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William M. Beavers (born February 21, 1935) is a former Democratic politician from Illinois, US. He is a former Chicago alderman and former County Commissioner for the 4th district of Cook County, Illinois, which encompasses part of Chicago's South Side and southern suburbs. He has been convicted of federal tax evasion. Early life Beavers was born and raised in Chicago's Kenwood-Oakland neighborhood, one of six children in an African-American family. Beavers' mother worked in retail and as a waitress. Beavers' father was a steel mill worker. Later, Beavers' father worked for a wrecking company and died in an accident on the job. Beavers was educated in the Chicagos and attended Harold Washington College. Beavers was a Chicago police officer for 21 years. Chicago Alderman Beavers was an alderman of the 7th Ward in Chicago's far south side. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the Chicago City Council from 1983 to 2006. Beavers said he had read Linda Lovelace's autobiography Ordeal, and had visited a topless beach and a nude beach, but had never visited a nudist camp, speaking on April 11, 2000 during testimony at a public hearing before the Finance Committee of the Chicago City Council on a proposed designation of a part of Walton Street in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood, the location of the first Playboy Club, as "Hugh Hefner Way" in honor of Playboy founder Hugh Hefner. Cook County Commissioner In 2006, Beavers reportedly engineered a complex deal concerning the retirement of Cook County Board President John Stroger, who suffered a stroke in March of that year. The deal called for Beavers to assume Stroger's County Commissioner seat, Stroger's son, Todd Stroger, to replace his father on the November 2006 ballot as County Board president, and for Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley to appoint Beavers' daughter and chief of staff, Darcel Beavers, to her father's 7th Ward seat. Tax evasion conviction On February 23, 2012, Beavers was indicted on four federal charges alleging he filed false tax returns and "endeavoring to obstruct and impede" the Internal Revenue Service. Following the indictment, he lashed out against the federal prosecutor. On March 21, 2013, Beavers was found guilty of tax evasion and faced a maximum three-year prison term on each of the four tax counts he was found guilty of. Beavers was sentenced to six months in jail, a $10,000 fine, and ordered to pay almost $31,000 in back taxes. In June, 2014, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld his conviction. Personal life Beavers has a son and two daughters. One daughter, Darcel, was his aldermanic chief of staff and was appointed to succeed Beavers as alderman. "I like to go to the gambling boats, maybe twice a week. Play the slots. That's my relaxation," Beavers said in profile in the Chicago Tribune Sunday Magazine in 2006.	William Beavers
The Long Hill Township School System is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade in Long Hill Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 894 students and 80.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. Long Hill Township's high school students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend Watchung Hills Regional High School in Warren Township. Students from Long Hill Township and from the neighboring communities of Green Brook Township, Warren Township and Watchung (in Somerset County) attend the school. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,948 students and 160.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. Schools Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Elementary schools Gillette School with 223 students in grades PreK-1 Dr. Lori Jones, principal Millington School with 397 students in grades 2-5 Jennifer S. Dawson, principal Middle school Central Middle School with 269 students in grades 6-8 Michael Viturello, principal Administration Core members of the district's administration are: Dr. Anne Mucci, superintendent Daniel A. Borgo, interim business administrator and board secretary Board of education The district's board of education is comprised of nine members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.	Long Hill Township School System
The roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) is a relatively small bird of prey found in the Americas. This vocal species is often the most common raptor in its range. It has many subspecies and is now usually placed in the monotypic genus Rupornis instead of Buteo. Taxonomy The roadside hawk was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the eagles, hawks and relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco magnirostris. Gmelin based his description on the "Épervier à gros bec de Cayenne" that had been described and illustrated in 1770 by the French polymath Comte de Buffon in his multi-volume Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux . The roadside hawk is now the only species placed in the genus Rupornis that was introduced in 1844 by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek rhupos meaning "dirt" or "filth" with ornis meaning "bird". The specific epithet magnirostris combines the Latin magnus meaning "great" with -rostris meaning "billed". Twelve subspecies are recognised. Their distributions are as follow: R. m. griseocauda (Ridgway, 1874) – Mexico (south from Colima, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, except Yucatán and Tabasco) south to northwest Costa Rica and west Panama (Chiriquí). R. m. conspectus Peters, 1913 – southeast Mexico (Tabasco and Yucatán Peninsula) and north Belize R. m. gracilis Ridgway, 1885 – Cozumel and Isla Holbox, near Yucatán (Mexico) R. m. sinushonduri (Bond, 1936) – Guanaja and Roatán, off Honduras R. m. petulans (van Rossem, 1935) – southwest Costa Rica and Pacific slope of west Panama to Tuira River, and adjacent islands R. m. alius Peters & Griscom, 1929 – San José and San Miguel, in Pearl Islands (Gulf of Panama) R. m. magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788) nominate – Colombia south to west Ecuador, east to Venezuela and the Guianas, and south to Amazonian Brazil (Madeira River east to Atlantic coast) R. m. occiduus Bangs, 1911 – east Peru, west Brazil (south of Amazon, west of Madeira River) and north Bolivia R. m. saturatus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) – Bolivia, through Paraguay and southwest Brazil (southwest Mato Grosso) to west Argentina (south to La Rioja) R. m. nattereri (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869) – northeast Brazil south to Bahia R. m. magniplumis (Bertoni, 1901) – south Brazil, north Argentina (Misiones) and adjacent Paraguay R. m. pucherani (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855) – Uruguay and northeast Argentina (south to Buenos Aires Province) Description The roadside hawk is long and weighs . Males are about 20% smaller than females, but otherwise the sexes are similar. In most subspecies, the lower breast and underparts are barred brown and white, and the tail has four or five grey bars. Twelve subspecies are usually recognised and there is significant plumage variation between these. Depending on the subspecies involved, the roadside hawk is mainly brown or grey. It is fairly common to observe a touch of rufous (i.e., a light reddish-brown) on the bird's wings, especially when seen in flight. Its call is a very high-pitched piercing squeak. The eyes of adult roadside hawks are whitish or yellow. As suggested by its specific name, its beak is relatively large. The roadside hawk is the smallest hawk in the widespread genus Buteo; although Ridgway's hawk and the white-rumped hawk are scarcely larger. In flight, the relatively long tail and disproportionately short wings of the roadside hawk are distinctive. It frequently soars, but does not hover. Distribution and habitat The roadside hawk is common throughout its range: from Mexico through Central America to most of South America east of the Andes Cordillera. Vagrants are occasionally found in Texas in the United States. It is found from the northern Caribbean coast of South America south to the northeastern parts of Argentina. With the possible exception of dense rainforests, the roadside hawk is well adapted to most ecosystems in its range. It is also an urban bird, and is possibly the most common species of hawk seen in various cities throughout its range—or perhaps just the most conspicuous one, as it becomes aggressive when nesting and has been recorded attacking humans passing near the nest. Behavior and ecology Breeding The bulky stick nest is lined with leaves and placed near the top of a tree. The clutch of one or two eggs is incubated for around 37 days, beginning after the first egg is laid. Food and feeding The roadside hawk's diet consists mainly of insects, squamates, and small mammals, such as young common marmosets and similar small monkeys which are hunted quite often. It will also take small birds, but far less often than generalists such as the related but larger white-tailed hawk, or bird specialists like the more distantly related aplomado falcon. Mixed-species feeding flocks it encounters when hunting in open cerrado habitat are not particularly wary of it: they watch it lest the hawk come too close, but consider them hardly more of a threat than the diminutive American kestrel.	Roadside hawk
The Somali Warlord Alliance, officially called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (abbreviated ARPCT; ) was a Somali alliance created by various Somali warlords and businessmen to challenge the emerging influence of the Islamic Courts Union during the Somali Civil War. The Warlord Alliance included Botan Ise Alin, Mohammed Dheere, Mohamed Qanyare, Musa Sudi Yalahow, Nuur Daqle, Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid, Omar Muhamoud Finnish and others. Some of them were ministers in the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia. The International Crisis Group, which had direct contacts with the warlords, said in June 2006 that the CIA was funnelling $100,000 to $150,000 a month to the ARPCT. The Warlord Alliance were involved in the 2006 Battle of Mogadishu. Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid defected from the alliance in June 2006, saying that "Since the formation of ARPCT, Mogadishu has been a centre of a military crisis that has led to the needless death of hundreds of people, therefore I decide to quit the alliance to build on the gains of the Islamic tribunals and give peace a chance,". Africa News described the Alliance as disappearing when their regions were over-run by the Islamic Courts Union in 2006. Controversies Michael Zorick (the U.S. State Department's political officer for Somalia), who had been stationed in Nairobi, was reassigned to Chad after he sent a cable to Washington criticizing Washington's policy of paying Somali warlords. The New York Times stated, "The American activities in Somalia have been approved by top officials in Washington and were reaffirmed during a National Security Council meeting about Somalia in March." On 7 June 2006, the Republic of the Congo's president and current African Union head, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, criticized the United States for its involvement in fighting in Mogadishu following his meeting with President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.	Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism
Palais Rasumofsky () is a palace in Vienna, Austria. The palace was commissioned by Prince Andrey Kyrillovich Razumovsky as a Neoclassic embassy worthy of the representative of Alexander I. It was built at the prince's own expense and to the designs of Louis Montoyer, in Landstraße, close to the city center of Vienna. He filled it with antiquities and modern works of art. On New Year's Eve 1814, the prince held a glittering ball with Tsar Alexander I as guest of honour. Probably the only person in Vienna who was invited but did not go, was Ludwig van Beethoven. To accommodate the guests, Razumovsky erected a temporary ballroom extension, heated by a flue from the palace. After all the guests had gone, the flue caught fire, setting the ballroom ablaze and burning out roomfuls of art in the palace. Rasumovsky, though he was raised to Prince the following year, was never the same. He lived in seclusion in Vienna until his death in 1836. From 1852 until 2005 the building hosted the Federal Geological Office. In 1862 the street on which the palace is located was named Rasumofskygasse.	Palais Rasumofsky
Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3. All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. M and N are the signature maternal haplogroups that define the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans and subsequent early human migrations around the world. The global distribution of haplogroups N and M indicates that there was likely at least one major prehistoric migration of humans out of Africa, with both N and M later evolving outside the continent. Origins There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study. Torroni et al. 2006 state that Haplogroups M, N and R occurred somewhere between East Africa and the Persian Gulf. Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Asian origin hypothesis The hypothesis of Asia as the place of origin of haplogroup N is supported by the following: Haplogroup N is found in all parts of the world but has low frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to a number of studies, the presence of Haplogroup N in Africa is most likely the result of back migration from Eurasia. The oldest clades of macrohaplogroup N are found in Asia and Australia. It would be paradoxical that haplogroup N had traveled all the distance to Australia or New World yet failed to affect other populations within Africa besides North Africans and Horn Africans. The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Therefore, N's history is similar to M and R which have their most probable origin in South Asia. A study (Vai et al. 2019), finds a basal branch of maternal haplogroup N in early Neolithic North African remains from the Libyan site of Takarkori. The authors propose that N most likely split from L3 in the Arabian peninsula and later migrated back to North Africa, with its sister haplogroup M also likely splitting from L3 in the Middle East, but also suggest that N may have possibly diverged in North Africa, and state that more information is necessary to be certain. African origin hypothesis According to Toomas Kivisild "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa. In 2019, a study by Vai et al. presented evidence of a basal branch of haplogroup N from the Neolithic Sahara. They suggest that N either diverged from haplogroup L3 in the Near East (possibly in the Arabian peninsula, following the exit of L3 from Africa), then back-migrated to North Africa, or that it instead may have originated in North Africa (having diverged from L3 there). Distribution Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 macrohaplogroup, which represents the migration discussed in the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all clades today distributed in Europe and Oceania, as well as many found in Asia and the Americas. It is believed to have arisen at a similar time to haplogroup M. Haplogroup N subclades like haplogroup U6 are also found at high to low frequencies in northwest and northeast Africa due to a back migration from Europe or Asia during the Paleolithic ybp, the estimated age of the basal U6* clade. Other haplogroups common in Western Eurasia, such as R0, J, and T, are also common in North Africa and parts of East Africa. The haplogroup N descendant lineage U6 has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens at the Taforalt site, which date from the Epipaleolithic. In Sub-Saharan Africa, several ancient samples of N have been found, the oldest so far being K1a dating back to about 2000 BC in Kenya. Additionally, haplogroup N predominated among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods. Subgroups distribution Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y. Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture (Cardium pottery) and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. A rare unclassified form of N has been also been reported in modern Algeria. Haplogroup N1'5 Haplogroup N1 – found in Africa . Haplogroup N1b – found in Middle East, Egypt (Gurna), Caucasus and Europe. N1a'c'd'e'I Haplogroup N1c – Northern Saudi Arabia, Turkey N1a'd'e'I Haplogroup N1d – India N1a'e'I Haplogroup N1a – Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa. Found also in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. This branch is well attested in ancient people from various cultures of Neolithic Europe, from Hungary to Spain, and among the earliest farmers of Anatolia. N1e'I Haplogroup N1e – found in Balochs, Burushos, and Buryats Haplogroup I – West Eurasia and South Asia. Haplogroup N5 – found in India. Haplogroup N2 Haplogroup N2a – small clade found in West Europe. Haplogroup W – found in Western Eurasia and South Asia Haplogroup N3 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Belarus Haplogroup N3a Haplogroup N3a1 Haplogroup N3b Haplogroup N7 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Cambodia Haplogroup N7a Haplogroup N7a1 Haplogroup N7a2 Haplogroup N7b Haplogroup N8 – found in China. Haplogroup N9 – found in Far East. [TMRCA 45,709.7 ± 7,931.5 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9a [TMRCA 17,520.4 ± 4,389.8 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9a12 – Khon Mueang (Pai District) Haplogroup N9a-C16261T Haplogroup N9a-C16261T* – Vietnam (Kinh) Haplogroup N9a-A4129G-A4913G-T12354C-A12612G-C12636T-T16311C!!! – Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz) Haplogroup N9a1'3 [TMRCA 15,007.4 ± 6,060.1 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9a1 – Chinese (Hakka in Taiwan, etc.), She, Tu, Uyghur, Tuvan, Mongolia, Khamnigan, Korea, Japan [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 11,600) ybp] Haplogroup N9a1a – Chinese (Sichuan, Zhanjiang, etc.) [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 12,800) ybp] Haplogroup N9a1b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) Haplogroup N9a1c – Vietnam (Tay people), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province) Haplogroup N9a3 – China [TMRCA 11,500 (95% CI 7,500 <-> 16,800) ybp] Haplogroup N9a3a – Japan, Korean (Seoul), Taiwan (incl. Paiwan), Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province and Kanchanaburi Province), China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Buryat, Russia (Belgorod, Chechen Republic, etc.), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Czech (West Bohemia), Hungary, Austria, Germany [TMRCA 8,280.9 ± 5,124.4 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9a2'4'5'11 [TMRCA 15,305.4 ± 4,022.6 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Barghut in Hulunbuir, Uyghur, etc.) [TMRCA 10,700 (95% CI 8,200 <-> 13,800) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur [TMRCA 8,100 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 10,000) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2a1 – Japan [TMRCA 4,200 (95% CI 1,850 <-> 8,400) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2a2 – Japan, Korea, Volga-Ural region (Tatar) [TMRCA 5,700 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 8,900) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2a3 – Japan, Hulun-Buir region (Barghut) [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 8,400) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2a4 – Japan [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 600 <-> 7,900) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2b – China Haplogroup N9a2c [TMRCA 7,200 (95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,700) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2c* – Japan Haplogroup N9a2c1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur [TMRCA 2,600 (95% CI 1,250 <-> 4,900) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2d – Japan, Korea [TMRCA 5,200 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,000) ybp] Haplogroup N9a2e – China Haplogroup N9a4 – Malaysia [TMRCA 7,900 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 14,300) ybp] Haplogroup N9a4a – Japan [TMRCA 4,400 (95% CI 1,500 <-> 10,200) ybp] Haplogroup N9a4b [TMRCA 5,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 11,400) ybp] Haplogroup N9a4b* – Japan Haplogroup N9a4b1 – China (Minnan in Taiwan, etc.) Haplogroup N9a4b2 – China Haplogroup N9a5 [TMRCA 8,700 (95% CI 4,700 <-> 15,000) ybp] Haplogroup N9a5* – Korea Haplogroup N9a5a – Japan Haplogroup N9a5b – Japan [TMRCA 5,300 (95% CI 1,150 <-> 15,300) ybp] Haplogroup N9a11 – Taiwan (Hakka, Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang) Haplogroup N9a6 – Thailand (Phuan from Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province, Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam, Sumatra [TMRCA 11,972.5 ± 5,491.7 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9a6a – Cambodia (Khmer), Malaysia (Bidayuh, Jehai, Temuan, Kensiu), Sumatra, Sundanese Haplogroup N9a6b – Malaysia (Seletar) Haplogroup N9a7 – Japan Haplogroup N9a8 – Japan, China, Buryat Haplogroup N9a9 – Chelkans (Biyka, Turochak), Tubalar (North-East Altai), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), China, Ukraine (Vinnytsia Oblast), Romania (10th century AD Dobruja) Haplogroup N9a10 – Thailand (Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Phichit Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang, Hmong), Vietnam (Tay Nung), China (incl. Han in Chongqing) Haplogroup N9a10a – China, Taiwan (Ami) Haplogroup N9a10a1 – Chinese (Suzhou) Haplogroup N9a10a2 – Philippines (Ivatan), Taiwan (Ami) Haplogroup N9a10a2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Tsou) Haplogroup N9a10b – China Haplogroup N9b – Japan, Udegey, Nanai, Korea [TMRCA 14,885.6 ± 4,092.5 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b1 – Japan [TMRCA 11,859.3 ± 3,760.2 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b1a – Japan [TMRCA 10,645.2 ± 3,690.3 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b1b – Japan [TMRCA 2,746.5 ± 2,947.0 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b1c – Japan [TMRCA 6,987.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b1c1 – Japan Haplogroup N9b2 – Japan [TMRCA 13,369.7 ± 4,110.0 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b2a – Japan Haplogroup N9b3 – Japan [TMRCA 7,629.8 ± 6,007.6 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N9b4 – Japan, Ulchi Haplogroup Y – found especially among Nivkhs, Ulchs, Nanais, Negidals, Ainus, and the population of Nias Island, with a moderate frequency among other Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols, Koryaks, Itelmens, Chinese, Japanese, Tajiks, Island Southeast Asians (including Taiwanese aborigines), and some Turkic peoples [TMRCA 24,576.4 ± 7,083.2 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup Y1 – Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Iu Mien from Phayao Province), Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic [TMRCA 14,689.5 ± 5,264.3 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup Y1a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen, Udegey, Even, Zabaikal Buryat, Mongolian, Daur, Korea, Han, Tibet, Ukraine [TMRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup Y1a1 – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Yakut, Buryat, Hezhen, Udegey, Evenk (Taimyr), Ket, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Turkey Haplogroup Y1a2 – Koryak, Even (Kamchatka) Haplogroup Y1b – Volga Tatar [TMRCA 9,222.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup Y1b1 – Chinese (Han from Lanzhou, etc.), Japanese, Korea, Russia Haplogroup Y1c - Korea (especially Jeju Island), Khamnigan, Uyghur, Canada Haplogroup Y2 – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Khamnigan, South Africa (Cape Coloured) [TMRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup Y2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiyat, Tsou), Philippines (Maranao), Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hawaii, USA (Hispanic), Spain, Ireland [TMRCA 4,929.5 ± 2,789.6 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup Y2a1 - Philippines (Bugkalot, Ivatan, Surigaonon, Manobo, Mamanwa, etc.), Malaysia (Sabah, Acheh Malay from Kedah, Banjar from Perak), Indonesia ( from Sumatra, Medan, Bangka, Mandar from Sulawesi, etc.) Haplogroup Y2a1a - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao), USA (Hispanic) Haplogroup Y2b – Japan, South Korea, Buryat [TMRCA 1,741.8 ± 3,454.2 ybp; CI=95%] Haplogroup N10 – found in China (Han from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, and Yunnan, Hani and Yi from Yunnan, She from Guizhou, Uzbek from Xinjiang) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia). Haplogroup N11 – Mainland China & Philippines: Han Chinese (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei), Tibetan (Xizang), Dongxiang (Gansu), Oroqen (Inner Mongolia) and Mamanwa (Philippines). N11a N11a1 N11a1a – ethnicity unknown, Zhejiang (eastern China) N11a1b – Uyghur, Xinjiang (western China) N11a2 – ethnicity unknown, China N11b – Mamanwa, Philippines Haplogroup O or N12- found among Indigenous Australians and the Floresians of Indonesia. Haplogroup N13 – Aboriginal Australians Haplogroup N14 – Aboriginal Australians Haplogroup N21 – Temuan, Semelai, Thailand, Khmer, ethnic Malays from Malaysia and Indonesia. Haplogroup N22 – Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, India, Japan Haplogroup A – found in Central and East Asia, as well as among Native Americans. Haplogroup S – extended among Aboriginal Australians. Haplogroup X – found most often in Western Eurasia, but also present in the Americas. Haplogroup X1 – found primarily in North Africa as well as in some populations of the Levant, notably among the Druze Haplogroup X2 – found in Western Eurasia, Siberia and among Native Americans Haplogroup R – a very extended and diversified macro-haplogroup. Subclades Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research. N N1'5 N1 N1a'c'd'e'I N1a'd'e'I N1a'e'I N1a N1a1 N1a1a N1e'I I N1e N1d N1c N1b N1b1 N1b1a N1b1b N1b1c N1b1d N1b2 N5 N2 N2a W N3 N3a N3a1 N3b N7 N7a N7a1 N7a2 N7b N8 N9 N9a N9a1'3 N9a1 N9a3 N9a2'4'5 N9a2 N9a2a'b N9a2a N9a2b N9a2c N9a2d N9a4 N9a5 N9a6 N9a6a N9b N9b1 N9b1a N9b1b N9b1c N9b1c1 N9b2 N9b3 Y N10 N10a N10b N11 N11a N11a1 N11a2 N11b N13 N14 N21 N22 A O O1 S X R See also	Haplogroup N (mtDNA)
Horsfall is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alan Horsfall (1926–2007), English rugby league footballer, played for Leeds and Castleford Albert Horsfall (born 1941), Nigerian security chief and prominent nationalist Alfred Horsfall (1871–1944), Australian military surgeon Allan Horsfall (1927–2012), British gay rights campaigner Basil Arthur Horsfall (1887–1918), British-Ceylonese recipient of the Victoria Cross Bernard Horsfall (1930–2013), British actor Charles Horsfall (1776–1846), British politician and Lord Mayor of Liverpool Dick Horsfall (1920–1981), English cricketer, played for Essex and Glamorgan Douglas Horsfall (1856–1936), British stockbroker, benefactor and builder of churches Ewart Horsfall (1892–1974), British Olympic rower Frank Horsfall (1906–1971), American physician George Horsfall (1924–1992), Australian-born footballer, played for Southampton and Southend United James G. Horsfall (1905–1995), American biologist John Horsfall (disambiguation), several people Robert Bruce Horsfall (1869–1948), American wildlife illustrator Simon Horsfall (born 1976), English cricketer, played for Staffordshire St. John Horsfall (1910–1949), British motor racing driver Thomas Berry Horsfall (1805–1878), British Conservative MP for Liverpool Thomas Coglan Horsfall (1841–1932), British philanthropist and founder of the Manchester Art Museum Tommy Horsfall (born 1951), Scottish footballer, played for Southend United and Cambridge United William H. Horsfall (1847–1922), American Medal of Honor recipient during the American Civil War William R. Horsfall (1907–1998), American entomologist See also Horsfall baronets, two baronetcies in the United Kingdom and Ireland Horsfall family, a family notable in Liverpool, UK, especially as builders of churches Horsfall Stadium, a football stadium located in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England Horsfall Museum, an art museum, more commonly known as 'The Manchester Art Museum' Tamm–Horsfall protein	Horsfall
The EGS (Electron Gamma Shower) computer code system is a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles with energies from a few keV up to several hundreds of GeV. It originated at SLAC but National Research Council of Canada and KEK have been involved in its development since the early 80s. Development of the original EGS code ended with version EGS4. Since then two groups have re-written the code with new physics: EGSnrc, maintained by the Ionizing Radiation Standards Group, Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada EGS5, maintained by KEK, the Japanese particle physics research facility. EGSnrc EGSnrc is a general-purpose software toolkit that can be applied to build Monte Carlo simulations of coupled electron-photon transport, for particle energies ranging from 1 keV to 10 GeV. It is widely used internationally in a variety of radiation-related fields. The EGSnrc implementation improves the accuracy and precision of the charged particle transport mechanics and the atomic scattering cross-section data. The charged particle multiple scattering algorithm allows for large step sizes without sacrificing accuracy - a key feature of the toolkit that leads to fast simulation speeds. EGSnrc also includes a C++ class library called egs++ that can be used to model elaborate geometries and particle sources. EGSnrc is open source and distributed on GitHub under the GNU Affero General Public License. Download EGSnrc for free, submit bug reports, and contribute pull requests on a group GitHub page. The documentation for EGSnrc is also available online. EGSnrc is distributed with a wide range of applications that utilize the radiation transport physics to calculate specific quantities. These codes have been developed by numerous authors over the lifetime of EGSnrc to support the large user community. It is possible to calculate quantities such as absorbed dose, kerma, particle fluence, and much more, with complex geometrical conditions. One of the most well-known EGSnrc applications is BEAMnrc, which was developed as part of the OMEGA project. This was a collaboration between the National Research Council of Canada and a research group at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. All types of medical linear accelerators can be modelled using the BEAMnrc's component module system. See also GEANT (program) Geant4	EGS (program)
Pacific Encounter is a cruise ship operated by P&O Cruises Australia, a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc. She was originally delivered in 2002 as Star Princess to sister cruise line Princess Cruises in 2002 by Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri, and was the second ship in Princess' history to operate under the name. She had been the third Grand-class ship to be added to the fleet, following and Golden Princess. In 2018, Carnival Corporation announced that Star Princess would be transferred to P&O Cruises Australia to accommodate P&O's expansion plans in Oceania; however, amid the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent impact on tourism, Carnival Corporation accelerated the transfer of the vessel and Star Princess joined P&O's fleet in 2020, one year earlier than planned. Following a renovation and a renaming to Pacific Encounter, she debuted in August 2022 upon P&O's staged resumption of operations. History Star Princess Construction and debut In January 1998, the then-unnamed ship was ordered as part of a two-ship order made by Princess with Fincantieri, with each ship costing US$425 million. The two 109,000 GT Grand-class ships were scheduled to be delivered in 2001, and slotted to sail in the Caribbean from Port Everglades year-round. Later, in October 2000, Princess announced Star Princess would instead be deployed to Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises following her delivery, with Alaska itineraries during the summers. Star Princess would become the first then-dubbed "mega-ship" ever to be homeported in Los Angeles and also cruise from the West Coast on a full-time basis. Star Princess was launched on 10 May 2001 at Fincantieri's shipyard in Monfalcone, Italy. On 29 June 2001, a fire started in a galley on board when sparks from a welding torch ignited it. The fire spread into a dining room but damage was not extensive and construction continued until completion on 25 January 2002. Star Princess was christened on 25 January 2002 at Fincantieri's Monfalcone shipyard by her godmother, Gunilla Antonini, wife of Fincantieri's executive chairman, Corrado Antonini. Service history At the time of her delivery to Princess Cruises, Star Princess was too large to make a Panama Canal transit, so to arrive in Los Angeles, she embarked on an eastward voyage from Italy, taking her through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, the Indian Ocean, and a 26-day inaugural voyage across the Pacific Ocean. Star Princess''' first homeport was Los Angeles and her maiden season featured itineraries to the Mexican Riviera, with her first cruise from Los Angeles, a 3-day cruise, held on 10 March 2002. She sailed to Alaska from Vancouver beginning summer 2003. In fall 2003, she became the first vessel of more than 100,000 GT to sail in Australian waters after she arrived in Sydney on 26 November 2003. She moved to Southeast Asia in the spring of 2004 before cruising the Mediterranean in the summer of 2004, the Caribbean that fall and winter, and the Baltic the following summer. She made her first trip to South America and Antarctica in January 2008. For winter 2019–2020, she was homeported in Los Angeles and sailed itineraries to the Mexican Riviera, Sea of Cortez, and Hawaii. In summer 2020, she was scheduled to homeport in San Francisco for Alaska voyages. However, following Princess' suspension of operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all summer 2020 voyages were cancelled. Pacific Encounter Background In August 2018, Princess' sister brand, P&O Cruises Australia, announced that Star Princess would be transferred to the P&O fleet in late-2021, joining her sister ship, Golden Princess, which was set to join P&O in October 2020. It also announced in November 2019 that she would be renamed Pacific Encounter upon joining its fleet. However, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Carnival Corporation accelerated the transfer of Star Princess from Princess to P&O in October 2020, thus cancelling all final voyages she was originally scheduled to sail for Princess through 2021. In January 2021, the ship entered the Sembcorp Marine Shipyard in Singapore for a dry dock to redesign the vessel and modify the design language of the interior to align her with those of her sister ships. The work included exterior repainting and rebranding, as well as new interior outfitting and maintenance. Modifications also included redesigned lounge areas and venues, a revamped atrium, and new restaurants. Service history In December 2019, P&O announced that Pacific Encounter would homeport in Brisbane beginning in November 2021 and cruise to different destinations in Oceania, including the Queensland coast and Melanesia islands. As of December 2021, the ship is subject to P&O's resumption of operations, which are scheduled to commence in March 2022. Design specifications As Star Princess, the vessel measured , had a length of , a draft of , and a beam of . She was powered by a diesel-electric genset system, with six Sulzer engines: four producing and two producing . The system gave the vessel a maximum speed of . The ship housed 1,299 passenger cabins and 627 crew cabins. Of the 1,780 passenger cabins, 72% had a view outside, including 55% that included a balcony. The ship had a maximum capacity of 4,160 passengers and crew. Accidents and incidents 2006 fire On 23 March 2006, at approximately 3:00AM, while en route from Grand Cayman to Montego Bay, Jamaica, a fire broke out in the passenger compartments in the midship section on the port side of the ship. Shortly after, the captain sounded the general emergency signal—seven short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship's whistle over the public address system, horn, and various alarms. Passengers evacuated their cabins into public areas through smoky hallways, grabbing their life jackets on the way. They assembled at their muster stations and were combined into groups for about seven hours. The evacuation was reportedly orderly, in contrast to deadlier fires such as those on Morro Castle, Yarmouth Castle and Scandinavian Star. Lifeboats were lowered but proved to be unnecessary, as the fire was contained and doused, and the ship headed into Montego Bay under her own power. The fire was allegedly caused by a cigarette left burning on a balcony, which had become hot enough to melt the balcony divides made from plastic polycarbonate, a material that had been approved by international cruise line safety rules. The fire caused scorching damage in up to 150 cabins, and smoke damage in at least 100 more on passenger decks 9 to 12 (Dolphin, Caribe, Baja and Aloha decks, respectively). A passenger, Richard Liffidge, 72, of Georgia, died from "asphyxia secondary to inhalation of smoke and irrespirable gases" and thirteen other passengers suffered significant smoke inhalation. While a smoldering discarded cigarette probably did cause the flames, the following items were also at fault for allowing the fire to spread as quickly as it did: The balconies' polycarbonate partitions, polyurethane deck tiles, and the plastic furniture were highly combustible and produced large quantities of very thick black smoke when burned. The glass in the doors between the staterooms and balconies was neither fire retardant, to meet with the requirements of an ‘A’ class division, nor self-closing. The balconies crossed main zone fire boundaries, both horizontally and vertically, and were without structural or thermal barriers at the zone or deck boundaries. No fire detection or fire suppression systems were fitted on the balconies. Aftermath The cruise was terminated in Montego Bay and passengers were evacuated to hotels in Jamaica and subsequently flew home. All passengers received a full refund and were reimbursed any out-of-pocket travel expenses they incurred. The ship had been on a Caribbean itinerary that departed from Port Everglades on 19 March 2006. With 79 cabins destroyed and a further 204 damaged, the ship was moved to the Bahamas where she was prepared for a transatlantic crossing to the Lloyd Werft shipyard in Bremerhaven, Germany, for repairs. Her remaining Caribbean cruises and a transatlantic cruise were cancelled, with the anticipation that she would begin her summer season in the Baltic on 15 May. The ship set sail again on 13 May 2006, and resumed its regular service on 15 May from Copenhagen. Princess implemented new measures that aim to prevent a disaster of similar proportion, which include enhanced procedures for handling fires and clear communication during emergencies. Passengers reported that the only noticeable differences were a strong smell of new carpeting, the addition of sprinklers to all balconies and the replacement of plastic furniture with non-combustible alternatives. No interior decor was significantly modified in order to maintain consistency of the ship's interior design. On 28 May 2023, a similar fire occurred on Pacific Encounter's sister ship Pacific Adventure. Both ships belong to the Grand-class cruise ship category. 2012 reported ignored distress call On 10 March 2012, en route in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America, three passengers from Star Princess spotted a small boat drifting with waving seamen, apparently in distress, and notified the crew. However, Star Princess did not change course to investigate. On 19 March, the Ecuadorian coast guard rescued the Panamanian fishing boat Fifty Cent with one survivor on board. Subsequent communication between the survivor, a reporter, and the passengers who spotted the survivors led to allegations that the small boat sighted nine days prior was, in fact, the Fifty Cent, and that Star Princess had failed to stop and render aid. Princess first indicated that there had been a breakdown in communication and the captain had not been notified of the sighting. A later report stated that a crew member did, in fact, convey the passengers' concerns to the bridge, and that the ship's log for that time on 10 March contained an entry recording that the ship had deviated to the west to avoid the fishing nets, and that the fishermen had "signaled their thanks" for avoiding their nets. By June 2012, two lawsuits had been filed against Princess on behalf of the fishermen of the Fifty Cent. In August 2012, Princess responded with the claim that Star Princess and Fifty Cent'' were never within sight of one another and thus, the accusations were the result of mistaken identity. As supporting evidence, the cruise line made public the results of a drift analysis and a photographic investigation they had commissioned. In April 2013, the Bermuda Department of Maritime Administration was reported to have closed their official inquiry into the incident. The Bermuda Police Service carried out the investigation. The Department of Public Prosecutors disclosed that the passengers who were material witnesses to the case made a statement that the boat they had seen from the cruise ship was ultimately not the same boat as the one recovered by the Ecuadorian coast guard.	Pacific Encounter
