially singing; before written language, stories were passed down through song, because song is often more memorable. There is also evidence that music or singing may have evolved in humans before language. Levitin, in his This is Your Brain on Music, argues that "music may be the activity that prepared our pre-human ancestors for speech communication" and that "singing ... might have helped our species to refine motor skills, paving the way for the development of the exquisitely fine muscle control required for vocal ... speech" (260). On the other hand, he cites Pinker, who "argued that language is an adaptation and music is its Spandrel ... an evolutionary accident piggybacking on language" (248).
Studies have found evidence suggesting the mental, as well as physical, benefits of singing. When conducting a study with 21 members of a choir at three different points over one year, three themes suggested three areas of benefits; the social impact (connectedness with others), personal impact (positive emotions, self-perception, etc.), and functional outcomes (health benefits of being in the choir). Findings showed that a sense of well-being is associated with singing, by uplifting the mood of the participants and releasing endorphins in the brain. Many singers also reported that singing helped them regulate stress and relax, allowing them to deal better with their daily lives. From a social perspective, approval from the audience, and interaction with other choir members in a positive manner is also beneficial.
Singing is beneficial for pregnant mothers. By giving them another medium of communication with their newborns, mothers in one study reported feelings of love and affection when singing to their unborn children. They also reported feeling more relaxed than ever before during their stressful pregnancy. A song can have nostalgic significance by reminding a singer of the past, and momentarily transport them, allowing them to focus on singing and embrace the activity as an escape from their daily lives and problems.
Effect on body
A recent study by Tenovus Cancer Care found that singing in a choir for just one hour boosts levels of immune proteins in cancer patients and has a positive overall effect on the health of patients. The study explores the possibility that singing could help put patients in the best mental and physical shape to receive the treatment they need, by reducing stress hormones, and increasing quantities of cytokines—proteins of the immune system that can increase the body's ability to fight disease. "Singing gives you physical benefits like breath control and muscle movement and enunciation, as well as the learning benefits of processing information" says a musical director and accompanist in the study. The enunciation and speech benefits tie into the language benefits detailed below.
Some have advocated, as in a 2011 article in the Toronto Star, that everyone sing, even if they are not musically talented, because of its health benefits. Singing lowers blood pressure by releasing pent up emotions, boosting relaxation, and reminding them of happy times. It also allows singers to breathe more easily. Patients with lung disease and chronic pulmonary disease experience relief from their symptoms from singing just two times a week. In addition to breathing related illness, singing also has numerous benefits for stroke victims when it comes to relearning the ability to speak and communicate by singing their thoughts. Singing activates the right side of the brain when the left side cannot function (the left side is the area of the brain responsible for speech), so it is easy to see how singing can be an excellent alternative to speech while the victim heals.
Physical benefits
1. Works the lungs, tones up the intercostals and diaphragm.
2. Improves sleep
3. Benefits cardio function by improving aerobic capacity
4. Relaxes overall muscle tension
5. Improves posture.
6. Opens up sinuses and respiratory tubes
7. With training, it could help decrease snoring
8. Releases endorphins
9. Boosts immune system
10. Helps improve physical balance in people affected by illnesses such as Parkinson's disease
Other concepts
Including:
the effectiveness of music in healthcare and therapeutic settings
music-specific disorders
musicians' physical and mental health and well-being
music performance anxiety (MPA, or stage fright)
motivation, burnout, and depression among musicians
noise-induced hearing loss among musicians
Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia
Journals
Music psychology journals include:
Music Perception
Musicae Scientiae
Psychology of Music
Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain
Music & Science
Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie
Music psychologists also publish in a wide range of mainstream musicology, computational musicology, music theory/analysis, psychology, music education, music therapy, music medicine, and systematic musicology journals. The latter include for example:
Acta Acustica United With Acustica
Cognitive Systems Research
Computer Music Journal
Empirical Musicology Review
Frontiers in Neuroscience
Frontiers in Psychology
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Journal of New Music Research
Journal of Mathematics and Music
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Research Studies in Music Education
Societies
Asia-Pacific Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (APSCOM)
Australian Music & Psychology Society (AMPS)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Musikpsychologie (DGM)
European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (ESCOM)
Japanese Society for Music Perception and Cognition (JSMPC)
Society for Education, Music and Psychology Research (SEMPRE)
Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)
Centers of research and teaching
Australia:
Music, Sound and Performance Lab, Macquarie University
Music, Mind and Wellbeing Initiative, Melbourne University
Empirical Musicology Group, University of New South Wales
ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotion, University of Western Australia
The MARCS Institute, University of Western Sydney
Austria:
Centre for Systematic Musicology, University of Graz
Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Klagenfurt
Wiener Klangstil, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
Belgium:
Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Ghent University
Canada:
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music and Media and Technology, McGill University
Music and Health Research Collaboratory, University of Toronto
Music Cognition Lab, Queen's University
Auditory Perception and Music Cognition Research and Training Laboratory, University of Prince Edward Island
SMART Lab, Toronto Metropolitan University
The Music, Acoustics, Perception, and LEarning (MAPLE) Lab, McMaster University
The Digital Music Lab (DML), McMaster University
McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University
BRAMS - International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, University of Montreal and McGill University
Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, University of Montreal
Music and Neuroscience Lab, University of Western Ontario
Denmark:
Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University
Finland:
Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä
France:
Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics team, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
University of Burgundy
IRCAM, Centre Pompidou
Germany:
University of Halle-Wittenberg
Institute for Systematic Musicology, Universität Hamburg
Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover
Hanover Music Lab, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover
University of Cologne
University of Oldenburg
Hochschule für Musik Würzburg
Technische Universität Chemnitz
Iceland:
Centre for Music Research, University of Iceland
Ireland:
University of Limerick
Italy:
Bicocca ERP Lab, University of Milano-Bicocca
Japan:
Kyushu University
Korea:
Seoul National University
Netherlands:
Music Cognition Group, University of Amsterdam
Norway:
Centre for Music and Health, Norwegian Academy of Music
Poland:
Unit of Psychology of Music, Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
Music Performance and Brain Lab, University of Finance and Management in Warsaw
Singapore:
Music Cognition Group, Social and Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR
Spain:
Music Technology Group, Pompeu Fabra University
Sweden:
Speech, Music and Hearing, Royal Institute of Technology
Music Psychology Group, Uppsala University
United Kingdom:
Centre for Music and Science, Cambridge University
Music and the Human Sciences Group, University of Edinburgh
Centre for Psychological Research, Keele University
Music and Science Lab, Durham University
Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Research in Music, University of Leeds
Social and Applied Psychology Group, University of Leicester
Music, Mind and Brain Group, Goldsmiths, University College London
International Music Education Research Centre, UCL Institute of Education, University College London
Music Cognition Lab, Queen Mary University of London
Faculty of Music, University of Oxford
Applied Music Research Centre, University of Roehampton
Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music
Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music
Department of Music, Sheffield University
United States:
Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
Auditory Perception & Action Lab, University at Buffalo
Janata Lab, University of California, Davis
Systematic Musicology Lab, University of California, Los Angeles
Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
UCSB Music Cognition Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara
Music Dynamics Lab, University of Connecticut
The Music Cognition Laboratory, Cornell University
Music Cognition at Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester
Center for Music Research, Florida State University
Music Cognition and Computation Lab, Louisiana State University
Language and Music Cognition Lab, University of Maryland
Auditory Cognition and Development Lab, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University
Music Theory and Cognition Program, Northwestern University
Music Cognition Lab, Princeton University
Cognitive and Systematic Musicology Laboratory, Ohio State University
Music Learning, Perception, and Cognition Focus Group, University of Oregon
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University
Dowling Laboratory, University of Texas at Dallas
Institute for Music Research, University of Texas at San Antonio
Laboratory for Music Cognition, Culture & Learning, University of Washington
Music, Imaging, and Neural Dynamics (MIND) Laboratory, Wesleyan University
Brain Research and Interdisciplinary Neurosciences Lab, Western Michigan University
See also
Cognitive musicology
Cognitive neuroscience of music
Performance science
Psychoacoustics
Psychoanalysis and music
Music and emotion
Music-specific disorders
Music therapy
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Music psychology
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Abdeslam Boulaich () is a Moroccan story-teller, some of whose stories have been translated by Paul Bowles from Moroccan Arabic to English. Boulaich's stories have been studied in college courses.
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Abdeslam Boulaich
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The term obelion is applied to that point of the sagittal suture which is on a level with the parietal foramina.
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Obelion
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Carlos M. Martínez (born May 26, 1982 in Villa Vasquez, Dominican Republic) is a former relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Miami Marlins. Marlins' fans nicknamed him K-Mart. Martínez bats and throws right-handed. He made his major league debut on April 3, .
Playing career
The Marlins signed Martínez out of the Dominican Republic in , as an undrafted free agent. He began his professional playing career the following season, at the age of 19, for the Dominican Marlins in the Dominican Summer League. Initially, he was a starting pitcher; he started in 14 of his 15 appearances, accumulating a 4–7 record with a 4.50 ERA.
In , the Marlins converted Martínez into a reliever. In his first season in the United States, he played for the Gulf Coast Marlins, finishing with a record of 1–2, an ERA of 1.11, and seven saves. In , he again played in 3 games for the Gulf Coast Marlins and one for the Jamestown Jammers, but his other 15 games were for the Marlins' South Atlantic League affiliate, the Greensboro Grasshoppers; there, he went 0–3 with a 2.95 ERA and one save. He also spent the whole season with Greensboro; in 40 games, he went 2–3 with a 3.17 ERA and 6 saves.
Martínez moved to the Jupiter Hammerheads of the High-A Florida State League for the season. There, he became the team's closer, earning 22 saves to go with a 4–5 record and 3.12 ERA. He was also able to see some time with the Marlins' two top minor-league affiliates; he played in one game for the Double-A Carolina Mudcats, earning the save, and two games for the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes.
Martínez started the 2006 season in relative obscurity, since he had played only three games above Single-A prior to that season. However, in spring training, he impressed the Marlins greatly, giving up only one run and two hits in 8 innings for a 1.04 ERA. As a result, he beat out another hard-throwing young reliever, Travis Bowyer, and former Atlanta Braves closer Kerry Ligtenberg for a spot in the Marlins' bullpen in 2006; both Bowyer and Ligtenberg had been expected to make the team. The Marlins, who fielded a very young team in 2006, started the season with nine rookies on their Opening Day roster, including five players with no major league experience: Martínez, Dan Uggla, Eric Reed, Reggie Abercrombie, and Ricky Nolasco.
Martínez appeared in 12 games with the Marlins in 2006, going 0–1 with a 1.74 ERA in 10 innings of work. He allowed no home runs, struck out 11 batters, and walked six. His loss came in his first game of the year on April 9. Martínez pitched in three games in four days from April 13 to April 16; he was then placed on the disabled list with an injured elbow and did not play with the Marlins again until June 4. After returning to action, he pitched 3 scoreless innings over six games. He made his last appearance of the year on June 22, when he allowed one hit, but did not retire any batters. He then went back on the disabled list, having aggravated his elbow injury; the Marlins shut him down for the season shortly afterward so that he could undergo Tommy John surgery. He returned to the Marlins on August 3, 2007, and pitched 1 inning while striking out 1 batter and giving up 2 earned runs.
Martinez was outrighted to Triple-A New Orleans on June 4, 2009, thus taking him off the 40-man roster.
Pitches
Martínez throws a 96 mph four-seam fastball along with a split-finger fastball, a two-seam fastball, and a slider.
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Carlos Martínez (pitcher, born 1982)
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Egon Brunswik Edler von Korompa (18 March 1903, Budapest7 July 1955, Berkeley, California) was a psychologist who made contributions to functionalism and the history of psychology.
Life
Early life and education
Brunswik was born in Budapest, Hungary, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He graduated from the Theresianische Akademie in 1921, after studying mathematics, science, classics, and history. He enrolled as a student of psychology at the University of Vienna, where he became an assistant in Karl Bühler's Psychological Institute (student colleagues included Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Konrad Lorenz) and received a PhD in 1927. While a graduate student in psychology, he also passed the state examination for Gymnasium teachers in mathematics and physics.
Early career
Brunswik established the first psychological laboratory in Turkey while he was visiting lecturer in Ankara during 1931–1932. He became Privatdozent at the University of Vienna in 1934. In 1933, however, Edward C. Tolman, chairman of the department of psychology at the University of California, spent a year in Vienna. He and Brunswik found that although they had been working in different areas of psychological research, their theories of behavior were complementary.
Berkeley
Brunswik met Edward C. Tolman in Vienna during 1933, and in 1935–1936 received a Rockefeller fellowship that enabled him to visit the University of California. He remained at Berkeley where he became an assistant professor of psychology in 1937 and a full professor in 1947.
Later life
On June 6, 1938, in New York City Brunswik married Else Frenkel-Brunswik (also a former assistant in Buhler's institute), who became well known as a psychoanalytically oriented psychologist and investigator of the authoritarian personality. Also in 1938 he participated in the International Committee composed to organise the International Congresses for the Unity of Science. Brunswik became an American citizen in 1943. After a long and painful bout of severe hypertension, Egon committed suicide in 1955.
Professional contributions
Probabilistic Functionalism
Brunswik's work in Vienna had culminated in the publication of Wahrnehmung und Gegenstandswelt in 1934. All of his subsequent work was devoted to the extension and elaboration of the fundamental position set forth in this book, namely, that psychology should give as much attention to the properties of the organism's environment as it does to the organism itself. He asserted that the environment with which the organism comes into contact is an uncertain, probabilistic one, however lawful it may be in terms of physical principles. Adaptation to a probabilistic world requires that the organism learn to employ probabilistic means to achieve goals and learn to utilize probabilistic, uncertain evidence (proximal cues) about the world (the distal object). His "probabilistic functionalism" was the first behavioral system founded on probabilism, an approach that is attracting increasing attention in the fields of learning, thinking, decision processes, perception, communication and the study of curiosity. Brunswik's emphasis on the importance of the environment is reflected in the increasing development of "psychological ecology." He also created the term ecological validity.
History of psychology
Brunswik wrote a great deal about the history of psychology. His historical analysis is remarkable for its development in structural terms rather than in the customary longitudinal recapitulation of names, dates, and places. It consists of a general identification of the kinds of variables that have traditionally been employed in psychological theory and research and a description of the changes in the emphasis of these variables over time. Brunswik's theory stems as much from his analysis of the history of psychology as it does from his research. His historical as well as his theoretical analysis also led him to criticize orthodox methods of experimental design (particularly the "rule of one variable") and to suggest methods for avoiding what he believed to be an unfortunate artificiality inherent in classical experimental procedures.
Other work
Brunswik's main field of empirical research was perception, but he also brought his probabilistic approach to bear on problems of interpersonal perception, thinking, learning, and clinical psychology. His research findings were published in Perception and the Representative Design of Experiments (1947), which also includes Brunswik's methodological innovations and related research by others.
A feature of Brunswik's work is its coherence. Each theoretical, historical, and research paper is explicitly and tightly integrated with every other one. Brunswik's cast of mind compelled him to fit together with precision his conceptual framework, his methodology, and his views of the history of psychology. In 1952, he presented an overview of the field of psychology in The Conceptual Framework of Psychology.
Reception
Brunswik's ideas received wide attention during his lifetime and continue to do so. The extent of his direct influence on psychology, however, remains doubtful.
The application of his ideas in decision analysis helped improve the decisions of experts in a variety of fields including cancer prognosis, oil trading, and evaluation of candidates for graduate schools or employment. A specific, practical method for the application for Brunswik's models have been documented in the book How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business by Douglas Hubbard.
See also
Attention
Decision making
Functional psychology
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Egon Brunswik
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Kyneton High School is a secondary school in Kyneton, Victoria, Australia, approximately 90 km north of Melbourne. It was built in 1912, and opened in 1928 under the name of Kyneton High School.
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Kyneton Secondary College
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St Joseph's Boys' High School (formerly St. Joseph's European High School) is a private Catholic primary and senior secondary school located on Museum Road in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Founded by the MEP (French Missionaries) in 1858, the school caters to boys only from kindergarten to Grade 10 and is co-educational in Grades 11 and 12.
The school's Annual Old Boys Day draws alumni from around the globe. The school's history is detailed by alumnus Christopher Rego in the book Faith and Toil.
History
St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore was founded by the MEP French Fathers in 1858 to offer a liberal education for the boys of European/Anglo and Anglo-Indian families. After India's independence, admission was extended in the 1950s and 1960s to include all students, irrespective of race, religion, or caste. The school buildings are situated in the center of the (formerly European quarter of the) city. Originally the upper floors provided dormitory space.
Large, open playgrounds accommodate sports such as cricket, football, and hockey. and other games and forms of exercise. The cricket team trains at the Centenary Ground located on Mahatma Gandhi Road near the Mayo Hall. The school pays great attention to physical training and sports and has long conducted the Annual Hockey Tournament for ICSE schools in Bangalore. Sports rivalries have been strong since the mid-19th century.
In 1883, when Father J.M. Vissac was rector, the school was situated on St. John's Hill at the current location of St. Germain High School, adjoining St Francis Xavier's Cathedral. Vissac relocated the school to a large campus in the heart of the City Cantonment. He purchased the "Rocklands" property adjacent to the Madras Bank (the present State Bank of India) and the Good Shepherd Convent and designed the buildings on Museum Road in 1894.
By 1913 the school had grown to 239 boarders and 183-day scholars, and two new blocks were added along with an immense playground called "New Fields" on Vittal Mallya Road. The tract had to be drained for the playing fields. In 1910, the school adopted the High School Examination System giving up the Old Matriculation System and is believed to have at this time adopted the name St Joseph's European High School.
Fr. Vissac had two French priests from the diocese, Frs. Froger and Schmitt, earn their MA from the University of London, England, and they returned to teach. After 20 years Fr. Vissac handed over the reins to Fr. Froger, Rector from 1903 to 1913, and again from 1915 to 1916.
In the first half of the 20th century, the school curriculum was directed toward the Government High and Middle School Examinations, the Cambridge School Certificate, and the Junior and Preliminary Examinations. The school was recognized by Cambridge University and senior candidates could obtain Certificate A of the General Certificate of Education (GCE).
During British rule, teachers in Anglo Indian schools had subsidized salaries that were significantly higher than at the Indian SSLC schools. With Independence in 1947, the school lost many of its earlier privileges.
The Government of India, unwilling to release foreign exchange for these examinations, switched to the Indian School Certificate Council, with two examinations at the end of Classes X and XII, the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and the Indian School Certificate (ISC).
The school follows the ICSE syllabus up to Class X. In 2005 the school expanded its curriculum at both ends. It added Classes I through IV and extended the high school to include the ISC at Class XII. The year 2007 included another first: Class XI was expanded to include girls.
Another major change over the years was the closing of the in-school boarding house, which had housed boys ages 8 to 16 in three separate dormitories. They were allowed one out-of-school outing on the last Saturday each month. Their health was entrusted to a Medical Officer and matrons in a large infirmary with a special room for infectious diseases.
Construction of the new school building took from 2001 until 2007, under Fr. Michael John, the principal from 1994 to 2006. The new facilities, along with improvements, offer a modern and aesthetic environment while retaining from British India the Roman Catholic chapel, the refectory, and the priests' residence.
The Society of Jesus connection
As early as 1841 Bishop Bonnaud planned to start a Catholic High school in Bangalore. But this proposal took concrete shape only in 1854 when the priests of the Missions étrangères de Paris (MEP) bought a plot of land for a sum of INR 1000 at St. Johns Hill. Bangalore. Fr. Bouteloup had a house constructed in 1854 at a cost of INR 3000 and named it St Joseph's Seminary. It also contained an orphanage and boarding school.
Madras University was established in 1858 and boarders were admitted to prepare for the matriculation examination there. Fr. Charbonnaux, in charge of the school at the time, entered in his diary: "We decided to open a school for European boys. As a knowledge of English is necessary to our Indian pupils and that of Canarese to European boys, we determined to build a wing and a kitchen adjoining the Seminary." This was the beginning of St Joseph's College. In the nomenclature of the day, in European usage a college was what today would be called a high school and what would today be called a college would be termed University. By May 1865 a new house was built to take in the orphans and boarders of the school.
It was difficult for the three departments, seminary, orphanage, and school to function in the same building. Hence in 1875 the orphanage was transferred to St Patrick's Church, where it still exists as St Patrick's Orphanage. The Seminary closed and its buildings were utilized for the school and boarding house. The school had 144 students – 64 boarders and 80-day scholars.
In 1882 the new rector, Fr. Maurice Vissac, had the school affiliated to Madras University as a second-grade college that could prepare and send students for the F.A. (First Arts) exams. In 1884, the first two candidates appeared for this exam and qualified.
During and immediately after World War I the French Fathers (MEP) found it difficult to staff the school. The devastation of World War I had destroyed nearly a generation of men, some of whom would have become priests and joined the MEP. Bishop Despastures of Mysore, under whose jurisdiction Bangalore came at the time, sought to free up his priests and get religious to teach. He sought unsuccessfully to get the Canons of St Maurice from Switzerland but did get orders of teaching brothers. He had earlier approached the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. He now got the Jesuit Father General in Rome to send a visitor, Fr. Van Kalken, who, in February 1937, wrote to the Superior of the Jesuit Mission in Mangalore that Fr. General had accepted the offer of the bishop of Mysore.
If the Mangalore mission of the Jesuits could not provide sufficient Jesuits, then the Visitor would invite Jesuits from other Indian missions to offer their services for this work. All St Joseph's institutions – St Joseph's European High School, St Joseph's Indian High School situated at the "New Fields" grounds on Vittal Mallya Road, and St Joseph's College – were transferred to Jesuit management.
When Italy aligned itself with Hitler against the British for World War II, Italian and German priests were branded as enemy aliens and were interned. The Jesuit superiors found Fr. E.J. Jacques, an Anglo-Indian with an M.A. degree from the University of London, and Fr. Studerus, a Swiss and hence a neutral, to fill the vacancies. Later, Indian Jesuits came to manage the schools.
The Houses
The House system is a feature common to Public Schools in India, especially Christian-run schools (based on a similar system in England).
The four houses are named after the patron saints of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom:
St. Andrew of Scotland – colour blue
St. Patrick of Northern Ireland – colour green
St. George of England – colour red
St. David of Wales – colour yellow
The houses compete with one another in academics, games, track and field sports, aquatics, arts, and literary, dramatic, and music competitions.
School motto and school song
The motto of the school is Fide et Labore. The music of the school song was composed by Rev. G. Leroy.
Ring out the battle call of Duty!
Unfurl the flag of Faith and Toil!
We deem our soul's eternal beauty
A lifelong Victor's worthy spoil
A thousand such have proudly gone before us
To win and spread our School's renown:
'Tis ours to swell with our voices the chorus
And with our deeds enrich her crown.
Faith and Toil, conquerless alliance
Wherein we clasp human hands unto God's!
In His control find we true self-reliance;
My hand and God's – Whate'er the odds
My hand and God's – Whate'er the odds
My hand and God's
Evil's onset hold in defiance !
Notable alumni
Kumar Anish – famous yoga practitioner and the developer of the concept of GOPI Formula in yoga
Ashish Ballal – Indian national hockey team
Krishna Bharath – creator of Google News
Sabeer Bhatia – co-founder of Hotmail
Sandeep Dikshit – MP from East Delhi constituency
Rahul Dravid – former captain of the Indian cricket team
Rajeev Gowda – spokesperson for the Indian National Congress, professor of economics and social sciences at Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
Mariappa Kempaiah – Olympian Indian footballer – 1956 Melbourne and 1960 Rome Olympics
Tarun Khanna – Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor at the Harvard Business School
T. S. Krishnamurthy – Chief Election Commissioner of India
Sudhir Krishnaswamy – Rhodes Scholar; Vice-Chancellor of National Law School of India University, Bangalore
George Kurian – CEO of NetApp
Thomas Kurian – CEO of Google Cloud
Chetan Maini – founder of Reva Electric Car Company
Mario Miranda – cartoonist and Padma Bhushan awardee
Devdutt Padikkal – cricketer for the Indian under-19s, Royal Challengers Bangalore, and Karnataka teams
J. Y. Pillay – Singaporean bureaucrat and former chairman of Singapore Airlines and Singapore Exchange
Rehan Poncha – represented India in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing
Prakash Raj – film artist in Sandalwood, Kollywood, Tollywood, and Bollywood
Subir Sachdev – professor of physics at Harvard University specializing in condensed matter
Rahul Sarpeshkar – professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Anup Sridhar – India's former national badminton champion; represented India at 2008 Beijing Olympics
Shavir Tarapore – international ODI and T20 cricket umpire
Robin Uthappa – Indian cricket team
See also
List of Jesuit schools
List of schools in Bangalore
Violence against Christians in India
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St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore
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Stadion Juliska is a multi-use stadium in Prague-Dejvice, Czech Republic. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Dukla Prague.
The stadium is also used for athletics events, including the annual Josef Odložil Memorial. The stadium seats 8,150 people on individual seats.
In 2012 a statue of former Dukla player and European Footballer of the Year 1962 Josef Masopust was unveiled outside the stadium.
History
The stadium played host to its first Dukla match on 10 July 1960 in the 1960 Mitropa Cup. In front of a crowd of 10,000, Dukla beat visitors Wiener SK 2–1, with goals from Rudolf Kučera and Jiří Sůra.
In 1997, Dukla Prague vacated the stadium after 49 years in Prague. A redevelopment of the stadium was completed in 2001, costing 28 million Czech koruna. This redevelopment, which included the laying of a new all-weather running track, brought the stadium in line with IAAF standards.
League football returned to Juliska on 4 August 2007, as the new FK Dukla Prague hosted SFC Opava in their first home match after reaching the Czech 2. Liga. The home side missed a penalty and lost 2–1. On 29 July 2011, Juliska hosted its first top flight football fixture since 1 June 1994, the opening fixture of the 2011–12 Czech First League between FK Dukla Prague and SK Sigma Olomouc. The match finished 0–0.
Following Dukla's promotion to the Czech First League in June 2011, the Czech Football Association indicated that a condition of the club's acceptance into the league would be that they install under-soil heating and 2,270 new seats, scheduled to be installed between 23 September and 28 October 2011. On 5 October 2011, it emerged that the club's new under-soil heating would not be ready in time for the league match at home to Jablonec on 22 October, which meant switching the fixture to an alternative stadium in Prague.
Transport
The ground is served by bus service 131 from Hradčanská metro station to bus stop, Juliska. Tram services 8 and 18 run from Dejvická metro station to tram stop Nádraží Podbaba, near the Hotel International.
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Stadion Juliska
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Michael Christopher Callaway (born May 13, 1975) is an American professional baseball coach and former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Anaheim Angels, and Texas Rangers and in the KBO League for the Hyundai Unicorns. He was the manager of the New York Mets from 2018 through 2019 and coach for the Cleveland Indians and Los Angeles Angels.
On May 26, 2021, following an investigation into allegations of sexual harassment spanning much of his career as a manager and coach, Callaway was banned from Major League Baseball through at least the end of the 2022 season.
Early life
Callaway attended Germantown High School in Germantown, Tennessee, where he played baseball and basketball. Callaway was drafted out of high school in the 16th round of the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft by the San Francisco Giants but did not sign. Callaway attended the University of Mississippi, where he played college baseball for the Ole Miss Rebels.
Professional career
The Tampa Bay Devil Rays selected Callaway in the seventh round of the 1996 Major League Baseball draft. Callaway made his major league debut in 1999 with the Devil Rays. In his debut, he pitched 6 innings for the win and went 2-for-3 with a run batted in. The Devil Rays traded Callaway to the Anaheim Angels for minor leaguer Wilmy Caceres before the 2002 season. He was the Angels fifth starter at the end of the 2002 season when Aaron Sele went down with a shoulder injury. He pitched well down the stretch and earned a World Series ring with the Angels, though he did not appear in any postseason games. He was released by the Angels and then subsequently signed by the Texas Rangers at the end of 2003, and finished his Major League career with them in 2004. After the 2004 season, he played in Asia. From 2005 to 2007, he played for the Hyundai Unicorns in the KBO League where he was a two-time league All-Star.
In 2005 and 2006, he combined for a total of 30 wins (16–9 in 2005 and 14–7 in 2006). After being sidelined by an elbow injury in 2007, Callaway served as the interim Head Coach of Texas A&M International University in 2008. In the 2008–2009 off-season, he signed with the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League, and won his final start to clinch a play-off berth for the team.
Coaching career
In 2008, Callaway signed with the Laredo Broncos of independent United League Baseball as a player-pitching coach. It would be his last season as a player.
Callaway joined the Cleveland Indians organization in 2010 as the pitching coach for the minor league Lake County Captains, champions of the Midwest League. In 2011, he was the pitching coach for the Carolina League runner-up Kinston Indians.
Callaway became the pitching coach for the Cleveland Indians prior to the 2013 season. In the 2016 World Series, the Indians were defeated by the Cubs in 7 games. Indians manager Terry Francona said Callaway was the reason they went to the World Series. The Indians produced a Cy Young Award winner in 2014 in Corey Kluber. In 2017, the Indians won an AL-best 102 games, but were defeated by the New York Yankees in the American League Division Series. The Indians led the major leagues in both ERA (3.30) and in pitching strikeouts (1,614). It was the fourth consecutive season they led the American League in strikeouts. The club led MLB in curveball usage in Callaway's time as pitching coach.
Callaway was hired by the Los Angeles Angels to be their pitching coach prior to the 2020 season. He was suspended pending an investigation into sexual harassment allegations dating to his time as a coach in Cleveland, and fired soon after MLB banned him from the game for at least two years.
Managerial career
New York Mets
On October 23, 2017, Callaway was named the manager of the New York Mets. He replaced Terry Collins, who retired at the end of the 2017 season. In his first twelve games, he helped set a franchise record for the best start in club history at 11–1. However, he finished the 2018 season with a disappointing record of 77 wins and 85 losses, failing to reach the postseason. He was ejected from a game for the first time in his Major League career on June 12, 2018, for arguing with umpire Stu Scheurwater. Callaway was fined by the Mets after a verbal altercation with a reporter after the Mets' 5–3 loss to the Chicago Cubs on Sunday, June 23, 2019. The Mets finished with an 86–76 record in 2019, unable to secure a playoff spot. The Mets fired Callaway on October 3, 2019.
Acereros de Monclova
On October 6, 2021, Callaway was hired by the Acereros de Monclova to manage their winter league developmental team. In the league's inaugural season, he led the team to a championship, defeating the Pericos de Puebla in the Serie del Príncipe. Callaway was later retained by the organization to manage their summer league club, who compete in the Mexican League (LMB), for the 2022 season. However, he was fired by the team on May 30, 2022, after they started the season with a 16–17 record. He was replaced by Matías Carrillo. In early 2023, Callaway was announced as the team's pitching coach., but was not on the Opening Day roster and later cut ties with the organization.
Managerial record
Sexual harassment allegations
On February 1, 2021, The Athletic released an article that detailed allegations of five women against Callaway's "lewd behavior", including sending inappropriate photographs. The allegations spanned five years and three teams. An investigation was launched by MLB the following day. The Angels also announced that Callaway would be suspended while the investigation takes place.
On March 2, 2021, a new report from The Athletic indicated that Cleveland Indians president of baseball operations Chris Antonetti and Indians manager Terry Francona were aware of Callaway's behavior and even discussed it with him at some point. Both defended him on multiple occasions to an angry husband who called in to tell the organization about Callaway harassing his wife. A Cleveland-based attorney brought in by the organization had offered to have Francona call the husband as some way of making amends.
On May 26, 2021, Commissioner Rob Manfred announced that his office's investigation concluded that Callaway had violated MLB policies on harassment. Manfred placed Callaway on MLB's ineligible list. He is eligible to apply for reinstatement as of the end of the 2022 season.
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Mickey Callaway
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Security Management is the monthly magazine of ASIS International (formerly the American Society for Industrial Security). It was launched in 1972. The publication combines featured articles on topics such as terrorism and corporate espionage, with staff-written departments covering news and trends, homeland security, IT security, and legal developments. The magazine is based in Alexandria, Virginia.
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Security Management (magazine)
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Bukit Merah Bus Interchange is a bus interchange located in the Bukit Merah Town Centre, along Bukit Merah Central in Bukit Merah, Singapore. The interchange serves the nearby residential estates of Telok Blangah and Bukit Purmei and also the commercial buildings in Bukit Merah Central. It is the only bus interchange in Singapore that does not have a direct link to an MRT station. However, several services link commuters to nearby MRT stations from the interchange. Services 5, 16 and 851 link the interchange to Tiong Bahru, Service 132 links to Redhill, while Service 176 links to Telok Blangah.
History
The interchange was constructed as part of a scheme to improve bus services in the Telok Blangah area. Operations at the interchange commenced on 28 September 1980, and it was officially opened on 14 February 1981, with Minister without Portfolio Lim Chee Onn attending the ceremony.
Bus Contracting Model
Under the new bus contracting model, all the bus routes buses were split into 6 route packages - 167 under Sembawang-Yishun, 176 under Choa Chu Kang-Bukit Panjang, 851 under Seletar, 132 and 153 under Sengkang-Hougang, 139 under Bishan-Toa Payoh and the rest are under Bukit Merah Bus Packages.
List of routes
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Bukit Merah Bus Interchange
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The NTP pool is a dynamic collection of networked computers that volunteer to provide highly accurate time via the Network Time Protocol to clients worldwide. The machines that are "in the pool" are part of the pool.ntp.org domain as well as of several subdomains divided by geographical zone and are distributed to NTP clients via round-robin DNS. Work is being done to make the geographic zone selection unnecessary via customized authoritative DNS servers that utilize geolocation software.
, the pool consists of 3,126 active servers on IPv4 and 1,534 active servers on IPv6. Because of the decentralization of this project, accurate statistics on the number of clients cannot be obtained, but according to the project's website, the pool provides time to 5–15 million systems. Because of client growth, the project is in perpetual need of more servers.
The more time servers there are in the pool, the lower the resource demand on each member. Joining the pool requires at least a broadband connection to the Internet, a static IP address, and accurate time from another source (for example, another NTP server, a DCF77 receiver, a WWVB receiver, or a GNSS receiver).
This project was started by Adrian von Bidder in January 2003 after a discussion on comp.protocols.time.ntp about abuse of the public stratum 1 servers. The system has been maintained and developed by Ask Bjørn Hansen since July 2005.
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NTP pool
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Pitane may refer to:
Pitane (Aeolis), an ancient coastal city of Aeolis, currently the site of Çandarlı, İzmir Province, Turkey
Pitane (Amazon), mythological eponym of Pitane (Aeolis)
Pitane (Laconia), an ancient settlement near Sparta
Pitane (moth), a moth genus in Family Erebidae
Pitane (nymph), daughter of Eurotas
See also
Pitana (disambiguation)
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Pitane
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James Drewry Stewart, (March 29, 1941December 3, 2014) was a Canadian mathematician, violinist, and professor emeritus of mathematics at McMaster University. Stewart is best known for his series of calculus textbooks used for high school, college, and university level courses.
Career
Stewart received his master of science at Stanford University and his doctor of philosophy from the University of Toronto in 1967. He worked for two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of London, where his research focused on harmonic and functional analysis. His books are standard textbooks in universities in many countries. One of his most well-known textbooks is Calculus: Early Transcendentals (1995), a set of textbooks which is accompanied by a website for students.
Stewart was also a violinist, and a former member of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra.
Integral House
From 2003 to 2009 a house designed by Brigitte Shim and Howard Sutcliffe was constructed for Stewart in the Rosedale neighbourhood of Toronto at a cost of $32 million. He paid an additional $5.4 million for the existing house and lot which was torn down to make room for his new home. Called Integral House (a reference to its curved walls, and their similarity to the mathematical integral symbol), the house includes a concert hall that seats 150. Stewart has said, "My books and my house are my twin legacies. If I hadn't commissioned the house I'm not sure what I would have spent the money on." Glenn Lowry, director of the Museum of Modern Art, called the house "one of the most important private houses built in North America in a long time."
Personal life and political activism
Stewart was gay and involved in LGBT activism. According to Joseph Clement, a documentary filmmaker who is working on a film about Stewart and Integral House, Stewart brought gay rights activist George Hislop to speak at McMaster in the early 1970s, when the LGBT liberation movement was in its infancy, and was involved in protests and demonstrations.
Death
In the summer of 2013, Stewart was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a blood cancer. He died on December 3, 2014, aged 73.
Honours
In 2015, he was posthumously awarded the Meritorious Service Cross.
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James Stewart (mathematician)
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School District 41 Burnaby is a school district in British Columbia with 41 elementary schools and 8 secondary schools. The district serves the City of Burnaby, located immediately east of Vancouver. The district has an enrollment of approximately 25,000 students.
