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Richard III (died 1140/1), also known as Richard of Caleno, was the Norman count of Carinola and last quasi-independent Duke of Gaeta, ruling from 1121 to his death. From 1113, he was regent of Gaeta for his cousin or nephew, Duke Jonathan; in 1121 he succeeded him. As duke he was a nominal vassal of the Princes of Capua, to whom he was related. Family Richard was the son of Count Bartholomew of Carinola, as attested by Peter the Deacon, who calls him in his . Richard himself refers to his father in the grandiose title he used in charters in November 1123 and November 1127: "Richard, ordained by divine clemency consul and duke of the aforesaid city [of Gaeta], son of Lord Bartholomew of old, descended from the princes of Capua and the counts of Carinola of pious memory." Bartholomew was a brother of Prince Jordan I of Capua and Count Jonathan I of Carinola. Richard was thus a member of the extended Drengot family. Duke Jonathan, who preceded Richard at Gaeta, may have been the son of Count Jonathan. Graham Loud presents an alternate genealogy, making Richard a son of Count Jonathan and Duke Jonathan his nephew, being a son of an unnamed brother of Richard. Richard was married to a woman named Anna. Their son, Jonathan (died 1162×66), inherited the county of Carinola and was compensated for the loss of Gaeta, which passed to the crown after Richard's death, by the grant of the county of Conza. Securing Gaeta According to Peter the Deacon, after the death of Duke Richard II in 1111, his widow, Rangarda, fought Count Richard of Carinola "for [control of] the duchy of Gaeta" (). Peter never refers to Richard of Carinola as duke of Gaeta, preferring to call him simply the "lord of Carinola" (). After the death of Richard II's heir in 1113, Jonathan was installed as duke, with Richard as regent, by Prince Robert I of Capua. Jonathan is known from the Codex Caietanus to have been in the fourth year of his minority in 1116 and the seventh of his rule in 1119. As a sign of Gaeta's independence, between March or May 1113 and July 1114 he and Richard issued charters dated to the joint reign of the Byzantine emperors Alexios I (1081–1118) and John II (1092–1143). In 1114 Richard confirmed the abbey of Montecassino in its possessions in Fondi, Ceccano, Aquino, Venafro, Alife and Teano. In 1115 Rangarda seized the tower and other possessions of the abbey at Suio in retaliation for the imprisonment of her second husband, Alexander, count of Sessa Aurunca. By 1117 Richard had helped restore to it its estates. In March 1118, when the Emperor Henry V installed an antipope, Gregory VIII in Rome, the legitimate Pope Gelasius II fled to his home town of Gaeta. Though he was a monk and a deacon, he had never been ordained or consecrated a priest. At Gaeta his ordination and consecration took place on 9–10 March, according to the Liber pontificalis (the official papal history), in the presence of Duke Richard (regent for Jonathan), Duke William II of Apulia and Prince Robert I of Capua. These three then swore homage to the pope. In 1121, shortly after becoming duke, Richard confirmed the property of Campus Pedeacetu, a member of one of Gaeta's leading families. In 1123 Richard, at the request of the people, swore before the consuls and "great men" () not to alter the copper follari minted in Gaeta: "the aforesaid money, which it will now be seen are , therefore we ordain to remain at all times inviolate and unchanging". These coins circulated only locally and were retained even under the kings of Sicily down to 1194×97. Richard had introduced new coin types while serving as regent for Jonathan. bearing the inscriptions RIC CON ET DUX and †GAETA followed by either II or III are usually attributed to Dukes Richard II and Richard III, respectively, although neither duke used any numerals in their charters. This act of 1123 also presents the first appearance of consuls in Gaeta. The consuls—usually four in number, serving for terms—were a distinguishing feature of Richard's rule, and re-appeared after his death. As can be seen from his coins, Richard generally used the title (consul and duke). In 1127 the building that housed the (court) he ceded to the consuls. Dispute with Montecassino According to Peter the Deacon, in 1124, Richard Pignardus was "enticed by the promises" () of Richard of Gaeta to imprison Leo, a consul of Fondi, and his son Peter. Abbot Oderisius II of Montecassino, with the approval of Pope Calixtus II, then seized Pignardus' castle at Pico. This prompted Duke Richard to request aid from his lord and cousin, Prince Jordan II of Capua, who immediately invaded the Terra Sancti Benedicti, the lands of Montecassino. Only the intervention of the pope, who confirmed Oderisius in his possession of Pico, and a payment of 300 pounds of gold by the abbot to the prince stopped Jordan from taking the castle back by force. Peter adds that Duke William of Apulia refused to intervene in the conflict. The deposition of Oderisius II in 1126 caused a scramble among the enemies of Montecassino to seize territory from the . Richard preceded the rush. In 1125, according to Peter the Deacon, he sacked the towns of Sant'Ambrogio, La Giuntura, Santo Stefano, San Giorgio and Sant'Apollinare. In 1127 Richard sent Adenulf, count of Spinium, to seize Castelnuovo Parano. This was then traded back to the abbey in exchange for the castle of Pico. In 1127, Richard plundered the priory of (near modern Pico), a dependency of Montecassino. The prior of , Seniorectus, was shortly to be elected abbot of Montecassino later that year. In February–March 1128, Richard was in Capua visiting the court of his relative, Prince Robert II. On 4 February he was the first listed witness to the oath Robert swore to Abbot Seniorectus to respect the possessions of Montecassino within his domains. In March, crediting Richard and another baron, Rainald Lopinus, for the idea, Robert ceded 300 tarì in annual income from Casa Genzana to Montecassino. Final years In 1129 Richard signed a treaty of peace and alliance with the Duchy of Naples. In 1134 he signed a treaty with the lord of Monte Circeo directed against the citizens of Terracina. That year he also restored property that had been taken from a church in the city. By 1137 Richard seems to have submitted to King Roger II of Sicily, and there is no record of Gaeta's ruling consuls after 1135. In fact, there is no charter of Richard as duke of Gaeta after May 1135 either, but he lived on until 1140 or 1141 at least, apparently still ruling. In 1137 the Republic of Pisa addressed a letter to the consuls of Gaeta urging them not to attack Naples, which only makes sense if the peace with Naples had broken down and Richard had aligned himself with Roger. In 1137 Richard sided with the Emperor Lothair II when the latter invaded southern Italy. In 1140 some Gaetan ships made a raid on the Genoese coast, but that year the duke was compelled to do liege homage and swear an oath of fealty () not only to King Roger, but also to his sons Duke Roger III of Apulia and the recently installed Prince Alfonso of Capua. Thereafter, Richard was a vassal of the king. When he died, his duchy passed to the crown and was gradually integrated into the kingdom as a royal city. Notes Sources 1140s deaths 12th-century Italian nobility Italo-Normans Norman warriors Dukes of Gaeta Year of birth unknown	Richard III of Gaeta
Matt Maginn is a musician from Omaha, Nebraska. He plays bass guitar in the indie-rock band Cursive and is a frequent contributor on a number of Bright Eyes records. He was also a founding member of Slowdown Virginia. He also helps run Team Love Records and was previously with Saddle Creek Records for 5 years. He graduated from Creighton University with a degree in Environmental Science. Album appearances With Cursive Such Blinding Stars for Starving Eyes (1997, Crank! Records) The Storms of Early Summer: Semantics of Song (1998, Saddle Creek Records) Domestica (2000, Saddle Creek Records) Burst and Bloom (2001, Saddle Creek Records) 8 Teeth to Eat You (2002, Better Looking Records The Ugly Organ (2003, Saddle Creek Records) Happy Hollow (2006, Saddle Creek Records) Mama, I'm Swollen (2009, Saddle Creek records) I Am Gemini (2012, Saddle Creek records) Other Bright Eyes - Letting off the Happiness (1998 · Saddle Creek Records) Bright Eyes - Every Day and Every Night (1999 · Saddle Creek Records) Bright Eyes - Fevers and Mirrors (2000 · Saddle Creek Records) Bright Eyes - There Is No Beginning to the Story (2002, Saddle Creek Records) Bright Eyes - Lifted or The Story is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground (2002 · Saddle Creek Records) Bright Eyes - Lua (Single) (2004 · Saddle Creek Records) Bright Eyes - I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning (2005 · Saddle Creek records) Mayday - Bushido Karaoke (2005 · Saddle Creek records) Tim Kasher - The Game of Monogamy (2010 · Saddle Creek records) Man Man - Life Fantastic (2011 · Anti-) Bright Eyes - The People's Key (2011 · Saddle Creek records)	Matt Maginn
Billy Masetlha (21 November 1954 – 14 May 2023) was a South African intelligence officer. He was the head of the South African National Intelligence Agency before being fired by South African President Thabo Mbeki in 2006. Masetlha died on 14 May 2023, at the age of 68.	Billy Masetlha
Qasr Harrana (), sometimes Qasr al-Kharana, Harana, Qasr al-Harrana, Qasr al-Haranah, Haraneh, Khauranee, or Hraneh, is one of the best-known of the desert castles located in present-day eastern Jordan, about east of Amman and relatively close to the border with Saudi Arabia. It is uncertain when the palace was constructed, but it likely orginates from the Umayyad Dynasty. An inscription on an upper wall dates the building to before 710 CE. A Greek or Byzantine house may have existed on the site. The purpose of the building is a subject of debate among scholars. Theories as to the qasr's purpose include a Crusader's castle, a military stronghold, agricultural outpost, and resting place for caravan travelers. The current scholarly consensus is that the building was used as for meeting between local Bedouin leaders. Description The qasr is a nearly square building, on each side, with three-quarter-round buttresses at the corners, a projecting rounded entrance on the south side with quarter-round buttresses, and half-round buttresses bisecting every other facade. It is made of rough limestone blocks set in a mud-based mortar. Decorative courses of flat stones run through the facing. On the inside, the building has 60 rooms on two levels arranged around a central courtyard, with a rainwater pool in the middle. Many of the rooms have small slits for light and ventilation. Some of the rooms are decorated with pilasters, medallions and blind niches finished in plaster. Location The palace is located along the Al-Azraq Highway in a remote area of the Jordanian desert, isolated from human settlement. It is located about 65 kilometers (40 miles) east-south-east of Amman, Jordan, the capital city. The castle has an expansive view in all directions — twelve kilometers (7.5 miles) to the south, 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) to the west, several kilometers to the north, and the horizon is visible to the east. There were no additional buildings on the site. It was built on top of a ridge which overlooks the Wadi al-Kharana. The wadi is the primary source of water for the palace. Simple well systems called thamail (singular thamila), an Arabic word meaning "a place where water remains", were used to draw water from the wadi. Thamail are pits dug into the gravel that rests upon the bedrock in the wadi, where they collect water. It is impossible to identify any thamail used during the period of construction or use of the palace, because these pits are periodically washed away by natural floods. However, the thamail in use today were likely comparable to the ones used by those who used the building. There is no evidence of wells or dams being built in order to provide a better water source than the thamail. Purpose The purpose of the structure remains unclear today. In 1895, Sir John Edward Gray Hill, an English explorer, noted two deep cisterns that had apparently fallen out of use. Unfortunately, he didn't expand on this observation, and no one else has recorded the existence of any water storage apparatus, like dams or irrigation lines, besides thamail in the wadi bed. The small scale of water production and storage means it is unlikely that anyone depended on the building to support large groups, especially for long periods of time. This discounts the theories that the qasr was used as a caravanserai (a resting place for traders), an agricultural outpost, or a palace intended for recreation. Early explorers assumed the palace was used as a military stronghold. This is very unlikely. Besides being unable to withstand a prolonged siege due to limited water supply, there is no evidence of battlements having existed, and the slits in the wall were intended for ventilation, not as arrow slits. Not much is known about trade routes in the greater Jordan area in the early Islamic period. It is believed that trade routes ran from Azraq north to Damascus, as well as from Azraq to Hallabat, then to Al-Muwaqqar and Amman. Qasr Kharana is located far from both of these routes, so it is unlikely that it was intended as a service point for caravan traders, since it is not only remote, but had little water to offer. While there were rooms used as stables, there is no evidence of large corral areas which would have been necessary for caravan groups. The building features no baths or decorative mosaics, so it is unlikely that the building was used as a palace for recreation. A possible function of the building is a meeting place for local Bedouin leaders. While it lacked the infrastructure to support long-term stays of large groups, it has stables, plenty of rooms, and a courtyard which would have been conducive to meetings. Building style, layout, techniques Qasr Kharana combines different regional traditions with the influence of the then-new religion of Islam to create a new style. Syrian building traditions influenced the design of the castle, with Sassanid building techniques applied. The layout follows Syrian houses, themselves influenced by Byzantine and Roman customs. The only entrance is on the south wall. On either side of the entrance are two quarter-round buttresses. Through the entrance is a 3.5 by 9.15 meter passageway which leads into the courtyard, which is 12.65 by 12.95 meters. The layout is largely composed of bayts, which are discrete groups of rooms. These bayts consist of rooms which are connected to each other by doorways, but are only connected to other rooms by the courtyard. On the east and west sides of the courtyard are bayts of eight rooms each, and on the north side is a suite of seven rooms. Each suite has a central room from which smaller rooms branch out. Each room that is adjacent to the courtyard has a doorway connecting it to the courtyard. On each side of the entrance passageway are larger halls of about 12.8 by 8 meters. The halls are divided into two areas by pillars and were likely used as stables and storage rooms. There are two staircases leading up to the first floor, located at the southwest and southeast corners of the courtyard. Each staircase has two flights of stairs, with small landings halfway up. At the top of each staircase are three doors. One leads to the first floor of the portico, one leading to the rooms, and another to a corridor with stairs which lead up to the roof terrace. The south side of the first floor has two five-room bayts in each corner, with a large central room in between them. The rest of the first floor follows the layout of the ground floor pretty closely, although the rooms are not oriented exactly the same and the dimensions vary slightly from their ground floor counterparts. Like Sassanid buildings, the castle's structural system is transverse arches supporting barrel vaults. The site made it necessary to modify those building techniques slightly. The arches are not connected to the carrying wall, instead placed on bearing arms. The overall weight of the structure keeps these elements together. Some newer building materials, such as wooden lintels, were used, allowing the building to be more flexible and resist earthquakes. Islamic concepts of public and private were satisfied through the narrow slits offering views to (and from) the outside, larger windows on the inside and the north terrace separating the two apartments. A room on the south side was set aside for prayer. The wall slits could not have been used by archers as they are the wrong height and shape. Instead they served to control dust and light and took advantage of air pressure differentials to cool the rooms, via the Venturi effect. The architectural style and the decoration of the building show influences from Syrian, Parthian, and Sasanian traditions. Some scholars argue that structure was built during the Sasanian occupation of the area in 620s. History In later centuries the castle was abandoned and neglected. It suffered damage from several earthquakes. Hill published the first known written reference to the qasr in 1896. It is difficult to pin down the exact date of the palace’s construction. There were several stages of construction. The first phase includes the entire ground floor and the western side of the first floor. The second phase includes rooms on the southern and eastern sides of the first floor. The third phase, which was not completed, includes the unfinished rooms in the northwest corner of the first floor. While it is unknown exactly when the structure was first built, we do have a terminus ante quem. In a large room on the west side of the first floor, there is a small inscription which states it was written on November 24, 710 CE. This inscription dates the end of the first phase of construction of the palace. There are three Greek inscriptions, which are illegible. One hints at a military title, and another contains a “V” which may be a Roman numeral. These inscriptions point to the existence of more inscriptions which have since been lost or disfigured. The source of the stones which contain these inscriptions is unclear. While it is possible that there was a building at the site which predated the qasr, the stones may have also originated from markers in the desert. These three inscriptions are not enough evidence to confirm the existence of an earlier building. In 1895, Hill visited the site. He gave a fairly accurate description of the palace, although he misread his compass and said the south entrance was on the east facade. He incorrectly labeled the ventilation slits in the walls to be arrow slits, as would have appeared in a military fortress. Hill identified some of the rooms in the first floor as “chapels with little Norman arches in the upper parts of the rooms, and Christian devices”. This led to his conclusion that the building was a Crusader’s castle, “intended to be used as a stronghold and water store between Umm Moghr and Asrak”. Alois Musil, a Czech geographer, visited the site in 1898, 1900, and 1901. He was convinced that the building was used as a fortress. In an effort to justify this, he included battlements in his schematic drawings and baselessly claimed that they had been torn down so that their stones could be reused as weapons. In 1922, Antonin Jaussen and Raphael Savignac published a description of Qasr Harrana in their Mission archéologique En Arabie, which has been praised as a "scholarly landmark". In 1946, Nabia Abbott published a full translation and analysis of the inscriptions at Qasr Harrana. This was instrumental, as early explorers had been unable to translate the entire text. Her translation allowed the building to be dated to 710 CE at the latest. In the late 1970s the palace was restored. During the restoration some changes were made. A door in the east wall was closed, and some cement and plaster was used that was inconsistent with the existing material. Stephen Urice wrote his doctoral dissertation on the castle, published as a book, Qasr Kharana in the Transjordan, in 1987 following the restoration. Tourism Qasr Harrana remains very well preserved, and is open to tourist visitors from 8 am to 6 pm from May to September, and 8 am to 4 pm the rest of the year. The area is fenced off with a visitors' center on the southeast corner, where the main entrance to the castle area is located. A paved driveway leads from the highway to a parking lot large enough for cars and several buses located just south of the entrance. The site is only accessible by one highway, and is not reached by public transportation. The castle is today under the jurisdiction of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities. The kingdom's Ministry of Tourism controls access to the site via the new visitor's center, charging an admission fee of JD 1 ($1.42 USD) to the site during daylight hours. A Bedouin merchant sells handcrafts and drinks in the parking lot. There is a plaque in Arabic and English near the main entrance. Visitors are free to explore the entire building. There is little data available concerning the number of visitors per year. The site has a 4.3/5 star rating on Google Maps and a 4/5 star rating on Tripadvisor.	Qasr Kharana
California's 4th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in California. The district is located in the northwestern part of the state, and includes all of Lake County and Napa County, most of Yolo County, and parts of Solano County and Sonoma County. Major cities in the district include Davis, Woodland, Napa, Vacaville, and most of Santa Rosa. The new 4th district is solidly Democratic, and is represented by Mike Thompson. From 2013 to 2023, the district encompassed the Sierras from Truckee to the Sequoia National Forest, as well as a largely suburban area on the edge of the Sacramento Valley in southwestern Placer County. It consists of Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, Mariposa, and Tuolumne counties plus most of Placer County and portions of Fresno, Madera, and Nevada counties. The district was represented by Republican Tom McClintock. Competitiveness As of 2006, Republicans had 48 percent of voter registrations, Democrats had 30 percent, and Libertarians had roughly 5 percent. A Democratic congressional candidate nearly won the district in 2008, losing by only half a percentage point and less than 1,600 votes, indicating that the district was much more competitive than it appeared to be. But in the more recent 2018 and 2020 elections the Republican candidate won over 53% of the vote. New district boundaries for the 2012 elections shifted the population center to the south and east. Registered Democrats and Independents/Decline to State voters in the new district area outnumber registered Republicans by 12%. However, Republicans, Independents/Decline to State, and small third parties outnumber Democrats well over a 2 to 1 ratio. There are 183,800 Republicans, 117,300 Democrats, and 97,200 others. In presidential elections, Donald Trump won the district in 2016 with 54% of the vote and won in 2020 with 53.7% of the vote. In the 2020 redistricting, the district was shifted again to the San Francisco Bay Area. It includes all of Lake County and Napa County, most of Yolo County, and parts of Solano County and Sonoma County. Major cities in the district include Davis, Woodland, Napa, Vacaville, and most of Santa Rosa. The new 4th district is solidly Democratic, and is represented by Mike Thompson. Recent voting history Composition As of 2023, California's 4th congressional district is located in the Sacramento Valley. It encompasses Lake, Napa, and Yolo Counties, and parts of Sonoma and Solano Counties. Sonoma County is split between this district and the 2nd district. They are partitioned by Petaluma River, Highway 116, Redwood Highway, Robber Rd, Petersen Rd, Llano Rd, S Wright Rd, W College Ave, Jennings Ave, Administration Dr, Bicentennial Way, Cleveland Ave, Old Redwood Highway, Cross Creek Rd, Sonoma Highway, and Sonoma Creek. The 4th district takes in the cities of Santa Rosa, Rohnert Park, Sonoma, and Cotati, the town of Windsor, and the census-designated places of Boyes Hot Spring, Roseland, El Verano, Penngrove. Solano County is split between this district and the 8th district. They are partitioned by Soda Springs Rd, Union Pacific, Alamo Dr, Leisure Town Rd, Hawkins Rd, Bay Area Exxextric, Shilo Rd, Collinsville Rd, and Montezuma Slough. The 4th district takes in the city of Vacaville, Dixon, Rio Vista, and the census-designated place of Hartley. Cities & CDP with 10,000 or more people Vacaville - 102,386 Napa - 77,480 Davis - 66,850 Woodland - 55,229 West Sacramento - 53,519 American Canyon - 21,837 Clearlake - 15,134 2,500-10,000 people University of California, Davis - 6,805 Hidden Valley Lake - 6,243 Winters - 6,616 St. Helena - 5,939 Calistoga - 5,266 Lakeport - 4,799 North Lakeport - 3,514 Angwin - 3,179 Yountville - 2,984 Kelseyville - 2,923 Clearlake Riviera - 2,850 Esparto - 2,877 List of members representing the district Election results for representatives 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 In 2018, six Democratic candidates filed statements of candidacy with the Federal Election Commission (FEC). They were, in alphabetical order by last name: Regina Bateson; Roza Calderon; Richard Martin; Robert Lawton; Jessica Morse; and Rochelle Wilcox. Martin and Wilcox dropped out of the race, with Wilcox endorsing Morse in February. Retired Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Charlie Brown, who was the Democratic nominee for this seat in 2006 and 2008, was "seriously considering" running in 2018, but decided in June 2017 against a third campaign. In January 2018, Brown endorsed Morse for the nomination. Bob Derlet, the Democratic nominee in 2016, also endorsed Morse in January. On the Republican side, McClintock has one challenger, Mitchell Kendrick White, who filed with the FEC in January. In February, the California Democratic Party (CDP) endorsed Jessica Morse in a contested Democratic Nomination. Roza Calderon was able to successfully collect 322 CDP-credentialed delegate signatures needed to block the endorsement, in which Morse only received 44 delegate votes. However, CDP staff refused to accept the forms after it was alleged they closed doors early to prevent the submission. A petition was later filed with the Compliance Review Commission (CRC) by Calderon. The CRC voted to accept and count the signatures, ultimately disqualifying enough signatures to proceed with Morse's endorsement. California allows candidates to include their professional description under their names on the ballot. Regina Bateson later challenged Morse's ballot designation title of "National Security Fellow" at the Sacramento Superior Court after months of controversy that Morse, who had not worked in three years, was "fluffing" her credentials. California's Secretary of State, Alex Padilla, had struck down Morse's 3 ballot designations before Judge Gevercer ruled that she presented "no credible evidence" to use the ballot designation of "National Security Fellow". Instead, he held that this title would mislead the average person about her recent activities. In the official Certified Candidate List, Morse's ballot designation was left blank. Under the California jungle primary (aka nonpartisan blanket primary) system, only the two candidates with the most votes on June 5, regardless of party, went on to the general election on November 6. Both Republicans and four Democrats appeared on the jungle primary ballot. Morse finished second in the nonpartisan blanket primary in June 2018. Morse was denied "National Security" as her ballot designation for the November ballot. In the November general election, McClintock held the district with an advantage of more than eight points. 2020 2022 See also List of United States congressional districts	California's 4th congressional district
Chota Nagpur Division, also known as the South-West Frontier, was an administrative division of British India. It included most of the present-day state of Jharkhand as well as adjacent portions of West Bengal, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh. History Chota Nagpur division was a hilly and forested area. The region came under the control of the British in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was annexed to the Bengal Presidency, the largest province of British India. After the Kol rebellion of 1831-2, the division was exempted by Regulation XIII of 1833 from the general laws and regulations governing Bengal, and every branch of the administration was vested in an officer appointed by the supreme Government and called the Agent to the Governor-General of India for the South-West Frontier. In 1854 the designation of South-West Frontier Agency was changed to Chota Nagpur and it began to be administered as a Non-regulation province under the Lieutenant Governor of the then Bihar. It was changed to Chota Nagpur by Act XX of that year, and was administered thereafter as a non-regulation province under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal Presidency. The title of the chief administrative officer was changed from Agent to Commissioner, and the officers in charge of the districts became Deputy Commissioners. The Commissioner exercised general control over the Chota Nagpur States. The present Divisional Commissioner is Shri. Surendra Singh Meena of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912. In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency. Administration The administrative headquarters of the division was at Ranchi. The total area of the division was 27,101 square miles (70,161 km2.), and the population was 4,900,429 in 1901. In 1901 Hindus constituted 68.5% of the total population, animists 22.7%, Muslims 5.7%, Christians 2.9%, and 853 Jains. The Chota Nagpur States, a group of princely states, was under the political authority of the division's commissioner. Districts The division included five districts: Hazaribagh Ranchi Palamu Manbhum Singhbhum See also Chota Nagpur Tributary States	Chota Nagpur Division
Zainsk ( is a town in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the Stepnoy Zay River (Kama's tributary), east of Kazan. Population: Geography Zainsk Reservoir, along the Zay River, is located near the town. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Zainsk serves as the administrative center of Zainsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with the settlement of Karmalka, incorporated separately as the town of republic significance of Zainsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Zainsk is incorporated within Zainsky Municipal District as Zainsk Urban Settlement.	Zainsk
Meilleur Ouvrier de France (shortened to MOF) is a competition for craftsmen held in France every four years. The winning candidates receive a medal. Description The title of Meilleur Ouvrier de France is a unique and prestigious award in France, according to category of trades in a contest among professionals. This contest is organized and recognized as a third-level degree by the French Ministry of Labour. The President of the French Republic is granted honorary membership with the title MOF honoris causa. The awarding of medals occurs at the Sorbonne, in Paris, during a large reunion followed by a ceremony at the Élysée in the presence of the President of the French Republic. This award for special abilities is unique in the world. Created in 1924, initially between the best workers of the era aged 23 and over, this contest was given the title of Meilleur Ouvrier de France (Best Craftsman of France). Today, by the diversity of specialities, the list of which is regularly updated, the award has also been awarded to more modern trades and high technology fields. In this competition, the candidate is given a certain amount of time and basic materials not only to create a masterpiece, but to do so with a goal of approaching perfection. The chosen method, the organization, the act, the speed, the knowhow and the respect for the rules of the trade are verified by a jury just as much as is the final result. The winning candidates receive a medal and retain their title for life, with the indication of the specialty, the year following the one in which they obtain the title. This prestigious title is equally recognized by professionals and the greater public in France, particularly among artisan-merchants such as pastrymakers, hairdressers, butchers, jewelers, and others whose trades are recognized, particularly those for more luxurious goods. The Organizing Committee for Labor Exhibitions (COET) is an administrative body, placed under the authority of the French Ministry of National Education. It was created in 1935 and is responsible for the material organization of the “Meilleur Ouvrier de France” competition and the national labor exhibitions that conclude it. It became an association under the law of 1901 in 1961. List of skills Hospitality Pastrymaking and candymaking Cooked meat and catering Butchery Cooking and running restaurants Bakeries Ice creams and sorbets Chocolatiers Cheesemongers Fishmongers Waiters Receptionists Sommeliers Buildings Wood carpentry Metallic ornaments and coverings Woodwork Painting and paint decoration Plumbing, installation of sanitary works, etc. Stonemasonry Cementworks Locksmithing and metalworking Climate engineering Stove fittings Artisanal ironwork Glasses and mirrors Decorative sculptures Engravings Reinforced Concrete Plasterworks Masonry Mosaics Glassworks Marbleworks Scale models (architecture) Clothes Millner Tailor Furs Lingerie Ready-to-wear Daywear Ready-to-wear Evening Dress Fashion accessories and beauty Lace Hand embroidery main Beauvais Openwork Colour Embroidery White Embroidery Gold Embroidery Haute-Couture Embroidery Gloves Shoes Leather Craft Hairdressing Beauty care, Make Up Textile industries Textile designers Printing on fabrics "Ready to wear" (high quality) products Restoration of tapestries and carpets Carpets Weaving Home decoration Cabinetmaking Woodworking for seats Wood turners and benders Wood sculptures Luthiery Tapestries - weavers Tapestries - decorators Wood gilding Framing Marquetry Cooperage Wickerwork Metallic structures Boilermaking Artisanal copperware Sheet metalworking Industries General mechanics Electrical equipment and installation Foundry - tool construction Soldering Blacksmithing Composite materials Precision techniques Cutlery Clockmaking Glassesmaking Dentalworks Armouryworks Synthetic materials arts and techniques Plasticworks Leathers and skins Taxidermy Trappings Shoes Traveling articles, leatherworking Ceramics and glassworks Glass and crystals Stained glass windows Santons Glassblowing Ceramic restoration Graphic arts and trades Advertising graphics Printing Photography Photography (laboratory) Silkscreen printing Creation of typographic characters Bookbinding Artistic metalworks Jewellery (jewels) Creation of jewellery with precious metals Diamondworking Steel engraving Copper and steel graving (for printing) Heraldic and jewel engraving Luminous bronzework Flowers and countryside Florist Gardening (artisanal) Notable MOF winners Emile Drouhin (MOF 1958) Joël Robuchon (MOF 1976) André Soltner (MOF 1967) Claude Deligne (MOF 1973) Olivier Bajard (Métier de bouche) Paul Bocuse (Métier de bouche) Matthieu Miossec (Métier de bouche) Laurent Dassont (Métier de bouche) Pascal Caffet (Métier de bouche) René Fontaine (1946-...) : Master chocolatier, MOF 1976. (Métier de bouche) Yves Thuriès (Métier de bouche) Roger Vergé (Métier de bouche) Dominique Laporte (2004)(Métier de bouche-Sommelier) Jacques Torres Alain Fabregues (MOF 1991) Michel Roux (MOF 1976) Virginie Basselot Guy Lassausaie (Métier de bouche) Philippe Etchebest Many members of the Compagnons du Devoir are also M.O.F. See also Kings of Pastry, a 2009 documentary film about the M.O.F. pastrymaking competition	Meilleur Ouvrier de France
Muchea Tracking Station was an Earth station in Australia located close to Muchea in the Shire of Chittering, about north of Perth, Western Australia, built specifically for NASA's Project Mercury. History Muchea was established in 1960, and became operational in March 1961. It was Station No. 8 of the 14 Manned Space Flight Network sites around the world used throughout the project. The only other Australian site was Station No. 9, the Island Lagoon Tracking Station at Woomera, South Australia. These stations were managed and operated by the Weapons Research Establishment of the Australian Department of Supply on behalf of NASA. Muchea was equipped with a "VERy LOng Range Tracking" (VERLORT) S band radar operating between 2700 and 2900 MHz. This was an upgraded version of the SCR-584, with its range increased from to , and the diameter of the dish increased from to . It was also equipped with acquisition aid tracking systems, telemetry reception, and air-to-ground voice communications facilities. Because of its position, close to the antipodes of Cape Canaveral, it was also selected to have a command facility. Information about the range, bearing and elevation of the spacecraft was automatically relayed to the Goddard Space Flight Center by teleprinter. During each mission a NASA team consisting of two flight controllers and a flight surgeon were sent to Muchea. The Senior Flight Controller, usually another astronaut, acted as capsule communicator (CAPCOM). Muchea Communications Technician Gerry O'Connor became the first Australian to speak with an astronaut on 20 February 1962, when he contacted John Glenn aboard Friendship 7 on his first pass over the West Australian coast. A small plaque has been installed on the spot occupied by the Communications Technician's console which reads: "This plaque is to mark the spot where an Australian first spoke to a space traveller". Muchea was closed in February 1964, after the end of the Mercury Project. It was replaced by the Carnarvon Tracking Station for the Gemini and Apollo projects. Although the Muchea Tracking Station no longer exists, the Shire of Chittering has erected a small display about its history. Missions The following missions were supported by the Muchea Station: See also List of radio telescopes	Muchea Tracking Station
Ottawa/Rockcliffe Water Aerodrome is located adjacent to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is a small airport and few Ottawans know of its existence. The airport is the home of the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, which owns the field, and is used and maintained by the Rockcliffe Flying Club. The airport land was originally a military rifle range. In 1918 the Royal Flying Corps began using the field behind the range for experimental mail flights, and the Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport opened officially in 1920 as the Ottawa Air Station, one of the six original airfields opened across Canada by the new Air Board. Since it is on the shore of the Ottawa River and the runways were connected to the riverfront by a road, it was one of very few airports capable of handling and transferring floatplanes on both land and water. It only services seaplanes and its runway, is the river. It is mainly used by the military, general aviation aircraft, and by hikers, tourists and people attempting to access remote locations that are only accessible by air. See also List of airports in the Ottawa area	Ottawa/Rockcliffe Water Aerodrome
Alqama ibn Qays al-Nakha'i () (d. was a well-known scholar from among the taba'een and pupil of Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud, who called him the most erudite of his disciples. He also related traditions from Ali ibn Abi Talib, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Sa`d ibn Malik) and `Uthman. 'Alqama is the founder of the School of Kufa in Islamic religious sciences. He followed in the footsteps of Ibn Mas‘ud in praying and conduct, in practising Islam as a whole. Amr ibn Shurahbil al-Sha'bi, who was among the scholars who narrated ahadith from 'Alqama, frequently suggested to those near him: ‘Come and let us go to the one who resembles Ibn Mas‘ud the most in conduct and attitudes.’ His major student was Ibrahim al-Nakha'i, a faqih from Kufa Imam Abu Hanifa, who is generally accepted as one of the greatest of Muslim jurists, admired 'Alqama so much that he used to comment: ‘'Alqama is probably more profound in (knowledge) of hadith and fiqh than some Companions.’ Early Islam scholars Notes	Alqama ibn Qays
The hypodiastole (Greek: , , ), also known as a diastole, was an interpunct developed in late Ancient and Byzantine Greek texts before the separation of words by spaces was common. In the then used, a group of letters might have separate meanings as a single word or as a pair of words. The papyrological hyphen () showed a group of letters should be read together as a single word, and the hypodiastole showed that they should be taken separately. Compare "" ("whatever") to "" ("...that..."). The hypodiastole was similar in appearance to the comma and was eventually entirely conflated with it. In Modern Greek, () refers to the comma in its role as a decimal point, and words such as are written with standard commas. A separate Unicode point, ISO/IEC 10646 standard (U+2E12) (⸒), exists for the hypodiastole but is intended only to reproduce its historical occurrence in Greek texts.	Hypodiastole
This is a list of attack aircraft. Attack aircraft are military aircraft used to attack targets on the ground with greater precision than strategic bombers. Modern attack aircraft may be expected to function in high threat environments where enemy air defences preclude the use of strategic bombers. Categories overlap depending on how the specific aircraft is used, along with that of fighters, fighter-bombers, and sometimes even trainers which have often been used for the role, particularly when they were obsolete in their original role. The use of the term attack is primarily an American term as other countries have described identical aircraft variously as light bombers, army cooperation aircraft, close support aircraft and as reconnaissance aircraft though the last term is often used for aircraft not used for such roles. This list is limited to those fixed-wing aircraft that have been built. Dates after each entry are of first flight. \|- \| AEG DJ.I \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1918 \|\| Prototype \|\| + \|\| \|- \| AEG J.I \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1917 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aermacchi MB-326 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1957 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aermacchi MB-339 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1976 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Aermacchi M-345 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 2016 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aermacchi SF.260 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1964 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Aero A.100 \|\| Czechoslovakia \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aero A.101 \|\| Czechoslovakia \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| Retired \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Aero L-29 Delfín \|\| Czechoslovakia \|\| \|\| 1959 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aero L-39 Albatros \|\| Czechoslovakia \|\| \|\| 1968 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aero L-59 Super Albatros \|\| Czechoslovakia \|\| \|\| 1986 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aero L-159 Alca \|\| Czech Republic \|\| \|\| 1997 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aero L-39CW \|\| Czech Republic \|\| \|\| 2015 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aero L-39NG \|\| Czech Republic \|\| \|\| 2018 \|\|Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aichi D1A \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Aichi D3A \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| AIDC AT-3 \|\| Taiwan \|\| \|\| 1980 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Albatros J.I \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1917 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Albatros J.II \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1918? \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| AMX International AMX \|\| Italy & Brazil \|\| \|\| 1984 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Arado Ar 66 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1932 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1916 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| BAE Harrier II \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1985 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| BAE Hawk 200 \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1986 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| BAE Systems Hawk \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1974 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Bell P-39 Airacobra \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Blackburn Buccaneer \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1958 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Blackburn Firebrand \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1942 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Blackburn Firecrest \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1947 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Blackburn Ripon \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1926 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Blackburn Shark \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Blackburn Skua \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1995 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Boeing GA-1 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1920 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Breda Ba.64 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Breda Ba.65 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Breda Ba.88 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Breguet 19 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1922 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Breguet 693 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Breguet Vultur \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1951 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Bristol Beaufighter \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Bristol Beaufort \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Bristol Blenheim \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Bristol F.2 Fighter \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1916 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| CAC Wirraway \|\| Australia \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| CAC Woomera \|\| Australia \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder \|\| China/Pakistan \|\| \|\| 2003 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Canadair CL-41G Tebuan \|\| Canada \|\| \|\| 1966 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Caproni A.P.1 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Casa C-101 \|\| Spain \|\| \|\| 1977 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Cessna A-37 Dragonfly \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1963 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Chengdu J-10 \|\| China \|\| \|\| 1998 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Chengdu J-20 \|\| China \|\| \|\| 2011 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Curtiss A-12 Shrike \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Curtiss A-18 Shrike \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Curtiss A-8 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Curtiss Falcon \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1924 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Curtiss SBC Helldiver \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Curtiss XA-14 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| DAR 10 \|\| Bulgaria \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault Étendard IV \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1958 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault Mirage 2000 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1978 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault Mirage F1 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1966 \|\| \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Dassault Mystère IV \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1952 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault Ouragan \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1949 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault Rafale \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1986 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault Super Mystère \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1955 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1974 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet \|\| France & Germany \|\| \|\| 1973 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| de Havilland Mosquito \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| de Havilland Venom \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1949 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas A-1 Skyraider \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1945 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas A-20 Havoc \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas A-26 Invader \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1942 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas A-3 Skywarrior \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1952 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas A-4 Skyhawk \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1954 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas AC-47 Spooky \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1965 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas SBD Dauntless \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Douglas XA-2 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1926 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| EKW C-36 \|\| Switzerland \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Embraer EMB 312 Tucano \|\| Brazil \|\| \|\| 1980 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano \|\| Brazil \|\| \|\| 1999 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| English Electric Canberra \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1949 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Eurofighter Typhoon \|\| UK, Germany, Italy & Spain \|\| \|\| 1994 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1972 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairchild AC-119 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1968 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairey Albacore \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairey Battle \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairey Fawn \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1923 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairey Gordon \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fairey Swordfish \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fiat G.91 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1956 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fieseler Fi 167 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| FMA IA 58 Pucará \|\| Argentina \|\| \|\| 1969 \|\| \|\| –160 \|\| \|- \| FMA IA 63 Pampa \|\| Argentina \|\| \|\| 1984 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fokker C.V \|\| Netherlands \|\| \|\| 1924 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fokker C.X \|\| Netherlands \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Fokker XA-7 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1964 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1974 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Great Lakes BG \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Grumman A-6 Intruder \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1960 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Grumman F7F Tigercat \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1943 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Grumman F9F Panther \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1947 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Grumman OV-1 Mohawk \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1959 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Grumman TBF Avenger \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Grumman Future Air Attack Vehicle \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1993 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| HAL HF-24 Marut \|\| India \|\| \|\| 1961 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| HAL Tejas \|\| India \|\| \|\| 2001 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Halberstadt CL.II \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1917 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Halberstadt CL.IV \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1918? \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hannover CL.III \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1917 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Audax \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Hawker Hardy \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1934 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Hart \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1928 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Hector \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Hunter \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1951 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Hurricane \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Siddeley Harrier \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1967 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Hawker Typhoon \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Heinkel He 45 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Heinkel He 46 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Heinkel He 50 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Heinkel 51C \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Helio Stallion \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1964 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Henschel Hs 123 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Henschel Hs 129 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| HESA Azarakhsh \|\| Iran \|\| \|\| 1997 \|\| Operational \|\| -9 \|\| \|- \| Hongdu JL-8 \|\| China \|\| \|\| 1990 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| IAR 37, 38 and 39 \|\| Romania \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| IAR 80 & 81 \|\| Romania \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| IAR-93 Vultur \|\| Romania \|\| \|\| 1974 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| IAR-99 Soim \|\| Romania \|\| \|\| 1985 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Ilyushin Il-10 & Avia B-33 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1944 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| IMAM Ro.57bis \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1942 \|\| \|\| -75 \|\| \|- \| IML Addax \|\| New Zealand \|\| \|\| 1982 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Junkers CL.I \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1917 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Junkers Ju 87 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| KAI TA-50 Golden Eagle \|\| South Korea \|\| \|\| 2002 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1927 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Kawasaki Ki-102 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1944 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Kawasaki Ki-3 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Kawasaki Ki-32 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Latécoère 298 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Letov Š-328 \|\| Czechoslovakia \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Lockheed AC-130 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1966 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1981 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Lockheed Hudson \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II \|\| US \|\| \|\| 2006 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Lockheed P-38 Lightning \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Loire-Nieuport LN.401 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Martin 167 Maryland \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Martin AM Mauler \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1944 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Martin B-26 Marauder \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Martin B-57 Canberra \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1953 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Martin Baltimore \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Martin BM \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1929 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1986 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1978 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Messerschmitt Bf 110 \|\| Germany \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mikoyan MiG-AT \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1996 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mikoyan MiG-29K \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1998 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1967 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1970 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mitsubishi B2M \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1929 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mitsubishi B5M \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mitsubishi F-1 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1975 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mitsubishi F-2 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1995 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mitsubishi Ki-30 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Mitsubishi Ki-51 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Nakajima B5N \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Nakajima B6N \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Nakajima Ki-4 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Nanchang Q-5 \|\| China \|\| \|\| 1965 \|\| \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Brewster SBA/Naval Aircraft Factory SBN \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| Neman R-10 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| \|\| + \|\| \|- \| North American A-2 Savage \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1948 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American A-27 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American A-36 Apache \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1942 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American A-5 Vigilante \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1958 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American B-25 Mitchell \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American NA-44 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American NA-72 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1965 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American T-28 Trojan \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1949 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| North American T-6 Texan \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Northrop A-17 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Northrop BT \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Northrop Gamma 2C & 2E \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| Retired \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Panavia Tornado \|\| UK, Germany & Italy \|\| \|\| 1974 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Petlyakov Pe-2 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1939 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Polikarpov R-5 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1928 \|\| Retired \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Polikarpov R-Z \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Potez 15 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1921 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Potez 25 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1924 \|\| Retired \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| PWS-1 \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1927 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| PWS-19 \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL.23 Karaś \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1932 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL.38 Wilk \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL-42 \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL.43 \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL.46 Sum \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL TS-11 Iskra \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1960 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| PZL I-22 Iryda \|\| Poland \|\| \|\| 1985 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Republic AP-100 \|\| US \|\| \|\| (1957) \|\| Cancelled \|\| \|\| \|- \| Republic F-105 Thunderchief \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1955 \|\|Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Republic F-84 Thunderjet \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1946 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Republic P-47 Thunderbolt \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1916 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Saab 17 \|\| Sweden \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Saab 105 \|\| Sweden \|\| \|\| 1963 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Saab 32 Lansen \|\| Sweden \|\| \|\| 1952 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Saab 37 Viggen \|\| Sweden \|\| \|\| 1967 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Saab JAS 39 Gripen \|\| Sweden \|\| \|\| 1988 \|\| Operational \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Saab Supporter \|\| Sweden \|\| \|\| 1971 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Salmson 4 AB.2 \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1918 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Savoia-Marchetti SM.85 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| SEPECAT Jaguar \|\| UK & France \|\| \|\| 1968 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| SET 7 \|\| Romania \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019 \|\| Italy \|\| \|\| 1969 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Soko 522 \|\| Yugoslavia \|\| \|\| 1955 \|\| Retired \|\| c. \|\| \|- \| Soko G-2 Galeb \|\| Yugoslavia \|\| \|\| 1961 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Soko G-4 Super Galeb \|\| Yugoslavia \|\| \|\| 1978 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Soko J-20 Kraguj \|\| Yugoslavia \|\| \|\| 1962 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Soko J-21 Jastreb \|\| Yugoslavia \|\| \|\| 1965 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Soko J-22 Orao \|\| Yugoslavia \|\| \|\| 1974 \|\| Operational \|\| -300 \|\| \|- \| Sopwith Salamander \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1918 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sud Aviation Vautour \|\| France \|\| \|\| 1952 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-17/20/22 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1966 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-2 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1937 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-24 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1967 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-25 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1975 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-27 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1977 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-30 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1989 \|\| Operational \|\| + \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-34 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1990 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-35 \|\| Russia \|\| \|\| 2008 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-6 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| Prototype \|\| \|\| \|- \| Sukhoi Su-7B \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1955 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Tachikawa Ki-36 \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Tupolev Tu-2 \|\| USSR \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vickers Vildebeest \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1928 \|\|Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vickers Vincent \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1932 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vought A-7 Corsair II \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1965 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vought F4U Corsair \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vought SB2U Vindicator \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vought SBU Corsair \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1933 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vultee V-11, V-12 and A-19 \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Vultee Vengeance \|\| US \|\| \|\| 1941 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Westland Lysander \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1936 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Westland Wallace \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1931 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Westland Whirlwind \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1938 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Westland Wyvern \|\| UK \|\| \|\| 1946 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Xian JH-7 \|\| China \|\| \|\| 1988 \|\| Operational \|\| \|\| \|- \| Yokosuka B4Y \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1935 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|- \| Yokosuka D4Y \|\| Japan \|\| \|\| 1940 \|\| Retired \|\| \|\| \|}	List of attack aircraft