The Ceyhan River (historically Pyramos or Pyramus (), Leucosyrus () or Jihun) is a river in Anatolia in the south of Turkey. Course of the river The Ceyhan River (Pyramus) has its source (known as Söğütlü Dere) at a location called Pınarbaşı on the Nurhak Mountains of the Eastern Taurus Mountains range, southeast of the town of Elbistan in the Kahramanmaraş province of Turkey. According to classical references its source is at Cataonia near the town of Arabissus. Its main tributaries are called Harman, Göksun, Mağara Gözü, Fırnız, Tekir, Körsulu, Aksu (which joins Ceyhan at the outskirts of Kahramanmaraş), Çakur, Susas, and Çeperce. Its total length is . In classical times for a time it passed under ground, but then came forward again as a navigable river, and forced its way through a glen of Mount Taurus, which in some parts was so narrow that Strabo claims a dog or hare could leap across it. Its course, which to this point had been south, then turned to the southwest, and reached the sea. The river was deep and rapid; its average breadth was 1 stadium. At present, because of the narrow deep valleys that used to exist, the Ceyhan River has been dammed for hydroelectric generation, for flood control and for providing irrigation to the fertile Çukurova region. The main hydroelectric generating dams are at Menzelet, Kılavuzlu, Aslantaş, Sır and Berke. Of the deep valleys, only the one called Kısıklı Canyon exists in its natural form, south of the location the Menzelet Dam. The quantity of water flow on the Ceyhan River changes greatly season by season. During August and September the river is at its lowest flow. During November and December the autumn rains temporarily raise the water flow rate from . In January the flow rate decreases until mid-February. As the snows melt in the Taurus Mountains during spring and early summer months, the flow increases and, periodically caused flooding prior to its damming. During the last quarter of the 20th century, during the floods, the two rivers of the Çukurova plain, the Ceyhan River and the Seyhan River, joined at least 6 times. In classical times the Ceyhan River reached the Mediterranean Sea at Mallus. Currently this location is inland a few miles from the Mediterranean coast on an elevation in the Karataş Peninsula, Adana Province, Turkey, a few miles from the town of Karataş. In classical times it carried with it such a quantity of mud, that, according to an ancient oracle, its deposits would one day reach the island of Cyprus, and thus unite it with the mainland. The delta formed at the mouth of the Ceyhan River is a refuge for wetlands birds and some years their numbers reach a few million. The sand bank in front is famed for nesting ground for sea turtles.	Ceyhan River
Charles Thomas Scott, also known as Shaheed Abdul-Aleem, (born December 15, 1948) is an American former professional basketball player. He played two seasons in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and eight seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Scott was an Olympic Gold Medalist and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018. Early life Scott was born in New York City and grew up primarily in Harlem, New York. There, his father was a cab driver. A 6'5" (1.96 m) guard/forward, Scott attended Stuyvesant High School in New York City for one year before transferring to Laurinburg Institute in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Scott transferred to Laurinburg which was famous at the time for preparing basketball players for college. Scott said, "It had a well-known basketball program. I knew my family wouldn't be able to afford college, so a scholarship was going to be my ticket." Scott was valedictorian of his high school senior class. He was also a legend at Rucker Park. While in high school, Scott spent one summer at a basketball program at Davidson College with coach Lefty Driesell. Driesell recruited Scott who was accepted for early admission at Davidson. However, Scott also explored Duke University, North Carolina State University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Wake Forest University at the suggestion of his coach at Laurinburg. He ultimately accepted the offer to play at UNC because he felt that, as a larger public university, it would be more open to a black player "breaking the color barrier". College career Scott played college basketball at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) where he was the first black scholarship athlete. Scott averaged 22.1 points and 7.1 rebounds per game at UNC, and a career-best 27.1 points per game in his senior season. He was a two-time All-American and a three-time all-Atlantic Coast Conference selection. Scott led UNC to their second and third consecutive NCAA Final Four appearances in 1968 and 1969. Woody Durham, a long-time radio announcer for UNC basketball said, "He really was something. He was the first Carolina player that really would compare to today's player. His build, his speed, his ability—you could take him out of the late 1960s and drop him into today's game, and he wouldn't miss a beat." In addition to breaking the color barrier in UNC basketball, he was also the first African-American to pledge a fraternity at UNC, accepting an offer to join St. Anthony Hall, in 1967. However, after three weeks after pledging, withdrew from the fraternity because of his demanding basketball schedule. Scott was a gold medalist at the 1968 Summer Olympics playing for the 1968 United States men's Olympic basketball team. Scott was the fourth leading scorer on the team (8.0) coached by Henry Iba. Professional career Scott was drafted by the Boston Celtics in 1970 but he had already signed a contract with the Virginia Squires of the American Basketball Association (ABA). Scott was named ABA Rookie of the Year after averaging 27.1 points per game. During his second season with the Squires, he set the ABA record for the highest scoring average in one season (34.6 points per game). However, he became dissatisfied with life in the ABA and joined the NBA's Phoenix Suns in 1972. The Suns traded Paul Silas to the Celtics after the season in order to keep him. At that point, he briefly went by the name Shaheed Abdul-Aleem. Scott continued his stellar play in the NBA, representing the Suns in three straight NBA All-Star Games (1973, 1974, and 1975), then was traded to the Boston Celtics for Paul Westphal and two draft picks. With the Celtics in the 1975-76 NBA season, Scott won a championship ring against the Suns. Scott later played for the Los Angeles Lakers and Denver Nuggets. He retired in 1980 with 14,837 combined ABA/NBA career points. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018. ABA and NBA statistics Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left; \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Virginia (ABA) \| 84 \|\| – \|\| 37.9 \|\| .463 \|\| .246 \|\| .746 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 5.6 \|\| – \|\| – \|\| 27.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Virginia (ABA) \| 73 \|\| – \|\| 41.9 \|\|.449 \|\| .264 \|\| .803 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 4.8 \|\| – \|\| – \|\|bgcolor="EOCEF2"\| 34.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Phoenix \| 6 \|\| – \|\| 29.5 \|\| .425 \|\| – \|\| .810 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 4.3 \|\| – \|\| – \|\| 18.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Phoenix \| 81 \|\| – \|\| 37.8 \|\| .446 \|\| – \|\| .784 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 6.1 \|\| – \|\| – \|\| 25.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Phoenix \| 52 \|\| – \|\| 38.5 \|\| .459 \|\| – \|\| .781 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 25.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Phoenix \| 69 \|\| – \|\| 37.6 \|\| .441 \|\| – \|\| .781 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 24.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"\| † \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 82 \|\| – \|\| 35.5 \|\| .449 \|\| – \|\| .797 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 17.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 43 \|\| – \|\| 36.8 \|\| .444 \|\| – \|\| .746 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 18.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 31 \|\| – \|\| 34.8 \|\| .433 \|\| – \|\| .712 \|\| 3.3 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 16.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| L.A. Lakers \| 48 \|\| – \|\| 29.0 \|\| .442 \|\| – \|\| .775 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 11.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Denver \| 79 \|\| – \|\| 29.0 \|\| .442 \|\| – \|\| .775 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 12.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Denver \| 69 \|\| – \|\| 33.1 \|\| .460 \|\| .182 \|\| .749 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 9.3 \|- \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2\| Career \| 717 \|\| – \|\| 35.6 \|\| .448 \|\| .253 \|\| .773 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 20.7 Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 1971 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Virginia (ABA) \| 12 \|\| – \|\| 42.0 \|\| .409 \|\| .258 \|\| .755 \|\| 6.6 \|\| 6.8 \|\| – \|\| – \|\| 26.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"\| 1976† \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 18 \|\| – \|\| 35.1 \|\| .391 \|\| – \|\| .764 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 15.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 1977 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 9 \|\| – \|\| 37.6 \|\| .406 \|\| – \|\| .846 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 16.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 1978 \| style="text-align:left;"\| L.A. Lakers \| 3 \|\| – \|\| 34.3 \|\| .300 \|\| – \|\| .750 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 10.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 1979 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Denver \| 3 \|\| – \|\| 34.7 \|\| .476 \|\| – \|\| .571 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 3.3 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 16.0 \|- \|- \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2\| Career \| 45 \|\| – \|\| 37.4 \|\| .400 \|\| .258 \|\| .766 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 18.3 Personal life While attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Charlie Scott married Margaret Holmes. They had a daughter, Holly Scott Emanuel. Scott and his current wife, Trudy, have three children—sons Shaun Scott and Shannon Dean Scott and daughter Simone Scott—and have lived primarily in Atlanta and Los Angeles. They currently live in Columbus, Ohio, where son Shannon used to play for the Ohio State Buckeyes. After retiring from the NBA, Scott served as a marketing director for the sports apparel company Champion for several years, then as executive vice president of CTS, a telemarketing firm, before owning his own business. See also Basketball in the United States	Charlie Scott (basketball)
Fan Changsheng (范長生 fàn chángshēng) (died 318) was a Taoist priest and leader who was instrumental in the establishment of the Cheng-Han state during the Sixteen Kingdoms era in China. He led a Taoist community of over one thousand families on Mount Qingcheng, Sichuan. During a critical famine, Fan Changsheng provided Li Xiong's army with food from his community's bounty. With Fan's help, Li Xiong achieved victory over Luo Shang's army during Li Xiong's siege of Chengdu. After Li Xiong's victory, he offered Fan the throne. Fan declined, claiming that the year 304 would be an auspicious date (jiazi) for someone from the Li family to take the throne. Fan Changsheng then served as the Chancellor of Cheng-Han under Li Xiong. Fan later helped to persuade Li Xiong to take the title of emperor. After Fan's death, his son Fan Ben succeeded him as the Chancellor of Cheng-Han. Fan was the author of the lost work, Shucai (蜀才), a ten volume commentary on the I Ching. He was later considered to be one of the Eight Immortals from Sichuan.	Fan Changsheng
James S. Thomas (May 25, 1802October 26, 1874) was the 19th mayor of St. Louis, Missouri. Thomas served as mayor from 1864 to 1869. He was a Republican.	James S. Thomas (mayor)
The Nashville Tennessee Temple is the 84th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is located in Franklin, Tennessee, United States, approximately southwest of central Nashville. The intent to build the Nashville Tennessee Temple was announced in 1994. The temple originally was to be built in the affluent suburb of Forest Hills, but the plan was turned down by city commissioners due to zoning rules. It was eventually built next to an existing meetinghouse in Franklin using the church's small temple plan. The temple's exterior is constructed from Imperial Danby white marble and has a single spire topped with the familiar statue of the angel Moroni. The temple serves church members in central and eastern Tennessee and western Kentucky. During the open house held May 6–13, 2000, almost 25,000 people toured the temple. James E. Faust, of the church's First Presidency, dedicated the Nashville Tennessee Temple on May 21, 2000. The Nashville Tennessee Temple has a total floor area of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. See also Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tennessee Notes	Nashville Tennessee Temple
State Road 164 in the U.S. State of Indiana is a short east–west two-lane highway in the southwest portion of the state. Route description State Road 164 begins in downtown Jasper at the U.S. Route 231 and Courthouse Square intersection. Passing east out of town, the road winds through the country, passing to the south of Jasper Lake and through the small town of Celestine. Just before leaving Dubois County for Crawford County, it crosses an arm of Patoka Lake; it then passes through the small town of Wickliffe on the edge of the Hoosier National Forest before terminating at State Road 145 on the shores of another arm of the lake. Major intersections	Indiana State Road 164
Ogea or Erima is a Papuan language spoken by approximately 2210 people living in an area 18 kilometers south of the town of Madang, in the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea. Language characteristics Phonemically, Ogea has a 15 vowel system with 17 consonants. Syntactically, Ogea is a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) language, with adjectives following nouns, and deictics following adjectives—the reverse of English. Morphologically, Ogea is a highly inflected, suffixing language, with most of the complexity occurring with verbs. There are over 100 basic verbal suffixes, the number of which is significantly multiplied by allomorphic variants. Ogea sentences are often composed of chains of verbs, with suffixes indicating sentence medial versus final positions. Ogea verbs encode inter-clausal temporality (temporal succession—one action occurs following another—and temporal overlap—actions occur simultaneously). They also encode switch reference. Switch reference indicates whether the referents of the clause in question are referents in the following clause. It is useful to classify Ogea verbal suffixes into two major categories: endocentric and exocentric, following the lead of Staalesen and Wells. Endocentric suffixes occur between the verb root and the exocenter. Endocentric suffixes include manner, object, and benefactive suffixes, among others. The same set of endocentric suffixes are used with varying sets of exocentric suffixes. The endocenter is composed of the verb root plus the endocentric suffixes. Exocentric suffixes encode inter-clausal temporality, tense, mood, subject, and switch reference. They are termed exocentric because they may contain suffixes that relate to the clause that follows. That is, the inter-clausal temporality and switch reference relate the current clause to the one that follows it.	Ogea language
"I'm Not in Love" is a song by British group 10cc, written by band members Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman. It is known for its innovative and distinctive backing track, composed mostly of the band's multitracked vocals. Released in the UK in May 1975 as the second single from the band's third album, The Original Soundtrack, it became the second of the group's three number-one singles in the UK between 1973 and 1978, topping the UK Singles Chart for two weeks. "I'm Not in Love" became the band's breakthrough hit outside the United Kingdom, topping the charts in Canada and the Republic of Ireland as well as peaking within the top ten of the charts in several other countries, including Australia, Germany, New Zealand, Norway and the United States. Written mostly by Stewart as a response to his wife's declaration that he did not tell her often enough that he loved her, "I'm Not in Love" was originally conceived as a bossa nova song played on guitars, but the other two members of the band, Kevin Godley and Lol Creme, were not impressed with the idea for the track and it was abandoned. However, after hearing members of their staff continue to sing the melody around their studio, Stewart persuaded the group to give the song another chance, to which Godley replied that for the song to work it needed to be radically changed, and suggested that the band should try to create a new version using just voices. Writing and composition Stewart came up with the idea for the song after his wife, to whom he had been married for eight years at that point, asked him why he did not say "I love you" more often to her. Stewart said, "I had this crazy idea in my mind that repeating those words would somehow degrade the meaning, so I told her, 'Well, if I say every day "I love you, darling, I love you, blah, blah, blah", it's not gonna mean anything eventually'. That statement led me to try to figure out another way of saying it, and the result was that I chose to say 'I'm not in love with you', while subtly giving all the reasons throughout the song why I could never let go of this relationship." Stewart wrote most of the melody and the lyrics on the guitar before taking it to the studio, where Gouldman offered to help him complete the song. Gouldman suggested some different chords for the melody, and also came up with the intro and the bridge section of the song. Stewart said that the pair spent two or three days writing the song, which at that point had a bossa nova rhythm and used principally guitars, before playing it to Godley and Creme. Stewart recorded a version with the other three members playing the song in the studio on traditional instruments – Creme on guitar, Gouldman on bass, and Godley on drums – but Godley and Creme disliked the song, particularly Godley, as Stewart later recalled: "He said, 'It's crap', and I said, 'Oh right, OK, have you got anything constructive to add to that? Can you suggest anything?' He said, 'No. It's not working, man. It's just crap, right? Chuck it.' And we did. We threw it away and we even erased it, so there's no tape of that bossa nova version." Having abandoned "I'm Not in Love", Stewart and Gouldman turned their attention to the track "Une Nuit A Paris", which Godley and Creme had been working on and which would later become the opening track on The Original Soundtrack album. However, Stewart noticed that members of staff in the band's Strawberry Studios were still singing the melody of "I'm Not in Love", and this convinced him to ask the other members of the group to consider reviving the song. Godley was still sceptical, but came up with a radical idea, telling Stewart, "I tell you what, the only way that song is gonna work is if we totally fuck it up and we do it like nobody has ever recorded a thing before. Let's not use instruments. Let's try to do it all with voices." Although taken aback by the suggestion, Stewart and the others agreed to try Godley's idea and create "a wall of sound" of vocals that would form the focal point of the record. Recording Stewart spent three weeks recording Gouldman, Godley and Creme singing "ahhh" 16 times for each note of the chromatic scale, building up a "choir" of 48 voices for each note of the scale. The main problem facing the band was how to keep the vocal notes going for an infinite length of time, but Creme suggested that they could get around this issue by using tape loops. Stewart created loops of about 12 feet in length by feeding the loop at one end through the tape heads of the stereo recorder in the studio, and at the other end through a capstan roller fixed to the top of a microphone stand, and tensioned the tape. By creating long loops the 'blip' caused by the splice in each tape loop could be drowned out by the rest of the backing track, providing that the splices in each loop did not coincide with each other. Having created twelve tape loops for each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale, Stewart played each loop through a separate channel of the mixing desk. This effectively turned the mixing desk into a musical instrument complete with all the notes of the chromatic scale, which the four members together then "played", fading up three or four channels at a time to create "chords" for the song's melody. Stewart had put tape across the bottom of each channel so that it was impossible to completely fade down the tracks for each note, resulting in the constant background hiss of vocals heard throughout the song. Composer and music theory professor Thomas MacFarlane considered the resulting "ethereal voices" with distorted synthesized effects to be a major influence on Billy Joel's hit ballad "Just the Way You Are", released two years later. A basic guide track was recorded first in order to help create the melody using the vocals, but the proper instrumentation was added after the vocals had been recorded. In keeping with Godley's idea to focus on the voices, only a few instruments were used: a Fender Rhodes electric piano played by Stewart, a Gibson 335 electric guitar played by Gouldman for the rhythm melody, and a bass drum sound played by Godley on a Moog synthesizer which Creme had recently purchased and learned how to program. The drum sound that was created was very soft and more akin to a heartbeat, in order not to overpower the rest of the track. Creme played piano during the bridge and the middle eight, where it replicated the melody of lyrics that had been discarded. The middle eight is also the only part of the song that contains a bass guitar line, played by Gouldman. A toy music box was recorded and double tracked out of phase for the middle eight and the outro. Once the musical backing had been completed Stewart recorded the lead vocal and Godley and Creme the backing vocals, but even though the song was finished Godley felt it was still lacking something. Stewart said, "Lol remembered he had said something into the grand piano mics when he was laying down the solos. He'd said 'Be quiet, big boys don't cry' — heaven knows why, but I soloed it and we all agreed that the idea sounded very interesting if we could just find the right voice to speak the words. Just at that point the door to the control room opened and our secretary Kathy Redfern looked in and whispered 'Eric, sorry to bother you. There's a telephone call for you.' Lol jumped up and said 'That's the voice, her voice is perfect!'." The group agreed that Redfern was the ideal person, but Redfern was unconvinced and had to be coaxed into recording her vocal contribution, using the same whispered voice that she had used when entering the control room. These whispered lyrics would later serve as the inspiration for the name of the 1980s band Boys Don't Cry. Release and promotion According to Stewart, at the time of recording The Original Soundtrack the band was already being courted by Mercury Records (part of the Phonogram group) to leave Jonathan King's small UK Records label, where they were struggling financially. He said: "I rang them. I said come and have a listen to what we've done, come and have a listen to this track. And they came up and they freaked, and they said, 'This is a masterpiece. How much money, what do you want? What sort of a contract do you want? We'll do anything.' On the strength of that one song, we did a five-year deal with them for five albums and they paid us a serious amount of money." Despite impressing their new label with the track, Phonogram felt that it was not suitable for release as a single due to its length, and released "Life Is a Minestrone" as the first single from The Original Soundtrack instead. However, many influential figures in the music industry were demanding that "I'm Not in Love" be released as a single, and Mercury eventually bowed to the pressure and released it as the second single from the album. The band were forced to edit the track down to four minutes for radio play, but once it charted, pressure from the public and the media caused the radio stations to revert to playing the full version. Record World said that "One of the most technically perfect productions of this or any year is kind of a cross between '2001' and the golden era Lennon-McCartney ballad days." Released in May 1975, "I'm Not in Love" became the band's second number-one, staying atop the UK singles chart for two weeks from 28 June. In the US, the record peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, deprived of an expected top spot placing by a different number-one each week (Van McCoy's "The Hustle", The Eagles' "One of These Nights", and the Bee Gees' "Jive Talkin'"). In the UK the single was released in its full length version of over six minutes; in the US and Canada it was released in an edited 3:42 version, and with a different B-side. Legacy "I'm Not in Love" has enjoyed lasting popularity, with over three million plays on US radio since its release, and it won three Ivor Novello Awards in 1976 for Best Pop Song, International Hit of the Year, and Most Performed British Work. It has appeared in numerous films and television shows, most famously in Guardians of the Galaxy. Queen Latifah recorded a cover for her album Trav'lin' Light, and a cover version by Kelsey Lu was featured in the TV series Euphoria. Axl Rose cited it as a song that meant a lot to him as a teenager: "So nonchalant, so cool ....". Italian-Brazilian singer Deborah Blando release a Portuguese version of the song called "Somente o Sol", in 1998. Personnel Adapted from the liner notes of The Original Soundtrack. Eric Stewart – lead vocal, electric piano Graham Gouldman – guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals Kevin Godley – Moog, backing vocals Lol Creme – piano, backing vocals Kathy Redfern – uncredited whisperings : Big Boys Don't Cry Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Will to Power version American musical group Will to Power covered the song for their second studio album, Journey Home, releasing as the first single from the album in 1990. It reached the top ten on the pop charts of the US, Canada, Norway, and Portugal. Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts 10cc acoustic version In 1995, Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman re-recorded "I'm Not in Love" as an acoustic version for the last 10cc studio album Mirror Mirror. It was released as a single and charted at #29 in the UK giving the band the highest position since "Dreadlock Holiday" in 1978. Track listing "I'm Not in Love (Acoustic Session '95)" - 3:30 "I'm Not in Love (Rework of Art Mix)" - 5:51 "Blue Bird" (Graham Gouldman) - 4:04 Deni Hines version In 1996, the Australian singer songwriter Deni Hines released "I'm Not in Love" as the fourth single from her debut album Imagination (1996). At the ARIA Music Awards of 1997, "I'm Not in Love" was nominated for two awards - ARIA Award for Best Female Artist losing to "Mary" by Monique Brumby and ARIA Award for Best Pop Release losing to "To the Moon and Back" by Savage Garden. Track listing "I'm Not in Love" "It's Alright" (quiet summertime version) "Joy" (full testament mix) "It's Alright" (summertime remix) Olive version Following their debut album, the English trip hop band Olive recorded a cover of the song. At the cusp of their new record contract with Maverick Records at the time, the band debuted the song on the label's soundtrack for the Madonna film The Next Best Thing before releasing it as the debut single from their second album, Trickle. Fronted by the lone vocals of singer Ruth-Ann Boyle, the song simulated the backing tracks of the original; the most audible modification made to the song is a percussion track in the style of drum and bass, turning the song into an upbeat dance track. Accompanied by dance-oriented remixes on the single release, the song gained sufficient nightclub play to reach number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart (on the week of 1 July 2000), as well as airplay on dance-hits format radio.	I'm Not in Love
Mike Bullock is an American author born in Washington, D.C. He began writing fiction, non-fiction and poetry in the 1980s. He worked professionally in the music and comic book industries since 1986 and is best known as the creator of comic book series Lions, Tigers and Bears from Image Comics, and as the regular writer of The Phantom from Moonstone Books. Overview His first published fiction work, Lions, Tigers and Bears received favorable reviews from comic book reviewers. Bullock followed that success with another Lions, Tigers and Bears series that arrived in stores in 2006. He took the reins of The Phantom for Moonstone Books with issue 12 of the publisher's first Phantom comic series and continued penning Phantom stories until he had over 40 under his belt, ending his run with the distinction of writing more original Phantom stories than any other American comic book writer. Comic book works In 2002, Bullock was employed by Dabel Brothers Productions promotions department. During his one-year employment with Dabel Brothers Productions, Bullock performed the duties of PR Director, as well as Editor on DBPro's original series, Imperial Dragons, and Dreamwave's Warlands. In addition, Bullock developed the second Imperial Dragons series for Dabel Brothers, entitled Imperial Dragons: Road of Honor. Bullock's first original comics work was Lions, Tigers and Bears initially published by Image Comics. Lions, Tigers and Bears was created by Bullock, then developed with series artist, Jack Lawrence. Bullock's second series under the Image banner was The Gimoles . The second Lions, Tigers and Bears series, also authored by Bullock, began in April 2006. His newest creator-owned series, Timothy and the Transgalactic Towel debuted in September 2009 from Silverline Books, an imprint of Image Comics owned by Image co-founder Jim Valentino. In late 2005, Bullock became the writer of Moonstone Books' comic series The Phantom. Bullock also contributed a short story featuring the character in Moonstone's Phantom prose anthology, released in the summer of 2007. Bullock's regular artists on the Phantom were Silvestre Szilagyi, Fernando Peniche and Bob Pedroza. He's also worked with Gabriel Rearte, Carlos Magno and Zeu. Bullock took over the book from writers Ben Raab, Chuck Dixon, and Rafael Nieves. Bullock was given the duties of Phantom Group Editor in early 2009. Bullock ended his Moonstone Phantom run having written more Phantom stories than any other writer in US comic book history. After Moonstone relinquished the Phantom license in July 2010, Bullock took over as head writer on the Black Bat comics, as well as his own Savage Beauty comic, co-owned with Ed Catto and Joe Ahearn of Captain Action Enterprises. Another creator-owned character, Death Angel, debuted as a back-up story in Phantom: KGB Noir in January 2010 to critical acclaim. The character has since moved on with appearances in the Black Bat graphic novel series, co-starring with the title character, as well as appearing in solo adventures available on the eBook site iPulpfiction.com In late 2010, Bullock's Lions, Tigers and Bears moved under the Hermes Press banner as the flagship of Curio House, a new all-ages imprint. Lions, Tigers and Bears volume III was initially announced for release in March 2011, with newly formatted reprints of volumes I and II to follow in April. By August 2011, none of the books had appeared on store shelves, however. 2011 brought with it work on the all-new Joe Palooka comic, starring an up-and-coming Mixed Martial Arts fighter nicknamed Joe Palooka. The second Joe Palooka series, dubbed Palooka's Legion of Combat, features several stars of the MMA world in their comic book debut. Bullock also began work on Fiefdom of Angels, a saga of the first war between good and evil, based on a story created by four-time Grammy Award-winning singer Kevin Max. The Fiefdom of Angels Zero Issue comic book debuted in August 2011. In May 2012, Bullock was hired to adapt Dead Sea Souls, an end times fiction novel by author Doug K. Pearson, into a 100-page graphic novel for Sozo Media Group. Artist Manny Trembley, known for his work on the Sam Noir and PX graphic novel series, is handling the art for Dead Sea Souls. Prose works Bullock had his first prose piece, White Knight, starring The Phantom published in Moonstone Books' Phantom Chronicles volume I in 2007. He followed that with several more Phantom prose pieces including the critically acclaimed Final Roar in the Phantom Generations series. Bullock has also written prose shorts starring Zorro, Black Bat and Death Angel. At Pulp Ark 2011, Bullock's first full-length novel series was announced from Airship 27, starring Bullock's own sword and sorcery character The Runemaster. His second novel series, starring Bullock's pulp hero Totem - later retitled Xander: Guardian of Worlds - was announced from Pro Se Productions as well. In May 2011, Moonstone Books announced the first full-length Death Angel prose novel, penned by Bullock, for release in 2012. May 2012 saw the debut of Xander: Guardian of Worlds, Bullock's latest New Pulp hero, in the pages of Tales of the Rook from Pro Se Press/Reese Unlimited. A full line of Xander novels and short story collections from Pro Se Press was announced at the 2011 Pulp Ark Convention in Batesville, Arkansas. Awards Angoulême International Comics Festival Prix Jeunesse 7-8 ans Discovery Youth Prize at the 2007 Angoulême International Comics Festival Paper Screen Gem Award for All-Ages Comics, Broken Frontier, 2005 Golden Poet Award, International Poetry Society, 1989 Music credits Prior to developing his writing career, Bullock sang and played guitar in several extreme metal bands from 1986 to 1997. His first band, XLR8, featured guitarist Pat Bohan (Machinery), bassist Bill Kowalski and drummer Jim Chaney (Jimmie's Chicken Shack, Machinery). In late 1988 Bullock joined IronChrist, who toured and recorded for Restless Records for several years before disbanding in 1991. After Ironchrist, Bullock replaced Mark Strassburg (Possessed), in fellow Restless Records band Indestroy, only to see them disband before tracks from the third Indestroy album, with music primarily written by Jeff Parsons (Wretched), Rob 'Cougin' Brannigan and lyrics by Bullock were recorded. Bullock, Parsons and ex-Indestroy drummer Gus Basiliko went on to form Wretched, but Bullock moved to LA soon after and formed Eulogy with George Moreno and Nathan Rivera (Dark Realm Records). Upon returning to DC in 1995, Bullock formed the death metal band Scab. This marked the first time Bullock not only wrote all the band's music, but handled the majority of the guitar work while sharing the vocals with the drummer, known only as "The Evil One." Bullock took a leave of absence from the music world in 2000, after a brief stint with .357, a reformation of Eulogy. In December 2011, Bullock, Bohan and Chaney set about resurrecting an old band of theirs known as Machinery, with the intent of releasing a new album in 2013. On May 8, 2012, Divebomb Records re-released Ironchrist's second album in a deluxe CD format. In late 2012, Bullock returned to song writing with his own band Open Tomb, marking the first time since Scab that he would be responsible for all the songwriting as well as guitars, bass, drums and vocals. Ironchrist - lead vocals Indestroy - lead vocals, manager	Mike Bullock