Schools
See also
BC School for the Deaf, Elementary
List of school districts in British Columbia
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School District 41 Burnaby
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W.J. Mouat Secondary is a public secondary school located in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada. The school was recognized in the August 23, 2004 edition of MacLean's magazine as one of the "Ten Most Innovative Schools in Canada."
W. J. Mouat has around 1,500 students between grades 9 and 12 and is the largest school in Abbotsford.
Athletics
Recent football titles:
2000 Varsity 'AAA' Finalists
2001 JV 'AAA' Champions
2002 Varsity 'AAA' Champions
2005 Varsity 'AAA' Champions
2006 JV 'AAA' Finalists
2008 JV 'AAA' Champions
2008 Varsity 'AAA' Finalists
2009 Varsity 'AAA' Finalists
Recent Basketball titles:
2011 Senior Girls 'AAA' Champions
2013 Junior Girls Provincial Champions
Recent Rugby titles:
2018 Senior Boys Rugby 'AAA' Provincial Champions
2018 Girls Rugby 'AA' Provincial Champions
Notable alumni
Akam (wrestler), Professional Wrestler
Jonathan Bacon, Convicted Gangster of the Red Scorpions
Ian Casselman, drummer for the Canadian rock band Marianas Trench
Matthew Chapdelaine, Canadian Football League player
Ryan Craig, NHL Player - Tampa Bay Lightning
Evangeline Lilly, TV Star
Kelly Lochbaum, Canadian Football League player
Boseko Lokombo, Canadian Football League player
Dion Pellerin, football player
Mauro Ranallo, Sports Commentator
Sophie Schmidt, Women's Canadian Olympic Soccer Team Player
Drew Ray Tanner, Actor
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W. J. Mouat Secondary School
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The Zixiao Palace () or Purple Cloud Temple, standing on Zhanqi Peak, is a Taoist temple of the Wudang Mountains Taoist complex in the northwestern part of Hubei, China.
History
After being built in 1119–26, it was rebuilt in 1413 and extended in 1803–20.
Temple complex
The Purple Cloud Temple consists of several halls and Daoist statues including the Dragon and Tiger Hall, the Purple Sky Hall, the East Hall, the West Hall, the Parent Hall and the Prince Cliff. The Purple Sky Hall is enshrined with statues of Zhen Wu at different stages of his life. Statues of Zhen Wu's parents rest in the Parent Hall. On the left side is the Chinese deity Guanyin, and on the right is the Shouzi Mother to whom couples traditionally pray for sons. The hall also houses cultural relics, some of which date back as far as the 7th century, including the Green Dragon Crescent Blade.
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Purple Cloud Temple
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Dzerzhinsky () is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Moskva River, south of the city of Lyubertsy. The western part of Dzerzhinsky borders with the territory of the federal city of Moscow. Population:
History
St. Nicholas Monastery
The settlement has grown around the Ugresha Monastery which stands at the heart of the modern town. The monastery has been one of the richest in Russia since the 17th century when Tsar Alexis and Patriarch Nikon built their palaces on the grounds. It was greatly expanded in the 19th century, under the supervision of St. Pimen of Ugreshi. One of the new churches in the monastery is dedicated to St. Pimen. The walled area of the monastery has several picturesque ponds.
Modern history
After the October Revolution of 1917, in an effort to fight child homelessness, the monastery was reorganized into a children labor colony in 1920. The colony was later transformed into a labor commune by Felix Dzerzhinsky. In 1921, the colony spread outside the boundaries of the former monastery and an official settlement was established. In 1938, it was granted urban-type settlement status, just after the commune had dissolved. Town status was granted to Dzerzhinsky in 1981.
On March 31, 2006, Viktor Dorkin, the head of the Local Government Board, was shot and killed. Investigation stated that he was assassinated because of his professional career. One killer was detained before May 5, 2006.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the administrative divisions framework, it is incorporated as Dzerzhinsky Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Dzerzhinsky Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Dzerzhinsky Urban Okrug.
Economy
The town's industry comprises Heat and Power Central #22 (, CHP-22), a reinforced concrete constructions factory, and military chemical industry.
Transportation
Lyubertsy–Dzerzhinsky railway is used for cargo transportation only. The passenger line was dismantled due to inefficiency.
Culture and education
Six secondary schools and one professional school operate in the town, as well as a musical school and a school of arts. Dzerzhinsky has a local newspaper,"Ugreshskiye Vesti" (, "Ugresh news").
Notable people
Viktor Pimushin (born 1955), Russian retired professional footballer
Alexey Pleshakov (born 1954), Head of the local government board
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Dzerzhinsky is twinned with:
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Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast
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Odilo of Cluny (c. 962 – 1 January 1049) was the fifth Benedictine Abbot of Cluny, holding the post for around 54 years. During his tenure Cluny became the most important monastery in western Europe. Odilo actively worked to reform the monastic practices not only at Cluny, but at other Benedictine houses. He also promoted the Truce of God whereby military hostilities were temporarily suspended at certain times for ostensibly religious reasons. Odilo encouraged the formal practice of personal consecration to Mary. He established All Souls' Day (on 2 November) in Cluny and its monasteries as the annual commemoration to pray for all the faithful departed. The practice was soon adopted throughout the whole Western church.
Early life
Odilo was descended from an illustrious noble family of Auvergne (central France). The son of Berald de Mercoeur and Gerberga, his widowed mother became a nun at the convent of St. John in Autun after his father's death. Odilo had eight brothers and two sisters. One of his sisters married and the other became an abbess.
When he was a child, he was partially paralyzed and had to be carried by the family servants on a stretcher. One day while the family was travelling, they came to a church and Odilo was left with the luggage at the church door. The door was open, and little Odilo felt God was calling him to crawl to the altar. He got to the altar and tried to stand up, but failed. He tried again and finally succeeded: he was able to walk around the altar. It was believed that he had been cured of the unnamed malady by the intervention of Our Lady.
As a child, he developed a great devotion to the Virgin Mary. While still quite young, he entered the seminary of St. Julien in Brioude, where he became a
specialist in canon law. William of Dijon persuaded him to enter the monastery of Cluny. In 991, at the age of twenty-nine, he entered Cluny and before the end of his year of probation was made coadjutor to Abbot Mayeul, and shortly before the latter's death (994) was made abbot and received Holy orders.
Odilo’s abbacy
His fifty years as Abbot were distinguished for the exceeding gentleness of his rule. It was usual with him to say that, of two extremes, he chose rather to offend by tenderness than a too rigid severity. He was known for showing mercy indiscriminately even to those who people said did not deserve it. He would say in response, ‘I would rather be mercifully judged for having shown mercy, than be cruelly damned for having shown cruelty."
Of small stature and insignificant appearance, Odilo was a man of immense force of character. He was a man of prayer and penance, with a great devotion to the Incarnation and to the Blessed Mother. Odilo encouraged the formal practice of personal consecration to Mary. He also encouraged learning in his monasteries, and had the monk Radolphus Glaber write a history of the time. He erected a magnificent monastery building, and furthered the reform of the Benedictine monasteries. It was during his abbacy that Cluny became the most important monastery in western Europe. During a great famine in 1006, his liberality to the poor was by many censured as profuse; for he melted down the sacred vessels and ornaments to raise funds.
Pope John XIX offered Odilo the archbishopric of Lyons, but Odilo refused and the pope then chided Odilo for disobedience. John XIX died shortly after and his successor (Benedict IX) did not press the matter any further.
He is also said to have influenced the course of the famous pilgrimage route to Santiago, which runs near the monasteries.
Monastic autonomy
During this period it was very common for secular lords and local rulers to try to either take control of monasteries or to seize their property. Not only this, but local bishops often also tried to impose their own authority on monasteries or to seize monastery property. It was precisely for this reason that from the earliest days of Cluny's history, Cluny did not affiliate itself with the authority of any diocese except Rome and received its charter directly from the Pope. Several Popes decreed an automatic excommunication to any bishop or secular ruler who tried to interfere or seize Cluniac property (including both the monastery and all the monasteries and properties that were owned by Cluny).
However, many times the monks needed this order of excommunication renewed and repeated by the Popes because each new generation would bring a new round of figures who would go after Cluniac property. All of the abbots of Cluny in this period had to deal with this problem, and Odilo was no exception.
He attended the Synod of Ansa in 994 for this reason and successfully got the bishops present at the synod to make a statement excommunicating anyone who attacked Cluniac property. In 997 he went to Rome to make secure the status of Cluny. In 998 he obtained from Pope Gregory V. Cluny complete freedom by the diocesan Bishop and 1024 the extension of this privilege on all dependent Cluny abbeys and priories.
In 1025 Gauzlin, bishop of Mâcon, claimed that the archbishop of Vienne needed his approval to give ordination to monks in Cluny. In answer to this Odilo produced the papal documents granting Cluny freedom from local diocesan control.
A council at Ansa in southern Gaul nevertheless condemned Odilo's position because it claimed that the Council of Chalcedon (in 451) had decreed that the ordination of monks had to occur with diocesan consent. In answer to this, the Pope then wrote letters to various parties involved with the dispute and condemned Gauzlin's position. The Pope further decreed that any bishop who tried to enter a Cluniac monastery to even celebrate a mass would suffer automatic excommunication, unless he had been invited by the abbot. The dispute went on for years.
In Germany the Cluny policy had no permanent success, as the monks there were more inclined to individualism. Odilo visited Henry II on several occasions and because of his closeness to him, he was able to intercede on several occasions for people who had disputes with him. When Henry II was crowned King of Italy in 1004, Odilo attended the ceremony. The following day there was a revolt against Henry in Pavia which was quickly crushed and the defeated party went to find Odilo so that he could ask Henry on their behalf for mercy. Odilo agreed and was able to persuade Henry, who respected his holiness so greatly, to hold back his hand and give mercy to the rebels.
When Henry was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome in 1014, Odilo also was present. He arrived in Rome before Christmas and spent several months together with Henry up to his coronation in February 1014. The Pope presented Henry with the gift of a golden apple ('orb') with a cross on it, representing his empire. Henry later sent this gift to Cluny. When Henry died in 1024, Cluny's houses said many prayers and masses for him. During the famine of 1006, Odilo sold the gold crown the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II had presented to the abbey, in order to relieve the hunger, thereby saving thousands from starvation.
He also attended the coronation of Conrad II who succeeded Henry and had a similarly good relationship with him, and thus got the Emperor to give favour to Cluny. When there was a failed revolt against Conrad in Pavia in 1026, Odilo again interceded for mercy from the Emperor for the defeated rebels. In 1046 Odilo was present at the coronation of Henry III in Rome.
Reform
The rule of St. Benedict was substituted in Cluny for the domestic rule of Isidore. Under Odilo's rule not only Cluny made rapid progress but Benedictine monasteries in general were reformed and many new foundations made. Odilo threw the full Cluniac influence into the fight against simony, concubinage and the uncanonical marriage of the laity. The abbots of Cluny were constantly called to reform other monasteries; however, many reformed communities soon slipped back into their old ways. Odilo sought to prevent this by making them subject to Cluny: he appointed every prior of every Cluniac house, and the profession of every monk in the remotest monastery was made in his name and subject to his sanction. During his tenure thirty abbeys accepted Cluny as their mother house, and its practices were adopted by many more which did not affiliate. King Robert II of France allied himself with the Reform party. and the Cluniac reform spread through Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou, and much of Italy and Spain. The English monastic reform undertaken by Dunstan, Æthelwold of Winchester and Oswald of Worcester under Cluniac influence is a conspicuous instance of Cluny's success by example. On account of his services in the reform Odilo was called by Fulbert of Chartres the "Archangel of the Monks".
Truce of God
The Truce of God arose in the eleventh century amid the anarchy of feudalism as a remedy for the powerlessness of lay authorities to enforce respect for the public peace. There was then an epidemic of private wars, which made Europe a battlefield bristling with fortified castles and overrun by armed bands who respected nothing, not even sanctuaries, clergy, or consecrated days. Massacres and plunders were common in that age, by the right which every petty lord pretended of revenging his own injuries and quarrels by private wars. Odilo actively promoted the Truce of God whereby military hostilities were suspended at certain times for ostensibly religious reasons. The Truce had great economic importance as it allowed commerce to continue so that people could survive; it also guaranteed sanctuary to those who sought refuge in a church. The penalty for violating the ban was excommunication.
While the Truce of God was a temporary suspension of hostilities, its jurisdiction was broader that the Peace of God. It confirmed permanent peace for all churches and their grounds, the monks, clerks and chattels; all women, pilgrims, merchants and their servants, cattle and horses; and men at work in the fields. For all others peace was required throughout Advent, the season of Lent, and from the beginning of the Rogation days until eight days after Pentecost. This prohibition was subsequently extended to specific days of the week, viz., Thursday, in memory of the Ascension, Friday, the day of the Passion, and Saturday, the day of the Resurrection (council 1041). By the middle of the twelfth century the number of proscribed days was extended until there was left some eighty days for fighting.
All Souls’ Day
According to one tale, a pilgrim was thrown during a storm on an island. There he had a vision of the souls in purgatory enduring the purification pain of flames as punishment for their sins. At home he went to Father Odilo of Cluny to ask whether there is not one day in the year in a special way prayer could be for the souls of the deceased.
Odilo instituted the annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, to be observed by the members of his community with alms, prayers, and sacrifices, for the relief of the suffering souls in purgatory. Odilo decreed that those requesting a Mass be offered for the departed should make a monetary offering for the poor, thus linking almsgiving with fasting and prayer for the dead.
He established All Souls' Day (on 2 November) in Cluny and its monasteries (probably not in 998 but after 1030), and it was soon adopted in the whole Western church.
Miracles and anecdotes
Many miracles were attributed to him by the tradition, such as increases in food or wine, empty bottles of wine filled up again, a fish that he divided to feed more than it could normally feed; he walked on water and ordered his servants to follow him, which they did without falling in. He, finally, healed the sick with touch and making the sign of the cross.
Pope Benedict VIII, who had been a close friend of Cluny, supposedly some time after dying appeared to John, bishop of Porto, along with two of his friends. The Pope claimed that he remained in purgatory, and asked that Odilo be informed so that he could pray for him. A message was given to Odilo, who then proceeded to call on all Cluniac houses to offer up prayers, Masses and alms for the soul of the dead Pope. Not long after this, there was said to be a figure of light followed by a host of others in white garments that entered the cloister and knelt to Odilo; the figure informed him that he was the Pope and that he had now been freed from purgatory.
Death
Many times in his life he visited Rome. In his last visit around the time of a papal election and an imperial coronation, he spent all of his time praying in different churches and in giving alms to the poor. He wished he could die there in Rome, but he then started on his journey back to Cluny. Along the way back, and not far from Rome, he had an accident with his horse that injured him. He had to be taken back to the city where so much grief was poured out for his sake that Masses were offered for his recovery and the Pope visited his bedside. He stayed in the city until Easter and then left again to go back to Cluny.
He continued to do his fasts and ascetic practices despite his old age and weakness. He decided to visit all the houses that Cluny had reformed, but when he visited Souvigny Priory he had to stop and remain there.
At Christmas he had become so weak that he needed to be carried around the monastery. He was in St Mary's chapel when he died; he was praying for the souls in purgatory when he died.
He died during the night of the New Year 1049, at the age of eighty-seven. After his death, miracles were also reported from his tomb, including healings.
On the night of Odilo's funeral, a monk named Gregorinius saw him. This monk had come a long distance to come to Odilo's funeral. When the monk saw the dead abbot's spirit, he said to him, ‘how goes it with thee, master?‘ to which the spirit of Odilo replied, ‘Very well, oh brother, Christ Himself deigned to come and meet His servant. In the hour of my death He pointed out to me a fierce and terrible figure which, standing in a corner, would have terrified me by its huge monstrosity had not its malignancy been annulled by His presence.’
Writings
Only a few minor writings by Odilo survive:
a life of the holy Empress Adelaide to whom he was closely related
a short biography of his predecessor, abbot Mayeul
sermons on feasts of the ecclesiastical year
some hymns and prayers
a few letters from his extensive correspondence.
Veneration
He was buried in Souvigny Priory, where he died, and was soon venerated as a saint.
In 1063 Peter Damien undertook the process of his canonization, and wrote a short life, an abstract from the work of Jotsald, one of Odilo's monks who accompanied him on his travels.
In 1793, his relics, together with those of the previous Abbot Mayeul, were burned by French revolutionaries "on the altar of the fatherland".
The feast of Saint Odilo was formerly 2 January, in Cluny, now it is celebrated on 19 January, and in Switzerland on 6 February. Elsewhere it is on 11 May.
Odilo is patron of the souls in purgatory. The parish of Saint Odilo in Berwyn, Illinois is officially designated as "The National Shrine of the Souls in Purgatory".
Attribution
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Odilo of Cluny
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Relations between the European Union and the United States began in 1953, when US diplomats visited the European Coal and Steel Community (the EU precursor, created in 1951) in addition to the national governments of its six founding countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany). The two parties share a good relationship which is strengthened by NATO (a military alliance), cooperation on trade, and shared values.
History
Establishing Diplomatic Relations
Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the European Community were initiated in 1953 when the first U.S. observers were sent to the European Coal and Steel Community. The U.S. Mission to the ECSC formally opened in Luxembourg in 1956. The Delegation of the European Commission to the United States in Washington, D.C. was established in 1954, and the United States Mission to the European Communities, now the United States Mission to the European Union, was established in 1961 in Brussels. In Brussels on November 25, 2003, and on May 6, 2004, in Washington, D.C., the U.S. and the EU celebrated 50 years of diplomatic ties.
Formalized Cooperation
In 1990, the relations of the U.S. with the European Community were formalized by the adoption of the Transatlantic Declaration. A regular political dialogue between the U.S. and the EC was thereby initiated at various levels, including regular summit meetings. The cooperation focused on the areas of economy, education, science and culture.
The New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA), which was launched at the Madrid summit in 1995, carried the cooperation forward. The NTA contains four broad objectives for U.S.-EU collaboration: promoting peace and stability, democracy and development around the world; responding to global challenges; contributing to the expansion of world trade and closer economic relations; and building bridges Across the Atlantic.
In connection with the adoption of the New Transatlantic Agenda a Joint EU-U.S. Action Plan was drawn up committing the EU and the U.S. to a large number of measures within the overall areas of cooperation. As an extension of the NTA efforts, agreement was reached at the 1998 London summit to intensify cooperation in the area of trade, which resulted in the Transatlantic Economic Partnership (TEP). The TEP covers both bilateral and multilateral trade. Bilaterally, TEP addresses various types of obstacles to trade and strives to establish agreements on mutual recognition in the areas of goods and services. Furthermore, there is cooperation in the areas of public procurement and intellectual property law. Multilaterally, focus is on further liberalization of trade within the World Trade Organization in order to strengthen world trade. The interests of the business sector, the environment and the consumers are to be integrated into this work.
In building bridges across the Atlantic, a number of people-to-people dialogues have been set up. The goal is to enable individual actors to give their opinion. In connection with each summit meeting time is set aside for meetings with representatives of one or more of these dialogues, which include the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD); the Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD); the Transatlantic Policy Network (TPN), a non-governmental grouping of members of the U.S. Congress and the European Parliament, business leaders and think tanks; the Transatlantic Environmental Dialogue (TAED); and the Transatlantic Legislators Dialogue (TLD).
Together the US and EU dominate global trade, they play the leading roles in international diplomacy and military strength. What each one says matters a great deal to much of the rest of the world. Both the US and the majority of EU member states are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). And yet they have regularly disagreed with each other on a wide range of specific issues, as well as having often quite different political, economic, and social agendas. Since the EU does not have a fully integrated foreign policy, relations can be more complicated when the member states do not have a common agreed position, as EU foreign policy was divided during the Iraq War. Understanding the relationship today means reviewing developments that predate the creation of the European Economic Community (precursor to today's European Union).
The European experience with the Trump administration (2017–21) left uncertainty vis-à-vis a realistic prospect on long-term predictability of US foreign policy. The period saw a deepening of contradictions between both parties, including trade, climate action and adherence to international treaties.
On December 2, 2020, following the 2020 US presidential election, a joint communication published by the European Commission lined up a proposal for a new agenda of improvement of the EU–US relations with the incoming Biden administration, seeking for partnership in four major policy areas: health response, climate change, trade and tech, and security.
On March 5, 2021, following a call between EU Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and US president Joe Biden, the EU and the US agreed to suspend all the retaliatory tariffs linked to the Airbus and Boeing disputes for a 4-month period.
On September 20, 2021, EU Commission President Ursula Von der Leyen called "not acceptable" the treatment of one of EU's member states (France) over the AUKUS submarine deal, when Australia, the United States and the UK negotiated a defence pact ditching a long-standing Australian agreement with France. Similarly, European Council president Charles Michel denounced a "lack of loyalty" on the part of the US.
The EU–US Trade and Technology Council (TTC) met for the first time on September 29, 2021, in Pittsburgh.
Comparison
Trade
Euro-American relations are primarily concerned with trade policy. The EU is a near-fully unified trade bloc and this, together with competition policy, are the primary matters of substance currently between the EU and the US. The two together represent 60% of global GDP, 33% of world trade in goods and 42% of world trade in services. The growth of the EU's economic power has led to a number of trade conflicts between the two powers; although both are dependent upon the other's economic market and disputes affect only 2% of trade. See below for details of trade flows.
In 2007, a Transatlantic Economic Council was established to direct economic cooperation between the two. It is headed by the US. Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs and the EU's Commissioner for Trade. However, it is yet to produce solid results. A Transatlantic Free Trade Area had been proposed in the 1990s and later in 2006 by German Chancellor Angela Merkel in reaction to the collapse of the Doha round of trade talks. However, protectionism on both sides may be a barrier to any future agreement. Recent developments have seen the proposal of a new agreement called the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the US and the EU. This agreement has the aim of fostering economic growth through bilateral trade and investments. In August 2019, Trump announced an accord to increase beef exports to the European Union. The US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer signed agreement with Jani Raappana, representing EU Presidency, and Ambassador Stavros Lambrinidis of the EU delegation.
EU is one of the main trade partners of the US:
In 2016, European-Union (28) is 18.7% of US merchandise exports, and 18.9% of US merchandise imports.
In 2016, European-Union (28) is 30.9% of US commercial services exports, and 35.3% of US commercial services imports
The US is one of the main trade partner of the EU:
In 2016, the US is 20.1% of European-Union (28) merchandise exports, and 14.2% of European-Union (28) merchandise imports.
In 2016, the US is 27.2% of European-Union (28) commercial services exports, and 30.5% of European-Union (28) commercial services imports
In August 2020, the EU and US agreed, for the first time in two decades, to reduce certain tariffs (on a most favoured nation basis, meaning the tariffs are dropped for all trading partners).
Cooperation
Energy and sustainability
The US and EU cooperate on the topic of energy and sustainability. The general aim of both parties is to liberalize and enhance sustainability in the global energy markets. This cooperation officially started in 2009 when the EU-US Energy Council was founded. This institution regularly meets and addresses topics such as: energy security challenges, climate change, renewable energy, nuclear safety and research.
In February 2021, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen stated that the European Union and United States should join forces in combatting climate change and agreeing on a new framework for the digital market to limit the power of large tech companies. Both the EU and US have set goals by 2050 to cut its net greenhouse gas emissions and to become a 'net zero economy' respectively.
Defense contracts
In March 2010 EADS and its US partner pulled out of a contract to build air refueling planes worth $35 billion. They had previously won the bid but it was rerun and EADS claimed the new process was biased towards Boeing. The European Commission said it would be "highly regrettable" if the tendering process did prove to be biased. There was substantial opposition to EADS in Washington due to the ongoing Boeing-Airbus (owned by EADS) dispute.
Issues
EU–US summits
Summits are held between United States and European Union policy makers. When these take place in Europe, they have historically taken place in the country that holds the rotating Presidency of the European Union.
The United Kingdom was a member of the EU at the time the summit took place.
Boeing and Airbus subsidies
The two companies are the major competing aircraft manufacturers, and both Boeing and Airbus are accused of receiving forms of subsidy from the United States and from some of the European Union member states respectively. Both sides have criticized each other for doing so.
In December 2020, the United States announced plans to impose additional tariffs on certain products from France and Germany, particularly aircraft parts and wines, in retaliation to tariffs imposed by the European Union.
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified food is another significant area of disagreement between the two. The EU has been under domestic pressure to restrict the growth and import of genetically modified foods until their safety is proven to the satisfaction of the populace.
Rendition
The Washington Post claimed on November 2, 2005, that the United States was maintaining several secret jails (or "black sites") in Eastern Europe. Poland and Romania, however, have denied these allegations. Also, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) planes carrying terror suspects would have made secret stopovers in several West European countries since 2001. Belgium, Iceland, Spain, and Sweden have launched investigations. The Guardian calculated on November 30 that CIA planes landed about 300 times on European air ports. Most planes would have landed in Germany and the United Kingdom as a transit point to East Europe, North Africa (possibly Morocco and Egypt), or the Middle East (possibly Syria and Jordan). In the meanwhile, the European Commission, on behalf of the European Union, asked the United States for a clarification. The US has refused to confirm or deny the reports.
Extraordinary rendition flights through Europe were investigated over a number of years by the European Parliament and it held a temporary committee on the matter. The EU has also opposed the use of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and offered to host some former inmates when its closure was announced by the administration of US President Barack Obama.
Capital punishment
In the United States, capital punishment is a legal form of punishment, whereas all European Union member states have fully abolished it and consider its use to be a violation of fundamental human rights. This occasionally causes problems with EU-US relations, because it is illegal in the European Union to allow the extradition of a citizen to a country where the death penalty is a legal punishment, unless a guarantee is given that such punishment will not be used.
International Criminal Court
Positions in the United States concerning the International Criminal Court vary widely. The Clinton Administration signed the Rome Statute in 2000, but did not submit it for Senate ratification. The Bush Administration, the US administration at the time of the ICC's founding, stated that it would not join the ICC. The Obama Administration has subsequently re-established a working relationship with the court.
Iraq War
The Iraq War divided opinions within European nations and within the United States, with some states supporting of military action, and some against. The European public opinion was staunchly opposed to the war. This caused a major transatlantic rift, especially between the states led by France and Germany on the one hand, who were against military action, and the United States with United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and Poland.
Kyoto Protocol
The European Union is one of the main backers of the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to combat global warming. The United States which initially signed the protocol at its creation during the Clinton Administration, never had the measure ratified by the United States Senate, an essential requirement to give the protocol the force of law in the United States. Later, in March 2001, under President George W. Bush, the United States removed its signature from the protocol, leading to much acrimony between the United States and European nations. In 2008, President Barack Obama said that he planned on setting annual targets to reduce emissions, although this doesn't include the Kyoto Protocol—likely because developing nations are exempt.
Visa waiver reciprocity
The EU is requesting from the US reciprocity regarding the visa waiver program for all its members. The European Union has threatened with the possibility of imposing visas for American citizens that would extend to the entire EU, excluding France in respect of its Outermost Regions, and Ireland, which operate visa policies distinct from the Schengen acquis. In 2008, many of the EU's new Central European members were granted visa-free access to the US, and currently, three out of 27 EU members (Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Romania) lack such access.
Privacy
In the autumn of 2015, in the wake of the Snowden revelations in Europe (see details), the dissimilar interpretations of privacy prevailing in the United States and Europe came to the surface in an upset of the International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles by a court ruling of the European Court of Justice.
Nord Stream
In mid-June 2017, Germany and Austria issued a joint statement that said the proposed anti-Russian Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act bill heralded a "new and very negative quality in European-American relations" and that certain provisions affecting gas pipeline projects with Russia were an illegal threat to EU energy security.
On July 26, 2017, France's foreign ministry described the new U.S. sanctions as illegal under international law due to their extraterritorial reach.
At the end of July 2017, the proposed law's Russia sanctions caused harsh criticism and threats of retaliatory measures on the part of the European Union President Jean-Claude Juncker. Germany's minister for Economics and Energy Brigitte Zypries described the sanctions as illegal under international law and urged the European Union to take appropriate counter-measures.
Spying
Secret documents obtained by German news magazine Der Spiegel in 2013 state that European Union offices in the United States and United Nations headquarters have been targeted for spying by the National Security Agency (NSA), an intelligence office operated by the United States government. The reports revealed that the United States bugged offices, accessed internal computer networks, obtained documents and emails, and listened to phone calls. Subsequent reports from the media further state that domestic European Union offices in Brussels have also been targeted; along with EU offices, embassies of India, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and Turkey are also listed as targets in the documents. On June 30, 2013, the President of the European Parliament, Martin Schulz demanded for a full clarification from Washington and stated that if the allegations were true, EU and US relations would be severely impacted.
Fall of Afghanistan
The fall of Afghanistan in August 2021 had a negative impact on European Union–United States relations.
Dispute with China
While most Americans see China as a rival (52%) or an enemy (38%), Europeans have more mixed attitudes toward China, according to a recent Pew Research Center study. On average, 43% of Europeans see China as "a necessary partner" compared to 24% who see the country as a rival or 11% as an enemy.
Resolved
Banana wars
The EU and the US have had a long-running dispute over the EU's banana imports. As part of their international aid, the EU offered tenders, on a first-come-first-served basis, for bananas from countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. The United States argued that it favored local producers in former colonies of EU member-states over US-owned corporations in Latin America. The Clinton administration responded by imposing heavy tariffs on luxury goods created in the EU. Such goods included cashmere from Scotland and French Cognac brandy, made in the original constituency of then Prime Minister of France Jean-Pierre Raffarin. The Clinton administration then took the banana wars to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1999, after Chiquita made a $500,000 donation to the Democratic Party. The two sides reached an agreement in 2001.
Delegations
Diplomatic relations are maintained between the US and the EU, as an independent body, as well as all EU member states.
The EU is represented in the US by the Delegation of the European Union to the United States in Washington, D.C. Opened in 1954, it was the first overseas delegation of the EU's forerunner, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The current EU ambassador to the United States, since 2014, is David O'Sullivan. Additionally, all 27 EU member states have an embassy in Washington, D.C.
The United States' diplomatic mission to the EU is the United States Mission to the European Union in Brussels. The current US ambassador to the EU, since 2014, is Anthony Gardner. The United States established a diplomatic mission to the ECSC in 1956 in the city of Luxembourg and, in 1961, the United States Mission to the European Communities in Brussels. The US has embassies in all 27 EU member states.
The Transatlantic Economic Council is a bilateral forum for economic cooperation between the EU and US established during the 2007 US-EU Summit. It meets at least once per year and is jointly headed by the US Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs and the EU's Commissioner for Trade.
Diplomacy
The US and the EU share two different approaches to diplomacy. The scholar Michael Smith defined the US as a "warrior state". This refers to its diplomatic approach based on sovereignty, state action and the use of military capabilities. On the other hand, the EU displays a diplomacy which is one of a "trading state". This means that EU diplomacy focuses on soft power, negotiation and trade. The EU diplomatic style reflects the fact that there is not a strong and cohesive foreign policy among its member states. The US and EU diplomatic features are also reflected in their relations with the United Nations. The EU relies more on the permission of the UN in order to use force abroad while the US adopts a position of opposition towards UN authorization for interference.
See also
Transatlantic relations
European Union–NATO relations
Transatlantic Free Trade Area
Élysée Treaty
Strategic autonomy
NATO
Cold War
War on Terror
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European Union–United States relations
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Sawai Madho Singh I (December 1728 – March 5, 1768) was ruler of the state of Jaipur in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan. He was the younger son of Jai Singh II and became ruler of Jaipur after his brother Sawai Ishwari Singh's death.
Biography
Madho Singh I was at Udaipur when his half brother Ishwari Singh committed suicide. Following this Madho Singh was crowned as the king of Jaipur state.
Madho Singh invited Jayappa Scindia who arrived in due time along with Malharrao Holkar to dinner where the Maratha sardars were served poisoned food which they detected and evaded in time. Next day on 10 January 1751, about 5000 Marathas marched through Jaipur and started exploring the city's temples and monuments. Marathas seemed to have behaved towards Jaipur like city taken by storms. Suddenly the pent-up hatred of the Rajputs burst forth and a riot broke out at noon and citizens attacked unsuspected Marathas. Madho Singh I posted assassins along the escape routes to kill off the Maratha envoys calling for aid.
He won several important battles against other kings. He later reconciled with the Marathas after rewarding Holkar for his help in gaining the Jaipur throne by giving him the parganas of Rampura and Bhanpura in 1753. According to Vir Vinod which is 19th-century creation, Madho Singh gave poison to Raja Bakht Singh of Marwar but according to contemporary Persian sources Bakht Singh died due to cholera.
Death
He died in 1768 after a rule of 17 years after contracting dysentery after a battle with Jawahar Singh. Madho Singh's queen, the Maharani Chundawatji Kundan Kanwarji who belonged to the Chundawat clan, was the daughter of Rawat Jaswant Singh of Deogarh, and ruled Jaipur following his death as his heir, Prithvi Singh II was only five years old at the time. Following Prithvi Singh's death, her son Pratap Singh succeeded to the throne.
Cultural Contributions
His contribution to the field of art, architecture, town-planning, literature and religion was remarkable. He founded the well planned city of Sawai Madhopur and the well planned town of Sri Madhopur, built several palaces including Madho Niwas in the Chandra Mahal complex of the City Palace, Madho Vilas the leisure palace in the centre of Jai Mahal, the Sisodia Rani ka Bagah (Queens gardens) as well as several temples. The painting atelier (surathkhana) was rejuvenated and a variety of court scenes and several portraits were painted there. He patronized Sportsmen of his State and even sent them to other places within the country to take part in competitions. Likewise, he sent artists from his State to other places to exhibit their skills and produce. He was fond of watching elephant fights, bullfights and other similar sports. He had Shaikh Sadi's Gulistan translated into Sanskrit. A few Sanskrit works were also attributed to him. Many dramas and poetic works were written under his patronage such as Veli Rukmani, Madhav Natakam, Madahava Vijaikavyama, Rajaritinirupana, Sataka, etc. Greatest contribution, at the end of his reign was political stability in the state of Jaipur.
See also
Kachwaha
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Madho Singh I
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Drepanophycus is a genus of extinct plants of the division Lycopodiophyta of Early to Late Devonian age (around ), found in Eastern Canada and Northeast US, China, Russia, Egypt and various parts of Northern Europe and Britain.
Description
Extinct terrestrial vascular plants of the Devonian period. Stem of the order of several mm to several cm in diameter and several cm to a metre long, erect or arched, dichotomizing occasionally, furnished with true roots at the base. Vascular bundle actinostele, tracheids of primitive annular or helical type (so-called G-type). Leaves are unbranched thorn-shaped (i.e. with a wide base, tapering to a blunt point) microphylls several mm long with a single prominent vascular thread, arranged spirally to randomly on the stem. Sporangia borne singly on the upper leaf surface.
Drepanophycus has similarities to the genus Halleophyton. It differs from a closely related genus of the same period, Baragwanathia, in the position of the sporangia, and the arrangement and shape of the leaves; see Drepanophycaceae for more details. It is more derived than the coexisting genus Asteroxylon, which has enations lacking vascules, in contrast to the true leaves of Drepanophycus.
Drepanophycus spinaeformis was first discovered in Scotland; fossils have since been recovered in Russia (around Lake Shunet in the republic of Khakassia), in the Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China, and in Egypt. They were among the earliest land plants, growing to approximately 80 cm in height. The species is notably differentiated from other plants in the genus by its thicker stems. Foliage is described as firm and spiny, though recovered fossils rarely retain leaf detail. The stomata of D. spinaeformis look similar to that of Lycopodium japonicum. They both consist of two large guard cells and pore, and are anomocytic. There were two small guard cells surrounded by two large similarly shaped subsidiary cells (paracytic) deriving from a pronounced elliptical cuticular ledge on the surface of the guard cells surrounding a thickened circumpolar area.
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Drepanophycus
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Earth to America is the ninth studio album by the Athens, Georgia-based band Widespread Panic. It was recorded in January 2006 with Terry Manning producing in Nassau, Bahamas at the Compass Point Studios. The album is being offered in three variations; a regular CD release, a digipak release, and a vinyl record release. The digipak release includes free song downloads through the band's concert album web page, Live Widespread Panic.com. The vinyl release includes two extra bonus tracks not found on the regular CD release.