The military occupation of the Channel Islands by Nazi Germany lasted for most of the Second World War, from 30 June 1940 until liberation on 9 May 1945. The Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey are British Crown dependencies in the English Channel, near the coast of Normandy. The Channel Islands were the only de jure part of the British Empire in Europe to be occupied by Nazi Germany during the war. Germany's allies, Italy and Japan, also occupied British territories in Africa and Asia, respectively. Anticipating a swift victory over Britain, the occupying German forces initially experimented by using a moderate approach to the non-Jewish population, supported by local collaborators. However, as time progressed the situation grew gradually worse and ended in near starvation for both occupied and occupiers during the winter of 1944-45. Armed resistance by islanders to the German occupation was nearly non-existent. Many islanders were employed by the Germans, and Germany imported thousands of captive workers to build extensive defensive works on the islands. Island leaders maintained some authority, independence, and freedom of decision from the German occupiers. Before occupation Early months of the Second World War Between 3 September 1939, when the United Kingdom declared war against Germany, and 9 May 1940, little changed in the Channel Islands. Unlike in the UK, conscription did not exist, but a number of people travelled to Britain to join up as volunteers. The horticulture and tourist trades continued as normal; the British government relaxed restrictions on travel between the UK and the Channel Islands in March 1940, enabling tourists from the UK to take morale-boosting holidays in traditional island resorts. On 10 May 1940, Germany attacked the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg by air and land and the war stepped closer. The Battle of France was reaching its climax on Empire Day, 24 May, when King George VI addressed his subjects by radio, saying, "The decisive struggle is now upon us ... Let no one be mistaken; it is not mere territorial conquest that our enemies are seeking. It is the overthrow, complete and final, of this Empire and of everything for which it stands, and after that the conquest of the world. And if their will prevails they will bring to its accomplishment all the hatred and cruelty which they have already displayed." On 11 June 1940, as part of the British war effort in the Battle of France, a long range Royal Air Force aerial sortie carried out by 36 Whitley bombers against the Italian cities of Turin and Genoa departed from small airfields in Jersey and Guernsey, as part of Operation Haddock. Weather conditions resulted in only ten Whitleys reaching their intended targets. Two bombers were lost in the action. Demilitarisation On 15 June, after the Allied defeat in the Battle of France, the British government decided that the Channel Islands were of no strategic importance and would not be defended, but did not give Germany this information. Thus despite the reluctance of Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the British government gave up the oldest possession of the Crown "without firing a single shot." The Channel Islands served no purpose to the Germans other than the propaganda value of having occupied British territory. The "Channel Islands had been demilitarised and declared...' an open town'". On 16 June 1940, the Lieutenant-Governors of each island were instructed to make available as many boats as possible to aid the evacuation of British soldiers from Saint-Malo in France. Guernsey was too far away to help at such short notice. The Bailiff of Jersey called on the Saint Helier Yacht Club in Jersey to help. Four yachts set off immediately, with fourteen others being made ready within 24 hours. The first yachts arrived in Saint-Malo on the morning of 17 June and embarked troops from shore to waiting transport ships; the remaining yachts from Jersey arrived on 18 June and helped clear the last parties from land. On 17 June 1940, a plane arrived in Jersey from Bordeaux evacuating Brigade General Charles de Gaulle from France. After coffee and refuelling, the plane flew on to Heston, outside London, where next day the general made his historic appeal of 18 June to the French people via the BBC. The last troops left the islands on 20 June, departing so quickly that bedding and half-consumed meals were left in Castle Cornet. No. 501 Squadron RAF which had arrived in Jersey from Dinard, in France, on 17 June with their Hawker Hurricane fighters, evacuated to England on 21 June. Evacuation The realisation of the necessity of civilian evacuation from the Channel Islands came very late. With no planning and secrecy being maintained, communications between the island governments and the UK took place in an atmosphere of confusion and misinterpretation. Opinion was divided and chaos ensued with different policies adopted by the different islands. The British government concluded its best policy was to make available as many ships as possible so that islanders had the option to leave if they wanted to. The authorities in Alderney, having no direct communication with the UK, recommended that all islanders evacuate, and all but a handful did so. The Dame of Sark, Sibyl Hathaway, encouraged everyone to stay. Guernsey evacuated 80% of children of school age, giving the parents the option of keeping their children with them, or evacuating them with their school. By 21 June it became apparent to the government of Guernsey that it would be impossible to evacuate everyone who wanted to leave and priority would have to be given to special categories in the time remaining. The message in Guernsey was changed to an anti-evacuation one; in total, 5,000 school children and 12,000 adults out of 42,000 were evacuated. In Jersey, where children were on holiday to help with the potato crop, 23,000 civilians registered to leave; however the majority of islanders, following the consistent advice of the island government, then chose to stay with only 6,600 out of 50,000 leaving on the evacuation ships. Nearby Cherbourg was already occupied by German forces before official evacuation boats started leaving on 20 June; the last official one left on 23 June, though mail boats and cargo ships continued to call at the islands until 28 June. Most evacuated children were separated from their parents. Some evacuated children were assisted financially by the "Foster Parent Plan for Children Affected by War" where each child was sponsored by a wealthy American. One girl, Paulette, was sponsored by first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Emergency government The Home Office instructed the lieutenant governors that in the eventuality of the recall of the representatives of the Crown, the bailiffs should take over their responsibilities and that the bailiffs and Crown Officers should remain at their posts. The Lieutenant Governor of Jersey discussed with the Bailiff of Jersey the matter of being required to carry on administration under German orders. The bailiff considered that this would be contrary to his oath of allegiance, but he was instructed otherwise. Last-minute arrangements were made to enable British administration to legally continue under the circumstances of occupation. The withdrawal of the lieutenant governors on 21 June 1940 and the cutting of contact with the Privy Council prevented Royal Assent being given to laws passed by the legislatures. The bailiffs took over the civil, but not the military, functions of the lieutenant governors. The traditional consensus-based governments of the bailiwicks were unsuited to swift executive action, and therefore in the face of imminent occupation, smaller instruments of government were adopted. Since the legislatures met in public session, the creation of smaller executive bodies that could meet behind closed doors enabled freer discussion of matters such as how far to comply with German orders. In Guernsey, the States of Deliberation voted on 21 June 1940 to hand responsibility for running island affairs to a controlling committee, under the presidency of HM Attorney General Ambrose Sherwill MC, age 50, who was selected because he was younger and more robust than the 69-year-old Bailiff, Victor Carey. The States of Jersey passed the Defence (Transfer of Powers) (Jersey) Regulation 1940 on 27 June 1940 to amalgamate the various executive committees into eight departments each under the presidency of a States member. The presidents along with the Crown Officers made up the Superior Council under the presidency of the 48-year-old bailiff, Capt. Alexander Coutanche. Invasion The Germans did not realise that the islands had been demilitarised (news of the demilitarisation had been suppressed until 30 June 1940), and they approached them with caution. Reconnaissance flights were inconclusive. On 28 June 1940, they sent a squadron of bombers over the islands and bombed the harbours of Guernsey and Jersey. In St. Peter Port, the main town of Guernsey, some lorries lined up to load tomatoes for export to England were mistaken by the reconnaissance flights for troop carriers. A similar attack occurred in Jersey where nine died. In total, 44 islanders were killed in the raids. The BBC broadcast a belated message that the islands had been declared "open towns" and later in the day reported the German bombing of the island. While the Wehrmacht was preparing Operation Grünpfeil (Green Arrow), a planned invasion of the islands with assault troops comprising two battalions, a reconnaissance pilot, Hauptmann Liebe-Pieteritz, made a test landing at Guernsey's deserted airfield on 30 June to determine the level of defence. He reported his brief landing to Luftflotte 3 which came to the decision that the islands were not defended. A platoon of Luftwaffe airmen was flown that evening to Guernsey by Junkers transport planes. Inspector Sculpher of the Guernsey police went to the airport carrying a letter signed by the bailiff stating that "This Island has been declared an Open Island by His Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom. There are no armed forces of any description. The bearer has been instructed to hand this communication to you. He does not understand the German language." He found that the airport had been taken over by the Luftwaffe. The senior German officer, Major Albrecht Lanz, asked to be taken to the island's chief man. They went by police car to the Royal Hotel where they were joined by the bailiff, the president of the controlling committee, and other officials. Lanz announced through an interpreter that Guernsey was now under German occupation. In this way the Luftwaffe pre-empted the Wehrmacht's invasion plans. Jersey surrendered on 1 July. Alderney, where only a handful of islanders remained, was occupied on 2 July and a small detachment travelled from Guernsey to Sark, which surrendered on 4 July. The first shipborne German troops consisting of two anti-aircraft units, arrived in St. Peter Port on the captured freighter SS Holland on 14 July. Occupation The German forces quickly consolidated their positions. They brought in infantry, established communications and anti-aircraft defences, established an air service with occupied mainland France, and rounded up British servicemen on leave. Administration The Germans organised their administration as part of the department of Manche, where it was de facto incorporated into Vichy France but administered as part of military government Area A based in St. Germain in the occupied part of France. Feldkommandantur 515 headed by Colonel Friedrich Schumacher arrived on 9 August 1940 in Jersey to establish a civil affairs command structure, with a Nebenstelle in Guernsey (also covering Sark), an Aussenstelle in Alderney, and a logistics Zufuhrstelle in Granville. The kommandant issued an order in Guernsey on 2 July 1940 and in Jersey on 8 July 1940 instructing that laws passed by the legislatures would have to be given assent by the kommandant and that German orders were to be registered as legislation. The civil courts would continue in operation, but German military courts would try breaches of German law. At first the bailiffs submitted legislation for the assent of the kommandant signed in their capacities as lieutenant governors. At the end of 1941, the kommandant objected to this style and subsequent legislation was submitted simply signed as bailiff. The German authorities changed the Channel Island time zone from GMT to CET to bring the islands into line with most of continental Europe, and the rule of the road was also changed to driving on the right. Scrip (occupation money) was issued in the islands to keep the economy going. German military forces used the scrip for payment of goods and services. Locals employed by Germans were also paid in the Occupation Reichsmarks. The Germans allowed entertainment to continue including cinemas and theatre; their military bands performed in public. In 1944, the popular German film actress Lil Dagover arrived to entertain German troops in Jersey and Guernsey with a theatre tour to boost morale. Besides the civil administration, there was also a military commander (Befehlshaber Kanalinseln, on 1 October 1944 renamed Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Kanalinseln). Military commanders were : Major Albrecht Lanz (1 July 1940 - 26 Sep 1940) Colonel Rudolf Graf von Schmettow (26 Sep 1940 – 1 June 1941) Generalmajor Erich Müller (1 June 1941 – 1 Sep 1943) Generalmajor Rudolf Graf von Schmettow (1 Sep 1943 - 1 Oct 1944) Generalleutnant Rudolf Graf von Schmettow (1 Oct 1944 – 26 Feb 1945) Vizeadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (26 Feb 1945 – 9 May 1945) The islands were occupied by the 216th Infantry Division until 30 April 1941, and after that by the 319th Infantry Division. Collaboration The view of the majority of islanders about active resistance to German rule was probably expressed by John Lewis, a medical doctor in Jersey. "Any sort of sabotage was not only risky but completely counterproductive. More important still, there would be instant repercussions on the civilian population who were very vulnerable to all sorts of reprisals." Sherwill seems to have expressed the views of a majority of the islanders on 18 July 1940 when he complained about a series of abortive raids by British commandos on Guernsey. "Military activities of this kind were most unwelcome and could result in loss of life among the civilian population." He asked the British government to leave the Channel Islands in peace. Sherwill was later imprisoned by the Germans for his role in helping two British spies on Guernsey, and when released, deported to a German internment camp. Sherwill's situation illustrated the difficulty for the island government and their citizens to cooperate—but to stop short of collaborating—with their occupiers and to retain as much independence as possible from German rule. The issue of islanders' collaboration with the Germans remained quiescent for many years, but was ignited in the 1990s with the release of wartime archives and the subsequent publication of a book titled The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule, 1940–1945 by Madeleine Bunting. Language such as the title of one chapter, "Resistance? What Resistance?" incited islander ire. Bunting's point was that the Channel Islanders did not act in a Churchillian manner, they "did not fight on the beaches, in the fields or in the streets. They did not commit suicide, and they did not kill any Germans. Instead they settled down, with few overt signs of resistance, to a hard, dull but relatively peaceful five years of occupation, in which more than half the population was working for the Germans." The issue of collaboration was further inflamed on the Channel Islands by the fictional television programme Island at War (2004), which featured a romance between a German soldier and an island woman and favourably portrayed the German military commander of the occupation. In the official history of the occupation, author Charles Cruickshank defended the island leaders and their government. Had the island leaders, he said, "simply kept their heads above water and done what they were told to do by the occupying power it would hardly be a matter for censure; but they carried the administrative war into the enemy camp on many occasions. It is not that they made some mistakes that is surprising, but that they did so much right in circumstances of the greatest possibly difficulty." Norman Le Brocq, a leader of the Jersey resistance and a co-founder of both the Jersey Communist Party and the Jersey Democratic Movement, was bitter towards much of the island's police and government due to their collaboration with the German occupation. He accused both Jersey's police and government of going unpunished despite collaborating with the German occupation by reporting the island's Jews to the Nazis, many of whom were subsequently sent to Auschwitz and Belsen. Whilst his leadership of the resistance went unrecognised by the British government, many officials who had collaborated with the Nazis had been awarded OBE titles and knighthoods. Civilian life during the occupation Life as a civilian during the occupation came as a shock. Having their own governments continuing to govern them softened the blow and kept most civilians at a distance from their oppressors. Many lost their jobs when businesses closed down and it was hard to find work with non-German employers. As the war progressed, life became progressively harsher and morale declined, especially when radios were confiscated and then when deportations took place in September 1942. Food, fuel, and medicines became scarce and crime increased. Following 6 June 1944, liberation became more likely in the popular mind, but the hardest times for the civilians were still to come. The winter of 1944-45 was very cold and hungry, many of the population being saved from starvation by the arrival of Red Cross parcels. Restrictions On arrival in the islands, the Germans issued proclamations imposing new laws on the resident islanders. As time progressed, additional laws restricting rights were posted and had to be obeyed. The restrictions included: Confiscation of: weapons (1940) boats (1940) radios (1940) then (1942) motor vehicles (forced sale) (1940) cameras (1942) fuel (1940) houses (1940–1945) furniture (1940–1945) Restrictions on: fishing (1940) drinking spirits (1940) exporting goods (1940) changing prices of goods (1940) patriotic songs and signs (1940) more than three people meeting together (1940) access to beaches fuel freedom of speech (1940) access to medicines (1940) some clubs and associations. Changes to: clocks to German time (1940) drive on right hand side of roads (1941) rations (1943, 1944, and 1945) Forced to accept: censorship (1940) curfew (1940) exchange rate to Reichsmarks (1940) census (1940) growing vegetables food rationing (1940) increase in income tax to 4/- (1940) identity cards (1941) cycling in single file (1941) lodgers billeted German language in schools work from Germans Fortification and construction As part of the Atlantic Wall, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications, roads, and other facilities in the Channel Islands. In a letter from the Oberbefehlshaber West dated 16 June 1941, the reinforcing of the islands was to be carried out on orders of Hitler, since an Allied attack "must be reckoned with" in Summer 1941. Much of the work was carried out by imported labour, including thousands from the Soviet Union, under the supervision of the German forces. The Germans transported over 16,000 slave workers to the Channel Islands to build fortifications. Five categories of construction worker were employed (or used) by the Germans. Paid foreign labour was recruited from occupied Europe, including French, Belgian, and Dutch workers, among whom were members of resistance movements who used the opportunity to travel to gain access to maps and plans. Conscripted labourers from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were also assigned. In 1941 hundreds of unemployed French Algerians and Moroccans were handed to the Germans by the Vichy government and sent to Jersey. Around 2000 Spaniards who had taken refuge in France after the Spanish Civil War and who had been interned were handed over for forced labour. Most of the Soviet slave workers came from Ukraine. One thousand French Jews were imported. The problem of the use of local labour arose early in the occupation. In a request for labour dated 19 July 1941, the Oberbefehlshaber West cited the "extreme difficulty" of procuring local civilian labour. On 7 August Deputy Le Quesne, who was in charge of Jersey's Labour Department, refused a German order to provide labour for improvements at Jersey Airport on the grounds that this would be to provide military assistance to the enemy. On 12 August the Germans stated that unless labour was forthcoming men would be conscripted. The builders who had originally built the airport undertook the work under protest. In the face of threats of conscription and deportation to France, resistance to the demands led to an ongoing tussle over the interpretation of the Hague Convention and the definition of military and non-military works. An example that arose was to what extent non-military "gardening" was being intended as military camouflage. On 1 August 1941 the Germans accepted that the Hague Convention laid down that no civilian could be compelled to work on military projects. The case of the reinforcement of sea walls, which could legitimately be described as civilian sea defences (important for islands) but were undeniably of military benefit in terms of coastal defence, showed how difficult it was to distinguish in practice. Economic necessity drove many islanders to take up employment offered by the Germans. The Germans also induced civilian labour by offering those who contravened curfew or other regulations employment on building projects as an alternative to deportation to Germany. The fifth category of labour were British conscientious objectors and Irish citizens. As many of the islands' young men had joined the armed forces at the outbreak of war, there was a shortfall in manual labour on the farms, particularly for the potato crop; 150 registered conscientious objectors associated with the Peace Pledge Union and 456 Irish workers were recruited for Jersey. Some chose to remain and were trapped by the occupation. Some of the conscientious objectors were communists and regarded the German-Soviet pact as a justification for working for the Germans. Others participated in non-violent resistance activities. As the Irish workers were citizens of a neutral country (see Irish neutrality during World War II), they were free to work for the Germans as they wished and many did so. The Germans attempted to foster anti-British and pro-IRA sympathies with propaganda events aimed at the Irish (see also Irish Republican Army – Abwehr collaboration in World War II). John Francis Reilly convinced 72 of his fellow Irishmen in 1942 to volunteer for employment at the Hermann Göring ironworks near Brunswick. Conditions were unpleasant and they returned to Jersey in 1943. Reilly stayed behind in Germany to broadcast on radio and joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). The Channel Islands were amongst the most heavily fortified parts of the Atlantic Wall, particularly Alderney which is the closest to France. On 20 October 1941 Hitler signed a directive, against the advice of Commander-in-Chief von Witzleben, to turn the Channel Islands into an "impregnable fortress". In the course of 1942, one twelfth of the resources funnelled into the whole Atlantic Wall was dedicated to the fortification of the Channel Islands. Hitler had decreed that 10% of the steel and concrete used in the Atlantic Wall go to the Channel Islands. It is often said the Channel Islands were better defended than the Normandy beaches, given the large number of tunnels and bunkers around the islands. By 1944 in tunnelling alone, of rock had been extracted collectively from Guernsey, Jersey, and Alderney (the majority from Jersey). At the same point in 1944 the entire Atlantic Wall from Norway to the Franco-Spanish border, excluding the Channel Islands, had extracted some . Light railways were built in Jersey and Guernsey to supply coastal fortifications. In Jersey, a gauge line was laid down following the route of the former Jersey Railway from St Helier to La Corbière, with a branch line connecting the stone quarry at Ronez in St John. A line ran along the west coast, and another was laid out heading east from St Helier to Gorey. The first line was opened in July 1942, the ceremony being disrupted by passively-resisting Jersey spectators. The Alderney Railway was taken over by the Germans who lifted part of the standard gauge line and replaced it with a metre gauge line, worked by two Feldbahn 0-4-0 diesel locomotives. The German railway infrastructure was dismantled after the liberation in 1945. Forced labour camps The Germans built many camps in Jersey, Guernsey, and four camps in Alderney. The Nazi operated each camp and used a mixture of volunteer and forced labour to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air raid shelters, and concrete fortifications. In Alderney the camps commenced operation in January 1942 and had a total inmate population of about 6,000. The Borkum and Helgoland camps were "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps Lager Borkum was used for German technicians and "volunteers" from European countries. Lager Helgoland was filled with Soviet Organisation Todt workers and the labourers in those camps were paid for work done which was not the case with inmates at the two concentration camps, Sylt and Norderney. The prisoners in Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney were slave labourers; Sylt camp held Jewish forced labourers. Norderney camp housed European (mainly Eastern Europeans but including Spaniards) and Soviet forced labourers. On 1 March 1943, Lager Norderney and Lager Sylt were placed under the control of the SS Hauptsturmführer Max List, turning them into concentration camps. Over 700 of the inmates of the four camps lost their lives in Alderney or in ships travelling to/from Alderney before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to France, mainly in mid-1944. The Minotaur, carrying 468 Organisation Todt workers including women and children from Alderney, was hit by Royal Canadian Navy motor torpedo boats near St Malo; about 250 of the passengers were killed by the explosions or by drowning, on 5 July 1944. In Jersey the number of camps is unclear. Lager Wick camp in Grouville has been investigated, and an estimated 200 workers were housed there. Norman Le Brocq's resistance movement, in a successful attempt to raise the morale of the prisoners, created posters and leaflets in both Spanish and Russian to inform the forced labourers of the German defeat at the hands of the Red Army at the Battle of Kursk and Battle of Stalingrad. Le Brocq's network was one of the only active Resistance networks on the channel island to actively sabotage the Nazis. During 1945, he had successfully convinced anti-Nazi German soldiers to plot a mutiny against their officers, the island was liberated by Allied forces before the mutiny could begin. Jews A small number of British and other Jews lived on the Channel Islands during the occupation. Most had been evacuated in June 1940, but British law did not allow enemy citizens, irrespective of their ethnicity, to enter Britain without a permit. When the Germans arrived, 18 Jews registered out of an estimated 30–50. In October 1940 German officials issued the first anti-Jewish Order, which instructed the police to identify Jews as part of the civilian registration process. Island authorities complied, and registration cards were marked with red "J"s; additionally, a list was compiled of Jewish property, including property owned by island Jews who had evacuated, which was turned over to German authorities. The registered Jews in the islands, often Church of England members with one or two Jewish grandparents, were subjected to the nine Orders Pertaining to Measures Against the Jews, including closing their businesses (or placing them under Aryan administration), giving up their wirelesses, and staying indoors for all but one hour per day. The civil administrations agonised over how far they could oppose the orders. The process developed differently on the three islands. Local officials made some effort to mitigate anti-Semitic measures by the Nazi occupying force, and as such refused to require Jews to wear identifying yellow stars and had most former Jewish businesses returned after the war. Officials in the registration department procured false documents for some of those who fell within categories suspected by the Germans. The anti-Jewish measures were not carried out systematically. Some well-known Jews lived through the occupation in comparative openness, including Marianne Blampied, the wife of artist Edmund Blampied. Three Jewish women of Austrian and Polish nationality, Therese Steiner, Auguste Spitz, and Marianne Grünfeld, had fled Central Europe to Guernsey in the 1930s but had been unable to leave Guernsey as part of the evacuation in 1940 because they were excluded by UK law. Eighteen months later, Steiner alerted the Germans to her presence. The three women were deported to France in April 1942, and were later sent to Auschwitz where they were killed or died. Freemasons Freemasonry was suppressed by the Germans. The Masonic Temples in Jersey and Guernsey were ransacked in January 1941 and furnishings and regalia were seized and taken to Berlin for display. Lists of membership of Masonic lodges were examined. The States in both bailiwicks passed legislation to nationalise Masonic property later in 1941 in order to protect the buildings and assets. The legislatures resisted attempts to pass anti-Masonic measures and no individual Freemason was persecuted for his adherence. Scouting was banned, but continued undercover, as did the Salvation Army. Deportations On specific orders from Adolf Hitler in 1942, the German authorities announced that all residents of the Channel Islands who were not born in the islands, as well as those men who had served as officers in World War I, were to be deported. The majority of them were transported to the south west of Germany, to Ilag V-B at Biberach an der Riss and Ilag VII at Laufen, and to Wurzach. This deportation order was originally issued in 1941, as a reprisal for the 800 German civilians in Iran being deported and interned. The ratio was 20 Channel Islanders to be interned for every German interned but its enactment was delayed and then diluted. The fear of internment caused suicides in all three islands. Guernsey nurse Gladys Skillett, who was five months pregnant at the time of her deportation to Biberach, became the first Channel Islander to give birth while in captivity in Germany. Of the 2,300 deported, 45 would die before the war ended. Imprisonment In Jersey, 22 islanders are recognised as having died as a consequence of having been sent to Nazi prisons and concentration camps. They are commemorated on Holocaust Memorial Day: Clifford Cohu: clergyman, arrested for acts of defiance including preaching against the Germans Walter Allen Dauny: sentenced for theft Arthur Dimmery: sentenced for digging up a buried wireless set for Saint Saviour wireless network George James Fox: sentenced for theft Louisa Gould: arrested for sheltering an escaped slave worker Maurice Jay Gould: arrested following a failed attempt to escape to England James Edward Houillebecq: deported following discovery of stolen gun parts and ammunition Peter Bruce Johnson: Australian, deported Frank René Le Villio: deported for serious military larceny William Howard Marsh: arrested for spreading BBC news Edward Peter Muels: arrested for helping a German soldier to desert John Whitley Nicolle: sentenced as ringleader of Saint Saviour wireless network Léonce L'Hermitte Ogier: advocate, arrested for possession of maps of fortifications and a camera, died in internment following imprisonment Frederick William Page: sentenced for failing to surrender a wireless set Clarence Claude Painter: arrested following a raid that discovered a wireless set, cameras, and photographs of military objects Peter Painter: son of Clarence Painter, arrested with his father when a pistol was found in his wardrobe Emile Paisnel: sentenced for receiving stolen articles Clifford Bond Quérée: sentenced for receiving stolen articles Marcel Fortune Rossi, Jr.: deported as a person of Italian heritage June Sinclair: hotel worker, sentenced for slapping a German soldier who made improper advances John (Jack) Soyer: sentenced for possession of a wireless, escaped from prison in France Joseph Tierney: first member of Saint Saviour wireless network to be arrested In Guernsey, the following are recognised as having died Sidney Ashcroft: convicted of serious theft and resistance to officials in 1942. Died in Naumburg prison. Joseph Gillingham: was one of the islanders involved in the Guernsey Underground News Service (GUNS). Died in Naumburg prison. Marianne Grunfeld: Jewish adult sent to Auschwitz concentration camp John Ingrouille: aged 15, found guilty of treason and espionage and sentenced to five years hard labour. Died in Brussels after release in 1945. Charles Machon: brainchild of GUNS. Died in . Percy Miller: sentenced to 15 months for wireless offences. Died in Frankfurt prison. Marie Ozanne: refused to accept the ban placed on the Salvation Army. Died in Guernsey hospital after leaving prison. Auguste Spitz: Jewish adult sent to Auschwitz concentration camp Therese Steiner: Jewish adult sent to Auschwitz concentration camp Louis Symes: sheltered his son 2nd Lt James Symes, who was on a commando mission to the island. Died in Cherche-Midi prison Resistance One of the first resistance cells created was the Jersey Communist Party, created by a teenage activist called Norman Le Brocq and two other young activists belonging to the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Using this cell, Norman Le Brocq helped create an umbrella organisation known as the Jersey Democratic Movement (JDM), to unite both communist and non-communist resistance across the island. The size of the population actively resisting German occupation in continental European countries was between 0.6% and 3%, and the percentage of the islands' populations participating in active resistance was comparable. From a wartime population of 66,000 in the Channel Islands a total of around 4000 islanders were sentenced for breaking laws (around 2600 in Jersey and 1400 in Guernsey), although many of these were for ordinary criminal acts rather than resistance. 570 prisoners were sent to continental prisons and camps, and at least 22 Jerseymen and 9 Guernseymen did not return. Willmott estimated that over 200 people in Jersey provided material and moral support to escaped forced workers, including over 100 who were involved in the network of safe houses sheltering escapees. No islanders joined active German military units though a small number of UK men who had been stranded on the islands at the start of the occupation joined up from prison. Eddie Chapman, an Englishman, was in prison for burglary in Jersey when the invasion occurred, and offered to work for the Germans as a spy under the code name Fritz, and later became a British double agent under the code name ZigZag. Resistance involved passive resistance, acts of minor sabotage, sheltering and aiding escaped slave workers, and publishing underground newspapers containing news from BBC radio. There was no armed resistance movement in the Channel Islands. Much of the population of military age had already joined the British or French armed forces. Because of the small size of the islands, most resistance involved individuals risking their lives to save someone else. The British government did not encourage resistance in the Channel Islands. Islanders joined in Churchill's V sign campaign by daubing the letter "V" (for Victory) over German signs. The Germans initially followed a policy of presenting a non-threatening presence to the resident population for its propaganda value ahead of an eventual invasion and occupation of the United Kingdom. Many islanders were willing to go along with the necessities of occupation as long as they felt the Germans were behaving in a correct and legal way. Two events particularly jolted many islanders out of this passive attitude: the confiscation of radios, and the deportation of large sections of the population. In May 1942, three youngsters, Peter Hassall, Maurice Gould, and Denis Audrain, attempted to escape from Jersey in a boat. Audrain drowned, and Hassall and Gould were imprisoned in Germany, where Gould died. Following this escape attempt, restrictions on small boats and watercraft were introduced, restrictions were imposed on the ownership of photographic equipment (the boys had been carrying photographs of fortifications with them), and radios were confiscated from the population. A total of 225 islanders, such as Peter Crill, escaped from the islands to England or France: 150 from Jersey, and 75 from Guernsey. The number of escapes increased after D-Day, when conditions in the islands worsened as supply routes to the continent were cut off and the desire to join in the liberation of Europe increased. Listening to the BBC had been banned in the first few weeks of the occupation and then (surprisingly given the policy elsewhere in Nazi-occupied Europe) tolerated for a time before being once again prohibited. In 1942 the ban became draconian, with all radio listening (even to German stations) being banned by the occupiers, a ban backed up by the confiscation of wireless sets. Denied access to BBC broadcasts, the populations of the islands felt increased resentment against the Germans and increasingly sought to undermine the rules. Hidden radio receivers and underground news distribution networks spread. Many islanders hid their sets (or replaced them with home-made crystal sets) and continued listening to the BBC, despite the risk of being discovered by the Germans or being informed on by neighbours. The regular raids by German personnel hunting for radios further alienated the population. A shortage of coinage in Jersey (partly caused by occupying troops taking away coins as souvenirs) led to the passing of the Currency Notes (Jersey) Law on 29 April 1941. Banknotes designed by Edmund Blampied was issued by the States of Jersey in denominations of 6 pence (6d), 1, 2 and 10 shillings (10/–), and 1 pound (£1). The 6d note was designed by Blampied in such a way that the word six on the reverse incorporated an outsized "X" so that when the note was folded, the result was the resistance symbol "V" for victory. A year later he was asked to design six new postage stamps for the island, in denominations of ½d to 3d. As a sign of resistance, he incorporated into the design for the 3d stamp the script initials GR (for Georgius Rex) on either side of the "3" to display loyalty to King George VI. Edmund Blampied also forged stamps for documents for fugitives. The deportations of 1942 sparked the first mass demonstrations against the occupation. The illegality and injustice of the measure, in contrast to the Germans' earlier showy insistence on legality and correctness, outraged those who remained behind and encouraged many to turn a blind eye to the resistance activities of others in passive support. Soon after the sinking of on 23 October 1943, the bodies of 21 members of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines were washed up in Guernsey. The German authorities buried them with full military honours. The funerals became an opportunity for some of the islanders to demonstrate their loyalty to Britain and their opposition to the occupiers: around 5,000 islanders attended the funeral, laying 900 wreaths – enough of a demonstration against the occupation for subsequent military funerals to be closed to civilians by the German occupiers. Some island women fraternised with the occupying forces. This was frowned upon by the majority of islanders, who gave them the derogatory nickname Jerry-bags. According to the Ministry of Defence, a very high proportion of women "from all classes and families" had sexual relations with the enemy, and 800–900 children were born to German fathers. The Germans estimated their troops had been responsible for fathering 60 to 80 out of wedlock births in the Channel Islands. As far as official figures went, 176 out of wedlock births had been registered in Jersey between July 1940 and May 1945; in Guernsey 259 out of wedlock births between July 1941 and June 1945 (the disparity in the official figures is explained by differing legal definitions of non-marital births in the two jurisdictions). The German military authorities tried to prohibit sexual fraternisation to reduce incidences of sexually transmitted diseases. They opened brothels for soldiers, staffed with French prostitutes under German medical surveillance. The sight of brutality against slave workers brought home to many islanders the reality of the Nazi ideology behind the punctilious façade of the occupation. Forced marches between camps and work sites by wretched workers and open public beatings rendered visible the brutality of the régime. British government reaction His Majesty's government's reaction to the German invasion was muted, with the Ministry of Information issuing a press release shortly after the Germans landed. On several occasions British aircraft dropped propaganda newspapers and leaflets on the islands. Raids on the Channel Islands On 6 July 1940, 2nd Lieutenant Hubert Nicolle, a Guernseyman serving with the British Army, was dispatched on a fact-finding mission to Guernsey, Operation Anger. He was dropped off the south coast of Guernsey by a submarine and paddled ashore in a canoe under cover of night. This was the first of two visits which Nicolle made to the island. Following the second, he missed his rendezvous and was trapped on Guernsey. After a month and a half in hiding, he gave himself up to the German authorities and was sent to a German prisoner-of-war camp. On the night of 14 July 1940, Operation Ambassador was launched on Guernsey by men drawn from H Troop of No. 3 Commando under John Durnford-Slater and No. 11 Independent Company. The raiders failed to make contact with the German garrison. Four commandos were left behind and were taken prisoner. Operation Dryad was a successful raid on the Casquets lighthouse on 2–3 September 1942. Operation Branford was an uneventful raid against Burhou, an island near Alderney, on 7–8 September 1942. In October 1942, there was a British Commando raid on Sark, named Operation Basalt. Three German soldiers were killed and one captured. Actions taken by the Commandos resulted in German retaliatory action against Channel Islanders and an order to execute captured Commandos. Operation Huckaback was a raid originally planned for the night of 9/10 February 1943, as simultaneous raids on Herm, Jethou and Brecqhou. The objective was to take prisoners and gain information about the situation in the occupied Channel Islands. Cancelled because of bad weather, Huckaback was reinvented as a raid on Herm alone. Landing on Herm and finding the island unoccupied, the Commandos left. Operation Pussyfoot was also a raid on Herm, but thick fog on 3–4 April 1943 foiled the raid and the Commandos did not land. Operation Hardtack was a series of commando raids in the Channel Islands and the northern coast of France in December 1943. Hardtack 28 landed on Jersey on 25–26 December, and after climbing the northern cliff the Commandos spoke to locals, but did not find any Germans. They suffered two casualties when a mine exploded on the return journey. One of the wounded, Captain Phillip Ayton, died of his wounds some days later. Hardtack 7 was a raid on Sark on 26–27 December, failing to climb the cliffs, they returned on 27–28 December, but two were killed and most others wounded by mines when climbing, resulting in the operation failing. In 1943, Vice Admiral Lord Mountbatten proposed a plan to retake the islands named Operation Constellation. The proposed attack was never mounted. Bombing and ship attacks on the islands The RAF carried out the first bombing raids in 1940 even though there was little but propaganda value in the attacks, the risk of hitting non-military targets was great and there was a fear of German reprisals against the civilian population. Twenty-two Allied air attacks on the Channel Islands during the war resulted in 93 deaths and 250 injuries, many being Organisation Todt workers in the harbours or on transports. Thirteen air crew died. There were fatalities caused by naval attacks amongst German soldiers and sailors, civilians, and Organisation Todt workers including the Minotaur carrying 468 Organisation Todt workers including women and children from Alderney that was hit by Royal Canadian Navy motor torpedo boats near St Malo, about 250 of the passengers killed by the explosions or by drowning, on 5 July 1944. In June 1944, Battery Blücher, a 150mm German artillery emplacement in Alderney, opened fire on American troops on the Cherbourg peninsula. HMS Rodney was called up on 12 August to fire at the battery. Using an aircraft as a spotter, it fired 72x16-inch shells at a range of 25 miles (40 km). Two Germans were killed, and several injured with two of the four guns damaged. Three guns were back in action in August, the fourth by November. The naval gunfire was not very effective. Representation in London As self-governing Crown Dependencies, the Channel Islands had no elected representatives in the British Parliament. It therefore fell to evacuees and other islanders living in the United Kingdom prior to the occupation to ensure that the islanders were not forgotten. The Jersey Society in London, which had been formed in 1896, provided a focal point for exiled Jerseymen. In 1943, several influential Guernseymen living in London formed the Guernsey Society to provide a similar focal point and network for Guernsey exiles. Besides relief work, these groups also undertook studies to plan for economic reconstruction and political reform after the end of the war. The pamphlet Nos Îles published in London by a committee of islanders was influential in the 1948 reform of the constitutions of the Bailiwicks. Sir Donald Banks felt that there must be an informed voice and body of opinion among exiled Guernseymen and women that could influence the British Government, and assist the insular authorities after the hostilities were over. In 1942, he was approached by the Home Office to see if anything could be done to get over a reassuring message to the islanders, as it was known that, despite the fact that German authorities had banned radios, the BBC was still being picked up secretly in Guernsey and Jersey. It was broadcast by the BBC on 24 April 1942. Bertram Falle, a Jerseyman, had been elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth in 1910. Eight times elected to the House of Commons, in 1934 he was raised to the House of Lords with the title of Lord Portsea. During the occupation he represented the interests of islanders and pressed the British government to relieve their plight, especially after the islands were cut off following D-Day. Committees of émigré Channel islanders elsewhere in the British Empire also banded together to provide relief for evacuees. For example, Philippe William Luce (writer and journalist, 1882–1966) founded the Vancouver Channel Islands Society in 1940 to raise money for evacuees. Under siege During June 1944, the Allied Forces launched the D-Day landings and the liberation of Normandy. They decided to bypass the Channel Islands due to their heavy fortifications. As a result, German supply lines for food and other supplies through France were completely severed. The islanders' food supplies were already dwindling, and this made matters considerably worse – the islanders and German forces alike were on the point of starvation. In August 1944, the German Foreign Ministry made an offer to Britain, through the Swiss Red Cross, that would see the release and evacuation of all Channel Island civilians except for men of military age. This was not a possibility that the British had envisaged. The British considered the offer, a memorandum from Winston Churchill stating "Let 'em starve. They can rot at their leisure"; it is not clear whether Churchill meant the Germans or the civilians. The German offer was rejected in late September. In September 1944 a ship sailed from France to Guernsey under a white flag. The American on board asked the Germans if they were aware of their hopeless position. The Germans refused to discuss surrender terms and the American sailed away. It took months of protracted negotiations before the International Committee of the Red Cross ship SS Vega was permitted to bring relief to the starving islanders in December 1944, carrying Red Cross parcels, salt and soap, as well as medical and surgical supplies. Vega made five further trips to the islands, the last after the islands were liberated on 9 May 1945. The Granville Raid occurred on the night of 8–9 March 1945, when a German raiding force from the Channel Islands landed in Allied-occupied France and brought back supplies to their base. Granville had been the headquarters of Dwight D. Eisenhower for three weeks, six months earlier. Liberation Liberation Although plans had been drawn up and proposed in 1943 by Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten for Operation Constellation, a military reconquest of the islands, these plans were never carried out. The Channel Islands were liberated after the German surrender. On 8 May 1945 at 10:00 the islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over. Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15:00 during which he announced that: Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight, but in the interests of saving lives the "Cease fire" began yesterday to be sounded all along the front, and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today. The following morning, 9 May 1945, HMS Bulldog arrived in St Peter Port, Guernsey and the German forces surrendered unconditionally aboard the vessel at dawn. British forces landed in St Peter Port shortly afterwards. HMS Beagle, which had set out at the same time from Plymouth, performed a similar role in liberating Jersey. Two naval officers, Surgeon Lieutenant Ronald McDonald and Sub Lieutenant R. Milne, were met by the harbourmaster (Cpt. H.J. Richmond) who escorted them to his office where they hoisted the Union Flag, before also raising it on the flagstaff of the Pomme D'Or Hotel. It appears that the first place liberated in Jersey may have been the British General Post Office Jersey repeater station. Mr Warder, a GPO lineman, had been stranded in the island during the occupation. He did not wait for the island to be liberated and went to the repeater station where he informed the German officer in charge that he was taking over the building on behalf of the British Post Office. Sark was liberated on 10 May 1945, and the German troops in Alderney surrendered on 16 May 1945. The German prisoners of war were removed from Alderney by 20 May 1945, and its population started to return in December 1945, after clearing up had been carried out by German troops under British military supervision. Aftermath The main Liberation forces arrived in the islands on 12 May 1945. A Royal Proclamation read out by Brigadier Alfred Snow in both Guernsey and Jersey vested the authority of military government in him. The British Government had planned for the relief and restoration of order in the islands. Food, clothing, pots, pans and household necessities had been stockpiled so as to supply islanders immediately. It was decided that to minimise financial disruption Reichsmarks would continue in circulation until they could be exchanged for sterling. In Sark, the Dame was left in command of the 275 German troops in the island until 17 May when they were transferred as prisoners of war to England. The UK Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, visited Guernsey on 14 May and Jersey on 15 May and offered an explanation in person to the States in both bailiwicks as to why it had been felt in the interests of the islands not to defend them in 1940 and not to use force to liberate them after D-Day. On 7 June the King and Queen visited Jersey and Guernsey to welcome the oldest possessions of the Crown "back to freedom". Since the state of affairs in the islands had been largely unknown and there had been uncertainty as to the extent of resistance by the German forces, the Defence (Channel Islands) Regulations of 1944 had vested sweeping administrative powers in the military governor. As it turned out that the German surrender was entirely peaceful and orderly and civil order had been maintained, these regulations were used only for technical purposes such as reverting to Greenwich Mean Time. Each bailiwick was left to make its own regulations as necessary. The situation of retrospectively regularising legislation passed without Royal Assent had to be dealt with. Brigadier Snow signed regulations on 13 June (promulgated 16 June) to renew orders in Jersey and ordinances in Guernsey as though there had been no interruption in their technical validity. The period of military government lasted until 25 August 1945 when new Lieutenant Governors in each bailiwick were appointed. Following the liberation of 1945, allegations of collaboration with the occupying authorities were investigated. By November 1946, the UK Home Secretary was in a position to inform the House of Commons that most of the allegations lacked substance and only 12 cases of collaboration were considered for prosecution, but the Director of Public Prosecutions had ruled out prosecutions on insufficient grounds. In particular, it was decided that there were no legal grounds for proceeding against those alleged to have informed to the occupying authorities against their fellow citizens. The only trials connected to the occupation of the Channel Islands to be conducted under the Treachery Act 1940 were against individuals from among those who had come to the islands from Britain in 1939–1940 for agricultural work. These included conscientious objectors associated with the Peace Pledge Union and people of Irish extraction. In December 1945 a list of British honours was announced to recognise a certain number of prominent islanders for services during the occupation. In Jersey and Guernsey, laws were passed to confiscate retrospectively the financial gains made by war profiteers and black marketeers, although these measures also affected those who had made legitimate profits during the years of military occupation. Women who had fraternised with German soldiers were known as "Jerry-bags". This had aroused indignation among some citizens. In the hours following the liberation, members of the British liberating forces were obliged to intervene to prevent revenge attacks. For two years after the liberation, Alderney was operated as a communal farm. Craftsmen were paid by their employers, whilst others were paid by the local government out of the profit from the sales of farm produce. Remaining profits were put aside to repay the British government for repairing and rebuilding the island. As a result of resentment by the local population about not being allowed to control their own land, the Home Office set up an enquiry that led to the "Government of Alderney Law 1948", which came into force on 1 January 1949. The law provided for an elected States of Alderney, a justice system and, for the first time in Alderney, the imposition of taxes. Due to the small population of Alderney, it was believed that the island could not be self-sufficient in running the airport and the harbour, as well as in providing an acceptable level of services. The taxes were therefore collected into the general Bailiwick of Guernsey revenue funds (at the same rate as Guernsey) and administered by the States of Guernsey. Guernsey became responsible for many governmental functions and services. Particularly in Guernsey, which evacuated the majority of school-age children ahead of the occupation, the occupation weakened the indigenous culture of the island. Many felt that the children "left as Guerns and returned as English". This was particularly felt in the loss of the local dialect – children who were fluent in Guernesiais when they left, found that after five years of non-use they had lost much of the language. The abandoned German equipment and fortifications posed a serious safety risk and there were many accidents after the occupation resulting in several deaths. Many of the bunkers, batteries and tunnels can still be seen today. Some have been restored, such as Battery Lothringen and Ho8, and are open for the general public to visit. After the occupation, the islanders used some of the fortifications for other purposes, but most were stripped out in scrap drives (and by souvenir hunters) and left abandoned. One bunker was transformed into a fish hatchery and a large tunnel complex was made into a mushroom farm. The islands were seriously in debt, with the island governments owing over £10,000,000, having had to pay for the evacuation ships, the costs incurred by evacuees in the UK, the cost of the "occupation forces", being wages, food, accommodation and transport as well as the cost of providing domestics for the Germans, providing civilian work for islanders and needing to pay for reconstruction and compensation after the war. Taxation receipts had fallen dramatically during the war period. Finally, the now worthless Occupation Reichsmarks and RM bank deposits were converted back to Sterling at the rate of 9.36RM to £1. Part of this debt was met by a "gift" from the UK government of £3,300,000 which was used to reimburse islanders who had suffered damage and loss. In addition, the cost of maintaining the evacuees, estimated at £1,000,000 was written off by the government. As one could buy a house for £250 in the 1940s, the gift was equivalent to the value of 17,000 houses. War crime trials After World War II, a court-martial case was prepared against ex-SS Hauptsturmführer Max List (the former commandant of Lagers Norderney and Sylt), citing atrocities in Alderney. He did not stand trial, and is believed to have lived near Hamburg until his death in the 1980s. Unlike in the rest of Europe, German collaborators who had given information which led to the deportation of the Island's Jewish population to Belsen and Auschwitz, were never punished by the British government. Legacy Since the end of the occupation, the anniversary of Liberation Day has been celebrated in Jersey and Guernsey on 9 May as a national holiday (see Liberation Day (Jersey)); Sark marks Liberation Day on 10 May. In Alderney there was no official local population to be liberated, so Alderney celebrates "Homecoming Day" on 15 December to commemorate the return of the evacuated population. The first shipload of evacuated citizens from Alderney returned on this day. The Channel Islands Occupation Society was formed in order to study and preserve the history of this period. Castle Cornet was presented to the people of Guernsey in 1947 by the Crown as a token of their loyalty during two world wars. Some German fortifications have been preserved as museums, including the Underground Hospitals built in Jersey (Hohlgangsanlage 8) and Guernsey. Liberation Square in Saint Helier, Jersey, is now a focal point of the town, and has a sculpture which celebrates the liberation of the island. The Liberation monument in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, is in the form of a monumental sundial unveiled on 9 May 1995: the obelisk that acts as gnomon has 50 layers, with the top 5 sheared to represent the loss of freedom for five years during the occupation – the sundial is so constructed that on 9 May each year the shadow points to inscriptions telling the story of Liberation hour by hour. In Jersey the end of the occupation was also marked with a penny inscribed "Liberated 1945". One million were produced between 1949 and 1952. In 1950 the States of Jersey purchased the headland at Noirmont, site of intense fortification (see Battery Lothringen), as a memorial to all Jerseymen who perished. A memorial stone was unveiled at Noirmont on 9 May 1970 to mark the 25th anniversary of Liberation. Saint Helier is twinned (since 2002) with Bad Wurzach, where deported Channel Islanders were interned. In 1966, Norman Le Brocq and 19 other islanders were awarded gold watches by the Soviet Union as a sign of gratitude for their role in the resistance movement. Former fugitives who had been sheltered by islanders were included among the guests at 50th anniversary celebrations of the Liberation in 1995. On 9 March 2010 the award of British Hero of the Holocaust was made to 25 individuals posthumously, including four Jerseymen, by the United Kingdom government in recognition of British citizens who assisted in rescuing victims of the Holocaust. The Jersey recipients were Albert Bedane, Louisa Gould, Ivy Forster and Harold Le Druillenec. It was, according to historian Freddie Cohen, the first time that the British Government recognised the heroism of islanders during the German occupation. Social impact Illegitimate children Evidence suggests that a significant number of children were born to German fathers during the occupation. Records show that the birth rate which had fallen at the start of World War II increased during the German Occupation. It has been reported that as many as 900 such babies may have been born in Jersey alone though others have cited far more modest figures. At the time under Jersey law, any child born to a married woman was automatically registered as her husband's whilst unmarried women left the section for the father's details blank and there were no formal legal structures surrounding adoption until 1947 so a child's German ancestry was often a matter of speculation. A government official in Jersey was reported to have said in the 1990s that "Many of them grew up with other families or may have been subsequently adopted. I think on the whole the children were assimilated," Many were placed in orphanages whilst there were rumours that in line with the Nazi party's racial ideas some were taken to be adopted in Germany. In media Music The Liberation Jersey International Music Festival was set up in Jersey in 2008 to remember the period of occupation. John Ireland's Fantasy-Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1943) was partly inspired by his experience in being evacuated from the Channel Islands in advance of the occupation. In her song "Alderney", which appears on her album The Sea Cabinet, singer-songwriter Gwyneth Herbert tells the story of the sudden evacuation of the inhabitants of Alderney when the war broke out. She sings about the irrevocable changes introduced during the Nazi occupation of the island and their effect on the islanders. Video games Occupied Guernsey appears in Mission 5 of Sniper Elite 5. Aptly named Festung Guernsey. Where the protagonist Karl Fairburne is tasked with infiltrating the Island to destroy the fictional Project Kraken Prototype: a Stealth equipped U-boat. At some point in the mission, Fairburne is also tasked with destroying Batterie Mirus after he hears it firing in the distance. Television and film Several documentaries have been made about the occupation, mixing interviews with participants, both islanders and soldiers, archive footage, photos and manuscripts and modern day filming around the extensive fortifications still in place. These films include: In Toni's Footsteps: The Channel Island Occupation Remembered (2002) – 52min documentary tracing the history of the Occupation following the discovery of a notebook in an attic in Guernsey belonging to a German soldier named Toni Kumpel. Lover Other, a 2006 documentary about artist Claude Cahun, directed by Barbara Hammer, features the occupation prominently, as Cahun lived in Jersey at the time. There have also been television and film dramas set in the occupied islands: Appointment with Venus, a 1951 film set on the fictional island of Armorel (based on the island of Sark). Triple Cross (1966) has a passage set in Jersey in the period shortly after the German occupation commences. The Blockhouse, a film starring Peter Sellers and Charles Aznavour, set in occupied France, was filmed in a German bunker and on L'Ancresse common in Guernsey in 1973. The Eagle Has Landed (1976), directed by John Sturges, had a passage set in Alderney where Radl (Robert Duvall) meets Steiner (Michael Caine). ITV's Enemy at the Door, set in Guernsey and shown between 1978 and 1980 A&E's Night of the Fox (1990), set in Jersey shortly before D-Day in 1944. The 2001 film The Others starring Nicole Kidman was set in Jersey in 1945 just after the end of the occupation. ITV's Island at War (2004), a drama set in the fictional Channel Island of St Gregory. It was shown by US TV network PBS as part of its Masterpiece Theatre series in 2005. Another Mother's Son, a 2017 film about Louisa Gould, hiding a Russian war prisoner, starring Jenny Seagrove as Louisa Gould and Ronan Keating as Harold Le Druillenec. The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (2018) film of the novel set in 1946, composed of letters written from one character to another. Plays A stage play, Dame of Sark, by William Douglas-Home, is set in Sark during the German occupation, and is based on the Dame's diaries of this period. It was televised by Anglia Television in 1976, and starred Celia Johnson. It was directed by Alvin Rakoff and adapted for the small screen by David Butler. Another stage play, Lotty's War by Giuliano Crispini, is set in the islands during the occupation, with the story based on "unpublished diaries". Novels The following novels have been set in the German-occupied islands: Tickell, Jerrard (1951), Appointment with Venus, London: Hodder & Stoughton, set on the fictitious island of Armorel, based on Alderney Higgins, Jack (1970), A Game for Heroes, New York: Berkley, Robinson, Derek (1977), Kramer's War, London: Hamilton, Trease, Geoffrey (1987), Tomorrow Is a Stranger (London: Mammoth, ) set during the occupation of Guernsey. Edwards, G. B. (1981), The Book of Ebenezer Le Page (London: Hamish Hamilton, ) includes the occupation of Guernsey. Parkin, Lance (1996), Just War, New Doctor Who adventures series, Doctor Who Books, Binding, Tim (1999), Island Madness, London: Picador, Link, Charlotte (2000), Die Rosenzüchterin [The Rose Breeder], condensed ed., Köln: BMG-Wort, Walters, Guy (2005), The Occupation, London: Headline, Shaffer, Mary Ann and Barrows, Annie (2008), The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society, New York: The Dial Press, Cone, Libby (2009), War on the Margins, London: Duckworth, Andrews, Dina (2011), Tears in the Sand, Trafford, Horlock, Mary (2011), The Book of Lies, Canongate, Lea, Caroline (2016), When The Sky Fell Apart, Text Publishing Company, Hanley, John F (2012), Against The Tide, Matador, Hanley, John F (2013), The Last Boat, Matador, Hanley, John F (2015), Diamonds For The Wolf, Amazon, Journal Bachmann, K M (1972), The Prey of an Eagle, Guernsey: Burbridge. A personal record of family life during the German Occupation of Guernsey, 1940–1945. See also Aviation accidents and incidents in the Channel Islands in the 1940s German Fortifications in Jersey Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker Henri Gonay, Belgian airman killed in Jersey, 1944 Military history of France during World War II Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp list Sark during the German occupation of the Channel Islands Walker Collection: A collection of philatelic material in the British Library relating to the occupation.	German occupation of the Channel Islands
The 1982 AFC Youth Championship was held from 18 to 22 December 1982 in Bangkok, Thailand. Qualifying tournament Qualified Teams took the place of , who were disqualified after the AFC handed the North Korean FA a two-year suspension for assaulting match officials following the final whistle of their Asian Games semi-final. Final standings Matches and Results Winners Qualified for the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship	1982 AFC Youth Championship
Anthony Robert Dorigo (born 31 December 1965) is a former professional footballer, sports pundit and co-commentator. As a player, he was a defender from 1983 to 2001. He had lengthy spells in the old First Division for both Aston Villa and Chelsea before signing with Leeds United in 1991 where he won the title and went on to feature in the Premier League from 1992 to 1997. He later had spells in Serie B with Torino before returning to top-flight English football with Derby County. He retired in the Football League with Stoke City in 2001. Despite being born and raised in Australia, he represented the England national team receiving 15 caps. He was also capped at England U21 and England B team level. Since retirement, Dorigo has worked in the media and has worked as a pundit and commentator for Eurosport, Bravo, Channel 5, ESPN and Sky Sports, amongst others. Early life Dorigo was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia to an Italian father and an Australian mother. The family soon moved to Adelaide, South Australia, where Dorigo was raised. He played youth football for teams in the area, as well as age-group football for South Australia, and in his mid-teens was training with Adelaide City's first team. Dorigo wrote to 14 top-flight clubs in England and asked for a trial. Aston Villa were the first club to respond and offered him a four-day trial which proved successful. Club career He made his league debut for Aston Villa against Ipswich in 1984 as an 18-year-old and went on to win the club's Player of the Year award during his time at Villa Park. He signed for Chelsea from Aston Villa for £475,000 and won the club's Player of the Year award in his first season, although the team were relegated. He helped Chelsea win promotion back to the First Division at the first attempt. However, he left Chelsea in somewhat acrimonious circumstances in the summer of 1991, having made and then withdrawn a transfer request, and then apparently having fallen out with manager Bobby Campbell after being dropped from the side due to declining a new contract. He was sold to Leeds United for £1.3 million. He made 178 appearances for Chelsea, scoring 12 goals. Dorigo won the First Division Championship with Leeds in his first season at the club, as well as winning the supporters' Player of the Year award in the same year. He stayed with the club until 1997, when he joined Italian side Torino. At Torino he helped the club reach the promotion play-offs, as well as being awarded the club's Player of the Year, despite missing a penalty in the play-off final. Due to financial reasons, Torino were forced to release him, with Dorigo ending his playing career with two years at Derby County. He scored three goals during his spell at Derby, with one in the league against Nottingham Forest and two in the FA Cup against Huddersfield Town, one in the original tie and again in the replay. He spent a final season at Stoke City, where he was made club captain, before retiring in 2001 at the age of 35. In his final season he played in Division Two (the third tier of the English senior leagues). International career Dorigo was initially called up by Australia for the 1986 World Cup qualifying campaign. However Aston Villa manager Tony Barton refused Dorigo permission to travel. Barton felt that playing for Australia would be a waste of time for Dorigo as their opponents were generally weaker opposition from Oceania. The Football Association approached Dorigo to represent England: "England came along and asked me to play for them if I hung around for another year and got my British citizenship," says Dorigo. "My father was Italian and my mother was Australian, so I have no English parentage at all. What I say to my English friends today is that 'you lot were so bad you needed an Aussie to come and play for you!' It was very different back then to what it is now – the players in the Premier League today fly all over the world to play for their countries. They just did not allow that to happen in my day." Dorigo later made seven appearances for the England B team and 11 for the England under-21s before going to earn 15 England caps. He made his debut in 1989 against Yugoslavia. A year earlier he was a surprise inclusion in the squad for the European Championships as cover for Kenny Sansom, after regular deputy Stuart Pearce withdrew through injury. Dorigo was also part of the 1990 World Cup squad. He played in the third place play-off defeat to hosts Italy, providing the cross for David Platt to score the equaliser; England eventually lost the match 2–1, however. Media career Since retiring he has been a football pundit with various TV and radio networks starting with ITV Digital covering the Championship in 2001–02. He has since worked with Radio Aire covering Leeds United's Premier League campaign as well as TV punditry for Eurosport, Bravo, Channel 5, ESPN and Sky amongst others. He appeared on the James Corden Show on 16 June prior to the England and Germany second round match of the World Cup 2010. His regular TV work includes La Liga, Serie A and Internationals for Al Jazeera as well as commentating for ESPN. He also commentates for Absolute Radio as part of their live Barclays Premier League coverage as well as appearing a number of times on BBC Radio 5 Live show Fighting Talk. Career statistics Club A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Full Members Cup, Football League play-offs, and Football League Trophy. International Honours Chelsea Football League Second Division: 1988–89 Full Members Cup: 1990 Leeds United Football League First Division: 1991–92 FA Charity Shield: 1992 Individual Chelsea Player of the Year: 1988 PFA Team of the Year: 1988–89 Second Division, 1992–93 Premier League See also List of England international footballers born outside England	Tony Dorigo
The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. The award has been presented by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) since 1931. History Since 1931, a Most Valuable Player Award has been bestowed by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to a player in the National League and a player in the American League. Prior to 1931, two similar awards were issued—the League Award was issued during 1922–1928 in the American League and during 1924–1929 in the National League, and during 1911–1914, the Chalmers Award was issued to a player in each league. Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections. MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear-cut definition of what "most valuable" means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters. In 1944, the award was named after Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the first Commissioner of Baseball, who served from 1920 until his death on November 25, 1944. Formally named the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award, that naming appeared on a plaque given to winning players. Starting in 2020, Landis' name no longer appears on the MVP plaque after the BBWAA received complaints from several former MVP winners about Landis' role against the integration of MLB. First basemen, with 35 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen (16), third basemen (15), and shortstops (15). Of the 25 pitchers who have won the award, 15 are right-handed while 10 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times, with Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945. Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Rodriguez and Andre Dawson are the only players to win the award while on a last-place team, the 2003 Texas Rangers and 1987 Chicago Cubs, respectively. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (four from 2001 to 2004). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times – 10 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues. The award's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points. There have been 19 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 23, followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 21 winners. The award has never been presented to a member of the following three teams: Arizona Diamondbacks, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. In recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Shohei Ohtani won the AL award in 2021, he became the first pitcher in either league to be named the MVP since Clayton Kershaw in 2014, and the first in the American League since Justin Verlander in 2011. Ohtani also became the first two-way player to win this award. Since the creation of the Cy Young Award in 1956, he is the only pitcher to win an MVP award without winning a Cy Young in the same year (Don Newcombe, Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, Denny McLain, Vida Blue, Rollie Fingers, Willie Hernández, Roger Clemens, Dennis Eckersley, Justin Verlander, and Clayton Kershaw all won a Cy Young award in their MVP seasons). Key Chalmers Award (1911–1914) Before the 1910 season, Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average in Major League Baseball at the end of the season. The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers' widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobb's batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns. American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players. In the following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award. A committee of baseball writers was to convene after the season to determine the "most important and useful player to the club and the league". Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, it was discontinued after 1914. League Awards (1922–1929) In 1922 the American League created a new award to honor "the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club". Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry, received a bronze medal and a cash prize. Voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible. Famously, these criteria resulted in Babe Ruth winning only a single MVP award before it was dropped after 1928. The National League award, without these restrictions, lasted from 1924 to 1929. Baseball Writers' Association of America's Most Valuable Player (1931–present) The BBWAA was first awarded the modern MVP after the 1931 season, adopting the format the National League used to distribute its league award. One writer in each city with a team filled out a ten-place ballot, with ten points for the recipient of a first-place vote, nine for a second-place vote, and so on. In 1938, the BBWAA raised the number of voters to three per city and gave 14 points for a first-place vote. The only significant change since then occurred in 1961 when the number of voters was reduced to two per league city. Wins by team See also "Esurance MLB Awards" Best Major Leaguer (in MLB; all positions) (there are also Best Hitter and Best Pitcher awards (in MLB)) "Players Choice Awards" Player of the Year (in MLB; all positions) (there are also Outstanding Player and Outstanding Pitcher awards (in each league)) Baseball America Major League Player of the Year (in MLB; all positions) Baseball Digest Player of the Year (in MLB; position players only; from 1969 to 1993, included all positions; in 1994, a separate Pitcher of the Year award was added) Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award (in MLB; all positions) The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award (in each league) (discontinued in 1946) Sporting News Player of the Year (in MLB; position players only) List of Major League Baseball awards Baseball awards Notes A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season. A unanimous victory indicates that the player received all possible first-place votes. Torre is a member of the Hall of Fame, but not as a player. He was inducted in as a manager. Hernandez and Stargell both received 216 points in the 1979 voting.	Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
Brussels-South railway station (, , IATA code: ZYR), officially Brussels-South (, ), is a major railway station in Brussels, Belgium. Geographically, it is located in Saint-Gilles/Sint-Gillis on the border with the adjacent municipality of Anderlecht and just south of the City of Brussels. Brussels-South is one of over a dozen railway stations in Brussels, and one of the three principal rail stations in the heart of the city, the two others being Brussels-Central and Brussels-North. The station, which was a terminus when it was inaugurated in 1869, became a transit station with the opening of the North–South connection in 1952. Nowadays, it is the busiest station in Belgium, and is the only Brussels stop for international high-speed rail services: Eurostar, Thalys and ICE. Underneath Brussels-South is the rapid transit Gare du Midi/Zuidstation station on lines 2, 3, 4 and 6 of the Brussels Metro and premetro (underground tram) systems, which serves as an important node of the Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB). Naming The station was named after Le Midi, the French name of the region of Southern France, as trains departing from this station in the 19th century had that region as their final destination. The term derives from ('middle') and ('day') in Old French, comparable to the term to indicate Southern Italy or which is a synonym for South in Romanian. The name , as the Dutch "translation" of , was only introduced after the equality law of 1898. The Brussels-Capital Region is bilingual; hence, both the French and Dutch names of the station— and —are official. Outside Belgium, this often leads to the use of combined shorthands; for example in the Thomas Cook European Rail Timetable, Brussels-South is designated as /; NS (Dutch Railways) announce the station as Brussel Zuid/Midi. History First station (1839–1869) A first station known as Bogards' railway station (, ) had existed, since 1839, near the Place Rouppe/Rouppeplein in the southern part of the City of Brussels, so-called for the former cloister of the Bogards' convent whose site it was built on, and to which the / is nowadays the only reference. This station, which quickly took the name "South Station" (, ), served as the six-track terminus of the South Line, a southbound railway line linking Brussels to the industrial towns of Mons, Charleroi and La Louvière, at the heart of the Sillon industriel in Hainaut, Belgium, before crossing the French border (near Quiévrain), where a connecting line could reach Valenciennes, in northern France. The former presence of a station at this location also explains the unusual width of the current /, which goes up from the Place Rouppe to the Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road), a reminder of the train tracks that used to run in its middle. Second station (1869–1949) The Belgian railway network grew rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, becoming the densest in continental Europe. By then, Brussels-North and Brussels-South had become the primary railway stations in Brussels (Brussels-North slowly supplanted the original / railway station near the same site). However, they were joined only by an inadequate single track running along what is today the Small Ring. Many proposals were put forward to link the two stations more substantially. A law was finally passed in 1909 mandating a direct connection; however, the final project would not be completed until nearly half a century later. Around 1860, the South Station had reached saturation point and its location too close to the city centre began to cause problems, so the authorities decided to demolish it. A new monumental station, designed by the architect Auguste Payen in neoclassical style, opened in 1869, a short distance south from the original site, on the territory of the municipality of Saint-Gilles/Sint-Gillis. The entrance was shaped like a triumphal arch, richly decorated with sculptures by Joseph Ducaju. In 1880, an allegorical statue of Nike, the Greek goddess of victory riding a chariot, by the sculptor Louis Samain, was placed on the roof of the station as a tribute to railway engineering. In front of the station, a large public square, known as the / ("Constitution Square"), was created, acting as an entry to the city for its many commuters. Current station (1949–present) Payen's terminal station was itself demolished in 1949, as part of the North–South connection project, and replaced by a transit station on its present site along the Avenue Fonsny/Fonsnylaan. Most of the current buildings were erected between 1939 and 1954, in post-war functionalist style, from plans by architects Adrien and Yvan Blomme and Fernand Petit. Work on the connection also led to the station's immediate surroundings to be reorganised. The railway tracks were raised and extended unto a viaduct towards the city centre, with shops under it and a covered street; the / (formerly the /), along which trams run. Since the 1990s, the South Station and the district adjacent to it have undergone profound transformation. The rear part of the station, designed in 1992 by the architect Marc De Vreese, and built in front of the /, serves as a terminal for high-speed trains. On Saint-Gilles' side, expropriation plans have led, since 2012, to the creation of modern office blocks constituting a tertiary economic sector along the Avenue Fonsny, as well as extensions of the station along the /, the two arteries that surround the station. This business centre located a stone's throw from the city centre, is intended, in the spirit of the public authorities, to mirror the Northern Quarter business district (also called Little Manhattan), located near the North Station, on the opposite side of the city centre. Features The station is surrounded by the Avenue Fonsny/Fonsnylaan to the east, the / to the west, the / to the north and the / to the south. In the 1990s, the Eurostar terminal was added on the Rue de France's side. This part contains two bay platforms with no onward northbound connection. A tripartite agreement was signed by Belgium, France and the UK on 15 May 1993, which permitted British officials to carry out pre-embarkation immigration controls for passengers travelling on direct Eurostar train services from Brussels to London and Belgian officials to carry out pre-embarkation immigration controls at London Waterloo International (and subsequently St Pancras International) station for passengers travelling in the other direction. As a result of this agreement, juxtaposed controls were set up in the station. On 1 October 2004, an administrative arrangement was signed by Belgium, France and the UK to extend juxtaposed controls to Eurostar services between London and Brussels which make a stop in Lille. Eurostar passengers travelling to the UK clear exit checks from the Schengen Area (carried out by the Belgian Federal Police) as well as UK entry checks (conducted by the UK Border Force) in the station before boarding their train. On the other hand, Eurostar passengers travelling to Lille Europe or Calais-Fréthun remain within the Schengen Area and are therefore not subject to border checks. Accordingly, they go through a different departure area in the station (bypassing the juxtaposed controls for passengers heading to the UK) and travel in a separate designated coach (available in standard class only) controlled by security guards, who ensure that all of these passengers disembark at Lille/Calais before the train continues to the UK. Train services The station is served by the following services: High speed services (Eurostar) London - Lille - Brussels High speed services (Eurostar) London - Brussels - Rotterdam - Amsterdam High speed services (Intercity Express) Brussels - Liège - Cologne - Frankfurt High speed services (Thalys) Amsterdam - Rotterdam - Antwerp - Brussels - Paris High speed services (Thalys) Dortmund - Essen - Düsseldorf - Cologne - Liège - Brussels - Paris High speed services (Thalys) Amsterdam - Rotterdam - Antwerp - Brussels - Lille High speed services (Thalys) Amsterdam - Rotterdam - Antwerp - Brussels - Chambéry - Bourg-Saint-Maurice (in winter) High speed services (Thalys) Amsterdam - Rotterdam - Antwerp - Brussels - Avignon - Marseille (in summer) High speed services (TGV) Brussels - Lille - Aéroport CDG - Lyon - Avignon - Marseille High speed services (TGV) Brussels - Lille - Aéroport CDG - Lyon - Nîmes - Montpellier - Perpignan High speed services (TGV) Brussels - Lille - Aéroport CDG - Strasbourg High speed services (ICD-35) Amsterdam - Rotterdam - Breda - Antwerp - Brussels Airport - Brussels Intercity services (IC-01) Ostend - Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Leuven - Liège - Welkenraedt - Eupen Intercity services (IC-03) Blankenberge - Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Leuven - Hasselt - Genk Intercity services (IC-16) Brussels - Namur - Arlon - Luxembourg Intercity services (IC-05) Essen - Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Nivelles - Charleroi (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-06) Tournai - Ath - Halle - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-06A) Mons - Braine-le-Comte - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-07) Charleroi - Nivelles - Brussels - Antwerp (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-11) Binche - Braine-le-Comte - Halle - Brussels - Mechelen - Turnhout (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-11) Binche - Braine-le-Comte - Halle - Brussels - Scharbeek (weekends) Intercity services (IC-12) Kortrijk - Ghent - Brussels - Leuven - Liège - Welkenraedt (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-13) Kortrijk - Denderleeuw - Brussels - Schaarbeek (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-14) Quiévrain - Mons - Braine-le-Comte - Brussels - Leuven - Liège (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-16/34) Brussels - Namur - Arlon - Luxembourg Intercity services (IC-17) Brussels - Namur - Dinant (weekends) Intercity services (IC-18) Brussels - Namur - Liège (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-20) Ghent - Aalst - Brussels - Hasselt - Tongeren (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-20) Ghent - Aalst - Brussels - Dendermonde - Lokeren (weekends) Intercity services (IC-22) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels Intercity services (IC-23) Ostend - Bruges - Kortrijk - Zottegem - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-23A) Knokke - Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Brussels Airport Intercity services (IC-26) Kortrijk - Tournai - Halle - Brussels - Dendermonde - Lokeren - Sint Niklaas (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-29) Gent - Aalst - Brussels - Brussels Airport - Leuven - Landen (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-29) De Panne - Gent - Aalst - Brussels - Brussels Airport - Leuven - Landen (weekends) Intercity services (IC-31) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels (weekdays) Intercity services (IC-31) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Nivelles - Charleroi (weekends) Brussels RER services (S1) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Waterloo - Nivelles (weekdays) Brussels RER services (S1) Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels (weekends) Brussels RER services (S1) Brussels - Waterloo - Nivelles (weekends) Brussels RER services (S2) Leuven - Brussels - Halle - Braine-le-Comte Brussels RER services (S3) Dendermonde - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Zottegem (weekdays) Brussels RER services (S3) Schaarbeek - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Zottegem (weekends) Brussels RER services (S6) Aalst - Denderleeuw - Geraardsbergen - Halle - Brussels - Schaarbeek (weekdays) Brussels RER services (S6) Denderleeuw - Geraardsbergen - Halle - Brussels - Schaarbeek (weekends) Brussels RER services (S8) Brussels - Etterbeek - Ottignies - Louvain-le-Neuve Brussels RER services (S10) Dendermonde - Brussels - Denderleeuw - Aalst Metro and premetro station The metro station, called Gare du Midi/Zuidstation, opened on 2 October 1988 as (at that time) the terminus of metro line 2 from Simonis. Line 2 has since been extended beyond Brussels-South to Clemenceau in 1993, Delacroix in 2006, and Gare de l'Ouest/Weststation in 2009. Since 1993, the station also accommodates premetro (underground tram) services at separate platforms, with cross-platform interchange between metro and premetro in both directions. Connections International buses Since 23 July 2012, SNCF's international coach network, OUIBUS (taken over by BlaBlaBus in 2018), has served Brussels-South. Paris - Lille - Brussels Amsterdam - Brussels (from 28 April 2014) Amsterdam - Brussels - London (from 28 April 2014) Other bus services A shuttle service to Brussels South Charleroi Airport leaves from a stop located on the /. Places of interest The South Tower, the tallest building in Belgium, stands in front of the station's main exit (the crossroad of the Avenue Fonsny/Fonsnylaan and the /) and houses the Belgian Federal Pensions Service (FPS). See also List of railway stations in Belgium List of TGV stations Rail transport in Belgium Transport in Brussels History of Brussels	Brussels-South railway station
Sallie-Anne Huckstepp (nee Krivoshow, 12 December 1954 – 6 February 1986) was an Australian writer, sex worker and whistleblower, who was the victim of a homicide. She came to attention in 1981 for speaking out about police corruption in Sydney, Australia. Huckstepp's murder remains unsolved. Life Huckstepp was born as Sallie-Anne Krivoshow into a middle-class Jewish family and attended Dover Heights High School and Moriah College in Sydney. She left school at the age of 17 and married Bryan Huckstepp. After travelling to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, her husband trafficked her into prostitution to help support his heroin addiction. They later returned to Sydney, where Huckstepp continued to be prostituted, eventually developing a heroin habit of her own. In 1981, Huckstepp met and began a relationship with Warren Lanfranchi. Lanfranchi was a heroin dealer and standover man who worked with Neddy Smith. In June 1981, Lanfranchi allegedly robbed a Sydney heroin dealer and later fired shots at a young policeman. In Neddy: the Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith claims that Lanfranchi asked him to negotiate a payment with then-Detective Sergeant Roger Rogerson to escape being charged with the shooting. Smith claims that Rogerson had instructed him to drive Lanfranchi to a meeting with him and to disarm him in the car. Rogerson took 18 police officers with him to the meeting. He claims that he was attempting to arrest Lanfranchi on suspicion of five bank robberies. At the meeting in Dangar Place, Chippendale, Rogerson shot and killed Lanfranchi. During the inquest into Lanfranchi's death, Rogerson claimed self defence. He was supported at the inquest by Smith and other police officers who were called as witnesses. The inquest found that on the balance of probabilities, Rogerson had been trying to arrest Lanfranchi, but refused to find he had acted in self defence. The matter went to the Supreme Court and was the subject of investigations by the New South Wales Ombudsman and Internal Affairs. No action was brought against Rogerson, and he was exonerated and commended for bravery. On 15 July 1981, Huckstepp, accompanied by her father, Jack Krivoshow, and a legal-aid solicitor, went to the New South Wales Police Headquarters in College Street, Darlinghurst, where she met with Detective Inspector Ralph and Detective Reith of the New South Wales Police Internal Affairs Branch. She made the following statement which eventually helped lead to the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Wood Royal Commission: "I will tell you everything... I have the following criminal record: I have 31 convictions for prostitution. I have a conspiracy to defraud conviction which occurred shortly after I left Harry Bailey's tender care at "Chelmsford". I then had two further marijuana convictions. A heroin conviction when I was loaded up by Detectives Peter and Tomich at the Lido bar. I have a further "use" charge in which Detectives Peter George and Jungblut were involved. In both the latter offences, significant sums of money were paid to the police to affect the outcome... While operating as a prostitute, I made regular payments to members of the vice squad over 10 years. I have been involved in a number of transactions which I referred to in my statement which have involved substantial payment to members of the drug squad and other detectives relating to drug matters. I believe that the New South Wales Drug Squad and the Armed Hold-Up Squad are both totally corrupt and that they feed on the very activities which they are supposed to stop." Huckstepp also went to the media and gave extensive interviews, claiming that Rogerson had murdered Lanfranchi and stolen $10,000 Lanfranchi was carrying to bribe Rogerson. She also claimed that Neddy Smith had lied to the inquest and was involved in a conspiracy with Rogerson. Rogerson maintained his innocence. In Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith wrote that Lanfranchi was "attempting to bribe Rogerson. I was the person [who] took Warren to this fatal meeting. There was an inquest and both sides threw plenty of shit at one another. I was right in the middle of it all. I could do nothing to bring Warren back to life, so I did the best thing I could. I know Warren’s family suffered deeply, but I cannot do anything about it." He goes on to claim that as a result of his testimony at the inquest, Rogerson and other corrupt police officers gave him a "green light" to commit crime without fear of prosecution. Huckstepp continued lobbying the media. A documentary about her life was made and she began writing articles for a monthly magazine. However, she continued using heroin, and in 1985, her then-partner David Kelleher was arrested on charges of importing heroin worth more than $2 million. With Kelleher remanded into custody, Huckstepp began a relationship with a federal police officer, Constable Peter Parker Smith. Huckstepp visited Kelleher regularly in prison, telling him she was attempting to get information from Constable Smith which could be useful in his trial. In Catch and Kill Your Own, Neddy Smith claims that Huckstepp was trying to help Kelleher by making tape recordings of her conversations with Constable Smith. Death and inquest On the evening of 6 February 1986, Huckstepp received a phone call in her Edgecliff apartment. She rushed out, telling Gwen Beecroft - an acquaintance with whom she stayed at the time - that she would be back shortly. The following morning, a man walking his dog found her body in Busby Pond, a lake in Centennial Park, New South Wales. Huckstepp's murder resulted in one of the longest-running inquests of its kind in Australia. It began in 1987 and lasted until 1991, though it only sat for a total of 19 days in that time. It was alleged at the inquest that Huckstepp had gone to meet an unknown drug dealer to obtain a fresh supply of heroin and was then lured to Busby's Pond, a remote area of the park. She was then strangled and drowned. Peter Smith, the federal policeman with whom she was having an affair, testified that she had told him she was frightened that Neddy Smith and Roger Rogerson or David Kelleher (who was in prison at the time) may try to murder her. He later told the Administrative Appeals Tribunal that Huckstepp's death was a "traumatic event for (him)". The coroner found that the evidence was insufficient to recommend charges and made a finding that Huckstepp had been murdered by a person or persons unknown. Prior to the inquest, Neddy Smith was interviewed four times by four separate teams of detectives. He claims that he was at home with his wife the night Huckstepp was murdered. However, he was secretly recorded confessing to a cellmate at Long Bay Correctional Centre. He was recorded saying he had attacked Huckstepp from behind, punched her, grabbed her by the throat, lifted her off the ground, and then strangled her for about six minutes. Smith then claimed he dragged her into the pond and stood on her back to keep her head submerged for a few more minutes. He was also recorded saying, "strangling somebody is the hardest thing in the world...(but) the most satisfying thing I ever did in my life". Smith later dismissed his confession as lies, saying he knew he was being taped and wanted the publicity for his new book, Catch and Kill Your Own. He is also alleged to have confessed to his publisher. Smith was subsequently charged in September 1996 with Huckstepp's murder, and was committed to stand trial, but was acquitted in 1999. In an interview with writer John Dale, Smith claimed that Huckstepp was murdered because she kept "bugging Roger, ringing him up and leaving messages that he was a dog...The reason they didn't bury her or dispose of the body was Roger wanted her left floating in the pond as a message. The bloke who killed her has never been arrested and is not in jail". Huckstepp is survived by a daughter, Sascha Huckstepp, who was born in 1973, and is an actress and casting agent in Sydney. Sascha had a minor role as a nurse in the Australian miniseries Blue Murder, which featured a character (played by Loene Carmen) based on her mother. In 1991 and 1992, she appeared as Jade Williams in the British soap opera Families. Huckstepp was also the half-sister of Australian screenwriter and actor Matt Kay. In popular culture Huckstepp inspired the song "Sallie-Anne" by Sydney band Spy vs. Spy. An episode of the documentary series Crime Investigation Australia depicted her murder. The 1995 Australian television miniseries Blue Murder featured the story of Huckstepp's homicide. See also Juanita Nielsen Shirley Brifman Shirley Finn	Sallie-Anne Huckstepp
Adams Island was an island in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. History Adams Island was originally part of Tuckernuck Island. During the 1890s, the westernmost part of Tuckernuck extended almost to Muskeget Island and served as a barrier beach, protecting the Gravel Islands, western Dry Shoal, and Little Gull Island. The island came into existence in 1902, when the Haulover Nor'easter severed it from Tuckernuck. Another island, Tombolo, was also created. In 1907, Adams almost attached itself to Muskeget, but failed to do so because the sea formed a narrow deep channel separating Adams from Muskeget. In 1910, Adams' length was shortened due to a tropical storm and an autumn nor'easter. By 1920, Adams was less than four hundred meters long. A little less than ten meters of it remained in 1950, and by 1980 it was gone. Adams Island Day In 1983, a group of Nantucket residents, self-designated as Adamites, held a small celebration in honor of the former island. The first Adams Island Celebration was characterized by a nihilist/absurdist spirit emphasizing the short existence of the island and downplaying its disappearance. The celebration has taken place in some form each year since 1983, and although it rarely falls on the same day as in the previous year, it is known each year to Adamites as Adams Island Day. By boat, one can easily access Tuckernuck from Madaket on the island of Nantucket. Coastal islands of Massachusetts Islands of Nantucket, Massachusetts Former islands of the United States	Adams Island (Massachusetts)
Timequest is a 2000 science-fiction film directed by Robert Dyke and starring Victor Slezak as John F. Kennedy, Caprice Benedetti as Jacqueline Kennedy, and Ralph Waite as the Time Traveler. The film also features Vince Grant and Bruce Campbell. After premiering on April 13, 2002, the film had a limited theatrical release in the United States, followed shortly by distribution on VHS and DVD to the United States, Canada, and Australia. Timequest explores the science fiction theme of altering the present day by traveling back in time and tampering with past eventsspecifically, preventing the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Plot On the morning of November 22, 1963, an elderly man who wears spacesuit-type clothing materializes in the hotel suite occupied by Jackie Kennedy. The Time Traveler shows Jackie future television footage of the assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy. Shortly thereafter, the Time Traveler speaks to the president and to Attorney General Bobby Kennedy, giving them details of their respective assassinations and of the public revelations of JFK's sex scandals, convincing the president to remain faithful to Jackie. The Time Traveler won't state his name or his birthplace, but does mention that he was born on this day. The Time Traveler, who is clearly very fond of Jackie, is pleased when she agrees to dance with him. The Time Traveler and the three Kennedys drink a toast in the hotel suite just before 12:30, which is the time that afternoon that JFK was historically assassinated in his motorcade. At 12:30 the Time Traveler turns into nothingness, and a lead-crystal glass that he was holding drops to the floor and shatters. Bobby finds a piece of glass with the Time Traveler's fingerprint on it. Clint Hill and Bobby then travel ahead to Dallas, where Hill takes out two gunmen behind a fence on grassy knoll, confirming one of the later conspiracy theories about the assassination. Third gunman Lee Harvey Oswald is captured, and Jack Ruby is killed before he can shoot Oswald, who is taken to Washington, D.C. and interrogated by the Warren Commission, culminating in the CIA's disbandment. When FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover threatens to blackmail the President by revealing audio tapes of Kennedy having sex with Marilyn Monroe, Bobby counters by threatening to release photos of Hoover's homosexuality. Hoover agrees to hand over the tapes, and also agrees to hand in his letter of resignation. John and Jackie appear on television. John reveals his infidelities and asks for forgiveness from both his wife and the nation. Jackie stands with her husband and asks the country to do the same. Having been forewarned by the Time Traveler that the Vietnam War will end with 57,000 American soldiers having died for nothing, Kennedy announces, ahead of the 1964 presidential election, the withdrawal of US military forces from Vietnam. Vice President Lyndon Johnson is enraged by this and tries to dissuade him from this or least wait until after the 1964 election (which realistically Kennedy would've done the latter) but Kennedy refuses. Kennedy, in a speech televised from a rally at Rice Stadium, recommits to the importance of the Apollo Program, but also expands it to be a project for all humanity, and openly calls for the Soviet Union to participate in it, appealing to Nikita Khrushchev to negotiate an end to the Cold War. His efforts are ultimately successful, resulting in humanity's first Moon landing being a joint US-Soviet project, with astronaut John Glenn and (fictional) cosmonaut Nikilia Bresnev planting their two nations' flags together on the Moon. In 1964, Bobby is still determined to uncover the Time Traveler's identity, wanting to prevent him from eventually inventing time travel, but a pregnant Jackie exacts an iron promise from Bobby that the Time Traveler would never be harmed. As it turns out, the Time Traveler is currently a toddler named Raymond Mead. Mead, like his older Time Traveler self, is obsessed with Jackie Kennedy. In 1979, a then sixteen-year-old Mead commits a burglary, is arrested and put on a prison bus; his fingerprinting enables now-President Bobby Kennedy to know the Time Traveler's name. President Bobby has the teenager pulled off the bus, he talks to the kid, and he gives Mead a full pardon. As time passes, Mead becomes an artist and gets married. Jackie has bought many of his paintings, up until her 1994 death (the same year as in the original timeline). JFK dies in 2000, at age 83, of natural causes. With both his parents gone, the Kennedy's youngest son, James Robert, explains to Mead why the Kennedy family has been so generous to him and reveals a portrait of his older self. The film ends with Mead's younger self (rather than the older Time Traveler) dancing with Jackie in 1963 as a dream sequence, then shows the real Mead as a toddler in 1964 staring at televised footage of Jackie with her new baby, James, being discharged from Dallas' Parkland Memorial Hospital, where JFK had died in the original timeline. Characters See also Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture	Timequest (film)
Richard Webb (born 15 September 1952) is a former cricketer who played in three One Day Internationals (ODIs)for the New Zealand national cricket team in 1983, principally as a fast-medium bowler. He played 25 matches of domestic first-class cricket for Otago from 1975/76 to 1983/84. His older brother, Murray Webb, also a pace bowler for Otago, played in three Tests for New Zealand from 1971 to 1974. International career Replacing the injured Richard Hadlee Webb's first ODI was the second match in the best-of-three final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup against Australia, played on 13 February 1983 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). Australia won the toss and batted first. Webb opened the bowling, taking 2–47 in his 9 overs, as Australia scored 302. Webb batted at #11, scoring 6 not out, as New Zealand were bowled out for 153, losing the match by 149 runs, and the series final 2–0. Webb also played in the 1st and 2nd ODIs against England in 1983. In the 1st ODI, played at Eden Park on 19 February 1983, England won the toss and batted first. Again, Webb opened the bowled, taking 0/30 in his 10 overs. England were dismissed for only 184. New Zealand reached their target comfortably, winning by 6 wickets, so Webb did not bat. In the 2nd ODI, England again won the toss, but put New Zealand in to bat first. New Zealand reached 295–6, so again Wedd did not bat. In his third and final ODI, he bowled at first change, taking 2–28 in 7.5 overs. He took the final wicket, bowling Derek Pringle for 11, reducing England to 192 all out, so New Zealand won by 103 runs.	Richard Webb (cricketer)
Joan of Lorraine is a 1946 play-within-a-play by Maxwell Anderson. Plot It is about a company of actors who stage a dramatization of the story of Joan of Arc, and the effect that the story has on them. As in the musical Man of La Mancha, most of the actors in the drama play two or more roles. The main character is Mary Grey, the fictional star actress who portrays Joan. As the play begins, Mary Grey and the fictional director of the play-within-a-play, Jimmy Masters, are in conflict over how Joan is to be played. The conflict is resolved during the course of the play. Production Ingrid Bergman was the star of the original production, playing both Joan and Mary Grey, the fictional star actress who portrays her. Other notable actors who appeared in this production were Joseph Wiseman, Romney Brent and Sam Wanamaker. Awards Ingrid Bergman won a Tony Award for this performance — one of the first such awards ever given. Adaptation In 1948, an adaptation of Joan of Lorraine was filmed in Technicolor as Joan of Arc. This film also starred Ingrid Bergman, but it did not use the play-within-a-play framework. Instead, it made the story a straightforward account of Joan's life, omitting the fictional acting company altogether. Anderson's dialogue for the story of Joan was not only retained, but, in collaboration with Andrew Solt, expanded with additional scenes involving historical characters who do not appear in the original play. For her performance, Ingrid Bergman was nominated for an Academy Award, but lost out to Jane Wyman in Johnny Belinda.	Joan of Lorraine