Ruacana is a town in the Omusati Region of northern Namibia and the district capital of the Ruacana electoral constituency. It is located on the border with Angola on the river Kunene. The town is known for the picturesque Ruacana Falls nearby, and for the Ruacana Power Station. The place normally receives an annual average rainfall of , although in the 2010/2011 rainy season were measured. The farm Etunda is situated near Ruacana. It is run as a government supported irrigation scheme and has been established in 1993. Half of the farm is commercial irrigation land, while the other half is allocated to 82 small-scale farmers. Etunda cultivates maize, wheat, watermelons, bananas, and other produce. History Ruacana was developed around the Ruacana Hydroelectric Power Station, a major underground hydroelectric plant linked to the nearby dam across the border in Angola at Calueque. The dam and pumping station were bombed in a Cuban airstrike in 1988, during the Angolan Civil War. The facility was partially repaired and today NamPower operates three turbines producing a maximum of 240 megawatts. Ovazemba and Ovahimba people are native to the area. The name Ruacana originated from one of the first settlers in Ruacana called Ruhakana. The town was therefore named after a Mr Ruhakana, although it is currently written as "Ruacana". Politics Ruacana's settlement status was upgraded to village in 2005, and to town in 2010. It is now governed by a town council that has seven seats. The 2015 local authority election was won by SWAPO which gained six seats and 826 votes. The remaining seat went to the National Unity Democratic Organisation (NUDO) which gained 53 votes. SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election. It obtained 603 votes and gained five seats. The Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, obtained 192 votes and gained the remaining two seats. Education The Ruacana Vocational High School is located in Ruacana. There are several other primary schools and secondary schools such as Ombuumbu Secondary School and Tjihozu Primary School.	Ruacana
The Episcopal Diocese of Olympia, also known as the Episcopal Church in Western Washington, is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in Washington state west of the Cascade Range. It is one of 17 dioceses and an area mission that make up Province 8. The diocese started as a missionary district in 1853 and was formally established in 1910. It comprises 25,490 members in 92 congregations. The name of the diocese refers to the region of "Olympia" and is not related to the state capital Olympia. The see city is Seattle, with St. Mark's the cathedral church of the diocese. Following the resignation of Greg Rickel (the eighth bishop of Olympia) on December 31, 2022, the diocese is led by Melissa M. Skelton as bishop provisional. Bishops These are the bishops who have served the territory now known as the Diocese of Olympia: Missionary Bishops Bishops of Oregon and Washington territories Thomas Fielding Scott (1854–1867) Benjamin Wistar Morris (1868–1880) Bishops of Washington state John A. Paddock (1880–1894) William Morris Barker (1894–1901) Frederick W. Keator (1902–1910) Bishops of Olympia Frederick W. Keator (1910–1924) S. Arthur Huston (1925–1947) Stephen F. Bayne, Jr. (1947–1960) William F. Lewis (1960–1964) Ivol Ira Curtis (1964–1976) Robert H. Cochrane (1976–1989) Vincent Waydell Warner, Jr. (1990–2007)• Sanford Zangwill Kaye Hampton, assisting bishop• Bavi Edna Rivera, bishop suffragan (2006–2009) Gregory Rickel (2007–2022)• Melissa M. Skelton, bishop provisional (2023–present) Huston Camp and Conference Center The Diocese owns a summer camp located in Gold Bar, WA next to the Wallace Falls State Park. Director Bill Tubbs for the last 20 years has overseen operation of both the Conference and Summer Camp seasons. See also List of Succession of Bishops for the Episcopal Church, USA	Episcopal Diocese of Olympia
Carnival Sunrise (formerly Carnival Triumph) is a operated by Carnival Cruise Line. As she and her three younger sisters (, , and ) are each a redesigned version of the lead ship in the class, she is sometimes referred to as the first of the Triumph class of cruise ships. Carnival Sunrise is homeported in Miami, Florida. Built by Fincantieri at its Monfalcone shipyard in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northern Italy, she was floated out on October 23, 1999, and christened by Madeline Arison, wife of Micky Arison, the then-CEO (now Chairman of Carnival Corporation) of Carnival. Design Carnival Sunrise is long and has a beam of . Fully laden, she draws of water. The vessel's gross tonnage, which is a measure of volume and not of weight, is 101,509. Carnival Sunrise has a diesel-electric propulsion system in which the main generators provide electricity for all shipboard functions from propulsion motors to hotel systems such as air conditioning and lighting. Her power plant consists of six diesel generating sets, four 16-cylinder Wärtsilä-Sulzer 16ZAV40S and two 12-cylinder 12ZAV40S medium-speed diesel engines. Her two 17.6-megawatt electric propulsion motors and controllable pitch propellers give the ship a maximum speed of and a service speed of about . For maneuvering at ports, Carnival Sunrise has six transverse thrusters. She was completed and entered service in 1999. In 2019, Carnival Triumph docked in Cadiz, Spain to undergo a $200 million refurbishment. She was renamed Carnival Sunrise on completion of the refit. The ship was officially renamed by Kelly Arison, who is a daughter of Carnival Corporation Chairman Micky Arison. The ceremony took place on May 23 in New York. Incidents and accidents 2012 arrest in Galveston On March 29, 2012, a judge ordered the ship to be held in Galveston, Texas. The move came as part of a $10 million lawsuit filed in federal court in Galveston by relatives of a German tourist who died in the Costa Concordia disaster. Reports say that the warrant ordering the ship held in port states that "the court finds that the conditions for an attachment of defendants' joint and collective property within this district, mainly the MS Carnival Triumph, appear to exist upon an admiralty and maritime claim". Carnival Triumph was allowed to unload passengers and cargo and move between berths until a hearing could be scheduled. 2013 engine room fire On Sunday, February 10, 2013 at 5:30 a.m. CST, the ship suffered a fire in the aft engine room. Although the fire was automatically extinguished and there were no injuries to passengers or crew, it resulted in a loss of power and propulsion. To make matters worse, raw sewage began to back up into passenger deck areas, creating a major health hazard. This caused the media to dub the event "The Poop Cruise". Carnival Triumph was originally expected to be towed to the Mexican port of Progreso. However, after being carried north by currents while awaiting arrival of large, seagoing tugboats, she was expected to dock in Mobile, Alabama, instead. This was the fourth engine room fire on a Carnival-owned ship resulting in a loss of power, including Tropicale in 1999, in 2010, and , owned by a Carnival subsidiary, in 2012. By February 11, 2013, her emergency electrical generators allowed partial restoration of some shipboard functions. During the night of February 10, supplies were transferred from . was en route from Tampa and arrived on the scene around 3:00p.m. on the afternoon of February 11 to complete a transfer of food and water and to take on a patient in need of dialysis for transport to Cozumel. en route to Montego Bay, Jamaica from New Orleans stopped and delivered food and supplies during the afternoon and early evening on February 11, 2013. Sailings through April 13 were canceled, after which Carnival announced the first phase of a fleetwide review, to include installation of back-up generator systems on the line's ships. To allow time for the generators to be installed aboard Carnival Triumph, ten more voyages were cancelled, through June 3. On the afternoon of February 13, two seagoing tugboats were towing the ship, with a third tugboat expected to arrive that evening. The goal was to reach port in Mobile by early afternoon on February 14, but strong winds delayed the expected arrival. Eventually, four tugboats were towing the ship, with a fifth on standby. After a tow line broke, arrival was delayed still further. The ship finally docked by 9:20 p.m. An incident investigation was then started by the Bahamas Maritime Authority, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the National Transportation Safety Board. The Bahamas Maritime Authority was the lead investigative agency, because Carnival Triumph is a Bahamian-flagged ship. Initial reports from investigators on February 18 indicated the fire was caused by a leak in a flexible fuel oil return line from the No. 6 diesel engine, allowing fuel to spill onto a hot surface and ignite. Two weeks prior to the engine room fire, Carnival Triumph experienced propulsion issues that caused it to be five hours late returning to its Galveston home port on January 28, 2013, delayed the ship's departure for its next cruise from 2:30 p.m. until 8:00p.m. that night, and resulted in the elimination of a scheduled stop in Cozumel because of the ship's diminished cruising speed. While in port, a Port State Control (PSC) vessel inspection by the Texas City, Texas, U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Unit was conducted, resulting in a finding that there was "a short in the high voltage connection box of one of the ships [sic] generators causing damage to cables within the connection box", a deficiency under 50AC SOLAS 2009 Ch 1 Reg 11. A directive with a compliance due date of February 27, 2013 was issued following the inspection, requiring that "the condition of the ship and its equipment shall be maintained to conform with the regulations to ensure that the ship in all respects will remain fit to proceed to sea without danger to the ship or persons on board". The Coast Guard Marine Information Safety and Law Enforcement System showed that this deficiency remained unresolved at the time of the subsequent fire and loss of power while at sea on February 10. 2013 mooring accident in Mobile, Alabama On April 3, 2013, while Carnival Triumph was docked in Mobile, Alabama for repairs following the February 10 fire, gale-force winds caused the ship to break free from her moorings and strike a moored United States Army Corps of Engineers vessel, Dredge Wheeler, sustaining a gash and railing damage on her stern above the water line before coming to rest against a cargo ship. The U.S. Coast Guard and tug boats responded to the scene. Two workers were in a guard shack on a section of dock that also collapsed during the high winds. One was rescued from the water and hospitalized, but the other was recovered dead nine days later. Repairs for the ship were then delayed by ten days, causing cancellation of two more cruises before the ship returned to service on June 13, 2013.	Carnival Sunrise
New York State Route 65 (NY 65) is a north–south state highway located in the western portion of New York in the United States. It extends for from an intersection with U.S. Route 20 (US 20) and NY 5 in the Ontario County town of West Bloomfield to a junction with NY 96 in the Monroe County town of Brighton. In between, the route serves the village of Honeoye Falls and passes through the extreme northeastern corner of Livingston County. NY 65 intersects NY 251 in Mendon, NY 252 in Pittsford, and the regionally important NY 31 in Brighton. The southern half of NY 65 passes through mostly rural areas, while its northern section traverses densely populated portions of Monroe County. NY 65 originally began at what is now US 20A in Honeoye when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York; however, it was truncated to its current southern terminus in the late 1930s. No changes have been made to NY 65's alignment since that time; however, ownership and maintenance of the portion of the route north of NY 31 was transferred to Monroe County at some point prior to 1990. This section of NY 65 is co-designated as the unsigned County Route 271 (CR 271). Route description NY 65 begins at an intersection with US 20 and NY 5 in the West Bloomfield hamlet of the same name. It heads to the northwest as Ontario Street, passing through gradually less developed areas as it approaches the Ontario–Monroe county line. Just south of the line, however, the route enters the hamlet of North Bloomfield, a southeastern extension of Honeoye Falls located on the Livingston–Ontario county line. NY 65 passes into Livingston County in the town of Lima upon crossing over Honeoye Creek in the center of the community; however, it remains in the county for just before following Honeoye Creek into Monroe County and the village of Honeoye Falls in the town of Mendon situated on the county's southern edge. The Ontario Street name follows NY 65 northwestward through the southern half of the village, where it crosses back over Honeoye Creek before passing through the village's residential center and entering its business district. Here, NY 65 turns west onto East Street and crosses Honeoye Creek again to reach an intersection with Main and Monroe Streets. Monroe Street, once designated NY 363, is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) as NY 940J, an unsigned reference route. NY 65 turns north here, following North Main Street out of the village. Outside of Honeoye Falls, the route becomes Clover Street, a name it retains for the rest of its routing. The highway heads onward through the town of Mendon, leaving the densely populated village and its lightly populated outskirts for the rolling, open areas that dominate much of southern Monroe County. Three miles (5 km) to the north of Honeoye Falls, NY 65 intersects NY 251 by way of a roundabout northeast of the hamlet of Rochester Junction. The community, located on NY 251, marks the point where the Lehigh Valley Railroad spur that went to the railroad's station in downtown Rochester returned to the main line. The route continues onward, passing alongside the western edge of Mendon Ponds Park as it enters the town of Pittsford. At the northern edge of the park, NY 65 curves to the northeast and passes over the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90). North of the Thruway, NY 65 intersects the eastern terminus of NY 253 and Calkins Road (unsigned NY 943C and a former extension of NY 253) at junctions roughly apart. From this point northward, the route heads through much more developed areas, beginning with a series of housing tracts situated in the between Calkins and Jefferson Roads, the latter carrying NY 252. It continues on past NY 252, taking on a more northerly routing as it crosses over the CSX Transportation-owned West Shore Subdivision railroad line and the Erie Canal and passes through densely populated portions of Pittsford and Brighton. Just inside the Brighton town line, NY 65 intersects NY 31 (Monroe Avenue) in a linear commercial district centered on NY 31. At this point, maintenance of NY 65 shifts from NYSDOT to Monroe County, which maintains the route as the unsigned CR 271. The route heads due northward for just under , paralleling I-590 and passing The Harley School before veering to the northeast ahead of an intersection with Elmwood Avenue. Both NY 65 and CR 271 end later at a junction with East Avenue (NY 96). History All of what is now NY 65, including the portion of the route north of modern NY 31, was state-maintained by 1926. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 65 was assigned to an alignment extending from NY 254 (now US 20A) in Honeoye northward to NY 15 (now NY 96) in Brighton. The route followed the northernmost portion of what is now CR 37 from Honeoye to US 20 in West Bloomfield, from where it continued to Brighton on its current alignment. The section of NY 65 south of US 20, which was not state-owned in 1926, was removed from the route . Farther north, ownership and maintenance of the portion of the route north of NY 31 was transferred to Monroe County by 1990. NY 65 originally had an overlap with NY 253 in the town of Pittsford. From the 1930 renumbering to the 1980s, NY 253 turned north onto NY 65 at its present eastern terminus and followed NY 65 north to Calkins Road, where NY 253 turned east and continued to the northeast toward Pittsford, East Rochester and Penfield. In the latter half of the 1980s, NY 253 was truncated to its present eastern terminus at NY 65 and the section of NY 253 from NY 96 north to NY 441 in East Rochester and Penfield was designated NY 153. Major intersections See also List of county routes in Monroe County, New York	New York State Route 65
Juan Lindolfo de los Reyes Cuestas (6 January 1837 – 21 June 1905) was a Uruguayan politician who served as the 18th President of Uruguay from 1897 until 1899 and for a second term from 1899 to 1903. Background Juan Lindolfo Cuestas was a prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party, which dominated the country's politics for over a century. He was Minister of Finance from 1875 to 1876 and from 1880 to 1882. He served as Minister of Justice and Education from 1884 to 1886. His son, Juan Cuestas, was a diplomat. President of Uruguay First term Lindolfo Cuestas first assumed the Presidency in crisis circumstances . On August 25, 1897 the sitting President of Uruguay, Juan Idiarte Borda was assassinated by a gunman, Avelino Arredondo. Lindolfo Cuestas as the President of the Senate of Uruguay became president. Within two years Lindolfo Cuestas had ceded the Presidency to José Batlle y Ordóñez on an interim basis. Second term He soon reassumed the office, however, and served until 1903, when he again stepped down in favour of José Batlle y Ordóñez. Political background Lindolfo Cuestas's periods of Presidential office were characterized by crises, not only originating from the assassination of Idiarte, but also by internal dissension within the Colorado Party and by strife with the Opposition Blanco Party, which continued to propel the country into outbreaks of the intermittent Civil War which beset Uruguay throughout the mid- to late- 19th century. In 1898, as noted by one study, Cuestas “dissolved the chambers that had been elected with notorious vices of fraud. By dissolving the chambers, he convenes a state council with legislative powers and with representatives of the three parties that were active at that time: Colorado, national and constitutional. This state council approved an electoral reform that gave representation to minorities and mandated the formation of the permanent Civic Registry.” Post presidency After relinquishing the Presidency for the second time, in 1903, the country soon slipped into civil war, the decisive battle of which was the Battle of Masoller in 1904. Lindolfo Cuestas died in 1905. See also Colorado Party (Uruguay)#Earlier History Politics of Uruguay List of political families#Uruguay	Juan Lindolfo Cuestas
Tommy Hill is a former British motorcycle road racer, born 9 February 1985 in Beckenham, Kent. His greatest success was becoming the British Superbike Champion for 2011. He also competed in the World Superbike and World Supersport championships. Hill quit motorcycle racing at the end of 2012, instead started working as a self-employed graphic designer, but announced in late 2014 that he would be running a British Superbike team during 2015. After several months of his first season as a team manager with Be Wiser Kawasaki, Hill left in August 2015, and the team folded in September. Hill announced in October 2015 that he would be running his own team named THM – Tommy Hill Motorsport – for 2016 with Yamaha R1 machines, backed by ePayMe, with riders John Hopkins and Stuart Easton. Personal Hill's early racing life included a near-fatal motocross accident in which he lost a kidney and his spleen. As a result, medical problems including a bout of food poisoning in 2006 have dogged his career, and require him to take Penicillin every day. His brother Jimmy also raced. Starting out He switched to road racing in 2001, and first earned his BSB ride by winning the Virgin Mobile Yamaha R6 Cup in 2003, finishing every race in the process. British Superbikes 2004–07 In his first BSB season he became the youngest rider ever to start a race on the front row of the grid, and he was the only one of the team's four 2004 riders to be retained for 2005 – team boss Rob McElnea commenting that "He really did prove himself beyond everyone’s expectations this year". In 2005 he took 2 further front row starts, as well as his first BSB win at Cadwell Park, finishing 12th overall in the series. For the 2006 British Superbike season he was the only Yamaha rider to retain his ride, leading a young team with Billy McConnell and Kieran Clarke. Hill was also entered for the Superbike World Championship race at Silverstone as a wild card. In changeable qualifying conditions he stunned the experienced regulars by taking pole position, and then finished both races in the lower reaches of the points. He finished the BSB season eighth overall In 2007, Hill was joined in the Virgin Yamaha squad by James Haydon, who returned to the team for whom he raced in 2001 and 2004. From 12th on the grid in damp conditions he briefly led the second race of round 4 at Oulton Park, but ultimately faded to 7th, the Yamaha failing to match other bikes on performance. He also made a handful of World Supersport rides on an SSP Yamaha alongside his 2007 BSB commitments World Supersport 2008 For 2008 Hill switched to the series full-time, with the Hannspree Altea Honda team. On his very first test he crashed, breaking his femur, ankle and hand, causing him to miss the first five rounds of the season. Hill returned at the Nürburgring, qualifying in 9th place. But in the race he was involved in an incident at turn one where wildcard rider Arne Tode caused a massive pile-up, and as a result Hill rebroke his femur, putting him out for the rest of the season. World Superbikes and return to British Superbikes 2009 – The Althea team kept faith in him for 2009, signing him to be their sole World Superbike rider, owing to his BSB experience. However he was uncompetitive, and lost the ride midseason to young Frenchman Matthieu Lagrive. He joined Worx Crescent Suzuki as a replacement for the injured Sylvain Guintoli from the Mallory Park round, qualifying 2nd. He was competitive in race 1 despite the electronic engine management system failing before the start, until chaos and controversy struck. He was running second when Josh Brookes lost control of his bike and catapulted race leader Simon Andrews, dropping oil from Brookes' Honda. Hill was one of five other riders who either crashed or downed their bikes to avoid crashing. The red flag was shown, but these seven riders were omitted from the results, as they were not running at the time of the red flag. Brookes received a two-meeting ban for his mistake. Hill kept the ride for the next meeting at Brands Hatch on a three race weekend. Hill rode well at Brands Hatch but after the meeting it was confirmed that Sylvain Guintoli would return to the Worx Suzuki team for the remainder of the season. After missing the Cadwell Park round Hill returned to BSB for the Hydrex Honda team, taking the seat from Karl Harris after he was sacked. Hill adapted quickly to the Hydrex Honda, gaining 7th and 6th-place finishes in his first outing at Croft, two fifths at Silverstone, and podium places at Oulton Park. For 2010 Hill joined Worx Crescent Suzuki full-time, alongside former World Superbike race winner Yukio Kagayama. He took victory in the season opener at Brands Hatch, before finishing second to James Ellison in race two. He led the championship by 36 points at one stage. Poorer meetings at Cadwell Park and Knockhill eroded his championship lead, but regained it with three podiums at Snetterton. Hill was one of the central subjects of the film I, Superbiker, which recorded his 2010 British Superbike Championship season. On 10 November 2010 Hill signed to Swan Yamaha full-time, alongside Supersport champion Michael Laverty. He came second in the opening race at Brands Hatch Indy and took victory in the second race. This gave him lead in the championship. At Oulton Park, the weekend after, he got pole position in qualifying and topped the time sheet. However, during the warm-up session, Loris Baz crashed moments before, leaving fluid on the track, this caused Hill to fall and sustain an injury to the left shoulder. Later an update said that Hill's injuries would rule him out of the races ahead., However Hill was back at Croft Circuit in May. He made history at Knockhill Racing Circuit by taking his first double win in the championship and putting him back on top form to fight for the championship title. Career statistics Stats correct as of 23 September 2012 All Time By championship British Superbike Championship Notes 1. – Hill qualified for "The Showdown" part of the BSB season, thus before the 11th round he was awarded 500 points plus the podium credits he had gained throughout the season. Podium credits are given to anyone finishing 1st, 2nd or 3rd, with 3,2 and 1 points awarded respectively. Superbike World Championship Supersport World Championship	Tommy Hill
The Manor Ground was a football stadium in Oxford, England, the home of Oxford United (previously known as Headington United) between 1925 and 2001. It hosted United's record crowd of 22,750 against Preston North End in an FA Cup 6th Round match on 29 February 1964. The main seating stand was the Beech Road stand (on the west), the 'home' terracing was the London Road stand (south), the 'away' terracing was Cuckoo Lane (north) and on the fourth side was the Osler Road stand (east). In 1966, with the demolition of Sandfield College, a new entrance to the ground was created onto London Road. With the advent of the 1990s and the Taylor Report, the Manor Ground's terracing was rapidly becoming antiquated, and it gained a reputation amongst fans as one of the more dilapidated stadiums in English professional football. The location of the Manor Ground was unsuitable for conversion into an all-seater stadium, so the club decided to move to a purpose-built all-seater stadium (later to be named the Kassam Stadium) on the outskirts of the city, on land near the Blackbird Leys housing estate. Construction work began in the early part of 1997, but was suspended later that year because of the club's financial problems. Construction of the new stadium resumed in 1999 following a takeover deal and Oxford moved there in 2001. The last league match at the Manor, on 1 May 2001, was a 1–1 draw with Port Vale. Andy Scott opened the scoring after 82 minutes as the Us looked set for a final home victory, but a minute from the end Tony Naylor equalised. Oxford's final season at the Manor Ground was one of the worst in their history: the club finished bottom of Division Two with 27 points and were relegated to Division Three, their lowest standing in 35 years. The stadium was later demolished and is now the site of The Manor Hospital, a private hospital owned and operated by Nuffield Health.	Manor Ground (Oxford)
Simon Forbes Newbold Hobday (23 June 1940 – 2 March 2017) was a South African professional golfer who won tournaments on three continents. Early life Hobday was born in the British Embassy in Mafikeng, South Africa. Both of his parents were from England. Amateur career Hobday lived part of his life in Zambia and represented the country in the 1966 Eisenhower Trophy. In early 1969, he was still an amateur golfer and still represented Zambia. At the time, he worked as a car salesman in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. In April 1969, while still an amateur, Hobday played the Kenya Open. In the final round he broke the course record at the Muthaiga Golf Course with a 66 (−6) to leap into second place. At 284 (−4) he finished joint runner-up with Scotland's Bernard Gallacher, five behind champion Maurice Bembridge. He defeated several notable professionals including Christy O'Connor Snr and Australia's Bob Tuohy. Professional career In 1969, Hobday turned professional. He spent his regular career mainly on the Southern Africa Tour, where he won six times and the European Tour, where he won the 1976 German Open and the 1979 Madrid Open. In 1977, the British government froze his earnings on the British PGA because London had "political and sporting sanctions with Rhodesia." As a response, Hobday changed his sporting nationality from Rhodesia to South Africa. In 1981, he "quit the European tour." That year, he also moved from Zimbabwe to South Africa. He began work at Wingate Park Club in Pretoria, South Africa. As a senior, he played mainly in the United States on the Senior PGA Tour (now Champions Tour), where he claimed five titles between 1993 and 1995 including one senior major, the 1994 U.S. Senior Open. Professional wins (17) European Tour wins (2) Southern Africa Tour wins (5) Other wins (1) 1971 South African Open Senior PGA Tour wins (5) Senior PGA Tour playoff record (1–0) Other senior wins (4) 1997/98 Vodacom Senior Classic (South Africa) 2001 Nelson Mandela Invitational (with Martin Maritz), Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf - Legendary Division (with Jim Albus) 2003 Nelson Mandela Invitational (with Lee Westwood) Results in major championships Note: Hobday never played in the Masters Tournament or the PGA Championship. WD = withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1977 and 1984 Open Championships) "T" indicates a tie for a place Champions Tour major championships Wins (1) Team appearances Amateur Eisenhower Trophy (representing Zambia): 1966 Professional Double Diamond International (representing the Rest of the World): 1976, 1977 See also List of African golfers	Simon Hobday
In geometry, the elliptic coordinate system is a two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system in which the coordinate lines are confocal ellipses and hyperbolae. The two foci and are generally taken to be fixed at and , respectively, on the -axis of the Cartesian coordinate system. Basic definition The most common definition of elliptic coordinates is where is a nonnegative real number and On the complex plane, an equivalent relationship is These definitions correspond to ellipses and hyperbolae. The trigonometric identity shows that curves of constant form ellipses, whereas the hyperbolic trigonometric identity shows that curves of constant form hyperbolae. Scale factors In an orthogonal coordinate system the lengths of the basis vectors are known as scale factors. The scale factors for the elliptic coordinates are equal to Using the double argument identities for hyperbolic functions and trigonometric functions, the scale factors can be equivalently expressed as Consequently, an infinitesimal element of area equals and the Laplacian reads Other differential operators such as and can be expressed in the coordinates by substituting the scale factors into the general formulae found in orthogonal coordinates. Alternative definition An alternative and geometrically intuitive set of elliptic coordinates are sometimes used, where and . Hence, the curves of constant are ellipses, whereas the curves of constant are hyperbolae. The coordinate must belong to the interval [-1, 1], whereas the coordinate must be greater than or equal to one. The coordinates have a simple relation to the distances to the foci and . For any point in the plane, the sum of its distances to the foci equals , whereas their difference equals . Thus, the distance to is , whereas the distance to is . (Recall that and are located at and , respectively.) A drawback of these coordinates is that the points with Cartesian coordinates (x,y) and (x,-y) have the same coordinates , so the conversion to Cartesian coordinates is not a function, but a multifunction. Alternative scale factors The scale factors for the alternative elliptic coordinates are Hence, the infinitesimal area element becomes and the Laplacian equals Other differential operators such as and can be expressed in the coordinates by substituting the scale factors into the general formulae found in orthogonal coordinates. Extrapolation to higher dimensions Elliptic coordinates form the basis for several sets of three-dimensional orthogonal coordinates: The elliptic cylindrical coordinates are produced by projecting in the -direction. The prolate spheroidal coordinates are produced by rotating the elliptic coordinates about the -axis, i.e., the axis connecting the foci, whereas the oblate spheroidal coordinates are produced by rotating the elliptic coordinates about the -axis, i.e., the axis separating the foci. Ellipsoidal coordinates are a formal extension of elliptic coordinates into 3-dimensions, which is based on confocal ellipsoids, hyperboloids of one and two sheets. Applications The classic applications of elliptic coordinates are in solving partial differential equations, e.g., Laplace's equation or the Helmholtz equation, for which elliptic coordinates are a natural description of a system thus allowing a separation of variables in the partial differential equations. Some traditional examples are solving systems such as electrons orbiting a molecule or planetary orbits that have an elliptical shape. The geometric properties of elliptic coordinates can also be useful. A typical example might involve an integration over all pairs of vectors and that sum to a fixed vector , where the integrand was a function of the vector lengths and . (In such a case, one would position between the two foci and aligned with the -axis, i.e., .) For concreteness, , and could represent the momenta of a particle and its decomposition products, respectively, and the integrand might involve the kinetic energies of the products (which are proportional to the squared lengths of the momenta). See also Curvilinear coordinates Ellipsoidal coordinates Generalized coordinates Bipolar coordinates	Elliptic coordinate system