Track listing
"Second Skin" (Widespread Panic, Joseph) – 11:18
"Goodpeople" (Widespread Panic) – 6:04
"From the Cradle" (Widespread Panic, Tonks) – 4:22
"Solid Rock" (Dylan) – 5:02
"Time Zones" (Widespread Panic, Joseph) – 5:15
"When the Clowns Come Home" (Widespread Panic) – 4:26
"Ribs and Whiskey" (Widespread Panic) – 4:53
"Crazy" (Widespread Panic) – 4:19
"You Should Be Glad" (Widespread Panic) – 10:11
"May Your Glass Be Filled" (Widespread Panic) – 6:08
Personnel
Widespread Panic
John Bell - guitar, vocals
George McConnell - guitar, vocals
Todd Nance - percussion, drums, vocals
Domingo S. Ortiz - percussion
Dave Schools - bass, percussion, vocals
John Hermann - keyboards
Guest performers
Jawara Adams - The Compass Point Horns
Tino Richardson - The Compass Point Horns
The Phuket Chamber Orchestra
Chris Melchior - conductor and first chair violin
Personnel
Terry Manning - Producer, Engineer, Mastering
Billy Field - recording assistant
Osie Bowe - assistant engineer
Alex Dixon - assistant engineer
Chris Bilheimer - art and package design
Charts
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Earth to America (album)
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Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky are literary translators best known for their collaborative English translations of classic Russian literature. Individually, Pevear has also translated into English works from French, Italian, and Greek. The couple's collaborative translations have been nominated three times and twice won the PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize (for Tolstoy's Anna Karenina and Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov). Their translation of Dostoevsky's The Idiot also won the first Efim Etkind Translation Prize.
Richard Pevear
Richard Pevear was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, on 21 April 1943. Pevear earned a B.A. degree from Allegheny College in 1964, and a M.A. degree from the University of Virginia in 1965. He has taught at the University of New Hampshire, The Cooper Union, Mount Holyoke College, Columbia University, and the University of Iowa. In 1998, he joined the faculty of the American University of Paris (AUP), where he taught courses in Russian literature and translation. In 2007, he was named Distinguished Professor of Comparative Literature at AUP, and in 2009 he became Distinguished Professor Emeritus. Besides translating Russian classics, Pevear also translated from the French (Alexandre Dumas, Yves Bonnefoy, Jean Starobinski), Italian (Alberto Savinio), Spanish, and Greek (Aias, by Sophocles, in collaboration with Herbert Golder). He is also the author of two books of poems (Night Talk and Other Poems, and Exchanges). Pevear is mostly known for his work in collaboration with Larissa Volokhonsky on translation of Russian classics.
Larissa Volokhonsky
Larissa Volokhonsky () was born into a Jewish family in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, on 1 October 1945. After graduating from Leningrad State University with a degree in mathematical linguistics, she worked in the Institute of Marine Biology (Vladivostok) and travelled extensively in Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka (1968-1973). Volokhonsky emigrated to Israel in 1973, where she lived for two years. Having moved to the United States in 1975, she studied at Yale Divinity School (1977-1979) and at St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (1979-1981), where her professors were the Orthodox theologians Alexander Schmemann and John Meyendorff. She completed her studies of theology with the diploma of Master of Divinity from Yale University. She began collaboration with her husband Richard Pevear in 1985. Larissa Volokhonsky translated from English into Russian "For the Life of the World" by Alexander Schmemann (RBR,Inc, 1982) and "Introduction to Patristic Theology" by John Meyendorff (RBR,Inc, 1981) Both translations are still in print in Russia. Together with Richard Pevear she translated into English some poetry and prose by her brother, Anri Volokhonsky (published in: Modern Poetry in Translation, New series. Ed. Daniel Weissbort. Vol 10, Winter 196, Grand Street,Spring 1989, ed. Ben Sonnenberg). Together with Emily Grossholz, she translated several poems by Olga Sedakova (Hudson Review, Vol. 61, Issue 4, Winter 2009). Volokhonsky is mostly known for her work in collaboration with Richard Pevear on translation of Russian classics.
Collaboration
Volokhonsky met Pevear in the United States in 1976 and they married six years later. The couple now live in Paris and have two trilingual children.
Pevear and Volokhonsky began working together when Pevear was reading Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov and Volokhonsky noticed what she regarded to be the inadequacy of the translation by David Magarshack. As a result, the couple collaborated on their own version, producing three sample chapters which they sent to publishers. They were turned down by Random House and Oxford University Press but received encouragement from a number of Slavic scholars and were in the end accepted by North Point Press, a small publishing house in San Francisco who paid them a $1,000 advance. It went on to win a PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize. Their translation of Anna Karenina won another PEN/BOMC Translation Prize. Oprah Winfrey chose this translation of Anna Karenina as a selection for her "Oprah's Book Club" on her television program, which led to a major increase in sales of this translation and greatly increased recognition for Pevear and Volokhonsky. Their translation of Dostoevsky's The Idiot won the first Efim Etkind Translation Prize awarded by the European University of St. Petersburg.
The husband-and-wife team works in a two-step process: Volokhonsky prepares her English version of the original text, trying to follow Russian syntax and stylistic peculiarities as closely as possible, and Pevear turns this version into polished and stylistically appropriate English. Pevear has variously described their working process as follows:
"Larissa goes over it, raising questions. And then we go over it again. I produce another version, which she reads against the original. We go over it one more time, and then we read it twice more in proof."
"We work separately at first. Larissa produces a complete draft, following the original as closely as possible, with many marginal comments and observations. From that, plus the original Russian, I make my own complete draft. Then we work closely together to arrive at a third draft, on which we make our 'final' revisions."
Volokhonsky and Pevear were interviewed about the art of translation for Ideas, the long running Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC) radio documentary. It was a 3-part program called "In Other Words" and involved discussions with many leading translators. The program was podcast in April 2007. Their translation of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace was published on 16 October 2007 by Alfred A. Knopf. It was the subject of a month-long discussion in the "Reading Room" site of The New York Times Book Review. On October 18, 2007, they appeared at the New York Public Library in conversation with Keith Gessen to celebrate the publication.
Their translation of Svetlana Alexievich's book The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II was published in 2017.
Reception
Pevear and Volokhonsky have won awards for their translations and garnered a lot of critical praise. Writing in the Los Angeles Times, professor of Slavic languages and translator Michael Henry Heim praised their Fyodor Dostoevsky translations, stating "the reason they have succeeded so well in bringing Dostoevsky into English is not that they have made him sound bumpy or unnatural but that they have managed to capture and differentiate the characters' many voices." George Woodcock, a literary critic and essayist, wrote in The Sewanee Review that their Dostoevsky translations "have recaptured the rough and vulgar edge of Dostoevsky's style... [T]his tone of the vulgar that [made] Dostoevsky's writings... sometimes so poignantly sufficient and sometimes so morbidly excessive... [They have] retranslat[ed] Dostoevsky into a vernacular equal to his own." In 2007, critic James Wood wrote in The New Yorker that their Dostoevsky translations are "justly celebrated" and argued that previous translators of Leo Tolstoy's work had "sidestepp[ed] difficult words, smooth[ed] the rhythm of the Russian, and eliminat[ed] one of Tolstoy's most distinctive elements, repetition," whereas Pevear and Volokhonsky's translation of War and Peace captured the "spirit and order of the book." Literary critic Harold Bloom admired Pevear and Volokhonsky's translations of Russian classics, writing in his posthumously published book The Bright Book of Life: Novels to Read and Reread that he is "among their thousands of grateful debtors."
However, their work has not been without negative criticism. Writing in The New York Review of Books in 2016, the critic Janet Malcolm argued that Pevear and Volokhonsky "have established an industry of taking everything they can get their hands on written in Russian and putting it into flat, awkward English". Some translators have voiced similar criticism, both in Russia and in the English-speaking world. The Slavic studies scholar Gary Saul Morson has written in Commentary that Pevear and Volokhonsky translations "take glorious works and reduce them to awkward and unsightly muddles". Criticism has been focused on the excessive literalness of the couple's translations and the perception that they miss the original tone of the authors.
Their 2010 translation of Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago met with adverse criticism from Pasternak's niece, Ann Pasternak Slater, in a book review for The Guardian, but earned praise for "powerful fidelity" from Angela Livingstone, a Ph.D. and translator who has translated some of Pasternak's writings into English, in The Times Literary Supplement.
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Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky
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Mason's gain formula (MGF) is a method for finding the transfer function of a linear signal-flow graph (SFG). The formula was derived by Samuel Jefferson Mason, whom it is also named after. MGF is an alternate method to finding the transfer function algebraically by labeling each signal, writing down the equation for how that signal depends on other signals, and then solving the multiple equations for the output signal in terms of the input signal. MGF provides a step by step method to obtain the transfer function from a SFG. Often, MGF can be determined by inspection of the SFG. The method can easily handle SFGs with many variables and loops including loops with inner loops. MGF comes up often in the context of control systems, microwave circuits and digital filters because these are often represented by SFGs.
Formula
The gain formula is as follows:
where:
Δ = the determinant of the graph.
yin = input-node variable
yout = output-node variable
G = complete gain between yin and yout
N = total number of forward paths between yin and yout
Gk = path gain of the kth forward path between yin and yout
Li = loop gain of each closed loop in the system
LiLj = product of the loop gains of any two non-touching loops (no common nodes)
LiLjLk = product of the loop gains of any three pairwise nontouching loops
Δk = the cofactor value of Δ for the kth forward path, with the loops touching the kth forward path removed.
Definitions
Path: a continuous set of branches traversed in the direction that they indicate.
Forward path: A path from an input node to an output node in which no node is touched more than once.
Loop: A path that originates and ends on the same node in which no node is touched more than once.
Path gain: the product of the gains of all the branches in the path.
Loop gain: the product of the gains of all the branches in the loop.
Procedure to find the solution
Make a list of all forward paths, and their gains, and label these Gk.
Make a list of all the loops and their gains, and label these Li (for i loops). Make a list of all pairs of non-touching loops, and the products of their gains (LiLj). Make a list of all pairwise non-touching loops taken three at a time (LiLjLk), then four at a time, and so forth, until there are no more.
Compute the determinant Δ and cofactors Δk.
Apply the formula.
Examples
Circuit containing two-port
The transfer function from Vin to V2 is desired.
There is only one forward path:
Vin to V1 to I2 to V2 with gain
There are three loops:
V1 to I1 to V1 with gain
V2 to I2 to V2 with gain
V1 to I2 to V2 to I1 to V1 with gain
note: L1 and L2 do not touch each other whereas L3 touches both of the other loops.
note: the forward path touches all the loops so all that is left is 1.
Digital IIR biquad filter
Digital filters are often diagramed as signal flow graphs.
There are two loops
Note, the two loops touch so there is no term for their product.
There are three forward paths
All the forward paths touch all the loops so
Servo
The signal flow graph has six loops. They are:
There is one forward path:
The forward path touches all the loops therefore the co-factor
And the gain from input to output is
Equivalent matrix form
Mason's rule can be stated in a simple matrix form. Assume is the transient matrix of the graph where is the sum transmittance of branches from node m toward node n. Then, the gain from node m to node n of the graph is equal to , where
,
and is the identity matrix.
Mason's Rule is also particularly useful for deriving the z-domain transfer function of discrete networks that have inner feedback loops embedded within outer feedback loops (nested loops). If the discrete network can be drawn as a signal flow graph, then the application of Mason's Rule will give that network's z-domain H(z) transfer function.
Complexity and computational applications
Mason's Rule can grow factorially, because the enumeration of paths in a directed graph grows dramatically. To see this consider the complete directed graph on vertices, having an edge between every pair of vertices. There is a path form to for each of the permutations of the intermediate vertices. Thus Gaussian elimination is more efficient in the general case.
Yet Mason's rule characterizes the transfer functions of interconnected systems in a way which is simultaneously algebraic and combinatorial, allowing for general statements and other computations in algebraic systems theory. While numerous inverses occur during Gaussian elimination, Mason's rule naturally collects these into a single quasi-inverse. General form is
Where as described above, is a sum of cycle products, each of which typically falls into an ideal (for example, the strictly causal operators). Fractions of this form make a subring of the rational function field. This observation carries over to the noncommutative case, even though Mason's rule itself must then be replaced by Riegle's rule.
See also
Signal-flow graph
Riegle's rule
Notes
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Mason's gain formula
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Love is a 2006 theatrical production by Cirque du Soleil which combines the re-produced and re-imagined music of the Beatles with an interpretive, circus-based artistic and athletic stage performance. The show plays at a specially built theatre at the Mirage in Las Vegas.
A joint venture between Cirque and the Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd, it is the first theatrical production that Apple Corps Ltd. has partnered in. Love is written and directed by Dominic Champagne. Music directors are George Martin, producer of nearly all of the Beatles' records, and his son, record producer Giles Martin. A soundtrack album of the show was released in November 2006.
History
The project arose from discussions in 2000 between George Harrison and his friend Guy Laliberté, one of Cirque's founders. Three years of negotiations between surviving members of the Beatles, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, the Beatles widows Olivia Harrison (representing George Harrison) and Yoko Ono (representing John Lennon), the Beatles' holding company Apple Corps Ltd. and the MGM Mirage culminated in an agreement.
The first executive producer was Neil Aspinall, then-manager of Apple Corps Ltd. Dominic Champagne shares the show concept creator credit with Gilles Ste-Croix (a founder of Cirque), who is also credited as the director of creation. The creation director is Chantal Tremblay. Tickets went on sale April 19, 2006. Preview performances ran from June 2 to June 29. During these shows, including June 16 and June 17 which were attended by McCartney. In attendance at the gala opening on June 30 were McCartney, Starr, Ono, Cynthia Lennon, Julian Lennon, Olivia and Dhani Harrison, and George Martin. It was the biggest reunion of the Beatles' 'family' since the band's breakup. At the end of the show, McCartney, Starr, Olivia, Ono and Martin went on stage.
On June 26, 2007, everyone met for the first anniversary of the show at the Mirage, where the Love show is staged. McCartney, Starr, Olivia and Ono were interviewed by CNN's Larry King shortly before the show began. The group unveiled a plaque at the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas in memory of John Lennon and George Harrison.
Starting in late October 2010, Cirque du Soleil offered backstage tours of the Love theatre. The experience allows visitors to see the backstage wings, training rooms, costume workshop, and break area, and go up to a catwalk into the sound and lighting booths. Not every experience will be the same, as the tour is conducted around a "regular day", so performers may or may not be training, rehearsing, or even working out.
Leading up to the show's 10th anniversary in July 2016, producers updated the production, which included changes to imagery, costumes, and acts, as well as the addition and removal of pieces of music.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the show was shut down from March 2020 until August 2021.
Set and technical information
Created by French designer Jean Rabasse, the Love theater at The Mirage houses 6,351 speakers and 2,013 seats set around a central stage. Each seat is fitted with three speakers, including a pair in the headrest. The sound system was designed by Jonathan Deans. The stage includes 11 lifts, 4 traps, and 13 automated tracks and trolleys. Each lift is capable of lifting 20,000 pounds
The LOVE theatre features 32 digital projectors that are used in the show. Everything is digital from source to screen, making very large high definition digital 100’ wide panoramic images. Video images on two walls above the audience on two sides of the auditorium emphasize elements of the show and provide transitions. High-definition projectors also create enormous images (designed by Francis Laporte) on four translucent screens that can be unfurled to divide the auditorium.
The Love theater, which replaced the Siegfried & Roy theater at The Mirage, is said to have cost more than $100 million. The theater is set up as a circular theatre in the round, with seats 360 degrees around the stage. There are four balconies in the theater, and the furthest seat from the absolute center of the stage is only 98 feet. The closest seat to the absolute center of the stage is 23 feet and 4 inches, which is only 2 feet and 9 inches from the edge of the stage.
Storyline
The loose story of the production traces the Beatles' biography in broad strokes from the Blitz, through the band's founding and climb into superstardom, their psychedelic and spiritual works and their break-up in 1970. The finale is a joyous celebration of the Beatles' "reunion" that the show itself represents.
Love traces this path without relying on literal or historical representations of individual people. Its landscape is inhabited by fictional characters plucked from the Beatles' lyrics. Sgt. Pepper, a central figure, encounters such characters as Lucy in the Sky, Eleanor Rigby, Lady Madonna and Mr. Kite. In an exception to this stylistic choice, the "Here Comes the Sun" scene features a character resembling Krishna. Similarly, several scenes include mop-topped, dark-haired figures in black suits who resemble the Beatles. The international cast totals 65 performers. Each song or medley is the name of a scene.
Characters
Love has a plethora of characters which are inspired by the music of the Beatles.
Doctor Robert: The host of Love.
Eleanor Rigby: An English woman.
Father McKenzie: A preacher from older times.
Fool: A strange man on Roller skates.
Groupies: The unrelenting fans of the Beatles
Her Majesty: As a symbol of pride for the nation, she is often seen in a large oval frame.
Julia: Evokes John Lennon's mother, Julia Lennon.
Mr. Kite and Helter Skelter:.
Kids of Liverpool
Krishna: Unites the cultures and sounds of the East and West.
Lady Madonna: A character who represents motherhood.
Lucy and the Firemen: A duo of lovers.
Mr. Piggy: Represents the aristocratic traditional values.
Nowhere Men: Represent the zeitgeist of Love. The Nowhere men are four characters: Pink Nowhere man, Dr Robert, the Fool, and Eggman.
Nurses: The caregiving stagehands of Love.
Sailors
Sgt. Pepper: A Ringmaster-like character.
Sugar Plum Fairy: A charming disc jockey.
Teddy Boys
Eggman: A Breakdancer.
Acts
Love features elaborate choreography and various acrobatic and aerial performances.
Come Together
Get Back - Bungee
Solo Bar
Trapeze
Here Comes the Sun - Rope contortion
Aerial Russian swing (Kris Carrison)
Sgt. Pepper - Korean rope
Back in the U.S.S.R. - Trampoline
Latex rope
Help! - Skater
Spanish web
Free running
Costumes
Philippe Guilottel, Loves costume designer, wanted to infuse the same spirit of the Beatles into the costumes for Love. Many include juxtaposed elements, such as traditional and Victorian fashions being combined with colorful, imaginative designs. Many of the costumes are highly sophisticated and voluminous, almost as if taken from a cartoon. For example, Savile Row tailoring traditions were utilized for the Sgt. Pepper Parade, turning the outfits inside out.
Music
Unlike most other Cirque productions, which feature live music, Love uses prerecorded material from the Beatles' catalog. Many of the original Abbey Road Studios recording session tapes have been reorchestrated and inspired Love'''s dance, acrobatics, as well as visual and theatrical effects. Sir George Martin, the Beatles' original producer, and his son Giles Martin worked with the entire archive of Beatles recordings to create the musical component for Love. The result is an unprecedented approach to the music for a stage production. Love samples 120 songs to create 27 musical pieces. The songs are mixed so that the lyrics and instrumentation from one song blend into the next. One musical highlight of the show is a new version of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", which matches the first studio demo of the song with a string arrangement written for Love by Sir George Martin. A commercial soundtrack of the show was released in November 2006.
Filmography
A documentary on the making of Love titled All Together Now was released on October 20, 2008.
The following scenes from Love are included in Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away'':
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
"Blackbird"
"Octopus' Garden"
"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite"
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
"Get Back/Glass Onion"
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Love (Cirque du Soleil)
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San Vicente de la Barquera is a municipality of Cantabria in northern Spain. It had a population of 4,412 in 2002. Tourism is its main activity due to the area's natural environment and heritage. Approximately 80% of the municipal area belongs to the Oyambre Natural Park and enjoys a special protection regulated by the autonomous community of Cantabria as a result of its landscape and ecological value.
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San Vicente de la Barquera
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The Frangipani family was a powerful Roman patrician clan in the Middle Ages. The family was firmly Guelph in sympathy. The name has many spellings, which include Frangipane, Freiapane, Fricapane and Fresapane. In his Trattatello in laude di Dante, Boccaccio traces the descent of Dante from the family.
History
The family claimed descent from the Roman plebeian family of Anicii, however, the first mention of the family dates only from 1014, in a document relating to the Abbazia di Farfa. A parchment diploma of Otto I in the Frangipani archive at Castello di Porpetto, in Friuli, is dated 10 January 973.
They played a significant part in the struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and briefly governed Rome from 1107 to 1108. In the feuding between the Orsini and Colonna families, they supported the Orsini. Their power was at its greatest when they achieved the election of Pope Honorius II in 1124. From no later than 1130 the Frangipani held the Colosseum of Rome, which they had fortified and which gave them strategic control of the approaches to the Lateran Palace, the papal residence, from the north and west; the family lost control of the Colosseum to the Annibaldi in the mid-thirteenth century.
In 1268 Giovanni Frangipane, lord of Astura, betrayed Conradin, the teenage Duke of Swabia and last of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, who took refuge with him after his defeat at the Battle of Tagliacozzo. Frangipane arrested him and handed him over to Charles of Anjou, who beheaded him.
The family had feuds in the Campagna south of Rome, among them Astura, Cisterna, Marino, Ninfa and Terracina, and later Nemi.
The Roman branch of the family was extinguished in 1654 with the death of Mario Frangipane, marquis of Nemi. Two presumed branches continued, one in Friuli and one in Dalmatia. The former had estates at Tarcento and Porpetto, and received patrician status in Rome. The latter descended from the lords of the island of Veglia (now Krk in Croatia), who in the fifteenth century claimed to be related to the Roman family, took the name Frangipani (Frankopan or Frankapan) on the basis of documents provided by Pope Martin V, and from about 1530 used the Frangipane coat of arms; Croatian historians dispute the historicity of this connection.
The Frangipani had the right of burial at the church of San Marcello al Corso in Rome; their chapel – the Frangipani Chapel – in that church is dedicated to Saint Paul. From 1558 or 1559 until his death in 1566, Taddeo Zuccari worked there on a cycle of frescoes of the life of the saint; the paintings were completed by his brother Federico.
Members of the family
Cencio I Frangipane
Cencio II Frangipane
Oddone Frangipane
Ottone Frangipane; monk, later canonised.
Aldruda Frangipane
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Frangipani family
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Lokman (Arabic: لقمان) is a Turkish given name for males meaning Favour Of The All-merciful, (Allah). Notable people with the name include:
People
Lok man Polat, Turkish writer
Lokman Khan Sherwani (1910–1969), Indian politician
Lokman Yusof, Malaysian politician
Lokman Yeung, member of Hong Kong Cantopop boy band
See also
Luqman
Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names
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Lokman
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List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Clinton County, New York
This is intended to be a complete list of National Register of Historic Places in Clinton County, New York. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
Listings county-wide
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See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New York
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Clinton County, New York
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Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations), cryptography and gambling (on game servers).
This list includes many common types, regardless of quality or applicability to a given use case.
Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs)
The following algorithms are pseudorandom number generators.
Cryptographic algorithms
Cipher algorithms and cryptographic hashes can be used as very high-quality pseudorandom number generators. However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators.
These include:
Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4.
Block ciphers in counter mode. Common choices are AES (which is very fast on systems supporting it in hardware), TwoFish, Serpent and Camellia.
Cryptographic hash functions
A few cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators do not rely on cipher algorithms but try to link mathematically the difficulty of distinguishing their output from a `true' random stream to a computationally difficult problem. These approaches are theoretically important but are too slow to be practical in most applications. They include:
Blum–Micali algorithm (1984)
Blum Blum Shub (1986)
Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function (1997)
Random number generators that use external entropy
These approaches combine a pseudo-random number generator (often in the form of a block or stream cipher) with an external source of randomness (e.g., mouse movements, delay between keyboard presses etc.).
/dev/random – Unix-like systems
CryptGenRandom – Microsoft Windows
Fortuna
RDRAND instructions (called Intel Secure Key by Intel), available in Intel x86 CPUs since 2012. They use the AES generator built into the CPU, reseeding it periodically.
True Random Number Generator using Corona Discharge.
Yarrow
See also
Diceware
Diehard tests – statistical test suite for random number generators
Non-uniform random variate generation
Hardware random number generator
Random number generator attack
Randomness
TestU01 – statistical test suite for random number generators
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List of random number generators
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Cornelia Ann Parker (born 14 July 1956) is an English visual artist, best known for her sculpture and installation art.
Life and career
Parker was born in 1956 in Cheshire, England. She studied at the Gloucestershire College of Art and Design (1974–75) and Wolverhampton Polytechnic (1975–78). She received her MFA from Reading University in 1982 and honorary doctorates from the University of Wolverhampton in 2000, the University of Birmingham (2005), the University of Gloucestershire (2008) and the University of Manchester (2017).
In 1997, Parker was shortlisted for the Turner Prize along with Christine Borland, Angela Bulloch, and Gillian Wearing (who won the prize). Parker is currently Honorary Professor at the University of Manchester and between 2016 and 2019 was Visiting Fellow at Lady Margaret Hall Oxford. She was appointed Honorary Fellow at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 2020.
Parker has one daughter, and lives and works in London. Parker's mother was German and was a nurse in the Luftwaffe during the Second World War. Her British grandfather fought in the Battle of the Somme in the First World War.
Cornelia Parker's first solo museum exhibition was at the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston in 2000. A survey exhibition of her work opened at Tate Britain in May 2022.
Work
Parker is best known for large-scale installations such as Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View (1991) – first shown at the Chisenhale Gallery in Bow, East London – for which she had a garden shed blown up by the British Army and suspended the fragments as if suspending the explosion process in time. In the centre was a light which cast the shadows of the wood dramatically on the walls of the room. This inspired an orchestral composition of the same name by Joo Yeon Sir.
In contrast, in 1997 at the Turner Prize exhibition, Parker exhibited Mass (Colder Darker Matter) (1997), suspending the charred remains of a church that had been struck by lightning in Texas. Eight years later, Parker made a companion piece "Anti-Mass" (2005), using charcoal from a black congregation church in Kentucky, which had been destroyed by arson. Hanging Fire (Suspected Arson) (1999) is another example of Parker's suspended sculptures, featuring charred remains of an actual case of suspected arson.
The Maybe (1995) at the Serpentine Gallery, London, was a performance piece conceived by Tilda Swinton, who lay, apparently asleep, inside a vitrine. She asked Parker to collaborate with her on the project, and to create an installation in which she could sleep. Swinton's original idea was to lie in state as Snow White in a glass coffin, but through the collaboration with Parker the idea evolved into her appearing as herself and not as an actor posing as a fictional character. Parker filled the Serpentine with glass cases containing relics that belonged to famous historical figures, such as the pillow and blanket from Freud's couch, Mrs. Simpson's ice skates, Charles Dickens' quill pen and Queen Victoria's stocking. A version of the piece was later re-performed in Rome (1996) and then MoMA, New York (2013) without Parker's involvement.
Parker has made other interventions involving historical artworks. For example, she wrapped Rodin's The Kiss sculpture in Tate Britain with a mile of string (2003) as her contribution to the 2003 Tate Triennial Days Like These at Tate Britain. The intervention was titled The Distance (A Kiss With String Attached). She re-staged this intervention as part of her mid-career retrospective at the Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, in 2015. Subconscious of a Monument (2005) is composed of fragments of dry soil, which are suspended on wires from the gallery ceiling. These lumps are the now-desiccated clay which was removed from beneath the Leaning Tower of Pisa in order to prevent its collapse.
Avoided Object is an ongoing series of smaller works which have been developed in liaison with various institutions, including the Royal Armouries, British Police Forces and Madame Tussauds. These "avoided" objects have often had their identities transformed by being burned, shot, squashed, stretched, drawn, exploded, cut, or simply dropped off cliffs. Cartoon deaths have long held a fascination for Parker: "Tom being run over by a steamroller or Jerry riddled with bullet holes. Sometimes the object's demise has been orchestrated, or it may have occurred accidentally or by natural causes. They might be 'preempted' objects that have not yet achieved a fully formed identity, having been plucked prematurely from the production line like Embryo Firearms 1995. They may not even be classified as objects: things like cracks, creases, shadows, dust or dirt The Negative of Whispers 1997: Earplugs made with fluff gathered in the Whispering Gallery, St Paul's Cathedral). Or they might be those territories you want to avoid psychologically, such as the backs, underbellies or tarnished surfaces of things."
Another example of this work is Pornographic Drawings (1997), using ink made by the artist who used solvent to dissolve (pornographic) video tape, confiscated by HM Customs and Excise.
In 2009, for the opening of Jupiter Artland, a sculpture park near Edinburgh, Parker created a firework display titled Nocturne: A Moon Landing containing a lunar meteorite. Therefore, the moon "landed on Jupiter". The following year Parker made Landscape with Gun and Tree for Jupiter Artland, a nine-metre-tall cast iron and Corten steel shotgun leaning against a tree. It was inspired by the painting Mr and Mrs Andrews by Thomas Gainsborough, where Mr Andrews poses with a gun slung over his arm. The shotgun used in the piece is a facsimile of the one owned by Robert Wilson, one of the founders of Jupiter Artland.
For the Folkestone Triennial in 2011, Parker created a Folkestone version of one of the popular tourist attractions in Copenhagen, Little Mermaid. Through a process of open submission, Parker chose Georgina Baker, mother of two and Folkestone born and bred. Unlike the idealised Copenhagen version, this is a life-size, life-cast sculpture, celebrating the local and the everyday. Parker's mermaid.
To celebrate the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta, Parker created Magna Carta (An Embroidery), a hand-embroidered representation of the Wikipedia article Magna Carta as it was on 15 June 2014, completed in 2015. Embroiderers included members of the Embroiderers Guild, HM prisoners, Peers, MP's, judges, human rights lawyers, a US ambassador and his staff, and various personalities including Edward Snowden, Julian Assange, Jimmy Wales, Jarvis Cocker and Doreen Lawrence.
Whilst Magna Carta (An Embroidery) was on display at the British Library, Parker presented One More Time, a Terrace Wires commission for St Pancras International Station, London, co-presented by HS1 Ltd. and the Royal Academy of Arts.
In 2016 Parker became the first female artist to be commissioned to create a new work for the Roof Garden of the Met in New York. Transitional Object (PsychoBarn) is a scaled-down replica of the house from the 1960 Hitchcock film “Psycho” and was constructed using a salvaged red barn.
Parker continued her work as a curator for the Found exhibition for The Foundling Museum, which incorporated sixty-eight artists from an array of creative disciplines, as well as contributing her own piece, A Little Drop of Gin. This limited-edition print, nicknamed 'mother's ruin', was a photogravure using a 1750s gin glass and droppings of gin. Parker was named Artist of the Year in the 2016 Apollo Awards for her involvement and contributions in the art world.
Parker appeared in the BBC Four television series What Do Artists Do All Day?, a BBC Scotland production, first broadcast in 2013. In the programme she talks about her life and work. In May 2015, Parker was included in the Brilliant Ideas series broadcast by Bloomberg TV in which she reveals her inspirations and discusses some of her best-loved works. In summer 2016, BBC One broadcast "Danger! Cornelia Parker" as part of the TV series Imagine. In autumn 2016 she was included in Gaga for Dada, a programme to mark the 100th anniversary of Dada, presented by Vic Reeves. She also contributed to the BBC Four production Bricks! broadcast on 21 September 2016, marking the 40th anniversary of Carl Andre's sculpture Equivalent VIII, better known as 'The Tate Bricks'.
On 1 May 2017 Parker was chosen as the official election artist for the 2017 United Kingdom general election; she was the first woman in that job.
In 2017, Parker made a series of blackboard drawings with the collaboration of 5- to 10-year-old schoolchildren from Torriano Primary School. The children were asked by the artist to copy out news headlines collected from various UK and US newspapers. 'At that age, children have a barely formed view of the news and world affairs - they don't yet have a vote, but the political turmoil unfolding in their young lives will have a profound effect on their futures'.
In November 2019 Parker opened her first major retrospective exhibition in Australia at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney for the Tenth Sydney International Art Series, featuring over 40 artworks spanning the artists' career.
In May 2023, her photograph "Snap" was used as the cover artwork for the Peter Gabriel song "Four Kinds of Horses".
Curatorial
In 2011 Parker curated an exhibition titled Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain for the Collections Gallery at the Whitechapel Gallery in London using selected works from the Government Art Collection arranged as a colour spectrum.
For the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in 2014, Parker curated the Black and White Room which included a number of well-known artists who she thought should be future Royal Academicians.
In 2016, as part of her Hogarth Fellowship at the Foundling Museum, Parker curated a group exhibition titled FOUND presenting works from over sixty artists from a range of creative disciplines, asked to respond to the theme of ‘found’, reflecting on the museum's heritage.
Honours and recognition
In 2010 Parker was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts, London and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. In 2000, 2005 and 2008 she received Honorary Doctorates from the Universities of Wolverhampton, Birmingham, and Gloucestershire respectively.
Parker won the Artist of the Year Apollo Award in 2016. Other shortlisted artists were Carmen Herrera, David Hockney, Ragnar Kjartansson, Jannis Kounellis and Helen Marten.
Parker was named the official Election Artist for the 2017 general election in the United Kingdom. In this role she observed the election campaign leading up to the vote on 8 June, and was required to produce a piece of art in response. Parker created two films and a series of 14 photographic works as a result of this commission, which were previewed on BBC Newsnight on 2 February 2018 and made available online via the UK Parliament website prior to an exhibition in Westminster Hall.
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to the arts.
Politics
In politics, prior to the 2015 general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.
See also
Art of the United Kingdom
Book Works
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Cornelia Parker
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24 Hours of Foo was a live special on MTV2 hosted by the rock band Foo Fighters, which aired on June 11 and 12, 2005. It was very similar in concept to 24 Hours of Love, a live special hosted by Courtney Love that the channel tried to air in 2002.
About the broadcast
Beginning at noon ET on Saturday, June 11, 2005, the Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Chris Shiflett, Nate Mendel, and Taylor Hawkins took over the MTV2 airwaves for an entire day to host a selection of music videos and live events.
The original press release from MTV Networks stated, "Together, the band will not only host MTV2, but also program and direct the channel in any way that they please with special guests, live performances, and a roster of activities that only the Foo Fighters could dream up." The release went on to claim, "Whether it is an impromptu wedding, a celebrity ping pong tournament, or simply following the guys as they venture into Times Square, MTV2 cameras will capture every moment live." IGN Music reported Dave Grohl as saying, "24 hours of Foo? Live on MTV2? It's gonna be awesome. The Foo is expecting you!"
Live performances
The highlight of the broadcast was a one-hour, full-band live performance from the Foo Fighters, which took place at midnight. Earlier that evening, the Foo Fighters played a 30-minute acoustic Unplugged performance. A live episode of Headbangers Ball was also part of the broadcast that night, hosted by Dave Grohl as he interviewed special guests SuicideGirls.
Special guests and events
The 24-hour live broadcast also included other special events, including a drum circle in Times Square (which also featured Stewart Copeland), science experiments with Cockeyed.com's Rob Cockerham, an on-air wedding, a trivia game featuring comedian David Cross, and other appearances from MTV personalities and friends, including MTV News reporter Gideon Yago, comedian and actress Janeane Garofalo, Saturday Night Live'''s Amy Poehler and Fred Armisen, and comedian Robert Smigel as Triumph the Insult Comic Dog.
MTV2 VJ Jim Shearer was master of ceremonies for the event, launching the broadcast and staying with the Foo Fighters throughout all 24 hours until the end of the show. While some viewers noted that there was not a wide selection of music played during the broadcast, others believed that 24 Hours of Foo demonstrated MTV2 could still put together and air an unusually spectacular live special. Since 24 Hours of Foo, there were no other large-scale live broadcasts on MTV2 until 2007 when Human Giant 24 Aired on MTV2.
See also
24 Hours of Love''
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24 Hours of Foo
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"The Alternate Side" is the 28th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. The episode was the 11th episode of the show's third season, and aired on December 4, 1991.
The episode was written by Larry David and Bill Masters, and was directed by Tom Cherones. The idea for the Woody Allen story came from David's experiences working with Allen; he briefly appeared in Radio Days (1987) and New York Stories (1989). He would later have a lead role in Whatever Works (2009). The episode repeatedly uses the line "these pretzels are making me thirsty", one of the first popular lines to emerge from the show, which inspired fans to throw pretzels during Jerry Seinfeld's stand-up comedy performances during the few months following its premiere.
In 2012, Jerry Seinfeld identified this as his least-favorite episode, saying the stroke patient storyline made him feel uncomfortable.
Plot
Jerry's car is stolen and he is able to have a conversation with the thief (voiced by Larry David) on the car phone. Kramer asks the thief to retrieve his gloves and send them back to him. George takes a job moving people's cars from one side of the street to the other to comply with alternate side parking regulations, temporarily taking over the job for a man named Sid while he's away visiting his sick nephew. Elaine cares for her 66-year-old boyfriend, who has a stroke just before she is about to break up with him. Kramer gets a single line in a Woody Allen film: "These pretzels are making me thirsty."
Overwhelmed by his new job, George causes a car collision and traffic jam, making it take longer for the ambulance to reach Elaine's boyfriend, causing additional neural damage that could have been prevented. Due to the delays caused by George, a disgruntled Woody Allen says that he may never shoot a movie in New York City again. Additionally, George's poor performance causes many of Sid's long-time customers to cancel, resulting in Sid being unable to finance his nephew's operation to save his foot, meaning that doctors will need to amputate it. While filming his scene, Kramer is fired after slamming his beer mug on the bar and accidentally injuring Allen with a flying shard of glass. Kramer gets his gloves back from the car thief but has no information about the car, which irritates Jerry.