The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again is a 1979 American comedy-Western film directed by Vincent McEveety. Produced by Walt Disney Productions, it is a sequel to The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975), starring the comedy duo of Tim Conway and Don Knotts reprising their respective roles as Amos and Theodore. The film also stars Tim Matheson, Harry Morgan, and Kenneth Mars. Plot Amos Tucker (Conway) and Theodore Ogelvie (Knotts), a pair of bumbling holdup men now going straight, arrive in the "boom town" of Junction City to start anew. But the duo end up causing havoc while getting cheated out of their money by two bank robbers named Wes Hardin (Osmond) and Hank Starrett (Gehring). Things worsen when Amos and Theodore end up suspected of the robbery and on the run from the town's feared lawman Marshal Woolly Bill Hitchcock (Mars), who developed a personal vendetta toward Amos and Theodore after they accidentally humiliated and injured him on two occasions. To escape Hitchcock's vengeance, Amos and Theodore ditch their donkey Clarise, as she was used by the robbers, and enlist in the United States Cavalry at Fort Concho. But the duo's bunglings and a run-in with a now insane marshal, who found them by following Clarise, result in the fort being burned to the ground. The following day, the fort commander Major Gaskill (Morgan) is relieved of his position while Amos and Theodore are placed in a military jail. But the "jail" turns out to be a cover for a robber baron named "Big Mac" (Jack Elam) who proceeds to recruit Amos and Theodore for an upcoming train robbery. Still determined to go straight, the boys attempt to extricate themselves from the situation by warning the local sheriff. The sheriff not available, they are told to visit the saloon as there is a visiting U.S. Marshall. After dressing up as bar-room dance girls to hide themselves from Big Mac's gang, having another encounter with Hitchcock, and making a trade for blankets to hide themselves, Amos and Theodore accidentally end up on the train Big Mac is targeting. With the help of Jeff Reed (Matheson), an army intelligence officer who posed as an enlisted soldier to uncover a conspiracy of military robberies, and Major Gaskill's daughter Millie (Davalos), they arrest the robbers and their inside man Lt. Jim Ravencroft (Robert Pine). Soon after being given pardons, Amos and Theodore decide to resume working at Russell Donovan's farm. Cast Tim Conway as Amos Tucker Don Knotts as Theodore Ogelvie Tim Matheson as Pvt. Jeff Reed Kenneth Mars as Marshal Woolly Bill Hitchcock Elyssa Davalos as Miss Millie Gaskill Jack Elam as Big Mac Robert Pine as Lt. Jim Ravencroft Harry Morgan as Maj. Gaskill (Millie's father) Ruth Buzzi as Old Tough Kate, aka 'Granny' Audrey Totter as Martha Osten (Blind Cabin Widow) Richard X. Slattery as Sgt. Slaughter (chief soldier) John Crawford as Sherick Ralph Manza as Little Guy Cliff Osmond as Wes Hardin (Bank robber) Ted Gehring as Hank Starrett (Bank robber) Robert Totten as Blainey James Almanzar as Lennie Shug Fisher as Bartender Rex Holman as Reno Production Parts of the film were shot at Kanab movie fort and Kanab Creek in Utah. The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California. Reception Vincent Canby of The New York Times thought that Kenneth Mars was "very funny" and that Harry Morgan "has some nice moments" as well. Variety wrote that the film "lurches from one set piece to another, in a fashion that makes its 88-minute running time seem much longer. Conway and Knotts have perfected their bumbling routines to a very minor art form, but principal laughs are supplied by drunk jokes, and character names such as Jack Elam's Big Mac. When hamburger trademarks become chief yock-suppliers, time has come to look elsewhere". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called the film "delightful" with "much humor and action. Indeed, it's more inventive — and eventful — than the more sophisticated comedy-western Butch and Sundance: The Early Days. Gary Arnold of The Washington Post dismissed it as "the latest uninspired attempt at juvenile comedy from the Disney studio".	The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again
Mobile marketing is a multi-channel online marketing technique focused at reaching a specific audience on their smartphones, feature phones, tablets, or any other related devices through websites, e-mail, SMS and MMS, social media, or mobile applications. Mobile marketing can provide customers with time and location sensitive, personalized information that promotes goods, services, appointment reminders and ideas. In a more theoretical manner, academic Andreas Kaplan defines mobile marketing as "any marketing activity conducted through a ubiquitous network to which consumers are constantly connected using a personal mobile device". SMS marketing Marketing through cellphones' SMS (Short Message Service) became increasingly popular in the early 2000s in Europe and some parts of Asia when businesses started to collect mobile phone numbers and send off wanted (or unwanted) content. On average, SMS messages have a 98% open rate and are read within 3 minutes, making them highly effective at reaching recipients quickly. Over the past few years, SMS marketing has become a legitimate advertising channel in some parts of the world. This is because unlike email over the public internet, the carriers who police their own networks have set guidelines and best practices for the mobile media industry (including mobile advertising). The IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau) and the Mobile Marketing Association (MMA), as well, have established guidelines and are evangelizing the use of the mobile channel for marketers. While this has been fruitful in developed regions such as North America, Western Europe and some other countries, mobile SPAM messages (SMS sent to mobile subscribers without a legitimate and explicit opt-in by the subscriber) remain an issue in many other parts of the world, partly due to the carriers selling their member databases to third parties. In India, however, the government's efforts to create the National Do Not Call Registry have helped cellphone users to stop SMS advertisements by sending a simple SMS or calling 1909. Mobile marketing approaches through SMS have expanded rapidly in Europe and Asia as a new channel to reach the consumer. SMS initially received negative media coverage in many parts of Europe for being a new form of spam as some advertisers purchased lists and sent unsolicited content to consumer's phones; however, as guidelines are put in place by the mobile operators, SMS has become the most popular branch of the Mobile Marketing industry with several 100 million advertising SMS sent out every month in Europe alone. This is thanks in part to SMS messages being hardware agnostic—they can be delivered to practically any mobile phone, smartphone or feature phone and accessed without a Wi-Fi or mobile data connection. This is important to note since there were over 5 billion unique mobile phone subscribers worldwide in 2017, which is about 66% of the world population. However, nowadays, the mobile phone has become a focal device in people’s lives, and manly people cannot live without it. These advanced mobile technologies bring people more business opportunities that connect business people and consumers at any time and place. Because of this, digital marketing has become more essential, and mobile marketing is one of the newest digital marketing channels that people are considering; it can get information about the features of goods that people like without the need for buyers to go to the actual store. SMS marketing has both inbound and outbound marketing strategies. Inbound marketing focuses on lead generation, and outbound marketing focuses on sending messages for sales, promotions, contests, donations, television program voting, appointment and event reminders. There are 5 key components to SMS marketing: sender ID, message size, content structure, spam compliance, and message delivery. Sender ID A sender ID is a name or number that identifies who the sender is. For commercial purposes, virtual numbers, short codes, SIM hosting, and custom names are most commonly used and can be leased through bulk SMS providers. Shared Virtual Numbers As the name implies, shared virtual numbers are shared by many different senders. They're usually free, but they can't receive SMS replies, and the number changes from time to time without notice or consent. Senders may have different shared virtual numbers on different days, which may make it confusing or untrustworthy for recipients depending on the context. For example, shared virtual numbers may be suitable for 2-factor authentication text messages, as recipients are often expecting these text messages, which are often triggered by actions that the recipients make. But for text messages that the recipient isn't expecting, like a sales promotion, a dedicated virtual number may be preferred. Dedicated Virtual Numbers To avoid sharing numbers with other senders, and for brand recognition and number consistency, leasing a dedicated virtual number, which are also known as a long code or long number (international number format, e.g. +44 7624 805000 or US number format, e.g. 757 772 8555), is a viable option. Unlike a shared number, it can receive SMS replies. Senders can choose from a list of available dedicated virtual numbers from a bulk SMS provider. Prices for dedicated virtual numbers can vary. Some numbers, often called Gold numbers, are easier to recognize, and therefore more expensive to lease. Senders may also get creative and choose a vanity number. These numbers spell out a word or phrase using the keypad, like +1-(123)-ANUMBER. Short codes Shortcodes offer very similar features to a dedicated virtual number but are short mobile numbers that are usually 5-6 digits. Their length and availability are different in each and every country. These are usually more expensive and are commonly used by enterprises and governmental organizations. For mass messaging, shortcodes are preferred over a dedicated virtual number because of their higher throughput and are great for time-sensitive campaigns and emergencies. In Europe the first cross-carrier SMS shortcode campaign was run by Txtbomb in 2001 for an Island Records release, In North America, it was the Labatt Brewing Company in 2002. Over the past few years, mobile short codes have been increasingly popular as a new channel to communicate to the mobile consumer. Brands have begun to treat the mobile shortcode as a mobile domain name, allowing the consumer to text message the brand at an event, in-store and off any traditional media. Short codes provide a direct line between a brand and their customer base. Once a company has a dedicated short code, they are able to directly message their audience without worrying if the messages are being delivered, unlike long code D.I.D.s (Direct Inward Dial, another term for phone number). Whereas long code texts face a higher level of scrutiny, short codes give you unrivalled throughput without triggering red flags from the carriers. SIM hosting Physical and virtual SIM hosting allows a mobile number sourced from a carrier to be used for receiving SMS as part of a marketing campaign. The SIM associated with the number is hosted by a bulk SMS provider. With physical SIM hosting, a SIM is physically hosted in a GSM modem and SMS received by the SIM are relayed to the customer. With virtual SIM hosting, the SIM is roamed onto the Bulk SMS provider's partner mobile network and SMS sent to the mobile number are routed from the mobile network's SS7 network to an SMSC or virtual mobile gateway, and then onto the customer. Custom Sender ID A custom sender ID, also known as an alphanumeric sender ID, enables users to set a business name as the sender ID for one-way organization-to-consumer messages. Custom sender IDs are only supported in certain countries and are up to 11 characters long, and support uppercase and lowercase ASCII letters and digits 0-9. Senders are not allowed to use digits only as this would mimic a shortcode or virtual number that they do not have access to. Reputable bulk SMS providers will check customer sender IDs beforehand to make sure senders are not misusing or abusing them. Message Size The message size will then determine the number of SMS messages that are sent, which then determines the amount of money spent on marketing a product or service. Not all characters in a message are the same size. A single SMS message has a maximum size of 1120 bits. This is important because there are two types of character encodings, GSM and Unicode. Latin-based languages like English are GSM based encoding, which are 7 bits per character. This is where text messages typically get their 160 characters per SMS limit. Long messages that exceed this limit are concatenated. They are split into smaller messages, which are recombined by the receiving phone. Concatenated messages can only fit 153 characters instead of 160. For example, a 177 character message is sent as 2 messages. The first is sent with 153 characters and the second with 24 characters. The process of SMS concatenation can happen up to 4 times for most bulk SMS providers, which allows senders a maximum of 612 character messages per campaign. Non-Latin based languages, like Chinese, and also emojis use a different encoding process called Unicode or Unicode Transformation Format (UTF-8). It is meant to encompass all characters for efficiency but has a caveat. Each Unicode character is 16 bits in size, which takes more information to send, therefore limiting SMS messages to 70 characters. Messages that are larger than 70 characters are also concatenated. These messages can fit 67 characters and can be concatenated up to 4 times for a maximum of 268 characters. Content Structure Special elements that can be placed inside a text message include: UTF-8 Characters: Send SMS in different languages, special characters, or emojis Keywords: Use keywords to trigger an automated response Links: Track campaigns easily by using shortened URLs to custom landing pages Interactive Elements: Pictures, animations, audio, or video Texting is simple, however, when it comes to SMS marketing - there are many different content structures that can be implemented. Popular message types include sale alerts, reminders, keywords, and multimedia messaging services (MMS). SMS Sales Alerts Sale alerts are the most basic form of SMS marketing. They are generally used for clearance, flash sales, and special promotions. Typical messages include coupon codes, and information like expiration dates, products, and website links for additional information. SMS Transaction Alerts Transaction Alerts are used by financial institutions to notify their customer about a financial transaction done from their account. Some SMS only highlights the amount transacted while some also include the balance amount left in the account. SMS Reminders Reminders are commonly used in appointment-based industries or for recurring events. Some senders choose to ask their recipients to respond to the reminder text with an SMS keyword to confirm their appointment. This can really help improve the sender's workflow and reduce missed appointments, leading to improved productivity and revenue. SMS Keywords This allows people to text a custom keyword to a dedicated virtual number or short code. Through custom keywords, users can opt-in to service with minimal effort. Once a keyword is triggered, an autoresponder can be set to guide the user to the next step. They can also activate different functions, which include entering a contest, forwarding to an email or mobile number, group chat, and sending an auto-response. Keywords also allow users to opt-in to receive further marketing correspondence. When using a long code number you face higher levels of scrutiny from Telecom Companies. When sending SMS messages through long code you are unable to send messages with a link in the first message. This is done at the carrier level to help cut down on spam. Using keyword responses, a company can create a bridge between themselves and the user. Carriers will recognize users responding to an SMS with a keyword as a conversation and will allow links to be delivered. Spam Compliance Similar to email, SMS has anti-spam laws which differ from country to country. As a general rule, it's important to obtain the recipient's permission before sending any text message, especially an SMS marketing type of message. Permission can be obtained in a myriad of ways, including allowing prospects or customers to tick a permission checkbox on a website, filling in a form, or getting a verbal agreement. In most countries, SMS senders need to identify themselves as their business name inside their initial text message. Identification can be placed in either the sender ID or within the message body copy. Spam prevention laws may also apply to SMS marketing messages, which must include a method to opt out of messages. One key criterion for provisioning is that the consumer opts in to the service. The mobile operators demand a double opt-in from the consumer and the ability for the consumer to opt-out of the service at any time by sending the word STOP via SMS. These guidelines are established in the CTIA Playbook and the MMA Consumer Best Practices Guidelines which are followed by all mobile marketers in the United States. In Canada, opt-in became mandatory once the Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act came into force in 2014. Message Delivery Simply put, SMS infrastructure is made up of special servers that talk to each other, using software called Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) that use a special protocol called Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP). Through the SMPP connections, bulk SMS providers (also known as SMS Gateways) like the ones mentioned above can send text messages and process SMS replies and delivery receipts. When a user sends messages through a bulk SMS provider, it gets delivered to the recipient's carrier via an ON-NET connection or the International SS7 Network. SS7 Network Operators around the world are connected by a network known as Signaling System #7. It's used to exchange information related to phone calls, number translations, prepaid billing systems, and is the backbone of SMS. SS7 is what carriers around the world use to talk to each other. ON-NET Routing ON-NET routing is the most popular form of messaging globally. It's the most reliable and preferable way for telecommunications/carriers to receive messages, as the messages from the bulk SMS provider is sent to them directly. For senders that need consistency and reliability, seeking a provider that uses ON-NET routing should be the preferred option. Grey Routing Grey Routing is a term given to messages that are sent to carriers (often offshore) that have low cost interconnect agreements with other carriers. Instead of sending the messages directly to the intended carrier, some bulk SMS providers send it to an offshore carrier, which will relay the message to the intended carrier. At the cost of consistency and reliability, this roundabout way is cheaper, and these routes can disappear without notice and are slower. Many carriers don't like this type of routing, and will often block them with filters set up in their SMSCs. Hybrid Routing Some bulk SMS providers have the option to combine more reliable grey routing on lower value carriers with their ON-NET offerings. If the routes are managed well, then messages can be delivered reliably. Hybrid routing is more common for SMS marketing messages, where timeliness and reliable delivery is less of an issue. SMS Service Providers The easiest and most efficient way of sending an SMS marketing campaign is through a bulk SMS service provider. Enterprise-grade SMS providers will usually allow new customers the option to sign-up for a free trial account before committing to their platform. Reputable companies also offer free spam compliance, real-time reporting, link tracking, SMS API, multiple integration options, and a 100% delivery guarantee. Most providers can provide link shorteners and built-in analytics to help track the return on investment of each campaign. Depending on the service provider and country, each text message can cost up to a few cents each. Senders intending to send a lot of text messages per month or per year may get discounts from service providers. Since spam laws differ from country to country, SMS service providers are usually location-specific. This is a list of the most popular and reputable SMS companies in each continent, with some information about the number of phones in use. It is important to note that message pricing, message delivery, and service offerings will also differ substantially from country to country. Africa Asia Australia/Oceania North America Europe South America MMS MMS mobile marketing can contain a timed slideshow of images, text, audio and video. This mobile content is delivered via MMS (Multimedia Message Service). Nearly all new phones produced with a color screen are capable of sending and receiving standard MMS message. Brands are able to both send (mobile terminated) and receive (mobile originated) rich content through MMS A2P (application-to-person) mobile networks to mobile subscribers. In some networks, brands are also able to sponsor messages that are sent P2P (person-to-person). A typical MMS message based on the GSM encoding can have up to 1500 characters, whereas one based on Unicode can have up to 500 characters. Messages that are longer than the limit are truncated and not concatenated like an SMS. Good examples of mobile-originated MMS marketing campaigns are Motorola's ongoing campaigns at House of Blues venues, where the brand allows the consumer to send their mobile photos to the LED board in real-time as well as blog their images online. Push notifications Push notifications were first introduced to smartphones by Apple with the Push Notification Service in 2009. For Android devices, Google developed Android Cloud to Messaging or C2DM in 2010. Google replaced this service with Google Cloud Messaging in 2013. Commonly referred to as GCM, Google Cloud Messaging served as C2DM's successor, making improvements to authentication and delivery, new API endpoints and messaging parameters, and the removal of limitations on API send-rates and message sizes. It is a message that pops up on a mobile device. It is the delivery of information from a software application to a computing device without any request from the client or the user. They look like SMS notifications but they are reached only the users who installed the app. The specifications vary for iOS and android users. SMS and push notifications can be part of a well-developed inbound mobile marketing strategy. According to mobile marketing company Leanplum, Android sees open rates nearly twice as high as those on iOS. Android sees open rates of 3.48 percent for push notification, versus iOS which has open rates of 1.77 percent. App-based marketing With the strong growth in the use of smartphones, app usage has also greatly increased. The annual number of mobile app downloads over the last few years has exponentially grown, with hundreds of billions of downloads in 2018, and the number of downloads expecting to climb by 2022. Therefore, mobile marketers have increasingly taken advantage of smartphone apps as a marketing resource. Marketers aim to optimize the visibility of an app in a store, which will maximize the number of downloads. This practice is called App Store Optimization (ASO). There is a lot of competition in this field as well. However, just like other services, it is not easy anymore to rule the mobile application market. Most companies have acknowledged the potential of Mobile Apps to increase the interaction between a company and its target customers. With the fast progress and growth of the smartphone market, high-quality Mobile app development is essential to obtain a strong position in a mobile app store. The term app marketing has not yet been defined in a unified scientific definition and is also used in various ways in practice. The term refers on the one hand to those activities that serve to generate app downloads and thus attract new users for a mobile app. In some cases, the term is also used to describe the promotional sending of push notifications and in-app messages. Here are several models for App marketing. 1. Content embedded mode For the most part at present, the downloading APP from APP store is free, for APP development enterprise, need a way to flow to liquidate, implantable advertising and APP combines content marketing and game characters to seamlessly integrating user experience, so as to improve advertising hits. With these free downloading apps, developers use in-app purchases or subscription to profit. 2. Advertising model advertisement implantation mode is a common marketing mode in most APP applications. Through Banner ads, consumer announcements, or in-screen advertising, users will jump to the specified page and display the advertising content when users click. This model is more intuitive, and can attract users' attention quickly. 3. User participation mode is mainly applied to website transplantation and brand APP. The company publishes its own brand APP to the APP store for users to download, so that users can intuitively understand the enterprise or product information better. As a practical tool, this APP brings great convenience to users' life. User reference mode enables users to have a more intimate experience, so that users can understand the product, enhance the brand image of the enterprise, and seize the user's heart. 4. The shopping website embedded mode is the traditional Internet electric business offering platforms in the mobile APP, which is convenient for users to browse commodity information anytime and anywhere, order to purchase and order tracking. This model has promoted the transformation of traditional e-commerce enterprises from shopping to mobile Internet channels, which is a necessary way to use mobile APP for online and offline interactive development, such as Amazon, eBay and so on. The above several patterns for the more popular marketing methods, as for the details while are not mentioned too much, but the hope can help you to APP marketing have a preliminary understanding, and on the road more walk more far in the marketing. In-game mobile marketing There are essentially three major trends in mobile gaming right now: interactive real-time 3D games, massive multi-player games and social networking games. This means a trend towards more complex and more sophisticated, richer game play. On the other side, there are the so-called casual games, i.e. games that are very simple and very easy to play. Most mobile games today are such casual games and this will probably stay so for quite a while to come. Brands are now delivering promotional messages within mobile games or sponsoring entire games to drive consumer engagement. This is known as mobile advergaming or ad-funded mobile game. In in-game mobile marketing, advertisers pay to have their name or products featured in the mobile games. For instance, racing games can feature real cars made by Ford or Chevy. Advertisers have been both creative and aggressive in their attempts to integrate ads organically in the mobile games. Although investment in mobile marketing strategies like advergaming is slightly more expensive than what is intended for a mobile app, a good strategy can make the brand derive a substantial revenue. Games that use advergaming make the users remember better the brand involved. This memorization increases virality of the content so that the users tend to recommend them to their friends and acquaintances, and share them via social networks. One form of in-game mobile advertising is what allows players to actually play. As a new and effective form of advertising, it allows consumers to try out the content before they actually install it. This type of marketing can also really attract the attention of users like casual players. These advertising blur the lines between game and advertising, and provide players with a richer experience that allows them to spend their precious time interacting with advertising. This kind of advertisement is not only interesting, but also brings some benefits to marketers. As this kind of in-gaming mobile marketing can create more effective conversion rates because they are interactive and have faster conversion speeds than general advertising. Moreover, games can also offer a stronger lifetime value. They measure the quality of the consumer in advance to provide some more in-depth experience. So this type of advertising can be more effective in improving user stickiness than advertising channels such as stories and video. QR codes Two-dimensional barcodes that are scanned with a mobile phone camera. They can take a user to the particular advertising webpage a QR code is attached to. QR codes are often used in mobile gamification when they appear as surprises during a mobile app game and directs users to the specific landing page. Such codes are also a bridge between physical medium and online via mobile: businesses print QR codes on promotional posters, brochures, postcards, and other physical advertising materials. Bluetooth Bluetooth technology is a wireless short range digital communication that allows devices to communicate without the now superseded RS-232 cables. Proximity systems Mobile marketing via proximity systems, or proximity marketing, relies on GSM 03.41 which defines the Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast. SMS-CB allows messages (such as advertising or public information) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical area. In the Philippines, GSM-based proximity broadcast systems are used by select Government Agencies for information dissemination on Government-run community-based programs to take advantage of its reach and popularity (Philippines has the world's highest traffic of SMS). It is also used for commercial service known as Proxima SMS. Bluewater, a super-regional shopping center in the UK, has a GSM based system supplied by NTL to help its GSM coverage for calls, it also allows each customer with a mobile phone to be tracked though the center which shops they go into and for how long. The system enables special offer texts to be sent to the phone. For example, a retailer could send a mobile text message to those customers in their database who have opted-in, who happen to be walking in a mall. That message could say "Save 50% in the next 5 minutes only when you purchase from our store." Snacks company, Mondelez International, makers of Cadbury and Oreo products has committed to exploring proximity-based messaging citing significant gains in point-of-purchase influence. Location-based services Location-based services (LBS) are offered by some cell phone networks as a way to send custom advertising and other information to cell-phone subscribers based on their current location. The cell-phone service provider gets the location from a GPS chip built into the phone, or using radiolocation and trilateration based on the signal-strength of the closest cell-phone towers (for phones without GPS features). In the United Kingdom, which launched location-based services in 2003, networks do not use trilateration; LBS uses a single base station, with a "radius" of inaccuracy, to determine a phone's location. Some location-based services work without GPS tracking technique, instead transmitting content between devices peer-to-peer. There are various methods for companies to utilize a device's location. 1.Store locators. Utilizing the location-based feedback, the nearest store location can be found rapidly by retail clients. 2.Proximity-based marketing. Companies can deliver advertisements merely to individuals in the same geographical location. Location-based services send advertisements prospective customers of the area who may truly take action on the information. 3.Travel information. Location-based services can provide actual time information for the smartphones, such as traffic condition and weather forecast, then the customers can make the plan. 4.Roadside assistance. In the event of sudden traffic accidents, the roadside assistance company can develop an app to track the customer's real-time location without navigation. Ringless voicemail The advancement of mobile technologies has allowed the ability to leave a voice mail message on a mobile phone without ringing the line. The technology was pioneered by VoAPP, which used the technology in conjunction with live operators as a debt collection service. The FCC has ruled that the technology is compliant with all regulations. CPL expanded on the existing technology to allow for a completely automated process including the replacement of live operators with pre recorded messages. User-controlled media Mobile marketing differs from most other forms of marketing communication in that it is often user (consumer) initiated (mobile originated, or MO) message, and requires the express consent of the consumer to receive future communications. A call delivered from a server (business) to a user (consumer) is called a mobile terminated (MT) message. This infrastructure points to a trend set by mobile marketing of consumer controlled marketing communications. Due to the demands for more user controlled media, mobile messaging infrastructure providers have responded by developing architectures that offer applications to operators with more freedom for the users, as opposed to the network-controlled media. Along with these advances to user-controlled Mobile Messaging 2.0, blog events throughout the world have been implemented in order to launch popularity in the latest advances in mobile technology. In June 2007, Airwide Solutions became the official sponsor for the Mobile Messaging 2.0 blog that provides the opinions of many through the discussion of mobility with freedom. GPS plays an important role in location-based marketing. Privacy concerns Mobile advertising has become more and more popular. However, some mobile advertising is sent without a required permission from the consumer causing privacy violations. It should be understood that irrespective of how well advertising messages are designed and how many additional possibilities they provide, if consumers do not have confidence that their privacy will be protected, this will hinder their widespread deployment. But if the messages originate from a source where the user is enrolled in a relationship/loyalty program, privacy is not considered violated and even interruptions can generate goodwill. The privacy issue became even more salient as it was before with the arrival of mobile data networks. A number of important new concerns emerged mainly stemming from the fact that mobile devices are intimately personal and are always with the user, and four major concerns can be identified: mobile spam, personal identification, location information and wireless security. Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion. Classification Kaplan categorizes mobile marketing along the degree of consumer knowledge and the trigger of communication into four groups: strangers, groupies, victims, and patrons. Consumer knowledge can be high or low and according to its degree organizations can customize their messages to each individual user, similar to the idea of one-to-one marketing. Regarding the trigger of communication, Kaplan differentiates between push communication, initiated by the organization, and pull communication, initiated by the consumer. Within the first group (low knowledge/push), organizations broadcast a general message to a large number of mobile users. Given that the organization cannot know which customers have ultimately been reached by the message, this group is referred to as "strangers". Within the second group (low knowledge/pull), customers opt to receive information but do not identify themselves when doing so. The organizations therefore does not know which specific clients it is dealing with exactly, which is why this cohort is called "groupies". In the third group (high knowledge/push) referred to as "victims", organizations know their customers and can send them messages and information without first asking permission. The last group (high knowledge/pull), the "patrons" covers situations where customers actively give permission to be contacted and provide personal information about themselves, which allows for one-to-one communication without running the risk of annoying them.	Mobile marketing
The qp ligature, ȹ, is a typographic ligature of Latin q and p, and is used in some phonetic transcription systems, particularly for African languages, to represent a voiceless labiodental plosive , for example in the Zulu sequence . In Unicode	Qp ligature
Carsten Tank Nielsen (18 December 1818 – 1 August 1892) was a Norwegian civil servant and government official. He was the first director of the Norwegian Telegraph (Telegrafverket now Telenor) from 1854 until his death in 1892. He and his wife Alvilde Olsen (1821–1890) were the parents of the historian and politician, Yngvar Nielsen.	Carsten Tank Nielsen
Karl Hugo Kronecker (27 January 1839 – 6 June 1914) was a German physiologist from Liegnitz, Prussian Silesia. He was the brother of Leopold Kronecker. He studied medicine in Berlin, Heidelberg and Pisa, and received the M.D. degree in Berlin. From 1868, he worked in the Leipzig Physiological Institute, (later known as Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology with Carl Ludwig. He received habilitation (permission to lecture) in 1872 with a thesis on fatigue and recovery of skeletal muscles. In 1878, he moved to Berlin to become department director in the Physiological Institute. In 1885, he was appointed chairman of Physiology at the University of Bern, Switzerland. There he built a new Institute of Physiology. Kronecker received the honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901. He died in Bad Nauheim. Hugo Kronecker and his learner Samuel James Meltzer were the first, who studied (in 1883) oesophageal manometry in humans.	Hugo Kronecker
Frodsham railway station serves the town of Frodsham, Cheshire, England. The station is managed by Transport for Wales. It was opened along with the line in 1850 and the station building is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. This was restored in 2012 and is in private ownership. The station is unstaffed, however the North Cheshire Rail Users Group have "adopted" the station and work on a voluntary basis to keep it looking clean and tidy. Facilities Although unstaffed (as noted), the station has a self-service ticket machine (card payments only) to allow intending passengers to buy before boarding or to collect pre-paid tickets. Train running information is provided by CIS displays, timetable posters and a pay phone. Waiting shelters are also provided on both sides. Step-free access is available to both platforms, although the footbridge between them has stairs. Services The station is served by an hourly Transport for Wales service to Manchester Airport via Warrington Bank Quay, an hourly service to Liverpool Lime Street also operated by Transport for Wales, and another hourly service to Leeds operated by Northern Trains. In the other direction, services run to Chester, with trains from Manchester often continuing along the North Wales Coast Line as far as Llandudno, while trains from Liverpool and Leeds currently terminate at Chester save for a single service to Wrexham on weekday and Saturday evenings for the Liverpool service. On Sundays trains only run between Manchester and Chester and Liverpool and Chester. Frodsham is also served by the infrequent (three trains per day, now northbound only) Northern Trains-operated service between Manchester Victoria and Ellesmere Port, with a one-a-day extension to Leeds. This does not run on Saturdays and Sundays. Expansion of services Northern's planned Leeds–Manchester Victoria–Chester service stops here since its launch in May 2019, though only at weekday peak times in the current (May 2019) timetable. Halton curve North of Frodsham station, a connecting line to Runcorn (the Halton Curve) diverges. This line was, until September 2018, served by just one "parliamentary" passenger train a week (which operated on summer Saturdays only) to fulfil legal and contractual obligations and keep the line "open" in accordance with Government legislation. The curve had lost its regular service in May 1975, but continued to be used by seasonal passenger trains between Liverpool Lime Street and Llandudno until 1994 (hence the summer-only service requirement). The train started from Chester and ran non-stop to Runcorn, passing through Frodsham without calling. In May 2019 regular service was reintroduced between Liverpool Lime Street and Chester, via Runcorn, with one train per hour every day. Transport for Wales Rail also run two trains a day from Wrexham General to Liverpool Lime Street with one in the opposite direction. These services were originally planned to start in December 2018; however, this was delayed due to a shortage of available rolling stock. See also Listed buildings in Frodsham	Frodsham railway station
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von Bezold (June 21, 1837 – February 17, 1907) was a German physicist and meteorologist born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. He is best known for discovering the Bezold effect and the Bezold–Brücke shift. Bezold studied mathematics and physics at the University of Munich and the University of Göttingen. He taught meteorology in Munich from 1861, becoming a professor in 1866. In 1868 he began teaching at the Technical University of Munich. In 1875, he was named a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. From 1885 to 1907 director of the Prussian Institute of Meteorology at the University of Berlin. As a scientist, he was mainly interested in the physics of the atmosphere, and he contributed much to the theory of electrical storms. Bezold was one of the early researchers of atmospheric thermodynamics. He considered pseudo-adiabatic processes describing air as it is lifted, expands, cools, and eventually condenses and precipitates its water vapor. It was Bezold's investigations of Lichtenberg dust figures that were useful to Heinrich Rudolf Hertz during his attempt to physically validate Maxwell's mathematical analysis of electromagnetic waves.	Wilhelm von Bezold
Grono.net was a social networking service based in Poland. It was referred to as "the Polish equivalent of Facebook" and had over 2 million members. It featured Internet forums, photo sharing, links to cultural events, an employment website, and an online marketplace for the sale of property. The site included a freemium model; features for paying subscribers included the ability to moderate forums, take part in competitions, upload more photos and hide advertisements. It required an invitation from an existing member to register. History The website was founded by Wojciech Sobczuk and launched on February 11, 2004. In July 2009, Aleksander Kierski, one of grono.net's creditors, filed a bankruptcy petition against the service for unpaid debts, but on September 7, 2009, the Warsaw District Court dismissed the above petition on the grounds that all creditors had been paid. On 1 July 2012, the service was shut down without warning; it faced financial difficulties due to competition from Facebook.	Grono.net
David MacMillan (December 24, 1886 – July 9, 1963) was an American basketball coach. He was a longtime head coach at the University of Minnesota (18 seasons, 1927–42, 1945–48), and briefly coached the NBA's Tri-Cities Blackhawks in 1950, succeeding Red Auerbach. Before Minnesota, MacMillan was the head coach at the University of Idaho in Moscow, his alma mater. He led the Vandals for seven seasons, from 1920 to 1927, the last six in the Pacific Coast Conference. In Idaho's first two seasons in the PCC, his upstart program won consecutive conference titles in 1922 He also coached baseball and freshman football at Idaho, and baseball at Minnesota from 1942 through 1947. Born in New York City, he attended Oberlin College in Ohio before transferring to the University of Idaho. MacMillan resigned at Minnesota at age 62 in March 1948, citing health reasons. After his brief stint with the Blackhawks, MacMillan served as an assistant coach of the Minneapolis Lakers under John Kundla, who had been a player and assistant under MacMillan at Minnesota. He died from cancer at age 76 in Minneapolis.	Dave MacMillan
Roundel is a periodical that serves as the newsletter of the BMW Car Club of America. Their mission is to inform, entertain, and promote a sense of community for their 75,000 members. They review new cars as well as perform comparison tests. There is a classified ads section which has a large selection of BMWs. The headquarters of Roundel was first in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Later it was moved to in Greer, South Carolina. The magazine presumably takes its name from the fact that the BMW logo is a roundel. In 2020, the magazine was renamed BMW Car Club Magazine: Roundel, and is published ten times a year. It is joined biannually by BMW Car Club Magazine: BimmerLife.	Roundel (magazine)
FCV may refer to: Football clubs FC Vaajakoski, Finland FC Vaduz, Liechtenstein FC Vestsjælland, Denmark FC Vilshofen, Germany Other uses Feline calicivirus Female copulatory vocalization Flow control valve Ford Crown Victoria Forest City Velodrome, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Fuel cell vehicle Mitsubishi FCV Toyota FCV	FCV
The New York Chamber Symphony (NYCS) was an American chamber orchestra based in New York City. It was active from 1977 to 2002. It was founded in 1977 by its founding music director Gerard Schwarz, and Omus Hirshbein. Its original name was the Y Chamber Symphony, and it was the resident ensemble at the 92nd Street Y, where Hirshbein was director of music programming. The orchestra changed its name to the New York Chamber Symphony in 1986 and in 1996 moved to Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall. It also presented, each season, free concerts in Central Park under the sponsorship of the Naumburg Foundation, and conducted several tours. The orchestra's membership included many of New York City's finest classical musicians, a number of whom teach at the Juilliard School, the Peabody Conservatory, Yale University, and the Eastman School of Music. Guest artists who have performed with the New York Chamber Symphony early in their careers include Itzhak Perlman, Yo-Yo Ma, Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, Dawn Upshaw, Emanuel Ax, Gil Shaham, Yefim Bronfman, Joshua Bell, Hélène Grimaud, Horacio Gutiérrez, and Hilary Hahn. It was also known for its performances of contemporary music, commissioning works from composers such as David Diamond, Bright Sheng, Richard Danielpour, and Aaron Jay Kernis. Each year, it presented and recorded concerts of world premieres by American composers, under the sponsorship of the Master Musicians Collective. In 1993, the symphony won an award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) for its commitment to new music programs. In June 2000, the orchestra received a $100,000 challenge grant from the Knight Foundation to begin work on a new music/audience development project designed to accomplish the selection of new music by the orchestra musicians and their audiences. The orchestra has released more than 20 recordings. It has recorded works by such American composers as Paul Creston, David Diamond, Howard Hanson, and Walter Piston, as part of Delos Records' American Masters Series. It has also recorded for the Angel/EMI, Nonesuch, Pro Arte, and RCA Red Seal labels. The orchestra has received three Grammy Award nominations for its recordings of works by Aaron Copland and Howard Hanson. In 2000, the Symphony was engaged to play for Brazil's 500th Anniversary celebration at Lincoln Center. In 2002 the New York Chamber Symphony cancelled its upcoming (2002-2003) season after Schwarz announced his decision to resign his post as music director after the 2001-2002 season (the Symphony's 25th), in order to focus on his new position as director of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and his ongoing commitment to the Seattle Symphony. A successor could not be found, nor funding secured to continue the Symphony's activities.	New York Chamber Symphony
The 1990 National League Championship Series was played between the Cincinnati Reds (91–71) and the Pittsburgh Pirates (95–67). It was the first playoff appearance for both teams since 1979 and the fifth NLCS meeting overall with Cincinnati winning the pennant over Pittsburgh in 1970, 1972, and 1975 while Pittsburgh won over Cincinnati in 1979. The Reds won the series, 4–2, and eventually went on to sweep the defending World Champion Oakland Athletics in the World Series. This was the only NLCS during the 1990s that did not feature the Atlanta Braves and was the first of four straight to feature either the Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates. Between Game 2 (in Cincinnati) and Game 3 (in Pittsburgh), the teams took two days off instead of the usual one. That Sunday, October 7, the Pittsburgh Steelers needed to use Three Rivers Stadium for their scheduled game against the San Diego Chargers, so Game 3 (and by extension, the rest of the series) was pushed back a day. Summary Cincinnati Reds vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Game summaries Game 1 Thursday, October 4, 1990 (8:30PM EDT) at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio The Pirates took the first game of the LCS with a 4-3 victory. The game-winning run scored in the 7th when Andy Van Slyke hit a routine inning-ending flyout that was misjudged by Eric Davis in left-field, scoring Gary Redus. Bob Walk was the starting pitcher for Pittsburgh and José Rijo was on the mound for the Reds. The Reds had two doubles in the bottom half of the first inning and scored three runs. These would prove to be the only runs they could bring across the plate for the entire game. For Pittsburgh, Sid Bream would hit a two-run home run in the fourth inning to tie the game. The key Pirate play to seal the game was throwing out pinch-runner Billy Bates, the trailing runner at the back end of a double steal in the ninth inning, to get the second out. Pittsburgh took the series lead, one game to none and claimed home field advantage. Game 2 Friday, October 5, 1990 (3:15PM EDT) at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio Doug Drabek, the National League Cy Young Award winner for 1990 took the mound against Tom Browning for a weekday afternoon Game 2. Cincinnati again scored in the first inning when Barry Larkin walked, stole second, went to third on a hard single by Herm Winningham and scored on a single by Paul O'Neill. The Pirates tied it in the fifth when José Lind, better known for defense, hit a homer. The Pirates appeared ready to take the lead in the sixth when Andy Van Slyke singled and went to second on a single by Bobby Bonilla. With two on and nobody out, Pirates slugger Barry Bonds came up with a chance for a big inning. Bonds popped out to deep right, and Van Slyke attempted to advance. But Paul O'Neill threw a perfect strike to Chris Sabo who tagged Van Slyke for a 9–5 double play. The Reds regained the lead in the fifth when Winningham reached on a fielder's choice, stole second, and scored on O'Neill's drive to left center that hit the wall after barely avoiding Bonds' glove. Drabek went the distance but got the loss. Browning got the win and Randy Myers the save. Barry Larkin's stop and throw on a sharp grounder by Bonds up the middle squelched a potential rally with none out in the ninth. Game 3 Monday, October 8, 1990 (3:20PM EDT) at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania This was a weekday afternoon game, and for the first time in history, there were two scheduled off days between games. This set-up seemed to help Pittsburgh as it would allow them to have Drabek for game seven if necessary. Danny Jackson squared off against Zane Smith. But it was Mariano Duncan who stole the show. In the second, Joe Oliver singled and Billy Hatcher homered to give the Reds a 2–0 lead. The Pirates tied it in the fourth when Jay Bell doubled, Andy Van Slyke singled to score Bell, and Van Slyke scored on Carmelo Martínez's double. In the fifth, Billy Hatcher doubled, Larkin singled, and Duncan hit a three-run homer to give the Reds a 5–2 lead. In the bottom of eighth, the Pirates got a run back when Barry Bonds singled, went to second on a walk, and scored on Mariano Duncan's throwing error to make it 5–3. In the ninth, the Reds got the run back when Oliver singled and Billy Bates ran for him. Bates eventually scored on a Duncan single (his fourth RBI of the game). The game ended with a Reds victory, 6–3, allowing them to reclaim home field advantage and to take a two games to one lead in the NLCS. Game 4 Tuesday, October 9, 1990 (8:30PM EDT) at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Game 4 would be a rematch of Game 1 starters Jose Rijo and Bob Walk. The Pirates would grab the first lead of the game (for the only time in the series) in the opening frame when Wally Backman doubled to left and scored on a Van Slyke ground out. The Reds took the lead in the fourth when O'Neill belted a shot and Sabo followed up singles by Eric Davis and Hal Morris with a sac fly. Bream would hurt Rijo again (as he had in Game 1) in the bottom half of the inning when he drilled a double to left center that scored Van Slyke. Chris Sabo untied the game in the seventh when he golfed a hanging curveball by Walk into the left field stands for a two-run homer. With no outs in the eighth, Jay Bell hit a home run that knocked Rijo out of the game and cut the lead to 4–3. Piniella called on Myers and two batters later Bonilla hammered another ball that hit high off the center-field fence and out of the reach of the leaping Billy Hatcher. As Bonilla rounded second and tried to stretch the hit into a triple, left fielder Eric Davis ran out toward center, fielded the carom and threw a one hop strike to Sabo at third; gunning down the aggressive Bonilla for the second out of the inning, squelching the would be rally and potential tying run. The play seemed to deflate the Pirates as they would not score again in the game. The Nasty Boys continued their dominance through the last innings while the Reds offense tacked on an insurance run in the top of the ninth, making it 5–3. Dibble got the save and up until that point had pitched in all four games, tossed five innings with no hits allowed and ten strikeouts. Game 5 Wednesday, October 10, 1990 (8:25PM EDT) at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Game 5 saw the Pirates bring back their ace Doug Drabek to keep the season alive. Barry Larkin got the Reds started in the first when he doubled down the left-field line and scored on Winningham's sac fly to right. In the bottom of the first, Reds starter Tom Browning hit Jay Bell and then surrendered a gapper to right-center by Van Slyke that hopped over Paul O'Neill's glove for an RBI triple. Bonilla walked and Bonds hit into a 3–6 force play scoring Van Slyke to make it 2–1 Bucs. In the fourth, Pittsburgh added another run when Bonds walked, went to third on an R. J. Reynolds hit, and scored on a sac fly by Don Slaught. Drabek's gutsy outing continued into the eighth until Duncan singled and Larkin smashed a double that one-hopped the left field fence. Up 3–2 going to the ninth, the Pirates were desperately clinging to the slim lead and the season. O'Neill opened the frame with a single to center. Eric Davis then hit a ground ball to deep third that ricocheted off the third base bag for a hit. Morris bunted the runners over to second and third which made Leyland decide on intentionally walking Sabo to load the bases. Bob Patterson relieved Drabek and got Jeff Reed to hit into a 5–4–3 double play started by Bobby Bonilla to end the game. Game 6 Friday, October 12, 1990 (8:20PM EDT) at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio This game was famous for Pittsburgh manager Jim Leyland starting a set-up man, Ted Power, in order to keep the Reds from employing their successful platoon. Power pitched innings prior to giving way to lefty Zane Smith in the third inning. The strategy worked in that it held the Reds to only two runs. The game-winning RBI was hit by Luis Quiñones of the Reds in the seventh. The close, defensive game ended with a 2–1 score, accentuated by an over-the-fence catch by right fielder Glenn Braggs, robbing Carmelo Martínez of a two-run homer, to preserve the win in the ninth. The Reds won the series, 4–2 and their first pennant since 1976. To date, this is the Reds most recent pennant. Composite box 1990 NLCS (4–2): Cincinnati Reds over Pittsburgh Pirates Aftermath Starting in the 1994 season, Major League Baseball realigned by creating a third division in each both leagues. The Pirates and Reds would respectively end their 24-year stays in the National League East and National League West and join each other in the newly created National League Central, continuing their rivalry that started in the 1970s. This would be the start of three straight NL Championship Series appearances for the Pirates, all which ended in a series loss. The Pirates and Reds sixth postseason meeting came 23 years later in the 2013 National League Wild Card game, which the Pirates won 6-2. 2013 was the Pirates first winning season since 1992, ending the longest stretch of losing seasons (20 seasons) in North American professional sports history. In 1990, Jim Leyland's decision to start a reliever to off set the Reds' platoon was foreign concept in Major League Baseball, but it would become the norm in the sport some 25-30 years later. In 2018, some MLB teams began experimenting with an opener – a pitcher who is normally a reliever that starts the game for an inning or two before yielding to someone who would normally be a starter. Sometimes the manager replaces an opener with a series of other relievers who would only pitch one or two innings in a game, usually due to injury or fatigue affecting the team's starters or other strategical reasons; this approach became known as a bullpen game. The Athletics chose to use set-up man Liam Hendriks as the opener, unsuccessfully, in the 2018 American League Wild Card Game, while Brewers manager Craig Counsell would borrow from Leyland's strategy in Game 5 of the 2018 National League Championship Series by starting Wade Miley for one batter to off set the powerful left-handed hitting Joc Pederson, who struggled mighty against left-handed pitching. In the 2021 National League Division Series and 2021 National League Championship Series, Dodgers manager Dave Roberts started reliever Corey Knebel twice as an opener due to team injuries.	1990 National League Championship Series
Charles Evans Hughes Jr. (November 30, 1889 – January 21, 1950) was the United States Solicitor General from 1929 to 1930. He was the son of Supreme Court chief justice Charles Evans Hughes. Early life Hughes was born in New York City on November 30, 1889. He was a son of Antoinette Ellen Carter Hughes (1864–1945) and Charles Evans Hughes, the former governor of New York who served as Chief Justice of the United States and 1916 Republican presidential nominee. He was an honor graduate of Brown University where he was a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity. After Brown he attended the Harvard Law School, serving as the editor of the Harvard Law Review during his third and final year there. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1912. Career Admitted to the bar in 1913, Hughes was secretary to New York Judge (and future Supreme Court of the United States Justice) Benjamin N. Cardozo from 1914 to 1916. After practicing corporate law briefly, Hughes joined the United States Army as a private shortly after U.S. entry into World War I. Serving in field artillery, he was eventually commissioned a second lieutenant on July 12, 1918. He served as an instructor at the artillery school at Saumur and was assigned to the intelligence section of the AEF headquarters in February 1919. He was then assigned to the 77th Division as an aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Pelham D. Glassford. He returned to the United States on April 29 and was discharged on May 9, 1919. Upon returning from the war, Hughes resumed the practice of primarily corporate law. Hughes practiced in the firm founded by his father, Charles Evans Hughes Sr., then known as Carter, Hughes & Cravath (now known as Hughes Hubbard & Reed). Solicitor General Appointed Solicitor General by Herbert Hoover, Hughes was compelled to resign when Hoover nominated Hughes's father to be Chief Justice of the United States, in order to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest. Hughes re-joined Carter, Hughes & Cravath. He also served on the board of directors of New York Life Insurance Company from 1930 to 1934. Judge Learned Hand once observed that Charles Evans Hughes Sr. was the greatest lawyer he had ever known, "except that his son was even greater." Personal life On June 18, 1914, Hughes was married to Marjory Bruce Stuart in the little Chapel of St. Saviour, in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in Morningside Heights, Manhattan. Marjory, then a senior at Vassar College (her roommate was the groom's sister, Helen Hughes), was a daughter of Henry Clarence Stuart. Together, they were the parents of two sons and two daughters: Charles Evans Hughes III (1915–1985), an architect. H. Stuart Hughes (1916–1999), a noted historian and activist Helen Hughes, who was named after Hughes's sister Helen Hughes, who died at age 28 in 1920. Marjory Bruce Hughes (1929–2014), who married William Lee Johnson in 1952, the former general counsel of Otis Elevator Company. He died of a brain tumor on January 21, 1950, and was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.	Charles Evans Hughes Jr.