Chelsea Football Club are an association football club based in Fulham, West London. Founded in 1905, they play in the Premier League. Below is a list of all the players who made more than 100 appearances for the club. Key Appearances as a substitute are included. This feature of the game was introduced in the Football League at the start of the 1965–66 season. Players Bold indicates players currently playing for the club. Annual awards List of captains Notable captains Indicates captains who won the League in the Second Division. See also List of Chelsea F.C. players (1–24 appearances) List of Chelsea F.C. players (25–99 appearances)	List of Chelsea F.C. players
The Paths of the Perambulator (1985) is a fantasy novel by American writer Alan Dean Foster. The book follows the continuing adventures of Jonathan Thomas Meriweather who is transported from our world into a land of talking animals and magic. It is the fifth book in the Spellsinger series. Plot introduction The strange world Jon-Tom has found himself trapped in takes a turn for the decidedly weird as Foster’s fantasy series take a page from Kafka's The Metamorphosis when the Spellsinger wakes up one morning as a giant crab. The cause, as determined by the turtle wizard Clothahump, is a trapped perambulator: an inter-dimensional creature that wanders through different universes leaving behind random changes to the fabric of the world. Jon-Tom and his friends attempt to free the perambulator before it wreaks permanent havoc on their world.	The Paths of the Perambulator
The method of image charges (also known as the method of images and method of mirror charges) is a basic problem-solving tool in electrostatics. The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with imaginary charges, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Dirichlet boundary conditions or Neumann boundary conditions). The validity of the method of image charges rests upon a corollary of the uniqueness theorem, which states that the electric potential in a volume V is uniquely determined if both the charge density throughout the region and the value of the electric potential on all boundaries are specified. Alternatively, application of this corollary to the differential form of Gauss' Law shows that in a volume V surrounded by conductors and containing a specified charge density ρ, the electric field is uniquely determined if the total charge on each conductor is given. Possessing knowledge of either the electric potential or the electric field and the corresponding boundary conditions we can swap the charge distribution we are considering for one with a configuration that is easier to analyze, so long as it satisfies Poisson's equation in the region of interest and assumes the correct values at the boundaries. Reflection in a conducting plane Point charges The simplest example of method of image charges is that of a point charge, with charge q, located at above an infinite grounded (i.e.: ) conducting plate in the xy-plane. To simplify this problem, we may replace the plate of equipotential with a charge −q, located at . This arrangement will produce the same electric field at any point for which (i.e., above the conducting plate), and satisfies the boundary condition that the potential along the plate must be zero. This situation is equivalent to the original setup, and so the force on the real charge can now be calculated with Coulomb's law between two point charges. The potential at any point in space, due to these two point charges of charge +q at +a and −q at −a on the z-axis, is given in cylindrical coordinates as The surface charge density on the grounded plane is therefore given by In addition, the total charge induced on the conducting plane will be the integral of the charge density over the entire plane, so: The total charge induced on the plane turns out to be simply −q. This can also be seen from the Gauss's law, considering that the dipole field decreases at the cube of the distance at large distances, and the therefore total flux of the field though an infinitely large sphere vanishes. Because electric fields satisfy the superposition principle, a conducting plane below multiple point charges can be replaced by the mirror images of each of the charges individually, with no other modifications necessary. Electric dipole moments The image of an electric dipole moment p at above an infinite grounded conducting plane in the xy-plane is a dipole moment at with equal magnitude and direction rotated azimuthally by π. That is, a dipole moment with Cartesian components will have in image dipole moment . The dipole experiences a force in the z direction, given by and a torque in the plane perpendicular to the dipole and the conducting plane, Reflection in a dielectric planar interface Similar to the conducting plane, the case of a planar interface between two different dielectric media can be considered. If a point charge is placed in the dielectric that has the dielectric constant , then the interface (with the dielectric that has the dielectric constant ) will develop a bound polarization charge. It can be shown that the resulting electric field inside the dielectric containing the particle is modified in a way that can be described by an image charge inside the other dielectric. Inside the other dielectric, however, the image charge is not present. Unlike the case of the metal, the image charge is not exactly opposite to the real charge: . It may even have the same sign, if the charge is placed inside the stronger dielectric material (charges are repelled away from regions of lower dielectric constant). This can be seen from the formula. Reflection in a conducting sphere Point charges The method of images may be applied to a sphere as well. In fact, the case of image charges in a plane is a special case of the case of images for a sphere. Referring to the figure, we wish to find the potential inside a grounded sphere of radius R, centered at the origin, due to a point charge inside the sphere at position (For the opposite case, the potential outside a sphere due to a charge outside the sphere, the method is applied in a similar way). In the figure, this is represented by the green point. Let q be the point charge of this point. The image of this charge with respect to the grounded sphere is shown in red. It has a charge of q′=−qR/p and lies on a line connecting the center of the sphere and the inner charge at vector position . It can be seen that the potential at a point specified by radius vector due to both charges alone is given by the sum of the potentials: Multiplying through on the rightmost expression yields: and it can be seen that on the surface of the sphere (i.e. when r=R), the potential vanishes. The potential inside the sphere is thus given by the above expression for the potential of the two charges. This potential will NOT be valid outside the sphere, since the image charge does not actually exist, but is rather "standing in" for the surface charge densities induced on the sphere by the inner charge at . The potential outside the grounded sphere will be determined only by the distribution of charge outside the sphere and will be independent of the charge distribution inside the sphere. If we assume for simplicity (without loss of generality) that the inner charge lies on the z-axis, then the induced charge density will be simply a function of the polar angle θ and is given by: The total charge on the sphere may be found by integrating over all angles: Note that the reciprocal problem is also solved by this method. If we have a charge q at vector position outside of a grounded sphere of radius R, the potential outside of the sphere is given by the sum of the potentials of the charge and its image charge inside the sphere. Just as in the first case, the image charge will have charge −qR/p and will be located at vector position . The potential inside the sphere will be dependent only upon the true charge distribution inside the sphere. Unlike the first case the integral will be of value −qR/p. Electric dipole moments The image of an electric point dipole is a bit more complicated. If the dipole is pictured as two large charges separated by a small distance, then the image of the dipole will not only have the charges modified by the above procedure, but the distance between them will be modified as well. Following the above procedure, it is found that a dipole with dipole moment at vector position lying inside the sphere of radius R will have an image located at vector position (i.e. the same as for the simple charge) and will have a simple charge of: and a dipole moment of: Method of inversion The method of images for a sphere leads directly to the method of inversion. If we have a harmonic function of position where are the spherical coordinates of the position, then the image of this harmonic function in a sphere of radius R about the origin will be If the potential arises from a set of charges of magnitude at positions , then the image potential will be the result of a series of charges of magnitude at positions . It follows that if the potential arises from a charge density , then the image potential will be the result of a charge density . See also Kelvin transform Coulomb's law Divergence theorem Flux Gaussian surface Schwarz reflection principle Uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation Image antenna Surface equivalence principle	Method of image charges
Alcuin of York (; ; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. Before that, he was also a court chancellor in Aachen. "The most learned man anywhere to be found", according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne (–833), he is considered among the most important intellectual architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era. During this period, he perfected Carolingian minuscule, an easily read manuscript hand using a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters. Latin paleography in the eighth century leaves little room for a single origin of the script, and sources contradict his importance as no proof has been found of his direct involvement in the creation of the script. Carolingian minuscule was already in use before Alcuin arrived in Francia. Most likely he was responsible for copying and preserving the script while at the same time restoring the purity of the form. Alcuin wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. In 796, he was made abbot of Marmoutier Abbey, in Tours, where he remained until his death. Biography Background Alcuin was born in Northumbria, presumably sometime in the 730s. Virtually nothing is known of his parents, family background, or origin. In common hagiographical fashion, the Vita Alcuini asserts that Alcuin was "of noble English stock", and this statement has usually been accepted by scholars. Alcuin's own work only mentions such collateral kinsmen as Wilgils, father of the missionary saint Willibrord; and Beornrad (also spelled Beornred), abbot of Echternach and bishop of Sens. Willibrord, Alcuin and Beornrad were all related by blood. In his Life of St Willibrord, Alcuin writes that Wilgils, called a paterfamilias, had founded an oratory and church at the mouth of the Humber, which had fallen into Alcuin's possession by inheritance. Because in early Anglo-Latin writing paterfamilias ("head of a family, householder") usually referred to a ("churl"), Donald A. Bullough suggests that Alcuin's family was of ("churlish") status: i.e., free but subordinate to a noble lord, and that Alcuin and other members of his family rose to prominence through beneficial connections with the aristocracy. If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known as Deira. York The young Alcuin came to the cathedral church of York during the golden age of Archbishop Ecgbert and his brother, the Northumbrian King Eadberht. Ecgbert had been a disciple of the Venerable Bede, who urged him to raise York to an archbishopric. King Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgbert oversaw the re-energising and reorganisation of the English church, with an emphasis on reforming the clergy and on the tradition of learning that Bede had begun. Ecgbert was devoted to Alcuin, who thrived under his tutelage. The York school was renowned as a centre of learning in the liberal arts, literature, and science, as well as in religious matters. From here, Alcuin drew inspiration for the school he would lead at the Frankish court. He revived the school with the trivium and quadrivium disciplines, writing a codex on the trivium, while his student Hraban wrote one on the quadrivium. Alcuin graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. His ascendancy to the headship of the York school, the ancestor of St Peter's School, began after Aelbert became Archbishop of York in 767. Around the same time, Alcuin became a deacon in the church. He was never ordained a priest. Though no real evidence shows that he took monastic vows, he lived as if he had. In 781, King Elfwald sent Alcuin to Rome to petition the pope for official confirmation of York's status as an archbishopric and to confirm the election of the new archbishop, Eanbald I. On his way home, he met Charlemagne (whom he had met once before), this time in the Italian city of Parma. Charlemagne Alcuin's intellectual curiosity allowed him to be reluctantly persuaded to join Charlemagne's court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars whom Charlemagne had gathered around him, the mainsprings of the Carolingian Renaissance: Peter of Pisa, Paulinus of Aquileia, Rado, and Abbot Fulrad. Alcuin would later write, "the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles". Alcuin became master of the Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen () in 782. It had been founded by the king's ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children (mostly in manners and the ways of the court). However, Charlemagne wanted to include the liberal arts, and most importantly, the study of religion. From 782 to 790, Alcuin taught Charlemagne himself, his sons Pepin and Louis, as well as young men sent to be educated at court, and the young clerics attached to the palace chapel. Bringing with him from York his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf, and Joseph, Alcuin revolutionised the educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalised atmosphere of scholarship and learning, to the extent that the institution came to be known as the 'school of Master Albinus'. In this role as adviser, he took issue with the emperor's policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death, arguing, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed – Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797. Charlemagne gathered the best men of every land in his court, and became far more than just the king at the centre. It seems that he made many of these men his closest friends and counsellors. They referred to him as 'David', a reference to the Biblical king David. Alcuin soon found himself on intimate terms with Charlemagne and the other men at court, where pupils and masters were known by affectionate and jesting nicknames. Alcuin himself was known as 'Albinus' or 'Flaccus'. While at Aachen, Alcuin bestowed pet names upon his pupils – derived mainly from Virgil's Eclogues. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "He loved Charlemagne and enjoyed the king's esteem, but his letters reveal that his fear of him was as great as his love." After the death of Pope Adrian I, Alcuin was commissioned by Charlemagne to compose an epitaph for Adrian. The epitaph was inscribed on black stone quarried at Aachen and carried to Rome where it was set over Adrian's tomb in the south transept of St Peter's basilica just before Charlemagne's coronation in the basilica on Christmas Day 800. Return to Northumbria and back to Francia In 790, Alcuin returned from the court of Charlemagne to England, to which he had remained attached. He dwelt there for some time, but Charlemagne then invited him back to help in the fight against the Adoptionist heresy, which was at that time making great progress in Toledo, the old capital of the Visigoths and still a major city for the Christians under Islamic rule in Spain. He is believed to have had contacts with Beatus of Liébana, from the Kingdom of Asturias, who fought against Adoptionism. At the Council of Frankfurt in 794, Alcuin upheld the orthodox doctrine against the views expressed by Felix of Urgel, an heresiarch according to the Catholic Encyclopaedia. Having failed during his stay in Northumbria to influence King Æthelred in the conduct of his reign, Alcuin never returned home. He was back at Charlemagne's court by at least mid-792, writing a series of letters to Æthelred, to Hygbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne, and to Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury in the succeeding months, dealing with the Viking attack on Lindisfarne in July 793. These letters and Alcuin's poem on the subject, , provide the only significant contemporary account of these events. In his description of the Viking attack, he wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain. Behold the church of St Cuthbert, splattered with the blood of God's priests, robbed of its ornaments." Tours and death In 796, Alcuin was in his 60s. He hoped to be free from court duties and upon the death of Abbot Itherius of Saint Martin at Tours, Charlemagne put Marmoutier Abbey into Alcuin's care, with the understanding that he should be available if the king ever needed his counsel. There, he encouraged the work of the monks on the beautiful Carolingian minuscule script, ancestor of modern Roman typefaces. Alcuin died on 19 May 804, some 10 years before the emperor, and was buried at St. Martin's Church under an epitaph that partly read: The majority of details on Alcuin's life come from his letters and poems. Also, autobiographical sections are in Alcuin's poem on York and in the Vita Alcuini, a hagiography written for him at Ferrières in the 820s, possibly based in part on the memories of Sigwulf, one of Alcuin's pupils. Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy Mathematician The collection of mathematical and logical word problems entitled Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes ("Problems to Sharpen Youths") is sometimes attributed to Alcuin. In a 799 letter to Charlemagne, the scholar claimed to have sent "certain figures of arithmetic for the joy of cleverness", which some scholars have identified with the Propositiones. The text contains about 53 mathematical word problems (with solutions), in no particular pedagogical order. Among the most famous of these problems are: four that involve river crossings, including the problem of three anxious brothers, each of whom has an unmarried sister whom he cannot leave alone with either of the other men lest she be defiled (Problem 17); the problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage (Problem 18); and the problem of "the two adults and two children where the children weigh half as much as the adults" (Problem 19). Alcuin's sequence is the solution to one of the problems of that book. Literary influence Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence and many students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts copied using outstandingly beautiful calligraphy, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible uncial letters. He wrote many letters to his English friends, to Arno, bishop of Salzburg and above all to Charlemagne. These letters (of which 311 are extant) are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of information as to the literary and social conditions of the time and are the most reliable authority for the history of humanism during the Carolingian age. Alcuin trained the numerous monks of the abbey in piety, and in the midst of these pursuits, he died. Alcuin is the most prominent figure of the Carolingian Renaissance, in which three main periods have been distinguished: in the first of these, up to the arrival of Alcuin at the court, the Italians occupy a central place; in the second, Alcuin and the English are dominant; in the third (from 804), the influence of Theodulf the Visigoth is preponderant. Alcuin also developed manuals used in his educational work – a grammar and works on rhetoric and dialectics. These are written in the form of a dialogue, and in two of them the interlocutors are Charlemagne and Alcuin. He wrote several theological treatises: a De fide Trinitatis, and commentaries on the Bible. Alcuin is credited with inventing the first known question mark, though it did not resemble the modern symbol. Alcuin transmitted to the Franks the knowledge of Latin culture, which had existed in Anglo-Saxon England. A number of his works still exist. Besides some graceful epistles in the style of Venantius Fortunatus, he wrote some long poems, and notably he is the author of a history (in verse) of the church at York, Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae. At the same time, he is noted for making one of the only explicit comments on Old English poetry surviving from the early Middle Ages, in a letter to one Speratus, the bishop of an unnamed English see (possibly Unwona of Leicester): ("Let God's words be read at the episcopal dinner-table. It is right that a reader should be heard, not a harpist, patristic discourse, not pagan song. What has Ingeld to do with Christ?"). Use of homoerotic language in writings Historian John Boswell cited Alcuin's writings as demonstrating a personal outpouring of his internalized homosexual feelings. Others agree that Alcuin at times "comes perilously close to communicating openly his same-sex desires." According to David Clark, passages in some of Alcuin's writings can be seen to display homosocial desire, even possibly homoerotic imagery. However, he argues that it is not possible to necessarily determine whether they were the result of an outward expression of erotic feelings on the part of Alcuin. The interpretation of homosexual desire has been disputed by Allen Frantzen, who identifies Alcuin's language with that of medieval Christian amicitia or friendship. Douglas Dales and Rowan Williams say "the use of language drawn [by Alcuin] from the Song of Songs transforms apparently erotic language into something within Christian friendship – 'an ordained affection. Alcuin was also a close friend of Charlemagne's sister Gisela, Abbess of Chelles, and he hailed her as "a noble sister in the bond of sweet love". He wrote to Charlemagne's daughters Rotrude and Bertha, "the devotion of my heart specially tends towards you both because of the familiarity and dedication you have shown me". He dedicated the last two books of his commentary on John's gospel to them both. Despite inconclusive evidence of Alcuin's personal passions, he was clear in his own writings that the men of Sodom had been punished with fire for "sinning against nature with men" – a view consistent with Church teaching. Such sins, argued Alcuin, were therefore more serious than lustful acts with women, for which the earth was cleansed and revivified by the water of the Flood, and merit to be "withered by flames unto eternal barrenness". Legacy Alcuin is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 20 May the first available day after the day of his death (as Dunstan is celebrated on 19 May). Alcuin College, one of the colleges of the University of York, is named after him. In January 2020, Alcuin was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 programme In Our Time. Selected works For a complete census of Alcuin's works, see Marie-Hélène Jullien and Françoise Perelman, eds., Clavis scriptorum latinorum medii aevi: Auctores Galliae 735–987. Tomus II: Alcuinus. Turnhout: Brepols, 1999. Poetry Carmina, ed. Ernst Dümmler, MGH Poetae Latini aevi Carolini I. Berlin: Weidmann, 1881. 160–351. Godman, Peter, tr., Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. 118–149. Stella, Francesco, tr., comm., La poesia carolingia, Firenze: Le Lettere, 1995, pp. 94–96, 152–61, 266–67, 302–307, 364–371, 399–404, 455–457, 474–477, 503–507. Isbell, Harold, tr.. The Last Poets of Imperial Rome. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971. Poem on York, Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Euboricensis ecclesiae, ed. and tr. Peter Godman, The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii, "On the destruction of the monastery of Lindisfarne" (Carmen 9, ed. Dümmler, pp. 229–235). Letters Of Alcuin's letters, over 310 have survived. Epistolae, ed. Ernst Dümmler, MGH Epistolae IV.2. Berlin: Weidmann, 1895. 1–493. Jaffé, Philipp, Ernst Dümmler, and W. Wattenbach, eds. Monumenta Alcuiniana. Berlin: Weidmann, 1873. 132–897. Chase, Colin, ed. Two Alcuin Letter-books. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975. Allott, Stephen, tr. Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804. His life and letters. York: William Sessions, 1974. Sturgeon, Thomas G., tr. The Letters of Alcuin: Part One, the Aachen Period (762–796). Harvard University PhD thesis, 1953. Didactic works Ars grammatica. PL 101: 854–902. De orthographia, ed. H. Keil, Grammatici Latini VII, 1880. 295–312; ed. Sandra Bruni, Alcuino de orthographia. Florence: SISMEL, 1997. De dialectica. PL 101: 950–976. Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico "Dialogue of Pepin, the Most Noble and Royal Youth, with the Teacher Albinus", ed. L. W. Daly and W. Suchier, Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti Philosophi. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1939. 134–146; ed. Wilhelm Wilmanns, "Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico". Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum 14 (1869): 530–555, 562. Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus sapientissimi regis Carli et Albini magistri, ed. and tr. Wilbur Samuel Howell, The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne. New York: Russell and Russell, 1965 (1941); ed. C. Halm, Rhetorici Latini Minores. Leipzig: Teubner, 1863. 523–550. De virtutibus et vitiis (moral treatise dedicated to Count Wido of Brittany, 799–800). PL 101: 613–638 (transcript available online). A new critical edition is being prepared for the Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis. De animae ratione (ad Eulaliam virginem) (written for Gundrada, Charlemagne's cousin). PL 101: 639–650. De Cursu et Saltu Lunae ac Bissexto, astronomical treatise. PL 101: 979–1002. (?) Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes, ed. Menso Folkerts, "Die alteste mathematische Aufgabensammlung in lateinischer Sprache: Die Alkuin zugeschriebenen Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes; Überlieferung, Inhalt, Kritische Edition", in idem, Essays on Early Medieval Mathematics: The Latin Tradition. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003. Theology Compendium in Canticum Canticorum: Alcuino, Commento al Cantico dei cantici – con i commenti anonimi Vox ecclesie e Vox antique ecclesie, ed. Rossana Guglielmetti, Firenze, SISMEL 2004 Quaestiones in Genesim. PL 100: 515–566. De Fide Sanctae Trinitatis et de Incarnatione Christi; Quaestiones de Sancta Trinitate, ed. E. Knibbs and E. Ann Matter (Corpus Christianorum – Continuatio Mediaevalis 249: Brepols, 2012) Hagiography Vita II Vedastis episcopi Atrebatensis. Revision of the earlier Vita Vedastis by Jonas of Bobbio. Patrologia Latina 101: 663–682. Vita Richarii confessoris Centulensis. Revision of an earlier anonymous life. MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum 4: 381–401. Vita Willibrordi archiepiscopi Traiectensis, ed. W. Levison, Passiones vitaeque sanctorum aevi Merovingici. MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum 7: 81–141. See also Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes Carolingian art Carolingian Empire Category: Carolingian period Correctory Codex Vindobonensis 795	Alcuin
Alex Michon is a British artist and writer, based in London, who runs the Transition Gallery in Hackney with Cathy Lomax. Career Alex Michon gained an MA in Fine art at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London in 2003. She exhibits her work, which is mostly painting and drawing. She also writes for Arty magazine and Garageland. Since 2004 Michon has been a co-director of The Transition Gallery and in 2005 became editor (with Olly Beck) of Critical Friend a review-based art publication. Michon's work in the Girl on Girl show at the Transition Gallery in 2004 was described: Alex Michon draws, paints, embroiders and decoupages over the pages of romantic fiction and linen hankies; layering images of sexual encounters, and personal disappointments she disrupts the nicey, nicey text whilst acknowledging a fascination with its romantic hinterland of imaginary fulfilment. Michon is also known for having worked with The Clash in 1977–83, when she designed several ranges of clothing for the band. Some of her shirts were included in Mick Jones' The Rock & Roll Public Library at Chelsea Space in London. She is currently writing a book about her work with The Clash, and is also featured in Paul Gorman's book The Look: Adventures In Rock & Pop Fashion.	Alex Michon
Hermann Lebert (born Hermann Lewy, 9 June 1813 – 1 August 1878) was a German physician and naturalist. Lebert was born in Breslau. He studied medicine and the natural sciences first in Berlin and later in Zurich under Johann Lukas Schönlein. After he received his medical doctorate (Zurich, 1834), he traveled throughout Switzerland, studying botany. For the next year and a half he studied in Paris, particularly under Baron Guillaume Dupuytren and Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. In 1838 he settled in Bex, later changing between Bex and Paris. From 1842 to 1845 he worked mainly in comparative anatomy, which had interested him during his travels as a student on the coast of Normandy and the Channel Islands with Charles-Philippe Robin. On a government assignment, he collected specimens for Musée Orfila. After a stay in Berlin during the winter of 1845–1846 Lebert settled in Paris, where he devoted his efforts to both his practice and scientific work. In 1853 he accepted an invitation to become professor of clinical medicine in Zurich, and six years later he moved on to Breslau, where he held the same job. In 1862, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1874 he returned to Bex, Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life. Lebert was among the first to use the microscope in pathological anatomy, and thus contributed importantly to both pathology and clinical medicine. Selected writings Physiologie pathologique. 2 volumes and atlas. Paris, Baillière, 1845. (An early work on pathological histology that was instrumental in introducing the cellular idea of pathology). Traité d’anatomie pathologique générale et spéciale. 2 volumes. Paris, Baillière, 1857 and 1861. (Known for its excellent hand-coloured copperplate engravings of macro- and micropathology).	Hermann Lebert
Johann Georg Reiffenstuel (1641–1703) was a Canon law expert. He was born in Kaltenbrunn, Bavaria, and died in Freising, Bavaria. He was a member of the Franciscan (Reformed) Order, and was chosen definitor of his province. He taught philosophy at Freising, Landshut, and Munich, and Canon law at Freising. His works on moral theology and Canon law give him first rank among the canonists of his time, and have gone through numerous editions, with additions by other authors. 1641 births 1703 deaths	Johann Georg Reiffenstuel
Maurice Bavaud (15 January 1916 – 14 May 1941) was a Swiss theology student who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1938. Background Maurice Bavaud was born in on 15 January 1916 in Neuchâtel, the son of Alfred Bavaud, a postal worker, and Helène Steiner. He attended a Lasallian Brothers school and worked as an apprentice of technical drawing before moving to Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, to study at the Saint-Ilan seminary to become a missionary. In France he became a member of the anticommunist group Compagnie du Mystère. The group's leader, Marcel Gerbohay, had great influence over Bavaud. Gerbohay claimed to be a member of the House of Romanov, and convinced Bavaud that when communism was destroyed, the Romanovs would once again rule Russia, in the person of Gerbohay. Bavaud believed what Gerbohay had told him, became obsessed with the idea that killing Hitler would help the plans to materialise, and finally decided to carry out the assassination himself. Attempts On 9 October 1938, Bavaud left France to travel to Baden-Baden, then on to Basel, where he bought a Schmeisser 6.35 mm (.25 ACP) semi-automatic pistol. In Berlin, a policeman, Karl Deckert, overheard Bavaud saying that he wanted to meet Hitler personally. Deckert advised Bavaud that a private audience could be arranged if Bavaud could obtain a letter of introduction from a suitable foreign VIP. Deckert told him to travel to Munich for the anniversary of the 1923 "Beer Hall Putsch", which Hitler attended every year. Bavaud followed those instructions by buying a ticket for a seat on the reviewing stand by posing as a Swiss reporter, intending to shoot Hitler as he passed during the parade. Bavaud abandoned this attempt when, on November 9, Hitler was out of range. As he marched past, he was surrounded by Sturmabteilung troops, and Bavaud's view was blocked by surrounding spectators giving the Nazi salute. Bavaud next purchased expensive stationery and forged a letter of introduction in the name of the French nationalist leader Pierre Taittinger, which claimed that Bavaud had a second letter for Hitler's eyes only. He travelled to Berchtesgaden in the belief that Hitler had returned there, only to find that Hitler was still in Munich. When Bavaud returned to Munich, he discovered that Hitler was just leaving for Berchtesgaden. Arrest and trial Having exhausted his money, Bavaud stowed away on a train to Paris, but was detained while on his way for travelling without a ticket and, as a foreigner, was turned over to the Gestapo. He was interrogated and admitted his plans to assassinate Hitler. After being taken to Berlin, Bavaud was tried by the Volksgerichtshof on 18 December 1939, where he declared he had acted alone, naming as his motives that he considered Hitler a threat to humanity, to Swiss independence, and to Catholicism in Germany. Swiss diplomacy made no effort to save Bavaud. Hans Frölicher, the Swiss ambassador to Germany, even publicly condemned Bavaud's assassination attempt. An offer from the Germans to exchange Bavaud for a German spy was turned down, and Bavaud was sentenced to death. He was executed by guillotine in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison on the morning of 14 May 1941. Legacy Bavaud's father Alfred attempted to rehabilitate his son's name and reputation, resulting in a court decision on December 12, 1955 reverting the death sentence but posthumously condemning Bavaud to a five-year sentence, arguing that Hitler's life was protected by law just as any other life. A second verdict of 1956 reverted the prison sentence and Germany paid Bavaud's family the sum of CHF 40,000 in reparation. In 1976, German playwright Rolf Hochhuth celebrated Bavaud as a "new William Tell", while in 1980 historian Klaus Urner relativized Hochhuth's heroic picture, analyzing psychological aspects of Bavaud's motivation. In 1989 and again in 1998, the Swiss Federal Council admitted that the Swiss authorities did not make a sufficient effort to save Bavaud. Finally, in 2008, the Swiss government honored the life and effort of Bavaud. In 2011, a small monument in his honor was erected in Hauterive near Neuchâtel. In popular media Thomas Hürlimann's play "Der Gesandte" explores the homecoming of the Swiss Ambassador Hans Frölicher after the fall of the Nazi regime. It romanticises him being haunted by the thought of his betrayal of Maurice Bavaud. This play was turned into a movie by Laurent Nègre in 2023 entitled A Forgotten Man. See also List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler Notes	Maurice Bavaud