Critical reception
The New York Post listed the "pretzels" line as one of "Seinfeld's 25 greatest contributions to the English language." An article about Elaine's boyfriends, meanwhile, suggests that in the context of Woody Allen films, "perhaps Elaine's strange relationship with Owen, a senior citizen at 66, can be explained as some kind of Manhattan reference.". Another article, while criticizing Elaine's relationship with an older man as inappropriate, argued that it "went with her characterization to be superficial enough to choose men like this".
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The Alternate Side
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Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev (12 April 1962 – 26 August 2002) was a brigadier general in the Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. He was a deputy of Shamil Basayev, and commissioner of Shalinsky and Vedensky Districts after being appointed by Dzhokhar Dudayev in 1994. A participant in the War of Abkhazia as well as in both Russian-Chechen wars.
Role in First Chechen War
Abdulkhadzhiev took part in the Basayev led Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in June 1995. Shamil's fighters seized the Budyonnovsk hospital and the 1,600 people inside for a period of several days. At least 147 civilians died and 415 were wounded. They then successfully retreated to Chechnya under cover of hostages.
In a Prism interview, Abdulkhadzhiev gave his opinion of the Budyonnovsk tragedy:
AA: Here I must say we do not plan anything like Budennovsk. The Budennovsk tragedy will never be repeated. Moreover, we did not make these plans except as a last resort. Why was the world was silent when Shali was bombed, when some 400 people were killed or wounded? In fact, the evil we did in Budennovsk was not even 30 percent of what they did in Shali. And what was world community's reaction when they wiped out Samashki and Serzhen-Yurt?
PRISM: You are saying Budennovsk will never be repeated. Then what will happen?
AA: I want peace. Budennovsk is the way for all small people to save themselves. Today it is possible to have all the might of a big state turned against this state. Therefore, this war is senseless and it must be stopped no matter how much certain politicians would wish it to continue.
Death
Despite being wanted by Russian authorities, Abdulkhadzhiev continued to be a significant force of influence in southern Chechnya until he was liquidated on 26 August 2002 in Shali by Russian Spetsnaz.
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Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev
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P24 or P-24 may refer to:
Aviation
Fairey P.24 Monarch, a British aircraft engine
Lockheed YP-24, an American prototype fighter aircraft
PZL P.24, a Polish fighter aircraft
Molecular biology
P24 capsid protein, a protein of HIV
P24 protein family, a group of transmembrane proteins
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Other uses
, of the Armed Forces of Malta
Ndonde language
P24 road (Ukraine)
Papyrus 24, a biblical manuscript
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P24
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The Košice Self-governing Region (, KSK) or the Košice Higher Territorial Unit (Slovak: Košický vyšší územný celok, KVÚC) is one of Slovakia's eight "self-governing regions" whose territory is identical with that of the administrative Košice Region.
The establishing session of the first Council of the Košice Self-governing Region was held on December 19, 2001, in the historical hall of former Župný dom (County House, today's East Slovak Gallery building) with the participation of 57 deputies elected in the first regional elections for the second level of self-government in Slovakia. Rudolf Bauer (a Christian democrat) was elected as the first president of the Košice Self-governing Region. His successor is Zdenko Trebuľa (a social democrat) elected for the president of the Košice Self-governing Region on December 10, 2005. He was inaugurated on January 9, 2006.
The seat of the Košice Self-governing Region is a former military headquarters building (generally known as The Division) on the eastern part of the Námestie Maratónu mieru (Peace Marathon Square) in Košice. It was completed in 1908 as the largest and the most modern building in the town at that time.
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Košice Self-governing Region
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Bogart's is a music venue located in the Corryville neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, near the University of Cincinnati, across Vine Street from the former Sudsy Malone's Rock 'n Roll Laundry & Bar.
History
The venue opened as a vaudeville theater called the Nordland Plaza Nickelodeon in 1905. It operated until 1955 when it succumbed to the competition from television. It reopened in 1960 screening primarily German films. It later operated as a restaurant with entertainment named Inner Circle. In the mid-1970s, Bogart's opened in the space after an extensive remodeling as a 250-seat club and restaurant, expanded around 1980 and then further expanded to 1,500 seats in 1993. In 1997, Nederlander Concerts assumed management of Bogart's. SFX (now Live Nation) bought many of Nederlander's concert operations in 1999.
Prior to its 1980 expansion, Bogarts hosted themed-party nights, such as a Casablanca club theme when the venue opened. It hosted a wide variety of comedians, ranging from Billy Crystal to Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong, national recording artists and bands that gained fame through their appearances at Bogart's, such as Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers.
In its early years, Bogart's was the proving ground for many upcoming metal bands. The intimate setting offered an up-close experience, often allowing the crowd to flow onto the stage with performers such as Testament, Slayer, Death, Dark Angel, Overkill, W.A.S.P. and others. While metal bands appeared frequently, Bogart's offered performances of several music styles each week.
The venue remains under management of Live Nation and has two levels: a pit, and a balcony which is open for larger events.
Ohio acts that have played at Bogart's include Nine Inch Nails in 1990, Filter in '99, Marilyn Manson in '96, The Black Keys in '06, Twenty One Pilots in '13, Cincinnati's Walk the Moon in '15, Machine Gun Kelly in '14, The Devil Wears Prada in '15, Beartooth in '15, Black Veil Brides in '21, Kid Cudi in '10, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony in '19, John Legend in '16, Tracy Chapman in '95, Elle King in '22, Hawthorne Heights in '05, Relient K in '08, Devo in 1980, The Breeders in '93, and The Afghan Whigs in '99.
See also
House Of Blues
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Bogart's
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In mathematics, a bilinear map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example.
Definition
Vector spaces
Let and be three vector spaces over the same base field . A bilinear map is a function
such that for all , the map
is a linear map from to and for all , the map
is a linear map from to In other words, when we hold the first entry of the bilinear map fixed while letting the second entry vary, the result is a linear operator, and similarly for when we hold the second entry fixed.
Such a map satisfies the following properties.
For any ,
The map is additive in both components: if and then and
If and we have for all then we say that B is symmetric. If X is the base field F, then the map is called a bilinear form, which are well-studied (for example: scalar product, inner product, and quadratic form).
Modules
The definition works without any changes if instead of vector spaces over a field F, we use modules over a commutative ring R. It generalizes to n-ary functions, where the proper term is multilinear.
For non-commutative rings R and S, a left R-module M and a right S-module N, a bilinear map is a map with T an -bimodule, and for which any n in N, is an R-module homomorphism, and for any m in M, is an S-module homomorphism. This satisfies
B(r ⋅ m, n) = r ⋅ B(m, n)
B(m, n ⋅ s) = B(m, n) ⋅ s
for all m in M, n in N, r in R and s in S, as well as B being additive in each argument.
Properties
An immediate consequence of the definition is that whenever or . This may be seen by writing the zero vector 0V as (and similarly for 0W) and moving the scalar 0 "outside", in front of B, by linearity.
The set of all bilinear maps is a linear subspace of the space (viz. vector space, module) of all maps from into X.
If V, W, X are finite-dimensional, then so is . For that is, bilinear forms, the dimension of this space is (while the space of linear forms is of dimension ). To see this, choose a basis for V and W; then each bilinear map can be uniquely represented by the matrix , and vice versa.
Now, if X is a space of higher dimension, we obviously have .
Examples
Matrix multiplication is a bilinear map .
If a vector space V over the real numbers carries an inner product, then the inner product is a bilinear map The product vector space has one dimension.
In general, for a vector space V over a field F, a bilinear form on V is the same as a bilinear map .
If V is a vector space with dual space V∗, then the application operator, is a bilinear map from to the base field.
Let V and W be vector spaces over the same base field F. If f is a member of V∗ and g a member of W∗, then defines a bilinear map .
The cross product in is a bilinear map
Let be a bilinear map, and be a linear map, then is a bilinear map on .
Continuity and separate continuity
Suppose and are topological vector spaces and let be a bilinear map.
Then b is said to be if the following two conditions hold:
for all the map given by is continuous;
for all the map given by is continuous.
Many separately continuous bilinear that are not continuous satisfy an additional property: hypocontinuity.
All continuous bilinear maps are hypocontinuous.
Sufficient conditions for continuity
Many bilinear maps that occur in practice are separately continuous but not all are continuous.
We list here sufficient conditions for a separately continuous bilinear to be continuous.
If X is a Baire space and Y is metrizable then every separately continuous bilinear map is continuous.
If are the strong duals of Fréchet spaces then every separately continuous bilinear map is continuous.
If a bilinear map is continuous at (0, 0) then it is continuous everywhere.
Composition map
Let be locally convex Hausdorff spaces and let be the composition map defined by
In general, the bilinear map is not continuous (no matter what topologies the spaces of linear maps are given).
We do, however, have the following results:
Give all three spaces of linear maps one of the following topologies:
give all three the topology of bounded convergence;
give all three the topology of compact convergence;
give all three the topology of pointwise convergence.
If is an equicontinuous subset of then the restriction is continuous for all three topologies.
If is a barreled space then for every sequence converging to in and every sequence converging to in the sequence converges to in
See also
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Bilinear map
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WTAC-TV was a television station broadcasting on ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 16 in Flint, Michigan, United States. It was owned by the Trendle-Campbell Broadcasting Company alongside radio station WTAC (600 AM) and was affiliated with ABC. The station began broadcasting on November 26, 1953, as Flint's first television station and the second in the region, but it ceased operation five months later on April 30, 1954. Early economic difficulties with UHF television in the United States and competition from the very high frequency (VHF) stations in Detroit, whose signals reached Flint, largely precipitated its demise.
Construction and sign-on
After the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lifted its four-year freeze on television station construction grants in 1952, it left three commercial channels for use in Flint; very high frequency (VHF) channel 12 and ultra high frequency (UHF) channels 16 and 28. The first group to file for channel 16 was W.S. Butterfield Theatres, which had done so by early July. That month, a second group filed for the channel: the Trendle-Campbell Broadcasting Company, a partnership of George W. Trendle and H. Allen Campbell and owners of Flint radio station WTAC (600 AM). Butterfield amended its application to seek channel 12 instead of channel 16 in October; this left WTAC unopposed and led to the FCC giving Trendle-Campbell a construction permit for channel 16 on November 20, 1952.
Construction began on the station site at 2302 Lapeer in June; the transmitter would be located here as well as of studio and office space. The Television Tips column run by local dealers in The Flint Journal noted that this was a new use for the land; the site had previously been a circus grounds. In August, WTAC-TV signed for affiliation with the ABC network. The possibility of affiliating its television station with ABC, then having just finished a merger with United Paramount Theatres, was cited as one reason why WTAC had exchanged network affiliations with WFDF, which consequently affiliated with NBC, in March 1953. However, WTAC-TV was one of multiple UHF stations whose ABC affiliations were essentially bonuses because they gave away air time to national advertisers for a limited time in hopes of building viewership.
The station began broadcasting test patterns on October 28, 1953. The start of a test pattern was enough to spark interest in television across Flint. A report in the Midland Daily News noted the response, "reminiscent of radio's early days", and noted that station officials were fielding reports from areas as far north as Tawas City and as far south as Detroit. However, the station had a surprise for viewers: on November 14, it broadcast its first program, the college football game between Michigan and Michigan State, followed the next day by an NFL game.
Regular operation
WTAC-TV began airing its first regular scheduled programming on November 26, 1953—Thanksgiving Day. The opening day's schedule featured a mix of ABC network programming and local sports features. Several of the station's staff had once worked at WXYZ-TV in Detroit, including the station manager, program manager, film editor, and production manager.
When WTAC-TV began telecasting a test pattern, the studios and offices were unfinished on the inside, and network programs were received by rebroadcasting the Detroit stations, as received at the station, with their approval. This changed in the first two months of 1954. On January 1, 1954, the station began receiving network programming by way of a private microwave relay that allowed it to carry programming direct from the networks. Interior work was nearly completed on the studios by the end of February 1954, allowing for the expansion of local programming. The station also signed to carry the full television schedule of Detroit Tigers baseball games for the 1954 season.
Closure
WTAC-TV announced that it would leave the air after its evening programming on April 30, 1954, for what it hoped would be a 60- to 90-day period. An announcement by vice president and general manager Campbell attributed the decision to the national environment for UHF stations, which it hoped would be improved by possible federal action such as the deintermixture of UHF and VHF channels. Though 62 percent of Flint TV households could tune UHF, Campbell described to Broadcasting a "blanket aversion" by advertisers to using UHF stations if any VHF outlet reached the area in the question. Even though Flint had no other stations, the primary competition for the station consisted of the three VHF network affiliates in Detroit. The station also had been losing $10,000 a month, according to Campbell. It was the second closure of a UHF station in Michigan in a week, the other being WBKZ-TV in Battle Creek.
The financial situation of the WTAC stations caused creditors to agitate for their sale. In August 1954, WTAC radio was sold to Radio Hawaii, a division of the Tele-Trip Corporation and owner of station KPOA in Honolulu. That same month, Trendle-Campbell surrendered the WTAC-TV construction permit to the FCC.
After WTAC-TV folded, the television studios on Lapeer were also kept out of the sale of WTAC radio and leased to Detroit radio station WJR, which had just obtained the construction permit for channel 12 as WJRT. The ten-year lease included an option to purchase the property. However, WJRT was bogged down in legal issues over the location of its transmitter site, which would be near Chesaning. During this time, the tower on the site, the tallest structure in Flint, was damaged by a tornado during an outbreak on May 12, 1956. The WJRT matter was returned to the FCC that year, and the station was not approved to begin broadcasting until 1958. WJRT continues to operate from this site; the building was expanded in 2001 with a new wing.
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WTAC-TV
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Districts of the Czech Republic are territorial units, formerly used as second-level administrative divisions of the Czech Republic. After their primary administrative function has been abolished in 2003, they still exist for the activities of specific authorities and as statistical units. Their administrative function was moved to selected municipalities.
Establishment
In 1960, Czechoslovakia was re-divided into districts (okres, plural okresy) often without regard to traditional division and local relationships. In the area of the Czech Republic, there were 75 districts; the 76th Jeseník District was split from Šumperk District in 1996. Three consisted only of statutory cities Brno, Ostrava and Plzeň which gained the status of districts only in 1971; Ostrava and Plzeň districts were later expanded. The capital city of Prague has a special status, being considered a municipality and region at the same time and not being a part of any district, but ten districts of Prague (obvody) were in some ways equivalent to okres.
Municipalities with extended competence
A reform in effect since January 2003 replaced the districts with 205 Administrative Districts of Municipalities with Extended Competence (abbreviated AD MEC; správní obvody obcí s rozšířenou působností, abbreviated SO ORP), also called third-level municipalities, or unofficially "little districts". These municipalities took over most of the administration of the former district authorities. The old districts still exist as territorial units and remain as seats of some of the offices, especially courts, police and archives.
In 2007 the borders of the districts were slightly adjusted and 119 municipalities were moved into different districts. In 2021 another reform was made and 18 municipalities were moved between districts or between administrative districts of municipalities with extended competence.
After the 2021 reform, borders of AD MECs respect borders of districts, with only exception granted by law being AD MEC of Turnov, which is partly in districts of Semily, Jablonec nad Nisou and Liberec. The reasons are the vastness of this territory and different requirements of the territory's population.
Municipalities with commissioned local authority
Administrative districts of municipalities with extended competence are further divided into 393 Administrative Districts of Municipalities with Commissioned Local Authority (abbreviated AD CLA; správní obvody obcí s pověřeným obecním úřadem, abbreviated SO POÚ), also called "second-level municipalities"). A municipality with commissioned local authority is a municipality to which the state delegates part of its powers, but not to the extent that it delegates it to a municipality with extended competence.
Maps of districts
List of districts
See also
Regions of the Czech Republic
ISO 3166-2:CZ
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Districts of the Czech Republic
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The Directory for Public Worship (known in Scotland as the Westminster Directory) is a liturgical manual produced by the Westminster Assembly in 1644 to replace the Book of Common Prayer. Approved by the Parliament of England in 1644 and the Parliament of Scotland in 1645, the Directory is part of the Westminster Standards, together with the Westminster Confession of Faith, the Westminster Shorter Catechism, the Westminster Larger Catechism, and the Form of Church Government.
Origins
The movement against the Book of Common Prayer, partly inspired by the English Parliament, had come to a head with the submission of the Root and Branch petition of 1640, which demanded "that the said government (i.e. episcopal system) with all its dependencies, roots and branches be abolished." Among the "branches" was the Book of Common Prayer, which was said to be a "Liturgy for the most part framed out of the Romish Breviary, Rituals, [and] Mass Book."
Thus in 1641, an abridgment of John Knox's Book of Common Order was presented to the Long Parliament. In 1644, another adaptation of the same original was presented to the Westminster Assembly and printed. However, the parliamentary divines resolved to produce their own book, and set up a committee which was to agree on a set of instructions for ministers in charge of congregations—not a fixed form of devotion, but a manual of directions. While the English Book of Common Prayer had early use in Scotland, it is a fixed liturgy, providing a range of fixed prayers and detailed tables of fixed lessons. It is therefore not easy to compare it with the Directory. However, the Directory does very much follow the Book of Common Order used in Scotland from 1564, which derived from Knox’s Forme of Prayers used in the English Congregation in Geneva. This book affords discretion in the wording of the prayers and no fixed lectionary.
The Directory was produced by a parliamentary subcommittee among the Westminster divines. The chair of the subcommittee was Stephen Marshall. Other members included Thomas Young, Herbert Palmer, and Charles Herle. Representing the Independents were Philip Nye and Thomas Goodwin, and representing the Scottish Presbyterians were Alexander Henderson, Robert Baillie, George Gillespie, and Samuel Rutherford. The text appears to be in the style of Nye's writing.
Contents
The Directory was something like an agenda, but it was also something of a handbook of pastoral practice containing a lengthy section on visiting the sick, and a detailed section on preaching. The book reflected the compilers' belief in the regulative principle of worship, which holds that only what is mandated by explicit Scripture, whether by explicit command, precept or example or by good and necessary consequence can be deduced from Scripture was warranted in the public worship of God.
The Directory lays down a structure of worship centered on the reading of Scripture. The canonical scriptures are to be read in order, a chapter of each testament at a time, after which there was a long prescribed prayer and then the minister was to preach to the effect that "his own and his hearers' hearts [are] to be rightly affected with their sins."
Baptism was to be administered at this same service using a baptismal font which the people could see and where they could hear, rather than hitherto where fonts had often been placed at the entrance of the church. A long instruction preceded the administration of the rite which, among other things, made the point that baptism is not so necessary that the child would be damned or the parents guilty if it were not administered, on the grounds that the children of the faithful "are Christians and federally holy before baptism." There was to be prayer that the inward baptism of the Spirit would be joined with the outward baptism of water.
Communion was to take place after the morning sermon, and was to be celebrated often, though the Directory does not specify precisely how often; to the Scots, quarterly or half-yearly was sufficient, but some English Puritan churches observed monthly, while most Anglicans only practiced communion once a year. Those wishing to receive communion were to sit "about" or "at" the communion table. The disjunctive words "about" and "at" were a compromise between the Scottish view of the necessity of sitting around a table and a common view in England that partaking in the pews was in order. The words of institution from the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, or from Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, were an essential part of the celebration. These were followed by a prayer of thanksgiving to God "to vouchsafe his gracious presence, and the effectual working of his Spirit in us; and so to sanctify these elements, both of bread and wine, and to bless his own ordinance, that we may receive by faith the body and blood of Jesus Christ crucified for us, and so feed upon him that he may be one with us, and we with him, and that he may live in us and we in him and to him, who hath loved us and given himself for us." The bread was then to be broken and shared and the wine also. The collection of alms for the poor was to be organised so that it in no way hindered the service.
Marriage involved the consent of the parties, publication of intention, and a religious service in a place of public worship on any day of the year, but preferably not the Lord's Day. It consisted of prayer, an explanation of the origin and purpose of marriage, an enquiry as to if there is any impediment, the exchange of vows, the pronouncement that the couple be husband and wife, and a closing prayer. A register of marriages was to be kept.
The Directory made no provision for burial services, on the grounds that burial services had inspired superstitious practices. It did, however, permit "civil respects or deferences" at the burial, "appropriate to the rank and condition of the party deceased," to put the friends of the deceased in mind of their duty to improve the occasion.
Henry Hammond, later Chaplain to Charles I, advanced six objections to the Directory in his 1645 work, A View of the New Directory and a Vindication of the Ancient Liturgy of the Church of England. Hammond wrote that the Directory avoids (1) a prescribed form or liturgy, (2) outward or bodily worship, (3) uniformity in worship, (4) congregants participating through responses in prayers, hymns, and readings, (5) the division of prayers into several collects or portions, and (6) ceremonies such as kneeling in communion, the cross in baptism, and the ring in marriage. In respect of (1) this has been covered already. In respect of (2), doting on ceremonies and outward gestures (e.g. bowing to the east) was indeed avoided. As for (3), it was intended that there be uniformity in the parts of worship though not the words, while in regard to (4) and (5) the Directory is not so opposite as Hammond suggests although it does not seem very positive on singing. In regard to (6), kneeling in communion and the cross in baptism had been matters of long and significant controversy between the parties in the Church of England.
Hammond then noted sixteen items avoided in the Directory which are more particularly related to the parts of the service: (1) pronouncing of absolution, (2) the necessity of singing psalms and other hymns of the church, (3) the use of the doxology, (4) the use of the ancient creeds, (5) the frequent use of the Lord’s Prayer and prayers for the King, (6) saints days and the liturgical year, (7) the reading of the commandments and associated prayers, (8) the order of the offertory, (9) private baptism, (10) a prescribed catechism (although this was covered by the later Westminster Larger and Shorter Catechisms), (11) confirmation, (12) solemnities of burial for the sake of the living, (13) thanksgiving after childbirth, (14) communion for the sick, (15) The Commination service at the beginning of Lent, (16) the observation of Lent, Rogation days and the Ember weeks. Several of these items (1-5,7,10) had use in other Reformed churches, but the major items did not.
Use by the Church of England
In some areas of England, notably in London and Lancashire, Presbyterian classes (presbyteries) were set up in 1646 and operated until the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Although by no means universally adopted even within these areas, there is good evidence to show that many of these parishes both bought and used the Directory. It was probably also used in parishes with Congregationalist, or Independent, ministers. However, those parishes that did adopt the Directory were in the minority, and the Book of Common Prayer continued in use secretly across much of the country, particularly in relation to funerals. It is clear that the Directory was deeply unpopular with the majority of the population, and some of the best evidence for its use can be deduced from negative reactions to it, in particular the dramatically reduced baptism rate in those parishes where the Directory was adopted.
Use by the Church of Scotland
The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland adopted the Westminster Directory during that Assembly's 10 Session on 3 February 1645. In adopting the text of the Directory, however, the Assembly provided several clarifications and provisions and later, during Session 14 on February 7, 1645, it provided even further clarifications for application within the Church of Scotland. The adopting acts, therefore, attempted to keep intact those traditions and practices of the Scottish church where they differed from those of some English churches, whether Puritan or Independent, so long as these differences proved no offense to those English churches. Such differences in implementation included, for instance, the Scots coming forward to sit around the communion table, retaining the use of the epiklesis, the singing of a psalm while tables dismissed and came forward, the distribution of bread and wine by communicants among themselves, and "a sermon of Thanksgiving" after communion. The Westminster Directory did, however, have the effect of suppressing the Scottish "Reader's Service" and of eliminating the practice of ministers bowing in the pulpit to pray prior to the sermon.
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Directory for Public Worship
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Elizabeth Van Valkenburgh (née Woodley; July 1799 – January 24, 1846) was an early American murderer who was hanged for poisoning her husband.
Background
Elizabeth Woodley was born in Bennington, Vermont. Her parents died when she was around 8 years old, and she was sent to Cambridge, New York to live; she had little education or religious upbringing.
First marriage
She first married at the age of 20, moving with her husband, with whom she had four children, to Pennsylvania. After living there for six years, the family moved near to Johnstown, New York, where she remained for the next 18 years. In 1833, her first husband died, which she initially stated was due to dyspepsia and exposure. Later, she admitted that she had poisoned him by adding arsenic to his rum, because she was "provoked" by his drinking in bars. In an addendum to her confession to Van Valkenburgh's murder, she noted that her first husband had been able to go to work the following day after being poisoned, although he suffered after effects until he died, and that she did not intend to kill him.
Second marriage and murder
She married John Van Valkenburgh, with whom she had two more children, in 1834. In her confession, she stated that he was an alcoholic, that he "misused the children", and that "we frequently quarrelled" when he was drunk. Her son had offered to buy "a place" for her and the other children in the west, but John Van Valkenburgh opposed this. She stated in her confession that "John was in a frolic for several weeks, during which time he never came home sober, nor provided anything for his family." She managed to purchase arsenic and poison his tea, although he recovered from the first dose of poison. Several weeks later, she mixed another dose in his brandy. So gruesome was his death, however, she said that "if the deed could have been recalled, I would have done it with all my heart."
She ran away, hid in a barn, and broke her leg in a fall from the haymow. She was captured, tried and convicted. She was sentenced to death by hanging. Many people, including ten of the jurors, petitioned Governor Silas Wright for clemency, but having studied the materials related to the crime, and despite being moved by her gender and poverty, he could find no new evidence to stop the execution. She was executed on January 24, 1846. Because of her broken leg and her obesity, Van Valkenburgh was hanged in an unusual way. She was carried to the gallows in her rocking chair and was rocking away when the trap was sprung.
See also
alcohol abuse
domestic violence
spousal abuse
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Elizabeth Van Valkenburgh
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Daniel Santbech (fl. 1561) was a Dutch mathematician and astronomer. He adopted the Latinized name of Noviomagus, possibly suggesting that he came from the town of Nijmegen, called Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum by the Romans.
In 1561, Santbech compiled a collected edition of the works of Regiomontanus (1436–1476), De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque (first published in 1533) and Compositio tabularum sinum recto, as well as Santbech's own Problematum astronomicorum et geometricorum sectiones septem. It was published in Basel by Henrich Petri and Petrus Perna.
Santbech's work consisted of studies on astronomy, sundials, surveying, and levelling for water courses. It also includes descriptions of astronomical instruments, information for navigators and geographers, and general information about astronomy in the first years after Nicolaus Copernicus.
Santbech also studied the subject of gunnery and ballistics as a theoretic discourse as well as for the practical application of war, and utilized the foundations of geometry, with ample references to Euclid and Ptolemy, in order to do so. Santbech seem not to have been aware of similar studies by Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia.
Santbech's text included theoretical illustrations of trajectories. These were depicted with abruptly acute angles and straight lines, allowing him to create a right-angled triangle from which ranges were computed with the help of a table of sines. Santbech was of course fully aware that a cannonball's true trajectory would not consist of a straight line and a sudden drop, but these depictions were meant to assist with mathematical calculations.
In 1651, Riccioli gave Santbech's name to the crater Santbech on the Moon.
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Daniel Santbech
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PHO or pho may refer to:
Phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup
Primary health organisation, New Zealand
Public health observatory, UK
Potentially hazardous object, an asteroid or comet that could potentially collide with Earth
Pho regulon, a bacterial phosphate regulatory mechanism
See also
Pho4, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor
Phos, a genus of sea snails
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PHO
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The following is a list of the national television and radio networks and announcers who have broadcast the National League Division Series. It does not include any announcers who may have appeared on local radio broadcasts produced by the participating teams.
Television
2020s
2010s
Notes
TNT was scheduled to air three entire Division Series games in 2011 due to conflicts with TBS. On October 1, it aired Game 2 of the Tampa Bay Rays vs. the Texas Rangers at 7 p.m. ET, which overlapped with the end of Game 1 of the St. Louis Cardinals vs. the Philadelphia Phillies and the continuation of Game 1 of the Detroit Tigers vs. the New York Yankees on TBS. (The latter was also to have been Game 2, but Game 1 was suspended after innings due to rain.) On October 2, it aired the rescheduled Game 2 between the Tigers and the Yankees at 3 p.m. ET, two hours before Game 2 of the Arizona Diamondbacks vs. the Milwaukee Brewers on TBS. On October 4, it aired Game 3 of the Diamondbacks vs. the Brewers at 9:30 p.m. ET, one hour after Game 3 of the Tigers vs. the Yankees started on TBS.
For the 2012 and 2013 seasons, TBS has been awarded the rights to televise both Wild Card Playoff games that occur on the day before the Division Series games. In exchange, MLB Network has been awarded the rights to televise two of the Division Series games that previously belonged to TBS.
Beginning in 2014, when Fox Sports began a new television contract with Major League Baseball, FS1 airs 40 regular season MLB games (mostly on Saturdays), along with up to 15 post-season games (eight Divisional Series games and one best-of-7 League Championship Series). The deal resulted in a reduction of MLB coverage on the Fox network, which will air 12 regular season games, the All-Star Game, and the World Series.
2000s
Notes
ABC Family's coverage of the 2002 Division Series was produced by ESPN. The reason that games were on ABC Family instead of ESPN was because The Walt Disney Company (ESPN's parent company) bought Fox Family from News Corporation. The ABC Family/ESPN inherited Division Series package was included in Fox's then exclusive television contract with Major League Baseball (initiated in 2001). ABC Family had no other choice but to fulfill the contract handed to them. The only usage of the ABC Family "bug" was for a ten-second period when returning from a commercial break (in the lower right corner of the screen).
During the League Division Series on ESPN, Joe Morgan left Game 1 of the Dodgers-Mets series after six innings in order to call Game 2 of the Tigers-Yankees game that same night (October 4). However, the latter game was ultimately rained out.
Turner Sports provided a provisional plan in which if a League Division Series game televised on TBS ran into the start of the next LDS game scheduled to air on TBS, then TNT would provide supplementary coverage of the latter games' early moments. To be more specific, all games in the Division Series round were presented back-to-back, with each game scheduled for a 3½-hour window. If a game exceeded this window, the first pitch of the next game would be switched to TNT. If a game ended within 3½ hours, the studio team would return for interstitial programming.
In 2007, TBS switched the starts of four games to TNT in the Division Series round because the previous games exceeded the time limit. TNT was also scheduled to air Game 4 of the Diamondbacks-Cubs series, which overlapped with Game 3 of the Red Sox-Angels series, but the former game was not played; the night before, the D-Backs completed a three-game sweep of the Cubs.
1990s
Notes
1995 marked the only year of postseason coverage provided by "The Baseball Network", which was a revenue sharing joint venture between Major League Baseball, ABC and NBC. "The Baseball Network" was also scheduled to cover the Division Series in 1994, but plans were scrapped when a strike caused the postseason to be canceled. All games in the first two rounds (including the League Championship Series) were scheduled in the same time slot for regional telecasts. Initially, under the alternating six-year plan, ABC would've covered the Division Series in even numbered years (as well as the World Series in even numbered years) while NBC would've covered the Division Series in odd numbered years (in even numbered years, they would've gotten the rights to the All-Star Game and League Championship Series).
From 1996–2000, NBC aired LDS games on Tuesday/Friday/Saturday nights. Fox aired LDS games on Wednesday/Thursday nights, Saturdays in the late afternoon, plus Sunday/Monday nights (if necessary). Meanwhile, ESPN carried many afternoon LDS contests. At this point, all playoff games were nationally televised (mostly in unopposed timeslots).
1981
Notes
In 1981, as means to recoup revenue lost during a players' strike, Major League Baseball set up a special additional playoff round (as a prelude to the League Championship Series). ABC televised the American League Division Series while NBC televised the National League Division Series. The Division Series round was not officially instituted until 14 years later. Games 1, 3 and 5 of the Phillies/Expos series and Games 2–3 and 5 of the Dodgers/Astros series were regionally televised.
Radio
National
2020s
Notes
Due to health and safety concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic, all of ESPN Radio's commentators for the 2020 postseason called the games at the ESPN studios in Bristol, Connecticut.
2010s
2000s
1990s
1981
Local
2000s
Notes
2001 - Locally, the Arizona-St. Louis portion of the 2001 NLDS was called on KTAR-AM in Phoenix by Greg Schulte, Jeff Munn, Rod Allen (Games 4–5) and Jim Traber, and on KMOX-AM in St. Louis by Jack Buck (Games 3–4), Mike Shannon, and Dan McLaughlin (Games 1–2, 5), while the Atlanta-Houston portion of the 2001 NLDS was called on WSB-AM in Atlanta by Pete Van Wieren, Skip Caray, Don Sutton, and Joe Simpson, and on KTRH-AM in Houston by Milo Hamilton and Alan Ashby.
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List of National League Division Series broadcasters
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A lower transverse plane midway between the upper transverse and the upper border of the pubic symphysis; this is termed the intertubercular plane (or transtubercular), since it practically corresponds to that passing through the iliac tubercles; behind, its plane cuts the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
Additional images
See also
Transpyloric plane
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Intertubercular plane
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The Divan of the Abkhazian Kings (, which is often translated as the Chronicles of the Abkhazian Kings) is a short medieval document composed in Georgian in the late 10th or early 11th century. It has come down to us as a 15th-century copy. The text was first studied and published by the Georgian scholar Ekvtime Takaishvili. It has also been translated into English and Russian.
It is usually attributed to the first king of all-Georgia, Bagrat III, who began his reign as the Abkhazian king in 978. Somewhat of a manifesto, this document may have been issued by Bagrat, a representative of the new dynasty of the Bagrationi, in support of his rights to the Abkhazian throne.
The Divan lists 22 successive rulers from Anos to Bagrat, and styles each of them as “king” (Georgian: mepe) (though until the mid-780s they functioned as the archons under the Byzantine authority). The text does provide the information about the family relationships among these rulers as well as the duration of the last 11 kings’ reigns, but lacks chronology. The two kings of the Shavliani clan (878–887) are omitted probably because they were regarded as usurpers. The dates and achievements of the most of the early Abkhazian rulers remain conjectural.
The names below are given in original transliteration. The dates are as per Prince Cyril Toumanoff and other modern scholars.
Anos (ანოს) (c. 510–530)
Ghozar (ღოზარ) (c. 530–550)
Istvine (ისტვინე) (c. 550–580)
Phinictios (ფინიქტიოს) (c. 580–610)
Barnucius (ბარნუკ) (c. 610–640)
Demetrius I (დემეტრე) (c. 640–660)
Theodosius I (თეოდოს) (c. 660–680)
Constantine I (კონსტანტინე) (c. 680–710)
Theodor (თეოდორ) (c. 710–730)
Constantine II (კონსტანტინე) (c. 730–745)
Leon I (ლეონ) (c. 745–767)
Leon II (ლეონ) (c. 767–811)
Theodosius II (თეოდოს) (c. 811–837)
Demetrius II (დემეტრე) (c. 837–872)
George I (გიორგი) (c. 872–878)
Bagrat I (ბაგრატ) (c. 887–898)
Constantine III (კონსტანტინე) (c. 898–916)
George II (გიორგი) (c. 916–960)
Leon III (ლეონ) (c. 960–969)
Demetrius III (დემეტრე) (c. 969–976)
Theodosius III (თეოდოსი) (c. 976–978)
Bagrat III (ბაგრატი) (978–1014)
See also
The Georgian Chronicles
Conversion of Kartli (chronicle)
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Divan of the Abkhazian Kings
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Valemount is a village in British Columbia. Valemount may also refer to:
Valemount Airport
Valemount Elementary School
Valemount Secondary School
Valemount railway station
Valemont, a miniseries on MTV
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Valemount (disambiguation)
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"Fun and Games" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on 30 March 1964, during the first season.
Opening narration
Plot
Mike Benson, ex-boxer and small-time crook, and Laura Hanley, a divorcee, each emotionally wounded by life, are abducted at critical points in their lives by The Senator, a sporting alien representing the citizens of the planet Andera. The Anderans have overcome war, pestilence, avarice and envy, are no longer driven by wants and needs, and find that their lives have become quite stagnant; therefore, they replace their boredom with a constant supply of "fun & games". Mike and Laura are "electroported" to an arena planet where they are to be pitted in mortal combat against two primitive aliens from the Calco galaxy for the entertainment of the jaded audience on Andera. The goal of the tournament is species survival; the home planet of the losing team will be obliterated in a cataclysmic display lasting five years for the further enjoyment of the citizens of Andera. During the combat, Mike and Laura learn to function as a team. When the male Calco alien, having killed its mate to double its own food supply, confronts Mike on a footbridge over a river of lava, Laura kills the creature with its own saw-bladed boomerang. Mike, hanging by his fingertips and weakened by the ordeal, finally falls off the bridge into the lava. Laura, believing Mike to be dead, mourning his passing and praising his efforts in defending the human race from extinction, is informed by The Senator that since the alien perished in the lava first, Mike's life was spared, and they are declared the winners, thus saving Earth. In that split second, they are electroported to safety, unaware of what had transpired and free to resume their mundane lives.
Background
Robert Specht's original script titled 'Natural Selection' was slightly different. Here Mike Adams, a computer expert for the U.N., walks through his office door into a black vortex and meets Em, a powerfully-built alien who remains in the darkness unseen. He tells Mike that he is Specimen #172, and that he is to be tested. Mike meets Loris Harper, a medical missionary worker, that Em has kept prisoner for two days, and they both fight off a jellyfish monster as their first test. After further tests, he is satisfied they are hardy survivalists.