Conlig () is a village and townland in County Down in Northern Ireland. It is considered a suburb of Bangor. Mining The area includes extant ancient copper mines. Weapons forged with the copper from this mine have been found across Europe, and was traded for tin from Cornwall during the Bronze Age. Copper mining in the area declined, though the site at Whitespots in the village subsequently became one of the most important sources for minerals in the United Kingdom during the 19th century. At this time, the mines were the largest such complex in Ireland, and produced around 13,500 tonnes of lead between the late 17th century until the end of the 19th century, making it one of the major lead mines of the British Isles during that time. Production stopped in 1900, after a decline from 1854. The area contains the only known occurrence of the mineral harmotome in Northern Ireland. Much of the area has been developed by the Department of Environment (DoE) as a country park, and the site can be accessed via the Somme Heritage Centre's car park. Whitespots has been designated an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) by the DoE in 1998. Places of interest Somme Heritage Centre Clandeboye Golf Club Assisi Animal Sanctuary Ark Farm (near the town of Conlig) Notable people Eddie Irvine; ex-Formula One racing driver was raised on the Green Road, which lies on the outskirts of Conlig Village. Viscount Pirrie; who replaced Edward Harland as Chairman of Harland and Wolff, was also raised in Conlig. Had he not become ill, he would have been on the Titanic's doomed maiden voyage. Cllr Ian Adamson OBE (born 1944); former Lord Mayor of Belfast, also grew up in Conlig, his family owned the village shop.	Conlig
Varjão is a municipality in western Goiás state, Brazil. Geography and Demographics Varjão is located 77 km. southwest of Goiânia and is 26 km. southeast of Cezarina. Highway connections from Goiânia are made by BR-060/Abadia de Goiás/Guapó/GO-413. Aragoiânia, Cezarina, Indiara, Mairipotaba are adjacent to Varjão. Its postcode (CEP) is 75355-000, and its IBGE statistical microregion is 014 Vale do Rio dos Bois. the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimates the population of Varjão to be 3,848 inhabitants. Government Rafael Pereira Machado Franco is Varjão's mayor. The city council has nine members and there are 3,022 eligible voters . Economy The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. Industrial units: 1 (2007) Commercial units: 38 (2007) Motor vehicles: 420 (2007), which gave a ratio of 9 inhabitants for each motor vehicle Cattle herd: 48,000 head (7,210 milk cows) (2006) Poultry: 19,300 head (2006) Swine: 3,450 head (2006) Main crops: rice (200 hectares), sugarcane, oranges, beans, manioc, corn (600 hectares), and soybeans. (Sepin) Health and education In 2006, the 1,141 students in Varjão were served by four schools, with a total of 22 classrooms and 27 teachers. In 2000, its school attendance rate was 0.806. There are no higher education facilities. Varjão's adult literacy rate was 83.0% in 2000, just below the national average of 86.4%. In 2003, there were no hospitals and two ambulatory clinics in Varjão. In 2002, two doctors, one nurse, and one dentist lived in the town. The town's infant mortality rate 22.64 (2000) is well below the national average of 33.0. In 2000, the town's life expectancy was 69.4. The score on the Municipal Human Development Index was 0.729 in 2000, ranking it at 149 out of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás and 2,456 out of 5,507 municipalities in Brazil overall. See also List of municipalities in Goiás Microregions of Goiás	Varjão
Thierry Gueorgiou (; born 30 March 1979) is a French orienteer who holds the record for gold medals won at the World Orienteering Championships for a male athlete, with 14 gold medals between 2003 and 2017. Gueorgiou has won more than 20 gold medals in international competitions, including the World Orienteering Championships (WOC) middle distance event a record eight times: 2003–2005, 2007–2009, 2011 and 2017. In November 2016 it was announced he will become the Swedish national team head coach following his retirement at the 2017 World Championships. From October 2021 he has been the head coach of the Finnish national orienteering team. Early life Gueorgiou was born in St. Étienne, France in 1979. Gueorgiou stated in an interview that his interest in being a World Champion in Orienteering started when he spectated the 1987 World Orienteering Championships, held in Gérardmer, which was the first time the World Championships was held in France. Gueorgiou was 8 years old at the time. In 1991, Gueorgiou won his age category at the spectator races for the 1991 World Orienteering Championships in Czechoslovakia. Running for Fédération Française de Course d'Orientation, Gueorgiou made his debut at the 1995 Junior World Orienteering Championships in Denmark at the age of 16, coming 60th in the Short distance and 10th in the relay. He would finish his junior career by achieving two silver medals and two bronze medals in the 1998 and 1999 Junior World Championships. Gueorgiou made his senior international debut at WOC 1997 in Grimstad, Norway, at the age of 18. Clubs Gueorgiou runs for two orienteering clubs, the French NO St-Etienne and the Finnish Kalevan Rasti. With Kalevan Rasti he has won the Jukola Relay five times (2004, 2005, 2007, 2013 and 2014). World Orienteering Championships After his Debut in 1997, it took Gueorgiou 6 years to achieve his first medal. Gueorgiou has said that this was his hardest period in orienteering. in 2001 Gueorgiou came 19th in the Short distance after a near perfect run, which led him to make changes to his technique that would eventually lead him to multiple world championship victories. His breakthrough season came in 2003, where he won his first gold medal in the Middle Distance. Gueorgiou has since won all 3 individual disciplines, winning the Sprint Distance for the first time in Kyiv in 2007 and the Long Distance for the first time in 2011. Gueorgiou won his most recent Long Distance gold medal in 2015, winning the gold in the Long Distance at Glen Affric ahead of Daniel Hubmann and Olav Lundanes. Thierry has won 14 gold medals at world championships. Gueorgiou announced his retirement from international competition after the 2017 World Orienteering Championships in Estonia, where he won his final gold medal in the Middle Distance. Gueorgiou was a member of the French relay team at WOC 2008 in Olomouc, Czech Republic. While running in a clear lead on the third leg, he suffered a bee sting on the back of his tongue. He left the course to go directly to the finish, where he collapsed, barely able to breathe. He was transported by helicopter to a hospital. Martin Johansson 2009 WOC injury At WOC 2009 in Miskolc, Hungary, during the last leg of the relay race Gueorgiou, Anders Nordberg (Norway), and Michal Smola (Czech Republic) were close behind the lead runner, Martin Johansson (Sweden), when Johansson suffered a 12 cm deep penetrating trauma from a stick in his right thigh. While Nordberg ran for help, Gueorgiou and Smola stayed with Johansson. Gueorgiou pulled out the stick, then applied compression to the wound using his own shirt and GPS tracking harness. Gueorgiou and Smola then carried Johansson to a road. Nordberg brought a physician there. World Championship results Style of orienteering Gueorgiou has stated in interviews that his style is "Full speed, no mistakes". Gueorgiou is noted for his incredible map- reading, and is frequently named as "The King of Middle Distance" for his multiple victories at world championships. Alongside his victories in Classic foot orienteering, Gueorgiou was the 2006 European champion in trail orienteering. Personal life Gueorgiou's nickname is Tero and he is commonly known as Tero Kettunen in Finland and Terje Gundersen in Norway. He currently lives in Uppsala, Sweden with his partner elite orienteer Annika Billstam. Gueorgiou and Billstam met in 2011 when Gueorgiou was asked to speak to members of the Swedish orienteering team. Gueorgiou has two children with Billstam, named Ines and Leon. His brother, Remi Gueorgiou, also competed for France in Orienteering, coming 36th in the Middle Distance at the 2004 World Orienteering Championships (won by Thierry). Remi was born in 1975.	Thierry Gueorgiou
I Love to Sing is Alma Cogan's first album, released in 1958 on the His Masters Voice an EMI Records label. All the tracks on the album were arranged by Frank Cordell. The original mono recording has been re-issued on compact disc by EMI Records in 2003, combined with her next album, With You in Mind. All tracks were also included on the EMI Records 4-CD boxset The Girl with a Laugh in Her Voice in 2001. Track listing Side one "I Love to Sing" (Paul Misraki, Michael Carr, Tommie Connor) "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries" (Ray Henderson, Buddy G. DeSylva, Lew Brown) "They Can't Take That Away from Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) "Taking a Chance on Love" (Vernon Duke, John Latouche, Ted Fetter) "Ain't We Got Fun" (Richard A. Whiting, Raymond Egan, Gus Kahn) "You Do Something to Me" (Cole Porter) Side two "Today I Love Everybody" (Harold Arlen, Dorothy Fields) "Cheek to Cheek" (Irving Berlin) "If This Isn't Love" (Burton Lane, E. Y. Harburg) "As Time Goes By" (Herman Hupfeld) "Comes Love" (Sam Stept, Charles Tobias, Lew Brown) "Blue Skies" (Irving Berlin) Personnel Alma Cogan – vocal Frank Cordell & His Orchestra	I Love to Sing
This is a list of villages in Rogaland, a county of Norway. For other counties see the lists of villages in Norway. The list excludes cities located in Rogaland.	List of villages in Rogaland
"Boots of Spanish Leather" is a ballad written and performed by Bob Dylan, recorded in New York City on August 7, 1963, and released in 1964 on his album The Times They Are a-Changin'. It features Dylan solo on the acoustic guitar, playing the song using fingerpicking. Background and composition Dylan scholar Michael Gray sees a strong parallel between this and the traditional folk song "Blackjack Davey," which Dylan arranged and recorded for his 1992 album Good as I Been to You, and in which footwear "of Spanish leather" also plays a significant role. However, comparisons are more often made between this song and the traditional ballad "Scarborough Fair" (from which Dylan's "Girl from the North Country" is also drawn), both regarding melody and lyrics, as it also consists of alternating male and female narrators. Lyrically, "Boots of Spanish Leather" is unusual in that it uses the epistolary format. It has been described as a "restless, forlorn ballad for the ages and sages—a classic Dylan tale of two lovers, a crossroads, and the open sea". The song is written as a dialogue, with the first six stanzas alternating between the two lovers; however, the last two stanzas are both given by the lover who has been left behind. Within these nine stanzas, one of the lovers—a woman—goes across the sea. She writes, asking whether her lover would like any gift and he refuses, stating that he only wants her back. Towards the end it becomes clear that she is not returning, and she finally writes saying she may never come back. Her lover comes to realize what has happened and finally gives her a material request: "Spanish boots of Spanish leather". Critical reception and legacy "Boots of Spanish Leather" ranked 19th in a Paste list of "The 42 Best Bob Dylan Songs". In an article accompanying the list, critic Cameron Wade notes that in "just four-and-a-half minutes, Dylan creates two richly layered and dynamic characters, each reckoning with the messy emotions of young love coming to an end" and calls it "Dylan at his most open and vulnerable—a rare sight for the notoriously introverted and private songwriter, but it proves he’s master of his craft, writing a heartbreaking ballad that measures up to the best of them". Stereogum ran an article to coincide with Dylan's 80th birthday on May 24, 2021 in which 80 musicians were asked to name their favorite Dylan songs. Both Caroline Rose and Johanna Warren selected "Boots of Spanish Leather". Rose called it "the first Dylan song I ever heard that stopped me in my tracks. It tells such a straightforward story, a conversation between two free-spirited young lovers, one of whom is traveling on the other side of the world. The love between them is at first full of hope. The gift of Spanish boots represents a gesture of care. But as the song goes on the conversation becomes less hopeful, and the boots seem become more of a parting gift. It’s kind of a funny choice for a gift. Boots often symbolize leaving, or walking away. I always wonder if this was a conscious choice, or if he really just wanted some leather boots. Either way, I enjoy this little bit of comedy amidst an otherwise heartbreaking story". Warren noted "Moral of the story: Whether your 'boots' are literally material gifts or alternative forms of currency, i.e. rock-solid emotional support, make sure all your relationships are reciprocal and mutually honoring". The song is included in the Norton Anthology of Poetry, 5th edition, in the section titled "Popular Ballads of the 20th Century". Live performances Though occasionally performed live in Dylan's early career—for example at a New York City concert during the spring preceding the song's studio recording, as heard on Live 1962-1966: Rare Performances from the Copyright Collections—Dylan did not start performing "Boots of Spanish Leather" regularly until his Never Ending Tour began in 1988. According to his official website, Dylan has played the song 300 times in total between 1963 and 2019. A live version performed in Atlanta, Georgia on August 3, 1996 was included as a b-side to Dylan's European "Not Dark Yet" singles in February 1998. Another live version, performed in Glasgow, Scotland on January 21, 1998, was included on the Japanese EP Not Dark Yet: Dylan Alive Vol. 2, released on April 21, 1999. Covers "Boots of Spanish Leather" has been covered by many musicians, including: Joan Baez: Any Day Now Sebastian Cabot: Sebastian Cabot, Actor-Bob Dylan, Poet (1967) Dervish: Spirit (2003) The Dubliners: 30 Years A-Greying (1992) (with De Dannan) Nanci Griffith: Other Voices, Other Rooms (1993), Winter Marquee (2002), Putumayo Presents American Folk (2005) Nic Jones: Unearthed (2001) Richie Havens: Electric Haven (1966) Various Artists (performed by Ida): A Tribute to Bob Dylan, Volume 3: The Times They Are A-Changin''' (2000) Linda Mason: How Many Seas Must a White Dove Sail (1964) Dan McCafferty: Dan McCafferty (1975) Ronnie Drew and Eleanor Shanley on their live album A Couple More Years (2000) Michael Moore: Jewels and Binoculars (2000) Seldom Scene: Scene It All (2000) Martin Simpson: Bootleg USAVarious Artists (performed by Martin Simpson): A Nod to Bob (2001) T. Duggins: T. Duggens:Undone (2006) Rebecca Barnard: "Everlasting" (2010) Patti Smith: "Bowery Ballroom" (12/30/2010) Ewan McLellan: Younger Than That Now (2011) The Airborne Toxic Event: Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International (1/24/2012) Wesley Schultz: from The Lumineers: "Look Sessions" (2013) Amos Lee with The Forest Rangers: Played in the opening scene on Episode 10 of the final season of the FX series Sons Of Anarchy. Mandolin Orange: Audiotree Live (2014) The Lumineers: "Cleopatra" Target Exclulsive Edition'' (2016) Guido Belcanto: Dutch translation titled "Laarzen Van Spaans Leder" on CD "Liefde & Devotie" (2017) Ebba Forsberg and Mikael Wiehe (as "Spanska stövlar", in a Swedish translation by Wiehe): Dylan på svenska (2006) See also List of Bob Dylan songs based on earlier tunes Peau_d%27Espagne	Boots of Spanish Leather
Patricia Ann Sheehan (September 7, 1931 – January 14, 2006), also known as Patricia Sheehan Crosby, was an American actress and model. She was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for October 1958 and a contract player for NBC. Early years She was the daughter of Arthur E Sheehan Sr and Gladys A Larson. Her siblings were Arthur and Edward Sheehan. In October 1949, she won the local Miss Milkmaid pageant, which launched her career. Sheehan was Miss San Francisco of 1950, having performed a monologue. Her prize was a Gensler Lee diamond ring. She took honors for Miss San Francisco and flew to Santa Cruz, California to take part in the 1951 Miss California Pageant where she placed 6th. Sheehan dated and married George von Duuglas-Ittu on January 9, 1951, in Carson City, Nevada. Her first son Franz Nicholas Gregory von Duuglas-ittu was born October 21, 1951 They divorced on January 6, 1954. Career Pat Sheehan began appearing on Queen for a Day and the Colgate Comedy Hour in the early 1950s, as well as modeling for various magazines. She was discovered by Howard Hughes who signed her for his films The French Line and Son of Sinbad. She posed for magazines such as TV Fan, People Today, and TV Guide. She was in movies such as Kismet, Man with the Gun, Daddy Long Legs, and The Adventures of Hajji Baba. She was signed to NBC in January 1956, starring in The NBC Comedy Hour, with appearances on The Milton Berle Show, Texaco Star Theater, and The Chevy Show. Agnes Moorehead was her acting coach during this period, while Meredith Willson was her vocal coach. Her co-star, Jonathan Winters said of her, "Pat Sheehan? Lovely, yes lovely." She appeared in an episode of Blondie and had a dramatic role in an episode of Matinee Theater. She was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for October 1958, tied with Mara Corday. Her centerfold was photographed by Sam Wu. Her centerfold was in Space Cowboys. Gigi was her last movie, in 1958. She dated Frank Sinatra, Phillip Lambro, and Rod Taylor. Shortly after Bing Crosby's first wife, Dixie Lee, died of ovarian cancer, he started dating Sheehan. Eventually, Crosby proposed to her. On May 4, 1958, she married Crosby's son, Dennis Crosby in Las Vegas, Nevada at The Tropicana Hotel where she was a showgirl. They had two children: Dennis Jr. and Patrick Anthony, and Franz Nicholas Gregory who Dennis adopted from the previous marriage in December 1958, rechristened Gregory Crosby. They divorced on July 3, 1964. Later life In her later years, Sheehan lived in Beverly Hills, California with her friend Gloria Haley Parnassus (Jack Haley's daughter). She was employed with Gucci, and did her last interview in 1995 for The Playmate Book: Five Decades of Centerfolds. After surviving cancer, she died of a heart attack on January 14, 2006, in Beverly Hills, California, aged 74 and was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Her sons, Dennis and Patrick, died years later. Legacy In addition to being the first Playmate to tie for Playboy's Playmate of the Month, Pat Sheehan was the first bit player to be signed to a television contract. She was known as one of Hollywood's most beautiful women, often being labeled as "Television's Marilyn Monroe" and "The Blonde Rita Hayworth." Mike Connolly described her as “The Rich Man's Jayne Mansfield” while they performed alongside each other in The Tropicana Holiday. Kathryn Crosby described her as "the warmest, friendliest girl I've ever known." On April 26, 2019, she was posthumously inducted into the Galileo Academy of Science and Technology Hall of Merit. Her authorized biography, Pat: A Biography of Hollywood's Blonde Starlet by Samuel Clemens was published by Sequoia Press on May 22, 2020. A lot of her photographs, memorabilia, and footage are archived at the San Francisco History Center, the San Francisco Public Library, the Bancroft Library, and the Los Angeles Public Library. Filmography Television Queen for a Day (recurring episodes, 1952-1953), Model The Bob Hope Show (recurring episodes, 1954) Dancer Place the Face (1955) TV Episode The Colgate Comedy Hour, episodes #5.19 and 6.7 (1955) TV Episodes, Mildred The NBC Comedy Hour 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.10, and 1.17 (5 episodes, 1956) TV episode, Herself The Milton Berle Show (recurring episodes, 1956), Dancer The Jimmy Durante Show (recurring episodes, 1955-1956), Dancer Inside Beverly Hills (1956) TV Episode, Self Salute to Baseball (1956) TV Episode, Self Home (May 24, 1956) TV Episode, Self The Chevy Show (1956) TV Episode, Dancer Matinee Theater (March 1956 and April 12, 1956) TV Episodes, Bohemian Artist The George Gobel Show (1956) TV Episodes, Blonde Truth or Consequences (1956-1957) TV Episodes, Self People are Funny (1957) TV Episode, Miss Univac Blondie (1 episode, 1957) The Other Woman (1957) TV Episode Librarian, See also List of people in Playboy 1953–1959	Pat Sheehan (model)
The Innkeepers can mean: Episode 47/23 of the television series Frasier The Innkeepers (film), a horror film written, directed and edited by Ti West See also Innkeeper	The Innkeepers
The Catholic Church in Guinea is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the pope. Figures in 2020 show that 3.52% of Guinea's population is Christian. This is made up of Catholics (2.28%), Protestants (0.44%) and other Christians 0.8%. This is just over 3 million Catholics in the country. There is one archdiocese (Conakry) and two dioceses (Kankan and N’Zérékoré). A new diocese (in Guéckédou) was announced in June 2023. In 2020, there were 181 priests and 140 nuns serving 76 parishes in the country. See also Religion in Guinea Christianity in Guinea Vincent Coulibaly Robert Sarah	Catholic Church in Guinea
Siwan is a Lok Sabha constituency in the state of Bihar in India. The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India. The constituency was formed following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 and the constituency boundaries were readjusted by the Delimitation Order of 2008. The constituency consists of 6 Assembly segments (constituencies) of the Bihar Legislative Assembly. Overview The Siwan constituency of the Lok Sabha is encompassed in the administrative district of Siwan of the state of Bihar. The constituency is assigned the number 18 of the 40 Lok Sabha constituencies of the state of Bihar by the Election Commission of India. It consists of 6 Assembly segments (constituencies) numbered 105–110 of the Bihar Legislative Assembly, one of which is reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) candidates in accordance with the Delimitation Order of 2008 implemented on the basis of the Delimitation Act of 2002. The Siwan constituency of the Lok Sabha has no reservation status. Assembly segments Members of Parliament Election results 2019 2014 2004 election See also Siwan List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha	Siwan Lok Sabha constituency
William Quinn Buckner (born August 20, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. He played collegiate basketball for the Indiana University Hoosiers, and won a national championship in 1976. He was a captain of both the last undefeated NCAA Division I basketball champion and the 1976 Olympics gold medal team. Buckner was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 7th pick of the 1976 NBA draft. He had a ten-year NBA career for three teams (the Bucks, the Boston Celtics, and the Indiana Pacers). In 1984, he won an NBA title with the Celtics. Buckner is one of only eight players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal. He is one of only three players in history to win a High School state championship, NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal. He also was a State Champion while playing high school basketball in Illinois. In addition to his playing career, Buckner was the head coach of the Dallas Mavericks for one year, from 1993 to 1994. Currently, Buckner is a color analyst for the Indiana Pacers television broadcast team on Bally Sports Indiana. Buckner also was the play-by-play announcer on 989 Sports line of college basketball games for several years. Early life Born in 1954 in Phoenix, Illinois, Buckner played basketball at Thornridge High School in Dolton, Illinois. His Falcons lost only one game during his junior and senior seasons and won back-to-back state titles. The 1972 team was undefeated, with no team coming within 14 points of it, and is often cited as the greatest team in the history of Illinois high school basketball. Buckner was also an excellent football player, making all-state in high school. He is the only person ever named Chicago area Player of the Year for both football and basketball. In 2006, Buckner was voted as one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament, a group of former players and coaches in honor of the 100 anniversary of the IHSA boys basketball tournament. College career Buckner elected to play college basketball for the Indiana University Hoosiers under Coach Bob Knight. He ended his college career as a four-year starter and three-year captain at Indiana, and also played football for one year. He seemed to get along with volatile Coach Knight better than any other player in the Hoosiers' history. "The one thing that I learned early was to respect authority figures, right or wrong", Buckner told the Dallas Morning News concerning his relationship with Knight. In Buckner's freshman season, 1972–73, Indiana reached the Final Four, losing to UCLA. He played for the United States men's national basketball team in the 1974 FIBA World Championship, winning the bronze medal. In two consecutive seasons, 1974–75 and 1975–76, the Hoosiers were undefeated in the regular season and won 37-consecutive Big Ten games. The 1974–75 Hoosiers swept the entire Big Ten by an average of 22.8 points per game. However, in an 83–82 win against Purdue they lost consensus All-American forward Scott May to a broken left arm. With May's injury keeping him to 7 minutes of play, the No. 1 Hoosiers lost to Kentucky 92–90 in the Mideast Regional. Buckner, along with three of his teammates, would make the five-man All-Big Ten team. The following season, 1975–76, Buckner served as a co-captain and the Hoosiers went the entire season and 1976 NCAA tournament without a single loss, beating Michigan 86–68 in the title game. Indiana remains the last school to accomplish this feat. NBA career In Buckner's 10-year NBA career he was a tough defender, a solid playmaker, and a stabilizing force in any lineup. At various stages he filled the role of team leader and trusty reserve. Although he scored only 10.0 points per game during his college career, Buckner was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round of the 1976 NBA draft, the seventh pick overall. He was also selected by the Washington Redskins in the 1976 NFL Draft. (Buckner had played free safety on the Hoosiers’ football team for two years.) Before he joined the Bucks, Buckner played on the gold medal-winning 1976 U.S. Olympic basketball team alongside Adrian Dantley, Mitch Kupchak, and Scott May. But nothing could have prepared him for the NBA experience. Buckner's teams had suffered only 25 defeats in his eight years of high school and college basketball, and he had never been on a team that lost more than seven games in a season. But Milwaukee lost 52 times in 1976–77, finishing last in the Midwest Division. Individually, Buckner proved to be a competent NBA player. He was unspectacular offensively, averaging 8.6 points while shooting .434 from the field, but he excelled on defense, ranking fourth in the league with 2.43 steals per game. The next year Buckner raised his scoring slightly, to 9.3 points per game, and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team. That postseason, Buckner set a playoffs career-high with 19 points alongside recording 10 assists in a Game 7 loss against the Denver Nuggets in the conference semifinals (the Bucks were in the Western Conference at the time). After a similar season in 1978–79, Buckner had his three best years. In 1979–80 he averaged 10.7 points and 5.7 assists, made the NBA All-Defensive Second Team for the second time, and helped the Bucks to the Midwest Division title. Under Coach Don Nelson, Milwaukee had assembled a solid lineup that included forward Marques Johnson, center Bob Lanier, and guards Brian Winters, Sidney Moncrief, and Junior Bridgeman. The 1980–81 campaign saw Buckner play in all 82 games and notch career highs in scoring (13.3 ppg), field-goal percentage (.493), free-throw percentage (.734), and steals (197, third in the league). He repeated on the NBA All-Defensive Second Team. The Bucks were outstanding, finishing 60–22 with a balanced offense that saw seven players average in double figures. Milwaukee had high hopes for the postseason, but Julius Erving's Philadelphia 76ers derailed the Bucks in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. Buckner had established a reputation as a solid, dependable player with good fundamentals. He was never going to be a flashy player or a big scorer; his low-trajectory shot was jokingly said to have been responsible for more bent rims than Darryl Dawkins's dunks. "My strength is defense," he said in the Boston Globe. "Another is my overall knowledge of the game and being able to get everybody involved in the game. I’ve never had an illusion that shooting is one of my strengths. In fact, it was a very known weakness that I had.…You play with a lot of pride and work hard every night out." Milwaukee was trying to add a few essential parts that would turn the team into a championship contender, and the bottleneck at guard made Buckner expendable. Before the 1982–83 season he was traded to the Boston Celtics for center Dave Cowens. When Boston signed Buckner, Red Auerbach told the Boston Globe, "He's a winner, a leader. He rises to the occasion. He has a good personality, he's team oriented, and he's disciplined." Buckner added, "I’ve always admired the Boston style of play, and I feel I can play it." Milwaukee never did win the title. Boston, however, won a championship in 1984, with Buckner coming off the bench to spell Dennis Johnson and Gerald Henderson. The Celtics went 62–20 during the regular season and then nudged the Los Angeles Lakers in a seven-game NBA Finals. With the NBA championship ring, Buckner completed an impressive résumé. In three seasons with Boston, Buckner made small but regular contributions for a powerful Celtics team. The club returned to the Finals in 1985, but the Lakers exacted their revenge, winning in six games. Following the season, Boston traded Buckner to the Indiana Pacers for guard Jerry Sichting. He opened the 1985–86 season with the Pacers but was waived after 32 games, and subsequently retired, ending his 10-year career. NBA career statistics Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1976–77 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 79 \|\| – \|\| 26.5 \|\| .434 \|\| – \|\| .539 \|\| 3.3 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 8.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1977–78 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 82 \|\| – \|\| 25.3 \|\| .468 \|\| – \|\| .645 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 9.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1978–79 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 81 \|\| – \|\| 21.7 \|\| .454 \|\| – \|\| .632 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 7.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1979–80 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 67 \|\| – \|\| 25.2 \|\| .467 \|\| .400 \|\| .734 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 5.7 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 10.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1980–81 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 82 \|\| – \|\| 29.1 \|\| .493 \|\| .167 \|\| .734 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 13.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1981–82 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 70 \|\| 70 \|\| 30.8 \|\| .482 \|\| .267 \|\| .655 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 12.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1982–83 \| style="text-align:left" \| Boston \| 72 \|\| 56 \|\| 21.7 \|\| .442 \|\| .000 \|\| .632 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 7.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1983–84 \| style="text-align:left" \| Boston \| 79 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.8 \|\| .427 \|\| .000 \|\| .649 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 4.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1984–85 \| style="text-align:left" \| Boston \| 75 \|\| 6 \|\| 11.4 \|\| .383 \|\| .000 \|\| .640 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 2.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1985–86 \| style="text-align:left" \| Indiana \| 32 \|\| 3 \|\| 13.1 \|\| .471 \|\| .000 \|\| .704 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 3.7 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 719 \|\| 135 \|\| 22.6 \|\| .461 \|\| .184 \|\| .657 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 8.2 \|} Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1977–78 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 9 \|\| – \|\| 28.6 \|\| .500 \|\| – \|\| .652 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 6.9 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 11.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1979–80 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 7 \|\| – \|\| 23.6 \|\| .340 \|\| .000 \|\| .636 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1980–81 \| style="text-align:left" \| Milwaukee \| 7 \|\| – \|\| 26.1 \|\| .433 \|\| .000 \|\| .688 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 9.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1982–83 \| style="text-align:left" \| Boston \| 7 \|\| – \|\| 14.0 \|\| .432 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 4.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1983–84 \| style="text-align:left" \| Boston \| 23 \|\| – \|\| 11.7 \|\| .405 \|\| .000 \|\| .545 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 3.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| 1984–85 \| style="text-align:left" \| Boston \| 15 \|\| 0 \|\| 5.7 \|\| .591 \|\| .000 \|\| .625 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 2.1 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 68 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.5 \|\| .439 \|\| .000 \|\| .610 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.1 \|} Broadcasting career He later on became a broadcaster for ESPN and NBC. He also called college and NBA basketball for CBS Sports and called games for the Minnesota Timberwolves in the early 1990s with Kevin Harlan, as well as games for the Cleveland Cavaliers. Buckner now calls Indianapolis his home and is the color commentator for Indiana Pacers television broadcasts (on Fox Sports Indiana from 1999 to 2021 and Bally Sports Indiana since 2021). Buckner participates in community relations efforts and contributes to Pacers TipOff, a game preview newsletter distributed via e-mail for every home Pacers game. Coaching career He was named head coach of the Dallas Mavericks for 1993–94. The club had gone 11–71 the previous season, and the franchise was in disarray. Although Buckner had no NBA coaching experience, Mavericks owner Don Carter hoped Buckner's charismatic personality and lifelong knack for winning would rub off on the young team. In an interview with the Arizona Republic, Buckner repeated his success formula: "Dedication, commitment, extreme concentration, discipline, realizing it can’t be done alone, it has to be done through the team." Believing that his young charges needed more discipline, Buckner determined from the start to be a stern taskmaster in Knight's mold. Knight had advised Buckner that he would only be able to win in the NBA if he ran his team with an iron hand. The plan backfired, with many of the players (including Jamal Mashburn) complaining publicly about Buckner's heavy-handed coaching style. NBA historian Peter Bjarkman even suggested that Buckner frequently consulted with Knight during the season. They started 1–23, and for a while it looked like they would break the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers' record for the most losses in a season. Buckner loosened the reins a little bit as the season wore on, but it was not enough to keep the team from finishing 13–69—by far the worst record in the league, and at the time the worst record ever for a rookie coach who managed to survive for a full season (surpassed by Bill Hanzlik with the 1997–98 Denver Nuggets). Buckner also angered Carter and other executives by not consulting them on hiring assistant coaches; they only learned about those hires when they called and asked how much they would get for moving expenses. Although Buckner had a five-year contract, Carter decided that "too many bridges had been burned" and fired him after the season. In July 2004, Buckner was named the Vice President of Communications for Pacers Sports & Entertainment (PS&E), which owns and operates the Indiana Pacers, the WNBA's Indiana Fever and the Pacers Foundation, Inc. Buckner was appointed to serve a 3-year term on the Indiana University Board of Trustees by then-Indiana governor Mike Pence in June 2016. Head coaching record \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|Dallas \|style="text-align:left"\| \| 82 \|\| 13 \|\| 69 \|\| \|\|style="text-align:center"\|6th in Midwest \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| \|style="text-align:center"\|Missed Playoffs \|- class="sortbottom" \|style="text-align:left"\|Career \| \|\| 82 \|\| 13 \|\| 69 \|\| \|\|style="text-align:center"\| \|\| – \|\| – \|\| – \|\| \|\| Personal life Buckner has four children with his wife Rhonda; Jason, Cory, Lauren and Alexsandra. He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. See also List of National Basketball Association single-game steals leaders	Quinn Buckner
Bârsa () is a commune in Arad County, Romania. The commune is situated in the Sebiș Basin, on the left part of the Mills Ditch and it has an administrative territory of 5174 ha. It is composed of four villages: Aldești (Áldófalva), Bârsa (situated at 77 km from Arad), Hodiș (Zarándhódos) and Voivodeni (Körösvajda). Population According to the last census, the population of the commune counts 1920 inhabitants, out of which 97.9% are Romanians, 0.7% Hungarians, 1.1% Roma and 0.3% are of other or undeclared nationalities. History The first documentary record of the locality Bârsa dates back to 1489. Aldești was first mentioned in documents in 1477, Hodiș in 1326 and Voivodeni in 1553. Economy Although the economy of the commune is prevalent agricultural, the secondary and tertiary economic sectors have also developed recently. Besides agriculture, the industry of building materials is also well represented. Tourism The exceptional touristic potential of the town includes both natural and man-made elements. The commune is well-known both in the country and abroad for the ceramic products made by local craftsmen.	Bârsa
Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark and can refer to the city proper, as well as several geographical and administrative divisions in and around the city: Copenhagen Municipality, the largest of the municipalities making up the city of Copenhagen Copenhagen County, the former county of Copenhagen, separate from the municipality Copenhagen metropolitan area Urban area of Copenhagen, the central urban area of metropolitan Copenhagen Copenhagen may also refer to: Places Copenhagen, Louisiana Copenhagen, New York Copenhagen, Ontario Football F.C. Copenhagen, a Danish football team Copenhagen XI, a Danish former representative football team Military and naval ships Copenhagen (horse), the horse of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Battle of Copenhagen (1801), a naval battle between British and the forces of Denmark–Norway Battle of Copenhagen (1807), a British attack of the city of Copenhagen Copenhagenization (naval) (AKA Copenhagening), an old term for a pre-emptive strike on a neutral state to eliminate a possible threat. København (ship), a Danish naval sail training ship that vanished without trace Concepts Copenhagen Accord, 2009 agreement of delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Copenhagen interpretation, an interpretation of quantum mechanics Copenhagen criteria, a list of requirements required to join the European Union Copenhagen Consensus, a project that seeks to establish priorities for climate change and global (human) welfare based on political-econometric analysis Copenhagen School (disambiguation), various "schools" of theory originating in Copenhagen within several scientific disciplines The Copenhagen School (theology), a view of history during the Biblical period, whose adherents are sometimes called Biblical "minimalists" or "revisionists" Copenhagenization (bicycling), a concept in urban planning and design relating to the implementation of segregated bicycle facilities for utility cycling in cities Arts and entertainment "Copenhagen" (song), a 1924 popular song by Charlie Davis, recorded by many jazz performers Wonderful Copenhagen, the best-known song from the 1952 film Hans Christian Andersen Copenhagen (album), a live album by Galaxie 500 recorded in 1990 and released in 1997 Copenhagen (play), a 1998 play by Michael Frayn Copenhagen (2002 film), a 2002 television film based on Frayn's play Copenhagen Distortion, an annual festival for street life and electronic music, since 1998 Copenhagen (2014 film), a 2014 film by Mark Raso København (board game), a board game spun off from Monopoly Copenhagen, a 2017 song by electronic dance music duo Orbital Other uses Copenhagen paths, a term used to refer to Copenhagen-style bicycle lanes in Melbourne, Australia Copenhagen (tobacco), a brand of dipping tobacco (moist snuff) 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 15, COP/MOP 5), which took place in December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen Tunnel, a railway tunnel near King Cross station in London Copenhagen (dessert), a Greek sweet	Copenhagen (disambiguation)
Meeden is a village in the municipality of Midden-Groningen in the province of Groningen, Netherlands. History The village was first mentioned in 1391 as de Medum, and means "lower hay lands". Meeden is a road village which developed on the sandy ridge on the border with the Oldambt and the peat colonies. It was founded in the 11th century as a satellite of the former village , but moved southwards during the 15th century. The Dutch Reformed church dates from around 1400 and has an attached tower which was built around 1500. Meeden was home to 1,231 people in 1840. It was an independent municipality until the municipal restructuring in 1990, after which Meeden became a part of the municipality of Menterwolde. The village council objected the move, because they preferred to be merged with Veendam due to historical and geographic similarities. In 2019, Meeden became part of the municipality of Midden-Groningen. Gallery	Meeden
Isaakio () is a village of Evros regional unit in Greece, part of the municipality Didymoteicho. It is located 5 kilometers east of Didymoteicho. Its population according to the 2011 census was 407.	Isaakio
Andy Offutt Irwin (born December 14, 1957) is an American storyteller, singer-songwriter, and humorist. Born and raised in Covington, Georgia, a small town outside of Atlanta, Irwin began his career in 1984 with an improvisational comedy troupe at Walt Disney World. After five years he shifted to performing as a singer-songwriter, touring the Southeast. In the mid-1990s, Irwin branched into performances for children. Irwin continued to perform as a singer-songwriter and added storytelling to these performances, usually telling one story (about ten to twenty-five minutes in length) during a show. In the fall of 2004, he decided to pursue storytelling as a career and quickly achieved national prominence. Irwin now appears regularly in storytelling festivals across the United States. As of 2022, he has released 13 albums which feature stories, songs or whistling and has collected numerous awards for them. In 2013, Irwin received the Circle of Excellence Award from the National Storytelling Network. Background and early career Andy Offutt Irwin is a native of Covington, Georgia, a small town in the United States' Deep South about 35 miles east of Atlanta. As a youth, Irwin discovered his talent for imitating different sounds and the speech of others. Irwin later attended Georgia College where he received a B.S. in Sociology in 1983. Starting in 1984, Irwin spent five years writing, directing, and performing shows with the improvisational comedy troupe SAK Theatre at Disney World. Upon returning to Georgia, Irwin began to focus on singing and songwriting, though he always kept comedic elements in his music. Beginning in 1991, Irwin toured the Southeast as a singer-songwriter. From 1995 to 2001, Irwin sang humorous songs, played guitar, and performed comedy as "Offutt the Minstrel" at the Georgia Renaissance Festival. He also performed at the Kansas City Renaissance Festival during the 1980s. Storytelling Evolution as a storyteller Around 1996 while performing at the Georgia Renaissance Festival (GARF), Irwin met nationally prominent storyteller Carmen Deedy. Deedy had previously been a GARF performer and was joining several current performers for dinner after the festival. After spending several hours interacting over dinner, Deedy said to Irwin, "You're a storyteller". After seeing Irwin perform at Eddie's Attic, Deedy explained the storytelling circuit, and encouraged Irwin to develop his storytelling, splitting a storytelling show with Irwin at Atlanta's 14th Street Playhouse. Leaving his guitar at home, "to stretch myself a bit," it was Irwin's first storytelling gig. In 2005, Irwin appeared as a Featured New Voices Storyteller at the National Storytelling Festival. Storytelling as a performance form Prior to deciding to become a full-time storyteller, Irwin worked as a comedian "for a few minutes". However, Irwin came to see that the days of storytelling comedians had passed. Irwin also realized that his style of performance was at odds with the main venue available to comedians today: comedy clubs. (Irwin joking refers to comedy clubs as "evil, smelly places".) Some of his stories are an hour in length, and Irwin notes, "[t]here was a time when comedians could do that but they can't anymore because the clubs give them three minutes, and they are timing the laughs per minute." Using storytelling as a theatrical form allows Irwin to create more fully drawn characters and to explore darker subject matters as well. "Although I like to think of my storytelling as funny, I can have these serious moments. I'm not depending on the audience to laugh the whole time ... I hope there's content with the form." Irwin "takes the humor very seriously ... I remember being a little kid wondering why we laugh and what makes me laugh. I always was a class clown. I was always interested in what makes laughter happen and now I get to dig into the theory of it every day." Irwin thinks of himself as a fiction writer and refers to himself as a humorist, and states, "I call myself a humorist and storyteller instead of a comedian because I play in libraries and there's no three-drink minimum." Irwin's stories often reflect life in a small Southern town with recurring themes of growing up and growing old, the bonds of family, the complexities of racial relations in the Deep South, especially during the 1960s and the important art of the practical joke. Characters Many of Irwin's stories revolve around his fictional aunt, Dr. Marguerite Van Camp, whom he describes as being about 85 years old. She and her friends founded Southern White Old Lady Hospital in rural Georgia because (as Irwin explains in Marguerite's old lady voice) "all our husbands have moved on, and we were tired of the garden club and the bridge club and the ladies club. So Mary Frances and Julia and I all went back to medical school." Irwin loosely based the character of Marguerite on his mother ("unabashed and delightfully inappropriate") and his maternal grandmother ("a genteel, bun-haired lady of means"). As Irwin explains, "I was raised by Southern women so I imitate a lot of them. Marguerite is the voice of my grandmother, who was born in 1894, and the attitude of my mother. And anything that I want to gripe about I put into [Marguerite's] voice and nobody feels bad about me." Two other recurring characters in Irwin's stories, Johnny and his brother Kenny, are actual people whom he knew as a child. When the all-white elementary school that Irwin attended in the 1960s was forced to integrate, he became classmates with Johnny Norrington, an African American. They became good friends despite lingering racial barriers. In his story "The Rudiments" on Banana Seat, Irwin describes an accident he caused while riding his bike on a visit to the Norringtons' all-black neighborhood. Genuinely afraid of retaliation, Irwin was whisked to safety by the boys' mother. On the album Bootsie in Season, Irwin recalls how he and Johnny managed to watch the movie Dr. Terror's House of Horrors together despite Johnny having to sit in the "colored section" in the balcony while Irwin watched from the level below. Discography Banana Seat (1995) Christmas at Southern White Old Lady Hospital (2004) Book Every Saturday for a Funeral (2006) Bootsie in Season (2007) Crowd Control (2008) Lip Service (2010) Risk Assessment (2011) Sister True (2013) Andy's Wild Amphibian Show! (2015) Squeaky on the Roof (2017) Love and Armadillo Migration (2017) Flaked, Puffed, Shredded, & Clustered (2018) Perpetual Calendar (2019)	Andy Offutt Irwin
Sydney Thomas Franklin Ryder, Baron Ryder of Eaton Hastings (16 September 1916 – 12 May 2003), known as Don Ryder, was a businessman and Labour peer. The one-time Chair of the National Enterprise Board, he was involved in the creation of the Ryder Report, a restructuring plan for British Leyland during the 1970s. Life Born in Brentford, Middlesex, Ryder attended Ealing County Grammar School (as it was then known). He was employed between 1950 and 1960 as editor at the London Stock Exchange Gazette, subsequently serving as the publication's managing director between 1961 and 1963. This proved the launch pad for a career in publishing and related businesses. He served as chairman and chief executive of Reed International between 1968 and 1975. In that year, in a desperate bid to stem Britain's accelerating industrial decline, the recently elected Wilson government created the National Enterprise Board (NEB), as part of a more interventionist economic strategy. Don Ryder was ennobled and appointed to chair the NEB, which he did between 1975 and 1977. Personal Don Ryder married Eileen Dodds in 1950. The marriage resulted in two recorded children. Honours Knighted in 1972, Ryder was created a Life Peer as Baron Ryder of Eaton Hastings, of Eaton Hastings in the County of Oxfordshire on 15 July 1975. See also Austin Rover Group	Don Ryder, Baron Ryder of Eaton Hastings
The Oregon Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 1998 to 2008. It was played at the Shadow Hills Country Club in Junction City, Oregon, United States. The 2008 purse was $500,000, with $99,000 going to the winner. Winners Bolded golfers graduated to the PGA Tour via the final Nationwide Tour money list. Notes	Oregon Classic
A hydraulic tappet, also known as a hydraulic valve lifter or hydraulic lash adjuster, is a device for maintaining zero valve clearance in an internal combustion engine. Conventional solid valve lifters require regular adjusting to maintain a small clearance between the valve and its rocker or cam follower. This space prevents the parts from binding as they expand with the engine's heat, but can also lead to noisy operation and increased wear as the parts rattle against one another until they reach operating temperature. The hydraulic lifter was designed to compensate for this small tolerance, allowing the valve train to operate with zero clearance—leading to quieter operation, longer engine life, and eliminating the need for periodic adjustment of valve clearance. The hydraulic lifter, situated between the camshaft and each engine's valve, is a hollow steel cylinder encasing an internal piston. This piston is held at the outer limit of its travel with a strong spring. The lobed camshaft rhythmically presses against the lifter, which transmits the motion to the engine valve in one of two ways: through a pushrod which actuates the valve via a rocker mechanism; or in the case of overhead camshafts, via direct contact with the valve stem or rocker arm. Oil under constant pressure is supplied to the lifter via an oil channel, through a small hole in the lifter body. When the engine valve is closed (lifter in a neutral position), the lifter is free to fill with oil. As the camshaft lobe enters the lift phase of its travel, it compresses the lifter piston, and a valve shuts the oil inlet. Oil is nearly incompressible, so this greater pressure renders the lifter effectively solid during the lift phase. As the camshaft lobe travels through its apex, the load is reduced on the lifter piston, and the internal spring returns the piston to its neutral state so the lifter can refill with oil. This small range of travel in the lifter's piston is enough to allow the elimination of the constant lash adjustment. History The first firm to include hydraulic lifters in its design was the Cadillac V 16 engine (Model 452) first offered in 1930. Hydraulic lifters were nearly universal on cars designed in the 1980s, but some newer cars have reverted to bucket-and-shim mechanical lifters. Although these do not run as quietly and are not maintenance-free, they are cheaper and rarely need adjustment because the wear caused by operation is spread over a large area. Nearly all non-hydraulic lifter arrangements, now, are on overhead cam engines. Advantages As the whole process is actuated by hydraulic pressure at engine start, there is no need for service or adjustment. Another advantage is cheaper operation, as there is no need for service and charges associated with tappet maintenance. Usually hydraulic tappets survive through the whole of the engine life without any service requirements. Disadvantages There are a number of potential problems with hydraulic lifters. Frequently, the valvetrain will rattle loudly on startup due to oil draining from the lifters when the vehicle is parked. This is not considered a significant issue provided the noise disappears within a couple of minutes; typically it usually lasts only a second or two. A rattle that does not go away can indicate a blocked oil feed, or that one or more of the lifters has collapsed due to wear and is no longer opening its valve fully. The affected lifter should be replaced in the latter situation. Hydraulic tappets require more complex and more expensive cylinder head design. A number of subcompact car manufacturers prefer solid valve lifters due to lower design and production cost rather than hydraulic tappets. Generally, hydraulic tappets are more sensitive to engine oil quality and frequency of oil changes, as carbon sludge and residues may easily lock up the tappets or block oil channels, making the clearance setting ineffective. This has negative impact, especially on the engine camshaft and valves due to excessive wear if the clearance setting is not working correctly. As mentioned, one may avoid this by using the manufacturer-recommended grade of engine oil, and by not exceeding the prescribed oil change interval. It is a myth that in certain circumstances, a lifter can "pump up" and create negative valve clearance. The engine oil pump cannot generate enough pressure to cause "pump-up". The problem is due to weak valve springs which permit float at high engine speeds. The followers attempt to take up what they see as extra clearance. As this speed is maintained, the lifter will continue to expand until the valve is held off its seat when it should be closed. Maintenance of the valve springs at the correct strength is therefore very important to avoid engine damage. Hydraulic lifters can also create "valve bounce" at high RPM, which is undesirable for performance uses. Notes Used hydraulic lifters should be drained of oil before installation, to prevent them from holding open the valves on startup and potentially causing damage to the valve-train/pistons. This is easily accomplished by compressing them in a vice. Oil pressure will build quickly upon startup and they will set themselves to the proper height.	Hydraulic tappet
Sentul City (previously Bukit Sentul) is a modern housing area situated at Sentul, Babakan Madang, Bogor Regency, in West Java, Indonesia. Its geographical coordinates are 6 52' 0" South, 112 26' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Sentul. Located near Bogor, it is about 48 km south of Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta. Sentul City is located at the western foot of the Jonggol Mountains, it is a mountainous township with an area of approximately 3100 hectares. Infrastructure Sentul International Convention Center is located in the township. It is also the location of a 3.9 km long racing circuit that has been used predominantly for bike racing and the Asian F3 series. The township has hotels, shopping malls, culinary center, children's amusement park, a national drug rehab centre, an eco-tour development, and two golf courses, etc. A cultural park known as Taman Budaya Sentul, which is built with a Sundanese cultural concept. Citra Sentul Raya is also located in this township. After recent years of slow growth, recent developments include Aeon shopping mall.The Opus Park is located in the township consists of three apartment towers. With an area of 7.8 hectares, it has also a shopping mall and five-star hotels. Transportation Sentul is connected to Jakarta and Bogor by Jagorawi toll road. It will also have a station of Greater Jakarta LRT which is now under-construction.	Sentul City, Indonesia
Brian Downey (born 31 October 1944 in St. John's, Newfoundland) is a Canadian actor best known for his portrayal of Stanley Tweedle in the science-fiction television series Lexx. Career Downey is a character actor who has appeared in various films and guest starring roles on TV, including Up at Ours and a recurring role on Millennium. His first film role was in a 1986 Andy Jones film called The Adventure of Faustus Bidgood, which features the entire cast of CODCO. Downey has enjoyed a long professional relationship with Lexx creator Paul Donovan, dating back at least to 1988, when Donovan cast Downey in the time travel adventure film Norman's Awesome Experience. Downey also appeared as Cardinal Juan de Mella in Donovan's medieval TV thriller The Conclave. Downey has worked with Jessica Lange, JoBeth Williams, Sam Rockwell, and directors such as Joe Sargent. He won the only acting award at the 2010 Atlantic Film Festival for his role in Whirligig, directed by Chaz Thorne, with whom he has worked on two previous features. He played the evil gang leader "The Drake", who runs the town in the feature film Hobo with a Shotgun, starring Rutger Hauer and directed by Jason Eisener. Downey is also a musician and writer. Before being recruited as an actor, he spent many years as a bass player, guitarist, and blues harmonica player. As of 2020, a Canadian talent management firm advertises him as a big band bandleader and drummer, playing swing music. He has been a writer for many stage plays and has led many scriptwriting workshops. His first full-length stage play, Peter's Other War, was produced during the summer of 2009. Filmography Film Television	Brian Downey (actor)
McCrary is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi. McCrary is located southeast of Columbus and northeast of New Hope on the Mississippi/Alabama state line. McCrary is located on the former Mobile and Ohio Railroad and had a freight and passenger station. The community was once home to a cotton gin and sawmill. A post office operated under the name McCrary from 1898 to 1910. Roland McMillan Harper passed through McCrary while documenting the plant life of Mississippi. It has been postulated that Hernando de Soto crossed into Mississippi from Alabama at McCrary.	McCrary, Mississippi
This is a complete list of current bridges and other crossings of the Monongahela River starting from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where the river helps to form the headwaters of the Ohio River, and ending in Fairmont, West Virginia, where the West Fork River and Tygart Valley River combine to form the Monongahela. Pennsylvania West Virginia See also List of crossings of the Ohio River Monongahela River Monongahela Crossings of the Monongahela River	List of crossings of the Monongahela River
Francis J. Caprice (born April 2, 1962) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who spents parts of six seasons with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League in the 1980s. After his time with the Canucks Caprice played mainly in Italy and the United Kingdom, retiring in 1999. Playing career Caprice was Vancouver's ninth round selection (178th overall) in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft. In the year following his selection, he improved his stock greatly, winning 24 games for the London Knights and representing Canada at the 1982 World Junior Championships. He won all three of his starts at the World Juniors, helping Canada to the gold medal. Following the season, he signed with the Canucks and turned pro. Caprice spent most of his first pro season in the AHL, although he did make his NHL debut, playing the 3rd period in a blowout to the Los Angeles Kings. Caprice's big opportunity came in the 1983–84, when the Canucks' starting goalie Richard Brodeur was injured. In his starting debut against the Edmonton Oilers on Hockey Night in Canada, Caprice earned first-star honours in a 3-2 Canucks victory. He posted a solid 8-8-1 mark with a 3.34 GAA, the best performance of any of the three Canuck goalies that year. Based on his fine performance in 1983–84, Caprice was given a chance to usurp Brodeur as the Canucks' starter in 1984–85, although he struggled and then tore his hamstring, causing him to miss three months of action. He finished the season with an 8-14-3 mark and 4.81 GAA in 28 appearances, and never seriously challenged for the #1 spot again. In 1985–86, Caprice again struggled, posting an 0-3-2 record and terrible 5.45 GAA in 7 appearances, and was demoted to the AHL in favour of Wendell Young. However, he reclaimed the backup job in 1986–87, and posted a 3.84 GAA in 25 appearances, his best since his rookie year. In 1987–88, he appeared in 22 games backing up 21-year-old Kirk McLean as the aging Brodeur was relegated to 11 appearances. In 1988–89, Caprice was relegated to the IHL as the Canucks decided to go with a goaltending tandem of McLean and Steve Weeks. For the 1989–90 season, Caprice was dealt to the Boston Bruins for a ninth round pick. However, he spent the entire season in the minors and was released at the end of the year. Following his release from the Bruins, Caprice spent most of the 1990s playing in Italy and later in Britain with the Cardiff Devils, before retiring in 1999 and returning to his hometown of Hamilton. He came out of retirement in 2001 to represent the Dundas, Ontario team at the 2001 Allan Cup. In 1993, Caprice played for the Vancouver VooDoo of Roller Hockey International. Caprice appeared in 102 NHL games over 6 NHL seasons, posting a 31-46-11 record with a 4.19 GAA and one shutout. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs	Frank Caprice