The Dutch Top 40 () is a weekly music chart compiled by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. It started as a radio program titled "Veronica Top 40", on the offshore station Radio Veronica in 1965. It remained "The Veronica Top 40" until 1974, when the station was forced to stop broadcasting. Joost den Draaijer initiated the Top 40 in the Netherlands. The show currently airs on Fridays from 2 to 6 PM on Qmusic. History On January 2, 1965, the first Top 40 was compiled, with its first #1 hit "I Feel Fine" by The Beatles. In September 1974, the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 bought the Top 40 and named it De Nederlandse Top 40. The Dutch Top 40 is one of the four official charts in the Netherlands, the other three being the B2B Single Top 100, which is based entirely on pure sales and streaming, the Mega Top 30 from (NPO 3FM) which, like the Dutch Top 40 also includes airplay data. From October 4th. 1974 until May 20th. 1976, the Top 40 was broadcast by TROS on the pop radio station Hilversum 3, presented by Dutch famous DJ Ferry Maat. From May 28th, 1976 until November 29th. 1985 the Top 40 was broadcast by Veronica on Hilversum 3. As of December 1st. 1985, after the rename of the station name to Radio 3, the Top 40 continued to be broadcast by Veronica on Radio 3. In 1981 and 1982, Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 ran several trade fairs in both the Netherlands and Belgium. In January 1993 Radio 3 decided that the broadcasting of two hit lists (the other one was the Nationale Top 100) on one radio station must come to an end and therefore as from February 7th. 1993 Radio 3 started to broadcast a new hitlist: the Mega Top 50 and wanted to terminate the broadcasting of the Top 40. Due to a lawsuit of the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40, Veronica had to continue broadcasting the Dutch Top 40 on Radio 3 until December 18, 1993. Meanwhile the Dutch Top 40 was also broadcast on the Dutch commercial radiostation Radio 538 since June 1993. The list continued to be broadcast on this radiostation until December 28th. 2018, when Radio 538 discontinued the broadcasting of the Dutch Top 40. As from January 4th. 2019, the Top 40 is broadcast by the Dutch commercial radiostation Qmusic. Compilation Composition For most of its history, the Top 40 was based on sales figures of record stores. These were collected through telephone surveys. As of 1999, the airplay of a limited number of radio stations was included. Between 2006 and 2014, download figures were added to the mix. They were removed again because supposedly, download sales could be easily manipulated by record companies or artists. As of February 2014, the chart is a combination of airplay, streaming, and social media trends. The more often a song gets played on the radio, the higher its ranking in the Top 40. To compute year-end chart positions, the weekly #1 positions get 40 points, the #2 positions get 39 points, etc. These weekly scores are then added up and sorted by single to determine the ranking. Tipparade The Tipparade, a 'bubbling under' chart for the Top 40, is based on sales, streaming, airplay, and recommendations from both the general public and the music industry. Rules There is a set of rules, of which some have existed since 1972, that has been maintained up until 2012. Some of these have been criticized as a hindrance. Since late 1971, singles had to remain at least two weeks in the charts. If a single officially no longer belongs in the Top 40, these are placed on #40. Example: Missy Elliott's "Lose Control": Remained two weeks on #40 in the chart, because it did not sell enough and also wasn't played enough on the radio. There have been two exceptions for this, though: In October 1994, Pet Shop Boys' "Yesterday, When I Was Mad" stayed in the charts for only one week due to an error in the compilation, and in late September 2007, Kus's "4 meiden" just didn't sell enough to stay in the charts for two weeks. Since 1983, singles that move up in the chart by a large number of positions are assigned superstip ("super bullet") status. These singles were not allowed to fall down in chart position in the following week. If a superstip single had comparatively lower sales/airplay statistics a week later, it would remain stuck on the same chart position until the second week of drop, by which time it may appear as if it dropped hard in chart positions. Example: Guus Meeuwis's "Ik wil dat ons land juicht": The song entered the chart at #11 (superstip), rose up to #5 (superstip again) in its second week. The following week it was meant to drop in chart position, but remained on the #5 position. The following two weeks, it went from #5 to #39. Because of this rule, this single was the biggest fall down in the Top 40. However, this was not always the case. Sometimes singles with a superstip status did drop, for example, if there's no room. Up until 2005, there were no clear rules on when a single could re-enter the Top 40. Apparently, a song had to re-enter at least in the top 30 portions of the chart to be allowed back, which happened occasionally. In the case of re-issued singles, there were no rules whatsoever - these singles could re-enter anyway. Since the mid-2000s, new rules were implemented, meaning that only songs from recently deceased artists could return to the Top 40, such as Michael Jackson's Billie Jean after the artist's death in 2009. Since 2012, "normal" re-entries have started to occur again. During the Christmas season, however, re-entries of older Christmas classics (e.g. Wham!'s Last Christmas or Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas Is You) are barred from re-entering the Top 40, even though their streaming and airplay activity should earn them a Top 40 position. Singles with double A-side are listed separately in the Top 40; due to the (possible) different amount of airplay the two songs get. Example: Robbie Williams' first single off his 2005 album Intensive Care was "Tripping" with the B-side being "Make Me Pure". While "Tripping" topped the chart by peaking at #1, "Make Me Pure" peaked at #15 in the Top 40. Records, milestones and achievements This is a listing of significant achievements and milestones based upon the Dutch Top 40 charts. Song achievements Most weeks at number one 18 weeks Harry Styles — "As It Was" (2022) 16 weeks Calvin Harris with Dua Lipa — "One Kiss" (2018) Miley Cyrus — "Flowers" (2023) 15 weeks Ed Sheeran — "Shape of You" (2017) Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber — "Despacito (Remix)" (2017) Tones and I — "Dance Monkey" (2019-20) 14 weeks The Weeknd — "Blinding Lights" (2020) 13 weeks Gusttavo Lima — "Balada" (2012) 12 weeks Marco Borsato — "Dromen Zijn Bedrog" (1994) Shawn Mendes featuring Camila Cabello — "Señorita" (2019) 11 weeks Bruno Mars — "Just the Way You Are" (2010) Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne — "Rather Be" (2014) André Hazes and Gerard Joling — "Blijf Bij Mij" (2007) OMI — "Cheerleader" (Felix Jaehn remix) (2015) Michel Teló — "Ai Se Eu Te Pego!" (2012) Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams — "Blurred Lines" (2013) Davina Michelle — "Duurt Te Lang" (2018-19) Avicii — "Wake Me Up" (2013) Marco Borsato — "Rood" (2006) Bryan Adams — "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (1991) 10 weeks Owl City — "Fireflies" (2009–10) Céline Dion — "My Heart Will Go On" (1998) BLØF featuring Geike Arnaert — "Zoutelande" (2018) Vangelis — "Conquest of Paradise" (1995) 4 Non Blondes — "What's Up? (1993) Mike Posner — "I Took a Pill in Ibiza (SeeB remix) (2016) Alexis Jordan — "Happiness" (2011) Snelle and Maan — "Blijven Slapen" (2021) Heintje — "Ich Bau' Dir Ein Schloss" (1968) Source: Most total weeks in the Top 40 49 weeks Pharrell Williams — "Happy" (2013–14) 42 weeks Lewis Capaldi — "Someone You Loved" (2019) 41 weeks Corry En De Rekels — "Huilen Is Voor Jou Te Laat" (1970–71) 40 weeks The Scorpions — "Hello Josephine" (1965, 1977) Trio Hellenique — "Zorba's Dance" (1965–66, 1974)[1] 39 weeks Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg — "Je T'aime... Moi Non Plus" (1969, 1974) 38 weeks Avicii — "Wake Me Up" (2013–14, 2018) Gotye featuring Kimbra — "Somebody That I Used to Know" (2011–12) 35 weeks Dave Berry — "This Strange Effect" (1965–66) Nini Rosso — "Il Silenzio" (1965–66)[2] 34 weeks The Weeknd — "Blinding Lights" (2019-2020) De Heikrekels — "Waarom Heb Jij Me Laten Staan?" (1967) John Legend — "All of Me" (2013–14) 33 weeks Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ — "Lean On" (2015) Five Seconds of Summer — "Youngblood" (2018-19) Gers Pardoel — "Ik Neem Je Mee" (2011–12) Henk Westbroek — "Zelfs Je Naam Is Mooi" (1998–99) Joel Corry featuring MNEK — "Head & Heart" (2020) Danny Vera — "Rollercoaster" (2019-20) Nielson — "Beauty En De Brains" (2012–13) Lorde — "Royals" (2013–2014) Sam Smith — "Stay with Me" (2014–15) Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug — "Havana (Camila Cabello song)" (2017-18) Source: Notes 1 ^Three different versions of the song (which was featured in the 1964 film Zorba the Greek), performed by Trio Hellenique, Mikis Theodorakis and Duo Acropolis, were combined as one chart entry (which happened more often in the 1960s), spending 37 weeks on the chart. The Trio Hellenique version spent three more weeks on the chart in 1974, totalling 40 weeks. 2 ^Different versions of the song were performed by three different artists, and were listed on the Top 40 as only one song. Number-one debuts The Beatles — "I Feel Fine" (January 2, 1965) The Beatles — "We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper" (December 25, 1965) Procol Harum — "A Whiter Shade of Pale" (June 17, 1967) The Beatles — "Hey Jude" (September 14, 1968) Jantje Smit — "Ik zing dit lied voor jou alleen" (April 12, 1997) Elton John — "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" (September 27, 1997) 2Pac — "Changes" (February 13, 1999) Backstreet Boys — "I Want It That Way" (May 8, 1999) Starmaker — "Damn (I Think I Love You)" (April 14, 2001) One Day Fly — "I Wanna Be a One Day Fly" (May 19, 2001) Shaggy featuring Rayvon — "Angel" (June 23, 2001) Shakira — "Whenever, Wherever" (February 9, 2002) Jamai — "Step Right Up" (March 29, 2003) Jim — "Tell Her" (May 17, 2003) Dinand Woesthoff — "Dreamer (Gussie's song)" (February 21, 2004) Boris — "When You Think of Me" (May 22, 2004) Marco Borsato and Ali B — "Wat zou je doen" (September 25, 2004) André Hazes — "Zij gelooft in mij" (October 9, 2004) MEN2B — "Bigger Than That" (December 25, 2004) Artiesten Voor Azië — "Als je iets kan doen" (January 15, 2005) Kane — "Fearless" (August 6, 2005) Ch!pz — "Carnival" (August 27, 2005) Lange Frans & Baas B — "Het land van..." (October 8, 2005) Andrea Bocelli and Marco Borsato — "Because We Believe" (February 11, 2006) Raffaëla — "Right Here Right Now" (March 25, 2006) Sharon Kips — "Heartbreak Away" (March 10, 2007) Jan Smit — "Dan volg je haar benen" (November 3, 2007) Nikki — "Hello World" (March 15, 2008) Marco Borsato — "Wit licht" (May 3, 2008) Marco Borsato — "Stop de tijd" (August 30, 2008) Lisa — "Hallelujah" (May 23, 2009) Lady Gaga — "Born This Way" (February 26, 2011) Nick & Simon — "Julia" (March 23, 2013) Adele — "Hello" (October 31, 2015) Olivia Rodrigo — "Drivers License" (January 23, 2021) Adele — "Easy on Me" (October 23, 2021) Artist achievements Most Top 40 entries BZN (55) Madonna (55) David Guetta (53) Michael Jackson (50) The Rolling Stones (49) Golden Earring (47) Queen (46) Normaal (46) U2 (44) Vader Abraham (43) Bee Gees (43) Source: Most number-one singles Source: Source: Source:	Dutch Top 40
Zizula hylax, 'the Tiny grass blue is a species of blue butterfly. Description Male upperside: dull violet blue, which changes to a brighter tint of violet in certain lights. Forewing: the costa very narrowly, the termen much more broadly dull brown; this edging to the termen in most specimens decreases in width from apex to tornus, and is outwardly followed by an anteciliary darker brown line. Cilia brownish anteriorly, posteriorly brownish at the base with the apical portions white. Hindwing: the ground colour brighter than on the forewing, the costal and terminal margins much more narrowly edged with brown, which edging is merged in the anteciliary dark brown line. Cilia: brown along their basal halves, white apically. Underside: grey. Forewing: a dusky brown lunular line on the discocellulars; two subcostal spots above the cell, one on either side of the discocellular lunule; a very strongly curved discal series of five spots, of which the posterior three are somewhat lunular in shape and placed obliquely en echelon, the next above these hook shaped, the anterior spot round; both the subcostal spots and the spots of the discal series are black, each narrowly encircled with white; beyond these are inner and outer subterminal dusky lines, which anteriorly are continuous, posteriorly somewhat broken and macular, followed by a very conspicuous jet-black anteciliary slender line. Cilia greyish white, traversed by a medial transverse blackish-brown line. Hindwing: with the following small white-encircled black spots: a subbasal transverse series of three, followed by a highly curved series of eight spots, that curve across the disc of the wing to the costa and along the latter towards the base; discocellulars with a dusky short lunular line as on the forewing; terminal markings and cilia similar, but the outer and broader subterminal line more broken and macular than on the forewing. Antennae black, the shafts ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, with a little violet pubescence on the head and thorax; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white. Female upperside: glossy brown, without any violet tint whatever; the anteciliary darker brown lines on both forewings and hindwings well marked. Underside: very similar to that of the male, the ground colour a shade darker, the markings slightly larger and more prominent. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but the latter three without a trace of violet or blue on the upperside. Distribution The tiny grass blue is found in several races throughout tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, and Oceania, including India, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Eswatini, north and east coasts of Australia and also in southern Australia. Life history The wingspan of the adults is about . The eggs are pale green, round, and flattened, with a diameter of about . They are laid singly on buds and flowers of a food plant. The caterpillars are long, green with a dark red line along the back, and light and dark lines partway along the sides. The sides are hairy, and the head is pale brown. The pupa is 0.7 cm long, hairy and green, and is attached to a stem or the underside of a leaf of a food plant. Food plants Food plants include various members of the family Acanthaceae. Species noted include Hygrophila auriculata and Phaulopsis dorsiflora.	Zizula hylax
Jazzmatazz, Volume II (The New Reality) is the second solo studio album by American hip hop musician Guru. It was released on July 18, 1995, through Chrysalis Records as the second installment of the rapper's Jazzmatazz album series. Recording sessions took place at D&D Studios and at Firehouse Studio in New York, with additional recording at Platinum Island Studios, Unique Studios and The Hit Factory in New York, at Matrix Studios and EMI Studios in London, and at Echo Studios and Brooklyn Sound in Los Angeles. Production was handled by Guru himself, along with the Solsonics, Carlos Bess, DJ Premier, Mark Sparks, Nikke Nicole and True Master. It features a large number of contributors, including Big Shug, Branford Marsalis, Courtney Pine, Dee C Lee, Donald Byrd and Ronny Jordan, who previously appeared on the first Jazzmatazz album, as well as Bahamadia, drummer Bernard Purdie, Chaka Khan, Freddie Hubbard, Ini Kamoze, Jamiroquai, Kenny Garrett, Kool Keith, Lucien Revolucien, Meshell Ndegeocello, Mica Paris, Ramsey Lewis, Reuben Wilson and Shara Nelson among others. In the United States, the album peaked at number 71 on the Billboard 200 and number 16 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album also peaked at No. 8 on the Swiss Hitparade, at No. 12 on the UK Albums Chart (also No. 2 on the UK R&B Albums Chart), at No. 19 on the Sverigetopplistan, at No. 24 on the Offizielle Top 100, at No. 25 on the Official New Zealand Albums Chart, at No. 28 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40, at No. 30 on the Dutch Album Top 100 and at No. 39 on the ARIA Charts. Track listing Personnel Keith "GuRu" Elam — vocals, arrangement, producer (tracks: 7, 10, 12-15, 17-20), co-producer (tracks: 1-6, 8, 9, 11, 16), mixing, executive producer Vocalists Kevin Williams — additional vocals (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) A. "Baybe" Evans — vocals (tracks: 2, 13) Lucien "Papalu" M'Baidem — vocals (track 2) Ceybil "Sweet Sable" Jefferies — vocals (track 3) Michelle "Mica Paris" Wallen — vocals (track 4) Yvette "Chaka Khan" Stevens — vocals (track 5) Me'Shell NdegéOcello — vocals (track 7) Cecil "Ini Kamoze" Campbell — vocals (track 8) Derek "True Master" Harris — vocals (track 8) Jason "Jay Kay" Cheetham — vocals (track 9) Shara Nelson — vocals (track 10) Antonia "Bahamadia" Reed — vocals (track 12) Cary "Big Shug" Guy — vocals (track 14) Keith "Kool Keith" Thornton — vocals (track 14) Patra — vocals (track 14) Deron "Gus Da Vigilante" Johnson — vocals (track 18) Diane "Dee C Lee" Sealy — vocals (track 18) Andre "Panchi Da Wild Comanchi" Davis — additional vocals (track 18) Steven "Bu"/"Hannibal Stax" Johnson — vocals (track 20) Musicians Marc Antoine — guitar (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Mike Bolto — Rhodes electric piano (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Jez Colin — bass (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Willie McNeil — drums (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Shawn Lee — drums (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Derrick Davis — alto saxophone & flute (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Jay Rodriguez — clarinet & flute (track 3) Branford Marsalis — saxophone (track 5) Meshell Ndegeocello — bass (track 7) Kenny Garrett — saxophone (track 7), Rhodes electric piano (track 14) Donald Byrd — trumpet (tracks: 8, 15) Juan "DJ Redhanded" Cordova — scratches (track 8) Stuart Zender — bass (track 9) Wallace Collins — didgeridoo (track 9) Darren "DJ D-Zire" Galea — scratches (track 9) Jan Kincaid — piano (track 10) Ramsey Lewis — Moog synthesizer & piano (track 12) Brian Holt — bass (tracks: 12, 14), guitar & keyboards (track 17) George "DJ Scratch" Spivey — scratches (track 12) Paul "Sequence" Ferguson — piano & keyboards (track 13) Reuben Wilson — organ (track 14) Sean "DJ Sean-Ski" Harris — scratches (track 14) Bernard Purdie — drums (track 17) Dennis Mitchell — keyboards (track 18) Courtney Pine — saxophone & flute (track 18) Freddie Hubbard — trumpet (track 19) Robert "Ronny Jordan" Simpson — guitar (track 20) Production The Solsonics — producers (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) "Nikke" Nicole Miller — producer (track 3) True Master — producer (track 4) Chris "DJ Premier" Martin — producer (track 5) Mark Sparks — producer (track 8) Carlos Bess — producer (track 9), co-producer (track 2) Donald Byrd — additional producer (track 15) Ronny Jordan — co-producer (track 20) Neale Easterby — executive producer Patrick Moxey — executive producer Technicals Steve Gursky — engineering (tracks: 1, 6, 11, 16) Carlos Bess — engineering (tracks: 2, 13, 17), mixing (track 9) Joe Quinde — engineering (tracks: 3, 12) Ben Jones — engineering (tracks: 4, 5, 9) Eddie Sancho — engineering (tracks: 4, 7, 13, 18, 20), mixing (track 10) Michael Chukes — engineering (tracks: 5, 7) Ken "Duro" Ifill — engineering (track 7) Robert Caprio — engineering (tracks: 8, 19) Jason Ball — engineering (tracks: 10, 18) Leo "Swift" Morris — engineering (tracks: 14, 15) Yoram Vazan — engineering (track 17) William "Bill-Dog" Dooley — engineering (track 19) Kieran Walsh — engineering Tony Dawsey — mastering Jose "Choco" Reynoso — creative input (track 2) Gordon Franklin — creative input (track 15) Panchi Da Wild Comanchi — creative input (track 18) Mike Rone — creative input (track 20) Thierry Le Goues — photography Henry Marquez — art direction Duff Marlowe — A&R Charts	Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 2: The New Reality
Fabian Wegmann (born 20 June 1980) is a German former professional road racing cyclist. Born in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Wegmann currently resides in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Major results Sources: 1999 2nd Circuit du Hainaut 6th Rund um den Henninger Turm U23 2001 7th Groningen–Münster 2002 6th GP Triberg-Schwarzwald 2003 1st Overall Sachsen Tour 1st Stage 3 2nd Overall Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 3rd Grand Prix de Fourmies 5th Trofeo Alcúdia 7th Coppa Placci 9th Giro del Piemonte 2004 1st Mountains classification, Giro d'Italia 1st Tre Valli Varesine 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 3rd Giro della Romagna 4th Gran Premio di Chiasso 5th Gran Premio Città di Camaiore 5th Coppa Sabatini 6th GP Miguel Induráin 8th Coppa Placci Vuelta a Mallorca 8th Trofeo Calvià 9th Trofeo Soller 9th Sparkassen Giro Bochum 10th GP Ouest–France 2005 1st San Francisco Grand Prix 1st GP Triberg-Schwarzwald 1st Stage 5 Tour de Pologne 3rd Overall Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt 3rd Sparkassen Giro Bochum 4th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 6th Giro di Lombardia 8th Overall Volta ao Algarve 10th Rund um Köln 10th La Flèche Wallonne 2006 1st GP Miguel Induráin 1st Stage 1 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré 3rd Giro di Lombardia 10th GP Ouest–France 2007 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt 2nd Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 2nd Japan Cup 4th Overall Tour de Pologne 8th Overall Bayern Rundfahrt 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships 2008 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st GP Miguel Induráin 4th Eschborn–Frankfurt City Loop 6th Brabantse Pijl 6th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 7th Road race, UCI Road World Championships 7th Coppa Sabatini 10th Vattenfall Cyclassics 2009 1st Rund um den Henninger Turm 2nd Monte Paschi Strade Bianche 3rd Brabantse Pijl 3rd GP Miguel Induráin 7th Grand Prix de Wallonie 7th Gran Premio dell'Insubria-Lugano 8th Trofeo Calvià 9th Gran Premio di Lugano 9th Grote Prijs Jef Scherens 2010 1st Eschborn–Frankfurt City Loop 3rd Grote Prijs Jef Scherens 6th Trofeo Magaluf-Palmanova 7th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec 2011 3rd GP Miguel Induráin 3rd Grand Prix de la Somme 4th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec 6th Les Boucles du Sud-Ardèche 6th Münsterland Giro 10th Strade Bianche 10th Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal 2012 1st Road race, National Road Championships 8th Amstel Gold Race 8th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec 2013 4th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec 2014 7th Eschborn–Frankfurt – Rund um den Finanzplatz 10th Trofeo Muro-Port d'Alcúdia 2015 7th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton 2016 10th Eschborn–Frankfurt – Rund um den Finanzplatz 10th Grand Prix de Wallonie Grand Tour general classification results timeline Classics results timeline	Fabian Wegmann
Mark Simpson (born 26 September 1988) is a British composer and clarinettist from Liverpool. In 2006, he became notable for winning both the BBC Young Musician of the Year (as clarinettist) and the BBC Proms/Guardian Young Composer of the Year, making him the first and, to date, only person to win both competitions. Education Simpson attended King David High School, Liverpool and attended the Royal Northern College of Music junior department where he studied clarinet with Nicholas Cox and composition with Gary Carpenter. After a term at the Royal College of Music, Simpson attended St. Catherine's College, Oxford University, reading for a BA in music from 2008 to 2011. He also studied composition with Julian Anderson at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and studied clarinet privately with Mark van de Wiel. Career as clarinettist While at school, Simpson was principal clarinet in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. He won the BBC Young Musician of the Year title on 20 May 2006, playing Nielsen's Clarinet Concerto with the Northern Sinfonia, conducted by Yan Pascal Tortelier at The Sage Gateshead. The following year, he performed at the Last Night of the Proms in Hyde Park, London, performing Artie Shaw's Concerto for Clarinet. On 3 July 2008 he played in Liverpool as the solo clarinettist for the premiere of Emily Howard's Liverpool, The World in One City along with the Liverpool Youth Orchestra and five hundred primary school children. Other notable concerto performances include Magnus Lindberg's Clarinet Concerto at the 2018 Proms with the BBC Philharmonic, John Adams’s Gnarly Buttons with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, and appearances with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Royal Northern Sinfonia City of London Sinfonia and BBC Concert Orchestra. Simpson has also commissioned and premiered new works including Simon Holt's Joy Beast (2017), a concerto for basset clarinet and Edmund Finnis' Four Duets (2012) for clarinet and piano. Career as composer Simpson has cited a number of composers as influences on his work, including György Ligeti, Thomas Adès, Julian Anderson, Mark-Anthony Turnage, John Adams, Helmut Lachenmann, Cornelius Cardew, Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Luigi Nono. He has also drawn inspiration from painting and poetry, in works such as Ariel (2009), which was based on the Sylvia Plath poem of the same name, and a A mirror fragment… (2008), which was based on a poem by Melanie Challenger. Early works by SImpson include the ensemble piece It Was As if the Earth Stood Still (2005), which was broadcast on BBC Radio 3's "Hear and Now" in November 2005, and Lov(escape) for clarinet and piano, which Simpson performed himself in the finalists' concert of the BBC Young Musician competition in September 2006. Simpson's first orchestral commission was Threads for Orchestra, for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic and National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain, which premièred at The Sage Gateshead on 1 April 2008. In 2014 he was awarded one of five Sky Academy Arts Scholarships, during which he wrote his oratorio The Immortal, which was awarded the Classical Award at the South Bank Sky Arts Award in 2016, following its premiere by the BBC Philharmonic. In 2015 he was appointed as the BBC Philharmonic's Composer in Association. Other significant works include Israfel (2015), premiered by the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, and sparks, which was commissioned for the 2012 Last Night of the Proms. Simpson's first opera Pleasure was commissioned by Opera North, the Royal Opera and Aldeburgh Music and premiered in 2016. Its plot concerns a woman, Val, who works as a toilet attendant in a gay nightclub. The cast of the first production included soprano Lesley Garrett as Val and baritone Steven Page as Anna Fewmore, an ageing drag queen. The Violin Concerto was commissioned by the London Symphony Orchestra in 2019 and written for soloist Nicola Benedetti. It was recorded at LSO St Luke's on 11 April 2021 for an online premiere on 29 April.	Mark Simpson (clarinetist)
"Petrosinella" is a Neapolitan literary fairy tale, written by Giambattista Basile in his collection of fairy tales in 1634, Lo cunto de li cunti (The Tale of Tales), or Pentamerone. It is Aarne–Thompson type 310 "the Maiden in the Tower", of which the best known variant is "Rapunzel", and it is the earliest recorded variant of this tale known to exist. Plot A pregnant woman steals parsley from the garden of an ogress (orca) and agrees to give up her child when she is caught. The baby is born and named Petrosinella, after the southern Italian word for parsley (petrosino or petrusino; the modern standard Italian word is prezzemolo). The ogress watches the girl grow in her mother's care and reminds her often of her mother's promise. Petrosinella, unaware what the promise is, tells her mother of the ogress's comment. Petrosinella's irritated mother tells the girl to say to the ogress that she can act on the promise. The ogress takes Petrosinella by her hair and locks her in a tower deep in the woods with only a single window; the ogress relies on Petrosinella's extremely long hair to enter the tower. Within the tower, Petrosinella is taught "magic arts" by the ogress. One day, a prince sees her hair in the wind. Petrosinella noticing his passionate declarations of love blows him a kiss. Eventually, the prince makes his way to the tower and climbs up Petrosinella's hair after he imitates the ogress's voice. The couple continues to see each other every night, but the ogress is informed by a neighbour of the romance. Petrosinella overhears that her secret has been revealed and plans to escape with the prince to the city. Stealing three magic gallnuts or acorns before climbing out of the tower with a rope ladder, Petrosinella uses the gallnuts as a distraction by throwing them behind her as the ogress chases the couple. The first bean turns into a dog that the ogress feeds a loaf of bread. The second becomes a lion that the ogress feeds a donkey from a nearby field, and she takes the donkey’s skin as a coat. The third bean turns into a wolf that swallows the ogress whole, as she is wearing the donkey skin. With the ogress defeated and the couple free, Petrosinella and the prince get married with the permission of his father. Differences with "Rapunzel" "Petrosinella" has many differences from both the 1812 and 1857 versions of "Rapunzel" recorded by the Grimm brothers. Notably, the Grimms' version does not mention the maiden's learning "magic arts", nor does it include an escape scene where she uses these powers to save both her and the prince from a pursuing villain. In the Grimms' version, it is the husband of a pregnant woman who steals the plant. The maiden goes to the villain immediately at birth, and the villain cuts her hair to trick the prince into the tower leading to his blinding. Furthermore, Basile does not include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy nor the birth of twins, which former is only mentioned explicitly in the 1812 iteration. These differences can be accounted for by the Grimms' using translations of a French variation of the tale, "Persinette", by Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force. There is no evidence of a Germanic oral version of the story, despite the Grimm brothers' believing they were recording a German fairy tale.	Petrosinella
Rise and Shine is the fourteenth studio album by American country music artist Randy Travis. It was released on October 15, 2002 by Word Records. It was produced the single "Three Wooden Crosses", which in 2003 became his first Number One single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart since 1994's "Whisper My Name". The only other single release from this album was "Pray for the Fish", which peaked at #48. Track listing Personnel Larry Beaird – acoustic guitar (track 5) Eric Darken – percussion (all tracks except 1 and 9) Dan Dugmore – pedal steel guitar (track 1) Pat Flynn – acoustic guitar (all tracks except 5) Paul Franklin – pedal steel guitar (all tracks except 1 and 5) Steve Gibson – electric guitar (tracks 5,7), mandolin (track 5) Doyle Grisham – pedal steel guitar (track 5) Pastor Matthew Hagee – background vocal (tracks 1,3,4) Sandra Hagee – background vocals (tracks 1,3,4) Vicki Hampton – background vocals (tracks 1,10,13) Aubrey Haynie – fiddle (tracks 2,3,6-12) Wes Hightower – background vocals (tracks 1,3,5-12) David Hungate – bass guitar (all tracks) John Barlow Jarvis – piano (all tracks) John Jorgenson – electric guitar (track 1) Christina Ketterling – background vocals (tracks 1,3,4) Paul Leim – drums (all tracks) Brent Mason – electric guitar (all tracks except 1 and 5) Gordon Mote – keyboards (tracks 1,3,5,7,8,10,12,13) Nina Rodriguez – percussion (tracks 2,3) Lisa Silver – background vocals (tracks 1,10,13) Randy Travis – lead vocals (all tracks) Billy Joe Walker Jr.– acoustic guitar (tracks 7-10) Cindy Walker – background vocals (tracks 1,10,13) String section on "If You Only Knew" Carl Gorodetzky, Pamela Sixfin, Lee Larrison, David Davidson, Conni Ellisor – violins Kris Wilkinson, Gary Vanosdale – violas Robert Mason – cello Strings arranged by Bergen White. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts	Rise and Shine (Randy Travis album)
Chashma Barrage is a barrage on the River Indus in the Mianwali District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is 304 km northwest of Lahore and 56 km downstream of Jinnah Barrage. The contract for Chashma Barrage works was awarded on 10 February, 1967, to French Consortium Société Dumez and Société Borie and was successfully completed by 25 March, 1971. The total cost of Chashma Barrage works was Rs.399 million but power generation started later in 2001. The installed capacity of power station is 184 MW, from eight Kaplan-type bulb turbine units, each with a 23 MW capacity. The bulb turbines have been installed for the first time in Pakistan. The first unit was commissioned in January 2001, while final commissioning of all units was completed in July 2001. The 8 Kaplan-type turbines and synchronous generator units were made by Fuji, Japan. Chashma Barrage is used for irrigation, flood control and power generation. A Ramsar site is located nearby. Salient features Length between abutments: 3556 ft. Total Bays: 52 Standard Bays: 41 Undersluce Bays: 11 Normal Pond Level: 642 ft Maximum Storage Level: 649 ft. Maximum Flood Discharge: 950000 Cusecs Maximum Intensity of Discharge: 300Cs. Per ft. Width of Carriage Way: 24 ft. Length of Navigation Lock: 155 ft. Width of Navigation Lock: 30 ft. Area of Reservoir: 139 square metres. Initial Capacity: 0.87 MAF Contract Price: Rs 399 Million Date Commencement: 10 February 1967 Date of Completion: 25 March 1971 Contractor: Societe Dumes Enterprises Borie of France Consulting Engineer: COODE & Partner London See also List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan List of power stations in Pakistan	Chashma Barrage
Kupres (), also known as Kupres Republike Srpske (Купрес Републике Српске) is a municipality in western Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is bordering the region of Bosanska Krajina to the north. It is one of the most undeveloped and poorest municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The seat of the municipality is the village of Novo Selo. History The municipality was formed after the formation of the two entities of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska which together comprise the sovereign state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The creation of the two entities split the original municipality of Kupres in two, one municipality in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the other in Republika Srpska. During the war the municipality name was changed to Srpski Kupres (Српски Купрес), but since then the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina has forbidden the use of that name in order to avoid nationalistic sentiment. As of 2019, it is one of the smallest municipalities by number of inhabitants in Republika Srpska. Settlements Mrđanovci Novo Selo Šemenovci Rastičevo Demographics Population Ethnic composition See also Municipalities of Republika Srpska	Kupres, Republika Srpska
South Adelaide Panthers may refer to: South Adelaide Football Club, Australian rules football team nicknamed Panthers South Adelaide Panthers (basketball), member club of the South Australian state basketball league South Adelaide Panthers FC, association football team	South Adelaide Panthers