Em tells them his homeworld is equidistant between Earth and Andera. One planet will have its population exterminated to make room for the overspill from Em's world. Mike and Loris are to fight two Andrites on an arena planet, armed only with pistols that fire explosive charges. The male Andrite kills his partner, and Mike pretends to do the same to lure it out of hiding. Mike trips a snare, is hit by a spear, loses his pistol and falls over the edge of a cliff. As he hangs there bleeding the Andrite emerges and Loris shoots it dead with the pistol Mike dropped. Later, Mike tells Em that his kind could colonize Earth peacefully, believing Em's race is not dissimilar to humans. Em says, "Unfortunately, we are." as he steps into the light, revealing his true appearance; that of an intelligent ape.
Joseph Stefano rewrote 'Natural Selection' as there were too many costly aliens and visual effects called for, and that the testing procedures endured by Mike were too complicated, redundant or riddled with technical gibberish. He also felt Em's revelation as an ape was too similar to the end of another episode, "The Sixth Finger", and that The Outer Limits did not need another Earth take-over story.
The story is very similar to a subsequent Star Trek episode titled "Arena". The plots of both Specht and Stefano's scripts also have elements in common with "Arena", the 1944 short story by Fredric Brown on which the Star Trek episode is based; it may have inspired Specht's story, but Stefano had not read it.
The Calco Alien mask (without its bulging eyes) and the taloned hands, made by Projects Unlimited, were reused (with an added hairy bodysuit) in the Star Trek pilot "The Cage". When Captain Pike attempts to strangle the Keeper he causes Pike to hallucinate that he is strangling a ferocious hairy alien instead (the creature is also seen in another cage near Pike's when he first awakes in captivity).
This episode has no closing narration.
Cast
Production
Fun and Games was another episode that, when assembled, ran short of the standard running time. In this case Joseph Stefano was able to stretch the minimal footage, shot by Gerd Oswald, in the editing suite at KTTV. Thanks to the plot, which keeps jumping back to the murder of the Poker Dealer, Mike's frantic search for a place to hide in Laura's apartment building is seen three times, and many of the shots on the Arena planet are seen twice. When Laura is "electroported" the second time it is the same footage used for her first trip.
MGM's Backlot #3, the Tarzan Forest, was used for the exterior shots of the arena planet.
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Fun and Games (The Outer Limits)
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Al-Rumayṣāʾ bint Milḥān (; died 650 CE; 28 AH), popularly known by her kunya as Umm Sulaym, was one of the earliest women converts to Islam in Yathrib (now Medina). Umm Sulaym was first married to Malik ibn an-Nadr and her son by this marriage was Anas ibn Malik, a notable companion of Muhammad.
Following the death of her first husband, Abu Talha al-Ansari resolved to become engaged to her before anyone else did. He was confident that Umm Sulaym would not pass him over for another. He was quite rich, an accomplished horseman, and a skilful archer and he belonged to the same clan as Umm Sulaym, the Banu Najjar. But she refused. Abu Talha did not take no for an answer. He asked her if there was someone more worthy for her than him, and she explained that she was a Muslim and could not marry a polytheist. He accepted Islam and they were married, and she started educating him in Islam. Abu Talhah became a devout Muslim who loved to be in the company of Muhammad. Abu Talhah died while he was on a naval expedition during the time of the caliph Uthman, and was buried at sea.
See also
Bruriah
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Umm Sulaym bint Milhan
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Crookston railway station is a railway station in Crookston, a district of Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Paisley Canal Line which was reopened by British Rail, 4 miles (7 km) west of Glasgow Central.
History
The station was opened by the Glasgow and South Western Railway on 1 July 1885. It was temporarily closed due to the First World War on 1 January 1917 reopening in 1919. Following review of the finances of operations of railway services operated by Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive, funding for the line was withdrawn resulting in the closure of the station on 10 January 1983.
The station reopened on 28 July 1990 at the same time as the Paisley Canal Line reopened by British Rail. The station buildings are now protected as a category B listed building.
Services
Monday to Saturdays there is a half-hourly service eastbound to Glasgow Central and westbound to .
On Sundays, an hourly service operates in each direction.
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Crookston railway station
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Andersonville is a novel by MacKinlay Kantor concerning the Confederate prisoner of war camp Andersonville prison during the American Civil War (1861–1865). The novel was originally published in 1955, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction the following year.
Kantor's novel was not the basis for a 1996 John Frankenheimer film Andersonville. Although Kantor sold the motion picture rights of his novel to one of the major Hollywood studios in the 1950s, it was never produced. Kantor's novel and the movie of the same name are two separate properties.
Plot summary
The novel interweaves the stories of real and fictional characters. It is told from many points of view, including that of Henry Wirz, the camp commandant, who was later executed. It also features William Collins, a Union soldier and one of the leaders of the "Raiders". The "Raiders" are a gang of thugs, mainly bounty jumpers, who steal from their fellow prisoners and lead comfortable lives, while other prisoners die of starvation and disease. Other characters include numerous ordinary prisoners of war, the camp physician/doctor, a nearby plantation owner, guards and Confederate civilians in the area near the prison.
Andersonville is clearly based on prisoner memoirs, most notably Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons by John McElroy. Henry Wirz, who received an injury earlier in the war and never recovered properly, is portrayed not as an inhuman fiend but as a sick man struggling with a job beyond his capacities.
Characters in Andersonville
Historical figures who appear as characters in the novel include:
Henry Wirz (Confederate, camp commandant)
John McElroy (Union prisoner, future memoir writer)
William Collins (Union prisoner, "Raider" leader executed by fellow prisoners)
Boston Corbett (Union prisoner, future killer of John Wilkes Booth)
John Winder (Confederate general in charge of prisoners-of-war)
John L. Ransom (1843–1919) (Union prisoner), a printer from Jackson, Michigan, who kept a detailed diary of his capture, imprisonment, and escape. This was published as Andersonville Diary.
Robert Hall Chilton (Confederate Inspector General in Richmond who received reports from Field Surgeons, and consequently wondered, in print, about the judgment of history if the abominations at Andersonville remained uncorrected)
Criticism
The novel was frequently challenged by school board members due to its use of vulgar and obscene language. In 1967, the father of an Amherst High School student claimed that the book was "1 percent history and 99 percent filth" and could not be read by his daughter and called for the dismissal of the teacher who had assigned the book to her class; It was later decided not to remove the book from the optional reading list.
Andersonville was also banned from four Amarillo, Texas high schools and Amarillo College.
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Andersonville (novel)
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"Weird Al" Yankovic Live! is a live video recording of "Weird Al" Yankovic's concert during the Touring With Scissors tour, at the Marin County Civic Center, in San Rafael, California, on October 2, 1999. For legal reasons, video clips and several unreleased songs from the medley were not included.
The concert video includes live versions of:
"Gump" (from Bad Hair Day album)
"Polka Power" (from Running with Scissors album)
(drum solo)
"Jerry Springer" (from Running with Scissors album)
"My Baby's In Love With Eddie Vedder" (from Running with Scissors album)
"The Night Santa Went Crazy" (Extra Gory Version) (from The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic album)
"Dare to Be Stupid" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
"It's All About The Pentiums" (from Running with Scissors album)
"Germs" (from Running with Scissors album)
"One More Minute" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
"Like a Surgeon" (Madonna's "Truth or Dare" Remix) (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
"Pretty Fly for a Rabbi" / "Another One Rides the Bus" / "I Love Rocky Road" / "Achy Breaky Song" / "Jurassic Park" / "Grapefruit Diet" / "I Lost on Jeopardy" / "Eat It"
"Smells Like Nirvana" (from Off the Deep End album)
"Bedrock Anthem" (from Alapalooza album)
"Amish Paradise" (from Bad Hair Day album)
"Fat" (from Even Worse album)
"The Saga Begins" (from Running with Scissors album)
"Yoda" (from Dare to Be Stupid album)
It also includes the music videos for "The Saga Begins" and "It's All About The Pentiums", both from Running with Scissors.
The DVD version also includes clips from Al TV and a photo gallery with 27 photos. The music videos also have commentaries by Yankovic.
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"Weird Al" Yankovic Live!
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This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 2002, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.
Incumbent political figures
Federal level
Yang di-Pertuan Agong: Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin
Raja Permaisuri Agong: Tuanku Fauziah
Prime Minister: Dato' Sri Dr Mahathir Mohamad
Deputy Prime Minister: Dato' Sri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Chief Justice: Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah
State level
Sultan of Johor: Mariah Carey
Sultan of Kedah: Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah
Sultan of Kelantan: Sultan Ismail Petra
Raja of Perlis: Tuanku Syed Faizuddin (Regent)
Sultan of Perak: Sultan Azlan Shah
Sultan of Pahang: Sultan Ahmad Shah
Sultan of Selangor: Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah
Sultan of Terengganu: Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin (Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong)
Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan: Tuanku Jaafar
Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Penang: Tun Abdul Rahman Abbas
Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Malacca: Tun Syed Ahmad Al-Haj bin Syed Mahmud Shahabuddin
Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Sarawak: Tun Abang Muhammad Salahuddin
Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Sabah: Tun Sakaran Dandai
Events
24 January – Parti Bersatu Sabah rejoins the Barisan Nasional coalition.
23 February – Malaysian Siamese twins Ahmad and Muhammad Rosli are successfully separated at King Fahd National Guard Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
24 February – 9 March – The 2002 Men's Hockey World Cup is held in Kuala Lumpur.
14 April – The Express Rail Link, Malaysia's first high speed train, is launched.
15 April – Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad leaves for Morocco on the first leg of a week-long tour which will also take him to Libya and Bahrain.
19 April – About fourteen more suspected hardcore Kumpulan Militan Malaysia members, including a woman, are arrested under the Internal Security Act, bringing the number of KMM members held since May 2001 to 62.
22 April – Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is installed as the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
8 June – Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad visits Vatican City and meets Pope John Paul II for the first time.
22 June – Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad announces that he will resign from office and be replaced by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
23 June – Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party president Fadzil Noor dies after undergoing heart bypass surgery. He is succeeded as PAS President and leader of the opposition in Parliament by Abdul Hadi Awang.
June – The 2002 World's Strongest Man competition is held in Kuala Lumpur.
July – The Pendang MP by-election is won by Barisan Nasional's Othman Abdul.
8 August – Judge Datuk James Foong of the Kuala Lumpur High Court, Wisma Denmark, Jalan Ampang, decides that seven out of the ten people being sued by 60 residents, relatives and families of the Highland Towers tragedy were negligent.
11–13 October – 2002 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix
21 November – The bungalow of the Affin Bank chairman General (RtD) Tan Sri Ismail Omar collapses during a landslide in Taman Hillview, Ulu Klang, Selangor. Eight people are killed.
4 December – Arab-Malaysian Finance Bhd appeales to Court of Appeal President Tan Sri Lamin Yunus to meet with Court of Appeal Judge Datuk Mokhtar Sidin and Datuk Mohd Saari Yusoff on compensation to be paid to victims of the Highland Towers collapse. At the Court of Appeal, three judges led by Datuk Gopal Sri Ram with Datuk Richard Malanjum and Datuk Wira Ghazali Mohd Yusoff order three negligent parties to pay damages – Ampang Jaya Municipal Council 15%, engineer Wong Yuen Kean 10%, Arab-Malaysian 30%, Metrolux Sdn Bhd and MBF Property Services Sdn Bhd 20%.
18 December – The islands of Sipadan and Ligitan are officially awarded to Malaysia by the International Court of Justice, who reject the Indonesian claim to the islands.
Births
5 March – Luqman Hakim Shamsudin – Footballer
23 March – Sikh Izhan Nazrel – Footballer
4 May – Arif Aiman – Footballer
6 June — Junaidi Arif — Badminton player
16 June – Mohamad Aniq Kasdan – Weightlifter
25 June – Zikri Khalili – Footballer
26 December — Muhammad Haikal — Badminton player
Deaths
23 June – Fadzil Noor – The president of PAS political party, a member of parliament for Pendang and state assemblyman for Anak Bukit, Kedah
31 August – Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee – Penang's first Chief Minister
30 October – Rejabhad – Famous cartoonist
See also
2001 in Malaysia | 2003 in Malaysia
History of Malaysia
List of Malaysian films of 2002
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2002 in Malaysia
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The Rain Parade is a band that was originally active in the Paisley Underground scene in Los Angeles in the 1980s, and that reunited and resumed touring in 2012.
History
Rain Parade in the 1980s (1981–1986)
Originally called the Sidewalks, the band was founded in Los Angeles by college roommates Matt Piucci (guitar, vocals) and David Roback (guitar, vocals) in 1981, who had attended Carleton College together. David's brother Steven Roback (bass, vocals) joined the band shortly thereafter. David and Steven had been in a band called the Unconscious with neighbor Susanna Hoffs (who went on to become a member of the Bangles, the most famous of the Paisley Underground bands). The band soon added Will Glenn (keyboards and violin) and later Eddie Kalwa (drums). They self-released their debut single, "What She's Done to Your Mind" on their Llama label in 1982.
In 1983, they released their debut album, Emergency Third Rail Power Trip, on the Enigma/Zippo label. Critic Jim DeRogatis would later write in his book Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock (2003) that "Emergency Third Rail Power Trip is not only the best album from any of the Paisley Underground bands, it ranks with the best psychedelic rock efforts from any era", with uplifting melodies offset by themes that were "dark and introspective." According to DeRogatis, the album showcased "the Robacks' ethereal vocals, Eddie Kalwa's precise drumming, Will Glenn's colorful sitar, violin, and keyboard accents, and an intricate, chiming, but droney two-guitar attack that picks up where the Byrds left off with 'Eight Miles High.'"
After David Roback left to form a new band, Opal, the rest of the band continued to record as a four-piece, releasing the mini-LP Explosions in the Glass Palace in 1984. NME would later write, in praise of Explosions in the Glass Palace: "Sound cathedrals? We got ‘em ... mind-meltingly beautiful guitar sounds, employed sparingly and dynamically amid dark, dizzy tales of murder, madness and drug paranoia." The song "No Easy Way Down" was cited as a "mantra for an altered state of mind, and testament to a band who, however fleetingly, made music that sounded like the best drugs ever."
After the release of a single, "You Are My Friend", drummer Eddie Kalwa left and was replaced by Mark Marcum, with John Thoman (guitar, vocals) also added to the line-up.
The band was signed to Island Records, and recorded a live album in Japan called Beyond the Sunset. Their third album, Crashing Dream, came out in 1985.
Breakup and other projects (1986–2012)
The band split in 1986, reforming briefly in 1988 to finish off a double album they had started, which was never released.
Piucci would go on to release the LP Can't Get Lost When You're Goin' Nowhere with Tim Lee, under the band name Gone Fishin'. He later joined Crazy Horse.
Steven Roback went on to form the band Viva Saturn whose debut release appeared on the San Francisco label Heyday Records, which was run at the time by Pat Thomas of the band Absolute Grey. Viva Saturn went on to release two additional LPs, Soundmind and Brightside.
In 1983–1984, David Roback made the psychedelic folk album Rainy Day, consisting of cover versions performed by various members of the Paisley Underground scene that Roback had enlisted, under the name Rainy Day. He then formed the band Clay Allison – which became Opal, featuring former Dream Syndicate bassist Kendra Smith (who also appears on Rainy Day). Following the dissolution of Opal, Roback formed Mazzy Star in 1989 with singer-songwriter Hope Sandoval, who had joined Opal to perform with them the previous year, taking over lead vocals from Smith upon the latter's departure during a European tour.
Keyboardist Will Glenn was also a member of the Rainy Day project, The Three O'Clock, and Viva Saturn, and recorded with Mazzy Star under the name William Cooper. Glenn died of cancer on March 16, 2001.
Mark Marcum joined the heavy metal band Savage Grace after leaving Rain Parade, and appeared on the 1986 album After the Fall from Grace and a 1987 EP, Ride into the Night.
Reunion and comeback (2012–present)
The Rain Parade reformed in 2012, performing their comeback gig on December 20, 2012 at Cafe Du Nord in San Francisco on a sold out bill with Powder and the Bang Girl Group Revue. The Rain Parade lineup included original members Matt Piucci, Steven Roback and John Thoman, augmented by Mark Hanley, Alec Palao and former Game Theory drummer Gil Ray. This lineup also performed at The Earl in Atlanta, GA on January 19, 2013, in a benefit for Bobby Sutliff of The Windbreakers, who had been injured in a car accident.
In December 2013, Rain Parade played two nights with three other reunited Paisley Underground bands—the Bangles, the Dream Syndicate, and the Three O'Clock—at The Fillmore in San Francisco (Dec. 5) and The Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles (Dec. 6, a benefit concert for Education Through Music-Los Angeles).
In 2014, drummer Gil Ray gave up performing due to health concerns, and was replaced in the lineup by returning member Stephan Junca. Ray died of cancer in 2017.
Three new recordings by Rain Parade were released in November 2018 as part of a compilation album called 3 × 4, which also included the Dream Syndicate, the Bangles, and the Three O'Clock, with each of the four bands covering songs by the other three. Following the initial Record Store Day First release as a double album on "psychedelic swirl" purple vinyl, Yep Roc Records released the album on LP, CD, and digital in February 2019.
David Roback died from metastatic cancer on February 25, 2020.
The band released their first studio album in 38 years, Last Rays of a Dying Sun, on August 4, 2023.
Discography
Albums
Emergency Third Rail Power Trip (1983, Enigma/Zippo) – UK Indie No. 5
Crashing Dream (1985, Island)
Last Rays of a Dying Sun (2023, Flat Iron)
Live albums and compilations
Beyond the Sunset (Live in Tokyo 1984) (1985) Restless/Island (UK No. 78)
Demolition (1991) – outtakes and unreleased material
Emergency Third Rail Power Trip/Explosions in the Glass Palace (1992) Mau Mau
Perfume River (2002) – live in New York, November 1984
3 × 4 (2018 compilation) Yep Roc Records #27 Billboard Independent Albums
Singles and EPs
"What She's Done to Your Mind" b/w "Kaleidoscope" (1982) Llama DK002
Explosions in the Glass Palace mini-LP (1984) Enigma/Zippo (UK Indie No. 4)
"Sad Eyes Kill" (1984)
"You Are My Friend" (1985) Enigma/Zippo (UK Indie No. 28)
See also
Crazy Horse
Hellenes
Mazzy Star
Opal
Viva Saturn
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Rain Parade
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Luke 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records "some sayings of Jesus" and the healing of ten lepers. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Papyrus 75 (175–225)
Papyrus 111 (3rd-century)
Codex Vaticanus (325–350)
Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
Codex Bezae (~400)
Codex Washingtonianus (~400)
Codex Alexandrinus (400–440).
This chapter is divided into 37 verses. The New King James Version divides it into four sections, headed respectively "Jesus Warns of Offences" (verses 1–4), "Faith and Duty" (verses 5–10), "Ten Lepers Cleansed" (verses 11–19) and "The Coming of the Kingdom" (verses 20–37).
Offences and forgiving of offences (17:1–10)
Verses 1–10 are presented as a single unit in the New International Version. Commenting on the variety of topics covered in the first ten verses, Lutheran biblical writer Harold Buls states that he "assumes that there is logical sequence. The items are not merely picked or chosen by Luke from some outside source".
Verse 1
Then He [Jesus] said to the disciples, "It is impossible that no offenses should come, but woe to him through whom they do come!"
Jesus warns of "offences" coming, literally "stumbling blocks" (, skandala). Other translations used are "obstacles" (Jerusalem Bible), "things that cause people to sin" (Buls) and "temptations to sin" (English Standard Version). Reflecting on Jesus' assertion that something might be "impossible", Lutheran Pietist Johann Bengel offers as alternative readings, "it is not a thing usual to happen" or "a thing not admissible in the common course of things", noting similarly that at Jesus had said that "it is impossible for a prophet to be killed outside of Jerusalem".
Verse 2
It would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck, and he were thrown into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones.
The "little ones" are the more vulnerable members of the community of disciples. The term appears more frequently in Matthew's gospel than in Luke's.
Verses 3b–4
If your brother sins against you, rebuke him; and if he repents, forgive him. And if he sins against you seven times in a day, and seven times in a day returns to you, saying, 'I repent', you shall forgive him.
The Jerusalem Bible suggests that "Luke, apparently, is thinking of a matter that concerns only two of the community". Matthew 18 refers to a process of appealing to the community, which is missing from Luke's writing on this subject.
Verse 5
And the apostles said to the Lord, "Increase our faith".
Having previously addressed "the disciples" (Luke 16:1 and ), Jesus speaks now to the apostles, who come to him "with a special request". They feel that the moral strength of their faith in Jesus, i.e. just the loving power of their faith, is not great enough for that great task of forgiveness" which has just set for them in the previous verse: Their request is for "stronger energetic faith", better in quality rather than quantitatively more.
Verses 7-10
Jesus describes a master who expects servants who have worked all day in the fields to serve his evening meal as well before seeing to their own needs. Joachim Jeremias considered this parable on service to be "a self-contained unit", while Paul Minear has commented on the "remarkable" degree of consensus among many biblical commentators as to its meaning. It does not appear in the other gospels but it is considered pre-Lucan, although the positioning of this passage after the reference to "the apostles" in verse 5 may have been a deliberate editorial decision in Luke.<ref>Minear, P., A Note on Luke 17:7-10, Journal of Biblical Literature , March 1974, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 82-87, accessed 4 October 2023</ref>
Cleansing ten lepers (17:11–19)
This is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels (recorded only in the Gospel of Luke).: NIV On his way to Jerusalem, continuing the journey he had begun in Luke 9:51, Jesus traveled along the border between Samaria and Galilee. As he was going into a village, ten men who had leprosy met him. They stood at a distance and called out in a loud voice, "Jesus, Master, have pity on us!" When he saw them, he said: "Go, show yourselves to the priests." And as they went, they were cleansed. One of them, when he saw he was healed, came back, praising God in a loud voice. He threw himself at Jesus' feet and thanked him: this man was a Samaritan. Jesus asked: "Were not all ten cleansed? Where are the other nine? Was no one found to return and give praise to God except this foreigner?" Then he said to him: "Rise and go; your faith has saved you."
This miracle has been described as emphasising the importance of faith, for Jesus did not say: "My power has saved you" but attributed the healing to the faith of the beneficiaries.
The coming of the kingdom (17:20–21)
Verse 20Now when He was asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, He answered them and said, "The kingdom of God does not come with observation";Verse 21Neither shall they say, Lo here! or, lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you.George Leo Haydock suggests that the Pharisees' question is asked "in a mocking and an insulting manner". Buls notes that the enquiry is a 'when?' question whereas Jesus' answer is a 'what?' response: the Pharisees "were expecting the Kingdom of God ... to come soon"; this is "a faulty notion about the character of the Kingdom". Jesus replies that the Kingdom of God does not come "with observation" or "with a visible display": the word (paratērēseōs, careful observation) appears only here in the New Testament. John Gill elaborates on how the kingdom of God might be "within" you: whereas the editors of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that "among you" is preferable to "within you" because "within you" does not "furnish as direct an answer to the Pharisees' question".
The day of the Son of Man (17:22–37)
The discourse in is proper to this gospel. Luke handles the "end of time" in a different manner from Matthew, whose "discourse on the end times" makes use of similar material. Luke makes a clear distinction between Jesus' prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem (see ) and his own coming in glory at the end of time.
See also
Leper
Lot
Ministry of Jesus
Miracles of Jesus
Noah
Samaritan
The Kingdom of God is Within You''
Other related Bible parts: Genesis 6, Genesis 7, Genesis 19, Leviticus 14, 2 Kings 5, Matthew 24
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Luke 17
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Daniel Waters (born November 10, 1962) is an American screenwriter and film director. He is the older brother of director Mark Waters.
Early life
Waters was born in Cleveland, Ohio and raised in South Bend, Indiana. In high school, Waters wrote a popular column titled "Troubled Waters" for his high school newspaper, where he wrote fictitious stories about his real-life classmates—not unlike the writing that appeared in his screenplay for Heathers. He then wrote, directed and starred alongside Larry Karaszewski in a local sketch comedy titled Beyond Our Control in the early 1980s. Waters moved to Montreal where he graduated from McGill University. After graduation, he moved to Los Angeles, and was the manager of a video store.
Screenwriting credits
Waters came to prominence in 1988 for writing the black comedy Heathers, for which he received a 1990 Edgar Award. Heathers was an attempt for him to write of the true nature of teenagers and high-school society. Heathers was not a box-office hit for Waters when it was released, but the movie has become a cult classic.
Over the next four years, Waters served as co-writer on the comedy The Adventures of Ford Fairlane, wrote the sequel Batman Returns, and then wrote the films Hudson Hawk (for which he re-teamed with Heathers director Michael Lehmann) and Demolition Man. He received the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay for both Hudson Hawk and Ford Fairlane. In 1995, he authored the first draft of the Catwoman solo movie. The story about Selina moving to a Vegas-like city called 'Oasisburg' and fighting parodies of male superheroes failed to resonate with Tim Burton or anyone at Warner.
Turn as a director
In 2001, Waters made his directorial debut with Happy Campers, another teen comedy in a black vein that, after a long delay, was released straight to DVD. His follow-up, Sex and Death 101, a hybrid of science fiction, dark comedy, and romantic thriller, won the Golden Space Needle Award for Best Director at the 2007 Seattle International Film Festival. It was released theatrically on April 4, 2008, in New York and Los Angeles. The film re-teamed Waters with Heathers star Winona Ryder.
Filmography
As writer
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Daniel Waters (screenwriter)
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Black Isle's Torn was a role-playing video game developed for Windows by Black Isle Studios, announced on March 22, 2001, and cancelled in July of that year. The game was to use a modified version of the SPECIAL role-playing system, which had been implemented in the Fallout series. Developed on various editions of the Lithtech engine, Torn possessed features unseen in previous Black Isle Studios games, such as 3D graphics and real-time camera movement.
In Torn, the player assumed the role of a wanderer, who was cursed to bring misfortune to people and places around it. Under a king's orders, the player undertook quests to clarify a series of conflicting prophecies. Unlike several other Black Isle Studios games, the game was to take place in an original world titled "Torn" instead of a traditional Dungeons & Dragons location.
Gameplay
Torn was to use a modified version of the SPECIAL system; combat occurred in quasi-real-time, rather than strictly being turn-based. To achieve this, Black Isle Studios created the "recovery system", in which action points were used to determine the amount a combatant could accomplish in a given amount of time. Action points were spent with each action, and based on what percentage of an acting character's total action points were used, that character would need to wait a varying amount of time before taking action again. For example, if two characters expend half of their action points, they will attack each other at the same speed, regardless of the point totals for each character. Exceptions to this were to include recovery being hindered by movement, using items, or switching equipment, which was always allowed, though it reset the recovery time.
Like Fallout, the game was not to support character classes; instead, the designers opted for a system where a player defined their character by the skills and special abilities selected when leveling up. For example, a character with skill choices of stealth and assassination would become the rough equivalent of a "rogue". The system would have allowed players to choose their characters' race, which would change the types of abilities selectable.
Companions
Torn was to allow the player direct control over only the protagonist character. However, up to five artificial intelligence-controlled "companions" could be hired at once, and would have replaced a conventional adventuring party. Companions would have interacted with one another, obligating the player to find companions who worked well together.
Torn would have introduced a unique method for the player to communicate with and control allies; altering their behaviour through conversation, and a command menu and hot key-driven command system which allowed the player to give companions commands at any time. The system was based around the concept of simple behaviors, such as "Attack," which could be combined into complex strings. Companions could be ordered to attack, support, defend themselves, follow the player character without attacking, and/or remain behind. It was also possible for the player to command them to carry these orders out in "aggressive" or "passive" manners. Lastly, commands and manners could be "leashed" to other party members or the player character; for example, "support the entire party aggressively," or "support another companion passively." Depending on the playable character's personality, and the orders companions were given, their level of co-operation would vary.
Companions would have followed commands to the best of their ability, but in accordance with their personality; for example, a berserker-type companion told to attack aggressively would charge into melee combat, while an assassin-type companion would attempt to hide, and then creep about knocking foes unconscious or backstabbing. In contrast, a priestess-type companion might support the player character by casting beneficial spells, while a paladin-type would give support by attacking the player character's target, and then healing the protagonist after the battle or if he or she came close to dying.
While these features were publicized, Feargus Urquhart later stated that "even at the end of our work on Torn, we were still considering going back to a system that gave players direct, full control over the party members".
Magic system
Torn was to contain four types of magic: Chaos, Order, Alchemy and Summoning. Order magic primarily consisted of healing, protective, and empowering spells. Conversely, Chaos magic was to have consisted of harmful elemental attacks, detrimental status afflictions, and invisibility spells.
Alchemical magic was used to create or alter potions to achieve more powerful effects, repair or enchant items, identify unknown items or creatures, and combine different Order or Chaos spells to create spells with multiple elements (such as earth and fire spells creating a molten metal spell). Alchemical magic could also imbue a target with elemental attributes; for example, a warrior imbued with the Water element would deal extra cold-type damage but receive additional heat-type damage.
Lastly, Summoning magic was to consist of "Call" and "Gate" spells, the former summoning entities able to exist for a set duration of time, or until slain. Summoned creatures behaved in different manners; one type might simply defend the caster, while another worked to heal the caster and his or her allies. Gate spells opened a portal, allowing different things access to the game's world. Lead designer David Maldonado called the resulting spells "generally amongst the weirdest in the game," with the effect often being a combination of "normal" spells fired simultaneously.
Unlike Black Isle Studios' previous games, Torn would have used a "mana point" system. Each spell cast would deplete mana points; when fully depleted, a spell-caster would have been unable to cast spells until their mana had been restored. Certain races were more adept at casting certain types of magic than others, increasing the importance of racial choice in how the player wished to experience the game.
Setting and plot
Torn's background plot established an omnipotent being, dubbed "the Architect," as the ultimate creator of the game's universe. The Architect created a number of god-like beings, who in turn created the world "Torn". The gods eventually divided into three separate factions, each pursuing a different philosophy. One faction worshipped Chaos, believing in constant alteration of the world, while another worshipped Order, believing that all things should remain unchanged; between these two was a third faction, which promoted balance between chaos and order.
The game's various races were originally created for combat purposes by the three factions of gods, as the deities struggled to dominate Torn with their respective viewpoints. The name of the game's world was to have been derived from this conflict, due to the ravaging of the world which took place. In the end, the Architect banished the feuding Chaos and Order factions to the ethereal realms of "nightmare" and "dream", respectively, and left Torn in the hands of the faction that advocated balance. While isolated, the Order and Chaos factions continued influencing the world's development, although their segregation forced them to act indirectly through agents still residing in Torn's world. Resulting from the ability of Torn's inhabitants to draw energy from the separate realms occupied by the gods of Chaos and Order, magic became available.
Black Isle Studios stated on multiple occasions that their goal was to create a world that was both familiar to role-playing game fans, while simultaneously new. David Maldonado once commented on this in an interview with IGN:
"I feel that a sense of familiarity and association is a powerful thing, and may be used to heighten a player's emotional experience in the game. If something can be tied into existing imagery (even if only subtly so) and be enhanced by or play off of pre-existing feelings and conceptions within the player, why throw away that extra bit of power at your disposal?"
Later in the interview, Maldonado explained how the world of Torn came about:
"I was given a set of directives by Feargus Urquhart, Black Isle Studios' division head. He was clear that he would encourage the sort of mature, gritty setting that we used in Fallout or Planescape: Torment, but didn't want a world that was simply "covered in darkness"... there should places of light, darkness, and a whole lot o' gray in between. He also wanted some sort of clear, conflict that influenced all things on some level but didn't simply overpower everything. We decided on Order vs. Chaos as it's far less black and white than Good vs. Evil... after all, agents of Order or Chaos could potentially use any means at their disposal to bring about the rise of their cause, meaning that either side has its share of goodies and baddies."
To this end, the game's plot was to contain a splinter group of Order followers who would scheme to destroy the entire world, in order to re-create it as a new, unblemished one, so as to achieve "ultimate order."
Torn's primary narrative revolved around a wandering protagonist character, cursed to bring pain and misfortune wherever he or she traveled, and to whomever he or she traveled with. A misguided king, later revealed to be the game's ultimate antagonist, would have acted as the player's benefactor, assigning them various quests in order to discover the truth about a series of apparently conflicting prophecies. It would eventually have been revealed that all the prophecies, and even the protagonist character's mysterious curse, could be rationalized, and were in fact related to the protagonist character, effectively granting the player control over which interpretation of the future was realized.
Development
Announced during GDC 2001, Torn was subject to much interest by the press, because the team behind the cult classic Planescape: Torment was revealed to be developing it, and the game itself was to use the much-praised SPECIAL system. According to lead designer David Maldonado, the game had been in development for "about fourteen months" before its announcement.
Torn made a playable showing at E3 2001. Although the preview was an early build of the game with several graphical features disabled, it was generally well received. However, the division director of Black Isle Studios, Feargus Urquhart, later stated that the switch from the LithTech 2.3 engine to the upgraded 3.0 version shortly before the E3 presentation had "significant ramifications", and the amount of changing and recoding necessitated by the switch caused the game's E3 showing to suffer.
In July 2001, after circulation of rumors, Torn was officially cancelled. Following the incident, five members of Black Isle Studios' staff were laid off. The ultimate reason for Torn's cancellation was eventually revealed by Feargus Urquhart:
"I don't know if we ever released an official reason on why [Torn] was canceled, but in a nutshell, the game was canceled because it was not going to be done in time to get Interplay the revenue the company needed to continue operations. That sounds like it was all Interplay's fault, but that's really not the case. The project was not going well and continued to be an ongoing challenge."
Notes
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Black Isle's Torn
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George Fredrick Curtis (1906 – October 23, 2005), was the founding dean of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law.
Early life and career
Born 1906 in Stogumber, England, Curtis came to Canada in 1913. He attended Moose Jaw Collegiate and then earned his law degree at the University of Saskatchewan in 1927, being awarded the Governor-General's Gold Medal on graduation. He then went on to study at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts in Jurisprudence in 1930 and his BCL in 1931, both with first class honours.
Curtis was in private legal practice in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and taught at Dalhousie University until he was appointed the founding Dean of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in 1945. He arrived at a time when there was very little money, no facility to house classes, and no library. Undaunted by these challenges, Curtis took the initiative and recruited judges and practitioners as voluntary lecturers to supplement himself and one other professor. He served in this capacity until 1971. He was later named Dean Emeritus by the university.
UBC’s Faculty of Law began its first classes in September 1945, operating from old army huts transplanted to UBC at the end of World War II. Founding Dean Curtis fought hard for proper facilities for B.C.’s first law school, and on September 4, 1952, the University officially opened the first purpose-built law school building in Canada. By the 1970s, the Faculty had outgrown its first building and embarked on a major renovation including the addition of a new multi-story concrete structure built in the Brutalist style fashionable at the time. The new Law building re-opened on September 17, 1976, as the "George F. Curtis Building." Curtis kept an office in the building until 2005, when he died at the age of 99. In August 2011, UBC Law will move into a brand new building on the same site named Allard Hall. A significant space in the building will be named "The George F. Curtis Dean's and Student Government Suite" which will house deans and administrative offices as well as offices and meeting space for the Law Student Society.
Important dates
1957 - Named Queen's Counsel
1960s - Helped draft the BC University Act
1964 - Named a member of the Order of the Coif in 1964
1986 - First recipient of the Law Society Award
1995 - Named a member of the Order of British Columbia
1995 - Received the Canadian Bar Association’s Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law
2003 - Received the Queen's Jubilee Gold Medal
2003 - Appointed an officer of The Order of Canada
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George F. Curtis
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Formerly Russula mairei (Singer), and commonly known as the beechwood sickener, the now re-classified fungus Russula nobilis (Velen.) is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Russula. This group of mushrooms are noted for their brittle gills and bright colours.
Taxonomy
It was previously named in honour of French mycologist René Maire by Rolf Singer in 1929, but found to be the same taxon as the earlier 1920 Russula nobilis, which has naming priority.
Description
The cap is a red or rosy colour, 3–6 cm wide, convex to flat, or slightly depressed, and weakly sticky. It peels only to a third of its radius, which reveals pink flesh. The flesh is firm and white or sometimes yellowish, smells of coconut, and tastes peppery. It is often damaged by slugs. The stem is 2–5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, cylindrical, (firmer than its conifer dwelling namesake, Russula emetica), and white. The gills are narrowly spaced, adnexed, rounded, and white, often with a faint blue-green sheen. The spore print is white.
Distribution and habitat
The species is mycorrhizal with beech (Fagus) in woodland areas. It is widespread and common in Europe, Asia, and North America, where these trees grow.