Ilyophis is a genus of eels in the cutthroat eel family Synaphobranchidae. Species There are currently six recognized species in this genus: Ilyophis arx C. H. Robins, 1976 Ilyophis blachei Saldanha & Merrett, 1982 Ilyophis brunneus C. H. Gilbert, 1891 Ilyophis nigeli Shcherbachev & Sulak, 1997 Ilyophis robinsae Sulak & Shcherbachev, 1997 Ilyophis saldanhai Karmovskaya & Parin, 1999	Ilyophis
Madison Wetland Management District is located in the U.S. state of South Dakota and includes 129,700 acres (524 km2). 38,500 acres (155 km2) is owned by the U.S. Government while the remaining area is protected through easements in agreement with the state and other entities. The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The wetlands are a part of the Prairie Pothole Region, well known to be an outstanding natural resource area that is vital for migratory bird species. As the Great plains were being plowed under, conservationists groups worked towards ensuring wetlands would be preserved to protect these areas. Now known as Waterfowl Production Areas, preservation of this region helps to ensure a sustainable population of hundreds of migratory bird species and other plant and animal species dependent on this ecosystem. The refuge allows fishing and hunting in limited areas and in season.	Madison Wetland Management District
The splintercat is a legendary fearsome critter in the folklore of the United States. The splintercat is a nocturnal feline of great ferocity. It flies through the air with terrific speed and when it hits a large tree, it knocks the branches off, withers the trunk, and leaves it standing like a silvery ghost. These dead snags can be seen in many parts of the Pacific Northwest. The splinter cat performs this feat that it is named after to expose raccoons and bees. However, the act of breaking open trees with its head leaves it with a constant headache, which causes it always to be in a foul mood. Accordingly, one is advised to never approach a splintercat. Splintercat Creek, found in the northern Cascade Range of Oregon, is named after this legendary animal. The splintercat appears in the 1974 children's book The Last of the Really Great Whangdoodles by Julie Andrews Edwards. This particular splintercat answers to the Prime Minister of Whangdoodland and also enjoys playing cat's cradle. An alternate version of the splintercat legend comes from Nova Scotia. In this version they come out at night in winter. If you spend time in the woods during the winter you can hear the trees crack from frost expanding. In a quiet wood, this sound is eerie and loud and is said to be a splinter cat emerging from a tree after a long summer hibernation. They are described as having exceptionally long claws and powerful legs. Their fur is patterned and colored similar to the bark of their favourite tree. They are perfectly still and leap on their prey from the shadows.	Splintercat
Food For The Poor, Inc. (FFP) is an ecumenical Christian nonprofit organization based in Coconut Creek, Florida, United States that provides food, medicine, and shelter, among other services, to the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean. Food For The Poor, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) corporation. History In 1982, Ferdinand Mahfood began Food For The Poor to aid the poor and downtrodden in Latin America and the Caribbean. Clergy members from Episcopalian, Lutheran and Catholic churches are the core of the organization, preaching throughout the United States about the need in the countries they serve. Since 1982, Food For The Poor has distributed more than $12 billion worth of food, medicine, housing materials, water, and other aid to the poor of the Caribbean and Latin America. In 2007, the charity migrated its headquarters from Deerfield Beach, Florida to Coconut Creek, Florida. As of 2020, Food For The Poor employs more than 300 people out of its Coconut Creek location, in addition to employing members of the Clergy as speakers across the United States. Leadership The President of Food For The Poor is Ed Raine. Raine joined Food For The Poor in October 2017 and was appointed Executive Vice President in May 2018. In that role, he oversaw many aspects of management for the organization, focusing on organizational development and strategy. Fundraising programs Food for the Poor aids the poor through donations of money and supplies, mostly from the United States. A majority of the organization's revenue is from donated goods. Champions For The Poor is a personal fundraising program that was founded in 2009 and lets supporters create webpages to raise funds for the poor in the Caribbean and Latin America. The micro-site is hosted by personal fundraising software company Classy. Angels of the Poor is a monthly giving program that features former Charlie's Angel, Cheryl Ladd, as its spokesperson. Food For The Poor also hosts an annual Building Hope Gala in Boca Raton, Florida. Charity programs Food For The Poor provides, as its main objective, nourishment to the poor. The organization also erects homes for homeless families, supplies medicine and health care in hospitals and clinics, subsidizes orphanages, and teaches children and adults by providing training. Angels of Hope Food For The Poor has a child sponsorship program that operates in many of the countries it serves in Latin America and the Caribbean. According to its website, over 7,200 orphaned or abandoned children are sponsored in the program. Targeted crisis relief programs In addition to its general community development and direct aid programs designed to reduce poverty and malnutrition, Food For The Poor provides targeted relief for humanitarian crises. On January 11, 2010, it announced initial success in introducing a new food source, the Basa fish, for the critically malnourished nation of Haiti. On January 13, 2010, it announced a major relief effort directed toward the people of the same nation to help recover from the catastrophic January 12 earthquake which struck Port-au-Prince. Food For The Poor has built 16,204 housing units since the earthquake. Additionally, 44 schools were built or restored in the Port-au-Prince region. Shortly after Hurricane Matthew hit Haiti on Oct. 3, 2016, the charity set a goal to build 1,000 housing units in 100 days. The charity's teams in Haiti were able to build 1,086 housing units in 114 days, and now are helping storm victims replant crops and rebuild livestock to offset growing food scarcity Partners Food For The Poor partners with local organizations in the countries where they work. Jamaica, the first country assisted by Food For The Poor, today includes more than 1,800 churches as partners in the distribution of food, medicine, educational supplies, and other needed items. Since 1989, the charity's street feeding program in Kingston, Jamaica has been operated in partnership with the Salvation Army. Haiti, the largest recipient of aid from the charity, has an expansive network of island-wide distribution hubs and supports thousands of partners in feeding the poorest of the poor. Some of our other major partners include: the American Nicaraguan Foundation, Caritas, CEPUDO, Fundación Nuevos Horizontes, Living Water, and Order of Malta. Controversies As of March 2021, Charity Navigator gives Food for the Poor an Overall Score & Rating of 87.82. On April 11, 2018, the attorney general for the state of California, Xavier Becerra, filed a limited CEASE AND DESIST order to Food For The Poor, alleging its claim that 95.6% of all donations, including donated goods, to Food For The Poor went directly to programs that help the poor was incorrect and misleading and that the actual number (for 2013) was 66.2% of cash donations. The state also claims that the charity used improper accounting techniques where they would take the inflated US retail value of expiring pharmaceuticals that were donated or made available by Pharma companies for delivery to third-world countries and count that value as the same as cash donations. The state is ordering that the organization pay $1.088 million in fines and stop using the 95% statement. The charity continues to be licensed to solicit charitable funds in the state of California. Food for the Poor responded that it upholds the highest standards of integrity and honesty and that it is confident that it will demonstrate that its accounting and valuation practices and solicitations meet and often exceed legal requirements, as well as industry best practices. It issued a public statement and is appealing the order. On September 20, 2019, the California Attorney General's office announced that it had secured a Cease and Desist Order and over $1 million in penalties against MAP International, Food for the Poor, and CMMB (Catholic Medical Mission Board), for deceptive solicitation tactics. See also Feed the Children Food for the Hungry	Food for the Poor
KSSR may refer to: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, now Kazakhstan Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, now Kyrgyzstan KSSR-FM, a radio station (95.9 FM) licensed to Santa Rosa, New Mexico, United States KSSR (AM), a defunct radio station (1340 AM) licensed to Santa Rosa, New Mexico, United States	KSSR
Kim Lewis (born 5 September 1963 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is a television, stage and film actress, best known for her roles in TV series including Julie Scott in The Restless Years and as Jill Taylor / O'Donnell in the television soap opera Sons and Daughters. Film and TV roles Her first film role was as Ida Pender in Squizzy Taylor in 1981. Later television appearances include A Country Practice, Home and Away, All Saints and Packed to the Rafters. She also acted on stage starting from 1986 until 2020, roles include The Heidi Chronicles Personal life Lewis has one child with her husband and fellow Australian actor, John Howard. She also helped produce the film Sweethearts. Filmography Film Television	Kim Lewis
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards) were an annual Australian entertainment industry award, that where established in 1975, to recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia. They were last awarded in 2016. Lucky Grills, actor and comedian came up with the idea to create an awards show to celebrate Australian Variety, during a meeting in 1975. The Mo Awards, initially were founded as the Star Awards and were a state honour in New South Wales only, local entertainers started the awards to promote the live entertainment industry in New South Wales. Johnny O'Keefe became chairman in 1976, and decided the awards should become an Australia-wide national awards program. Entertainer Don Lane then proposed the awards be renamed the Mo Awards in honour of Australian comedian and vaudevillian Roy Rene, who was famous for the character "Mo McCackie." Categories The award categories were reviewed annually and adapted to new trends in the Australian entertainment sector; categories included awards in: musical theatre, opera, Classical music, dance, comedy, rock music, jazz, country music, plays and variety shows. Award winners The Award winners are listed below. 1975: NSW Star Awards The NSW Star Awards took place on 10 November 1975 at South Sydney Seniors Leagues Club – Redfern. It was compered by Frank Newall. AGENT OF THE YEAR: Brian Fogarty BEST BALLET: Marrickville RSL (Greg Radford) RESIDENT BAND UP TO 4 MEMBERS: Bob Taylor RESIDENT BAND 5 OR MORE: Billy Burton CLUB OF THE YEAR: Central Coast Leagues Club MOST IMPROVED ACT: Llynda Nairn ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Llynda Nairn VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd VOCAL GROUP: The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Mal Cunningham SPECIALTY ACT: The Allisons VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Erris and Kevin COMEDY ACT: Johnny Pace and Harriet COMEDIAN: Slim De Grey MALE VOCAL: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL: Jenifer Green SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION AWARD: John Campbell ACT OF THE YEAR: Don Lane and The Four Kinsmen (tie) 1976: 1st Mo Awards The first MO Awards took place on 13 October 1976 at Revesby, New South Wales Revesby Workers Club. It was compered by Don Lane. This year the ceremony was telecast by the Nine Network. BEST RESIDENT BAND: Billy Burton Orchestra BEST BALLET: Joanne Ansell Dancers BEST CLUB: Central Coast Leagues Club MOST IMPROVED ACT: Mario D'Andrea BEST VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd BEST VOCAL GROUP: The Four Kinsmen BEST SIGHT ACT: Ken Littlewood & Toshi BEST INSTRUMENTALIST: The Toppanos MOST VERSATILE ACT: Frankie Davidson BEST COMEDY ACT: Johnny Pace and Harriet COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Slim De Grey BEST MALE VOCAL: Barry Crocker BEST FEMALE VOCAL: Julie Anthony SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION AWARD: Johnny O'Keefe ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Barry Crocker 1977: 2nd Mo Awards The second MO Awards took place on 16 November 1977 at Revesby, New South Wales Revesby Workers Club. BEST RESIDENT BAND (5 OR LESS): Bob Taylor Quartet BEST RESIDENT BAND (6 0R MORE): Billy Burton Orchestra BEST RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Joanne Ansell Dancers CLUB PROVIDING BEST FACILITIES FOR PRESENTATION OF ENTERTAINMENT: Central Coast Leagues Club MOST IMPROVED OR NEW ACT OF THE YEAR: Nairn Goby Duo VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Simone and Monique's Playgirls Revue VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd VOCAL GROUP (3 OR MORE): The Four Kinsmen BEST SIGHT or SPECIALITY ACT: Ken Littlewood and Toshi & Barry Krause (Tie) BEST INSTRUMENTAL ACT: The Toppanos MOST VERSATILE ACT: Ross and Robyn COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Jan Adele MALE VOCAL: Barry Crocker FEMALE VOCAL: Julie Anthony MO FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Bobby Le Brun ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Julie Anthony 1978: 3rd Mo Awards The third MO Awards took place on 14 February 1979 at Revesby, New South Wales Revesby Workers Club. It was compered by Jimmy Hannan. BEST RESIDENT BAND (5 OR LESS): Bob Taylor Quartet BEST RESIDENT BAND (6 0R MORE): Billy Burton Orchestra RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers CLUB PROVIDING BEST FACILITIES & SUPPORTING LOCAL ENTERTAINMENT: Epping RSL Club VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Simone and Monique's Playgirls Revue INSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL SHOWGROUP: The Fugitives VOCAL GROUP (2 OR MORE): The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTALIST: Mal Cunningham SPECIALITY ACT: Steve Bor VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Ross and Robyn COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Slim De Grey MALE VOCAL: Johnny Farnham FEMALE VOCAL: Julie Anthony JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Keith Scott ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Julie Anthony 1979: 4th Mo Awards The fourth MO Awards took place on 13 February 1980 at Revesby Workers Club. It was compered by Barry Crocker. ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR LESS): Bob Taylor Quintet & Jack Thorpe's Showband (tie) ACCOMPANYING BAND (6 OR MORE): Sounds United RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers CLUB PROVIDING BEST FACILITIES & SUPPORTING LOCAL ENTERTAINMENT: Epping RSL Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: Men of Country COUNTRY MALE ENTERTAINER: Johnny Ashcroft COUNTRY FEMALE ENTERTAINER: Allison Durbin VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Simone and Monique's Playgirls Revue VOCAL GROUP: The Flanagans INSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL SHOWGROUP: The Fugitives INSTRUMENTALIST: Mal Cunningham SPECIALITY ACT: Steve Bor VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Carter Edwards COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Brian Doyle MALE VOCAL: John Farnham FEMALE VOCAL: Kirri Adams JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Jack Griffiths DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD: Don Lane JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Family Affair ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Ricky May 5th Mo Awards Technically, there was no 5th awards. Following the 1979 awards in 1980, the organisation updated the numbering to reflect the 1975 Star Awards were the 1st, thus renumbering following ceremonies. 1980: 6th Mo Awards The sixth MO Awards took place on 23 February 1981 at Regent Theatre (Sydney). It was compered by Barry Crocker. ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR LESS): Bob Taylor Quintet ACCOMPANYING BAND (6 OR MORE): Sound Unlimited RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers (Epping RSL Club Troupe) RESIDENT COMPERE: Jeff Parker CLUB OF THE YEAR: Rooty Hill RSL Club COUNTRY GROUP: Roadapple COUNTRY MALE: Greg Anderson COUNTRY FEMALE: Allison Durbin VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Toppano Family Show SHOWGROUP: The Fugitives VOCAL GROUP: Family Affair VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd INSTRUMENTALIST (SOLO or DUO): Mal Cunningham VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL (SOLO or DUO): Greg Bonham SPECIALTY ACT: Steve Bor VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Ross and Robyn COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Brian Doyle MALE VOCAL: John Farnham FEMALE VOCAL: Julie Anthony JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Col Joye DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD: Don Lane JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Simon Gallaher ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: John Farnham 1981: 7th Mo Awards The seventh MO Awards took place on 17 March 1982 at Bankstown Town Hall. It was compered by Toni Stevens & Steve Raymond ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR LESS): Dave Bridge Band ACCOMPANYING BAND (6 0R MORE): Norm Faber Orchestra RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Rickie Hilder CLUB OF THE YEAR: Rooty Hill RSL Club COUNTRY GROUP: Men Of Country COUNTRY MALE: Greg Anderson COUNTRY FEMALE: Judy Stone VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Simone and Monique's Playgirls Revue VOCAL GROUP: The Four Kinsmen VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd INSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL SHOWGROUP: Daly Wilson Big Band INSTRUMENTALIST (SOLO or DUO): Peta Lowe VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL (SOLO or DUO): Simon Gallaher SPECIALITY ACT: Steve Bor VERSATILE VARIETY: Carter Edwards COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Johnny Garfield MALE VOCAL: John Farnham FEMALE VOCAL: Lynn Rogers JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Jenny Howard DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD: Don Lane JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Jackie Love ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Barry Crocker 1982: 8th Mo Awards The eighth MO Awards took place on 16 March 1983 at Regent Theatre (Sydney). It was compered by Barry Crocker ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR LESS): Dave Bridge Band ACCOMPANYING BAND (6 0R MORE): Impax RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Jeff Parker VENUE OF THE YEAR: Bankstown Sports Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: Buckskin COUNTRY MALE: Digby Richards COUNTRY FEMALE: Judy Stone VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Jan Adele and Lucky Grills – Fun Follies SHOWGROUP: Daly Wilson Big Band VOCAL GROUP: The Delltones VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd INSTRUMENTALIST (SOLO or DUO): Peta Lowe VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Simon Gallaher SPECIALITY ACT: Steve Bor VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Marty Morton COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Paul Martell MALE VOCAL: John Farnham FEMALE VOCAL: Julie Anthony JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Dorothy Barry DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD: Kamahl JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Karen Beckett ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Julie Anthony 1983: 9th Mo Awards The ninth MO Awards took place on 21 March 1984 at Sydney Town Hall. ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR LESS): Bob Taylor Quintet ACCOMPANYING BAND (6 OR MORE): Impax RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Rickie Hilder VENUE OF THE YEAR: Rooty Hill RSL Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: The Bushwackers COUNTRY MALE: Greg Anderson COUNTRY FEMALE: Judy Stone PRODUCTION SHOW: Eddie Youngblood's "Golden Years of Elvis" VOCAL GROUP: The Delltones VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd INSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL SHOWGROUP: Wickety Wak Showband INSTRUMENTALIST (SOLO OR DUO): Peta Lowe SPECIALITY ACT: Ken Littlewood and Toshi VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Mary Schneider VERSATILE VARIETY: Marty Morton COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): Thomas and Moore COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Paul Martell MALE VOCAL: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL: Jackie Love INTERNATIONAL ACT OF THE YEAR: Peter Allen JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Buster Noble DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD: Kamahl JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Jenny Andrews & Tina Cross (tie) ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Jon English 1984: 10th Mo Awards The tenth MO Awards took place on 1 May 1985 at the Sydney Opera House. ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR LESS): Dave Bridge Band ACCOMPANYING BAND (6 OR MORE): Impax - Fairfield RSL Club RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Diane Heaton Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Jeff Parker VENUE OF THE YEAR: Seagulls Rugby League Football Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: Redgum MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Wayne Horsburgh FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Judy Stone PRODUCTION SHOW: Eddie Youngblood's "Golden Years of Elvis" INSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL SHOWGROUP: Wickety Wak Showband VOCAL GROUP (3 OR MORE): The Ritz Company VOCAL DUO: Bill and Boyd INSTRUMENTALIST: Martin Lass VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Mary Schneider SPECIALITY ACT: Ken Littlewood and Toshi VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: David Gilchrist COMEDY ACT (2 OR MORE): Gallagher and Brown COMEDIAN/COMEDIENNE: Paul Martell SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION AWARDS: Paul Flanagan & Robyn Selwyn MALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Lynn Rogers INTERNATIONAL ACT OF THE YEAR: Peter Allen JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Tommy Tycho DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD: Kamahl JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Donna Lee ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Jon English 1985: 11th Mo Awards The eleventh MO Awards took place on 30 April 1986 at the South Sydney Junior Leagues Club. The show was directed by Ian Tasker. ACCOMPANYING BAND (4 OR LESS): Trojans ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR MORE): Impax - Fairfield RSL Club RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Michelle Day Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Rickie Hilder VENUE OF THE YEAR: Rooty Hill RSL Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: Grand Junction MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Slim Dusty FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Judy Stone PRODUCTION SHOW: The Fifty's ROCK GROUP: Little River Band SHOWGROUP: The Delltones VOCAL GROUP (2 OR MORE): The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTALIST: Martin Lass VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Mary Schneider SPECIALITY ACT: Max Gillies VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Donna Lee COMEDY ACT: Rodney Rude MALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Jon English FEMALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Debbie Byrne JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Billy Kearns JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Rikki Organ ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Jon English 1986: 12th Mo Awards The twelfth MO Awards took place on 25 March 1987 at Bankstown Sports Club. The show was directed by Bruce Henries. ACCOMPANYING BAND (4 OR LESS): Trojans ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR MORE): Woomera – Mt Pritchard Community Club RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Dianne Heaton Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Rickie Hilder VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: The Bushwackers MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: John Williamson FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Judy Stone ROCK GROUP: INXS PRODUCTION SHOW: The Fifty's SHOWGROUP: Wickety Wak VOCAL GROUP (2 OR MORE): The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTALIST: Martin Lass VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Mary Schneider SPECIALITY ACT: Marty Coffee VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Marty Morton COMEDY ACT: Paul Martell DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – GROUP: The Four Kinsmen DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – FEMALE: Jackie Love DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – MALE: John Farnham MALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Jackie Love & Julie Anthony JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Dannielle Gaha ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: John Farnham 1987: 13th Mo Awards The thirteenth MO Awards took place on 13 April 1988 at Rooty Hill RSL Club. ACCOMPANYING BAND (4 OR LESS): Trojans ACCOMPANYING BAND (5 OR MORE): Woomera – Mt Pritchard Community Club RESIDENT or CASUAL BALLET: Dianne Heaton Dancers RESIDENT COMPERE: Rickie Hilder VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: Redgum MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: John Williamson FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Judy Stone ROCK GROUP: Icehouse PRODUCTION SHOW: The Fifty's VOCAL GROUP (2 OR MORE): The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTALIST: Martin Lass VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Mary Schneider SPECIALITY ACT: Ken Littlewood & Toshi MOST OUTSTANDING VARIETY ACT: Wickety Wak VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Mark Loyd with Pleasure COMEDY ACT: Brian Doyle DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – GROUP: Sophisticated Country DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – FEMALE: Jane Scali DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – MALE: John Farnham MALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: John Farnham FEMALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Jackie Love JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Doug Burgess JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Syd Heylen Jnr ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: John Farnham 1988: 14th Mo Awards The fourteenth MO Awards took place on 22 February 1989 at AJC Royal Randwick. It was compered by Kerri-Anne Kennerley. ACCOMPANYING BAND: Trojans CHOREOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR: Ross Coleman VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL Club COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: The Bushwackers MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: John Williamson FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Judy Stone ROCK GROUP: INXS MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Geraldine Turner and Debra Byrne (tie) MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Philip Quast JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison PRODUCTION SHOW: The Fifty's VOCAL GROUP (2 OR MORE): The Rhythmaires BEST GROUP: The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTALIST/VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Martin Lass SPECIALITY ACT: The Allisons (Rick & Debbie) VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: David Gilchrist and Mark Loyd with Pleasure COMEDY ACT: Thomas & Moore DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – GROUP: Sophisticated Country DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – FEMALE: Julie Anthony DAILY TELEGRAPH READERS AWARD – MALE: John Farnham MALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: John Farnham FEMALE VOCAL ENTERTAINER: Julie Anthony MOST OUTSTANDING CLUB ACT: Col Joye AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR – Paul Hogan JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Ricky May JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Tête à Tête ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Ricky May 1989: 15th Mo Awards The fifteenth MO Awards took place on 21 February 1990 at AJC Royal Randwick. It was compered by Ray Martin. ACCOMPANYING BAND: Trojans COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Norm Erskine VENUE OF THE YEAR: Blacktown Workers Club CIRCUS PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Flying Fruit Fly Circus CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Sydney Symphony Orchestra CONTEMPORARY CONCERT PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kate Ceberano DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Sydney Dance Company OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Robert Gard FOLK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR:Judy Small COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: The Happening Thang MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: James Blundell FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Deniese Morrison COUNTRY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Wayne Horsburgh ROCK PERFORMER MALE: Paul Kelly ROCK PERFORMER FEMALE: Kate Ceberano ROCK GROUP: Paul Kelly and the Messengers ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kate Ceberano MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: 42nd Street SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Toni Lamond SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: John Bell MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Debra Byrne MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Cameron Daddo JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR MALE: James Morrison JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR FEMALE: Kerrie Biddell JAZZ GROUP: Ten Part Invention JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison CABARET PRODUCTION SHOW: The Fifty's CABARET DUO/TRIO: Triple Treat CABARET GROUP: The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTALIST/VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Martin Lass SPECIALITY ACT: The Allisons VERSATILE CABARET PERFORMANCE: Mark Loyd with Pleasure COMEDY GROUP: Wickety Wak COMEDY PERFORMER MALE: Bobby Dennis COMEDY PERFORMER FEMALE: Geraldine Doyle MALE VOCAL CABARET ENTERTAINER: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL CABARET ENTERTAINER: Jackie Love CABARET PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tony Pantano AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Kylie Minogue JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Maurie Rooklyn JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Mark Kristian AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison 1990: 16th Mo Awards The sixteenth MO Awards took place on 17 February 1991 at State Theatre (Sydney). It was compered by Ray Martin, Maggie Kirkpatrick, Brian Doyle and Steve Vizard. ACCOMPANYING BAND: Trojans COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Rickie Hilder VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL CIRCUS PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Circus Oz CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Stuart Challender CONTEMPORARY CONCERT PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: John Farnham DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Sydney Dance Company - King Roger OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Australian Opera – La boheme FOLK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Eric Bogle COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: The Happening Thang MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Wayne Horsburgh FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Jean Stafford COUNTRY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison ROCK PERFORMER MALE: Joe Camilleri ROCK PERFORMER FEMALE: Wendy Matthews ROCK GROUP: Midnight Oil ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Midnight Oil MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: The Phantom of the Opera SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Christa Leahman SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Jonathan Biggins MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Marina Prior MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Anthony Warlow MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Anthony Warlow JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR MALE: James Morrison JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR FEMALE: Kate Ceberano JAZZ GROUP: Mike Nock Quartet JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison CABARET PRODUCTION SHOW: Greg Anderson's Electric Spectacular CABARET DUO/TRIO: Mark Loyd With Pleasure CABARET GROUP: Black Tie INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Martin Lass SPECIALITY ACT: Leaping Loonies VERSATILE CABARET PERFORMANCE: Tony Field and Flame COMEDY GROUP: Lester and Smart COMEDY PERFORMER MALE: Brian Doyle COMEDY PERFORMER FEMALE: Geraldine Doyle MALE VOCAL CABARET PERFORMER: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL CABARET PERFORMER: Jane Scali CABARET PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tony Pantano AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Dame Joan Sutherland JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Norman Kermond JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: John Bowles AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Dame Joan Sutherland 1991: 17th Mo Awards The seventeenth MO Awards took place on 4 June 1992 at Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre. It was compered by Geraldine Doyle, Terry Willesee and Larry Emdur. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Bill and Boyd ACCOMPANYING BAND: Trojans RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Damon Hartley COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Stephen 'Spud' Murphy VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Stuart Challender DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Miranda Coney and Greg Horsman OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: OperaAustralia - Rigoletto FOLK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Archie Roach COUNTRY SHOWGROUP: The Happening Thang MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: John Williamson FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Anne Kirkpatrick COUNTRY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: John Williamson ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Crowded House MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: The Phantom of the Opera SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Maria Mercedes SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: William Zappa MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Judi Connelli MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Anthony Warlow MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Anthony Warlow OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: David Atkins JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR MALE: Dale Barlow JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR FEMALE: Judy Bailey JAZZ GROUP: Free Spirits JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Dale Barlow VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Licensed to Thrill VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Tony Field and Flame VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Wayne King SPECIALITY ACT: Phil Cass VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: David Gilchrist COMEDY GROUP: Thomas and Moore COMEDY PERFORMER MALE: Brian Doyle COMEDY PERFORMER FEMALE: Geraldine Doyle COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Paul Martell MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Jane Scali VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Four Kinsmen AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Jason Donovan JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: June Evans MOST SUCCESS ATTRACTION OF THE YEAR: John Williamson JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Jenni and Michael AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Stuart Challender 1992: 18th Mo Awards The eighteenth MO Awards took place on 9 June 1993 at Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre. It was compered by David Reyne and Marty Rhone. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Take Two ACCOMPANYING BAND: Trojans RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Damon Hartley COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Frank Garaty VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Richard Tognetti DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Paul Mercurio OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Suzanne Johnston FOLK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Archie Roach COUNTRY GROUP: The Fargone Beauties MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Lee Kernaghan FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Anne Kirkpatrick COUNTRY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Lee Kernaghan ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Yothu Yindi MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: The Phantom of the Opera SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Nancye Hayes SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Peter Carroll MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Delia Hannah MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: David Atkins MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: David Atkins OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: Gale Edwards JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR MALE: Dale Barlow JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR FEMALE: Sandy Evans JAZZ GROUP: Bernie McGann Trio JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Bob Barnard VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Licensed to Thrill VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Mark Loyd With Pleasure VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTAL ACT: James Edward SPECIALITY ACT: Phil Cass VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Peter Kaye COMEDY GROUP: Thomas and Moore COMEDY PERFORMER MALE: Paul Martell COMEDY PERFORMER FEMALE: Wendy Harmer COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Paul Martell MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Tony Pantano FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Jane Scali VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Four Kinsmen AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Yothu Yindi JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Don Burrows MOST SUCCESS ATTRACTION OF THE YEAR: John Williamson JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: The 4 Trax AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Yothu Yindi 1993: 19th Mo Awards The nineteenth MO Awards took place on 14 June 1994 at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney It was compered by John Mangos. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Twin Set ACCOMPANYING BAND: The Lionel Huntington Orchestra RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: John Adams COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Dee Donovan VENUE OF THE YEAR: Blacktown Workers Club CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Richard Tognetti DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Stephen Page OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: David Hobson FOLK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kev Carmody COUNTRY GROUP: Fargone Beauties MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Lee Kernaghan FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Gina Jeffreys COUNTRY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Lee Kernaghan ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Crowded House MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Into The Woods SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Sharon Millerchip MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Judi Connelli MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Philip Quast MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Philip Quast OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: Brian Thomson JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Dale Barlow JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kerrie Biddell JAZZ GROUP: Bobby Gebert Trio JAZZ PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Bobby Gebert VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Licensed to Thrill VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Triple Treat VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen INSTRUMENTAL ACT: Igor Cavdarski SPECIALITY ACT: Phil Cass VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Peter Kaye COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Geraldine Doyle NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Steady Eddy COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Steady Eddy MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Wayne Cornell FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Julie Anthony VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Four Kinsmen AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Barry Humphries JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Colleen Clifford JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Igor Cavdarski AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Anthony Warlow 1994: 20th Mo Awards The twentieth MO Awards took place on 28 June 1995 at Regent Hotel, Sydney. It was compered by Alan Jones. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Twin Set ACCOMPANYING BAND: The Lionel Huntington Orchestra RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Toni Venditti COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Dee Donovan VENUE OF THE YEAR: Blacktown Workers Club CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Richard Tognetti DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Steven Heathcote OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Yvonne Kenny COUNTRY GROUP: Fargone Beauties MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Lee Kernaghan and Graeme Connors (tie) FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Gina Jeffreys ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Cruel Sea MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: West Side Story SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Caroline O'Connor MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Marina Prior MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: David Atkins OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: Brian Thomson JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Bernie McGann JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Marie Wilson JAZZ GROUP: The Catholics VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Licensed to Thrill VARIETY DUO/TRIO: The Flanagans VARIETY GROUP: The 4 Trax VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Ross Maio SPECIALITY ACT: Richard Scholes VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Peter Kaye COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Paul Martell NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Steady Eddy and Vince Sorrenti MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Wayne Cornell FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Jenifer Green VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The 4 Trax AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: David Atkins 20TH ANNIVERSARY YOUTH ACHIEVEMENT: Lucinda Bryant JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Jack Neary and Geoff Mack JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Melinda Schneider AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tommy Emmanuel 1995: 21st Mo Awards The twenty-first MO Awards took place on 18 June 1996 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Kerri-Anne Kennerley. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Brian King and Darren Williams (tie) ACCOMPANYING BAND: Western Front RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: B Lloyd/J Dwyer/D Williams/P Walker/J Adler COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Neil Hanson VENUE OF THE YEAR: Wentworthville Leagues Club CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Simone Young MALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Dein Perry FEMALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Rosalind Crisp OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Graham Pushee COUNTRY GROUP: The Dead Ringer Band MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Wayne Horsburgh FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Felicity Urquhart ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tina Arena MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Hello Dolly SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Bert Newton MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Jill Perryman MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Anthony Warlow OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: David Atkins JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Sandy Evans JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kerrie Biddell JAZZ GROUP: Ten Part Invention VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Licensed to Thrill VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Triple Treat VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Bernard Walz SPECIALITY ACT: Murray Raine VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Phil Cass COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Col Elliott NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Steady Eddy MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Julie Anthony VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Four Kinsmen AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: David Atkins JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Angry Anderson JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Davidia Coombes AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tina Arena 1996: 22nd Mo Awards The twenty-second MO Awards took place on 18 June 1997 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Susie Elelman. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Darren Williams ACCOMPANYING BAND: Ron Hearne Band RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Toni Venditti COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Mark Kristian VENUE OF THE YEAR: Petersham RSL Club CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Michael Kieran Harvey MALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Dein Perry FEMALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Vicki Attard OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Elizabeth Whitehouse COUNTRY GROUP: Dead Ringer Band MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Graeme Connors FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Gina Jeffreys ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: You Am I MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Beauty and the Beast SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Caroline O’Connor MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Sharon Millerchip MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Hugh Jackman and Michael Cormick (Tie) OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: Greg Crease JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Bob Barnard JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Vince Jones JAZZ GROUP: Directions In Groove VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Licensed to Thrill VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Andrews Sisters VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Bernard Walz SPECIALITY ACT: Phil Cass VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Liz Taylor COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Col Elliott NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Vince Sorrenti MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Jane Scali VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Stephen Fisher-King AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: David Helfgott JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Jimmy Little JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: David Harris AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tommy Emmanuel 1997: 23rd Mo Awards The twenty-third MO Awards took place on 23 June 1998 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Don Lane. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Darren Williams ACCOMPANYING BAND: Lionel Huntington Orchestra RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: K Lennis, M Pepper, G Harbour COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Mark Kristian VENUE OF THE YEAR: Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL Club CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Michael Kieran Harvey MALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Dein Perry FEMALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Lisa Bolte OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Cheryl Barker COUNTRY GROUP: Dead Ringer Band MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Troy Cassar-Daley FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Felicity Urquhart ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Whitlams MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Cabaret SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: David Campbell MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Kelley Abbey MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Hugh Jackman OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: David Atkins JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Shelley Scown JAZZ GROUP: Bernie McGann Trio VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Ladies, Laughs and Larrikins VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Triple Treat VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Shelly White INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Bernard Walz SPECIALITY ACT: Phil Cass VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Maggie Scott COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Brian Doyle NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Nick Giannopoulos MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Jane Scali VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Stephen Fisher-King AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Tap Dogs JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Toni Stevens JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Nathan Foley AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Human Nature 1998: 24th Mo Awards The twenty-fourth MO Awards took place on 22 June 1999 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Neil Hanson, Liz Taylor and Chris De Havilland. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Talisman ACCOMPANYING BAND: Marconi Dance Band RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Miles Harris COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Billy Roy VENUE OF THE YEAR: Panthers World of Entertainment CLASSICAL PERFORMANCE: Michael Kieran Harvey & Bernadette Balkus (tie) MALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Gideon Obarzanek FEMALE DANCE PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Kate Champion OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: John Wegner COUNTRY GROUP: Dead Ringer Band MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Troy Cassar-Daley FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Gina Jeffreys ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Natalie Imbruglia MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: The Boy from Oz SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Pamela Rabe MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Caroline O’Connor) MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Todd McKenney OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: David Atkins JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kevin Hunt JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Marie Wilson JAZZ GROUP: Trevor Griffin Sextet VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Ladies, Laughs and Larrikins VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Aubrey and Martin VARIETY GROUP: The Four Kinsmen VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Danny Elliott INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Ian Cooper SPECIALITY ACT: Phil Cass VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Maggie Scott COMEDY GROUP: Thomas and Moore VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Kenny Graham NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Vince Sorrenti MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Jane Scali VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Maggie Scott AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Natalie Imbruglia ARENA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Anthony Warlow JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: John Laws JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Adam Brand and Tim Draxl (Tie) AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: The Main Event (Anthony Warlow, John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John) 1999: 25th Mo Awards The twenty-fifth MO Awards took place on 20 June 2000 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Don Lane. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Twin Set ACCOMPANYING BAND: Patchwork RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: John Adams COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Mark Kristian VENUE OF THE YEAR: Canterbury Hurlstone Park RSL Club CLASSICAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Michael Kieran Harvey MALE DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF YEAR: Graeme Murphy FEMALE DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF YEAR: Kelley Abbey OPERATIC PERFORMANCE OF THE YEAR: Peter Coleman-Wright COUNTRY GROUP: Dead Ringer Band MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Troy Cassar-Daley FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Kasey Chambers ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Powderfinger MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: The Boy from Oz SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Angela Toohey MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Caroline O'Connor MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Todd McKenney OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO MUSICAL THEATRE: Gale Edwards JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Shelley Scown JAZZ GROUP: Ten Part Invention VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Ladies, Laughs and Larrikins VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Aubrey and Martin VARIETY GROUP: The Zips VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Danny Elliott INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Ian Cooper SPECIALITY ACT: Murray Raine Puppets VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Maggie Scott COMEDY GROUP: The Scared Weird Little Guys VARIETY COMEDY PERFORMER: Kenny Graham NEW WAVE COMEDY PERFORMER: Nick Giannopoulos MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Rhonda Burchmore VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Maggie Scott AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Savage Garden ARENA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: John Farnham JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Daryl Somers JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: String Fever AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Savage Garden 2000: 26th Mo Awards The twenty-sixth MO Awards took place on 9 July 2001 at the Sydney Town Hall. It was compered by Vince Sorrenti. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Twin Set ACCOMPANYING BAND: The Marconi Dance Band RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Shane Newham COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Mark Kristian VENUE OF THE YEAR: South Sydney Juniors RLFC FEMALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Maggie Kirkpatrick MALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Bille Brown THEATRE PRODUCTION OF THE YEAR: The Secret Room CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Diana Doherty DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR: Miranda Coney COUNTRY GROUP: Feral Swing Cats MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Adam Brand FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Melinda Schneider CONTEMPORARY ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Powderfinger CLASSIC ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Doug Parkinson MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Shout! SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Chrissie Amphlett MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Caroline O'Connor MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: David Campbell JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Muller JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Michelle Nicolle JAZZ GROUP: James Muller Trio VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Forever Diamond VARIETY DUO/TRIO: The Robertson Brothers VARIETY GROUP: Phoenix VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Shelly White INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Slava Grigoryan SPECIALITY ACT: Brendan Montana VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Greg Doolan COMEDY GROUP: Lano and Woodley MALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Jonathan Biggins FEMALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Gretel Killeen MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: John Bowles FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Annie Frances VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Annie Frances AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Keith Urban SPECIAL EVENT OF THE YEAR: 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Maria Venuti JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Nikki Webster AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kylie Minogue 2001: 27th Mo Awards The twenty-seventh MO Awards took place on 24 June 2002 at the Tumbalong Park Ballroom. It was compered by Liz Taylor and Peter Cousens. 