The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a proto-constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England. The Frame of Government has lasting historical importance as an important step in the development of American and world democracy. History William Penn, an English Quaker, sought to construct a new type of community with religious toleration and a great deal of political freedom. It is believed that Penn's political philosophy is embodied in the West Jersey Concessions and Agreements of 1677, which is an earlier practical experience of government constitution prior to the establishment of Pennsylvania. Although his authorship of the Concession is questioned, it is believed that he gave his full consent to it as the trustee of that colony. In the concession, all legislative power was granted to an assembly selected by the "inhabitants, freeholders and proprietors" of the colony. A commission was to be appointed by the assembly as its executive. The government structure in West Jersey demonstrated the enlightened constitutional theory that Penn had been promoting. Also under the influence of republican political theory and humanism, the first version of the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania (now known as the Frame of 1682) incorporated a few pioneering ideas, which were later developed into important elements of modern constitutionalism. It required capital punishment to be applied to a strictly limited scope of criminal offenses only, including murder and treason. Freedom of worship in the colony was to be absolute. The assembly could bring a request of impeachment of the governor before the council for its trial. Unconstitutional laws should be invalidated, although it did not specifically grant courts the power to declare the unconstitutionality. It included an amendment process where six-sevenths of the legislature and the governor had to approve any change. However, the government structure speculated by the Frame of 1682 was far less liberal than that in West Jersey Concessions and Agreements of 1677. The Frame of 1682 The Frame of 1682 constituted a parliament consisting of two houses. The upper house, or the council, consisted of 72 members who were the first 50 purchasers of 5,000 acres or more in the colony and had the exclusive power to propose legislation. They were also authorized to nominate all officers in church and state and supervise financial and military affairs through committees. The lower house, or the assembly, consisted of smaller landowners. It had no power to initiate legislation but could accept or reject the council's legislative proposal only. The two-house parliament assists the governor with his executive functions. Commentators believe that the Frame of 1682 was significantly influenced by Penn's supporters, primarily the earliest landholders in the colony. Little direct evidence suggested that they imposed a pressure upon the government constitution process. However, it is believed that the earliest settlers, who heavily invested in Pennsylvania, demanded a voice in constructing the framework of government. William Markham, a trusted deputy executive of Penn in the colony for many years, commented: "I knew very well [the Frame of Government] was forced upon him by friends who unless they received all that they demanded would not settle the country." This partly explained Penn's deviation from his political ideas on government constitution to accommodate the demands of the settlers. One of the most controversial provisions in the Frame of 1682 was if the governor should be allowed a veto to legislation presented by the parliament. To attract colonists, Penn had at first reserved himself only a single vote in the council and no power to reject legislation passed by the assembly. However, the Frame of 1682, in its final form, granted the proprietor a greater power – he was allowed a treble vote in the council and a veto in the legislative process. In December 1682, an assembly of 42 men was convened to ratify the Frame of 1682. Although leading Quakers secured their places in the assembly, their proposal to establish a proprietary government was adamantly opposed by the non-Quakers in the assembly, including representatives from the Lower Counties, which had been under the light control of the deputy governors appointed by the Duke of York (later James II & VII.) In particular, they rejected the monopoly of the council in initiating legislation and requested a more powerful assembly. As a result, the Frame of 1682 was voted down. Frame of 1683 An assembly convened in 1683 to model a new frame of government in place of the rejected Frame of 1682. The tension which resulted in the rejection of the Frame of 1682 remained – although leading Quakers dominated the council, half of the seats in the assembly were occupied by non-Quakers from the Lower Counties who were steadfastly against the concentration of power to Quaker elites. The proprietor's voting power in the legislative process remained one of the major concerns in framing the government. As provided in the colonial charter granted by the King, laws were to be made by the proprietor. Thus, it would be a violation of the charter if the proprietor did not possess a veto power in legislation. Over lengthy debate, Penn managed to convince the assembly that the proprietor's veto power was necessary, but guaranteed that he would exercise the power only with the council's advice and consent. Once again, the assembly sought to enlarge its role and insisted that it be granted to power to initiate legislation, as it demanded when it rejected the Frame of 1682. Although it was regarded as unacceptable to both the proprietor and the council, they conceded that the assembly is allowed to confer with the council before passing a law. A compromised frame of government, or the Frame of 1683, was eventually approved by the assembly. It provided that all laws should be passed "by the Governor and the freemen in Council and Assembly met", and granted the governor a right to approve or veto. However, the proprietary governance speculated by the Frame of 1683 did not function effectively after Penn returned to England in 1684. He relied on the council to act as governor collectively in the first few years during his absence. However, the council neglected Penn's constitutional authority and promulgated laws without obtaining approval from Penn or the King. Penn subsequently appointed five commissioners to replace the council as his deputy executive. Having granted any three of the commissioners a power to enact, annul or vary laws "as if I myself were there", he instructed the commissioners to annul the laws passed without his approval. However, the commissioners never carried out such instructions. In 1687, Penn appointed John Blackwell to replace the five commissioners as a single executive. As an aggressive Puritan governor, Blackwell clashed with the Quakers’ assembly immediately after he was appointed. The disorder in Pennsylvania and William III's increasing distrust in Penn led to the suspension of Penn's charter as the colonial proprietor in 1692. Frame of 1696 (Markham’s Frame) Penn's charter was restored in 1694. Presumably, he intended his colonists to return to the Frame of 1683, as one of the conditions on which his charter was restored was that the colony should be under proprietary governance. William Markham, the lieutenant governor commissioned by Penn in 1694, ruled the colony imperialistically and acted aggressively towards the assembly. However, certain practical needs in the colony significantly changed the political structure and dramatically resulted in liberal governance in this period, which was reflected in the Frame of 1696 (also known as Markham's Frame). The assembly continued to make effort to further its power in the 1690s. In March 1695, David Lloyd, the chief spokesman of the Quakers, warned that there was no special virtue in returning to the Frame of 1683, and proposed a charter granting the Assembly a controlling role, including the sole power to initiate legislation. The council turned to support the shift of power from itself to the assembly in anticipation of a possible reestablishment of a royal government. The Quakers dominating the council understood that with Penn's charter under heavy attack by neighboring governors and English government officials, the reestablishment of royal government was "highly possible – even probable". In that situation, the Quakers found it necessary to invest the assembly with "the widest possible powers in advance of such a change". The council might be appointed by a royal governor and thus susceptible to a royal control. However, the assembly would always be elected. Outnumbering other factions, including the Anglicans, the Quakers believed that they would be able to dominate in the assembly. Thus, even if the Quakers lost their control over the council, they could still operate from the assembly to defend against a royal control. In response to the Quakers’ request, William Markham, the lieutenant governor and a member of the Church of England, took it as an opportunity to urge the Quaker-dominated assembly to cooperate in appropriating fund for military preparations, and promised that a discussion of constitutional revision would become possible if the military appropriation bill was passed by the assembly. Although having been committed to nonviolence and consciously objecting to participating in wars, Quakers compromised in this regard in exchange for a more powerful assembly. Coupled with a bill raising a fund of £300 for military use, the assembly passed a new frame of government, which is known as the Frame of 1696, or Markham's Frame. The new frame significantly changed the allocation of political power within the legislature by conferring upon the assembly the power to initiate legislation, sit on its own adjournment and judge the qualifications of its members. It also reduced the size of the legislature to a more manageable level – each county elected only two representatives to the council and four to the assembly. In addition, it provided for more stringent voting requirements to exclude non-Quakers from voting. A person needed to reside in the colony for two years before he could vote, suggesting an attempt to diminish the strength of the ever-growing number of non-Quaker immigrants newly arrived in the colony. In rural areas, where Quakers had a dominant representation in the population, the voting requirement was relaxed to include all freeholders with 50 acres rather than 100 acres as before. In urban areas where the number of non-Quakers was growing, the voting requirement was tightened to exclude anyone without a £50 estate free of debts. The validity of the Frame of 1696 was questionable, as Markham did not have a conceivable right to approve it. It was never approved by Penn either – actually, Penn criticized it harshly. However, it functioned as the colonial constitution in practice for several years until Penn returned to Pennsylvania in 1699. Frame of 1701 (The Charter of Privileges) After his 15 years’ absence, Penn returned to Pennsylvania in 1699 and found the assembly resisting his proprietary authority. His attempts to reinforce proprietary governance turned out to be unpopular. Hostility towards proprietary politics and desire for the legislature's autonomy prevailed among the Quaker elite. In 1701, on the eve that Penn left Pennsylvania to defend his colonial charter before the King in London, the assembly presented him with a new draft of the frame of government, which is subsequently known as the Frame of 1701, or the Charter of Privileges. The Frame of 1701 further strengthened the controlling role of the assembly. An elective council was not even mentioned in the legislative process, and thus the assembly became the sole legislative authority. Meanwhile, the assembly obtained several Anglo-Saxon standard parliamentary privileges constitutionally for the first time: the right to prepare legislative bills, elect its own officers, appoint committees, sit on its own adjournment, judge the qualifications of its own members, and impeach officers of government. The assembly was to be elected annually by freemen and composed of four representatives from each county. The governor may appoint a council to assist with executive affairs, the council does not have a role in the legislative process. In addition, the Frame of 1701 required all claims relating to properties to be directed to ordinary courts of justice, and thus neutralized the power of the Board of Propriety, the center of proprietary land administration. Another significant concession in the Frame of 1701 was that the Lower Counties, or Territories, are permitted to establish their home rules. In 1705, the Territories took advantage of this provision and set up their own assembly. Although Penn steadfastly refused to approve the Frame of 1696, he yielded to the Frame of 1701, which was different from the Frame of 1696 only in details. Some writers regarded his concession as a sign of his losing control over the colony. He admitted that he approved the Frame of 1701 only because he saw a majority had been convinced by David Lloyd that it was a form of government "nearer to English methods, which they called for so often." Also, in anticipation of the possibility that his rights of government in the colony might be stripped of by the English Parliament, a more democratic governmental structure might provide the Quakers in the colony with a shelter from an arbitrary royal governor. The Frame of 1701 remained the governing constitutional document in Pennsylvania in the following seventy-five years until the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 replaced it. Characteristics The establishment of Pennsylvania may be the most successful effort of Quakers in colonizing in America. Penn's close relationship with the Crown significantly contributed to the success. His ruling over Pennsylvania was largely based on the royal charter, which curbed his political experiment and led to a hierarchical governmental structure. The compromise diluted the liberalism in the constitution of government, which Penn and his contemporary political thinkers had been promoting. However, the human rights provisions in the Frame of Government successfully reflected certain important values inherent in human thinking prevailing in the colony and Quakerism and contributed to the development of constitutionalism in America. Legacy and reception The Frame of Government has been seen as a significant move towards democracy in America. The political philosophy expounded in the preface to the Frame of 1682 has often been cited and quoted. Voltaire applauded Penn's efforts, saying he might "with reason, boast of having brought down upon earth the Golden Age, which in all probability, never had any real existence but in his dominions." The Supreme Court of the United States quoted the 1682 Frame of Government in a February 2019 decision regarding excessive fines imposed by the state of Indiana.	Frame of Government of Pennsylvania
The Secret Army Organization (SAO) was a short-lived right-wing paramilitary organization in Southern California, set up in 1971 in the aftermath of the breakup of the Minutemen group by local law enforcement. The ACLU has claimed that the organization had FBI support. History The Secret Army Organization was headquartered in San Diego, California and consisted of around twelve local members with a handful more spread across Southern California. Its creation was the product of a meeting held on October 16–17, 1971; its leaders, Howard B. Godfrey and Jerry Lynn Davis, had been members of the Minutemen, a right-wing extremist organization. In 1971 and 1972, the Secret Army Organization engaged in a variety of criminal and provocative behavior. They fire-bombed cars, burglarized the homes of antiwar protestors, and ransacked places of work. ACLU report On June 26, 1975, the American Civil Liberty Union of Southern California filed a report with Senate investigators alleging that the FBI was instrumental in the creation and operation of the SAO. The filing of this report came two days after the FBI publicly acknowledged its involvement in the illegal domestic counterintelligence program COINTELPRO, with activity spanning from May 1968 until April 1971. Allegations of government support The ACLU has claimed a connection between the SAO and the FBI, but this has not been substantiated. In April 1972, the FBI initiated a new operation, this time recruiting a member of the San Diego Police Department's antisubversive Red Squad unit, Gil Romero, because he had experience as an FBI informant, and J.M. Lopez, an undercover San Diego police officer. According to the ACLU report, Lincoln Bueno, a member of the left-wing Chicano organization Brown Berets, and Bohmer were to be lured over the border to a remote location in Tijuana, Mexico, where they would be murdered by Mexican Federal police over a contrived cache of smuggled firearms. ACLU lawyer H. Peter Young reported that this conspiracy was abandoned when the Republican convention was moved to Miami Beach, Florida. Allegations of White House support The White House was alleged to have maintained its own liaison to the SAO, Donald Segretti. Segretti was quoted by the ACLU as having told the SAO that anyone causing trouble at the 1972 Republican convention would be "gotten rid of," apparently in reference to the so-called "Liddy plan" as described in the United States Senate Watergate Committee. The plan was named for G. Gordon Liddy, former counsel of the Committee for the Re-election of the President and entailed the kidnapping of protestors and sending them to Mexico. Dissolution The ACLU claims that the FBI prevented prosecutors from pursuing Godfrey for his activity with the SAO. Having been a firefighter before his work with the FBI, by 1975 he was employed by the California State Fire Marshal's Office.	Secret Army Organization
Adrian Gerald Foley, 8th Baron Foley of Kidderminster (9 August 1923 – 12 February 2012), was a British peer, composer and pianist. Upon the death of his father, Gerald Foley, 7th Baron Foley, in 1927, Adrian Foley succeeded to his title at the age of three. He wrote London I Cannot Leave You (1940) at the age of 17, having spent his childhood in Eastbourne. In 1942, he supported Britain's Soviet ally with the composition of the song, "Wishing You Well, Mr Stalin". He composed music for the films Piccadilly Incident (1946) and Bond Street (1947). He appeared on an episode of the American game show To Tell the Truth in 1957. Personal life In 1958, he met a wealthy American heiress, Patricia Meek, née Zoelner, during a stage production of Jane Eyre, produced by Huntington Hartford in New York City. On 23 December 1958, the couple married. They had two children: Alexandra Mary (born 1960) and Thomas Henry (born 1961), before divorcing in 1971. In 1972, he married another wealthy heiress, Ghislaine (née Dresselhuys; former wife of both the 6th Earl of Caledon and the 4th Baron Ashcombe), the only daughter of Dutch-born Long Island resident and former Consul of the Netherlands in London, Cornelius William Dresselhuys and Edith Merandon du Plessis. His second wife died in 2000. On 15 December 2003, he married his third wife, Hannah Steinberg, a member of the Wolfson family. Death Lord Foley enjoyed golf and maintained properties near to the golfing areas of the Andalusian region of Spain for several decades. He owned property in Belgravia, London, and lived in retirement near Marbella until his death in Kidderminster in 2012, aged 88.	Adrian Foley, 8th Baron Foley
Ossau-Iraty is an Occitan-Basque cheese made from sheep milk. Origin Ossau-Iraty or Esquirrou is produced in south-western France, in the Northern Basque Country and in Béarn. Its name reflects its geographical location, the Ossau Valley in Béarn and the Irati Forest in the Basque Country. AOC status It has been recognized as an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) product since 1980. It is one of three sheep's milk cheeses granted AOC status in France (the others are Roquefort and Brocciu). It is of ancient origin, traditionally made by the shepherds in the region. Production Production techniques are very much in the essence of old world methods whereby the sheep still graze mountain pastures. The milk must come from the breeds Basco-béarnaise, Red-face Manech, or Black-face Manech. This is an uncooked cheese made through pressing. When offered as a farm-produced cheese (known as fromage fermier, fromage de ferme or produit fermier) the AOC regulations stipulate that only raw, unpasteurized milk be used. 3,067 tonnes (in 2003) 60 producers (in 2003) 8 manufacturers: private industries and cooperatives (in 1998) 2,045 milk producers (in 1998) Description According to the official description, the cheese crust is yellow-orange to gray, and the body color ranges from white to cream depending on how it has been matured. It is smooth, creamy and firm, and may have some small eyes (openings). See also Idiazabal cheese List of sheep milk cheeses	Ossau-Iraty
Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) was a physician and poet and grandfather of Charles Darwin Erasmus Darwin may also refer to: Erasmus Alvey Darwin (1804–1881), grandson of Erasmus Darwin, brother of Charles Darwin Erasmus Darwin IV (1881–1915), son of Horace Darwin, grandson of Charles Darwin See also Erasmus Darwin House, house of Erasmus Darwin in Lichfield Erasmus Darwin Barlow (1915–2005), great-great-great-grandson of Erasmus Darwin Erasmus Darwin Keyes (1810–1895), apparently unrelated	Erasmus Darwin (disambiguation)
Man 2 Man (also known as Man to Man) was an American Hi-NRG band from New York City, that formed in the early 1980s. It was best known for their hit singles "Male Stripper", "Energy Is Eurobeat" and "I Need a Man". Beginnings: The Fast The Fast was an American glam/punk band formed in New York City in the mid 1970s by brothers Miki Zone and Mandy Zone, along with Tommie Moonie (bass) and Peter Hoffman (drum). In 1975, The Fast with the addition 3rd brother Paul Zone, was an integral/influential part of the Max's Kansas City/CBGB scene alongside Blondie and the Ramones, with their blend of power pop and garage punk. As the New York punk rock scene was in its infancy, The Fast were a headline act at Max's Kansas City & CBGB in New York City. The Fast's first single, "Boys Will Be Boys" (CBS Records UK) was released in 1976 and was produced by Peter Crowley. "Boys Will Be Boys" as well as "Wow Pow Bash Crash" were released on the Max's Kansas City (Ram Records) release "Max's Kansas City 1976" along with other acts Wayne (now Jayne) County & the Backstreet Boys, Suicide, Pere Ubu and others. The Fast's sound and style was developed with 1960s mod pop elements and the use of synthesizers just before the instrument became a staple of the new wave genre. Their second single "It's Like Love" (Ram Records) was released in 1977 and produced by Richard Gottehrer (Blondie/Go Go's/Strangeloves/Raveonettes). "It's Like Love" was a blending of electronic synth sounds and bubblegum pop. The B-side was "Kids Just Wanna Dance". It was also during this time that Tommie Moonie left the band and was replaced by Hoffmann's brother Robert. This line up lasted for a year till 1978 when Mandy Zone left the band to form his own band Ozone along with former bassist Tommie Moonie. Peter & Robert Hoffman decided not to carry on with the band so they were replaced by Joe Poliseno on drums and Louis Bova (who was a recording engineer on the "Max's Kansas City 1976" album) on bass. For a short time The Fast changed the name of the band to Miki Zone Zoo to signify a drastic change to the band sound but after a few months reverted to The Fast due to name recognition. In 1978/1979, The Fast toured the United States. Ric Ocasek after seeing the band perform at the Boston rock club The Rathskeller (The Rat) decided to have them open up for with The Cars at their next stadium show in Portland, Maine. Ocasek also decided to produce & record them at famed Electric Ladyland studio in NYC which wound up as half of their first LP The Fast for Sale (Recca Records), which was released in 1980. In 1981, their second LP, Leather Boys from the Asphalt Jungle (Recca Records), was released. This would be the last time Paul and Miki Zone recorded with a live band. In 1982, The Fast went electronic, Paul and Miki tour the U.S. East Coast with two back-up keyboard players. In 1983, they began performing as a duo at New York City's Harrah, S.N.A.F.U., The Pyramid Club, and The Mudd Club, using keyboards, electronics and backing tapes. The Fast: Discography "Boys Will Be Boys" (Single, CBS Records UK) 1976 "It's Like Love" / "Kids Just Wanna Dance" (Single, Ram Records) 1977 "B Movies" / "Cars Crash" (Single, Sounds Interesting Records) 1979 "The Fast for Sale" (LP, Recca Records) 1980 "Leather Boys from the Asphalt Jungle" (LP, Recca Records) 1981 "Moontan" / "Love Is Like an Itchin in My Heart" (Single, Recca Record) 1982 Man 2 Man After The Fast, the brothers spent the first half of the 1980s singing on a number of Hi-NRG and disco records for record producers such as Bobby Orlando (records like Divine's "Native Love" and The Flirts' "Passion"). Soon after, they formed a new band, which was originally called Man's Favourite Sports. However, another band had already claimed the right to use this name, so the Zone brothers became known as Man 2 Man. Man 2 Man performed live in some of NYC's larger dance spaces: The Funhouse, The Limelight, & The Saint. They also appeared live at Heaven in London, UK. The duo recorded self-produced 12 inch dance singles through 1985. They continued to perform as a live act, touring alongside Sylvester & Divine in mid-to large sized venues throughout the UK, South America and Mexico. "Male Stripper" Under this name the band scored their biggest hit, "Male Stripper", teaming up with cult electro producer Man Parrish. Originally released in the United Kingdom in 1986 on the Bolts Records label, "Male Stripper" was a big club hit throughout the autumn and peaked at No. 64 on the UK Singles Chart. Miki Zone died of spinal meningitis caused by AIDS on December 31, 1986. In early 1987, "Male Stripper" charted again in the UK, and this time the song became an even bigger hit, spending five weeks in the top 10 and two weeks at No. 4. The song peaked at number 3 in Australia. "Male Stripper" was a breakout crossover pop hit and in March 1987 Man 2 Man appeared on a segment of the European music TV show Top of the Pops. "Male Stripper" was featured in the 1988 British film The Fruit Machine. The next single, "Who Knows What Evil", reached No. 90 on the UK chart in April 1987. After the death of Miki, Paul Zone decided to change the band name to Man to Man and recorded a cover version of the Grace Jones hit "I Need a Man" which peaked at No. 43 on the UK chart. Paul Zone continued recording under this name into the 1990s, working with producers such as Jacques Morali. "I'll Try Anything Once" was released in 2008 on iTunes and featured vocals by Debbie Harry of Blondie. Discography Albums Malenergy (Mexico only, 1986) Man to Man (with Paul Zone, 1988) Male Stripper - The Best Of (1995) Male Stripper: Hits & Rarities 1985–1990 (2007) Singles	Man 2 Man
General Sir Charles William Dunbar Staveley (18 December 1817 – 23 November 1896) was a British Army officer. Early life He was born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, the son of Lt-General William Staveley and Sarah Mather, and educated at the Scottish military and naval academy, Edinburgh. Career He was commissioned as second lieutenant in the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) on 6 March 1835. He became a lieutenant on 4 October 1839, and captain on 6 September 1844. From July 1840 to June 1843 he was aide-de-camp to the Governor of Mauritius, where his regiment was stationed, and where his father was acting Governor during part of that time. On his return home, he was quartered at Glasgow, and saved a boy from drowning in the Clyde at imminent risk of his own life, as he was not yet fully recovered from a severe attack of measles. He exchanged to the 18th Foot on 31 January 1845, and to the 44th on 9 May. From 15 June to 11 May 1847 he was aide-de-camp to the Governor General of British North America. An admirable draughtsman, his sketches proved very useful during the settlement of the Oregon boundary question in 1846. He was assistant military secretary at Hong Kong, where his father was in command, from 20 March 1848 to 27 February 1851. Crimean War He had become a major in the 44th Regiment of Foot on 7 December 1850, and went with them to Turkey in 1854. When the regiment embarked for the Crimea he was to have been left behind on account of illness, but he hid himself on board until the vessel sailed. He was present at Alma and at Balaclava, where he acted as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cambridge. On 12 December 1854 he became a lieutenant-colonel in his regiment. The 44th belonged to Sir William Eyre's brigade of the third division, and took part in the attempt on the dockyard creek on 18 June 1855, and in the capture of the cemetery – the sole success achieved. Staveley was mentioned in dispatches (London Gazette, 4 July) and was made CB. He also received the Crimean Medal with three clasps, the Sardinian and Turkish medals, and the Medjidia (fifth class). China He commanded the regiment from 30 June 1855. It returned to England in July 1856, embarked for Madras in August 1857, and went on to China in March 1860. He had become colonel of the 44th on 9 March 1858, and on 28 April 1860 he was made brigadier-general, and was given command of the 1st Brigade of Michel's 1st Division during the Anglo-French expedition to Peking. He was present at the capture of the Taku forts, was mentioned in dispatches (ib. 4 Nov. 1860), and received the medal with clasp. On 18 January 1861, he was given one of the rewards for distinguished service. He was left as Commander of British Troops in China and Hong Kong in 1862. The Taiping Rebellion was then in full career. The rebels had broken their promise not to come within thirty miles of Shanghai and were threatening that city itself. In April Staveley marched against them with a force of about two thousand men, of which about one-third consisted of French and English seamen and marines. He shelled them out of the entrenched camp at Wongkadze and stormed Tsipu, Kahding, Tsinpu, Nanjao and Cholin in the course of April and May. But the Chinese imperial troops were unable to hold all the towns recovered, and he had to withdraw the British garrison from Kahding (ib. 18 July and 5 Aug. 1862). In the autumn Kahding and Tsinpu were again taken, and the thirty-mile radius cleared of the rebels. In December he was asked by Li Hung Chang to name a British officer to replace the American Burgevine as commander of the disciplined Chinese force which had been formed by Frederick Townsend Ward. Staveley named Charles George Gordon, who had been chief engineer under him in the recent operations, and had surveyed all the country around Shanghai. They had served together before Sebastopol, and Staveley's sister was the wife of Gordon's brother. The appointment had to be approved from England, and was not taken up until the end of March 1863. At that time ill-health obliged Staveley to resign his command and go home. Abyssinia In March 1865 he was made KCB and was appointed to the command of the first division of the Bombay Army. On 25 September 1867, he was promoted major-general, and in November, by Sir Robert Napier's desire, he was given command of the first division of the force sent to Abyssinia. He showed his energy to good purpose in the organisation of the base at Annesley Bay, and he conducted the fight on the Arogye plain, which immediately preceded the capture of Magdala. Napier said in his dispatch that Staveley had afforded him most valuable support and assistance throughout the campaign. He received the thanks of Parliament and the medal. Later life Staveley commanded the troops in the Western District for five years from 1 January 1869, and in the autumn manoeuvres of 1871 round Aldershot, one of the three divisions was under him. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army from 7 October 1874 to 7 October 1878, with the local rank of lieutenant-general, which became his substantive rank on 29 April 1875. On 1 October 1877 he became general. He was given the colonelcy of the 36th foot on 2 February 1876, and transferred to his old regiment, the 44th (which had become the first battalion of the Essex Regiment), on 25 July 1883. He received the GCB on 24 May 1884. He had been placed on the retired list on 8 October in the previous year. He died at Aban Court, Cheltenham, on 23 November 1896, and was buried at Brompton Cemetery, London on 27 November. Family In 1864, Charles married Susan Millicent, daughter of Charles William Minet of Baldwyns, Kent. They had five sons: William, Charles, Henry, Arthur and Cecil, who later became a vice admiral. Cecil's son Sir William Staveley became an Admiral of the Fleet. They also had three daughters: Rose, Leila and Susan.	Charles Staveley
Mistress is an old form of address for a woman. It implies "lady of the house", especially a woman who is head of a household with domestic workers. An example is Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor. The title did not necessarily distinguish between married and unmarried women. The titles Mrs., Miss and Ms. are abbreviations derived from Mistress. Mastress is an obsolete form. See also Master (form of address)	Mistress (form of address)
Tomb of Valdemar is a BBC Books original novel written by Simon Messingham and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Fourth Doctor, Romana I, and K-9. Synopsis Millennia ago, the great god Valdemar held sway over the universe. Somehow the Old Ones defeated this dark presence and entombed him beneath the acid skies of Ashkellia, before disappearing themselves forever. Over the centuries, the myths of Valdemar grow, crossing solar systems and races. A novelist, Miranda Pelham, pieces together the Dark God's story. Unfortunately for her, revolution and the rise of a New Protectorate force her to strike an agreement with the decadent necromancer Paul Neville to find the lost Ashkellia. The Doctor and Romana, despite their best efforts, become embroiled in the complex conspiracies and attempts to re-discover Valdemar. High in the boiling sulphuric acid clouds, in the Palace of the Old Ones, a place where reality and dreams collide, the way is being prepared for the resurrection of the Dark One. The Doctor faces an agonising choice: should he continue with his quest to gather the segments of the Key to Time, or prevent the rebirth of a being so powerful that its release will alter the entire fabric of the universe?	Tomb of Valdemar
New Haven State Street station is a commuter rail station located on State Street in downtown New Haven, Connecticut. The secondary railroad station in the city, it is located northeast of the much larger New Haven Union Station and is intended to offer easier access to New Haven's downtown business district. It is served by Shore Line East and Hartford Line commuter trains, Amtrak trains, -terminating trains, and trains, and a limited number of Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line trains. Originally proposed in 1996, State Street opened on June 7, 2002. A second platform opened on June 8, 2018, in time for the beginning of Hartford Line service. Service A station closer to New Haven's business district than Union Station was first proposed in 1996. The station opened on June 7, 2002, for Shore Line East service, with Metro-North service added on June 24, 2002. Hartford Line and New Haven–Springfield Shuttle service began on June 16, 2018. Most Shore Line East and all Hartford Line trains (both Amtrak and CTrail) stop at the station. Travel time to Union Station is approximately two minutes and is fare-free, except on Metro-North. Metro-North trains only serve the station on weekday reverse peak runs (plus one midday trip). There are five trains from Grand Central Terminal and six trains to Grand Central per weekday. Station design The Northeast Corridor has four tracks at this location, in a shallow cut. From southeast to northwest, the tracks are numbered 1, 2, 4 and 6. State Street has a three-car-long high-level island platform between tracks 4 and 6, and a four car-long side platform serving track 1. Track 2 is used only by trains bypassing the station. The station originally only had the island platform when it opened; the side platform was built for the 2018 opening of the Hartford Line. Because the side platform was not part of the original station, the two platforms are not directly connected and are accessed separately, with two pedestrian bridges, staircases and elevators connecting the platforms to the street-level entrance and busway. Construction on the second platform began in July 2016, using $10 million in federal funding from a Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery grant. The second platform was originally expected to be complete by the end of 2017. The construction of the second platform was paired with security improvements, LED walkway and platform lighting, a sheltered bicycle parking area, platform snow melters, and real-time train information displays. The platform opened on June 8, 2018.	New Haven State Street station
Hanson Field is a 16,368-seat multi-purpose stadium in Macomb, Illinois, USA. The stadium which opened in 1950 is home to the Western Illinois Leathernecks football team and track and field team. The field is named after former WIU football coach/A.D. and Marine legend Rock Hanson. A unique feature of the facility is an extensive hillside that surrounds the field allowing for additional seating for thousands of spectators. Outside the stadium, a statue of former WIU track and field coach and two time Olympic gold medalist Lee Calhoun stands and a bulldog statue is located at the main entrance. History A record crowd of 19,850 watched the Leathernecks defeat Central Michigan, Oct. 20, 1973. From 1996 through 2004, Hanson Field was the training camp home of the National Football League's St. Louis Rams. Highest-Scoring GameOn September 11, 2004, Western Illinois defeated Division II Cheyney State 98–7. Renovations In 2001, the main entrance of the stadium was renovated by adding an iron gate, brick pillars and an arch displaying the words, Hanson Field. The stadium's east side received a $5 million face lift prior to the 2007 season. The renovation to the student seating section, funded largely by a facilities enhancement and life safety fee at the request of student leaders, included new bleachers, increased seating capacity, a new entrance, restrooms and concession stands. In 2011, Matrix Turf was installed on the field. Colts Drum and Bugle Corp Summer Camp Hanson field of WIU has been home to the Colts' summer training camp for a number of years. The nine-time Drum Corps International (DCI) World Class Finalist, from Dubuque, IA are a group of 160 high school- and college-aged musicians, plus 40 staff members and support team members. They train, work and live on the WIU campus for three weeks. Members live in the residence halls and practice at Hanson Field. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums	Hanson Field
Green Inlet Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the North Coast region to the southeast of Butedale and containing 33 ha.	Green Inlet Marine Provincial Park
Juan de Bermúdez (; ; died 1570) was a Spanish navigator of the 16th century. Early life Juan Bermúdez was born in Palos de la Frontera, Province of Huelva, Crown of Castile. Voyages In 1505, while sailing back to Spain from a provisioning voyage to Hispaniola in the ship La Garça (or Garza), he discovered Bermuda (historically rendered by various authors as la Bermuda (Peter Martyr d'Anghiera on his map of 1511), Barmvdas or Bermudas (Sylvester Jordain in A DISCOVERY OF THE BARMVDAS, OTHERWISE called the Ile of DIVELS, London, 1610), Bermoodos (John Jacob Berlu in The Treasury of Drugs Unlock'd, London, 1690), Bermoothes (William Shakespeare, borrowing the name for a fictional island in his 1611 play The Tempest), Bermudes (Henry Chatelain in the 1720 edition of his Atlas Historique, Bellin of Paris in his map of 1764, and various others) which was later named after him. Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, lists "La Bermuda" among the Atlantic islands. In 1515 he returned to Bermuda, landing a dozen pigs and sows for any unlucky mariners who might later be castaway there. Bermúdez made 11 registered trips to the New World from 1495 to 1519.	Juan de Bermúdez