Edibility
Russula nobilis is inedible, and probably poisonous in quantity, but not deadly. Many bitter tasting red-capped species can cause problems if eaten raw; the symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but thought to be caused by chemical compounds known as sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus Lactarius and from Russula sardonia.
See also
List of Russula species
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Russula nobilis
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Separate Ways is the second full-length album by singer-songwriter Teddy Thompson.
Along with Thompson's parents Richard and Linda Thompson, the album features contributions by Rufus and Martha Wainwright, Jenni Muldaur, Dave Mattacks, Matt Chamberlain, Smokey Hormel, Tony Trischka, and Garth Hudson (of The Band). The song "Separate Ways" featured in 2008 film 'My Best Friend's Girl'
Track listing
"Shine So Bright"
"I Should Get Up"
"Everybody Move It"
"I Wish it Was Over"
"Separate Ways"
"Sorry to See Me Go"
"Altered State"
"Think Again"
"That's Enough Out of You"
"No Way to Be"
"You Made It"
"Frontlines"
Hidden Track: "Take a Message to Mary" (by Felice & Boudleaux Bryant) – The Everly Brothers' cover version, featuring Linda Thompson – duet vocal
iTunes Bonus Track: "Future Unknown"
Produced by Brad Albetta, Teddy Thompson
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Separate Ways (Teddy Thompson album)
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Břetislav Bakala (February 12, 1897 in Fryšták – April 1, 1958 in Brno) was a Czech conductor, pianist, and composer. His career was centred on Brno and he was particularly associated with the music of Leoš Janáček.
Life and career
Bakala was born at Fryšták, Moravia. He studied conducting at the Brno Conservatory with František Neumann, and composition with Leoš Janáček at the organ school. In 1922 he continued his studies at the Master school at the Conservatory with Vilém Kurz. From 1920 to 1925 and from 1929 to 1931 he worked as a conductor of the National Theatre in Brno, making his conducting debut in Orfeo ed Euridice.
Bakala discovered Janáček The Diary of One Who Disappeared in the composer's trunk in 1921 and first performed it (taking the piano part) in April that year.
On 31 January 1925 he conducted the premiere of Bohuslav Martinů's ballet Kdo je na světě nejmocnější? (Who is the Most Powerful in the World?) in Brno. From 1925 to 1926 he worked for a short time as an organist in Philadelphia in the United States, acting also as accompanist to Hans Kindler, with whom he had already successfully toured in Europe.
From 1926 he became a pianist and conductor of the Czech Radio Orchestra in Brno, and on the death of Neumann in 1929 became principal conductor of the Brno Opera. In 1936 Bakala was appointed conductor of the Vach Choir of Moravian Women Teachers. He took the Brno Radio Symphony Orchestra on tour to Russia and Latvia in 1937.
In 1951 he began teaching at the newly founded Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts in Brno. He was appointed as director and chief conductor of the Brno Philharmonic Orchestra in 1956. During the mid-1950s Bakala became one of the few conductors to champion Martinů's music in his homeland.
Bakala's main interest was concentrated on the works of Janáček. In 1921 he staged the premiere of The Diary of One Who Disappeared, in 1930 he conducted the premiere of the opera Z mrtvého domu in Brno. He revised this opera in co-operation with Osvald Chlubna. He also studied Janáček's seldom performed operas The Beginning of a Romance (1931) and Osud (1934). He made the piano reductions of his works including the 2nd movement of the Piano Sonata 1.X.1905. He edited the arrangements of Moravian folk songs. His wife, soprano Marie Bakalová-Šíšová was a member of the Brno Opera as well as a concert singer.
Charles Mackerras described Bakala's conducting of Janáček's music as "a great milestone" in the history of interpretation of the composer, citing in particular an unissued Brno Radio broadcast of The Makropoulos Case.
Recordings
His recordings include the Glagolitic Mass, Sinfonietta and Lachian Dances by Janáček as well as Igor Stravinsky's Feu d'artifice, Cyrano de Bergerac by Josef Bohuslav Foerster, and Otakar Ostrčil's symphonic poem Summer. During a visit of the Brno State Philharmonic Orchestra to Warsaw in 1956 Polski Nagrania made the first LP recording of Martinů's 3rd Symphony with Bakala conducting. With the Vach Women's Choir he recorded Kašpar Rucký, while his wife Marie Bakalová features in Dvořák's The Cunning Peasant and in Říkadla.
Among rarer examples of 20th century music, Bakala set down recordings of Novák's Serenade in D, Petrželka's Pastoral Sinfonietta, Václav Kaprál's Lullabies, Vítězslava Kaprálová's Military Sinfonietta and the ballet suite The Spectre's Bride by Jan Novák.
The Brno Radio Archive contains further examples of Bakala's work.
Compositions
Břetislav Bakala's small number of compositions are influenced by Vítězslav Novák and Janáček. They include a cello sonata, string quartet, Scherzo for orchestra, Christmas Lullaby, as well as arrangements of Janáček mentioned above.
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Břetislav Bakala
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The Administrative State is Dwight Waldo's classic public administration text based on a dissertation written at Yale University. In the book, Waldo argues that democratic states are underpinned by professional and political bureaucracies and that scientific management and efficiency is not the core idea of government bureaucracy, but rather it is service to the public. The work has contributed to the structure and theory of government bureaucracies the world over and is one of the defining works of public administration and political science written in the last 75 years.
The Administrative State was first published in 1948 and later reissued in a second edition with an extensively revised introduction by Waldo.
History of the concept
The phrase “the administrative state” was widely used before Dwight Waldo adopted it in 1948, and the concept of administrative powers and responsibilities has been the subject of debate for as long as the structure of democratic government has been implemented. Where the current debate begins is with the United States Constitution, and arguments over the powers which are and aren't legitimate under that constitution.
The primary debate is over whether or not nonelected agencies of the government have the power to legislate as well as enforce. The argument for the power is that all federal agencies/ officials are subject to the President of the United States, who is elected accommodating the new power democratically so that it does not need to be voted on directly by the public; where the counter is that “agencies remain inefficient, ineffective, and undemocratic;” attempting to justify that the public’s inability to vote for the policy that the agency adopts is undemocratic/unconstitutional (Harvard Law Review).
Harvard Law Review notes “The presidential control model of the administrative state, perhaps most definitively expounded by now-Justice Elena Kagan, suggests that top-down accountability affords agencies a measure of democratic accountability and assures effective administration," i.e. that agency-implemented policy/law is subject to democracy by way of citizens' ability to hold the elected official at the head of the relevant chain of government responsible. They question whether top-down responsibility and accountability are efficient enough to prevent government agencies' natural hunger for power from overriding their mandate to act in the best interests of the people.
Ideals of the book
The book posits that an "administrative state" contains a tension between democracy and bureaucracy that obliges career public servants to protect democratic principles. Waldo's position is that the political versus administrative dichotomy is false, that public servants hold political positions that require more than the mere implementation of policy set by elected officials. Rather, they must negotiate between efficient, scientific management and the demands for due process and public access to government. Government cannot be run like a business where efficiency and profits are highest prority. Honoring the Constitution and other democratic imperatives makes managing a unit of the government far more challenging than a comparable private-sector organization.
Waldo introduces the concept of The Great Society which he argues is based upon the private sector. He also points out that in the U.S., business supports the state, while it should be the other way around. In addition, he states that with the evolution of social trends in the U.S., fundamental laws were eroded by modern ideas thus changing the entire concept of government and public administration.
Significance of The Administrative State
Waldo's book had a long lasting effect on politics, administration, and serving the public. It added new dimensions to the study of public administration, including the traditions of democracy, the moral and natural laws guiding public thinking, progressivism, faith in science, and the "gospel of efficiency." Waldo's arguments often deal with what government should do. While public administration is often considered as a science, Waldo declared it to be a political theory. Some theories of public administration are defined by tension and others by debate of two different kinds—science and politics. Waldo proposes some essential questions about public administration with themes in political philosophy going back to ancient Greece: the nature of the good life, the bases of decision, who should rule, the separation of powers, and centralization of government versus decentralization of government, that still have relevance in the world today. The book's premise that administrators in the public arena must play a policy-making role in government has had a far-reaching impact in the field of public administration.
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The Administrative State
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In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another language (the target language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a low-level programming language (e.g. assembly language, object code, or machine code) to create an executable program.
There are many different types of compilers which produce output in different useful forms. A cross-compiler produces code for a different CPU or operating system than the one on which the cross-compiler itself runs. A bootstrap compiler is often a temporary compiler, used for compiling a more permanent or better optimised compiler for a language.
Related software include, a program that translates from a low-level language to a higher level one is a decompiler; a program that translates between high-level languages, usually called a source-to-source compiler or transpiler. A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. A compiler-compiler is a compiler that produces a compiler (or part of one), often in a generic and reusable way so as to be able to produce many differing compilers.
A compiler is likely to perform some or all of the following operations, often called phases: preprocessing, lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), conversion of input programs to an intermediate representation, code optimization and machine specific code generation. Compilers generally implement these phases as modular components, promoting efficient design and correctness of transformations of source input to target output. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very difficult to track down and work around; therefore, compiler implementers invest significant effort to ensure compiler correctness.
Compilers are not the only language processor used to transform source programs. An interpreter is computer software that transforms and then executes the indicated operations. The translation process influences the design of computer languages, which leads to a preference of compilation or interpretation. In theory, a programming language can have both a compiler and an interpreter. In practice, programming languages tend to be associated with just one (a compiler or an interpreter).
History
Theoretical computing concepts developed by scientists, mathematicians, and engineers formed the basis of digital modern computing development during World War II. Primitive binary languages evolved because digital devices only understand ones and zeros and the circuit patterns in the underlying machine architecture. In the late 1940s, assembly languages were created to offer a more workable abstraction of the computer architectures. Limited memory capacity of early computers led to substantial technical challenges when the first compilers were designed. Therefore, the compilation process needed to be divided into several small programs. The front end programs produce the analysis products used by the back end programs to generate target code. As computer technology provided more resources, compiler designs could align better with the compilation process.
It is usually more productive for a programmer to use a high-level language, so the development of high-level languages followed naturally from the capabilities offered by digital computers. High-level languages are formal languages that are strictly defined by their syntax and semantics which form the high-level language architecture. Elements of these formal languages include:
Alphabet, any finite set of symbols;
String, a finite sequence of symbols;
Language, any set of strings on an alphabet.
The sentences in a language may be defined by a set of rules called a grammar.
Backus–Naur form (BNF) describes the syntax of "sentences" of a language and was used for the syntax of Algol 60 by John Backus. The ideas derive from the context-free grammar concepts by Noam Chomsky, a linguist. "BNF and its extensions have become standard tools for describing the syntax of programming notations, and in many cases parts of compilers are generated automatically from a BNF description."
In the 1940s, Konrad Zuse designed an algorithmic programming language called Plankalkül ("Plan Calculus"). While no actual implementation occurred until the 1970s, it presented concepts later seen in APL designed by Ken Iverson in the late 1950s. APL is a language for mathematical computations.
High-level language design during the formative years of digital computing provided useful programming tools for a variety of applications:
FORTRAN (Formula Translation) for engineering and science applications is considered to be the first high-level language.
COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) evolved from A-0 and FLOW-MATIC to become the dominant high-level language for business applications.
LISP (List Processor) for symbolic computation.
Compiler technology evolved from the need for a strictly defined transformation of the high-level source program into a low-level target program for the digital computer. The compiler could be viewed as a front end to deal with the analysis of the source code and a back end to synthesize the analysis into the target code. Optimization between the front end and back end could produce more efficient target code.
Some early milestones in the development of compiler technology:
1952: An Autocode compiler developed by Alick Glennie for the Manchester Mark I computer at the University of Manchester is considered by some to be the first compiled programming language.
1952: Grace Hopper's team at Remington Rand wrote the compiler for the A-0 programming language (and coined the term compiler to describe it), although the A-0 compiler functioned more as a loader or linker than the modern notion of a full compiler.
1954–1957: A team led by John Backus at IBM developed FORTRAN which is usually considered the first high-level language. In 1957, they completed a FORTRAN compiler that is generally credited as having introduced the first unambiguously complete compiler.
1959: The Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL) initiated development of COBOL. The COBOL design drew on A-0 and FLOW-MATIC. By the early 1960s COBOL was compiled on multiple architectures.
1958–1960: Algol 58 was the precursor to ALGOL 60. Algol 58 introduced code blocks, a key advance in the rise of structured programming. ALGOL 60 was the first language to implement nested function definitions with lexical scope. It included recursion. Its syntax was defined using BNF. ALGOL 60 inspired many languages that followed it. Tony Hoare remarked: "... it was not only an improvement on its predecessors but also on nearly all its successors."
1958–1962: John McCarthy at MIT designed LISP. The symbol processing capabilities provided useful features for artificial intelligence research. In 1962, LISP 1.5 release noted some tools: an interpreter written by Stephen Russell and Daniel J. Edwards, a compiler and assembler written by Tim Hart and Mike Levin.
Early operating systems and software were written in assembly language. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the use of high-level languages for system programming was still controversial due to resource limitations. However, several research and industry efforts began the shift toward high-level systems programming languages, for example, BCPL, BLISS, B, and C.
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) designed in 1966 by Martin Richards at the University of Cambridge was originally developed as a compiler writing tool. Several compilers have been implemented, Richards' book provides insights to the language and its compiler. BCPL was not only an influential systems programming language that is still used in research but also provided a basis for the design of B and C languages.
BLISS (Basic Language for Implementation of System Software) was developed for a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-10 computer by W. A. Wulf's Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) research team. The CMU team went on to develop BLISS-11 compiler one year later in 1970.
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service), a time-sharing operating system project, involved MIT, Bell Labs, General Electric (later Honeywell) and was led by Fernando Corbató from MIT. Multics was written in the PL/I language developed by IBM and IBM User Group. IBM's goal was to satisfy business, scientific, and systems programming requirements. There were other languages that could have been considered but PL/I offered the most complete solution even though it had not been implemented. For the first few years of the Multics project, a subset of the language could be compiled to assembly language with the Early PL/I (EPL) compiler by Doug McIlory and Bob Morris from Bell Labs. EPL supported the project until a boot-strapping compiler for the full PL/I could be developed.
Bell Labs left the Multics project in 1969, and developed a system programming language B based on BCPL concepts, written by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. Ritchie created a boot-strapping compiler for B and wrote Unics (Uniplexed Information and Computing Service) operating system for a PDP-7 in B. Unics eventually became spelled Unix.
Bell Labs started the development and expansion of C based on B and BCPL. The BCPL compiler had been transported to Multics by Bell Labs and BCPL was a preferred language at Bell Labs. Initially, a front-end program to Bell Labs' B compiler was used while a C compiler was developed. In 1971, a new PDP-11 provided the resource to define extensions to B and rewrite the compiler. By 1973 the design of C language was essentially complete and the Unix kernel for a PDP-11 was rewritten in C. Steve Johnson started development of Portable C Compiler (PCC) to support retargeting of C compilers to new machines.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) offered some interesting possibilities for application development and maintenance. OOP concepts go further back but were part of LISP and Simula language science. Bell Labs became interested in OOP with the development of C++. C++ was first used in 1980 for systems programming. The initial design leveraged C language systems programming capabilities with Simula concepts. Object-oriented facilities were added in 1983. The Cfront program implemented a C++ front-end for C84 language compiler. In subsequent years several C++ compilers were developed as C++ popularity grew.
In many application domains, the idea of using a higher-level language quickly caught on. Because of the expanding functionality supported by newer programming languages and the increasing complexity of computer architectures, compilers became more complex.
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) sponsored a compiler project with Wulf's CMU research team in 1970. The Production Quality Compiler-Compiler PQCC design would produce a Production Quality Compiler (PQC) from formal definitions of source language and the target. PQCC tried to extend the term compiler-compiler beyond the traditional meaning as a parser generator (e.g., Yacc) without much success. PQCC might more properly be referred to as a compiler generator.
PQCC research into code generation process sought to build a truly automatic compiler-writing system. The effort discovered and designed the phase structure of the PQC. The BLISS-11 compiler provided the initial structure. The phases included analyses (front end), intermediate translation to virtual machine (middle end), and translation to the target (back end). TCOL was developed for the PQCC research to handle language specific constructs in the intermediate representation. Variations of TCOL supported various languages. The PQCC project investigated techniques of automated compiler construction. The design concepts proved useful in optimizing compilers and compilers for the (since 1995, object-oriented) programming language Ada.
The Ada STONEMAN document formalized the program support environment (APSE) along with the kernel (KAPSE) and minimal (MAPSE). An Ada interpreter NYU/ED supported development and standardization efforts with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Initial Ada compiler development by the U.S. Military Services included the compilers in a complete integrated design environment along the lines of the STONEMAN document. Army and Navy worked on the Ada Language System (ALS) project targeted to DEC/VAX architecture while the Air Force started on the Ada Integrated Environment (AIE) targeted to IBM 370 series. While the projects did not provide the desired results, they did contribute to the overall effort on Ada development.
Other Ada compiler efforts got underway in Britain at the University of York and in Germany at the University of Karlsruhe. In the U. S., Verdix (later acquired by Rational) delivered the Verdix Ada Development System (VADS) to the Army. VADS provided a set of development tools including a compiler. Unix/VADS could be hosted on a variety of Unix platforms such as DEC Ultrix and the Sun 3/60 Solaris targeted to Motorola 68020 in an Army CECOM evaluation. There were soon many Ada compilers available that passed the Ada Validation tests. The Free Software Foundation GNU project developed the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) which provides a core capability to support multiple languages and targets. The Ada version GNAT is one of the most widely used Ada compilers. GNAT is free but there is also commercial support, for example, AdaCore, was founded in 1994 to provide commercial software solutions for Ada. GNAT Pro includes the GNU GCC based GNAT with a tool suite to provide an integrated development environment.
High-level languages continued to drive compiler research and development. Focus areas included optimization and automatic code generation. Trends in programming languages and development environments influenced compiler technology. More compilers became included in language distributions (PERL, Java Development Kit) and as a component of an IDE (VADS, Eclipse, Ada Pro). The interrelationship and interdependence of technologies grew. The advent of web services promoted growth of web languages and scripting languages. Scripts trace back to the early days of Command Line Interfaces (CLI) where the user could enter commands to be executed by the system. User Shell concepts developed with languages to write shell programs. Early Windows designs offered a simple batch programming capability. The conventional transformation of these language used an interpreter. While not widely used, Bash and Batch compilers have been written. More recently sophisticated interpreted languages became part of the developers tool kit. Modern scripting languages include PHP, Python, Ruby and Lua. (Lua is widely used in game development.) All of these have interpreter and compiler support.
"When the field of compiling began in the late 50s, its focus was limited to the translation of high-level language programs into machine code ... The compiler field is increasingly intertwined with other disciplines including computer architecture, programming languages, formal methods, software engineering, and computer security." The "Compiler Research: The Next 50 Years" article noted the importance of object-oriented languages and Java. Security and parallel computing were cited among the future research targets.
Compiler construction
A compiler implements a formal transformation from a high-level source program to a low-level target program. Compiler design can define an end-to-end solution or tackle a defined subset that interfaces with other compilation tools e.g. preprocessors, assemblers, linkers. Design requirements include rigorously defined interfaces both internally between compiler components and externally between supporting toolsets.
In the early days, the approach taken to compiler design was directly affected by the complexity of the computer language to be processed, the experience of the person(s) designing it, and the resources available. Resource limitations led to the need to pass through the source code more than once.
A compiler for a relatively simple language written by one person might be a single, monolithic piece of software. However, as the source language grows in complexity the design may be split into a number of interdependent phases. Separate phases provide design improvements that focus development on the functions in the compilation process.
One-pass versus multi-pass compilers
Classifying compilers by number of passes has its background in the hardware resource limitations of computers. Compiling involves performing much work and early computers did not have enough memory to contain one program that did all of this work. So compilers were split up into smaller programs which each made a pass over the source (or some representation of it) performing some of the required analysis and translations.
The ability to compile in a single pass has classically been seen as a benefit because it simplifies the job of writing a compiler and one-pass compilers generally perform compilations faster than multi-pass compilers. Thus, partly driven by the resource limitations of early systems, many early languages were specifically designed so that they could be compiled in a single pass (e.g., Pascal).
In some cases, the design of a language feature may require a compiler to perform more than one pass over the source. For instance, consider a declaration appearing on line 20 of the source which affects the translation of a statement appearing on line 10. In this case, the first pass needs to gather information about declarations appearing after statements that they affect, with the actual translation happening during a subsequent pass.
The disadvantage of compiling in a single pass is that it is not possible to perform many of the sophisticated optimizations needed to generate high quality code. It can be difficult to count exactly how many passes an optimizing compiler makes. For instance, different phases of optimization may analyse one expression many times but only analyse another expression once.
Splitting a compiler up into small programs is a technique used by researchers interested in producing provably correct compilers. Proving the correctness of a set of small programs often requires less effort than proving the correctness of a larger, single, equivalent program.
Three-stage compiler structure
Regardless of the exact number of phases in the compiler design, the phases can be assigned to one of three stages. The stages include a front end, a middle end, and a back end.
The front end scans the input and verifies syntax and semantics according to a specific source language. For statically typed languages it performs type checking by collecting type information. If the input program is syntactically incorrect or has a type error, it generates error and/or warning messages, usually identifying the location in the source code where the problem was detected; in some cases the actual error may be (much) earlier in the program. Aspects of the front end include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis. The front end transforms the input program into an intermediate representation (IR) for further processing by the middle end. This IR is usually a lower-level representation of the program with respect to the source code.
The middle end performs optimizations on the IR that are independent of the CPU architecture being targeted. This source code/machine code independence is intended to enable generic optimizations to be shared between versions of the compiler supporting different languages and target processors. Examples of middle end optimizations are removal of useless (dead-code elimination) or unreachable code (reachability analysis), discovery and propagation of constant values (constant propagation), relocation of computation to a less frequently executed place (e.g., out of a loop), or specialization of computation based on the context, eventually producing the "optimized" IR that is used by the back end.
The back end takes the optimized IR from the middle end. It may perform more analysis, transformations and optimizations that are specific for the target CPU architecture. The back end generates the target-dependent assembly code, performing register allocation in the process. The back end performs instruction scheduling, which re-orders instructions to keep parallel execution units busy by filling delay slots. Although most optimization problems are NP-hard, heuristic techniques for solving them are well-developed and implemented in production-quality compilers. Typically the output of a back end is machine code specialized for a particular processor and operating system.
This front/middle/back-end approach makes it possible to combine front ends for different languages with back ends for different CPUs while sharing the optimizations of the middle end. Practical examples of this approach are the GNU Compiler Collection, Clang (LLVM-based C/C++ compiler), and the Amsterdam Compiler Kit, which have multiple front-ends, shared optimizations and multiple back-ends.
Front end
The front end analyzes the source code to build an internal representation of the program, called the intermediate representation (IR). It also manages the symbol table, a data structure mapping each symbol in the source code to associated information such as location, type and scope.
While the frontend can be a single monolithic function or program, as in a scannerless parser, it was traditionally implemented and analyzed as several phases, which may execute sequentially or concurrently. This method is favored due to its modularity and separation of concerns. Most commonly, the frontend is broken into three phases: lexical analysis (also known as lexing or scanning), syntax analysis (also known as scanning or parsing), and semantic analysis. Lexing and parsing comprise the syntactic analysis (word syntax and phrase syntax, respectively), and in simple cases, these modules (the lexer and parser) can be automatically generated from a grammar for the language, though in more complex cases these require manual modification. The lexical grammar and phrase grammar are usually context-free grammars, which simplifies analysis significantly, with context-sensitivity handled at the semantic analysis phase. The semantic analysis phase is generally more complex and written by hand, but can be partially or fully automated using attribute grammars. These phases themselves can be further broken down: lexing as scanning and evaluating, and parsing as building a concrete syntax tree (CST, parse tree) and then transforming it into an abstract syntax tree (AST, syntax tree). In some cases additional phases are used, notably line reconstruction and preprocessing, but these are rare.
The main phases of the front end include the following:
converts the input character sequence to a canonical form ready for the parser. Languages which strop their keywords or allow arbitrary spaces within identifiers require this phase. The top-down, recursive-descent, table-driven parsers used in the 1960s typically read the source one character at a time and did not require a separate tokenizing phase. Atlas Autocode and Imp (and some implementations of ALGOL and Coral 66) are examples of stropped languages whose compilers would have a Line Reconstruction phase.
Preprocessing supports macro substitution and conditional compilation. Typically the preprocessing phase occurs before syntactic or semantic analysis; e.g. in the case of C, the preprocessor manipulates lexical tokens rather than syntactic forms. However, some languages such as Scheme support macro substitutions based on syntactic forms.
Lexical analysis (also known as lexing or tokenization) breaks the source code text into a sequence of small pieces called lexical tokens. This phase can be divided into two stages: the scanning, which segments the input text into syntactic units called lexemes and assigns them a category; and the evaluating, which converts lexemes into a processed value. A token is a pair consisting of a token name and an optional token value. Common token categories may include identifiers, keywords, separators, operators, literals and comments, although the set of token categories varies in different programming languages. The lexeme syntax is typically a regular language, so a finite state automaton constructed from a regular expression can be used to recognize it. The software doing lexical analysis is called a lexical analyzer. This may not be a separate step—it can be combined with the parsing step in scannerless parsing, in which case parsing is done at the character level, not the token level.
Syntax analysis (also known as parsing) involves parsing the token sequence to identify the syntactic structure of the program. This phase typically builds a parse tree, which replaces the linear sequence of tokens with a tree structure built according to the rules of a formal grammar which define the language's syntax. The parse tree is often analyzed, augmented, and transformed by later phases in the compiler.
Semantic analysis adds semantic information to the parse tree and builds the symbol table. This phase performs semantic checks such as type checking (checking for type errors), or object binding (associating variable and function references with their definitions), or definite assignment (requiring all local variables to be initialized before use), rejecting incorrect programs or issuing warnings. Semantic analysis usually requires a complete parse tree, meaning that this phase logically follows the parsing phase, and logically precedes the code generation phase, though it is often possible to fold multiple phases into one pass over the code in a compiler implementation.
Middle end
The middle end, also known as optimizer, performs optimizations on the intermediate representation in order to improve the performance and the quality of the produced machine code. The middle end contains those optimizations that are independent of the CPU architecture being targeted.
The main phases of the middle end include the following:
Analysis: This is the gathering of program information from the intermediate representation derived from the input; data-flow analysis is used to build use-define chains, together with dependence analysis, alias analysis, pointer analysis, escape analysis, etc. Accurate analysis is the basis for any compiler optimization. The control-flow graph of every compiled function and the call graph of the program are usually also built during the analysis phase.
Optimization: the intermediate language representation is transformed into functionally equivalent but faster (or smaller) forms. Popular optimizations are inline expansion, dead-code elimination, constant propagation, loop transformation and even automatic parallelization.
Compiler analysis is the prerequisite for any compiler optimization, and they tightly work together. For example, dependence analysis is crucial for loop transformation.
The scope of compiler analysis and optimizations vary greatly; their scope may range from operating within a basic block, to whole procedures, or even the whole program. There is a trade-off between the granularity of the optimizations and the cost of compilation. For example, peephole optimizations are fast to perform during compilation but only affect a small local fragment of the code, and can be performed independently of the context in which the code fragment appears. In contrast, interprocedural optimization requires more compilation time and memory space, but enable optimizations that are only possible by considering the behavior of multiple functions simultaneously.
Interprocedural analysis and optimizations are common in modern commercial compilers from HP, IBM, SGI, Intel, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems. The free software GCC was criticized for a long time for lacking powerful interprocedural optimizations, but it is changing in this respect. Another open source compiler with full analysis and optimization infrastructure is Open64, which is used by many organizations for research and commercial purposes.
Due to the extra time and space needed for compiler analysis and optimizations, some compilers skip them by default. Users have to use compilation options to explicitly tell the compiler which optimizations should be enabled.
Back end
The back end is responsible for the CPU architecture specific optimizations and for code generation.
The main phases of the back end include the following:
Machine dependent optimizations: optimizations that depend on the details of the CPU architecture that the compiler targets. A prominent example is peephole optimizations, which rewrites short sequences of assembler instructions into more efficient instructions.
Code generation: the transformed intermediate language is translated into the output language, usually the native machine language of the system. This involves resource and storage decisions, such as deciding which variables to fit into registers and memory and the selection and scheduling of appropriate machine instructions along with their associated addressing modes (see also Sethi–Ullman algorithm). Debug data may also need to be generated to facilitate debugging.
Compiler correctness
Compiler correctness is the branch of software engineering that deals with trying to show that a compiler behaves according to its language specification. Techniques include developing the compiler using formal methods and using rigorous testing (often called compiler validation) on an existing compiler.
Compiled versus interpreted languages
Higher-level programming languages usually appear with a type of translation in mind: either designed as compiled language or interpreted language. However, in practice there is rarely anything about a language that requires it to be exclusively compiled or exclusively interpreted, although it is possible to design languages that rely on re-interpretation at run time. The categorization usually reflects the most popular or widespread implementations of a language – for instance, BASIC is sometimes called an interpreted language, and C a compiled one, despite the existence of BASIC compilers and C interpreters.
Interpretation does not replace compilation completely. It only hides it from the user and makes it gradual. Even though an interpreter can itself be interpreted, a set of directly executed machine instructions is needed somewhere at the bottom of the execution stack (see machine language).
Furthermore, for optimization compilers can contain interpreter functionality, and interpreters may include ahead of time compilation techniques. For example, where an expression can be executed during compilation and the results inserted into the output program, then it prevents it having to be recalculated each time the program runs, which can greatly speed up the final program. Modern trends toward just-in-time compilation and bytecode interpretation at times blur the traditional categorizations of compilers and interpreters even further.
Some language specifications spell out that implementations must include a compilation facility; for example, Common Lisp. However, there is nothing inherent in the definition of Common Lisp that stops it from being interpreted. Other languages have features that are very easy to implement in an interpreter, but make writing a compiler much harder; for example, APL, SNOBOL4, and many scripting languages allow programs to construct arbitrary source code at runtime with regular string operations, and then execute that code by passing it to a special evaluation function. To implement these features in a compiled language, programs must usually be shipped with a runtime library that includes a version of the compiler itself.
Types
One classification of compilers is by the platform on which their generated code executes. This is known as the target platform.
A native or hosted compiler is one whose output is intended to directly run on the same type of computer and operating system that the compiler itself runs on. The output of a cross compiler is designed to run on a different platform. Cross compilers are often used when developing software for embedded systems that are not intended to support a software development environment.
The output of a compiler that produces code for a virtual machine (VM) may or may not be executed on the same platform as the compiler that produced it. For this reason, such compilers are not usually classified as native or cross compilers.
The lower level language that is the target of a compiler may itself be a high-level programming language. C, viewed by some as a sort of portable assembly language, is frequently the target language of such compilers. For example, Cfront, the original compiler for C++, used C as its target language. The C code generated by such a compiler is usually not intended to be readable and maintained by humans, so indent style and creating pretty C intermediate code are ignored. Some of the features of C that make it a good target language include the #line directive, which can be generated by the compiler to support debugging of the original source, and the wide platform support available with C compilers.
While a common compiler type outputs machine code, there are many other types:
Source-to-source compilers are a type of compiler that takes a high-level language as its input and outputs a high-level language. For example, an automatic parallelizing compiler will frequently take in a high-level language program as an input and then transform the code and annotate it with parallel code annotations (e.g. OpenMP) or language constructs (e.g. Fortran's DOALL statements). Other terms for a source-to-source compiler are transcompiler or transpiler.
Bytecode compilers compile to assembly language of a theoretical machine, like some Prolog implementations
This Prolog machine is also known as the Warren Abstract Machine (or WAM).
Bytecode compilers for Java, Python are also examples of this category.
Just-in-time compilers (JIT compiler) defer compilation until runtime. JIT compilers exist for many modern languages including Python, JavaScript, Smalltalk, Java, Microsoft .NET's Common Intermediate Language (CIL) and others. A JIT compiler generally runs inside an interpreter. When the interpreter detects that a code path is "hot", meaning it is executed frequently, the JIT compiler will be invoked and compile the "hot" code for increased performance.
For some languages, such as Java, applications are first compiled using a bytecode compiler and delivered in a machine-independent intermediate representation. A bytecode interpreter executes the bytecode, but the JIT compiler will translate the bytecode to machine code when increased performance is necessary.
Hardware compilers (also known as synthesis tools) are compilers whose input is a hardware description language and whose output is a description, in the form of a netlist or otherwise, of a hardware configuration.
The output of these compilers target computer hardware at a very low level, for example a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or structured application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Such compilers are said to be hardware compilers, because the source code they compile effectively controls the final configuration of the hardware and how it operates. The output of the compilation is only an interconnection of transistors or lookup tables.
An example of hardware compiler is XST, the Xilinx Synthesis Tool used for configuring FPGAs. Similar tools are available from Altera, Synplicity, Synopsys and other hardware vendors.
An assembler is a program that compiles human readable assembly language to machine code, the actual instructions executed by hardware. The inverse program that translates machine code to assembly language is called a disassembler.
A program that translates from a low-level language to a higher level one is a decompiler.
A program that translates into an object code format that is not supported on the compilation machine is called a cross compiler and is commonly used to prepare code for execution on embedded software applications.
A program that rewrites object code back into the same type of object code while applying optimisations and transformations is a binary recompiler.
See also
Abstract interpretation
Bottom-up parsing
Compile and go system
Compile farm
List of compilers
Metacompilation
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Compiler
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Taktsé Castle () was a castle located in the Chingwa () district of Chonggyä (') in central Tibet. According to legend, it was home to the kings of Tibet before Songtsen Gampo (604–650) moved his capital to Lhasa. It later became the birthplace of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682), whose aristocratic family had made their home there.
Its ruins remain.
History
The power that became the Tibetan state originated at the Taktsé Castle, which, according to legend, had been built by the 9th Emperor of Tibet, Chatri Tsenpo, and thus was, of old, the centre of power of the future Tibetan monarchy. According to the Old Tibetan Chronicle, in the early 7th century a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig (Stag-bu snya-gzigs) to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje (Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje), who was, in turn, a vassal of the Zhangzhung empire under the Lig Myi dynasty. The group prevailed against Zingpoje. At this point, Namri Songtsen (also known as Namri Löntsän) led his clan to, one by one, prevail over all his neighboring clans, using the easily defensible Taktse Castle effectively for military purposes. Before his assassination around 618, he gained control of all the area around what is now Lhasa, laying the stage for his son, Songsten Gampo, to craft the regional state that would later become known as the Tibetan Empire. The government of Namri Songtsen, centred at the castle, also sent two embassies to the Chinese Sui Dynasty in 608 and 609, marking the appearance of Tibet on the international scene.
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Taktsé Castle
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Blood & Belief is the third studio album by English heavy metal band Blaze Bayley, then known as Blaze, released in 2004. It is the first album that did not have the complete original line-up, as Jeff Singer and Rob Naylor left just after the recording of the band's first live album, As Live as It Gets.
The album contains more emotional themes than the previous two Blaze albums, which dealt more with science fiction themes. A promotional video of the track "Hollow Head" was made, but no singles were released from the album. After touring for the album, the entire band left except for Bayley, leaving him to start from scratch.