1 & 2 MAN BAND: Take Two ACCOMPANYING BAND: Lionel Huntington Orchestra RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Paul Kelleners COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Neil Hanson VENUE OF THE YEAR: Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL Club LIVE RADIO PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: John Bleby FEMALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Jacki Weaver MALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Peter Carroll THEATRE PRODUCTION OF THE YEAR: Cloudstreet CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Peter Coleman-Wright DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR: Tracey Carrodus COUNTRY GROUP: The Wolverines MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Adam Brand FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Kasey Chambers CONTEMPORARY ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Human Nature CLASSIC ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Doug Parkinson MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Sweeney Todd SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Jackie Love MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Judi Connelli MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Wayne Scott Kermond JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Joe Chindamo JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Marie Wilson JAZZ GROUP: Sydney All Star Big Band VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Forever Diamond VARIETY DUO/TRIO: The Robertson Brothers VARIETY GROUP: The Delltones VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Shelly White INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: String Fever SPECIALITY ACT: Darren Carr VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Peter Kay COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers MALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Paul Martell FEMALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Geraldine Doyle MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Seamus Earley VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: String Fever AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Kylie Minogue JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Reg Lindsay JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Lisa Crouch AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kylie Minogue 2002: 28th Mo Awards The twenty-eighth MO Awards took place on 16 June 2003 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Frankie J Holden. 1 & 2 PERFORMER BAND: Mike Mathieson ACCOMPANYING BAND: Patchwork RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Paul Kelleners - Twin Towns COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Mark Kristian VENUE OF THE YEAR: Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL Club LIVE RADIO PERFORMER: Toni Tenaglia (SAFM - Morning) LIVE RADIO TEAM: The Amanda Blair Team (SAFM Adelaide - Breakfast) FEMALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Miranda Otto MALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Colin Friels THEATRE PRODUCTION OF THE YEAR: Copenhagen CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Elizabeth Whitehouse DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR: Steven Heathcote COUNTRY GROUP: The Wolverines MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Troy Cassar-Daley FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Melinda Schneider CONTEMPORARY ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Human Nature CLASSIC ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Doug Parkinson MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Cabaret SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Judi Connelli MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Tamsin Carroll MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Toby Allen JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: James Morrison JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Michelle Nicolle JAZZ GROUP: Sydney All Star Big Band VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Forever Diamond VARIETY DUO/TRIO: The Robertson Brothers VARIETY GROUP: The Zips VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Shelly White INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: String Fever SPECIALITY ACT: Brendan Mon Tanner VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Liz Taylor COMEDY GROUP: The Umbilical Brothers MALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Paul Martell FEMALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Maggie Scott MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Darren Williams FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Seamus Earley VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Darren Williams AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Kylie Minogue JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Reg Lindsay JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Adam Scicluna AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kylie Minogue 2003: 29th Mo Awards The twenty-ninth MO Awards took place on 28 June 2004 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was compered by Jean Kittson. 1 & 2 PERFORMER BAND: Take Two ACCOMPANYING BAND: Patchwork RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Paul Kelleners & Michael Pepper/ Simon Wade (Tie) COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Neil Hanson & Mark Kristian (Tie) VENUE OF THE YEAR: Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL Club FEMALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Sigrid Thornton MALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Marcus Graham THEATRE PRODUCTION OF THE YEAR: The Blue Room CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Emma Matthews DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR: Bradley Chatfield COUNTRY GROUP: The Wolverines MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Troy Cassar-Daley FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Melinda Schneider CONTEMPORARY ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Doug Parkinson CLASSIC ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Birtles Shorrock Goble and Jimmy Little (Tie) MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: The Lion King SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Terry Bader MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Buyisile Zama MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Toby Allen JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Joe Chindamo JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Michelle Nicolle JAZZ GROUP: The Sydney All Star Big Band VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Forever Diamond VARIETY DUO/TRIO: The Robertson Brothers VARIETY GROUP: The Ten Tenors VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Shelly White INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: String Fever SPECIALITY ACT: Darren Carr VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Greg Doolan COMEDY GROUP: Thomas and Moore MALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Paul Martell and Calvin De Grey (Tie) FEMALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Geraldine Doyle MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Stephen Fisher-King FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Lisa Crouch and Seamus Earley (Tie) VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Lisa Crouch AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Hugh Jackman JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: David Stephens AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Delta Goodrem 2004: 30th Mo Awards The thirtieth MO Awards took place on 28 April 2006 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. It was presented by Ken Laing, Tommy Tycho and Geoff Harvey. 1 & 2 PERFORMER BAND: Just Jammin' ACCOMPANYING BAND: Steve Isoardi Band RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Gabby Venditti COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Rikki Organ VENUE OF THE YEAR: Star City Casino FEMALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Cate Blanchett MALE ACTOR IN A PLAY: Garry McDonald THEATRE PRODUCTION OF THE YEAR: Hedda Gabler CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Teddy Tahu Rhodes DANCE PERFORMER/CHOREOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR: Benjamin Nicholls COUNTRY GROUP: The Flood MALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: John Stephan FEMALE COUNTRY ENTERTAINER: Melinda Schneider CONTEMPORARY ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Anthony Callea CLASSIC ROCK PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Marcia Hines MUSICAL THEATRE PRODUCTION: Dirty Dancing SUPPORTING MUSICAL THEATRICAL PERFORMER: Tony Sheldon MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER FEMALE: Chloe Dallimore MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER MALE: Reg Livermore JAZZ INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Andy Firth JAZZ VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Emma Pask JAZZ GROUP: The Sydney All Star Big Band CHILDREN'S SHOW: The Wiggles VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Björn Again VARIETY DUO/TRIO: Bella VARIETY GROUP: The Shy Guys VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Bob Howe INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Slava Grigoryan SPECIALITY ACT: Darren Carr VERSATILE VARIETY PERFORMANCE: Todd McKenney COMEDY GROUP: The Kransky Sisters MALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Gerry Connolly FEMALE COMEDY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Magda Szubanski MALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Adam Scicluna FEMALE VOCAL VARIETY PERFORMER: Karen Beckett VARIETY PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Wayne Scott Kermond AUSTRALIAN SHOWBUSINESS AMBASSADOR: Hugh Jackman JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: The Baileys AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Anthony Warlow 2005 There were no awards for 2005. 2006: 31st Mo Awards The thirtieth-first MO Awards took place on 28 August 2007 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was presented by Rodney Marks, Darren Carr, Liz Layton, Kenny Graham and Johnny Pace. THREE OR MORE PERFORMER BAND: The Williams Brothers COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Rikki Organ INSTRUMENTAL or VOCAL INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER: Helen Zerefos DANCE PERFORMER: Wayne Scott Kermond RICKY MAY JAZZ PERFORMER: James Morrison VARIETY DUO OR TRIO PERFORMER: Triple Treat RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Blacktown Workers TWO PERFORMER BAND: Take Two TRIBUTE SHOW: Tom Jones Experience - Jacques Renay BRIAN STACEY MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER: Tony Sheldon KEN LITTLEWOOD AND TOSHI SPECIALTY ACT: Darren Carr ACCOMPANYING BAND: Western Front BEST VENUE: Blacktown Workers FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Karen Beckett ONE PERFORMER BAND: Ziggy Zapata MALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Tony Pantano ACTOR IN PLAY: Geoffrey Rush SHOWBAND: Frogs on Toast and The Zips (Tie) THE FOUR KINSMEN PRODUCTION SHOW: The Great Pretenders ROCK PERFORMER: Billy Thorpe (Posthumous Award) VERSATILE PERFORMER: Darren Carr COMEDY PERFORMER: Paul Martell SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY PERFORMER: Melinda Schneider PETER ALLEN VARIETY PERFORMER: Danny Elliott JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Nicole Venditti AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Hugh Jackman OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO AUSTRALIAN COMEDY: Rodney Rude OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO AUSTRALIAN MUSIC: Aaron McMillan JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Jonathon Welch HALL OF FAME: Slim De Grey 2007: 32nd Mo Awards The thirtieth-second MO Awards took place on 17 June 2008 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Donnie Sutherland;. ONE PERFORMER BAND: Roland Storm TWO PERFORMER BAND: The Williams Brothers THREE OR MORE PERFORMER BAND: The Williams Brothers VERSATILE PERFORMER: Darren Carr RESIDENTIAL TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Blacktown Workers Club CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER: Anthony Warlow CHILDREN'S ENTERTAINMENT: Marty & Emu Crazy Kids Show BRAIN STACEY MALE MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER: Wayne Scott Kermond FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Karen Beckett SHOWBAND: The Zips COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Bobby Bradford BRIAN STACEY FEMALE MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER: Lola Nixon BEST VENUE: Blacktown Workers Club THE FOUR KINSMEN PRODUCTION SHOW: Frogs on Toast SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Wayne Horsburgh ACCOMPANYING BAND: Western Front VARIETY DUO OR TRIO: Robertson Bros & The Williams Brothers (Tie) COUNTRY FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Melinda Schneider COUNTRY GROUP: The Wolverines INSTRUMENTAL/ VOCAL PERFORMER: Ziggy Zapata DANCE PERFORMER: Lucinda Dunn RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Adam Scicluna KEN LITTLEWOOD & TOSHI SPECIALTY PERFORMER: Darren Carr INSTRUMENTAL or VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano TRIBUTE SHOW: Tom Jones Experience - Jacques Renay MATS UNDER 18'S JUNIOR PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Mark Vincent JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Liz Taylor COMEDY PERFORMER: Kenny Graham JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Robert Jeffery OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY MUSIC: Smoky Dawson HALL OF FAME AWARD: Judy Stone PETER ALLEN AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Darren Carr 2008: 33rd Mo Awards The thirty-third MO Awards took place on 15 June 2009 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Donnie Sutherland. ONE PERFORMER BAND: Ziggy Zapata TWO PERFORMER BAND: The Williams Brothers THREE OR MORE PERFORMER BAND: Rikki Organ and The Organ Grinders SHOWBAND: Frogs On Toast INSTRUMENTAL or VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Bankstown Sports Club SLIM DUSTY MALE COUNTRY VOCAL PERFORMER: Troy Cassar-Daly INTERNATIONAL THEME PERFORMER: Aznavour From Today TRIBUTE SHOW: Tonite's The Night BRIAN STACEY MALE MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER: Wayne Scott Kermond CHILDREN'S SHOW: Marty and Emu's Crazy Kids Show COUNTRY GROUP: The McClymonts MATS UNDER 18'S JUNIOR PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Blake Giles VOCAL GROUP: The Robertson Brothers KEN LITTLEWOOD AND TOSHI SPECIALTY PERFORMER: Darren Carr FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Lisa Crouch BEST VENUE: Bankstown Sports Club JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Mark Vincent BRIAN STACEY FEMALE MUSICAL THEATRE PERFORMER: Marina Prior COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Bobby Bradford VERSATILE PERFORMER: Wayne Scott Kermond CLASSICAL/OPERA PERFORMER: Anthony Warlow FEMALE COUNTRY VOCAL PERFORMER: Melinda Schneider ACCOMPANYING BAND: Western Front JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Helen Zerefos THE FOUR KINSMEN PRODUCTION SHOW: The Great Pretenders RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Tony Pantano COMEDY PERFORMER: Paul Martell VARIETY DUO OR TRIO PERFORMERS: The Rhythmaires OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO VARIETY ENTERTAINMENT: Wayne Scott Kermond PETER ALLEN AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Darren Carr HALL OF FAME: Lucky Starr 2009: 34th Mo Awards The thirty-fourth MO Awards took place on 11 May 2010 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Donnie Sutherland. ONE PERFORMER BAND: Fallon TWO PERFORMER BAND: Just Jammin' THREE OR MORE PERFORMER BAND: Rikki Organ and The Organ Grinders ACCOMPANYING BAND: Vince Lombardo Band INSTRUMENTAL/ VOCAL INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Bob Howe SHOWBAND: The Kamis RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Bankstown Sports Club BEST VENUE: Bankstown Sports Club and South Sydney Juniors Leagues Club (Tie) CHILDREN'S SHOW: Brendan Mon Tanner COMEDIAN OF THE YEAR: Kenny Graham VOCAL GROUP: The Robertson Brothers KEN LITTLEWOOD & TOSHI SPECIALTY PERFORMER: Darren Carr MATS WINNER FOR 2009: Rhian Saunders TRIBUTE SHOW: Strictly Bassey INTERNATIONAL THEME PERFORMER: Euro Latino SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY PERFORMER OR BAND: The McClymonts VARIETY DUO OR TRIO PERFORMER: Thomas & Moore JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Chris Gable COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Rikki Organ THE FOUR KINSMEN PRODUCTION SHOW: Back To The Tivoli FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Jenifer Green RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Tony Pantano ROCK PERFORMER OR BAND: Brian Cadd JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Lorrae Desmond, Lynne Fletcher, Dinah Lee,Little Pattie, Jacqui De Paul, Sylvia Raye PETER ALLEN AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Jenifer Green HALL OF FAME AWARD: Frank Ifield 2010: 35th Mo Awards The thirty-fifth MO Awards took place on 24 May 2011 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Donnie Sutherland, Susie Elelman, John Mangos and Barry Crocker. SOLO BAND PERFORMER: Chris Connolly TWO MAN PERFORMER BAND: The Williams Brothers DANCE BAND: Rikki Organ and the Organ Grinders SHOWBAND: The Kamis and The Zips (Tie) TRIBUTE SHOW: Strictly Bassey INTERNATIONAL THEME PERFORMER: Italian Delight JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Marty Rhone THE FOUR KINSMEN PRODUCTION/PACKAGE SHOW: Back To The Tivoli INSTRUMENTAL or VOCAL/INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMER: Bob Howe JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: The Seltic Sirens BEST SPECIALTY ACT: Darren Carr VARIETY DUO OR MORE PERFORMERS: Thomas & Moore COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Rikki Organ HALL OF FAME: Ian Turpie SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY PERFORMER: Nicki Gillis & Kel-Anne Brandt BEST CHILDREN'S SHOW: Brendan Mon Tanner ROCK PERFORMER OR BAND: Guy Sebastian ACCOMPANYING BAND: Trojans and Vince Lombardo Band (Tie) RESIDENT TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Petersham RSL Club FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Jenifer Green BEST VENUE: Bankstown Sports Club and Blacktown Workers Club (Tie) COMEDIAN OF THE YEAR: Keith Scott RODNEY RUDE STAND-UP PERFORMER: Vince Sorrenti RICKY MAY MALE PERFORMER: Adam Scicluna PETER ALLEN AUSTRALIAN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Jenifer Green 2011: 36th Mo Awards The thirty-sixth MO Awards took place on 29 May 2012 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Donnie Sutherland, Susie Elelman, John Mangos and Vince Sorrenti. BEST SOLO BAND PERFORMER: Chris Connolly BEST DUO BAND: Mike Mathieson Duo BEST DANCE BAND: Rikki Organ & The Organ Grinders BEST VARIETY SHOWBAND: Frogs on Toast BEST TRIBUTE SHOW: Desperado – The Eagles Show BEST CHILDREN'S SHOW: Franky Valentyn BEST SPECIALTY ACT: Darren Carr BEST VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: The Burlesque Spectacular BEST INTERNATIONAL THEME SHOW: The Seltic Sirens MO COMEDY ACT OF THE YEAR: Keith Scott HALL OF FAME AWARD: Russell Morris MC / COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Bobby Bradford BEST STAND UP COMEDY PERFORMER: Vince Sorrenti SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY ACT: Melinda Schneider JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Betty Dargie and Susan Jon Rose (Tie) BEST ACCOMPANYING BAND: Joe Macri Band THE FOUR KINSMEN PRODUCTION/PACKAGE SHOW: Back To The Tivoli BEST TECHNICAL SUPPORT: South Sydney Juniors Rugby League Club JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Ronnie Burns SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AWARD: The Artistes Answering Centre SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AWARD: Helmut Fisher - Creator of the 'MO' Statuette BEST VENUE: South Sydney Juniors Rugby League Club BEST ROCK BAND OR PERFORMER: Jon English – The Rock Show RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Adam Scicluna FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER: Melinda Schneider PETER ALLEN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Adam Scicluna 2012: 37th Mo Awards The thirty-seventh MO Awards took place on 28 May 2013 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Bobby Bradford, Adam Scicluna and Neil Hanson. BEST SOLO BAND PERFORMER: Chris Conolly BEST DUO: Williams Brothers BEST CHILDREN'S SHOW: Franky Valentyn BEST HARMONY VOCAL GROUP: The Robertson Brothers JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Liam Burrows BEST SPECIALTY ACT: Darren Carr BEST VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Danny Elliott INTERNATIONAL THEME SHOW / PERFORMER: Joey Fimmano BEST VARIETY SHOWBAND: The Zips BEST TRIBUTE SHOW: Desperado and Strictly Bassey (Tie) BEST DANCE BAND: Rikki Organ & The Organ Grinders SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY ACT OF THE YEAR: Wayne Horsburgh THE FOUR KINSMEN VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Back To The Tivoli MC / COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Elizabeth Star RODNEY RUDE STAND UP COMEDIAN OF THE YEAR: Anh Do BEST ROCK ACT OF THE YEAR: The Jon English Band JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Peter Paki BEST TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Twin Towns Services Club BEST VENUE: Twin Town Services Club MO COMEDY ACT OF THE YEAR: Kenny Graham TOMMY TYCHO ACCOMPANYING BAND: The Joe Macri Band HALL OF FAME: Geoff Mack FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Alisa Gray RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Tony Pantano PETER ALLEN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Adam Scicluna 2013: 38th Mo Awards The thirty-eighth MO Awards took place on 27 May 2014 at the Bankstown Sports Club. It was compered by Andrew O'Keefe, John Mangos, Judy Stone and Marcia Hines. BEST SOLO BAND PERFORMER: Snowy Robson BEST DUO: Take Two BEST DANCE/SHOWBAND: The Frocks TOMMY TYCHO ACCOMPANYING BAND: Funky Do Da's BEST SPECIALTY ACT: Phil Cass BEST TRIBUTE SHOW: Roy Orbison Reborn BEST VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Wayne Rogers JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Anja Nissen and Rachel Fahim (Tie) THE FOUR KINSMEN VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Supreme Motown BEST CHILDREN'S SHOW: Brendan Mon Tanner BEST VARIETY VOCAL GROUP: Double Exposure BEST ROCK BAND/PERFORMER: The Radiators INTERNATIONAL THEME SHOW: Peter Paki and The Rhythms of Polynesia BEST TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Burwood RSL DON LANE COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Terry Mac JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Carter Edwards SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY ACT OF THE YEAR: Benn Gunn RODNEY RUDE STAND-UP COMEDIAN OF THE YEAR: Al Showman COMEDY ACT OF THE YEAR: Harriet Littlesmith BEST VENUE: Campsie RSL HALL OF FAME AWARD: Barry Crocker JULIE ANTHONY FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Kel-Anne Brandt RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Larry Stellar PETER ALLEN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Phil Cass 2014: 39th Mo Awards The thirty-ninth MO Awards took place on 28 July 2015 at the Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL Club. It was compered by Darren Carr, Maria Venuti, Craig Bennet, Helen Zerefos and Vince Sorrenti. BEST SOLO PERFORMER: Chris Connolly BEST DUO BAND: Aubrey & Martin and Take Two (Tie) BEST VARIETY/VOCAL GROUP: Chris Drummond Duo BEST DANCE SHOWBAND: Mr James Band BEST TRIBUTE SHOW: Tonite's the Night and Sincerely Elvis (Tie) JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Brian Lorenz BEST CHILDREN'S SHOW: Franky Valentyn and The Party Bears (Tie) BEST SPECIALTY ACT: Darren Carr BEST VERSATILE VARIETY ACT: Thomas & Moore and Wayne Rogers (Tie) BEST INTERNATIONAL THEME SHOW: Peter Paki & The Rhythms of Polynesia THE FOUR KINSMEN VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: Damn Good Diva's DON LANE COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Tony Hogan TOMMY TYCHO ACCOMPANYING BAND: Dave Hallard Band SLIM DUSTY COUNTRY ACT OF THE YEAR: Melinda Schneider JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Larry Stellar BEST ROCK ACT OF YEAR: Mental As Anything BEST VISUAL & AUDIO TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL BEST VENUE: Cabra-Vale Diggers RODNEY RUDE BEST STAND-UP COMEDIAN: Gary Who MO COMEDY ACT OF THE YEAR: Paul Martell & Darren Carr (Tie) HALL OF FAME: Reg Lindsay BEST FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Lisa Crouch RICKY MAY MALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Roy Cooper PETER ALLEN PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Darren Carr 2015: 40th Mo Awards The fortieth MO Awards took place on 17 August 2016 at the Canterbury-Hurlstone Park RSL Club. It was compered by Darren Sanders and Darren Carr. ACCOMPANYING BAND: Greg Hooper Band COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Terry Kaff VENUE OF THE YEAR: Hope Estate Hunter Valley DANCE SHOW BAND: Mr James Band and Pink Cadillac (Tie) JUNIOR AWARD: Bobby Harrison JOHNNY O'KEEFE ENCOURAGEMENT AWARD: Sara Mazzurco CHILDREN SHOW: The Gigalees Crazy Comedy Show VERSATILE VARIETY OR HARMONY ACT: Toni Stevens SPECIAL LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD: Slim Dusty TRIBUTE SHOW: Sincerely Elvis DUO ACT: The Happy Hippies VARIETY PRODUCTION SHOW: The 3 Gen Show – Warren, Wayne Scott and Alexander (Zan) Kermond INTERNATIONAL THEME SHOW: Roddy Montez Show COUNTRY FEMALE ACT OF THE YEAR: Jean Stafford COUNTRY BAND /GROUP OF THE YEAR: Roadhouse COUNTRY MALE ACT OF THE YEAR: Chad Morgan and Col Hardy (Tie) SOLO PERFORMER: Chris Bond SIGHT ACT OF THE YEAR: HotPot and Aunty Judy JOHN CAMPBELL FELLOWSHIP AWARD: Johnny Nicol ROCK ACT OF YEAR: The Radiators TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Laycock Street Theatre RODNEY RUDE BEST STAND-UP COMEDIAN: Jackie Loeb MO COMEDY ACT OF THE YEAR: Harriet Littlesmith HALL OF FAME: Glenn Shorrock FEMALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Helen Zerefos MALE VOCAL PERFORMER OF THE YEAR: Roy Cooper ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: The 3 Gen Show 2016: 41st Mo Awards The forty-first MO Awards took place on 20 March 2018 at the Liverpool Catholic Club. It was compered by John Kerr. VARIETY ACT OF THE YEAR: Drags to Bitches JUNIOR AWARD: Finnian Johnson THE MO'S ENCOURAGEMENT AWARDS: Platinum Harmony CHILDREN'S SHOW AWARDS: Marty & Emu MUSICAL GROUP OF THE YEAR: The Frocks COMPERE OF THE YEAR: Roy Cooper VENUE OF THE YEAR: Burwood RSL SELF CONTAINED ACT OF THE YEAR: Chris Connolly HALL OF FAME: The Flanagans COMEDY ACT OF THE YEAR: Darren Carr PRODUCTION SHOW OF THE YEAR: Wayne Rogers COUNTRY SOLO/GROUP/BAND OF THE YEAR: Wayne Horsburgh TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF THE YEAR: Burwood RSL TRIBUTE SHOW OF THE YEAR: Peter Byrne VOCALIST OF THE YEAR: Mark Vincent ENTERTAINER OF THE YEAR: Wayne Horsburgh	Mo Awards
Courtney Jerome Anderson Sr. (born November 19, 1980) is a former American football tight end. Born in Greenville, Texas, Anderson attended high school in Richmond, California and played college football at Contra Costa College and San Jose State University. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft and spent three seasons with that team. Later, he was a member of the Miami Dolphins, Detroit Lions, Atlanta Falcons, Buffalo Bills and Houston Texans. He is currently a firefighter for the community of Milpitas, CA. Early life and college career Born in Greenville, Texas, Anderson graduated from Richmond High School in California, where he lettered in football, basketball, and track and field. In the football team, Anderson was quarterback, wide receiver, and defensive linebacker in the football team. In 1998, he caught 50 passes for 1,005 yards, scored 12 touchdowns, and earned all-state honors. Anderson was a member of the 1999 Richmond Oilers basketball team coached by Ken Carter that was dramatized in the movie Coach Carter. For two years, Anderson attended Contra Costa College. In football, he lined up at wide receiver before moving to tight end. He then transferred to San Jose State University where, in 23 games, hauled in 36 passes for 477 yards (13.3 avg.) and seven touchdowns. He also majored in sociology. Professional career Oakland Raiders Anderson was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the seventh round (245th overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft. In his rookie season, he made 13 catches for 175 yards and one touchdown in nine games (four of which he started); he left Week 9 with an ankle injury. The next season, Anderson played in 14 games, of which he started in 13, and caught 24 passes for 303 yards and three touchdowns. In his three seasons with Oakland, Anderson had 62 receptions for 763 yards and six touchdowns and occasionally caught passes deep midfield. The Raiders released Anderson before the 2007 preseason. Miami Dolphins Anderson went to training camp with the Miami Dolphins in 2007 but was released on September 1, 2007. Detroit Lions Anderson was signed by the Detroit Lions on September 24, 2007 to replace the injured starter Dan Campbell, whose starting position was taken by Sean McHugh. He played two games with the Lions and then was cut on October 28, 2007. Atlanta Falcons The Atlanta Falcons claimed Anderson off waivers on November 13, 2007 from the Lions. Buffalo Bills Anderson signed with the Buffalo Bills on March 10, 2008, but was released on August 30 during final cuts. Houston Texans After spending the 2008 regular season out of football, Anderson was signed to a future contract by the Houston Texans on January 5, 2009. He was waived by the team on April 30.	Courtney Anderson
Tobias Delius (born 15 July 1964) is a tenor saxophonist and clarinettist. Early life Delius was born in Oxford, England, on 15 July 1964. His mother was German and his father was Argentine. Delius was brought up largely in England and Germany. He switched from clarinet to tenor saxophone at the age of sixteen, and played with local bands. Later life and career Delius played in Mexico for eight months before joining the Sweelinck Conservatory in Amsterdam in 1984. He did not complete his studies there, which included lessons with Misha Mengelberg and Paul Stocker, but developed his reputation with improvisers in the area. He joined Available Jelly in 1989, Trio San Francisco and other bands that included Daniele D'Agaro and Sean Bergin in 1992, and toured with Louis Moholo in 1992–93. He also co-founded a quartet with Han Bennink, Larry Fishkind and Tristan Honsinger in 1990. Fishkind was later replaced by Joe Williamson in this band, which employs a "method of improvising suites utilizing written themes introduced democratically by any member". Delius was awarded the 2003 VPRO/Boy Edgar Award. Playing style Grove wrote: "Delius produces a sumptuous timbre reminiscent of Coleman Hawkins and Ben Webster, which he combines with a decidedly modern and slippery harmonic and rhythmic conception. He phrases over bar-lines as his harmonic extensions blur the edges of chord changes, and he uses varied dynamics to dramatic effect. He is a consistently deft improviser in both traditional and free settings."	Tobias Delius
The superior thoracic artery (highest thoracic artery) is a small artery located near the armpit. It usually arises from (the first division of) the axillary artery, but may sometimes instead arise from the thoracoacromial artery (itself a branch of the second division of the axillary artery). It supplies the pectoralis minor and major muscles, and the chest wall. Anatomy Course and relations It passes anteromedially along medial upper border of the pectoralis before passing between pectoralis minor and pectoralis major to reach the chest wall. Anastomoses It forms anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, and upper intercostal arteries.	Superior thoracic artery
Richard Gale (1834–2 January 1931), was a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1874 to 1878. He was born the 12th child of John Gale, farmer of Dorset, England (the third by his second wife, Mary Brown). He was baptised at Beaminster on 18 December 1834, and in later life said he was born at Westhay Farm. Nothing more is known of his early life, but in 1856, he emigrated to Western Australia on board the Shanghai. He was farm and dairy manager for William Locke Brockman at Gingin until 1860, and then managed John Molloy's Busselton property Fairlawn until 1867. On Molloy's death in October of that year, Gale leased and then purchased Fairlawn, living there until his death. Gale became a pioneer of dairy farming in the South West, and also became involved in public affairs. He was a foundation member and president of the Southern Districts Agricultural Society, and a member of the Vasse Road Board. On 5 October 1874 he was elected to the Legislative Council seat of Vasse, holding it until his resignation on 16 February 1878. On 5 September 1877, Gale married Hannah Rebecca Margaret Spencer, daughter of William Spencer. The marriage made him a brother-in-law of James Mitchell, who had also married one of Spencer's daughters. Gale had no children, and died at Busselton on 2 January 1931.	Richard Gale (Australian politician)
The Del Mar Futurity is a seven-furlong American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Del Mar Racetrack in Del Mar, California. A Grade I event since 2007, the race is open to two-year-old horses and offers a purse of $300,000. In 1971, it was run in two divisions on Turf. From 2007 to 2014, it was run on Polytrack synthetic dirt. No trainer has more Del Mar Futurity wins than Bob Baffert's 14, seven in consecutive years. Records Speed record: 1:20.99 – Cave Rock (2022) (Dirt) 1:21.48 – American Pharoah (2014) (Polytrack) Most wins by a jockey: 6 – Bill Shoemaker (1954, 1958, 1971–1974) Most wins by a trainer: 17 - Bob Baffert (1996–2002, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021-2023) Most wins by an owner: 5 – Golden Eagle Farm (1990, 1992, 1993, 1997, 1998) Winners	Del Mar Futurity
doa (バンド) (read as "doe-ah") is a Japanese rock band under the Giza Studio label. The band is named after a single letter of each of the members' names: Daiki Yoshimoto, Shinichiro Ohta, and Akihito Tokunaga. Biography Before the band formation, Akihito and Shinichiro were active as a musicians during 90's. Akihito provided arrangements for various Being Inc. artist, guitar support in television live appearances, was leader vocalist of band XL. Shinichiro was guitarist and composer in bands Baad and Rad Hammer. In June 2004, the band has debut with mini album "Deadstock" under indies label Tent House. In July 2004, they've made major debut with single Hi no Tori no you ni under music major label Giza Studio. Akihito is in the production of compositions and arrangements, Shinichiro is in the production of lyrics and Daiki sometimes provide English lyrics in their single's B-side tracks. In 2008, their single Glass no Highway debuted on number 7 at Oricon Daily Singles Charts, which makes their best debuted single during their career as of 2019. The single was promoted as an ending theme for Anime television series Golgo 13. In 2010, they've participated in Christmas cover album "Christmas Non-Stop Carol" along with other Giza and Tent House artists. In March 2011, they've released final CD single Now and Forever, after then they've releasing only digital singles. On the same month, they did their first hole live tour Doa Live “open_door” 2011 Spring and during the event released non-paid digital single We are one. In years 2012–2016, during their live performances they sold charity goods in order to donate for victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake with total financial support of more than one million yen. In 2017, after thirteen years of their debut, they've released their first live DVD Doa 12th Winter Live“open_door”2016. In 2019, for the celebration of 15th debut anniversary they've scheduled to release three compilation albums which consist of track selection based on fan inquiries. As the part of promotion, they'll release three digital singles which will be part of each compilation album included as a new song. In 2023, they've announced departure from the label Giza Studio and from September will become freelancers under Floodlight company. The announcement was made on their official website. Members - vocals, lyricist - guitar, vocals, composer, lyricist - bass, vocals, composer, lyricist, arranger Discography So far they've released 23 singles, 8 digital singles, 10 albums, 1 best of, 1 indies album and 1 live DVD. Albums Singles Digital Singles Best Album Indies Album DVD See also J-Rock	Doa (Japanese band)
Tiruchy L. Saravanan, also known as Flute Saravanan, is a prime disciple of Dr. N. Ramani, one of India's pioneer Carnatic flautists. Education Saravanan is also a disciple of the late Sri K. S. Narayanan (senior most disciple of Sri Mali), the late V. Sundaresan, and the eminent violinist Nagai R. Muralidharan, Saravanan is a Yuvakalabharathy Award winner. Trained as a vocalist equally, Saravanan incorporates both the demands of vocal and instrumental techniques in his renditions satisfying the needs of the composition rather than the wants of the audience. He began at the age of 10 in both vocal and Carnatic flute. After several years of schooling in music under renowned teachers, he started performing by the age 14 in All India Radio, Tiruchy. After several years of performing experience, he got the rare privilege of learning under the Flute Maestro, Dr. N. Ramani aided by the Govt. of India Advanced Learning sponsorship. Dr. N. Ramani himself is the direct disciple of Mali, who elevated the status of the flute in Carnatic concerts with vocal techniques. Dr. N. Ramani polished his teacher's methodology to high vocal standards and brought a new image and dimension to Indian Classical Music in the 1900s. Saravanan, being trained under vocal and violin teachers assimilated Dr. N. Ramani's techniques aptly. He performs in Ramani's Academy of Flute regularly and with Dr. N. Ramani, Saravanan has taken part in uniques flute concerts like 5-flute concert incorporating a series of flutes in a single concert. He has made solo albums with recording companies like Kalavardhini with his own gurus accompanying like the violin exponent Nagai Muralidharan and the famed mridangist Srimushanam V. Raja Rao. National recognition and awards Saravanan has received several awards and titles for his performances, in particular, the Senior Fellowship from the Government of India and the Yuvakalabarathy award. He also received the Saptha Swara Kulal Isai Mani and the Senior Flautist awards from the Madras Music Academy. In the Rama Gana Sabha in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh he was honoured as Venu Gana Nipuna. He was a Flute lecturer with the Tamil Nadu Government Music College before he joined the SIFAS Academy as a Carnatic Vocal and Flute Tutor in January 2004. Saravanan has accompanied musicians including Padmashri Sudha Raghunathan, Nithyashree Mahadevan, Bombay Jayashri, Kalaimamani A. K. C. Natarajan in clarinet and flute duets, Sangeetha Kalanidhi and Padma Bhushan T.N.Seshagopalan, Sangeet Saamrat Chitravina N. Ravikiran and chiefly Padma Vibushan Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna on world tours. He has also performed with other famous accompanying artistes such as the tavil exponent Padmashri Valayaptti A. R. Subramaniam and Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel, the violin exponent Kumari A. Kanyakumari. He has also given Santoor-Flute Jugalbhandi concerts with the late R. Visweswaran, a disciple of the Santoor Maestro Pt. Shivkumar Sharma. His involvement in the dance fraternity is respectable being an accompanist to dance exponents such in the likes of Padmashri Smt. Sudharani Raghupathi, Padmashri Smt. Chitra Visweswaran and Padmashri Dr. Smt. Saraswathi Sundaresan. His copious fluidity in sangathi creation, strong raga bhava and apt control of rhythm got him the 1st prize in the All India Radio National Flute Competition in 1990 and has also won the gold medal in the Calcutta Youth Festival in 1996. Contribution in Singapore Saravanan is also a composer in the National Arts Council of Singapore (NAC) in the biennial National Indian Music Competition which showcases budding talents in the field of Indian Classical Music. The SIFAS octet ensemble which he composed in 2004 won the second prize in the competition. Saravanan's natural gift in understanding the nuances of Carnatic music, put him on the edge over other composer musicians in Singapore. His sensitivity and almost near diction in orchestrating Indian classical music is noteworthy. In 2006, he again created the SIFAS ensemble now with a ten-member team incorporating North Indian music instruments such as tabla and sitar in a Carnatic music orchestral piece, a unique ragatalamalika with different ragas and talas, blending with the traditional South Indian instruments with a pair of violins, a pair of support vocalists, flute, mridangam, and ghatam. In a challenging NAC National Indian Music competition, he won the second prize again and winning critical acclaim from the judges and the audience for his individual effort and unique creativity in orchestrating a Carnatic music ensemble blending North and South Indian music instruments. Bringing the sitar and veena, the tabla and mridangam in a single platform was conducted by him for the first time in a national music competition in Singapore. Saravanan has also composed several other compositions for the institution and in the year 2006, he also composed for the President of India, Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam a ragamalika based on the President's own poems, in a cultural show in SIFAS celebrating the visit of the president to SIFAS and was well received by the President himself. The experimentalist Saravanan is one of the few Carnatic flautists in the world, who has tailor made his flutes ranging from the venu to the bansuri by himself, partly due to his skill in recognising the accuracy of the swaras, which are often difficult to achieve in flutes. By recreating the 7 hole bansuri flute in the bamboo (from Kerala) used by venu flutes, he has widened the avenue of Carnatic style Bansuri playing in Carnatic music which was pioneered by his famous guru. This is a tediously time-consuming process taking years to form in timbre and quality before reaching the concert platform. In using these heavier yet deep base flutes which often require heavy blowing techniques as in the venu flutes to achieve the tonal clarity of the bansuri flutes made of the Assam bamboo, he is able to bridge the worlds of both the bansuri and the venu into a single classical dimension by playing both North and South Indian ragas with ease. This tireless effort has easily allowed him to collaborate with North Indian artistes such as the Orissi exponent Sonal Man Singh as he is able to bridge Carnatic techniques and North Indian ragas well. To increase his repertoire, he also performs in rare ragas, to explore more possibilities with the Carnatic flute. A teacher of purity As a Carnatic vocal and flute teacher, Saravanan imparts a performing verve to his students and the emphasis of practical presentation over theoretical knowledge proves that he is the torch bearer of Dr. N. Ramani's legacy. Just like his famous guru, his method of instruction is inclined towards excellent clarity of swarasthana with a high standard of classical tradition. Emphasising on the strong tradition of chaste Carnatic music strictly refraining from any form of popular music influences. In Singapore, he has won the respect and blessings of the most famous critic in Singapore's Carnatic music fraternity; Viswakala Bharathi Shri Eelanallur S. Sathyalingam, the music director of Apsaras Arts Ltd. A disciple of famous doyens like Mysore Vasudevachar, Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer and Papanasam Sivan in Kalakshetra, Shri Sathyalingam's music is synonymous with orthodox and tradition. Saravanan's students include students of all age groups and even a student of Dr. N. Ramani, who is currently the music director of the Indian orchestra in the National University of Singapore. Saravanan is also exploring inspiration from other genres of classical music from Hindustani to Western classical with even showing interest in Greek, Persian, and Chinese music to reach a yet higher level of performance in his concerts without altering the very fabric of Carnatic music. He has also founded a pioneer institution in Singapore, Vamshidwani in July 2007 to propagate and popularise the Carnatic flute in Singapore and around the region.	Tiruchy L. Saravanan
This is a list of mythological characters who appear in narratives concerning the Trojan War. Armies * See Catalogue of Ships ** See Trojan Battle Order Individuals Deaths and outcome of war This table lists characters killed during the war, and who was responsible for their deaths. Legend: survivors of the war = (✓), unknown fate = (?) and unknown killer or unexplained cause of death = (†) See also Catalogue of Ships Achaean Leaders Trojan Battle Order Trojan Horse List of Homeric characters List of children of Priam	List of Trojan War characters
The Kitchener Panthers are an independent, minor league baseball team of the Intercounty Baseball League based in Kitchener, Ontario. They play their home games at Jack Couch Baseball Park. The Panthers used to play at a ballpark in Victoria park before Jack Couch Park was built to replace the old Victoria Park stadium in 1967. History The Panthers were a founding member of the Intercounty Baseball League (along with Galt, Guelph and Stratford in 1919). The team changed names when the current league began play in 1957 as the Legionnaires and Dutchmen, but reverted to the current name in 1960. Championships Kitchener has won thirteen championships, the second most in the league, behind the Brantford Red Sox with fifteen. The Panthers have won in: Past players Bob McKillop - Chicago White Sox Organization 4-time ICBA MVP Gary Ebel - Oakland Athletics organization Ron Smith - San Francisco Giants organization Scott Medvin - Pittsburgh Pirates and Seattle Mariners Harry Psutka - Detroit Tigers Tom McKenzie - Canadian National Team Daniel Procopio - Houston Astros organization Yoanni Yera - Cuba national team and Mexican League 2021 roster Accurate as of June 8, 2021 Pitchers: Stephen Gade Brady Schnarr Daniel Marquez Matt Stoddart Michael Mommersteeg Christian Hauck Jorden Carthy Adam Robertson David Bruinsma Liam Devine Ryan Douglas Jacob Douglas Catchers: Ryley Davenport Noah Murciano Nick Parsons Dan Mahoney Infielders: Stephen Whalen Keegan Marsden Evyn Sherman Elliott Curtis Lucas DiLuca Liam Wilson AJ Karosas Outfielders: Jett Jarvis Andy Leader Blake Jacklin Ethan Baptie Jason Kauffeldt Carter Arbuthnot 2015 season The Kitchener Panthers had a great start to the 2015 season, first defeating the Toronto Maple Leafs, followed by a great pitching performance the following week in Barrie, Ontario, defeating the Barrie Baycats. They then went on to defeat the Guelph Royals and Brantford Red Sox. They were in 2nd place after 4 games, going 4-0 only behind the London Majors, who started 7–0. The Panthers' field was being reconstructed so even though their season started in early May, their home opener wasn't until May 28, 2015. In the home opener they played the Burlington Bandits and lost 8–7. Coach Tebo was ejected from the game for arguing a bad call by the umpire. The next Panthers game was on Friday, May 29, against the Hamilton Cardinals in Hamilton. The Panthers clinched the playoffs 2nd, and they faced the Hamilton Cardinals in the first round in 5 games. The second round went to 7 games against the London Majors. The Panthers won that, so they will play the Barrie Baycats in the finals with game 1 beginning Tuesday, August 25. The Panthers lost the series 4 games to 1 and Barrie won its 2nd straight IBL Championship. Panthers Hall of Fame 8 Tom Mckenzie 1966-1980 9 Bob Mckillop 1966-1977 10 Kevin Curran 1984-1999 13 Jeff Pietrazko 1995-2014 22 Randy Curran 1984–90, 95-2003 Tanner Nivins 2013-2019	Kitchener Panthers
The 8th Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 2002, were given on January 6, 2003. The organization, founded in 1990, includes 59 film critics for print, radio, television, and internet publications based in north Texas. Top 10 films Chicago (Academy Award for Best Picture) Far from Heaven The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers The Pianist About Schmidt Gangs of New York Adaptation. Road to Perdition Catch Me If You Can The Hours Winners Best Actor: Jack Nicholson – About Schmidt as Warren R. Schmidt Best Actress: Julianne Moore – Far from Heaven Best Animated Film: Spirited Away (Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi) Best Cinematography: Far from Heaven – Edward Lachman Best Director: Peter Jackson – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Best Documentary Film: Bowling for Columbine Best Film: Chicago Best Foreign Language Film: And Your Mother Too (Y tu mamá también) • Mexico Best Supporting Actor: Chris Cooper – Adaptation. as John Laroche Best Supporting Actress: Kathy Bates – About Schmidt Worst Film: FeardotCom	Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2002
Altenburg Abbey () is a Benedictine monastery in Altenburg, Lower Austria. It is situated about to the north of Krems an der Donau in the Waldviertel. It was founded in 1144，by Countess Hildeburg of Poigen-Rebgau. Throughout its history it suffered numerous invasions and attacks, and was destroyed by the Swedes in 1645. Under Emperor Joseph II in 1793 the abbey was forbidden to accept new novices, but unlike many others in Austria it succeeded in remaining functional. The abbey attained its present Baroque form under the direction of abbots Maurus Boxler and Placidus Much. The modernization of the abbey was supervised by the architect Josef Munggenast with support from some of the most distinguished artists and craftsmen of Austria: Paul Troger on the frescoes, Franz Josef Holzinger on the stucco work, and Johann Georg Hoppl on the marbling. The Baroque structure which replaced the earlier Romanesque abbey is said to be one of the finest in Austria. History Altenburg Abbey was founded in 1144 by Countess Hildeburg of Poigen-Rebgau. Archeological excavations carried out by the Federal Monuments Office between 1983 and 2005 have revealed evidence of its dating in the remains of a wall from the 12th century and of a Romanesque cloister dated to the 13th century. The monastery was destroyed and reconstructed as a result of numerous attacks. The first was in 1251 by Hermann V von Baden, followed by several by the Cumans between 1304 and 1327 and during the Hussite Wars from 1427 to 1430. It was attacked by Bohemia, Moravia and Hungary in 1448, and by the Turks in 1552. In 1327, some restoration work was carried out by Gertrude, the widow of Heidenreich von Gars. In 1645, the Swedes destroyed the abbey. Refurbishment took shape after the Thirty Years' War in the 17th and 18th centuries. The abbey took its present form in the Baroque style under the abbots Maurus Boxler and Placidus Much. Work was carried out under the supervision of the architect Josef Munggenast who was assisted by some of Austria's most distinguished artists and craftsmen: Paul Troger for the frescoes, Franz Josef Holzinger for the stucco work, and Johann Georg Hoppl for the marbling. Under Emperor Joseph II in 1793 the abbey was forbidden to accept new novices, but unlike many others in Austria it succeeded in remaining functional. Subsequent to the Revolution of 1848, its debts were cleared by the sale of some of the chapel's major artifacts. On 12 March 1938, Abbot Ambros Minarz refused to fly the Nazi's Swastika flag at the abbey which resulted in its occupation by the Sturmabteilung (a paramilitary organization of the Nazis SA) from 17 March 1938. For a brief period between 1940–1941 under the National Socialists the abbey was suspended, and in 1941 dissolved. The abbot was placed under arrest and the community dispossessed. From 1945 the premises were used as accommodation by Soviet occupying troops. Under Abbot Maurus Knappek (1947–1968) the buildings were restored and the community re-established. Since 1625, the abbey has been a member of the Austrian Congregation now within the Benedictine Confederation. Archeological excavations carried out in the chapel have revealed a medieval "monastery beneath the monastery". The finds include a refectory, a chapter house, the monks' working and living quarters, a cloister, a scriptorium, and a Gothic St. Vitus Chapel. Layout plan The abbey occupies a very large area with the front façade, which faces east, itself occupying a length of 200 m surrounded by a number of landscaped gardens. The abbey complex has 12 identified areas of: 1. Fountain Court 2. Convent Court 3. Kitchen Court 4. Prelates Court 5. Church Court 6. Johann's Court 7. Great Abbey Court 8. Abbey Church 9. Library Wing (Crypt) 10. Marble Wing (Sala terrena) 11. Inner Medieval Monastery (Cloister) 12. Outer Medieval Monastery> Features The abbey displays a fusion of Baroque and Rococo stucco architectural styles in its interiors. During the reconstruction, the library, imperial staircase and marble hall were added. The staircase, abbey church and library are noted for the frescoes painted by Paul Troger. Those in the vestibule leading to the library are the work of his student, Johann Jakob Zeiller. The library, built in 1740, is of Baroque architectural elegance, an imposing room that rises to three stories in height. The library hall is long and its ceiling is decorated with frescoes crafted by Paul Troger. Among the many frescoes, the distinctive ones are the Judgment of Solomon, the Wisdom of God and the Light of Faith. Beneath the library is a large crypt which is also decorated with many frescoes by unknown artists; one particular scene which is fierce in appearance is that of the Dance of Death. The church is oval-shaped and bears a dome. It was renovated in 1730–33 by Joseph Munggenast. The dome is also decorated with Troger frescoes. The main feature of the altarpiece is a painting Assumption of Mary, topped by a representation of the Trinity. Gardens In recent years, a number of well-tended gardens in different styles have been developed around the monastery. They were all planted by the monks themselves with assistance from the Natur im Garten project as well as from nurseries in the area. Once the abbey park, Der Garten der Religionen (the Garden of Religions) is the largest of the gardens. It was recently used for growing Christmas trees and fruit trees. The garden now consists of five landscaped areas dedicated to the world's five main religions – Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. It also has a large natural pond surrounded by a meadow full of wild flowers, a group of trees, and the old plum grove where the local livestock can be seen. There is also an apple tree area reflecting the "monastery under the monastery" theme. Der Apothekergarten (the Apothecary Garden) on the eastern side of the monastery has been developed on the spot where there once used to be a garden of herbs which were used for medicinal purposes in the Middle Ages. The present garden has been developed along more modern lines of horticultural science. Der Schöpfungsgarten (the Garden of Creation) has been developed on the southern part of the abbey church where the Source Garden used to be. The theme of the park is theological: the story of the creation. There is a bench under the large walnut tree which has been cited as one of the best spots to be on a hot summer's day. Der Garten der Stille (the Garden of Tranquillity), the most recent addition, has been developed to the east where there used to be a game reserve. It is a naturally landscaped garden consisting of an orchard, a vineyard, an area for butterflies, insect hives and a hobby garden. There are 11 stone sculptures by Eva Vorpagel-Redl that are fixed at strategic locations along paths which lead to the forest area. There is also a platform here which provides views of the impressive eastern facade of the chapel and the eastern part of the medieval monastery. Der Kreuzganggarten is simply the cloister garden. Gallery	Altenburg Abbey