The Elf Albums (Connoisseur VSOP CD 167) is a CD compilation released in 1994. It consists of Elf's second and third albums, Carolina County Ball (titled LA 59 in the US) and Trying to Burn the Sun, in their entirety on a single CD. This includes the Carolina County Ball track "Happy", which was left out of The Gargantuan compilation. Track listing "Carolina Country Ball" - 4:46 "L.A. 59" - 4:21 "Ain't It All Amusing" - 5:01 "Happy" - 5:28 "Annie New Orleans" - 3:01 "Rocking Chair Rock 'n' Roll Blues" - 5:36 "Rainbow" - 4:00 "Do the Same Thing" - 3:10 "Blanche" - 2:31 "Black Swampy Water" - 3:43 "Prentice Wood" - 4:37 "When She Smiles" - 4:54 "Good Time Music" - 4:30 "Liberty Road" - 3:22 "Shotgun Boogie" - 3:07 "Wonderworld" - 5:03 "Streetwalker" - 7:07 Elf (band) compilation albums 1994 compilation albums	The Elf Albums
T14 may refer to: Aerospace T14 (satellite), a DirecTV communications satellite Slingsby T.14 Gull II, a British glider Soyuz T-14, the 9th expedition to Salyut 7 Taylor Airport (Quinlan, Texas) Education Top 14 Law Schools, the fourteen most prestigious law schools in the United States Rail and transit Lines Rhode Island Avenue–New Carrollton Line, of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority T14 line, of the Stockholm Metro Locomotives Prussian T 14, a steam locomotive Stations Irinaka Station, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan Nangō-Nana-Chōme Station, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Nijōjō-mae Station, Kyoto, Japan Sembayashi-Omiya Station, Osaka, Japan Tōyōchō Station, Tokyo, Japan Tsuruwa Station, Sanuki, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan Weapons and armor Nambu T-14, a pistol Safir T-14, a shotgun T-14 Armata, a Russian main battle tank T14 Heavy Tank, a joint American and British project to develop a heavy tank T14 Light Tank, an American tankette Other uses Estonian national road 14 Piper River language Sorex araneus coronavirus T14 Throw stick (hieroglyph), an Egyptian hieroglyph Top Fourteen ranked law schools in the United States	T14
Eugenio González Derbez (; born September 2, 1961) is a Mexican actor and comedian. He has appeared in many films and television series, including The Book of Life, The Angry Birds Movie 2, and CODA. In the 2010s, he appeared in many American films and television series, such as Jack and Jill, Girl in Progress, Rob!, and Miracles from Heaven. Derbez provided the Spanish dubs for many characters in the Spanish versions of American films, including Dr. Dolittle, Mulan, 102 Dalmatians, and the Shrek franchise. Derbez resides in Los Angeles, is married to Alessandra Rosaldo, and has 4 children. Early life Derbez was born and raised in Mexico City and expressed interest in acting at an early age, landing his first roles as extras in soap operas at age 12. He made his directing debut in 1997 with a Mexican soap opera named . Career 1980s During the early 1980s, Derbez was a regular in , a Mexican television show. He also participated in , a children's television show. In 1988, he got his first recurring television position when he played a number of roles in a comedy show called . 1990s Derbez kept making movies during the 1990s. In 1992 he began hosting the variety show . In 1997, Derbez made his directing debut in a soap opera named . In 1999 Derbez started a comedy show, . Derbez appeared in in 2000. He also starred that year in } ('Accomplices to the Rescue'). In 2003 he produced a television series named XHDRBZ. He later produced ('Countrymen Hospital'), ('Neighbors'), and in 2009 . He was the leading man in . Derbez is one of the few Mexican actors to have achieved international acclaim, earning international award recognition as well as starring in commercial American films. Derbez has appeared in a number of successful and critically acclaimed films including , which won the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance in 2007 and his first non-comedy film, the indie smash hit (released as Under the Same Moon in English) directed by Patricia Riggen, with Adrián Alonso and Kate del Castillo. 2000s In 2002, Derbez and Florinda Meza co-created a sitcom named XHDRBZ, which marked his debut as a producer. Also in 2002, Derbez co-created, co-directed, and starred in the family sitcom , which gained Derbez further recognition amongst the Mexican and Latin community. 2010s In 2011, Derbez starred in Adam Sandler's Jack and Jill as Felipe starring with Adam Sandler, Katie Holmes and Al Pacino; he also starred in Girl In Progress, with Eva Mendes, also directed by Patricia Riggen. Eugenio also starred in the CBS sitcom Rob! and on Broadway in Latinologues at the Helen Hayes Theater. Derbez starred in Sony's Miracles from Heaven, with Jennifer Garner (directed by Patricia Riggen), and he voiced the role of Rico in the animated feature Underdogs, directed by Juan J. Campanella. In 2013, Derbez starred in and directed Instructions Not Included the most successful Spanish-language film in the U.S. and worldwide, which broke numerous box office records, earning over $100 million. The Spanish-language comedy-drama became a surprise $44 million hit in the U.S., and the third highest-grossing film ($46 million) of the year in Mexico (only Despicable Me and Iron Man sequels did better). In 2016, Derbez wrapped production on the Lionsgate/Pantelion feature How to Be a Latin Lover in which he starred with Salma Hayek, Rob Lowe, Kristen Bell, Raquel Welch, Rob Riggle, Linda Lavin and Rob Huebel. It was written by Chris Spain and Jon Zack and directed by Ken Marino. The film, produced by Derbez and his producing partner Ben Odell, was released in the U.S. on April 28, 2017, and May 5, 2017, in Mexico. 2020s Derbez is a partner of 3pas Studios with producer Ben Odell. In 2021, via 3Pas Studios, he inked a first look deal with Univision, and he and Odell were executive producers on behalf of 3Pas Studios of the 2021 television series Acapulco, which stars Derbez. He appeared in the Academy Award-winning Apple TV+ film CODA, which won him, along with the rest of the cast, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. In 2022 he started as the main character in the movie The Valet as Antonio Flores and will be participating in the movie based in the International best selling book Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of The Universe. Public image Eugenio Derbez is one of Mexico's more successful comedic actors and directors. He was recognized by Variety in 2014 as the #1 most influential Latin American male in the world. On March 10, 2016, Derbez unveiled his star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. The ceremony was attended by thousands of fans. In 2014, following the success of Instructions Not Included, Derbez partnered with former Pantelion President of Production Benjamin Odell to create 3Pas Studios, his film production company in Los Angeles. Personal life Derbez was born in Mexico City, the son of actress Silvia Derbez and publicist Eugenio González Salas. Eugenio resides in Los Angeles with his family. Derbez is married to Alessandra Rosaldo, actress, model, and former Sentidos Opuestos singer. He is father to Mexican comedic actress Aislinn Derbez (her mother is Gabriela Michel), Mexican actor and singer Vadhir Derbez (his mother is Silvana Prince), Mexican actor José Eduardo Derbez (his mother is actress Victoria Ruffo) and Aitana Derbez (her mother is Alessandra Rosaldo). He has a bulldog named Fiona. Filmography Films Television	Eugenio Derbez
Sclerotization is a biochemical process that produces the rigid shell of sclerotin that comprises an insect's chitinous exoskeleton. It is prominent in the thicker, armored parts of insects and arachnids, especially in the biting mouthparts and sclerites of scorpions and beetles. Molecular mechanism Sclerotization entails crosslinking of oxygen-reactive derivatives of dopamine. The reaction of the dopamine derivatives toward oxygen is catalyzed by diverse enzymes such as laccase, which convert the catechol groups to quinones. The resulting quinones are susceptible to nucleophilic attack by amines and thiols, which decorate the side-chains of proteins. These reactions gives rise to color (typically brown), loss of solubility, and rigidification that accompany sclerotization. See also Sclerotin Sclerite	Sclerotization
Shaike Ophir (; November 4, 1928 – August 17, 1987) was an Israeli film and theater actor, comedian, playwright, screenwriter, director, and the country's first mime. Early life Yeshayahu (Shaike) Goldstein-Ophir was born in Jerusalem. His family were Masortiim, and his Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry in the city goes back to the mid-19th century. He studied acting as an adolescent, but left school in the 1940s to enlist in the Palmach. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War he escorted convoys to the besieged city of Jerusalem, and took part in naval battles. Career Thanks to his comic skills he was accepted to the Chezbatron, an army entertainment troupe. In the 1950s, he made a name for himself as a multi-talented performer. He had even recorded a few hit songs during this period. During the late 1950s and early 1960s Ophir occasionally guest-starred in American TV shows such as Shirley Temple's Storybook and Alfred Hitchcock Presents (in the episode "The Waxwork," where he was billed as Shai K. Ophir). Ophir acted in 28 films, wrote, directed and starred in several variety shows and was an accomplished mime, appearing alongside Marcel Marceau. He reached the peak of his international fame in the title role of Ha-Shoter Azoulay (literally, Policeman Azoulay, translated as The Policeman), a film-vehicle by Ephraim Kishon which won a Golden Globe for Best Foreign-Language Film (1972) and was nominated for a Best Foreign Language Academy Award the same year. He also starred in other Ephraim Kishon films, including Ervinka, Blaumilch Canal and The Fox in the Chicken Coop, and the 1973 Moshé Mizrahi film Daughters, Daughters. In 1977 he starred opposite Melanie Griffith in The Garden. In 1985, Ophir starred in a stage adaptation of Janusz Korczak's children's novel King Matt the First, where he played seven different roles. The children's play was very successful and ran for three years. Over this period Ophir was diagnosed with lung cancer, to which he succumbed in 1987. Ophir was a theatrical director for HaGashash HaHiver. He also directed the Israeli movie Hamesh Ma'ot Elef Shahor, and wrote the screenplay for 4 Israeli movies. He wrote and performed many sketches and comedy routines, many of which are still popular in Israel today. He also did a series of Arabic-instruction TV programs that ran through the 1980s. He also appeared in the Chuck Norris film, The Delta Force. Personal life Ophir was married twice and had four children, two from each spouse. His daughter, Karin Ophir, is also an actress. Shaike Ophir, a heavy smoker, died from lung cancer in 1987. Filmography 1956: B'Ein Moledet 1956: Ma'aseh B'Monit .... Soldier 1963: El Dorado .... Shneider 1964: Shemona B'Ekevot Ahat 1964: Hor B'Levana 1964: Dalia Vehamalahim 1966: Moishe Ventilator 1967: Ervinka .... The Sergeant 1968: Ha-Shehuna Shelanu 1969: Blaumilch Canal .... Police Officer 1971: The Policeman .... Constable Sgt. Abraham Azulai 1972: Shod Hatelephonim Hagadol 1973: Daughters, Daughters .... Sabbatai Alfandari 1973: The House on Chelouche Street .... Haim 1975: Yi'ihiyeh Tov Salmonico 1975: Diamonds .... Moshe 1977: Hamesh Ma'ot Elef Shahor 1977: The Garden .... Avram 1977: Gonev Miganav Patoor 1977: Operation Thunderbolt .... Gadi Arnon 1978: Ha-Shu'al B'Lool Hatarnagalot .... Amitz Dolniker 1979: The Magician of Lublin .... Schmul 1979: Ta'ut Bamispar .... Superintendent Moshe Cohen 1985: King Solomon's Mines .... Kassam 1986: The Delta Force .... Father Nicholas 1986: America 3000 .... Lelz 1987: Sleeping Beauty .... Master Elf (final film role) Awards and commemoration The Israeli Film Academy award is named the "Ophir Award" in his honor.	Shaike Ophir
The Portland Oregon Temple is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) located on of land near the intersection of Highway 217 and I-5 in Lake Oswego, Oregon. The temple's architecture features six white spires and a white marble exterior accented with green marble trim and topped with a green slate roof. It is in area, with four ordinance rooms and fourteen sealing rooms. History The temple in Portland was the church's first in Oregon, dedicated in 1989, by Gordon B. Hinckley; with the Medford Oregon Temple completed in 2000. In 1989, more than 314,000 people attended the public open house held before the temple was dedicated by Gordon B. Hinckley. University of New Mexico historian, Ferenc Morton Szasz, places the temple in a group of Post-World War II temples built in western American States, calling the group of Mormon temples "the most impressive religious structures of the entire western postwar building boom." The temple, the church's 42nd operating structure, serves members of stakes in the Portland metropolitan area, other parts of Oregon and two cities in Washington. In 2012, the church added a visitor's center which is open to the public daily from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., which, along with the temple's grounds, continues to be enjoyed by the surrounding community. The visitor's center was formally dedicated by Gary E. Stevenson in June 2013. In 2014, the temple celebrated the 25th year the temple has been in operation. In 2020, the Portland Oregon Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic. See also List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Oregon Gallery	Portland Oregon Temple
George Gustav Heye (1874 – January 20, 1957) was an American collector of Native American artifacts in the Western Hemisphere, particularly in North America. He founded the Museum of the American Indian, and his collection became the core of the National Museum of the American Indian. It is described as the largest and most comprehensive collection in the world. During his years of collecting and study, Heye funded numerous archeological expeditions and supported scholarly work of the time. He established the Heye Foundation in the early 20th century to support such work, as well as contributing independently. Life and career Heye was born in 1874, the son of Carl Friederich Gustav Heye and Marie Antoinette Lawrence of Hudson, New York. His father was a German immigrant who earned wealth in the new petroleum industry. George Gustav Heye graduated from Columbia School of Mines (now Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science) in 1896 with a degree in electrical engineering. While superintending railroad construction in Kingman, Arizona in 1897, Heye acquired a Navajo deerskin shirt, his first Native American item. He continued to acquire individual items until 1903, then he began collecting material in larger numbers. In 1901, Heye started a career in investment banking that lasted until 1909. His success gave him the financial means to fund archeological expeditions conducted by scholars in the field. For instance, he funded an expedition in 1907 to Ecuador and Colombia by Professor Saville of the Department of Anthropology of Columbia University, Heye's alma mater. Saville had already completed two expeditions to sites in those countries. Heye continued with his interest in Native American culture, funding archeological surveys and excavations in the American Southeast. The field was young, but he supported some of the most professional work of the time. In 1915, Heye worked with Frederick W. Hodge and George H. Pepper on the Nacoochee Mound in White County, Georgia. The work on Nacoochee Mound was done through the Heye Foundation, the Museum of the American Indian (which opened in 1922), and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. It was some of the most complete work of the time, including numerous photographs. In 1918, Heye and his colleagues published a report entitled The Nacoochee Mound In Georgia. Also from 1915 to 1919, the Heye Foundation sponsored a team excavating the James Plott Mound (later referred to as Mound#3) at the Garden Creek site west of Asheville, in Haywood County, North Carolina. The Foundation published a report on this in 1919. Other parts of the archeological site were excavated in 1965–1967, including two villages and two earthwork mounds. Through the years, Heye accumulated the largest private collection of Native American objects in the world. They included both prehistoric and historic items. The collection was initially stored in Heye's Madison Avenue apartment in New York City, and later in a rented room. By 1908, Heye was referring to the collection as "The Heye Museum." He began to lend materials for exhibit at the University of Pennsylvania, at what later became its Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia. In 1916, he purchased the collection of Alaskan Native artifacts that had won the gold medal for ethnological collections at the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, from J. E. Standley of Ye Olde Curiosity Shop.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Duncan\|2001\|p=85 et. seq.}}.</ref> Eventually, the Heye collection was moved to the Heye Foundation's Museum of the American Indian at 155th Street and Broadway, which broke ground in May 1916. He had been encouraged to build there by Archer Milton Huntington, who had already established The Hispanic Society of America in its own building and sponsored a complex of cultural institutions. In 1919, Heye founded the journal Indian Notes and Monographs. The Museum of the American Indian opened to the public in 1922. It closed in 1994, after the collection had been moved in 1989 to the Smithsonian Institution. In 1994 the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian opened in the former Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House near Battery Park in Lower Manhattan. Heye died on January 20, 1957, at his house in the Ritz Tower in New York City.. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City. Museum of the American Indian Heye created the Museum of the American Indian in 1916 in New York City and was its director until 1956. His collection of Native American materials was gathered over a period of 45 years. This collection became the basis of the National Museum of the American Indian. The largest and most comprehensive in the world, the collection contains over one million objects, particularly from Native Americans, Inuit and Alaskan Natives, and also other indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere. The collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution in 1989, which established the National Museum of the American Indian. (It now has two locations, in New York City and in Washington, DC.) About one-third of the original collection has been repatriated under the National Museum of the American Indian Act. This federal legislation recognized that grave goods and other sacred items had been taken from Native American tribes without permission through archeological and other collecting expeditions. Artifacts were once stored in the Bronx in a building along the Interstate 95 corridor. After the land and building were sold, the property was cleared for redevelopment as private housing. After 1930, the library of the Museum formed the bulk of the Native American Collection at the Huntington Free Library. The 40,000+ books and archival artifacts were sold to Cornell University in 2004. Membership American Anthropological Association American Museum of Natural History American Geographical Society American Association for the Advancement of Science The Explorers Club; he served twice as president, from 1922 to 1925 and 1928 to 1930 Publications George G. Heye, Frederick W. Hodge, and George H. Pepper, The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia''. New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1918.	George Gustav Heye
I Am David is a 2003 American drama film written and directed by Paul Feig in his directorial debut. It is based on the 1963 novel of the same name (originally published in the USA under the name North to Freedom) by Anne Holm. The film was produced by Walden Media and Lions Gate Entertainment. Plot Seven years after World War II, a 12-year-old boy named David escapes a gulag in Bulgaria where he has spent his entire life where his mother has been taken away from him. He sets out on a risky journey to Denmark, initially believing he is on an important mission to deliver a letter, but eventually discovering that the "mission" was to reunite him with his mother, of whom he has distinct memories. Along his journey, he faces danger, fear, loneliness, hunger, missions and encounters various people. Johannes, his friend and mentor in the camp, who prepares him for escape, is killed by a guard, leaving David to face escape on his own. David is helped by a guard to escape, who gives him a compass and tells him he must go southwest to Greece, take a boat to Italy and finally go north to Denmark, a peaceful and neutral country. The guard also tells him to trust no one. Since David was locked in a camp all his life, he has repressed feelings and trusts no one anyway, and so feels lost and disoriented in the world. Along his journey, though he is mistreated by some people, he is well-treated by others. Gradually he learns that some people can be trusted, and to open up and experience his own feelings. Finally, with the help of decent people whom he has learned to trust, David is reunited with his mother in Denmark. Cast Ben Tibber - David Jim Caviezel - Johannes Joan Plowright - Sophie Hristo Shopov - The Man Roberto Attias - Baker Maria Bonnevie - David's mother Francesco De Vito - Roberto Viola Carinci - Maria Silvia De Santis - Elsa Alessandro Sperduti - Carlo Reception Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "I couldn't believe a moment of it, and never identified with little David." The film grossed $288,552 domestically in 226 theaters. In the rest of the world, the film grossed $3,824. Awards The film won several awards in 2003, including the Crystal Heart Award in the Heartland Film Festival, the Queens Festival's Best Feature Film prize, and Best Film and Most Promising Actor for Ben Tibber. Ben Tibber never acted in a feature film again.	I Am David (film)
Teva Naot () is an Israeli shoe and sandal manufacturer based at Kibbutz Neot Mordechai. History Naot, which opened in 1942, started out as a small kibbutz factory producing work boots. Currently, it employs 160 workers and designs a new line of footwear every year to keep up with global fashion trends. Naot's products include a variety of shoes and sandals for men, women and children with special insoles that conform to the shape of the wearer's foot. Footbeds can be replaced by a user's custom orthotic insoles, or by standard replacements for worn ones. In 1988, shoe manufacturing in Israel suffered from the glut of inexpensive imports from the Far East. Naot Mordechai considered shutting down its shoe factory. The economic situation of the kibbutz was so serious that it became part of a study of failing companies at the economics department of Tel Aviv University. Ami Bar-Nahor was assigned to be a consultant for Naot Mordechai as part of a class exercise. He came up with the idea of modernizing both the product and production to attract the new health-conscious shoe consumer. "I aimed at a sort of Israelization of Birkenstock,” said Bar-Nahor, referring to a well-known German footwear manufacturer. Bar-Nahor spent four years at Naot Mordechai. Traditional biblical sandals had inflexible soles; Naot used a flexible footbed of cork, natural rubber or leather. Adjustable leather straps allowed for swelling of the feet. Bar-Nahor hired young designers from the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design in Jerusalem and Shenkar College in Tel Aviv to add color and interest to the old style sandals produced mainly in beige, brown and black. In 2006 Shamrock Holdings, based in Burbank, California, paid US$31 million for the purchase of 66 percent of the enterprise. In 2011 Teva Naot was targeted by Canadian protesters who said that the soles were manufactured in the controversial Gush Etzion West Bank settlements. In the wake of the protests, sales in the company's Canadian stores actually increased. International markets Naot exports 80% of its production worldwide. Major markets include the United States (distributor: Yaleet Inc., Farmingdale, New York), Canada (distributor: Solemates Inc., Toronto, Ontario), Germany, UK and Australia. In 2011 Teva Naot's turnover in Canada was Can$20 million, with nine stores. Naot footwear is distributed in Europe by Naama Naot Germany, and AJJH Ltd., UK. See also Economy of Israel Israeli fashion	Naot
Snow Canyon High School (SCHS) is a public high school in St. George, Utah, United States. It is part of the Washington County School District. Zone: west St. George, Santa Clara and Ivins. As of January 2019, it serves 1,165 students making it the fourth largest high school in St. George and in the district. Athletics The school competes in the 4A division in region 9 with all other Washington County schools,besides Enterprise High School.They also share the region with Cedar high school from Cedar City, Utah which is located in Iron County. Snow Canyon will remain in 4A Region 9 for the 2023–2025 classification period.	Snow Canyon High School (Utah)
American Airlines Flight 383 was a nonstop flight from New York City to Cincinnati on November 8, 1965. The aircraft was a Boeing 727, with 57 passengers, and 5 crew on board. The aircraft crashed on final approach to the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States. Only three passengers and one flight attendant survived the crash. Aircraft The aircraft involved was a Boeing 727-100(registration number N1996), serial number 18901. The Boeing 727 was delivered to American Airlines on June 29, 1965, and had operated a total of 938 hours at the time of the accident. Events leading to the crash The flight was delayed for 20 minutes in New York. Captain Daniel Teelin was flying in the right seat as check captain for Captain William O'Neill, who was qualifying on the 727. Until the landing attempt, the flight from New York to Cincinnati was uneventful. At 18:45 (6:45 PM) Eastern Standard Time, the crew contacted the airline via ARINC company radio to report a 19:05 (7:05 PM) estimated time of arrival at Cincinnati. The weather was fine near the airport except for thunder clouds developing northwest of the airport across the Ohio River valley. At 18:57 (6:57 PM), Flight 383 was cleared by the approach controller for a visual approach to Cincinnati's runway 18 (now runway 18C), and was advised of precipitation just west of the airport. The aircraft approached the airport from the southeast and turned to a northerly heading to cross the Ohio River. It turned west after crossing to the northern shore of the Ohio River, intending to make a final turn to southeast after crossing the Ohio River (which runs from northwest to southeast) again to the southern shore of the river. After that final turn, the aircraft would line up with the runway 18 of the airport to make the final approach. At 18:58 (6:58 PM), the approach controller transferred Flight 383 to the Cincinnati tower frequency. At 18:59 (6:59 PM), Flight 383 received clearance from the tower controller to land on runway 18. Crash The aircraft flew into thick clouds and a thunderstorm after flying toward the airport from the northwest. It descended more rapidly than it should have, without either pilot in the cockpit noticing. The airport is situated at an elevation of and the aircraft had descended to the level of above the airport while it was still about northeast of the airport. It descended to just 3 ft (per altimeter) above the airport while it was about 3 nm north of the airport. Its correct altitude should have been just below at that time. It continued its descent into the Ohio River valley while crossing the river back to the southern shore. When it made its last turn to the southeast to line up with the runway, it flew into the wooded slopes of the valley 3 km north of the runway threshold in poor visibility, at an altitude of 225′ below the runway's elevation. It then exploded and was engulfed in flames. Of the 62 people on board the aircraft, only four people (one flight attendant and three passengers) survived. One of the survivors was Israel Horowitz, an American record producer. Another was a deadheading American Airlines captain, Elmer Weekly, who later testified at the accident hearings. Investigation The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) investigated the accident. CAB investigators concluded that the aircraft was working normally and fully under the control of the pilots at the time of the crash. The aircraft was not equipped with a cockpit voice recorder. The flight data recorder showed the aircraft descended through in the last 42 seconds before impact, a normal rate of descent for the landing phase of operation. The CAB determined that the probable cause of the accident was the pilots' failure to properly monitor their altitude during a visual approach into deteriorating weather conditions. It was later believed that the following factors might have contributed to the crash: Lights from the houses in the Ohio River valley, located below the altitude of the airport, may have conveyed an illusion of runway lights. The flight crew may have been confused about their true altitude, due to misinterpretation of the aircraft's drum-type altimeter after descending through 0 feet (relative to the airport altitude), or they may have had their hands full controlling the plane in severe weather and simply failed to notice the readings on the altimeter. A late departure from New York and the deteriorating weather at Cincinnati may have put pressure on the flight crew. Despite the rapidly deteriorating weather conditions, the flight crew chose to make a visual approach to the runway. Aftermath The estate of Samuel Creasy, one of the passengers who died aboard Flight 383, sued American Airlines for wrongful death. American Airlines responded by filing a third-party complaint against the Federal Aviation Administration and the Weather Bureau, in an attempt to shift liability for the crash to meteorologists and air traffic controllers for failure to warn the pilots of inclement weather or revoke the visual approach clearance. American Airlines also alleged that the accident was due to a downdraft rather than pilot error. A jury found AA liable for the accident and awarded Creasy's family $175,000 plus funeral expenses, a decision that was upheld on appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Two years after the crash of Flight 383, TWA Flight 128 crashed on the same hill while on approach to Cincinnati under poor visibility conditions. On December 13, 2017, Toni Ketchell, the surviving crew member, died. American Airlines still uses flight number 383, although it now operates from New York to Miami with the Boeing 777-300. See also 1961 Cincinnati Zantop DC-4 crash American Airlines Flight 1420 Aviation safety South African Airways Flight 228 (pilot error reading a drum-type altimeter on a Boeing 707) Alitalia Flight 404 American Airlines Flight 383 (2016) American Airlines Flight 965 Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701 TWA Flight 128, a Convair 880 that crashed near Flight 383's site Notes	American Airlines Flight 383 (1965)
Sulden (; ) is a mountain village in South Tyrol, northern Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of Stilfs. Geography Sulden lies at the foot of the Ortler, in the Vinschgau valley east of the Stelvio Pass. It is 1900 m above sea level, with a population of 400. History Due to its remote location, in AD 1802, the Austrian newspaper "Innsbrucker Wochenblatt" compared it to "Siberia of Tyrol", "where farmers dine with bears and kids ride on wolves". Tourism changed this, as Sulden now has 2000 beds and eleven skilifts, part of Ortler Skiarena. Famous residents Reinhold Messner owns a herd of yaks there, and also the Ortler branch of the Messner Mountain Museum. Notes and references	Sulden
Mecham is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Evan Mecham, Governor of Arizona 1987-1988 George Mecham, British naval officer who participated in the search for Franklin's lost expedition Leonidas Ralph Mecham, Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 1985-2006 William Mecham, British cartoonist and performer as Tom Merry (1853-1902) See also Mechem Meacham	Mecham
The blue antimora (Antimora rostrata), also known as the flat-nose codling, blue hake, long-finned cod or violet cod, is a benthopelagic species of morid cod of the genus Antimora, found in seas around the world on the continental shelf except the north Pacific. This bluish-black species may be found at depths of between 350 and 3,000 m(1,148 to 9.843 ft), but it is commonly found at depths of 800-1800m. Its length is between 40 and 75 cm (15.7 to 29.5 inches). It is of minor importance to commercial fisheries.	Blue antimora
Ibbenbüren (Westphalian: Ippenbürn) is a medium-sized town in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Ibbenbüren is situated on the Ibbenbürener Aa river, at the northwest end of the Teutoburger forest and rather exactly in between the two cities Rheine in the west and Osnabrück in the east, both approximately 20 km away. History Ibbenbüren is mentioned in documentary evidence for the first time in 1146, when the bishop of Osnabrück at that time, Philipp of Katzenelnbogen, donated a tenth of his possessions in Ibbenbüren to the Getrudenkloster of Osnabrück. Although Ibbenbüren was already much older and a document of the year 1348 mentions the establishment of a church in the year 799, though the year 1146 is officially considered as the year of the foundation of Ibbenbüren. In the years 1219 and/or 1234 it appears as a church village. In the transition from the High Middle Ages to the Late Middle Ages the noble gentlemen of Ibbenbüren, that is the abbot of Herford and the counts of Tecklenburg, possessed basic rule of the place. At this time Ibbenbüren belonged to the Diocese of Osnabrück. During this time the castle of Ibbenbüren was built by the noble gentlemen of Ibbenbüren starting from 1150. The last remains of this castle are the remnants of the heath tower in the proximity of the Aasee. After the noble gentleman of Ibbenbüren died out, Ibbenbüren came under the exclusive rule of the counts of Tecklenburg. This rule lasted until the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century, when Ibbenbüren finally fell into the possession of Charles V in 1548 by awkward and luckless tactics used by the counts of Tecklenburg. Karl donated it to his sister Mary of Habsburg, governor of the Netherlands. Ibbenbüren was assigned to the office of Lingen. Into this period also falls the beginning of coal mining. After Ibbenbüren repeatedly fell under control of the Netherlands and Spain in the Dutch Revolt, it was assigned to the House of Orange-Nassau after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Around this time was the beginning of iron ore mining in and around Ibbenbüren, which ended in the first half of the 19th century. By succession it came under Prussian rule in 1702. On February 1, 1724, Ibbenbüren attained municipal rights, which stood among other things in connection with the introduction of excise duty. In 1743 the first magistrate and mayor were appointed. During the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte at the beginning of the 19th century, Ibbenbüren belonged to the first French Empire, until it was freed by Prussian and Russian troops in 1815. It came back under Prussian rule on January 1, 1816, and was assigned to the district of Tecklenburg. After the end of World War II the city Ibbenbüren and the municipality Ibbenbüren Land were formed on December 31, 1974, into the department federation Ibbenbüren, resulting in today's city of Ibbenbüren. With the simultaneous dissolution of the district of Tecklenburg and fusion with the old district of Burgsteinfurt, Ibbenbüren was assigned to the new district of Steinfurt. On 16 May 2015, a passenger train collided with a vehicle on a level crossing at Ibbenbüren. Two people were killed and 20 were injured, three seriously. Coat of arms Coat of arms displays an upright golden anchor on a blue shield. The colours blue and gold represent the city colours. The origin of the anchor is not known, but the anchor is also on the coat of arms of the neighbouring earldom of Lingen, which has a harbour. The anchor could depict the port customs office, which was owned by the earl. Transport The town has three stations on the Löhne-Rheine railway provides connections to Osnabrück and Bielefeld. Twin towns – sister cities Ibbenbüren is twinned with: Dessau-Roßlau, Germany Gourdon, France Hellendoorn, Netherlands Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Poland Prievidza, Slovakia Notable people Ignatz Wiemeler (1895–1952), bookbinder and educator Bernhard Bergmeyer (1897–1987), politician (CDU) Hermann Gösmann (1904–1979), lawyer and football administrator Hermann Michel (1935–1984?), football player and coach Ingrid Remmers (born 1965), politician (The Left) Timo Dierkes (born 1967), actor Anja Karliczek (born 1971), politician (CDU) Tino Wenzel (born 1973), sport shooter Kerstin Garefrekes (born 1979), footballer Christine Wenzel (née Brinker) (born 1981), skeet shooter, Olympic medalist Simon Rolfes (born 1982), footballer Lars Unnerstall (born 1990), footballer Marius Bülter (born 1993), footballer Sebastian Klaas (born 1998), footballer	Ibbenbüren