Track listing
Personnel
Blaze Bayley – vocals
Steve Wray – guitar
John Slater – guitar
Wayne Banks – bass
Jason Bowld – drums
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Blood & Belief
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This is a list of former students of the Anglican Church school, the Sydney Church of England Grammar School (also known as Shore School) in North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
== Academia, education, medicine and science ==
Rhodes Scholars
1909 – Howard Bullock
1920 – Vernon Haddon Treatt
1935 – Keith Noel Everal Bradfield
1937 – Ian George Esplin
1940 – Basil Holmes Travers
1941 – Eric Brian Jeffcoat Smith
1946 – William Winslow Woodward
1948 – Louis Walter Davies
1952 – Frederick Rawdon Dalrymple
1960 – Malcolm John Swinburn
1964 – John Dyson Heydon
1971 – Richard John Lee
1973 – Ian Alfred Pollard
1975 – Peter Edward King
1982 – Graham Ross Dallas Jones
1995 – Evan Denis Fountain
Academia
Vere Gordon Childe – Archeologist at the University of Edinburgh and Institute of Archaeology
Laurie Fitzhardinge – Historian and Librarian
John Conrad Jaeger – Mathematician and physicist; chair geophysics at the Australian National University (1951), Elected Fellow of the Royal Society and has an Award (The Jaeger Medal awarded annually by the Australian Academy of Science) named in his honour
Richard Makinson – Noted physicist and Communist
Professor Sir Brian Windeyer (1904–1994) – Professor of Therapeutic Radiology; Dean at Middlesex Hospital Medical School, University of London 1942–69; Vice-Chancellor of the University of London 1969–72
Phillip Wright - former Chancellor of the University of New England (1960–1970)
Education
Evan Mander-Jones – representative of Australia to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's biennial conference in Paris in 1952, Leading Pioneer of technical schools
Harold Lusk – former Headmaster of King's College, Auckland
Basil Holmes Travers – former Headmaster of Shore and Cricketer
Medicine
Ian Constable – Founder of the Lions Eye Institute
Sir Lorimer Dods – founder of the Children's Medical Research Institute
Professor Anthony Gill – researcher, doctor, author
Maurice Sando – anaesthetist
Leslie St Vincent Welch – Chief Medical Officer of the Queensland Department of Public Instruction, visited rural schools to aid with an eye disease (sandy blight) that infected 20% of all pupils in the communities
Science and engineering
Bill Bradfield – Noted civil engineer
Philip Cox – architect
Robert Hickson – former Head Architect for the Bank of New South Wales and designed parts of The Armidale School and New England Girls School
James Roy Kinghorn – naturalist and broadcaster
Industry
Finance and banking
James Ashton – former CEO and Chairmen of MLC (1963–1969) and board member on the Commonwealth Bank
Sir John Cadwallader – former President of the Bank of New South Wales
Robert Hamilton – founder of MIRVAC
Michael Hawker AM – former CEO of IAG, Former board member of Macquarie Group, and board member of Westpac
Sir Norman Kater – Former Chairman of the Commercial Banking Company (1966–1978) and Colonel Sugar Refinery (1976–1978)
Richard Lee – former CEO of Rothschild Australia (2001) and Rhodes Scholar (1971)
John Marks – Founder of Development Finance Co. Ltd, an investment bank later purchased by ANZ Bank and Lend Lease
Hamish McLennan - current Chairman of Magellan Financial Group and REA Group, Former CEO of Network Ten, (2013–2015) and current chairman of Rugby Australia
Jack Massie – Tobacco Manufacturer and Managing director of Commercial Banking Company of Sydney (now NAB), Also a former Cricketer
Leslie Melville – Noted central banking pioneer and economist, and former vice chancellor of the Australian National University
Jack Minnett – co-founder of Ord Minnett
Sir John Grant Phillips – former Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia (1968–1975)
Thomas Alfred Playfair – Former Chairman of Perpetual Trustees and The National Bank of Australasia, as well as being a founding member of the United Australia Party
John Sands – Created the Renal Medicine Unit in the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, founder of John Sands Holdings and was a board member and director of the Bank of New South Wales
Alastair Urquhart – chairman of the Sydney stock exchange (later to be known as the Australian Stock Exchange or ASX) from 1959–66
Tom Waterhouse – CIO of Waterhouse VC, co-founder of ListedReserve.com and a member of the Waterhouse family of gambling fame
Media and advertising
Sir Frank Packer – media proprietor, founder of TCN that would later become the Nine Network
Thomas Wallace – former advertising executive, CEO of Lintas prior to merger, and CEO of SSC&B-Lintas Australia also lead Australian Government Advertising Advisory Council, and latter helped form the Association of National Advertisers and the Media Council of Australia
James Warburton – current CEO of Seven West Media
Retail and services
Harold Christmas – founder of Woolworths
Roger Corbett – board member of Reserve Bank of Australia (for a term of five years, from 2 December 2005); board member of Wal-Mart (2006–); CEO of Woolworths Limited (1999–2006)
Horace Ireland – former wholesale meat seller and solicitor
Norman Nock – former director of David Jones and Lord Mayor of Sydney
Jim Penman – founder of Jim's Group and historian.
Martin G Seneviratne – previously Chief Financial Officer, SPAM
Other
Colin Bell – Noted grazier
Tim Bristow – private eye, convicted criminal, corporate 'fixer', bouncer, rugby player
Andrew Mills – Noted grazier
Bill Pulver – Current CEO of Australian Rugby Union
Geoffrey Remington – Former chairman of Rolls-Royce Australia
Entertainment, media, and the arts
Peter Berner – comedian
Russell Braddon – author of Naked Island
Terence Clarke – composer, director, teacher
Thomas Cocquerel – actor
John Edwards – Producer
Errol Flynn – legendary Hollywood actor known for swashbuckling roles
Tim Freedman – musician, lead singer and songwriter for The Whitlams
Frank Hinder – artist
Eric Campbell – ABC foreign correspondent, author of 'Absurdistan', 'Silly Isles'
Geoffrey Lehmann – poet, children's writer, lawyer
David Marr – author, broadcast journalist, and columnist
Morgan Mellish – award-winning Australian Financial Review journalist, killed in the Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 air accident in 2007
Jim Moginie – musician with Midnight Oil
Garry Shead – artist
Kenneth Slessor – poet and journalist
Quentin Spedding – former lead editor of Labor Daily
Tim Storrier – artist
Chris Taylor – member of The Chaser team and playwright
John Wood – actor
Politics, public service, and the law
Lawyers and judges
Sir Adrian Curlewis – former Judge in the NSW Supreme Court and founding member of Palm Beach Surf Club
Justice John Dyson Heydon – former Judge of the High Court of Australia
Richard Gee – former family court judge, victim of family court bombings
Frank Louat – Former High Court Lawyer
Sir Alan Mansfield – former Governor of Queensland and former Chief Justice of the Queensland Supreme Court
Justice Sir William Owen KBE, QC – former Judge on the High Court of Australia (1957), and Chaired the Royal Commission on Espionage (1954–1955)
Chester Porter – Prominent barrister and second youngest person admitted to the NSW bar
Justice Sir Dudley Williams KBE, MC, QC – former Judge on the High Court of Australia (1940–1958)
Gordon John Ford Yuill – inaugural member of the Family Court of Australia, awarded a United Nations Human Rights fellowship as well as having the Yuill scholarship at the Australian National University named after him
Peter Young AO – former Chief Judge in Equity of the New South Wales Supreme Court
Public servants
John Wilson Crawford – noted Brigadier and recipient of the Distinguished Service Order
Claude Ewen Cameron – Recipient of the Military Cross
Gother Clarke – War doctor, Cricketer
James Henderson – Distinguished Air force Officer and recipient of the Distinguished Service Order
Alexander Wilkinson – Recipient of the Military Cross (also attended Eton)
Politicians
David Arblaster – former Minister for Culture, Sport and Recreation and Minister for Tourism (1976) and Member for Mosman (1972–1984), representing the Liberals
John Booth – former Member for Wakehurst (1984–1991), representing the Liberals
Vivian Gordon Bowden – public servant and diplomat
Sir Harold Leslie Boyce – former Lord Mayor of London
John Cockle – former Member for Warringah (1961–1966)
Sir John Gorton – politician and Prime Minister of Australia, representing the Liberals (also attended Geelong Grammar School)
Eric Fairweather Harrison – former Member for Deakin and soldier during the First World War
Gordon Freeth – former Foreign Minister, former Minister for Forest, former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
Peter King – former Member for Wentworth
Michael MacKellar – former Member for Warringah
Thomas McKay – member of the New South Wales Legislative Council and chairman of committees
Stuart St. Clair – former Member for New England (1998–2001), representing the Nationals
Rob Stokes – Former New South Wales Minister for Infrastructure, the Minister for Cities, and the Minister for Active Transport, and the Member for Pittwater
Sir Vernon Treatt – Minister for Justice (1938–1941), Leader of the Opposition (1946–1952), and Member for Woollahra, representing the Liberals
Religion
Cecil Abel – Missionary, educator and author of the preamble to the Papua New Guinean Constitution
Stephen Bradley – Bishop of the Church of England in South Africa
Anthony Grigor-Scott – Minister of the antisemitic "Bible Believers Church", formerly in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Donald Cameron – Bishop of North Sydney
Geoffrey Cranswick – Anglican bishop
Glenn Davies – Archbishop of Sydney
Hamish Jamieson – Bishop of Carpentaria
Donald Robinson – a former Archbishop of Sydney
Sport
Australian rules football
Henry Playfair – Australian Football League player with the Geelong Football Club and most recently the Sydney Swans
Lewis Roberts-Thomson – Australian Football League player with the Sydney Swans
Sam Wicks – Current player for the Sydney Swans
Will Edwards – Current player for the Sydney Swans
Cricket
Phil Emery – Australian test cricketer
Jack Gregory – Australian test cricketer
Leslie Minnett – Australian test cricketer
Roy Minnett – Australian test cricketer
Rupert Minnett – Australian test cricketer
Bob Radford – Australian cricket administrator
Dr Claude Tozer – cricketer
Rowing
Nick Baxter – Olympic rower
Peter Dickson – Olympic rower
John Hudson – Olympic rower
Jackson Kench – Australian rowing rower
Tobias Lister – Australian rowing team
Brian Lloyd – English Olympic rower
Alexander Lloyd – Olympic rower
Hamish Playfair – Australian rowing team
Nick Purnell – Australian rowing team
Alexander Purnell – Australian rowing team- Gold Medallist Tokyo 2020 – Men's Coxless 4
Chris Stevens – Olympic Rower
William Godfrey Thomas – Bow N.S.W. Crew 1936 Kings Cup (1st), Silver Medal Australian Eight-Oared crew 1938 British Empire Games, coached the 1949 Kings Cup winning crew and was Shore G.P.S. coach 1951
Roland Waddington – Olympic rower
Barclay Wade – Commonwealth and Olympic Games rower
William Woodward – English Olympic Rower
Rugby
Al Baxter – Wallaby
Owen Crossman – former Wallaby
David Codey – former Wallaby captain
Angus Gardner – Australian Rugby Union referee
Garrick Fay – former Wallaby and Captain of the World XV side in 1977
Mike Hercus – United States national rugby union team
Mick Mathers – Former Wallaby player
Justin Sampson – sports television personality, professional speaker, former Australian rugby union player
Haig Sare – rugby union player
Andrew Smith – Rugby Union
Phil Waugh – former Wallaby player
Tennis
James Duckworth – Australian tennis player
John Newcombe – tennis player, two-time US Open and three-time Wimbledon champion
Eric Pockley – Australian tennis player, among the first dozen pupils
Other
Glenn Bourke – Olympic Sailor
Brian Cobcroft – Olympic Equestrian athlete
Ben Tudhope – snowboarder and Olympic Bronze medallist
Alex Watson – pentathlete
See also
List of non-government schools in New South Wales
List of boarding schools
Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales
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List of Old Boys of Shore
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Canwick is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 324. It is situated south from Lincoln.
The village overlooks the Witham Valley, where the River Witham follows an ice-age cut through the jurassic limestone ridge which forms the spine of the county.
History
Canwick has been continuously occupied since Saxon times (the name derives from "Canna’s Farm" or "Canna’s Place" in Anglo-Saxon), but there was a significant villa here in the Roman period.
Canwick Anglican church is dedicated to All Saints. The fabric dates from the 12th, 14th and early 18th centuries, and the building was restored in the 19th century. It is a Saxon-era foundation, but was significantly improved by the same Norman bishops who built Lincoln Cathedral. The church is built on a Roman tesselated pavement, parts of which were found in 1815, when a vault for the Sibthorp family was being dug in what is now the vestry, and it was also found below the floor of the tower in the early 20th century. A coin of the first Christian Emperor Constantine has been found in the churchyard. The church patronage is held by the Mercers Company, oldest of the London city Livery Companies.
Canwick Hall was the seat of the Sibthorp family from the 17th to the 20th century, with the present structure being erected in 1810. Family members included the botanist John Sibthorp and several MPs, including Colonel Sibthorp. Having already angered Queen Victoria by his opposition to an allowance for her consort Prince Albert, he went on to declare that the Prince's Great Exhibition project would bring the plague to England. The Hall was later home of Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool from 1939 to his death there in 1941.
New housing development took place in Canwick during the 1960s and the 2001 United Kingdom census records 339 inhabitants and 150 households. Canwick is a civil and an ecclesiastical parish.
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Skiddaw slate is an early Ordovician metamorphosed sedimentary rock, as first identified on the slopes of Skiddaw in the English Lake District.
The base of this series is unknown. The thickness could, therefore, amount to several thousand feet of sediment. These sediments were formed about 500 mya by deposition in a shallow sea, low-energy environment. The series contains differing grain sizes and comprises grits, flags, shales and mudstones.
In some places, there is evidence of intrusion of Skiddaw Granite into the Skiddaw Slates, close to the anticlinal axis of the Lake District.
Skiddaw slate has a grey hue (as opposed to Honister slate which has a green hue) and is used for building, in the Lake District. The traditional buildings of Keswick and other settlements are almost entirely of Skiddaw slate. The slate is also used for making souvenirs, monuments, ornaments etc. Smaller fragments are used for gravels or for ornamental pathways.
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Skiddaw Slate
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Dawn Marie Johnston is a former professional wrestler, better known by her ring name, Dawn Marie. She was active in the 1980s and early 1990s. She wrestled primarily in Japan, National Wrestling Federation (NWF), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and Ladies Professional Wrestling Association (LPWA).
Professional wrestling career
In a six-woman match in Japan during the summer of 1985, Johnston teamed with Desiree Petersen and Dump Matsumoto against Jaguar Yokota (Rimi Yokota) and the Jumping Bomb Angels (Noriyo Tateno and Itsuki Yamazaki). The heels controlled from the get go due to a sneak attack before the bell. The faces just made brief comebacks during the first 12 minutes. Dump won the match for her team.
In March 1986, she wrestled for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) at the Boston Garden, teaming with Velvet McIntyre against Bull Nakano and Dump Masamoto. She also wrestled as a part of Sensational Sherri's team at the Survivor Series in 1987.
During the early 1990s, she competed in the Ladies Professional Wrestling Association (LPWA) and wrestled against Magnificent Mimi, Rustee "The Foxx" Thomas, Kat LeRoux, and Reggie Bennett.
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Dawn Marie Johnston
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"Tie My Pecker To My Leg" is a song by Mojo Nixon. It is a very crude song that Mojo Nixon plays at almost every live performance. According to an Artist Direct review of Whereabouts Unknown, "Tie My Pecker to my Leg" was Mojo Nixon's bawdiest song up to that point is his career. It was co-written with lead Beat Farmer Country Dick Montana. Besides mentioning bestiality and sitophilia, "Tie My Pecker to My Leg" also mentions geriatric sex and coprophilia.
Origins of refrain
"The Old Chisholm Trail" is a well-known cowboy song. In all versions of the song, the refrain was:
Come-a ti yi yupi, yupi ya, yupi ya
Come-a ti yi yupi, yupi ya
Ed Cray in "The Erotic Muse" credits a variation of these lyrics to high school and college students in southern California:
Gonna tie my pecker to my leg, to my leg
Gonna tie my pecker to my leg
Other versions
There is also Vietnam era version sung to "exert some control over the penis" of "Tie My Pecker to my Leg."
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Tie My Pecker to My Leg
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Thomas Jefferson Brookshier (; December 16, 1931 – January 29, 2010) was an American professional football player, coach, and sportscaster. He was a starting defensive back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons, from 1953 to 1961. He later paired with Pat Summerall on the primary broadcast team for NFL games on CBS during the 1970s.
Early life
Born and raised in Roswell, New Mexico, Brookshier graduated from Roswell High School in 1949. At RHS, he received all-state honors in football, basketball, and baseball.
As a three-year letterman in football at the University of Colorado (1950–52), he was a defensive back, fullback, and return specialist. One of his gridiron teammates was astronaut Jack Swigert, a crew member of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission in 1970, and a congressman-elect in 1982.
Brookshier was also a relief pitcher on the CU baseball team, and played one season of minor league baseball in 1954 for the Roswell Rockets of the class-D Longhorn League.
NFL career
A tenth-round selection (117th overall) in the 1953 NFL Draft, Brookshier played defensive back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League from 1953 to 1961, missing both the 1954 and 1955 seasons to serve in the United States Air Force. A starter on the Eagles' NFL Championship team in 1960, he was selected for the Pro Bowl twice.
At age 29, Brookshier's playing career ended midway through the 1961 season; he sustained a compound fracture of his right leg while making a tackle on Willie Galimore in the 16–14 victory over the Chicago Bears at Franklin Field on November 5. He was a member of the Eagles' Honor Roll and was one of only eight players whose numbers were retired by the team; Brookshier's number was 40.
As a lieutenant, he was a backfield coach at the U.S. Air Force Academy for a season in 1955.
Broadcasting career
Brookshier began sportscasting for WCAU-AM-FM-TV in Philadelphia in 1962, and became the station's sports director the following He joined CBS in 1965 as a color commentator for Eagles telecasts, and continued to call regional action after the network moved away from dedicated team announcers in 1968.
In the early 1970s, Brookshier and Summerall co-hosted This Week in Pro Football, a weekly syndicated highlights show produced by NFL Films. After CBS dismissed its main pro football voice Ray Scott in 1974, the network went against its standard practice of using a professional announcer for play-by-play by promoting Summerall and partnering him with Brookshier. The two former NFL players became arguably U.S. television's most popular sports broadcasting team for the remainder of the decade. Describing the pair's on-air rapport, Summerall said, "With Brookie, it was more of a conversation, like two guys in a saloon." Besides many regular-season and playoff contests, most of which involved the Dallas Cowboys who were the National Football Conference's most dominant franchise at the time, the duo called Super Bowls X, XII, and XIV. Brookshier also worked pre- and post-game shows for four other Super Bowls. He and Summerall also appeared as themselves in the 1977 motion picture Black Sunday, which was partially filmed at Super Bowl X.
In 1976, Brookshier and Summerall called a heavyweight title fight between Muhammad Ali and Jean Pierre Coopman live in prime time from Puerto Rico on Friday, February 20. Brent Musburger and Phyllis George of The NFL Today co-hosted the telecast that night. Meanwhile, Don Dunphy supplied some commentary between rounds. A month earlier, CBS assigned Summerall and Brookshier to announce a Ken Norton bout against Pedro Lovell, a mere eight days before they called Super Bowl X.
Retired Oakland Raiders head coach John Madden joined CBS as a color analyst in ; when he was paired with Summerall on the primary broadcast team in , Brookshier switched to calling play-by-play.
Controversy
Brookshier became the subject of controversy because of a remark he made in during an NFL broadcast of an Eagles–Saints game on December 11. After a program note for an upcoming telecast of an NCAA men's basketball game between defending national champion North Carolina State and Louisville, Brookshier said that the Louisville players had "a collective I.Q. of about forty, but they can play basketball." Given a chance to walk back the statement by partner Charlie Waters, Brookshier doubled down, saying "it's the truth."
This resulted in Neal Pilson, then president of CBS Sports, apologizing to Louisville school officials and later suspending Brookshier for the last weekend of the NFL regular Louisville's athletic director, Bill Olsen, felt that the remark was racist, since Louisville's starting five were all African American. Brookshier later apologized, calling his remark "stupid" and "dumb", but was angered over CBS's reaction, saying "I'm not about to be judged on one comment." He added, "I've done a lot of things for charity. Now my own network is bailing out on me and taking me off the air. After 20 years at CBS, I deserve better than this." The apology was accepted by the university and university president Donald Swain invited Brookshier to be the featured speaker at the school's annual football kickoff luncheon in Clarksville, Indiana on August 2, 1984. Brookshier was reinstated in CBS's announcing lineup for the 1984 season, continuing as a network commentator through 1987.
Later life
In 1989, he hosted the morning show of the then-nascent 610 WIP sports format; the program was called Breakfast with Brookshier, before he was paired with Angelo Cataldi and the program re-dubbed Brookie and the Rookie, and then finally simply Brookshier and Cataldi. He left broadcasting and was last known to be working as a consultant for CB Richard Ellis, an international commercial real-estate firm.
Brookshier died of cancer at Lankenau Medical Center on January 29, 2010. The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Brookshier into their Hall of Fame in 2007.
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Tom Brookshier
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Shepard's Citations is a citator used in United States legal research that provides a list of all the authorities citing a particular case, statute, or other legal authority. The verb Shepardizing (sometimes written lower-case) refers to the process of consulting Shepard's to see if a case has been overturned, reaffirmed, questioned, or cited by later cases. Prior to the development of electronic citators like Westlaw's KeyCite during the 1990s, Shepard's was the only legal citation service that attempted to provide comprehensive coverage of U.S. law.
History
The name derives from a legal service begun by Frank Shepard (1848–1900) in 1873, when Shepard began publishing these lists in a series of books indexed to different jurisdictions. Initially, the product was called Shepard's Adhesive Annotations. The citations were printed on gummed, perforated sheets, which could be divided and pasted onto pages of case law. Known as "stickers", these were literally torn to bits and stuck to pertinent margins of case reporters.
By the early 20th century, the Frank Shepard Company was binding the citations into maroon volumes with Shepard's Citations stamped in gold on their spines, much like the ones still found on library shelves.
Under the leadership of William Guthrie Packard, the company endured the Great Depression and continued to grow. It moved to Colorado Springs in 1948; in 1951, it adopted the name Shepard's Citations, Inc. In 1966, Shepard's Citations was acquired by McGraw Hill.
In 1996, Shepard's was purchased by Times Mirror and Reed Elsevier (owner of LexisNexis since 1994). In 1998, LexisNexis bought full ownership of Shepard's. After this acquisition, LexisNexis engaged in a "multi-million-dollar Citations Redesign (CR) project" that "redesigned the way we process case law and citations".
Decline of print usage
In March 1999, LexisNexis released an online version, named Shepard's Citation Service. While print versions of Shepard's remain in use, their use is declining. Although learning to Shepardize in print was once a rite of passage for all first-year law students, the Shepard's Citations booklets in hardcopy format are cryptic compared to the online version, because of the need to cram as much information about as many cases in as little space as possible.
Shepard's in paper format consists of long tables of citations (with full case titles omitted) preceded by one or two-letter codes indicating their relationship to the case being Shepardized. Before computer-assisted legal research became widely available, generations of lawyers (and law clerks and assistants) had to manually locate the Shepard's entry for a case, decipher all the cryptic abbreviations, then manually retrieve all the cases that were marked by Shepard's as criticizing or overruling a particular case, to determine whether the later cases had directly overruled that particular case on the specific holding of interest to one's client. In many jurisdictions in the U.S., it is still possible to cite a case as good law even though it has been overruled, as long as it was overruled on another holding and not the specific holding for which it is being cited.
In 2004, market research by LexisNexis indicated that most attorneys and librarians conduct the majority of their research online, but "that there are a number of experienced attorneys, principally in smaller firms, who still prefer print and who are extremely unlikely to change their ways".
The American textbook Fundamentals of Legal Research formerly included a lengthy illustrated explanation of how to use Shepard's in print, but in the 10th edition released in 2015, that section was replaced with a brief explanation that such "detail is unnecessary for the many researchers who have access to one or more online citators". It was followed by a recommendation that researchers without access to an online citator should telephone or email LexisNexis directly for assistance.
Online
LexisNexis and Lexis Advance database users can Shepardize most citations online; cases are displayed with a text link to Shepardize the case and usually also have an icon indicating the status of the case as citable authority. Either the text link or the icon, when clicked or activated, will bring up a full Shepard's report for the case.
The Shepard's report indicates exactly how later cases cited the case being Shepardized with plain English phrases like "followed by" or "overruled" rather than by using the old abbreviations. Additionally, the report shows the full case title (that is, the names of the plaintiff and defendant) and full citation for each of the later cases. This is important because lawyers can usually distinguish criminal from civil cases by looking at the title. Criminal cases (with the exception of habeas corpus cases) are always titled U.S. v. [defendant], People v. [defendant], or State v. [defendant]. Often, a criminal case may cite a civil case for a point of law which a civil litigator does not care about, and vice versa.
Finally, the online report has the convenience of allowing the user to simply click on the hyperlink for any listed case to retrieve it almost instantly (if it is within the user's access plan), whereas users of Shepard's print version had to dash through long law library aisles to retrieve heavy legal reporter volumes, one for each case (and then someone had to put all those volumes back).
While most citations can be Shepardized online, there are some sources that are only Shepardizable in the print Shepard's Citations volumes. Most significant among these are the uncodified United States Statutes at Large, which are treated in the print publication Shepard's Federal Statute Citations but are not Shepardizable online. There are other more specialized sources not as widely used as the Statutes at Large that are included in print Shepard's Citations publications, but not included in the online service.
Influences upon Science Citation Index and Google
In 1960, Eugene Garfield developed Science Citation Index (SCI), which he later expressly acknowledged was heavily influenced in several ways by Shepard's Citations. SCI indexes scientific journal articles, and shows what other articles they have been cited by. SCI also counts the number of citations each article gets, thus forming a citation index of the most-cited articles and journals. In turn, SCI inspired several other scientists to research the possibility of developing superior citation indexes. Examples are the eigenvalue-based method developed by Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin in 1976 and the PageRank link analysis algorithm using the similar idea created by Sergei Brin and Larry Page, which became the heart of the Google search engine.
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Shepard's Citations
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Anuyoga (Devanagari: अनुयोग 'further yoga') is the designation of the second of the three Inner Tantras according to the ninefold division of practice used by the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. This schema categorizes various stages of practice, and Anuyoga specifically emphasizes the completion stage of Tantra. As with the other yanas, Anuyoga represents both a scriptural division as well as a specific emphasis of both view and practice. Anuyoga delves into inner practices involving the subtle body, chakras, prana (subtle energies), nadis (energy pathways), and consciousness (bindu). It is particularly suited for individuals whose primary obstacle is passion and is associated with the feminine principle.
The central view of Anuyoga revolves around realizing the essence of the 'Threefold Maṇḍala of Samantabhadra,' comprising 'empty basic space', 'wisdom', and the 'union of emptiness and wisdom'. The Anuyoga category can be further divided into four root sutras, six tantras clarifying the six limits, twelve rare tantras, and the Seventy Literary Scriptures, making it a rich and diverse tradition within Tibetan Buddhism that focuses on inner transformation and enlightenment through completion stage practices.
Position in the nine-yana schema
Anuyoga is said to emphasise the completion stage of Tantra, where the preceding division, Mahayoga emphasises the generation stage. Dalton (2003: unpaginated) in introducing the literature of the Anuyoga-yana affirms the affiliation of the Anuyoga-yana with the 'completion stage' also known as the 'perfection stage':
Modern-day doxographical presentations of the Nyingma school are usually based on the system of the nine vehicles (theg pa dgu). Emphasis is placed on the highest three vehicles in this scheme, namely Mahāyoga, Anuyoga, and Atiyoga. Generally speaking, these three “inner” yogas correspond to three stages in tantric practice, namely the generation stage, during which the details of the visualizations are stabilised, the perfection stage, in which those visualizations are then employed towards familiarizing oneself with the state of enlightenment, and finally the Great Perfection, the spontaneous accomplishment of buddhahood. Being the second of the three inner yogas, Anuyoga is thus associated with the practices of the perfection stage.
Ray (2002: p. 124-125) mentions visualization, subtle body, chakra, prana, nadis, bindu and pure land:
Anuyoga-yana is associated with the feminine principle and is for those whose principal obstacle is passion. In anuyoga the emphasis shifts away from external visualization toward the completion stage, in which one meditates on the inner or subtle body with its primary energy centres (chakras), and its prana (winds or subtle energies), nadis (the inner pathways along which one's energy travels), and bindu (the consciousness). In anuyoga, all appearances are seen as the three great mandalas, and reality is understood as the deities and their pure lands.
Germano (2002: unpaginated) frames the importance of Nub Sangye Yeshe as the instigator of Anuyoga within Tibet and states that it was:
"the late ninth century Nub Sangye Yeshe (gnubs sangs rgyas ye shes), who inaugurated the Anuyoga tradition in Tibet...".
Dudjom (1904-1987), et al. (1991: p. 460 History) relate an important source that impacts on the story of King Ja (particularly the narrative of the Buddhadharma relics falling from the sky upon the royal palace) a happenstance which is implied to be concurrent with the emergence of the texts of Anuyoga in Sri Lanka with the provision of a quote of what Dudjom et al. identify as a "prediction" found in the fifth chapter of the 'Tantra which Comprises the Supreme Path of the Means which Clearly Reveal All-Positive Pristine Cognition' (Wylie: kun bzang ye shes gsal bar ston pa'i thabs kyi lam mchog 'dus pa'i rgyud, Nyingma Gyubum Vol.3) which Dudjom, et al., render in English thus:
The Mahayoga tantras will fall onto the palace of King Ja. The Anuyoga tantras will emerge in the forests of Singhala [Dudjom et al. identify Singhala as located in Ceylon].
View
The particular view of Anuyoga is to realise the essence of the 'Threefold Maṇḍala of Samantabhadra' (Wylie: kun tu bzang po dkyil 'khor gsum):
"empty basic space" (Wylie: skyes med pa'i dbyings): the 'Primordial Maṇḍala of Samantabhadrī' (Wylie: ye ji bzhin pa'i dkyil 'khor)
"wisdom" (Wylie: Ye shes): the 'Natural Maṇḍala of Spontaneous Presence'(Wylie: rang bzhin lhun grub kyi dkyil 'khor)
"union of emptiness and wisdom" (Wylie: chos kyi dbyings kyi ye shes): the 'fundamental Maṇḍala of Enlightenment' (Wylie: byang chub sems kyi dkyil 'khor)
Stated differently:
The three mandalas of: Kuntuzangmo, the unborn dharmadhatu (dByings skye med kun tu bzang mo’i dkyil ’khor); whose unobstructed skillful means of luminosity is the mandala of Kuntuzangpo, the yeshe wisdom (Ye.shes kun tu.bzang po’i dkyil ’khor); and their inseparable union is the mandala of Great Bliss their son (Sras bde ba chen po’i dkyil ‘khor).
Texts
Anuyoga is the middle category of the inner tantras for the Nyingma school. This doxographical category, often called 'mdo' (Wylie; Sanskrit: sūtra; English: 'thread', 'continuity'), is not to be confused with the non-tantric category by the same name. It contains several works that designate themselves as sūtras, as well as the important text "Compendium of the Buddhas' Intentionality" (Wylie: sangs rgyas dgongs 'dus) or Compendium of the Intentions (Wylie: dgongs pa ’dus pa’i mdo, Skt: sarvavidyā sūtra). This text may or may not have ever existed in India; according to the colpohon it was translated from the language of Gilgit (bru sha), whence all of the Anuyoga texts are said to have been brought to Tibet.
Altogether, there are three volumes of Anuyoga tantras amounting to nearly three thousand pages of Tibetan text. Although the mTshams brag edition of The Collected Tantras does not rigorously organise its texts according to sub-categories, the Anuyoga category may be further subdivided according to the following scheme from Dudjom Rinpoche (Dudjom, et al. 1991: p. 289) which varies from the earlier catalogues canonised by Jigme Lingpa and that of Dampa Deshegs:
The four root sutras (Wylie: rtsa ba'i rgyud bzhi)
The six tantras clarifying the six limits (Wylie: mtha’ drug gsal bar byed pa’i rgyud drug)
The twelve rare tantras (Wylie: dkon rgyud bcu gnyis)
The Seventy Literary Scriptures (Wylie: lung gi yi ge bdun cu)
The four root sutras (Wylie: rtsa ba’i mdo bzhi)
Gathering of the Hidden Meaning (Wylie: dgongs pa ’dus pa’i mdo) Skt: sarva tathāgata citta jñāna guhyārtha garbha vyūha vajra tantra / siddha yogāgama samāja sarvavidyā sūtra mahāyānābhisamaya dharmā paryāya vivyūha nāma sūtram
Gathering of All Knowledge (Wylie: kun ’dus rig pa’i mdo) Skt: sarva tathāgata citta guhya jñānārtha garbha krodha vajra kula tantra piṇḍārtha vidyā yoga siddha nāma mahāyāna sūtra
Play of the Charnel Ground Cuckoo (Wylie: dur khrod khu byug rol ba) Skt: sarva tathāgatasya kāya vāk citta guhya śmaśāna lalita tantra nāma mahāyāna sūtra
Wheel of Lightning of Miraculous Wisdom (Wylie: ye shes rngam pa klog gi ‘khor lo) Skt: sarva tathāgata guhya mahāgupta kośa akṣaya nidhi dīpa mahāvrata sādhana tantra jñānāścarya dyuti cakra nāma mahāyānasūtra
The six tantras clarifying the six limits (Wylie: mtha’ drug gsal bar byed pa’i rgyud drug)
kun tu bzang po che ba rang la gnas pa’i rgyud (Skt: sarva dr̥ṣṭi rāja samantabhadrādhimātra svasti tantra)
dbang bskur rgyal po (Skt: padma rāja abhiṣiñca rāja ati tantra)
ting ’dzin mchog (Skt: samādhyagra tantra rāja)
skabs sbyor bdun pa (Skt: saca karma sarva rāja tantra)
brtson pa don bden
dam tshig bkod pa
The twelve rare tantras (Wylie: dkon rgyud bcu gnyis)
zhi ba lha rgyud (Skt: śānti deva tantra mahā)
chos nyid zhi ba’i lha rgyud (Skt: dharmatā śānti deva tantra)
khro bo’i lha rgyud chen mo (Skt: krodha deva tantra mahā)
khro bo’i lha rgyud rtogs pa chen po (Skt: krodha deva tantra mahā kalpa)
thugs rje chen po’i gtor rgyud (terminating colophon of the Catalogue of the Rig 'dzin Tshe dbang nor bu rNying ma'i rgyud 'bum (Skt: mahā karuṇā baliṃ māṃsa raktāsthi mahā bali tantra)
rnal ’byor gsang ba’i tshogs rgyud chen po (Skt: yoga gaṇa mahā tantra)
dpal ’bar khro mo (Skt: śrī jvala krodhī tantra)
rak ta dmar gyi rgyud (Skt: sarva tathāgata rakta mūla tantra)
me lha zhi bar gyur ba ’bar ba’i rgyud (Skt: ratna agni śāntiṃkuru jvala tantra)
khro bo’i sbyin bsregs rdo rje’i dur mo
hum mdzad chen mo (Skt: mahā hūṃ kāra tantra)
zla gsang chen mo
The Seventy Literary Scriptures (Wylie: lung gi yi ge bdun cu)
This list remains to be enumerated.
Mindstream
The 'mind-stream doctrine' (Sanskrit: citta santana; Wylie: thugs rgyud; sems rgyud) is a union of the Semde (Wylie: sems sde, 'mind series') category of Atiyoga and Anuyoga proper and is reinforced by the Guhyagarbha Tantra literature and the Kulayarāja Tantra which comprised a major part of the transmitted precepts of the 'Zur Lineage' (Wylie: zur lugs):
This family was responsible for first formulating the transmitted precepts as such. In doing so, they made the Compendium Sūtra a major part of their system, placing it alongside the Guhyagarbha Tantra and the kun byed rgyal po to make their famous “sūtra-tantra-mind triad” (mdo rgyud sems gsum). These three works became the chief canonical texts of the Zur’s transmitted precepts, corresponding to the respective doxographical classes of Anuyoga, Mahāyoga, and the mind series of Atiyoga (sems sde).
See also
Katok Monastery
Notes
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Anuyoga
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Kingston Technology Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, sells and supports flash memory products, other computer-related memory products, as well as the HyperX gaming division (now owned by HP). Headquartered in Fountain Valley, California, United States, Kingston Technology employs more than 3,000 employees worldwide as of Q1 2016. The company has manufacturing and logistics facilities in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, and China.
It is the largest independent producer of DRAM memory modules, owning approximately 68% of the third-party worldwide DRAM module market share in 2017, according to DRAMeXchange. In 2018 the company generated $7.5 billion in revenue and made #53 on the Forbes Lists of "America's Largest Private Companies 2019." Kingston serves an international network of distributors, resellers, retailers and OEM customers on six continents. The company also provides contract manufacturing and supply chain management services for semiconductor manufacturers and system OEMs.
History
Kingston Technology was founded on October 17, 1987, in response to a severe shortage of 1Mbit surface-mount memory chips, Chinese immigrant John Tu designed a new single in-line memory module (SIMM) that used readily available, older-technology through-hole components. In 1990 the company branched out into its first non-memory product line, processor upgrades. By 1992, the firm was ranked #1 by Inc. as the fastest-growing privately held company in America. The company expanded into networking and storage product lines, and introduced DataTraveler and DataPak portable products. In September 1994, Kingston became ISO 9000 certified on its first assessment attempt.
In 1995, Kingston opened a branch office in Munich, Germany to provide technical support and marketing capabilities for its European distributors and customers.
In October 1995, the company joined the "Billion-Dollar Club". After the company's 1995 sales exceeded $1.3 billion, ads ran thanking the employees ("Thanks a Billion!") with each individual employee-name in The Wall Street Journal, The Orange County Register and The Los Angeles Times. Ads also appeared in trade publications and The Wall Street Journal thanking the company's suppliers and distributors.
On August 15, 1996 SoftBank Corporation of Japan acquired 80 percent of Kingston for a total of $1.8 billion. In November of the same year, Kingston and Toshiba co-marketed memory upgrades for Toshiba PCs - the first time that a PC OEM and a memory manufacturer had teamed up to create a co-branded module. In 1999, Tu and Sun eventually bought back the 80 percent of Kingston owned by Softbank for $450 million.