Afyonkarahisar (, "poppy, opium", kara "black", hisar "fortress") is a city in western Turkey. It is the administrative centre of Afyonkarahisar Province and Afyonkarahisar District. Its population is 251,799 (2021). Afyon is in the mountainous countryside inland from the Aegean coast, south-west of Ankara along the Akarçay River. In Turkey, Afyonkarahisar stands out as a capital city of hot springs and spas, an important junction of railway, highway and air traffic in West-Turkey, and the place where independence was won. In addition, Afyonkarahisar is one of the top leading provinces in agriculture, globally renowned for its marble and is the world's largest producer of pharmaceutical opium. In antiquity the city was called Akroinon and it is the side of Afyonkarahisar Castle. Etymology The name Afyon Kara Hisar literally means opium black castle in Turkish, since opium was widely grown here and there is a castle on a black rock. Also known simply as Afyon. Older spellings include Karahisar-i Sahip, Afium-Kara-hissar and Afyon Karahisar. The city was known as Afyon (opium), until the name was changed to Afyonkarahisar by the Turkish Parliament in 2004. History Ancient times The top of the rock in Afyon has been fortified for a long time. It was known to the Hittites as Hapanuwa, and was later occupied by Phrygians, Lydians and Achaemenid Persians until it was conquered by Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander the city (now known as Akroinοn (Ακροϊνόν) or Nikopolis (Νικόπολις) in Ancient Greek), was ruled by the Seleucids and the kings of Pergamon, then Rome and Byzantium. Medieval period Akroinοn became an important fortress in the Armeniakon theme due to its strategic location and natural defences and was first mentioned in Byzantine history when it was attacked in 716 and 732 by Arabs invaders. The Byzantine emperor Leo III renamed the city Nicopolis (Greek for "city of victory") after his victory over Arab besiegers under Abdallah al-Battal (who would become the famous Turkish literature figure of Battal Gazi) in 740. Since the 10th century it was also a bishopric of Phrygia Salutaris. After 1071 the town became part of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the invading Turks. The city was still held by the former in 1112 but was lost to the Sultanate of Rum at some time before 1146 when Manuel I Komnenos won a vicotry here. The Turks were unable to firmly control the city until around 1210, renaming it to Kara Hissar ("black castle") after the ancient fortress situated upon a volcanic rock 201 meters above the town. Following the dispersal of the Seljuqs the town was occupied by the Sâhib Ata and then the Germiyanids. The castle was finally conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I in 1392 but was lost after the invasion of Timur Lenk in 1402. It was recaptured in 1428 or 1429. Modern times The area thrived during the Ottoman Empire, as the centre of opium production and Afyon became a wealthy city. From 1867 until 1922, Afyon was part of the Hüdavendigâr vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. In 1902, a fire burning for 32 hours destroyed parts of the city. During the 1st World War British prisoners of war who had been captured at Gallipoli were housed here in an empty Armenian church at the foot of the rock. During the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) campaign (part of the Turkish War of Independence) Afyon and the surrounding hills were occupied by Greek forces. However, it was recovered on 27 August 1922, a key moment in the Turkish counter-attack in the Aegean region. After 1923 Afyon became a part of the Republic of Turkey. The region was a major producer of raw opium (hence the name Afyon) until the late 1960s when under international pressure, from the US in particular, the fields were burnt and production ceased. Now poppies are grown under a strict licensing regimen. They do not produce raw opium any more but derive Morphine and other opiates using the poppy straw method of extraction. Afyon was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknote of 1927–1938. Economy The economy of Afyonkarahisar is based on agriculture, industries and thermal tourism. Especially its agriculture is strongly developed from the fact, a large part of its population living in the countrysides. Which stimulated agricultural activities greatly. Marble Afyonkarahisar produces an important chunk of Turkish processed marbles, it ranks second on processed marble exports and fourth on travertine. Afyon holds an important share of Turkish marble reserves, with some 12,2% of total Turkish reserves. Historically marble from Afyon was generally referred to as "Docimeaen marble" due to the place where it was mined, Docimium. Afyon has unique marble types and colors, which were historically very renown and are unique to Afyon such as "Afyon white", historically known as "Synnadic white", "Afyon Menekse", historically known as "Pavonazzetto", and "Afyon kaplan postu", a less popular type. Docimian marble was highly admired and valued for its unique colors and fine grained quality by ancient people such as the Romans. When the Romans took control over Docimaean quarries, they were impressed by the beautiful color combinations of the Docimaean Pavonazzetto, which is a type of white marble with purple veins. Emperors such as Augustus, Trajan and Hadrian made extensive use of Docimaean marble to many of their major building projects. These include the Pantheon, Trajan's Forum and the Basilica Aemilia. Thermal sector The geography of Afyon has great geothermal activity. Hence, the place has plenty of thermal springs. There are five main springs and all of them have high mineral content with temperatures ranging between 40 and 100 °C. The waters have strong healing properties to some diseases. As a result, plenty of thermal facilities formed over time. In time, Afyon has developed its thermal sector with more capacity, comfort and innovation. Afyon combined the traditional bath houses with 5-star resorts, the health benefits of the natural springs have put the thermal resorts further then a mere attraction. Hospitals and universities have come in association with thermal resorts, to utilize the full health potentials of the thermals. As such, Afyon Kocatepe University Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital opened for that purpose. Afyon now has the largest residence capacity of thermal resorts, of which a large part are 5-star thermal hotels which give medical care with qualified personnel. Spa water Kızılay, was the first mineral water factory in Turkey which opened in Afyon, in 1926 by Atatürk. After the mineral water from Gazligöl springs, healed Atatürk's kidneys and proved its health benefits. Since its foundation, "Kızılay Spa Water" grew as the biggest spa water distributor in Turkey, Middle-East and Balkans. Pharmaceuticals and morphine Almost a third of all the morphine produced in the world derives from alkaloids factory in Afyon, named as "Afyon Alkaloids". this large capacity is the byproduct of Afyon's poppy plantations. The pharmaceuticals derive from the opium of the poppy capsules. "Afyon Alkaloids" factory is the largest of its kind in the world, with high capacity processing ability and modern laboratories. The raw opium is put through a chain of biochemical processes, resulting into several types of morphine. In the Alkaloid Extraction Unit only base morphine is produced. In the adjacent Derivatives Unit half of the morphine extracted is converted to morphine hydrochloride, codeine, codeine phosphate, codeine sulphate, codeine hydrochloride, morphine sulphate, ethylmorphine hydrochloride. Agriculture Livestocks Afyon breeds a large amount of livestocks, its landscape and demography is suitable for this field. As such it ranks in the top 10 within Turkey in terms of amounts of sheep and cattle it has. Meat and meat products As a result of being an important source of livestock, related sectors such as meat and meat products are also very productive in Afyon. Its one of the leading provinces in red meat production and has very prestigious brand marks of sausages, such as "Cumhuriyet Sausages". Eggs Afyon is the sole leader in egg production within Turkey. It has the largest amount of laying hens, with a figure of 12,7 million. And produces a record amount of 6 million eggs per day. Cherries and sour cherries Sour cherries are cultivated in Afyon in very large numbers, so much so that it became very iconic to Afyon. Every year, a sour cherry festival takes place in the Cay district. It is the largest producer of sour cherries in Turkey. The sour cherries grown in Afyon are of excellent quality because of the ideal climate they're grown in. For the same reason Afyon is also an ideal place for cherry cultivation. First quality cherries known as "Napolyon Cherries" are grown in abundance, its one of the top 5 leading provinces. Poppy One of the iconic agricultural practices of Afyon is the cultivation of poppy. Afyon's climate is ideal for the cultivation of this plant, hence a large amount of poppy plantation occurs in this region. Though, a strong limitation came some decades ago from international laws, cause of the opium content of poppy plants peels. Nevertheless, Afyon is the largest producer of poppy in Turkey and accounts for a large amount of global production. Potatoes and sugar-beets Afyon has a durable reputation in potato production, it produces around 8% of Turkish potato need. It ranks in the top 5 in potato, sugar-beets, cucumber and barley production. Climate Afyonkarahisar has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen classification and an oceanic climate with a warm summer and a cool winter (Dobk) under the Trewartha classification. The winters are cool and the summers are warm and dry with cool nights. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Afyon today Afyon is the centre of an agricultural area and the city has a country town feel to it. There is little in the way of bars, cafes, live music or other cultural amenities, and the standards of education are low for a city in the west of Turkey. Nonetheless, the city does host one seat of higher education, Afyon Kocatepe University. Afyon is known for its marble (in 2005 there were 355 marble quarries in the province of Afyon producing high quality white stone), its sucuk (spiced sausages), its kaymak (meaning either cream or a white Turkish delight) and various handmade weavings. There is also a large cement factory. This is a natural crossroads, the routes from Ankara to İzmir and from Istanbul to Antalya intersect here and Afyon is a popular stopping-place on these journeys. There are a number of well-established roadside restaurants for travellers to breakfast on the local cuisine. Some of these places are modern well-equipped hotels and spas; the mineral waters of Afyon are renowned for their healing qualities. There is also a long string of roadside kiosks selling the local Turkish delight. Transport Afyon is also an important rail junction between İzmir, Konya, Ankara and Istanbul. Afyon is on the route of the planned high-speed rail line between Ankara and Izmir.Zafer Airport, located 60 km from city center, serves Afyonkarahisar. Four flights per week to Istanbul, and seasonal flights to international destinations are available. Cuisine Courses sucuk - the famed local speciality, a spicy beef sausage, eaten fried or grilled. The best known brands include Cumhuriyet, Ahmet İpek, İkbal, İtimat and Danet but only 2 brands has the geographical indication and these are Cumhuriyet & Danet (Vahdet Et). ağzaçık or bükme - filo-style pastry stuffed with cheese or lentils. keşkek - boiled wheat and chick peas stewed with meat. Sweets local cream kaymak eaten with honey, with a bread pudding ekmek kadayıf, or with pumpkin simmered in syrup. Best eaten at the famous Ikbal restaurants (either the old one in the town centre or the big place on the main road). Turkish delight. helva - sweetened ground sesame Main sights Afyonkarahisar Castle Victory Museum (Zafer Müzesi), a national military and war museum, which was used as headquarters by then Commander-in-Chief Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), his chief general staff and army commanders before the Great Offensive in August 1922. In the very city center, across the fortress, featuring maps, uniforms, photos, guns from the Greco-Turkish War. The partly ruined fortress which has given the city its name. To reach at the top, eight hundred stairs need to be climbed. The Afyonkarahisar Archaeological Museum which houses thousands of Hellenic, Frigian, Hittite, Roman, Ottoman finds. Afyon Ulu Camii (the Great Mosque) Altıgöz Bridge, like the Ulu Camii built by the Seljuqs in the 13th century. Afyon mansion () situated on a hill overlooking the panoramic plain. the White Elephant - Afyon is twinned with the town of Hamm in Germany, and now has a large statue of Hamm's symbolic white elephant. With its rich architectural heritage, the city is a member of the European Association of Historic Towns and Regions . Twin towns – sister cities Nyíregyháza, Hungary, since 1992 Greece, Athens, since 1999 Turkistan, Kazakhstan Hamm, Germany, since 2005 Peć, Kosovo, since 2008 Yunfu, China, since 2007 Latakia, Syria, since 2009 Notable natives Following list is alphabetically sorted after family name. Mihran Mesrobian (1889-1975), architect and decorated Ottoman soldier İlker Başbuğ (1943), former Chief of the General Staff of Turkey Ali Çetinkaya (1879-1949), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish politician Fikret Emek (1963), retired military personnel of the Special Forces Command Veysel Eroğlu (1948), Minister of Environment and Forestry Bülent İplikçioğlu (1952), historian Fazıl Şenel (1972), High Commissioner / Board Member of EMRA (EPDK), Ex-President of BOTAŞ Ahmed Karahisari (1468- 1566), Ottoman calligrapher Gülcan Mıngır (1989), European Champion Middle-distance runner Ahmet Necdet Sezer (1941), former President of Turkey Sibel Özkan Öz (1988), Olympic medalist female weightlifter Nurgül Yeşilçay (1976), actress Gunay Uslu (1972), Secretary of State Netherlands See also 2012 Afyonkarahisar arsenal explosion	Afyonkarahisar
Kiss Symphony: Alive IV is a 2003 live album from the American rock band, Kiss, performing with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (MSO). The arrangements were made by David Campbell, who also conducted the MSO. It is the group's fourth album in the Alive series and first release under Kiss Records and Sanctuary Records. Album information The concert from which the album is taken featured original Kiss members Peter Criss, Paul Stanley, and Gene Simmons. All three appeared at a press conference announcing the show. "The result will be no less than a symphonic sonic boom," promised Stanley. "Beethoven and Mozart will rise up dancing with fists raised as we unleash a spectacle that will be both classic and classical. This time it's black tie and black leather." Members of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra who accompanied Kiss during this performance wore Kiss makeup and tuxedos. Although Stanley said, "We're hoping Ace will be at this spectacular concert," guitarist Frehley once again left the band. The show instead introduced new member Tommy Thayer as the "Spaceman". The resultant album was Kiss's last to feature Criss – who would leave the band officially in 2004, to be replaced once again by Eric Singer. (Singer had previously rejoined the band to replace Criss in 2001 after the band's first Farewell Tour.) In 2000, Kiss had planned to release the original Alive IV (featuring the reunited original lineup), but this was nixed by label politics and contracts. The artwork was revealed and its version of "Rock and Roll All Nite" was added to The Box Set, but the album was shelved. The band moved labels from Universal/Island to Sanctuary Music and issued Kiss Symphony: Alive IV. The original Alive IV belatedly appeared – as Alive! The Millennium Concert – in a 2006 box set of all the Alive albums, Kiss Alive! 1975-2000. 10,000 limited numbered copies were released on vinyl in the US. Unlike past Alive releases, the songs on the album appear in the order they were performed, with the concert split into three acts. In Act One, Kiss performed six songs by themselves. In Act Two, they performed a five-song acoustic set with the Melbourne Symphony Ensemble. Act Three featured the band and the full 60-piece orchestra on all tracks. The live versions of "Rock and Roll All Nite", "God of Thunder" and "Lick It Up" were featured on the soundtrack of the video game Tony Hawk's Underground. The game also featured a bonus level, entitled "Hotter Than Hell", which takes place where the performance was done in Melbourne. Track listing All tracks were recorded at Marvel Stadium (known at the time as Telstra Dome) in Melbourne, Australia, on February 28, 2003. 2-disc edition Disc 1 Disc 2 Single-Disc Edition Personnel Members Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar Gene Simmons – vocals, bass Peter Criss – drums, vocals Tommy Thayer – lead guitar, backing vocals Additional personnel The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Mark Opitz – producer Tony Wall – engineer David Campbell – composer Charts Certifications	Kiss Symphony: Alive IV
Edward C. "Ed" Cobb (February 25, 1938 – September 19, 1999) was an American musician, songwriter, and record producer, most notably during the 1950s and 1960s. He is best known for writing the song "Tainted Love" for Gloria Jones, which later became a hit worldwide when it was covered by Soft Cell. Career The Four Preps Cobb was a member of the pop group the Four Preps from its discovery in 1956 until he left the group in 1966, three years before it disbanded. Songwriting His greatest claim to fame was that he wrote the northern soul hit "Tainted Love" for Gloria Jones, which Soft Cell reworked into one of the biggest pop hits of the 1980s. Ed Cobb also wrote a number of songs for the highly influential American rock band The Standells. He wrote their top ten hit "Dirty Water" and multiple other songs for the band. Credited for Rihanna’s song “SOS.” Record production After his performing career ended, Cobb became fully focused on work as a record producer and sound engineer, which he had already begun doing by the Four Preps' breakup. He worked with such acts as the Standells, the Lettermen, Ketty Lester, the Chocolate Watch Band, the Piltdown Men, Fleetwood Mac, Steely Dan, and Pink Floyd. Cobb also wrote songs for many of his acts, most famously 1966's "Dirty Water" for the Standells, 1964's "Every Little Bit Hurts" for Brenda Holloway, and 1965's "Tainted Love". Throughout his producing and engineering career, Cobb earned thirty-two gold and platinum records, and three Grammy Award nominations. Personal life In his private life, Cobb was a champion horse breeder and, for a short while, served as president of the Idaho Racing Commission. Cobb died of leukemia on September 19, 1999, in Honolulu, Hawaii, at the age of 61. Songs Cobb wrote, or co-wrote the following songs, most notably recorded by the artists noted: "Heartbeat" – Gloria Jones, later covered by the Remo Four "Brontosaurus Stomp" – The Piltdown Men "Dirty Water", "Barracuda", "Sometimes Good Guys Don't Wear White" (later covered by Minor Threat, the Outlets, and the Vaccines), "Why Pick on Me" – The Standells "Every Little Bit Hurts" – Brenda Holloway, Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight & The Pips, Etta James, Petula Clark, Cilla Black, the Small Faces, Jimi Hendrix, George Clinton, The Spencer Davis Group, Jeffrey Osborne, Teena Marie, The Clash, The Jam, Alicia Keys "I'll Always Love You", "You Are Very Much a Part of Me" – Brenda Holloway "No Way Out", "Sweet Young Thing" – The Chocolate Watchband "Tainted Love" – originally recorded by Gloria Jones in 1964 but her version did not chart. Significantly reworked by Soft Cell and released in 1981, becoming a No. 1 hit in 17 countries and remaining one of the most enduring pop songs of the 1980s. Later covered by Coil, Marilyn Manson, the Scorpions, and reworked for the hit song "SOS" by Rihanna.	Ed Cobb
Luke 5 is the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, traditionally attributed to Luke the Evangelist, a companion of Paul the Apostle on his missionary journeys. The chapter relates the recruitment of Jesus' first disciples and continues to describe Jesus' teaching and healing ministry. Early criticism from the Jewish religious authorities is encountered as the chapter progresses. Text The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 39 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: Papyrus 4 (AD 150-175; extant verses: 3-8, 30-39) Papyrus 75 (175-225) Codex Vaticanus (325-350) Codex Sinaiticus (330-360) Codex Bezae (~400) Codex Washingtonianus (~400) Codex Alexandrinus (400-440) Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450) Codex Guelferbytanus B (5th century: extant verses 1-4) Catching fish and people: The first disciples (5:1-11) Verses 1-11 report the call of Jesus' first disciples. Jesus arrives at the Lake of Gennesaret, or Sea of Galilee. Biblical scholar William Smith suggests that "there was a beautiful and fertile plain called 'Gennesaret'" at the northwestern angle of the Sea of Galilee, and "from that was derived the name of 'Lake of Gennesaret'" used by Luke in . According to Eric Franklin, Gennesaret was the district to the south of Capernaum, where Jesus' ministry in chapter 4 had been set. Here Jesus proceeds to preach the "word of God" to the many listeners, using Simon's fishing boat as a platform. Afterwards he asks the fishermen to go out fishing again. They are reluctant, as they had been unsuccessful during the night before, but following his request they catch a large load and are amazed. Jesus then calls Simon (Peter) and his partners, James and John, the sons of Zebedee, into his ministry, and says to Simon: "From now on you (singular) will be catching people". Presbyterian writer Marvin Vincent notes that "both Matthew and Mark make the promise to be addressed to Peter and his companions; Luke to Peter alone". The story of the calling of the first disciples is also told in Mark 1:16-20 and Matthew 4:18-22, although Matthew's account also includes Andrew, Simon's brother. The story is expanded by Luke, who links it to the miraculous catch of fish. Luke also has already revealed that Jesus had healed Simon's mother-in-law establishing a link between the two. Franklin notes an emphasis on Simon Peter's discernment of "the presence of God in Jesus", comparable to the prophet Isaiah's reaction to his vision of "the Lord of Hosts" in :{{rp\|933} Woe is me, for I am undone!Because I am a man of unclean lips. (Isaiah 6:5)Depart from me, Lord, for I am a sinful man. (Luke 5:8) The calling of the first disciples is related in a different manner in John's Gospel, not in connection with the miraculous catch of fish, and with Andrew being the intermediary who brings Simon to Jesus. In the final chapter of John's Gospel, the evangelist relates a later miraculous catch of fish, when the risen Jesus encounters seven of his disciples fishing again at the lake. At first, they do not recognize him. Then Jesus asks them to fish on the right side of the boat. They catch a large load and start to recognize who he is (John 21:1-14). Healing of a leper (5:12-14) Jesus encounters a leper who falls on his face, beseeching him directly, "Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean" (verse 12b). Jesus touches him - an unusual gesture, as lepers were quarantined according to the Jewish Law (Leviticus 13-14) - and heals him: "be thou clean". Healing occurs in an instant. Jesus asks him to present himself to the priest. This will provide an official confirmation of the healing and, along with an offering, comply with the Law, "just as Moses commanded" (verse 14). Jesus' fame and his retreat (5:15-16) Jesus is now followed by many who listen to him and want to be healed. Luke comments that he often retreated into the wilderness to pray. Jesus' habit of spending time in prayer is mentioned several times in Luke: 3:21, here, 6:12, 9:18, 9:29, and 22:41. Healing of the paralyzed man (5:17-26) Jesus is teaching in a house with Pharisees and teachers of the Law in attendance. Luke points out that the members of the religious authorities come from Galilee, Judea, and Jerusalem. There is a paralyzed man and his friends bring him to Jesus, by lowering him from above through the roof of the house. When Jesus sees the faith of his friends, he declares that his sins are forgiven. In the eyes of the religious authorities, Jesus' act of forgiveness represents blasphemy. He knows their thoughts and challenges them: which is easier, to forgive sins or to heal? (Anybody can say he forgives sins.) Jesus then commands the man to get up, take his mat, and go home. Jesus' instantaneous healing proves his authority to forgive sins. The people praise God, but with the seemingly silent presence of the religious authorities Luke has started to set the stage for the growing conflict. This story is also related in Mark 2. In John 5, Jesus also heals a paralyzed man (at the pool of Bethesda), which brings him into conflict with the religious authorities, because the healing takes place on the Sabbath. The calling of Levi (5:27-32) Jesus calls on Levi, a tax collector, to follow him. Levi does so immediately. Later he arranges for a big feast for Jesus with other tax collectors are in attendance. Pharisees and some teachers of the law complain that Jesus is feasting with tax collectors and other outcasts. Tax collectors are despised as they collaborate with the Romans and tend to enrich themselves. Jesus' answer is that people who are healthy do not need a doctor, he has come to help those who need to repent. This event is also related in and in (where the tax collector is called Matthew). About fasting (5:33-35) Criticism arises about the conduct of Jesus' disciples, their lack of fasting and praying - in contrast to the disciples of John the Baptist and those of the Pharisees, they eat and drink instead. In reply, Jesus likens himself to a bridegroom and his disciples to guests of the wedding feast. Now, while he is still with them, is the time to celebrate, but he also, for the first time in his ministry, points to his death. Fasting will be appropriate when he has departed: in "we are told that they did fast". A double parable (5:36-39) The response to the criticism about fasting is immediately followed by a double parable. Jesus compares "old" and "new": firstly, a new patch of garment is not fit for an old garment, and secondly, new wine is not fit for old wineskins. The reasons are clear: tearing a new piece of clothing to fix an old clothing would destroy the new one and may not fit, and using old wineskins that have already been stretched by use may not accommodate new wine that will expand the old wineskin beyond its limits during fermentation: they burst and all is lost. The parable is also recounted in and , but only Luke uses the term παραβολὴν, (parabolēn, a parable) in his account. A traditional interpretation of the double parable is that Jesus' new teaching cannot be accommodated by the old patterns of thought: His ministry differs from the Jewish tradition. This interpretation of the incompatibility of the "New" and the "Old" may date back to Marcion and has also been used as an argument by later reformers within the Church. Verse 39And no one, having drunk old wine, immediately desires new; for he says, 'The old is better'.'' Jesus proceeds to declare that old wine is usually preferred to new wine"the old [wine] is better"a comment not found in the other two synoptic gospels. This verse gives rise to some difficulty in interpretation. If Jesus is teaching a separation from Judaism, would he say that the old is better? A number of explanations have been given. One view holds that the line does not belong here and should be disregarded or removed, a view taken by Marcion. Another view proposes that Jesus is just pointing out that old and familiar patterns are hard to shed. Another explanation suggests that Jesus is trying to save the Old, and the New refers to the teachings of his critics. Other explanations retranslate the Greek original words differently in an attempt to make sense of the statement. A different approach is the proposal not to assume that Jesus is talking about "old" and "new" religious teachings, but about his ways of choosing disciples. So Jesus uses new methods (new clothes) to provide new men (wineskins) with a new message (wine). He does not reject the "Old", but the "Old" is limited and not accessible to everybody. As he starts his ministry he demonstrates that his reach is inclusive, thus he finds the sinners, the rejected, the poor and the sick. The interpretation favored by John Calvin looks at old garments and old wineskins as representations of Jesus' disciples. In his Commentary on Matthew, Mark, and Luke he explains that the new wine and unshrunk cloth represent the practice of fasting twice a week. Fasting this way would be burdensome to the new disciples, and would be more than they could bear. See also Fish Tax collector Wine Notes	Luke 5
Harsewinkel () is a town in Gütersloh District in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It lies on the river Ems, some 15 km north-west of Gütersloh. It is the home and domicile of Europe's leading combine harvester manufacturer CLAAS, which is a major employer in the town. Notable people Josef Homeyer (1929–2010), Roman Catholic bishop Adrian Wewer, Church architect in the United States Johann Christoph Rincklake, painter	Harsewinkel
The Central Intelligence Agency Act, , is a United States federal law enacted in 1949. The Act, also called the "CIA Act of 1949" or "Public Law 110" permitted the Central Intelligence Agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures and exempting it from many of the usual limitations on the use of federal funds. The act (Section 7) also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It also created a program called "PL-110" to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" outside normal immigration procedures, as well as give those persons cover stories and economic support. It was passed by the United States Congress on May 27. The Act is now codified at . Constitutional challenge The Act's Constitutionality was challenged in 1972 in the Supreme Court case United States v. Richardson, on the basis that the Act conflicted with the penultimate clause of Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution, which states that "No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." The Supreme Court found that Richardson, as a taxpayer, lacked sufficient undifferentiated injury to enjoy standing to argue the case.	Central Intelligence Agency Act
The range of area codes 600-699 is reserved AT Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Sinaloa and Sonora. (For other areas, see Area codes in Mexico by code). 6	Area codes in Mexico by code (600-699)
Two Sides of the Moon is the only solo studio album by the English rock musician Keith Moon, drummer for the Who. It peaked at No. 155 on the Billboard 200. The album title was credited to Ringo Starr. Rather than using the album as a chance to showcase his drumming skill, Moon sang lead vocals on all tracks, and played drums only on three of the tracks ("Crazy Like a Fox", "The Kids Are Alright" and "Move Over Ms. L"), although he played percussion on "Don't Worry Baby". The album features contributions from Ringo Starr, Harry Nilsson, Joe Walsh of the Eagles, Jim Keltner, Bobby Keys, Klaus Voormann, John Sebastian, Flo & Eddie (Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan of the Turtles), Spencer Davis, Dick Dale, Suzi Quatro's sister Patti Quatro, Patti's bandmates from Fanny Jean Millington and Nickey Barclay, and future actor Miguel Ferrer. Background Moon was the last member of the Who to release a solo album: by this point, John Entwistle had released Smash Your Head Against the Wall (with Moon playing percussion and singing backing vocals), Roger Daltrey released his hit album Daltrey (1973), and Pete Townshend had produced several Meher Baba tribute albums and the demo compilation Who Came First (1972). Moon had moved into the Beverly Wilshire Hotel with assistant Dougal Butler in March 1974, to play on the sessions for Harry Nilsson's Pussy Cats. The album was produced by John Lennon, who had been ejected from the Troubadour with Nilsson for drunkenly heckling a Smothers Brothers performance several days before Moon's arrival. The three, along with Ringo Starr (who also drummed on Pussy Cats), Lennon's girlfriend May Pang, bassist Klaus Voormann, Voormann's girlfriend Cynthia Webb, and Starr's manager Hilary Gerrard, moved together into a Santa Monica beach house for three weeks. The sessions were affected by Lennon, Nilsson, Moon and Starr's excessive lifestyles and drug abuse, ultimately prompting Lennon to relocate the sessions to New York City to separate himself and Nilsson from the Los Angeles party scene. At the time of Moon's arrival, Lennon had made initial recordings for Rock 'n' Roll (1975) with Phil Spector, and David Bowie and Bryan Ferry had also released cover albums; Bowie's Pin Ups (1973) notably included two songs by the Who, "I Can't Explain" and "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere". Encountering the Beatles' former road manager Mal Evans on the Sunset Strip, Moon suggested that Evans produce a solo album for him. Recording The first song, a cover version of the Beach Boys' "Don't Worry Baby", was recorded in late March at the Record Plant Studios, with musicians that included John Sebastian, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, Jesse Ed Davis, and Miguel Ferrer playing drums. Kaylan described the album as "a fantasy record for him", allowing him to live out his fantasy to "be a Beach Boy". For this reason, Moon largely avoided playing the drums, as he considered drumming his "job". Moon left Los Angeles on 19 April to begin filming Tommy, and after the filming concluded, unofficially relocated to California in August 1974, to work on the studio album. The album would be funded by a recording contract directly with Los Angeles' MCA Records arranged by Bill Curbishley and Peter Rudge, as funding was unavailable from London due to Track Records' legal problems with former Who managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp, and Moon's extravagant spending habits that led to reluctance to fund the sessions. Biographer Tony Fletcher expresses astonishment in Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon (1998) that MCA approved the album's recording and released the "travesty of a Beach Boys cover" as a single rather than rejecting the master tapes for "Don't Worry Baby". Much like the difficulties that befell Pussy Cats and Rock 'n' Roll, the sessions for Two Sides of the Moon were affected by the "lazy and decadent self-indulgence that permeated the superstar scene of mid-seventies LA". The routine of inconsistent working hours and lengthy indulgence, particularly of alcohol and drugs, slowed down the sessions considerably; the atmosphere of the studio resembled that of a club. One of the album's engineers, Gary Ladinsky, recalled: "You'd get something done for an hour, and then it's a party scene. Eventually, you clear out the studio and you might do something for another half an hour, and then people wander out, and you realise, 'I guess the session is over.'" After "Teenage Idol", with Dick Dale guesting on guitar, was delivered to MCA, Evans was fired as producer, which Fletcher attributes to Moon's realisation that the sessions were largely fruitless and Evans' own drinking problem was worsening. He was replaced as producer by Skip Taylor, who was described by Volman and engineer John Stronach as the main provider of drugs for the sessions. Taylor did not dispute the assessment: "I would go in and decide, is this a night where we should have a little brandy, or should we smoke some stuff, or should we put a couple of lines out?" Most of the musicians involved saw no real difference as a result of the change. Kaylan commented that after recording his parts twice, "Basically it was the same record." Joe Walsh, who was then recording So What with Stronach at the Record Plant, was brought in to play additional guitar on "The Kids Are Alright" late in the sessions. He described the results as "semi-train wrecks" and expressed surprise that Moon had only used two producers since he would "fry" anyone who worked with him. Moon's contributions to the album were primarily vocals. He only played drums on three songs, simultaneously accompanied by session drummers. Stronach said that the sessions had two drummers: "One to keep time and then Keith to play over it." The first set of vocals recorded with Evans was discarded, as all had been recorded while Moon was inebriated; Taylor characterised them as "a guy from England trying to sound like a guy from Nashville but having about five belts before he did it." Taylor demanded that Moon abandon the country twang in which he had sung the early songs (and which is noticeable on outtakes such as "I'm Not Angry"), and sing in the posh accent he regularly mimicked. Fletcher comments that so many musicians were brought in to try to "salvage" the record (sixty being credited on the final album, with several others such as Brian Wilson having been rumoured to have contributed as well) that it resulted in Moon sounding more like "the guest on someone else's record". Moon's behaviour during the sessions reflected his self-destructive lifestyle and worsening health. Recording vocals one night in Studio B under a low ceiling covered in spotlights, he smashed a light bulb with an ashtray every time recording was stopped because he failed to hit a note, ending up destroying the entire light fixture. Stronach recalled, "He'd come in, reach into his pockets, and there'd be pills and cocaine falling out." While Moon had previously been able to sing adequately on several songs from the A Quick One (1966), Ready Steady Who (1966), The Who Sell Out (1967) and Quadrophenia (1973) sessions, his strained and frequently off-key vocals on Two Sides of the Moon contributed to feelings of inadequacy and depression throughout recording. MCA's then-president Mike Maitland told Taylor at their first meeting that a lot of money had been invested before he assumed production duties, and that MCA was "prepared to spend an enormous sum of money in promotion and marketing". This was exactly what happened: Fletcher states that "well over $200,000" was spent for "recording costs alone", and that Moon claimed to receive a non-returnable advance for the same amount. With the album being prepared for release in 1975, MCA initially refused to pay for the elaborate sleeve designed by Gary Stromberg. Moon, Taylor and Stronach went to meet with Maitland; Moon asked Taylor to stop in front of an Army and Navy store on the way, and returned with a fire axe, which he kept hidden on himself. Maitland once again denied their sleeve request, criticising them for the excessive cost of the album. Moon responded by placing himself directly in front of Maitland and held the fire axe above Maitland's mahogany partners desk, and said, "What's it going to be, dear boy? My album cover or a new desk?" Content Originally recorded for his own album, but not released on it, John Lennon gave Moon the track "Move Over Ms. L" and later did his own version. "Solid Gold", written by keyboardist Nickey Barclay, was originally recorded by her band Fanny. Vinyl pressings of the Two Sides of the Moon had text etched into the run-out groove of side 1 that read "Grown Men Did This". The record itself was contained in an elaborate reversible inner sleeve that, when flipped, changed the front cover to show Moon's buttocks hanging from the limousine window, forming a pun on his name. Upon release, Moon subsequently started work on a second solo studio album, which was never completed. Two Sides of the Moon was re-released by Repertoire Records in 1997, including the finished songs that Moon had made for his second album. Two Sides of the Moon was again re-released by Castle Music and Sanctuary Records in July 2006, as a two-disc Deluxe Edition, featuring the original 10 songs plus 41 bonus tracks. 9788512 Critical reception Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said "It's hard to imagine the auteur of this alternately vulgar, silly, and tender travesty/tour de force as anyone but Keith Moon; his madness translates not only to film (Stardust, Tommy) but even to the supersolo studio jobs that this parodies so deliciously. I presume they thought it was funny to mix the backup singers (Nilsson, Nelson, Flo & Eddie) up in front of the guy with his name on the cover. And it was." In a review for AllMusic, Steve Leggett said the album was "so fascinatingly bad that it has assumed a certain cult status" but was nevertheless "a horrible album on all counts." The album was included in a list of 12 ill-advised solo albums, in an article produced by the NME in 2009. Track listing Side one "Crazy Like a Fox" (Al Staehely) – 2:07 "Solid Gold" (Nickey Barclay) – 2:48 "Don't Worry Baby" (Brian Wilson, Roger Christian) – 3:31 "One Night Stand" (Dennis Larden) – 3:36 "The Kids Are Alright" (Pete Townshend) – 3:03 Side two "Move Over Ms. L" (John Lennon) – 3:10 "Teen Age Idol" (Jack Lewis) – 2:20 "Back Door Sally" (John Marascalco) – 2:31 "In My Life" (Lennon-McCartney) – 2:43 "Together" (Harry Nilsson, Keith Moon, Richard Starkey) – 3:05 1997 bonus tracks "U.S. Radio Spot" (Moon, Richard Starkey) "I Don't Suppose" (Nickey Barclay) "Naked Man" (Randy Newman) "Do Me Good" (Steve Cropper) "Real Emotion" (Steve Cropper) "Don't Worry Baby" - U.S. single A-side (Brian Wilson, Roger Christian) "Teenage Idol" - U.S. single B-side (Jack Lewis) "Together 'Rap'" (Harry Nilsson, Moon, Richard Starkey) 2006 deluxe edition Personnel Keith Moon – drums, percussion, vocals Ringo Starr, Ricky Nelson, Harry Nilsson - vocals Spencer Davis, Jesse Ed Davis, John Staehely, Beau Guss, Patti Quatro, Danny Kortchmar, James Haymer, John Sebastian, Steve Adamick, Al Staehely, Mike Condello, Paul Lenart – guitar Joe Walsh – guitar, ARP synthesizer Dick Dale – surf guitar on "Teenage Idol" Skip Edwards – steel guitar, Fender Rhodes electric piano Jimmie Randall, Paul Stallworth, Jean Millington, David Birkett, Klaus Voormann – bass guitar Jay Ferguson, Nickey Barclay, Blair Aaronson, David Foster – piano Norman Kurban – piano, organ William "Curly" Smith, Cam Davis, Miguel Ferrer, Mickey McGee, Ron Grinel, Jim Keltner, Ringo Starr – drums Robert Greenidge – steel drums on "Together" Steve Douglas, Ollie Mitchell – horns on "Move Over Ms. L" and "Back Door Sally" Bobby Keys – saxophone on "Back Door Sally" Julia Tillman, Lorna Willard, Sherlie Matthews, Fanny, Clydie King, Howard Kaylan, Jim Gilstrap, Mark Volman, Flo & Eddie, Jay DeWitt White, Dennis Larden, Andra Willis, Augie Johnson, Carolyn Willis, Gerald Garrett, Gregory Matta, Ira Hawkins, Irma Routen, Ron Hicklin, Cam Davis – backing vocals David Bowie – vocal contribution on "Real Emotion" Jimmie Haskell – string arrangements, conductor Mal Evans – horn arrangement on "Move Over Ms. L" Technical Don Wood, Gary Kellgren, Gary Ladinsky, John Stronach, Lee Kiefer, Michael Verdick, Mike Stone – engineer Bruce Reiley, Gary Stromberg, John Stronach, Keith Moon, Skip Taylor – cover concept George Osaki – art direction Jim McCrary, Robert Failla – photography Session information Credits taken from the inner sleeve of the vinyl release. "Crazy Like a Fox" Written by Al Staehely Keith Moon - lead vocals, drums Curly Smith - drums Jimmie Randall - bass Spencer Davies and Al Staehely - acoustic guitars John Staehely and Jesse Ed Davis - electric guitars Jay Ferguson - piano Sherlie Matthews, Lorna Willard, Julia Tillman - backing vocals "Solid Gold" Written by Nickey Barclay Keith Moon - lead vocals Ringo Starr - "announcer" Cam Davis - drums Paul Stallingworth and Jean Millington - bass Nickey Barclay - piano Patti Quatro - guitar Joe Walsh - guitar, ARP synthesizer Beau Guss - guitar solo Sherlie Matthews, Lorna Willard, Julia Tillman, Fanny - backing vocals "Don't Worry Baby" Written by Brian Wilson and Roger Christian String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell Keith Moon - lead vocals, percussion Miguel Ferrer - drums Paul Stallingworth - bass John Sebastian, Steve Adamick, Danny Kortchmar, Jesse Ed Davis, James Haymer - acoustic guitars Norman Kurban - organ Blair Aaronson - piano Sherlie Matthews, James Gilstrap, Clydie King, Flo & Eddie - backing vocals "One Night Stand" Written by Dennis Larden Keith Moon and Rick Nelson - co-lead vocal Mickey McGee - drums David Birkett - bass Mike Condello and Al Staehely - acoustic guitars Joe Walsh - electric guitar Skip Edwards - Fender Rhodes, pedal steel guitar Dennis Larden, Jay White, Flo & Eddie - backing vocals "The Kids Are Alright" Written by Pete Townshend String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell Keith Moon - lead vocals, drums, drum solo Curly Smith - drums Jimmie Randall - bass Al Staehely - acoustic guitar John Staehely - electric guitar Joe Walsh - electric guitar, ARP synthesizer Jay Ferguson - piano Flo & Eddie - backing vocals "Move Over Ms. L" Written by John Lennon Horn arrangement by Mal Evans Keith Moon - lead vocals, drums Ron Grinel - drums Paul Stallingworth - bass Joe Walsh - lead guitar Jesse Ed Davis - guitar David Foster - piano Ollie Mitchell, Steve Douglas - horns "Teenage Idol" Written by Jack Lewis String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell Keith Moon - lead vocals Jim Keltner - drums Paul Stallingworth - bass Dick Dale - surf guitar and solo Dan Kortchmar - acoustic guitar Jesse Ed Davis - electric guitar Norman Kurban - piano Jay White, Dennis Larden - backing vocals "Back Door Sally" Written by John Marascalco Keith Moon - lead vocals Curly Smith - drums Jimmie Randall - bass Al Staehely, Joe Walsh - electric guitar Jay Ferguson, Blair Aaronson - piano Bobby Keys - sax solo Ollie Mitchell, Steve Douglas - horns Flo & Eddie - backing vocals "In My Life" Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell Keith Moon - lead vocals Norman Kurban - piano Choir: Gerald Garrett James Gilstrap Ira Hawkins Ron Hicklin August Johnson Clydie King Greg Matta Irma Routen Julia Tillman Lorna Willard Andra Willis Carolyn Willis "Together" Written by Harry Nilsson String arrangement and conducting by Jimmy Haskell Keith Moon - lead vocals Ringo Starr - drums and "rap" Jim Keltner - drums Klaus Voormann - bass Jesse Ed Davis, Danny Kortchmar, Paul Lenart - guitars Robert Greenidge - steel drums Harry Nilsson - backing vocals	Two Sides of the Moon
"Fair Haired Child" is the ninth episode of the first season of Masters of Horror. It originally aired in North America on January 6, 2006. A 15-year-old outcast named Tara is kidnapped by a strange couple and locked in a basement with their son who has a dark secret. Plot Tara (Lindsay Pulsipher), though a pretty and talented teenage girl, is not liked at her school and has no friends. Upon returning home one day, she is kidnapped and drugged. She awakens in a mansion in the company of a woman in a nurse's outfit, and attempts to reach out to her mother through telephone, but the latter seems strangely unfazed by her daughter's plight. After the call disconnects, the "nurse" starts asking personally invasive questions, like whether Tara has been baptized or whether she ever had sexual intercourse in her life. After Tara notices that she has been taken far away from home and tries to run away, the "nurse" (Lori Petty) and her male partner (William Samples) lock her inside the basement, where Tara finds a young boy (Jesse Haddock) hanging from a noose, close to death. She saves him, and the two form a bond. The boy, Johnny, is sweet and kind but cannot talk; he has to communicate by writing in the dust. With Johnny's assistance, Tara uncovers cryptic warnings on the walls, such as "Beware the Fair-Haired Child!" The two discover a room with numerous backpacks and a bloody bathtub, showing that they are not the first victims. Johnny begins to undergo a transformation from a normal boy into a hideous demonic creature, the "Fair-Haired Child" (Walter Phelan). Frightened, Tara hides from the creature until it turns back into Johnny. It is revealed that twelve years ago, Johnny died by drowning on his fifteenth birthday in a pond near the mansion. Desperate over the loss of their son, Johnny's parents (the kidnappers) made a deal with a demon, and performed a ritual that involves them providing a sacrifice of one virgin teenager (of the same age group as Johnny at the time of death) per year until the quota of twelve is reached. Tara is the last before Johnny can become human again, but Johnny is torn by his guilt over these sacrifices and has also come to care deeply for Tara. As he begins to transform again, instead of retreating, Tara embraces him until the "Fair-Haired Child" emerges and kills her. Afterwards, Johnny's parents descend into the basement to find Tara's corpse covered in an old newspaper, with the words "I forgive you, Johnny," written on it in her blood. The couple then happily performs the final stage of the ritual, transforming Johnny back to his human self. Later, as they spend some time together, Johnny speaks for the first time, informing his parents that, in retaliation for Tara's death, he has struck a new deal with the demon: Instead of needing twelve souls to perform a resurrection, he has managed to narrow it down to two, and they don't have to be virgin teenagers. As Johnny smiles sadistically, Tara appears as a "Fair-Haired Child" and kills his parents. Later, Tara, alive and well, awakes inside the mansion with a bandage on her arm. Johnny informs that he injected her with a medication to make her temporarily forget what had happened and soon afterwards, she will regain her past memory, including "some not pretty things". The two introduce themselves anew as he takes her for a stroll in the mansion's backyard towards the pond, walking past the graves of Johnny's parents in the garden.	Fair-Haired Child
"Last Dance" is a song by American singer Donna Summer from the soundtrack album to the 1978 film Thank God It's Friday. Casablanca Records released it the album's second single on July 2, 1978. The song was written by Paul Jabara, co-produced by Summer's regular collaborators Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and mixed by Grammy Award-winning producer Stephen Short, whose backing vocals are featured in the recording. "Last Dance" was a commercial and critical success, winning the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, the Grammy for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, all in 1978. Along with the album cuts: "After Dark" by Pattie Brooks, "Thank God It's Friday" by Love & Kisses and "Take It to the Zoo" by Sunshine, "Last Dance" topped the National Disco Action Top 30 (now Billboards Dance Club Songs chart) for six weeks in June–July 1978. Background and composition Summer has a role in the 1978 film Thank God It's Friday as Nicole Sims, an aspiring singer who brings an instrumental track of "Last Dance" to a discothèque in hopes the disc jockey will play it and allow her to sing the song for her fellow patrons; after refusing through most of the film the disc jockey eventually obliges Sims and her performance causes a big sensation. According to the song's arranger Bob Esty, Paul Jabara had locked Summer in a Puerto Rico hotel bathroom and forced her to listen to a cassette of him singing a rough version of "Last Dance". Summer liked it and Jabara asked Esty to work with him on an arrangement for the singer to make her recording. Esty recalls: "Last Dance" was also one of the first disco songs to feature slow tempo parts: it starts off as a ballad; the full-length version on the film's soundtrack also has a slow part in the middle. The middle part was edited out for the 7-inch single format. Record World said of the song that "Its first half is a quiet ballad (which Summer sings well); it winds up with a hot, swirling disco finish." The versions found on most greatest hits albums is either the original 7-inch single version (3:18) or the slightly longer and remixed version from the 1979 album On The Radio: Greatest Hits Volumes 1 & 2 (4:56). "Last Dance" started a trend for Summer as some of her following hits also had a ballad-like intro before speeding up the tempo. On David Foster's "The Hitman Returns" DVD release, Foster introduces the song by relating a story to Summer. When he played on the session in 1978, Foster thought the producer's suggestion to start the song as a ballad and change into a faster tempo was "the stupidest idea I've ever heard in my life, but we did it." Awards and recognition "Last Dance" won Jabara a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song, an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song that same year. The song won Summer at the American Music Awards prizes for Favorite Disco Single and Favorite Female Disco Artist. She would also win the Grammy for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. With a number-three peak on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of August 12, 1978, "Last Dance" became Summer's third US top-ten hit after "Love to Love You Baby" and "I Feel Love" and almost matched the number-two hit "Love to Love You Baby" as Summer's best-charting single at that time. "Last Dance" also afforded the singer a number-five hit on the Hot Soul Singles chart and topped Billboards National Disco Action Top 30 for six weeks, eventually being ranked as the number-one disco hit of 1978. Certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on July 19, 1978, for sales of a million copies in the United States, "Last Dance" marked a downturn in Summer's chart fortunes in the United Kingdom where she'd previously had more chart impact than in the States with "Last Dance"s UK chart peak being at number 51; Summer would return to the UK top-ten – at number five – with her follow-up single "MacArthur Park" a single which afforded Summer her first number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100. "Last Dance" was ranked number ten out of the Top 76 songs of the 1970s by internet radio station WDDF Radio in their 2016 countdown. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Appearances in other media The song is frequently used by many radio stations as their last song before changing formats, being used by many "Jammin' Oldies" stations in the US before the downfall of the format early in the decade of the 2000s. It was also used as the last song on the SiriusXM channel The Strobe in October 2010. On June 6, 2016 at 12 p.m., classic hits station KOSF in San Francisco, California played "Last Dance" before flipping from "Big 103.7" to 1980s hits as "iHeart 80s at 103.7". See also List of number-one dance singles of 1978 (U.S.)	Last Dance (Donna Summer song)
The Juno Award for Global Music Album of the Year has been awarded since 1992, as recognition each year for the best world music album in Canada. It has previously been known as other names including "Best World Best Recording" and "Best World Music Album", with the current name being established in 2022. Winners Best World Beat Recording (1992 - 1993) Best Global Recording (1994 - 1995) Best Global Album (1996 - 2002) World Music Album of the Year (2003 - 2021) Global Music Album of the Year (2022 - present)	Juno Award for Global Music Album of the Year
Charles Harold Dodd (1884–1973) was a Welsh New Testament scholar and influential Protestant theologian. He is known for promoting "realized eschatology", the belief that Jesus' references to the kingdom of God meant a present reality rather than a future apocalypse. He was influenced by Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Otto. Life Dodd was born on 7 April 1884 in the Welsh town of Wrexham, Denbighshire. He was the elder brother of the historian A. H. Dodd, the classicist P. W. Dodd and the teacher E. E. Dodd. He studied classics at University College, Oxford, from 1902. After graduating in 1906 he spent a year in Berlin, where he studied under the influential Adolf von Harnack. He studied for the ministry at Mansfield College, Oxford, and was ordained in 1912. He was a Congregationalist minister for three years in Warwick, before going into academia. From 1915 he was Yates Lecturer in New Testament at Oxford. He became Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at the Victoria University of Manchester in 1930. He was Norris–Hulse Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge from 1935, becoming emeritus in 1949. His students from Cambridge include David Daube and W. D. Davies. The three together, each through his own work, ushered in changes in New Testament studies that led to the New Perspective on Paul and the scholarship of Davies's student, E. P. Sanders. He directed the work of the New English Bible translators, from 1950. He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1946. He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1961. Dodd died on 21 September 1973 in Goring-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England. His daughter Rachel married the Old Testament scholar Eric William Heaton in 1951. Works Books - fiction - called Triptych on spine Journal articles	C. H. Dodd
The carline skipper (Pyrgus carlinae) is a butterfly and a species of the skipper (family Hesperiidae). It is a montane butterfly only found in southwestern areas of the Alps. It can be an abundant species within this restricted range. As with most Pyrgus species, the carline skipper can be difficult to identify in the field. The dark brown upper forewings are marked with relatively small white markings but can usually be separated from the olive skipper (Pyrgus serratulae) by a c-shaped white mark close to the costa and the reddish-brown, not olive green, colour of the under hindwings, with a large square pale spot close to the margin. The wingspan is 26–28 mm. Description in Seitz H. carlinae Rambr. (85 h). Underside of hindwing reddish brown; the white spots between veins 2 and 4 much reduced; in interspace 2 a white, usually rounded, spot, which belongs to the subterminal band, the latter being otherwise but feebly marked. In the Alps and the mountains of Arragonia. The adults are on the wing from June to August. Biology The larval food plant is spring cinquefoil.	Carline skipper
In set theory, a discipline within mathematics, an admissible set is a transitive set such that is a model of Kripke–Platek set theory (Barwise 1975). The smallest example of an admissible set is the set of hereditarily finite sets. Another example is the set of hereditarily countable sets. See also Admissible ordinal	Admissible set
Spencer Airport, in Spencer, Massachusetts, is a public airport which was once owned by Gregg E. Andrews. It has one runway, averages 125 flights per week, and has approximately 26 aircraft based on its field. Andrews Aviation, based at the airport provides flight instruction in a vintage Piper J-3 Cub. See also List of airports in Massachusetts	Spencer Airport
Israelândia is a municipality in eastern Goiás state, Brazil. Location Israelândia is located in the Iporá Microregion, 28 km. northeast of regional center Iporá. State capital Goiânia is 199 km. to the east. The Rio Claro, a tributary of the Rio Araguaia, flows through the municipality. Highway connections with Goiânia are made by taking state highway BR-069 west from Goiânia, through Trindade, São Luís de Montes Belos, and then 31 kilometers northeast to Amorinópolis. Neighboring municipalities: Jaupaci, Fazenda Nova, Moiporá, and Iporá. Districts, villages, and hamlets District: Piloândia Demographics Population growth rate 1996/2007: -1,69% Population in 1980: 3,583 Population in 2007: 2,827 Urban population in 2007: 2,137 Rural population in 2007: 690 (Sepin) The economy The economy is based on services, small industries, cattle raising, and agriculture. There were 2 industrial establishments and 25 retail establishments in 2007. The cattle herd had 50,000 head. The main crops are rice, bananas, manioc, and corn, all in modest planted areas. GDP (PIB)(R$1,000.00): 17,792 (2005) GDP per capita (R$1.00): 6,393 (2005) Motor Vehicles Automobiles: 132 Pickup trucks: 21 Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 18.4 Agricultural data 2006 Farms: 290 Total area: 52,914 ha. Area of permanent crops: 118 ha. Area of perennial crops: 742 ha. Area of natural pasture: 38,152 ha. Area of woodland and forests: 12,586 ha. Persons dependent on farming: 1,200 Farms with tractors: 41 Number of tractors: 54 Cattle herd: 50,000 head Education and Health(2006) In 2006 there were 3 schools in activity with 788 students. There was one hospital with 20 beds. The literacy rate was 84.5% while the infant mortality rate was 24.39 in 1,000 live births. The score on the Municipal Human Development Index was 0.730. History The history of Israelândia begins in 1942 when Fernando Martins Marques discovered gold and diamonds in the Rio Claro. The first name was Monchão do Vaz when the village became a district of Iporá in 1953. In 1958 it achieved municipal status and took the name Israelândia, in honor of Israel de Amorim, who fought for its autonomy. See also List of municipalities in Goiás Microregions of Goiás	Israelândia
Carbis Bay railway station () is on the St Ives Bay Line in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom and serves the village and beach of Carbis Bay, a community that only adopted this name after the arrival of the railway in 1877. Carbis Viaduct is situated on the St Ives (west) side of the station. History The station was opened by the Great Western Railway on 1 June 1877 on their new branch line from to . The railway needed a viaduct to cross the small valley that carried Carbis Water down to the Baripper Cove. It was decided to build a station on the east side of the valley and call it Carbis Bay. The location proved popular with visitors and the small farms around Wheal Providence mine expanded to become the village of Carbis Bay, named after the station. The station buildings were at the top of the shallow cutting in which the station is built. Goods traffic was withdrawn in May 1956. Stationmasters In 1899, the former station master Richard James was sentenced to 14 days in Bodmin prison for begging after he had got into difficulty through drink and being found begging for alms. John Tyack until 1885 Edward Ward until 1888 J.C. Richards until 1895 (afterwards station master at Marazion) John Mann from 1895 Richard James until 1898 Josiah Martin 1898 - 1907 (afterwards station master at Lelant) William Henry Pill 1907 - 1920 E.A. Knight 1920 - 1924 (formerly station master at Brixton Road, afterwards station master at Drinnick Mill) Mr. Roberts 1924 - 1926 Henry White George ca. 1930 - 1931 (also station master at Lelant) W. Harris 1931 - 1933 (formerly station master at Mary Tavy, afterwards station master at St. Agnes) Description The station is from St Erth. There is a single platform situated in a shallow cutting north of the road that leads down to the beach. It is on the left of trains arriving from St Erth. There is a small car park at the station entrance but a larger one is available a short distance away by the beach. Services All trains are operated by Great Western Railway. Most run between and half hourly, but some are extended through to . Carbis Viaduct Carbis Viaduct is a short distance beyond the station towards St Ives. It is built of granite from a nearby quarry at Towednack and has three piers supporting four arches, giving a total length of ; it is high.	Carbis Bay railway station
Corallorhiza trifida, commonly known as early coralroot, northern coralroot, or yellow coralroot, is a coralroot orchid native to North America and Eurasia, with a circumboreal distribution. The species has been reported from the United States, Canada, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Kashmir, Pakistan, and almost every country in Europe. Description Corallorhiza trifida is yellowish green in color, leafless, and partially myco-heterotrophic, deriving some, but not all of its nutrients from association with fungi of genus Tomentella. It also contains chlorophyll, with which it supplies some of its own carbon nutrition via autotrophy.	Corallorhiza trifida
The dainty green tree frog (Ranoidea gracilenta), also known as the graceful tree frog, is a species of tree frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae. It is native to eastern Queensland, and north-eastern New South Wales, Australia and ranges from northern Cape York in Queensland to Gosford in New South Wales, with a small and most likely introduced population in Hornsby Heights in Sydney. It is the faunal emblem of the City of Brisbane. Description The dainty green tree frog is a slender, medium-sized frog, reaching a length of . It is a rich green on its dorsal surface, with a yellow ventral surface. It has a coarse, granular skin with bright orange eyes; some specimens have a light blue ring following the circumference of the eye. The posterior of the thigh is purple-brown or maroon and the tympanum is visible. In most specimens, a thin yellow or white line runs from its nostril to its eye, and this distinguishes it from the closely related red-eyed tree frog (L. chloris) and orange-thighed frog (L. xanthomera), which both lack this line. If this feature is lacking, the granularity of the dorsal surface and size (L. gracilenta is smaller) will separate it from both L. chloris and L. xanthomera. The fingers of L. gracilenta are three-quarters webbed, while the toes are fully webbed. Ecology and behaviour The dainty green tree frog is commonly found in vegetation emerging from the water in streams and swamps, often in temporary water. It is found in a range of habitats, including rainforest, woodland and forest. It is commonly found near human developments, in gardens or farms and often enters houses looking for insects. Due to its common occurrence on fruit and vegetable farms, particularly bananas, it is commonly transported around Australia with fruits or vegetables, frequently becoming a lost frog. This is common among many frog species, and is of concern due to the much faster rate at which it can spread disease. This species is usually seen after heavy rain during spring and summer. It breeds in flooded grassland and small ponds. The males will call during summer after rain, and the call is a long "waa" or "wee". Others describe the call as a long, growl-like 'aarrrc' repeated frequently. Males form noisy choruses during summer breeding season." The eggs are laid in a clear jelly lump in water, and are attached to vegetation. Tadpole development takes about 14 weeks. The tadpoles are a dark brown colour, with a clear, yellow tinge on the body wall. Captive care If kept as a pet in Australia, the appropriate permit is required.	Dainty green tree frog
The Maudsley Bipolar Twin Study is an ongoing twin study of bipolar disorder running at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London since 2003. The study is investigating possible differences between people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and people without the diagnosis. In particular it is investigating difference in cognition and brain structure/function. The Maudsley Study of bipolar disorder investigates different aspects of thinking, such as memory and attention, in twins with and without bipolar disorder. The tasks participants complete involve defining words and solving different kinds of problems. With adequate numbers of twins participating in the study, the hope is to understand any differences between these two groups. The eventual aim is to increase understanding of this complex mood disorder and to enhance future therapies for it.	Maudsley Bipolar Twin Study
State Route 216 (SR 216) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. It is a loop of State Route 198 in Tulare County, running from Visalia to Ivanhoe and Woodlake. Route description The route begins at State Route 198 in Visalia with an interchange. It then continues to Ivanhoe, where it meets County Route J34. As it continues through Tulare County, it enters Woodlake, where it meets State Route 245. It then meets County Route J21 before meeting its north end at State Route 198. The portion of SR 216 in the Visalia city limits is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. Major intersections See also	California State Route 216

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