On December 14, 1996 John Tu and David Sun allocated $71.5 million for employee bonuses as a result of the acquisition, averaging $130,000 for each of the company's 550 workers.
Kingston announced a 49% increase in unit sales for its memory module products in calendar year 1996 over calendar year 1995.
In 1996, Kingston opened its European headquarters in London, United Kingdom.
In January 1997, Kingston opened a manufacturing facility/office in Taiwan, a sales office in Japan, and a manufacturing facility and offices in Dublin, Ireland. The company also expanded its American manufacturing capacity by purchasing PC-OEM manufacturing buildings in Fountain Valley, California.
Kingston also introduced ValueRAM, which was a high-quality, low-cost memory designed for system integrators to use in white box systems.
In 1999, Kingston launched Advanced Validation Labs, Inc. (AVL), a sister company that provides memory validation services.
2000s
Kingston began manufacturing removable disk drive storage products in 1989 in their Kingston Storage Products Division. By 2000, it was decided to spin off the product line and become a sister company, StorCase Technology, Inc. StorCase ceased operations in 2006 after selling the designs and rights to manufacture its products to competitor CRU-DataPort.
In June 2000, Kingston announced a new supply chain management model to its memory manufacturing process. Payton Technology Inc. was established to help support this new model.
Forbes listed Kingston as number 141 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S," with revenues of $1.5 billion for 1999.
In March 2001, Kingston announced the formation of the Consumer Markets Division (CMD), a new division focusing on the retail and e-tail channel.
In 2002 Kingston launched a patented memory tester and a new HyperX line of high-performance memory modules, and also patented EPOC chip-stacking technology.
In August of that year, Kingston made a $50 million investment in Elpida and launched a green initiative for module manufacturing.
In 2004, Kingston announced revenues of $1.8B for 2003.
In September, Kingston announced new DataTraveler Elite USB drives, with hardware-based security encryption. In October, Advanced Micro Devices named Kingston "Outstanding Partner" for contributions to the AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron launches. Kingston reported revenues of $2.4B for 2004.
In May, Kingston launched a line of validated ValueRam modules for Intel-based servers.
The company was later granted a U.S. patent on dynamic burn-in tester for server memory.
They also announced a $26M investment in Tera Probe, the newest and largest wafer testing company in the world. They also opened the world's largest memory module manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China.
In 2006, Kingston reported revenues of $3.0B for 2005. In March, Kingston introduced the first fully secure 100% privacy USB drive with 128-bit hardware encryption, and later with 256-bit hardware encryption. The company also launched Fully Buffered Dimms (FBDIMMs), which broke the 16GB barrier. The company entered the portable media market with KPEX (Kingston Portable Entertainment eXperience).
In 2007, Kingston reported revenues of $3.7B for 2006. Forbes listed Kingston as #83 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S". Inc. ranked Kingston as the #1 Fastest Growing Private Company By Revenue.
In 2008, Kingston reported revenues of $4.5B for 2007.
In August, Inc.com's "Top 100 Inc. 5000 Companies" ranked Kingston #2 in both Gross Dollars of Growth and Overall Revenue.
Forbes lists Kingston as number 79 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
In 2009, Kingston reported revenues of $4.0B for 2008. Volume increased 41% in memory units shipped from 2007. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the sixth consecutive year. In August, Inc.com's "Top 100 Inc. 5000 Companies" ranked Kingston #5 in Private Companies by Revenue and number 1 in the computer hardware category. In October, Forbes listed Kingston as number 97 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
In 2010, Kingston reported revenues of $4.1B for 2009. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market with 40.3% market share, up from 32.8% in 2008 and 27.5% in 2007. In August, Inc.com's "Top 100 Inc. 5000 Companies" ranked Kingston #6 in Private Companies by Revenue and number 1 in the computer hardware category. In November, Forbes listed Kingston as number 77 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
In 2011, Kingston reported revenues of $6.5B for 2010. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market, with 46% market share. Kingston also launched the Wi-Drive line of wireless storage products. Forbes ranked Kingston as the 51st largest private company in the US, up from #77. Inc. ranked Kingston #4 by revenue in the top 100 companies and #1 in computer hardware category. Gartner Research ranked Kingston as the #1 USB drive manufacturer in the world.
In 2012, Kingston celebrated 25 years in the memory business. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 9th consecutive year. Kingston celebrated 10 years of HyperX gaming memory. Kingston releases HyperX branded SSD drives and releases the first Windows to Go USB drive.
Forbes lists Kingston as #48 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S." Gartner Research ranked Kingston #1 USB manufacturer in the world.
In 2013, Kingston ships its fastest, world's largest-capacity USB 3.0 Flash Drive with DataTraveler HyperX Predator 3.0, available up to 1 TB. Kingston launches the MobileLite Wireless reader line of storage products for smartphones and tablets. iSuppli ranks Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 10th consecutive year. Gartner Research ranks Kingston the no. 1 USB Flash drive manufacturer in the world for the 6th straight year. Forbes lists Kingston as #94 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
In 2014, Kingston HyperX released the FURY memory line for entry-level overclocking and game enthusiasts. HyperX then released its Cloud headset. iSuppli (IHS) ranks Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 11th consecutive year. HyperX sets DDR3 overclocking world record mark at 4620 MHz, using one 4GB HyperX Predator 2933 MHz DDR3 module.
Kingston ships M.2 SATA SSDs for new notebook platforms, small-form factor devices and Z97 motherboards. Kingston releases MobileLite Wireless G2, the second generation media streamer for smartphones and tablets. HyperX demos DDR4 memory at PAX Prime, allowing for faster speeds at a lower voltage. Forbes lists Kingston as #69 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
In 2015, IHS ranks Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 12th consecutive year. In January, HyperX reclaimed the top DDR4 overclocking mark in the world at 4351 MHz. HyperX Launches High-Performance PCIe SSD with the highest-end SSD with the fastest speeds in the HyperX lineup. HyperX released the enhanced Cloud II headset with USB sound card audio control box and virtual 7.1 Surround Sound. HyperX creates the world's fastest DDR4 128GB memory kit running at an astoundingly fast 3000 MHz with HyperX Predator modules with ultra-tight timings. Gartner ranks Kingston as the #2 aftermarket PC SSD manufacturer in the world for 2014. Forbes lists Kingston as #54 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
In 2016, Kingston Digital, the Flash memory affiliate of Kingston Technology Company, acquired the USB technology and assets of IronKey from Imation Corp. Forbes lists Kingston as #51 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."
Kingston Technology sold HyperX to HP Inc. in June 2021 for $425 million. The deal only includes computer peripherals branded as HyperX, not memory or storage. Kingston retains ownership of the memory and storage products, which it has rebranded as Kingston FURY.
Awards and recognition
iSuppli (IHS) has ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for 12 consecutive years, the most recent being in June 2015. In 2007, Inc. awarded Kingston Technology's founders with the Inaugural Distinguished Alumni Goldhirsh Award. In September 2006, Kingston received Intel's "Outstanding Supplier Award for Exceptional Support, Quality and Timely Delivery of FB-DIMM Products". In April 2003 Kingston received the "Diverse Supplier Award for Best Overall Performance" from Dell. It was also honored for "Excellence in Fairness" by the Great Place to Work Institute. The company also appeared on Fortunes list of "100 Best Companies to Work For" for five consecutive years (1998–2002). In 2001, it was listed by IndustryWeek as a "Top 5 Global Manufacturing Company". Forbes ranks Kingston as number 51 on its list of America's Largest Private Companies. The HyperX line of products is used by over 20% of professional gamers.
Products
Computer - System Specific memory upgrades, ValueRam for system builders and OEMs
Digital audio players - K-PEX 100, Mini-Secure Digital, Micro-Secure Digital, MMC
Flash memory - Such as Secure Digital, Compact Flash, USB Flash Drives, Solid-state drives and various other form factors
Mobile phones - Mini-Secure Digital, Micro-Secure Digital, MMC
Printer - LaserJet memory, Lexmark printer memory, etc.
Server - Memory for both branded (i.e. IBM, HP, etc.) and white box servers (ValueRAM, Server Premier)
Wireless storage products - Wi-Drive wireless storage and MobileLite Wireless readers
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Kingston Technology
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William Macfarlane (29 June 1889 – 15 August 1961) was a Scottish professional golfer.
Biography
Macfarlane was born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Like many British golfers of his era, he took a position as a club professional in the United States. In 1925 he won the U.S. Open at Worcester Country Club in Worcester, Massachusetts. He tied Bobby Jones over 72 holes, with both men shooting 291. Macfarlane had set a new U.S. Open single round low-score of 67 in the second round. The two men played an 18-hole playoff and both of them shot 75. Macfarlane won a second 18-hole playoff by 72 shots to 73.
Macfarlane played in the U.S. Open 16 times, but only had one other top-10 finish. He won 21 times on the PGA Tour.
Death
Macfarlane died in Miami, Florida.
PGA Tour wins (21)
1916 (1) Rockland CC Four-Ball
1921 (1) Philadelphia Open Championship
1924 (1) Westchester Open
1925 (2) U.S. Open, Shawnee Open
1928 (1) Shawnee Open
1930 (3) Metropolitan Open, Westchester Open, Mid-South Open Bestball (with Wiffy Cox)
1931 (2) Miami International Four-Ball (with Wiffy Cox), Kenwood Open
1932 (1) St. Petersburg Open
1933 (4) Metropolitan Open, Mid-South Pro-Pro (with Paul Runyan), Mid-South Open (tie with Paul Runyan and Joe Turnesa), Miami Biltmore Open (December)
1934 (1) Pennsylvania Open Championship
1935 (2) Florida West Coast Open, Glens Falls Open
1936 (2) Walter Olson Golf Tournament (tie with Tommy Armour), Nassau Open
Major championship is shown in bold.
Other wins
Note: This list is probably incomplete.
1922 Westchester Open
Major championships
Wins (1)
1 Defeated Jones in second 18-hole playoff – Macfarlane 75-72=147 (+5), Jones 75-73=148 (+6).
Result timeline
Note: Macfarlane never played in The Open Championship.
NYF = tournament not yet founded
NT = no tournament
WD = withdrew
CUT = missed the half-way cut
R32, R16, QF, SF = round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 10 (1923 PGA – 1931 PGA)
Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1923 PGA – 1925 U.S. Open)
See also
List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
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Willie Macfarlane
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Hopemont is an unincorporated community in Preston County, West Virginia, United States. It is located to the east of Terra Alta and is the home of Hopemont State Hospital, originally created as the West Virginia State Tuberculosis Sanitarium. According to the Geographic Names Information System, Hopemont has also been known as Rinards Crossing.
Hopemont Blues
The following poem appeared in the Logan Banner of Logan, WV, on July 7, 1922. The author was Sally Godbey, who gave her address as the “State T.B. Sanitarium, Hopemont, Terra Alta, W.Va.”
THE HOPEMONT BLUES
When the golden sun is sinking
Behind the hills of old Hopemont,
When of home and friends I’m thinking
That “what-might-have-been” is not.
When the night birds’ soft notes falling,
Melodies sweet float on the air,
Then my thoughts go back to Logan,
And the friends that I left there.
When the sighing night-winds moaning,
Groaning through the old oak trees
and the strain of “Home Sweet Home”
Carry softly on the breeze,
Then is when my thoughts go roaming,
Filled with memories old and new
Days of gladness, days of sadness,
Nights so happy, nights so blue.
Though there’s many miles between us,
Little town I love you yet,
And I long to hurry back,
For I’m homesick and regret
That I ever left you Logan,
But I had to, so they say.
I’m lonesome for the old home town,
And I’m coming back some day,
They say that you are a dull little town,
They spell it with a capital D.
They wish that they could get away,
But you are all the world to me,
And though the world is a very big place
My home has always been with you.
And I find you quite a nice little town,
With friends both kind and true.
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Hopemont, West Virginia
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William Lyall (26 March 1953 – 1 December 1989) was a Scottish musician, known for his work with Pilot, The Alan Parsons Project, and the Bay City Rollers.
Biography
Career
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Lyall was a singer, keyboard player and flautist with Pilot, and co-wrote "Magic", Pilot's 1974 hit single.
He contributed to the Alan Parsons Project with fellow Pilot members, and he was an early member of the Bay City Rollers. He was the keyboard player for Dollar between 1978 and 1982.
He left Pilot in early 1976, and he released a solo album, Solo Casting, later that year. In 1979, he contributed string arrangements and synthesizers to an album by the band Runner.
Personal life and death
Lyall moved to London in the early 1970s and lived in a red-brick mansion flat in Fitzjames Avenue, West Kensington. He died in the AIDS pandemic in 1989, at the age of 36. Bay City Rollers' manager Tam Paton later said that Lyall was gay.
Discography
With Pilot
Albums
Singles
With Dollar
Studio albums
Singles
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Billy Lyall
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In Taiwan, law can be studied in an undergraduate program resulting in a Bachelor of Law (LL.B.) or a postgraduate degree resulting in a Masters of Law (LL.M.). Some LL.M. programs in Taiwan are offered to students with or without a legal background. However, the graduation requirements for students with a legal background are lower than for those students who do not have a legal background (to account for fundamental legal subjects that were taken during undergraduate studies). Students studying in an LL.M. program normally take three years to earn the necessary credits and finish a master’s thesis. Ph.D. degrees are also offered in the area of law.
Students in law school receive academic rather than practical training. Practical training is arranged only after the individual passes the lawyer, judge or prosecutor exams.
Law schools
Aletheia University Department of Financial and Economic Law
Asia University Department of Financial and Economic Law
Chinese Culture University College of Law
Chung Yuan Christian University School of Law
Tunghai University College of Law
Fu Jen Catholic University College of Law
Hsuan Chuang University College of Law
Kainan University Department of Law
Ming Chuan University School of Law
National Cheng Kung University College of Law
National Chengchi University College of Law
National Chung Cheng University College of Law
National Chung Hsing University School of Law
National Dong Hwa University Department of Law
National Taipei University College of Law
National Taiwan University College of Law
National University of Kaohsiung College of Law
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Law
Providence University Department of Law
Shih Hsin University College of Law
Soochow University School of Law
Compulsory courses for undergraduate students
According to the National Taiwan University College of Law:
First year
Constitutional law
Civil Code - General Principle I
Criminal Code - General Principles I
Civil Code - General Provisions of Obligations
Second year
Civil Code - General Provisions of Obligations II
Civil Code - Kinds of Provisions of Obligations
Civil Code - Property
Civil Code - Family and Succession law
Criminal Code - General Principles II
Criminal Code - Kinds of Offenses
Administrative Law
Legal History
International Law
Third year
Civil Procedure
Criminal Procedure
General Principles of Business Law & Corporation Law
Insurance Law
Law of Negotiable Instruments
Maritime Law
Jurisprudence
Fourth year
Conflict of Laws
Fifth year
Some law schools in Taiwan have a five-year LL.B. program to incorporate courses with specialties into their curriculum. Soochow University School of Law, for example, is well known for its five-year LL.B. program featuring Anglo-American law and comparative legal studies.
See also
Education in Taiwan
History of education in Taiwan
List of schools in Taiwan
List of universities in Taiwan
History of law in Taiwan
Constitution of the Taiwan (ROC)
Six Codes
Law of the Taiwan (ROC)
Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)
Judicial Yuan
Supreme Court of the Taiwan (ROC)
Supreme Prosecutor Office
Taiwan High Prosecutors Office
District Courts of the Taiwan (ROC)
Referendums in Taiwan
Democracy Index
Modified Sainte-Laguë method with 234 seats or more
Open list PR
Unicameralism
Jury trial with 12
Judicial review
Bill of Rights
Separation of church and state
Separation of investment and retail banking
Corruption Perceptions Index
Further reading
Lo Chang-fa, The Legal Culture and System of Taiwan, Chapter 2, (Kluwer Law International 2006).
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List of law schools in Taiwan
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The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is a 2005 American horror film directed by David Lee Fisher, who also co-wrote the film's screenplay, and is a remake of the 1920 silent film of the same name. It was released in the U.S. at the ScreamFest Film Festival on October 22, where it won three prizes: the Audience Choice Award, Best Cinematography and Best Special Effects.
Plot
The plot is similar to that of the original film with extra dialogue scenes. The film tells the story of the deranged Dr. Caligari and his faithful sleepwalking minion Cesare and their connection to a string of murders in a German mountain village, Holstenwall. The movie features a "frame story" in which the body of the plot is presented as a flashback, as told by Francis.
The narrator, Francis, and his friend Alan visit a carnival in the village where they see Dr. Caligari and Cesare, whom the doctor is displaying as an attraction. Caligari brags that Cesare can answer any question he is asked. When Alan asks Cesare how long he has to live, Cesare tells Alan that he will die tomorrow at dawn — a prophecy which turns out to be fulfilled.
Francis, along with his girlfriend Jane, investigate Caligari and Cesare, which eventually leads to Jane's kidnapping by Cesare. Caligari orders Cesare to kill Jane, but the hypnotized slave refuses after her beauty captivates him. He carries Jane out of her house, leading Jane's father and brother on a chase. Cesare is stabbed to death after being pursued by Jane's brother, and Francis discovers that Caligari had created an illusion of Cesare to distract him.
Francis discovers that "Caligari" is the head of the local insane asylum, and with the help of his colleagues discovers that he is obsessed with the story of a medieval Dr. Caligari, who used a somnambulist to murder people as a traveling act. After being confronted with the dead Cesare, Caligari breaks down, reveals his mania and is imprisoned in his own asylum.
The "twist ending" reveals that Francis' flashback is his fantasy: The man he claims is Caligari is indeed his doctor in the asylum, who, after this revelation of the source of his patient's delusion, claims to be able to cure him.
Cast
Judson Pearce Morgan as Francis Geist
Daamen J. Krall as Dr. Daamen Caligari
Doug Jones as Cesare
Lauren Birkell as Jane Stern
Neil Hopkins as Alan
William Gregory Lee as Joseph Stern
Randy Mulkey as Inspector
Time Winters as Dr. Gabriel Stern
Richard Herd as Commissioner Hans Raab
Tim Russ as Town clerk
Brian Farber as Burly Man #2/Cloaked man
Release
The film was released on October 22, 2005 , in United States
Home media
The film was released on DVD by Image on June 5, 2007.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 43% based on , with a weighted average rating of 5/10.
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "Generally favorable reviews". Neil Genzlinger from the New York Times noted that Fisher had "out-disoriented the original", although he felt it wasn't in the way the director intended. Genzlinger concluded his review by calling the film "Scary, disturbing, intriguing, all at once" TV Guide's Maitland McDonagh awarded the film 3/5 stars, commending Hopkins, Kraal, and Jones' performances as well as the digital recreation of the original film's artificial backdrops.
R. Emmet Sweeney from The Village Voice gave the film a negative review, writing, "Although technically impressive, the remake is dramatically inert, as the set becomes a motionless backdrop to theatrical line readings instead of a pulsing manifestation of diseased minds. It’s Caligari embalmed. The plot is followed to the letter, and as Cesare, Doug Jones displays a wounded sensitivity that honors Conrad Veidt’s celebrated turn. But there’s nothing here to keep you from renting Robert Wiene’s timeless masterpiece instead." Ed Gonzalez from Slant Magazine offered similar criticism, stating that the director's determination to recreate the original film resulted in revealing the original's "unsophisticated storytelling and limited feeling".
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The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (2005 film)
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The 94th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the United States Air Force 1st Operations Group located at Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia. The 94th is equipped with the F-22 Raptor.
The 94 FS is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized on 20 August 1917 as the 94th Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a pursuit squadron. It took part in the Champagne-Marne defensive; Aisne-Marne offensive; St. Mihiel offensive, and Meuse-Argonne offensive.
In 1924, it was consolidated with the 103d Aero Squadron (Pursuit). The 103d was largely composed of former members of the French Air Service Lafayette Escadrille (from the French Escadrille de Lafayette). This was a squadron of American volunteer pilots who had joined the French Air Service prior to the United States entry into the war on 6 April 1917. In July 1926, with the disestablishment of the U.S. Army Air Service, the squadron became part of the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC).
In June 1941, the squadron became part of the renamed U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF). During World War II the unit served in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) as part of Twelfth Air Force as a P-38 Lightning fighter squadron, participating in the North African and Italian campaigns. In September 1947, it became part of the newly established United States Air Force (USAF). During the Cold War it was both an Air Defense Command (ADC) fighter-interceptor squadron, and later as part of Tactical Air Command (TAC). It was one of the first USAF operational squadrons equipped with the F-15A Eagle in January 1976. With the disestablishment of TAC in 1992, it was assigned to the newly established Air Combat Command (ACC).
Overview
The 94 Fighter Squadron (94 FS) is tasked to provide air superiority for the United States and allied forces by engaging and destroying enemy forces, equipment, defenses or installations for global deployment as part of the 1st Fighter Wing.
The squadron flies one of today's most advanced air dominance fighters, the F-22A Raptor, being the USAF's second operational F-22 squadron in 2006. 94 FS aircraft, like other aircraft from the 1st Fighter Wing, have the tail code "FF".
History
The 94th Fighter Squadron has a long history and traditions that date back to World War I. The squadron was activated at Kelly Field, Texas, on 20 August 1917 as the 94th Aero Squadron. On 8 April 1924, the unit was consolidated with the 103d Aero Squadron which was organized on 31 August 1917.
World War I
See 94th Aero Squadron for an expanded World War I history
On 30 September 1917, two officers and 150 enlisted men left Texas for France and were sent to seven different aircraft factories for maintenance and repair training. In April 1918, the 94th was reunited and stationed at the Gengault Aerodrome near Toul, France, where it began operations as the first American squadron at the front. It was placed under the command of Major Raoul Lufbery, an ace pilot and veteran of the Lafayette Escadrille.
As the first American squadron in operation, its aviators were allowed to create their squadron insignia. They used the opportunity to commemorate the United States' entry into World War I by taking the phrase of tossing one's "hat in the ring" (a boxing phrase to signify one's willingness to become a challenger) and symbolizing it with the literal image of Uncle Sam's red, white and blue top hat going through a ring.
On 14 April, Lt. Douglas Campbell and Lt. Alan Winslow downed two German aircraft. These were the first victories ever scored by an American unit. No 94th pilot achieved more aerial victories than 1st Lt. Edward V. "Eddie" Rickenbacker, who was named America's "Ace of Aces" during the war. In his Nieuport 28 and later his SPAD S.XIII, Rickenbacker was credited with 26 of the squadron's 70 kills during World War I. By the end of hostilities, the 94th had won battle honors for participation in 11 major engagements and was awarded the Croix de Guerre with Palm.
The squadron was assigned to the 1st Pursuit Group based at Toul (5 May 1918), and subsequently at Touquin (28 June 1918), Saints (9 July 1918) and Rembercourt (1 September 1918). Rickenbacker took command of the squadron on 25 September, at the start of the Meuse Argonne Offensive, and retained it through the end of the war. Another flying ace of this squadron was Harvey Weir Cook.
The 103d Aero Squadron constructed facilities, December 1917 – 1 February 1918; with flight echelon originally composed of former members of the Lafayette Escadrille, participated in combat as a pursuit unit with the French Fourth Army, French Sixth Army, Detachment of the Armies of the North (French), French Eighth Army, and the American First Army, 18 February – 10 November 1918.
On 8 April 1924, the 103d was consolidated by the Air Service with the 94th Pursuit Squadron.
Between the wars: 1920s and 1930s
The squadron returned home in the spring of 1919, and after several moves, the 94th settled with the 1st Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan, in July 1922. In 1923, the unit was re-designated the 94th Pursuit Squadron. The squadron stayed in Michigan for the remainder of the inter-war years, training in its pursuit role. The squadron flew 17 different aircraft during this period, culminating with the P-38 Lightning. One week after Pearl Harbor, the 94th moved to Naval Air Station San Diego, California. Expecting to see action in the Pacific, the squadron instead received orders for Europe. In the summer of 1942, the 94th and its parent group deployed under its own power to England, the U.K., via Canada, Labrador, Greenland, and Iceland as part of Operation Bolero. This marked the first time that a fighter squadron flew its own aircraft from the United States to Europe.
World War II
In May 1942, all pursuit groups and squadrons were re-designated "fighter". In November the 94th Fighter Squadron entered combat in North Africa during Operation Torch. Based in Algeria, Tunisia, and Italy, the 94th again distinguished itself in combat by winning two Presidential Distinguished Unit Citations as part of the 1st Group. In addition, the squadron earned 14 Campaign honors, participating in almost every campaign in North Africa and Europe. 64 pilots of the 94th Fighter Squadron were credited with 124 Axis aircraft destroyed. The 94th produced a total of six aces in World War II. In April 1945 the 1st Fighter Group received two YP-80 jets for operational testing. The 94th Squadron's Major Edward LaClare flew two operational sorties in the YP-80 although without encountering combat.
Cold War
After the end of World War II, the 94th trained in the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star, America's first operational jet fighter, and was stationed at March AFB, California. In July 1950, the group became the 94th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (FIS) and was eventually assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), later renamed Aerospace Defense Command (ADC). After the P-80, the squadron flew several aircraft in the interceptor role, including the F-86, F-102 and F-106. In 1956, the 94th won the Worldwide Rocket Firing Meet held at Vincent AFB, Arizona. In the 1960s, the unit was among the first ready units sent to Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. The squadron carried out combat air patrol missions off the coast of Florida, setting a record for F-106 hours and sorties. During the 1960s, the 94th, along with other ADC units, maintained an alert force in Alaska.
With its supersonic F-106s, the squadron intercepted Russian bombers on missions over the Bering Sea. Then, in June 1969, with tensions mounting following the Pueblo Incident and the downing of an EC-121 electronic observation plane by North Korea, the squadron deployed to Osan AB, South Korea, for six months. It then replaced the 75th FIS at Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan until 1 July 1971. At that time, the squadron was redesignated the 94th Tactical Fighter Squadron, reassigned to Tactical Air Command, and reunited with the 27th and 71st Squadrons under the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing (1 TFW), flying the F-4E. The 94th assumed the duties of a Replacement Training Unit (RTU), providing F-4 aircrews for operational combat squadrons.
In 1975, the 1st TFW moved to Langley AFB, Virginia, and began the 94 TFS flying the F-15A and F-15B Eagle, with the squadron becoming combat-ready in early 1977. In September 1992, the squadron was renamed the 94th Fighter Squadron (94 FS).
The 94th Fighter Squadron did not deploy to Southwest Asia for the first Persian Gulf War, although many of its pilots and maintenance personnel did as augmenters to both the 71st and 27th Fighter Squadrons from the 1st Fighter Wing. The 94th successfully supported the UN-sanctioned Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch in Iraq with many deployments to Saudi Arabia and Turkey in the period leading up to the Iraq War. The 94th Fighter Squadron pilots repeatedly defeated Iraqi surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) attacks while enforcing UN sanctions, without loss or damage to a single aircraft.
Since the September 11 attacks on the United States, the aircraft of the 94th have patrolled the skies of the East Coast of the United States.
Modern era
In 2006, the 94th became the second operational squadron to fly the F-22 Raptor, receiving its first F-22A in June 2006, and receiving its full complement of F-22As, with AF Ser. No / tail number (T/N) 05-0094, in June 2007. This was due to the 94 FS trading tail number 086 for 094 with the 90th Fighter Squadron, which is part of the 3rd Wing based at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.
Additionally, the 1st FW traded AF Ser. No. / tail number 05-0084 to the 90th Fighter Squadron for tail number 05-0101. Tail 10-194 is the current flagship of 94th Fighter Squadron.
2013 Sequestration
Air Combat Command officials announced a stand down and reallocation of flying hours for the rest of the fiscal year 2013 due to mandatory budget cuts. The across-the board spending cuts, called sequestration, took effect 1 March when Congress failed to agree on a deficit-reduction plan.
Squadrons either stood down on a rotating basis or kept combat ready or at a reduced readiness level called "basic mission capable" for part or all of the remaining months in fiscal 2013. This affected the 94th Fighter Squadron with a stand-down grounding from 9 April-30 September 2013.
Lineage
103d Aero Squadron
Organized as the 103d Aero Squadron on 31 August 1917
Redesignated 103d Aero Squadron (Pursuit) on 13 February 1918
Redesignated 103d Aero Squadron, 4 March 1919
Demobilized on 18 August 1919
Reconstituted on 8 April 1924 and consolidated with the 94th Pursuit Squadron as the 94th Pursuit Squadron
94th Fighter Squadron
Organized as the 94th Aero Squadron on 20 August 1917
Redesignated 94th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) on 30 March 1918
Redesignated 94th Aero Squadron on 1 June 1919
Redesignated 94th Squadron (Pursuit) on 14 March 1921
Redesignated 94th Pursuit Squadron on 25 January 1923
Consolidated with the 103d Aero Squadron on 8 April 1924
Redesignated 94th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 6 December 1939
Redesignated 94th Pursuit Squadron (Fighter) on 12 March 1941
Redesignated 94th Fighter Squadron (Twin Engine) on 15 May 1942
Redesignated 94th Fighter Squadron, Two Engine on 28 February 1944
Inactivated on 16 October 1945
Redesignated 94th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 5 April 1946
Redesignated 94th Fighter Squadron, Jet Propelled on 20 June 1946
Activated on 3 July 1946
Redesignated 94th Fighter Squadron, Jet on 15 June 1948
Redesignated 94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 16 April 1950
Redesignated 94th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 1 July 1971
Redesignated 94th Fighter Squadron on 1 November 1991
Assignments
103d Aero Squadron
Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 31 August 1917
Aviation Concentration Center, 5 November 1917
Third Aviation Instruction Center, 28 December 1917
Air Service Headquarters, American Expeditionary Force, 13 February 1918 (attached to Groupe de Combat 21 18 February 1918, Sixth Army (France) 11 April 1918, Army of the North (France) after 30 April 1918)
2d Pursuit Group, 5 July 1918
3d Pursuit Group, 7 August 1918
1st Air Depot, 5 June 1919
Advanced Section Services of Supply, 6–19 February 1919
Eastern Department, 4 March-18 Aug 1919
94th Aero (later, 94th Pursuit) Squadron
Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 20 August 1917
Aviation Concentration Center, 5 October 1917
Overseas transport: RMS Adriatic, 27 October-10 November 1917
Headquarters Air Service, AEF, 12 November 1917
Attached to French Air Service for training, 19 November 1917 – 24 January 1918
3d Instructional Center, 24 January 1918
1st Pursuit Organization Center, 30 March 1918
1st Pursuit Group, 5 May 1918
5th Pursuit Group, 20 November 1918
1st Air Depot, 17 April 1919
Advanced Section Services of Supply, 5 May 1919
Post Headquarters, Mitchel Field, 1 June 1919
1st Pursuit Group, 22 August 1919 to consolidation.
Consolidated Squadron
1st Pursuit (later, 1st Fighter) Group, from consolidation in 1924 to 16 October 1945
1st Fighter (later, 1st Fighter-Interceptor) Group, 3 July 1946
Attached to Alaskan Air Command, 13 October 1947 – 16 February 1948
4705th Defense Wing, 6 February 1952
27th Air Division, 1 March 1952
1st Fighter Group, 18 August 1955
1st Fighter Wing, 1 February 1961
Attached to 314th Air Division, c. 6 June – 17 November 1969
23d Air Division, 1 December 1969
1st Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 July 1971
1st Operations Group, 1 October 1991–present
Stations
103d Aero Squadron
Kelly Field, Texas, 31 August-30 October 1917
Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, New York, 5 November 1917
Overseas transport: RMS Baltic, 23 November-7 December
Liverpool, England, 8 December
Windall Downs Rest Camp, Winchester, England, 8 December
Southampton, England, 23 December
American Rest Camp, Le Havre, France, 24 December
Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 28 December
La Noblette Aerodrome, France, 13 Feb 1918
Bonne Maison Aerodrome, France, 8 April 1918
Leffrinckouke Aerodrome, France, 30 April 1918
Crochte Aerodrome, France, 6 June 1918
Gengault Aerodrome (Toul), France, 30 June 1918
Vaucouleurs Aerodrome, France, 7 August 1918
Lisle-en-Barrois Aerodrome, France, 20 September 1918
Foucaucourt Aerodrome, France, 6 November 1918
Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 5 Jun 1919
Brest, France, 6-19 Feb 1919
Garden City, New York, 4-18 Mar 1919
Undetermined, 19 March-18 Aug 1919
94th Aero (later, 94th Pursuit) Squadron
Kelly Field, Texas, 20 August 1917
Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, New York, 5–27 October 1917
Liverpool, England, 10 November 1917
British Rest Camp #2, Le Havre, France, 11 November 1917
Reuilly Barracks, Paris, France, 18 November 1917
Squadron divided into flights and sent to several locations in France for training
Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 24 January 1918
Epiez Aerodrome, France, 1 April 1918
Gengault Aerodrome, Toul, France, 7 April 1918
Touquin Aerodrome, France, 29 June 1918
Saints Aerodrome, France, 9 July 1918
Rembercourt Aerodrome, France, 30 August 1918
Noers Aerodrome, Longuyon, France, 20 Nov 1918
Coblenz Aerodrome, Germany, 31 Dec 1918
Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 17 Apr 1919
Le Mans, France, 5–18 May 1919
Mitchel Field, New York, 1 Jun 1919
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 27 June 1919
Kelly Field, Texas, c. 31 August 1919
Ellington Field, Texas, 1 July 1921
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 July 1922 to consolidation.
Consolidated Squadron
Selfridge Field, Michigan, from consolidation in 1924
San Diego Naval Air Station, California, 9 December 1941
Long Beach Army Air Field, California, 6 February – 20 May 1942
RAF Kirton in Lindsey, England, 10 June 1942
RAF Ibsley, England, 27 August – 24 October 1942
Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 15 November 1942
Nouvion Airfield, Algeria, 21 November 1942
Youks-les-Bains Airfield, Algeria, 28 November 1942
Detachments operated from Maison Blanche Airport, Algeria, 6–14 December 1942
Biskra Airfield, Algeria, 14 December 1942
Chateaudun-du-Rhumel Airfield, Algeria, 14 February 1943
Mateur Airfield, Tunisia, c. 20 June 1943
Detachments operated from: Dittaino, Sicily, 6–18 September 1943
Detachments operated from: Gambut, Libya, 4–12 October 1943
Djedeida Airfield, Tunisia, c. 1 November 1943
Monserrato, Sardinia, 29 November 1943
Gioia del Colle Airfield, Italy, c. 10 December 1943
Salsola Airfield, Italy, January 1944
Detachments operated from: Aghione, Corsica, 10–18 August 1944
Detachments operated from: Vincenzo Airfield, Italy, 9 January – 18 February 1945
Lesina Airfield, Italy, 16 March 1945
Marcianise, Italy, 26 September – 16 October 1945
March Field (later, AFB), California, 3 July 1946
Deployed at Ladd Field, Alaska, 13 October 1947 – 16 February 1948
George AFB, California, 18 July 1950
Selfridge AFB, Michigan, 18 August 1955
Deployed at Osan AB, South Korea, c. 6 June – 17 November 1969
Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan, 31 December 1969
MacDill AFB, Florida, 1 July 1971
Langley AFB, Virginia, 30 June 1975–present
Aircraft
103d Aero Squadron
Spad VII, 1918
Spad XIII, 1918
94th Aero (later, 94th Pursuit) Squadron
Nieuport 28, 1918
Spad XIII, 1918-1919
Fokker D.VII, Albatros D.V, Pfalz D.III, and Roland D.VI, during 1919
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5, 1919–1922
Curtiss JN-4, JN-6, Airco DH.4, Orenco D, and PW-5, during the period 1919 to consolidation in 1924
Thomas-Morse MB-3, 1922 to consolidation in 1924
Consolidated Squadron
Thomas-Morse MB-3, from consolidation in 1924 to 1925
PW-8, 1924–1926
P-1 Hawk, 1925–1931
P-2 Hawk, P-3 Hawk, and P-5 Hawk, 1926–1931
Boeing P-12, 1930–1932
P-6 Hawk, 1932
Berliner-Joyce P-16, 1932–1934
P-6 Hawk, P-26 Peashooter, and Consolidated P-30 (PB-2), 1934–1938
Seversky P-35, 1934–1941
P-36 Hawk, 1938–1940
P-40 Warhawk (and probably P-43 Lancer), 1939–1941
P-38 Lightning, 1941–1945
P-80 Shooting Star, 1946–1949
F-86D Sabre Interceptor, 1949–1960
F-106 Delta Dart, 1960–1971
F-4 Phantom II, 1971–1975
F-15 Eagle, 1976–2005
F-22A Raptor, 2006–present
See also
Barber pole#Aviation and space flight for insignia on aircraft.
Hamilton Coolidge
Reed Chambers
David M. Peterson
Raoul Lufbery
James Meissner
Eddie Rickenbacker
List of American Aero Squadrons
List of World War I flying aces
Lafayette Flying Corps
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94th Fighter Squadron
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