The Union of Salaried Employees (TU, , ) was a trade union in Finland. With 125,000 members, TU was a major trade union for workers in industry and industrial services, technics, economy and information. The union was established in 2001, when the Union of Technical Employees merged with the Finnish Industrial and Clerical Employees' Union, the Construction and Engineering Union, and the Swedish Union of Technicians and Foremen. Like all its predecessors, it affiliated to the Finnish Confederation of Salaried Employees (STTK). On formation, the union had 130,000 members, making it STTK's largest affiliate, and the fourth-largest union in Finland. In 2011, the union merged with the Trade Union Direct, to form Trade Union Pro. Presidents 2001: Ilkka Joenpalo 2005: Antti Rinne	Union of Salaried Employees
Rhys Day (born 31 August 1982) is a Welsh former professional footballer who last played as a central defender for Conference North side Hyde. He was capped several times for the Wales under-21 team and played for Blackpool, Mansfield Town, Aldershot Town and Oxford United. Club career Born in Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan, Day began his career at Manchester City, but never broke through to City's first team. He joined Mansfield Town in November 2002, initially on loan, and the move was made permanent in January 2003. A knee injury kept Day out of action for more than four months in the 2004–05 season, and he also missed large portions of the 2005–06 season with various injuries. Mansfield did not offer Day a new contract at the end of the season, making him a free agent. He signed for Aldershot Town on a two-year contract in July 2006 and was named as captain by new manager Gary Waddock for the 2007–08 campaign. Day signed a new one-year contract following Aldershot's promotion to the Football League, but in April 2009 it was announced that he would be released at the end of the season. He signed a two-year contract with Oxford United on 23 July. He was transferred to Mansfield Town from Oxford in January 2011 after gaining promotion to the Football League with them. Rhys Day retired from the game at the end of the 2011–12 season at the age of 29 because of series of knee injuries that kept him out of the team for a 16-month period. At the time of his retirement he expressed his intention to stay in the game in a coaching capacity. On 10 September 2013 Day came out of retirement to sign for Hyde after coming through a special training regime with the club. He made his league debut on 28 December when he started against Wrexham. International career Day was called up to the senior Wales squad in May 2003 to play United States but was unused and ultimately never capped at that level. Personal life Day is the younger brother of professional snooker player Ryan Day. Honours Club Aldershot Conference National (V): 2008 Oxford United Conference National (promoted): 2010	Rhys Day
was the fifth of ten s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the mid-1930s under the Circle Two Supplementary Naval Expansion Program (Maru Ni Keikaku). History The Asashio-class destroyers were larger and more capable that the preceding , as Japanese naval architects were no longer constrained by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty. These light cruiser-sized vessels were designed to take advantage of Japan’s lead in torpedo technology, and to accompany the Japanese main striking force and in both day and night attacks against the United States Navy as it advanced across the Pacific Ocean, according to Japanese naval strategic projections. Despite being one of the most powerful classes of destroyers in the world at the time of their completion, none survived the Pacific War. Asagumo, built at the Kawasaki Shipyards in Kobe was laid down on December 23, 1936, launched on November 5, 1937 and commissioned on March 31, 1938. Operational history At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Asagumo was assigned to Destroyer Division 9 (Desdiv 9), and a member of Destroyer Squadron 4 (Desron 4) of the IJN 2nd Fleet, escorting Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Southern Force Main Body out of Mako Guard District as distant cover to the Malaya and Philippines invasion forces in December 1941. In early 1942, Asagumo escorted troop convoys to Lingayen, Tarakan, Balikpapan and Makassar in the Netherlands East Indies. During the Battle of the Java Sea, she assisted in sinking the British destroyer , but suffered several hits and the temporary disabling of her engines from the British ship, which killed four crewmen and wounded 19 others. On 18 March, after emergency repairs at Balikpapan, she escorted the repair ship Yamabiko Maru to Makassar, and returned at the end of the month to the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for repairs. At the end of May, Asagumo joined the escort for the Midway Invasion Force during the Battle of Midway. In July, she was sent to northern waters, patrolling from Ōminato Guard District towards the Kurile Islands. Afterwards, she was sent south to Truk together with the cruiser , and onwards to Kwajalein, returning to Yokosuka on 8 August 1942. Returning to Truk later that month, Asagumo provided support in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. From September, she was assigned to patrols from Truk towards Shortland, and in October and November was assigned to nine "Tokyo Express" high speed transport operations in the Solomon Islands. During this time, she was made the flagship of the 4th Torpedo Squadron, and participated in the Battle of Santa Cruz. During the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 12 November, she assisted in sinking the American destroyer and damaging the cruiser , and afterward assisted the damaged destroyer . During the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, she rescued survivors from the battleship . At the end of the year, she returned to Yokosuka in the company of the aircraft carrier . Returning to Truk in mid-January 1943 in the company of the aircraft carrier , she conveyed a convoy to Wewak in New Guinea. During the remainder of January and February, she assisted in the evacuation of surviving Japanese forces from Guadalcanal and other points in the Solomon Islands. During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea of 1–4 March she survived numerous air attacks while rescuing survivors from various sunken vessels. During the remainder of March and first week of April, she made several transport runs to reinforce the Japanese position at Kolombangara. She returned to Yokosuka for repairs on 13 April. After repairs were completed in late May, Asagumo was based at Paramushiro in the Kurile Islands. She participated in the Japanese retreat from Kiska Island in July and returned to Yokosuka with in briefly in August. At the end of October, she was reassigned to the IJN 3rd Fleet. She was also modified by the removal of her X-turret, which was replaced by two triple Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Guns. Asagumo returned to Truk in early January 1944 to escort the battleship back to Kure Naval Arsenal. She returned to Singapore with the carriers and in February, returning with Zuikaku to Kure in March and back again to Singapore. She escorted a convoy to Tawitawi in May, from which she escorted the battleship to Davao. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June, she was part of Admiral Ozawa's force, but sent on detached duty to Okinawa owing to fuel problems. In July, she returned to Manila, and was in Brunei in mid-October. In October, she was assigned to Vice Admiral Shōji Nishimura's fleet at the Battle of Surigao Strait, Asagumo was torpedoed by the destroyer and subsequently finished off by gunfire from US Navy cruisers and destroyers at position (). Of her crew, 191 were killed, but 39 survivors, including her captain, Commander Shibayama, were taken prisoner by the Americans. Asagumo was removed from the navy list on 10 January 1945. It was said that she had rescued survivors of the battleship . Her wreck was discovered by RV Petrel in late 2017, with her hull and superstructure mostly intact. Notes	Japanese destroyer Asagumo (1937)
Nepenthes aristolochioides is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of 1800–2500 m above sea level. It has an extremely unusual pitcher morphology, having an almost vertical opening to its traps. It is critically endangered by overcollection. The specific epithet aristolochioides is formed from the genus name Aristolochia and the Latin ending -oides, meaning "resembling". It refers to the similarity that the pitchers of this species bear, in both shape and pigmentation, to the specialised flowers of Aristolochia. Botanical history Nepenthes aristolochioides was first collected by Willem Meijer on August 5, 1956. The holotype, Meijer 6542, was collected on that date from Mount Tujuh (Tudjuh) in Jambi at an elevation of 2000 m. It is deposited at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands (L) in Leiden, but is in relatively poor condition. An isotype is held at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java. Although labelled as "new species?", the specimen was largely overlooked for over 30 years. In 1988, botanist Joachim Nerz became aware of it upon visiting the herbarium of Leiden University. The name N. aristolochioides was coined quite early on; it was already being used in 1994 to informally refer to this (at the time undescribed) taxon. That same year, taxonomist Jan Schlauer questioned the supposed lateral pitcher mouth of N. aristolochioides in email correspondence with botanist Matthew Jebb, who was preparing a revision of the genus at the time. Schlauer wrote that he had examined a specimen of this species (Meijer 7426) and that the seemingly vertical insertion of the pitcher mouth might be a result of the preservation process, whereby the traps had become "compressed along their longitudinal axes". In the summer of 1996, Nerz met with Schlauer and Meijer in the Frankfurt Palmengarten, where Meijer showed him a photograph of the mysterious species. Together with Katrin Hinderhofer, Nerz organised a field trip to Sumatra in June 1996 and was successful in rediscovering N. aristolochioides in the wild. Nepenthes aristolochioides was finally described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", published in the May 1997 issue of the botanical journal Blumea. Joachim Nerz wrote a detailed description of the species for an issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter published the following year. The next major treatments of the species appeared in Cheek and Jebb's updated 2001 work, "Nepenthaceae"; Charles Clarke's Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, also published in 2001; and Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, released in 2009, which included colour photographs of specimens from a newly discovered locality. Description Nepenthes aristolochioides is a climbing plant. The stem, which may be branched, is terete and grows to 8 m in length and 5 mm in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical to obtusely angular in cross section and up to 15 cm long. Axillary buds are notably conspicuous in this species and are located 1.5–7 mm above the leaf axils. Leaves Leaves are coriaceous and sessile. The lamina is linear, lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate in form and up to 20 cm long by 5 cm wide. It has an acute or obtuse apex that may rarely be sub-peltate. It is gradually attenuate towards the base, becoming partly amplexicaul (clasping the stem for one-third to half of its circumference) and, rarely, slightly decurrent. Leaves of short stems have rounded auricles, whereas those of climbing stems lack auricles. Two to five longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. They arise from the leaf base and occasionally along the length of the midrib, and are restricted to the distal third to two-thirds of the lamina, where they run parallel to the laminar margin. These longitudinal veins are indistinct in dried specimens. Pinnate veins are irregularly reticulate and indistinct. They are few in number and arise obliquely to eventually curve towards the laminar apex. The lower laminar surface bears sessile glands. Tendrils reach 15 cm in length. Those bearing rosette pitchers are typically around twice as long as the laminae and do not have a curl. Pitchers Nepenthes aristolochioides is noted for exhibiting relatively little dimorphism between its lower and upper pitchers. Rosette and lower pitchers are only briefly produced on small rosettes before the plant begins to climb, or on offshoots from the climbing stem. They arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 3–5 mm wide curve. They are broadly infundibular in the lower two-thirds and globose above, forming a dome above the pitcher opening. They reach 7 cm in height and 3 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤9 mm wide) runs down the front of the pitcher, either covering the length of the trap's ventral surface or being restricted to the upper part only. These wings bear fringe elements up to 10 mm long. The pitcher mouth is orbicular to ovate and up to 1.5 cm in diameter. It has a horizontal, oblique or almost vertical insertion. The glandular region covers almost the entire inner surface of the pitcher, but is often missing from the uppermost parts of the pitcher dome. The waxy zone typical of many Nepenthes species is absent. Digestive glands are overarched; the lower ones measure 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and are present at a density of around 200/cm2, whereas the upper ones are smaller and present at a density of around 500/cm2. The flattened peristome is broad, greatly incurved, and up to 20 mm wide. Its ribs are spaced up to 0.5 mm apart. Its inner margin is lined with small teeth that are curled at their apices and are 2–3 times as long as they are broad. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 82% of its total cross-sectional surface length. The pitcher lid or operculum is orbicular-cordate or ovate, up to 1.5 cm wide, and bears no appendages. Large nectar glands are present on the lid's entire lower surface, particularly around the midline. Three prominent veins are usually present on either side of the lid's midline. A broad and flattened spur (≤7 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid. It has been variously described as either branched or unbranched (simple). Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 10 mm wide curve. They are narrowly infundibular in the lower half and utriculate above, with a pronounced dome above the pitcher orifice. The ventral face of the trap is often noticeably flattened and is around 30% thicker than the wall of the translucent dome. Aerial traps are larger than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching 15 cm in height and 8 cm in width. They typically bear ribs in place of wings, although these may not be apparent at all. The pitcher mouth is subapical, ovate to circular, and measures up to 4 cm in diameter. It is angled even more steeply than in lower pitchers and may be positioned almost vertically. The glandular region usually covers the basal two-thirds of the pitcher cup's inner surface, or the pitcher may be wholly glandular. Digestive glands are slightly overarched; those near the bottom are 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter and occur at a density of around 200/cm2, whereas the upper ones are 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and occur at a density of around 250/cm2. The peristome, which is up to 20 mm wide, is expanded, incurved, and internally flattened, forming an "entrance corridor" similar to a lobster pot. It extends for up to 2 mm on its outer margin, which is rounded. There is often a gap of up to 5 mm between the two lobes of the peristome near the base of the lid. The peristome bears ribs up to 0.8 mm high and spaced up to 0.8 mm apart, which terminate in indistinct teeth that are 2–3 times as long as they are broad. Large nectaries are located between the ribs. The pitcher lid is orbicular to ovate and is often held roughly horizontally, at a right angle to the pitcher orifice. It has a rounded to emarginate apex and a slightly cordate base, and measures up to 4 cm in length by 3 cm in width. It has no appendages, but bears numerous nectar glands, which are scattered quite evenly across the entire lower surface of the lid. These nectaries are circular to shortly elliptic and thinly bordered, measuring around 0.3 mm in diameter. They become slightly larger and more densely packed around the midline. Their rims are visibly asymmetric and are highest near the apical end of the lid. Three to four prominent veins are present on either side of the lid's midline. The spur is broad and flattened, measuring up to 10 mm in length. It has 2–4 acute points at its apex, and has been variously described as either simple or branched. Inflorescence Nepenthes aristolochioides has a racemose inflorescence up to 30 cm long. Both the peduncle and rachis may be up to 15 cm long, although the latter is usually shorter in female plants. The peduncle is up to 4 mm in diameter. Pedicels are simple-bracteolate and one-flowered. The basalmost ones are up to 12 mm long, whereas those higher up the rachis reach only 6 mm. Tepals are ovate and up to 4 mm long. Fruits are up to 20 mm long and 4 mm wide, and bear lanceolate valves. Seeds are filiform. Indumentum Most parts of the plant are glabrous. Where present, the indumentum is inconspicuous; hairs are found on the leaf axils, midribs, laminar margins, and parts of the pitchers (especially around the peristome and on the lid, and in developing pitchers). The indumentum is sparse and consists of short, simple or irregularly branching, appressed hairs, which are white to silver in colour and measure up to 0.2 mm and sometimes even 2 mm in length. Colouration The stem, laminae, tendrils and midribs are yellowish-green. On their outer surfaces, pitchers are white to reddish with numerous reddish-brown to purple speckles, with both lower and upper pitchers exhibiting similar colouration. The dark blotches are often denser in the upper part of the pitcher, though the extent of the translucent lighter patches is almost twice as great on the rear of the pitcher as compared to the front. The peristome is usually dark red or purple, being particularly dark in rosette pitchers. The undersurface of the lid is dark red or purple throughout, while the upper surface is speckled like the rest of the pitcher. The inner surface of the pitcher is white to light yellow throughout. Herbarium specimens are brown to dark brown, the preserved pitchers having conspicuous dark spots. Little variation has been observed within natural populations of N. aristolochioides and no infraspecific taxa have been described. Ecology Distribution and habitat Nepenthes aristolochioides is endemic to Sumatra and has an altitudinal distribution of 1800–2500 m above sea level. In 2001, Charles Clarke wrote that the species was only known from Mount Tujuh in Jambi, although specimens collected by Herbert Christopher Robinson and Cecil Boden Kloss labelled as being taken from "Mt. Kerinci" suggested that it may be more widespread in the region. Mount Kerinci is Sumatra's highest peak and neighbours Mount Tujuh. Clarke noted that since most of the mountain remains unexplored, there is a good chance that N. aristolochioides occurs there as well. The full range of N. aristolochioides on Mount Tujuh is also unknown, since only three of the mountain's seven peaks had been climbed as of 2001. In 2009, Stewart McPherson reported that N. aristolochioides was known from three subpopulations in Kerinci Seblat National Park. Of these, one (the type locality on Mount Tujuh) may already be extinct due to poaching by plant collectors; in 2007, E'En Endatno observed only a single N. aristolochioides plant on Mount Tujuh. The other two sites are located on remote peaks and support only "a few dozen" plants, as determined by McPherson. Nepenthes aristolochioides inhabits Sphagnum-dominated mossy forest near the tops of steep ridges. It usually grows terrestrially, but can also occur as an epiphyte in pockets of moss on tree trunks. The species occurs sympatrically with N. gymnamphora and N. singalana. It grows with the former in montane forest and swamps dominated by Pandanus species that line the shoreline of a crater lake. The altitudinal distribution of N. gymnamphora on Mount Tujuh (1800–2100 m) overlaps that of N. aristolochioides, but no natural hybrids have been observed. A small form of N. singalana occurs in the same habitat as N. aristolochioides, but appears to occupy a different ecological niche; it is generally confined to the forest floor while N. aristolochioides often climbs into the canopy. A number of plants representing the natural hybrid N. aristolochioides × N. singalana have been recorded. Conservation Nepenthes aristolochioides is listed as Critically Endangered on the 2013 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as its known distribution was restricted to two mountains (Mount Kerinci and Mount Tujuh) at the time of the assessment. Despite the fact that all known populations of the species lie within Kerinci Seblat National Park, it is severely threatened by over-collection, because its unique pitcher morphology makes it particularly sought-after. In 2010, the Rare Nepenthes Collection was established with the aim of conserving 4 of the most endangered Nepenthes species: N. aristolochioides, N. clipeata, N. khasiana, and N. rigidifolia. Pitcher infauna No infaunal organisms have been recorded from the pitchers of N. aristolochioides. This is not due to a lack of potential inhabitants; pitchers of N. singalana, which grow alongside N. aristolochioides, support large populations of such organisms. It is thought that the structure of the traps may serve to disorientate emerging adults and so infaunal species avoid colonising them. Carnivory Different trapping mechanisms have been proposed for the lower and upper pitchers of N. aristolochioides. Pitfall traps The lower pitchers of this species frequently develop embedded in Sphagnum moss, with only the top of the traps visible. Joachim Nerz suggested that they act as simple pitfall traps specialised for trapping ground-dwelling insects. The insects crawl into the pitcher through the small mouth and fall to the bottom of the pitcher cup. Unable to climb out, they drown in the digestive fluid. Light traps Along with N. klossii, N. aristolochioides is the only species in the genus to employ domed pitchers with translucent patches that allow sunlight to illuminate the interior. When viewed from the front, the peristome and lid appear dark, contrasting heavily against the inner surface of the pitcher, which is brightly lit by light passing through the top of the pitcher dome. It has been suggested that in upper pitchers this adaptation serves to attract flying insects in a similar manner to the North American pitcher plants Darlingtonia californica, Sarracenia minor, and Sarracenia psittacina. A similar trapping mechanism has also been proposed for N. jacquelineae. This is supported by the fact that most of the prey caught by N. aristolochioides consist of small flies, which are attracted to bright light sources. Prey are often disorientated inside the upper pitchers of N. aristolochioides. Unable to find the exit, they eventually fall into the pitcher fluid and drown. As such, the pitchers have features of lobster-pot traps. The central role of the translucent dome in the prey trapping mechanism of N. aristolochioides is supported by experimental evidence. In one study, pitchers whose domes were covered with red celluloid filters showed a threefold decrease in Drosophila trapping efficiency as compared to unaltered pitchers and those shaded at the front with the same filters (flies are red-blind and most sensitive to the UV, blue, and green wavebands). Flypaper traps Nepenthes aristolochioides produces extremely thick, mucilaginous pitcher liquid, which coats the entire inner surfaces of the traps in a thin film. The pitchers of this species appear to function at least in part as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping flying insects above the surface of the fluid. Similarly viscous pitcher fluid is also found in seven other closely allied Sumatran species: N. dubia, N. flava, N. inermis, N. jacquelineae, N. jamban, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis. Together with N. aristolochioides, these species all share infundibular pitchers that are wholly glandular or almost so. Related species The unusual pitcher morphology of N. aristolochioides makes it difficult to confuse with any other species; the almost vertical orientation of the pitcher mouth is a unique characteristic. Joachim Nerz noted that N. aristolochioides shows "close affinities" to N. talangensis. However, it may be easily distinguished from that species on the basis of the pitcher mouth, which is horizontal in N. talangensis. In addition, the pitcher mouth of N. talangensis is elongated into a short neck, whereas N. aristolochioides lacks a neck altogether, with the lid being inserted in front of the pitcher. Both the mouth and lid are considerably larger in N. talangensis. The two taxa also differ somewhat in growth habit; N. talangensis occurs only terrestrially and is a weak climber, whereas N. aristolochioides occasionally grows as an epiphyte and climbs high into the forest canopy. The laminar morphology of N. aristolochioides is also similar to that of N. bongso, although N. aristolochioides is easily distinguished from this species by the shape of its pitchers and the hooded nectaries of the lid. In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 1", which has 51% bootstrap support. Its most strongly supported subclade is the sister pair of N. inermis and N. dubia, having 95% support. Although N. aristolochioides resembles N. klossii in some respects, the two species are geographically isolated from each other and are not thought to be closely related. The unique adaptations of these taxa might represent an example of convergent evolution, whereby two organisms that are not closely related independently acquire similar characteristics while evolving in separate, but comparable, ecosystems. Natural hybrids Only one natural hybrid involving N. aristolochioides is known. Nepenthes aristolochioides × N. singalana has been found in dense mossy forest on two ridges of Mount Tujuh, only one of which is populated by N. aristolochioides. It is relatively rare, which suggests that the two species flower at different times of the year. This hybrid is smaller than either of its parent species; the pitchers rarely exceed 5 cm in height. The lower pitchers resemble those of N. talangensis, but differ in having more pronounced peristome teeth. Upper pitchers are infundibular in the lower parts, ovoid in the middle, and cylindrical in the upper parts. This hybrid can be distinguished from N. aristolochioides on the basis of its narrow, cylindrical peristome and oblique mouth, as opposed to almost vertical in the latter.	Nepenthes aristolochioides
Tzvi Jacob Avni (first name sometimes spelled Zvi; ; born Hermann Jakob Steinke, September 2, 1927; Saarbrücken) is an Israeli composer. Biography Tzvi Avni was born in Saarbrücken, Germany, and emigrated to Mandate Palestine as a child. He studied with Paul Ben-Haim. On the recommendation of Edgard Varèse, he became involved with the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in the 1960s. Later he founded an electronic studio at the Jerusalem Academy of Music, following the guidelines of his mentor in New York, Vladimir Ussachevsky. Awards In 2001, Avni was awarded the Israel Prize, for music. On September 11, 2012, Avni was made an honorary citizen of Saarbrücken. Notes	Tzvi Avni
Robert Harris "Bob" Justman (July 13, 1926 – May 28, 2008) was an American television producer, director, and production manager. He worked on many American TV series including Lassie, The Life of Riley, Adventures of Superman, The Outer Limits, Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, Search, and Then Came Bronson. Career Born to a Jewish family in New York City, Justman was one of the pioneers behind Star Trek, working both as an associate and supervising producer on Star Trek: The Original Series and Star Trek: The Next Generation. He was also the assistant director of the first two Star Trek episodes: "The Cage" and "Where No Man Has Gone Before." During Star Trek: The Original Series, he served as Gene Roddenberry's right-hand man, who managed the show along with John D. F. Black, Herbert F. Solow, D.C. Fontana, and Gene L. Coon. Justman was reportedly the first to call Gene Roddenberry "The Great Bird of the Galaxy," drawn from a throwaway line from the original series episode "The Man Trap". Justman served as associate producer of Star Trek during its first two seasons, and was promoted to co-producer at the start of the third before resigning, partly due to exhaustion, and partly due to his displeasure with the decline in quality of the series, as well as what he considered its poor treatment by Paramount, the new owner of the studio. Paramount radically reduced the production budget during its third season. Justman's motion picture credits as an assistant director included The Big Combo (1955), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Attack (1956), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962). Justman also appeared in front of the camera once as an actor, playing the "Elder of Luminos" in "A Feasibility Study", a 1964 episode of The Outer Limits. His name also became the name of a shuttlecraft in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Along with Herbert F. Solow, Justman wrote the book Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, published by Pocket Books in 1996. According to Publishers Weekly, "As told by Solow, Star Trek's co-producer , and Justman, the executive in charge of production , this is arguably the definitive history of the TV show...With plenty of behind-the-scenes material that will be of interest to Trek fans, this book puts a good deal of emphasis on the show's business side, elucidating production difficulties, cost overruns, and the seemingly constant debate with NBC over the show's future." (Publishers Weekly inadvertently gave Solow's title to Justman and vice versa.) Death Justman died on May 28, 2008, in Los Angeles from the complications of severe Parkinson's disease.	Robert H. Justman
Alexander Jacob Varshavsky (; born 8 November 1946) is a Russian-American biochemist, noted for his discovery of the N-end rule of ubiquitination. A native of Moscow, he is currently researching at Caltech. Varshavsky provided an original approach to killing cancer cells, proffering the idea of a targeted molecular device that could enter a cell, examine it for DNA deletions specific to cancer and killing it if it meets the right profile. "(It) involves, in a nutshell, the finding of a genuine Achilles' heel of cancer cells, i.e. their potentially vulnerable feature that won't change during tumor progression," said Varshavsky. The approach termed deletion-specific targeting (DST), employs HDs (homozygous DNA deletions) as the targets of cancer therapy. "In contrast to other attributes of cancer cells, their HDs are immutable markers. If the DST strategy can be implemented in a clinical setting, it may prove to be both curative and free of side effects." Awards Varshavsky was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1995. Recipient of the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1999, Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 2000, the Wolf Prize in Medicine, the Massry Prize from the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in 2001, and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 2001 for his research on ubiquitination. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society that same year. In 2006 he won the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology, and he won the 2007 $1 million Gotham Prize for an original approach to killing cancer cells. In 2010, he received the Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science. The following year, he received the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Biomedicine for his discovery of the mechanisms intervening in protein degradation and their importance in biological systems. His work has implications for the understanding of cancer and immunological and neurodegenerative diseases. He also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2011. In 2014 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work and also the Albany Medical Center Prize. Political positions In February–March 2022, he signed an open letter by Breakthrough Prize laureates condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.	Alexander Varshavsky
Hour was an English-language urban news weekly paper published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, by Communications Voir. Its president-publisher was Pierre Paquet, the editor-in-chief was Kevin Laforest. The first issue was published on February 4, 1993. It catered to Montreal's anglophone community and was published every Thursday. The news features "expose readers to new ideas and alternative policies". News coverage centered on film, arts, and nightlife. In 2011, the magazine was renamed Hour Community. On May 2, 2012, editor Kevin Laforest announced that Hour Community would cease operations, following its last issue on May 3. See also List of newspapers in Canada	Hour Community
Tyler Blake Reed (born October 6, 1982) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Penn State. Early years Reed played on both sides of the ball and started 4 years while attending Thomas Jefferson High School in Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania. He recorded over 150 pancake blocks and 250 tackles, 23 of which were sacks during his high school career. Reed also won the WPIAL Class AAA shot put championship in 2000. College career Collegiately, Reed started 30 games at right guard while at Penn State. Reed started 11 games on the offensive line as a senior, playing a key role on the Nittany Lions team then finished the season as the number three ranked college football team in the nation. The 2005 Penn State football season culminated in the 2006 Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. A post-game photograph from that game captured Reed extending a hand to a defeated FSU player Brodrick Bunkley after the third overtime. Professional career Chicago Bears Reed signed a four-year contract with the Chicago Bears in June 2006. He was waived by the Chicago Bears on September 2, 2006, and signed to the practice squad on September 3, 2006. He signed a two-year contract with the Chicago Bears on February 2, 2007. The Bears released Reed from the practice squad on October 6, 2008, only to re-sign him eight days later. Following the season, he was re-signed to a future contract on December 29, 2008. He was waived/injured on August 25 and subsequently reverted to injured reserve. Reed was waived by the Bears on March 1, 2010.	Tyler Reed
The Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut is chosen by the jury members and a part of the annual Zee Cine Awards. They give awards to the new discoveries of Bollywood where they see some potential. The 1st Zee Cine Award was held on 14 March 1998 in Mumbai, India. Since then, the Award Ceremony is being held in different countries and continents. The Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut was given in the 1st ZCA (1998). Mahima Chaudhary became the first recipient of the Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut (Jury/Critics). She received the award for Pardes (1997). The most recent receipt is Rashmika Mandanna for Goodbye. Winners The winners are listed below:- See also Zee Cine Awards Bollywood Cinema of India	Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut
Deeping Gate is a village and civil parish, lying on the River Welland in Cambridgeshire. Traditionally, the area was part of the Soke of Peterborough, geographically considered a part of Northamptonshire; it now falls within the City of Peterborough unitary authority area of Cambridgeshire. With a very small population, void of any major services, including a post office or even a chapel, the community depends on nearby Market Deeping, north of the river in Lincolnshire, for economic and market services. The parish had a population of 258 males and 257 females according to the 2011 Census. Renaissance composer Robert Fayrfax (Fairfax) was a native of the village. Fairfax House, the most prominent and grand property in the village, was home to the Fairfax Family. In the 1870s Wilson described Deeping Gate as:a hamlet in Maxey parish, Northampton; at the boundary with Lincoln, 1 mile SE of Market-Deeping. Real property, £1, 867. Pop., 224. Houses, 47St. Peter's, Maxey, the most northerly ecclesiastical parish in the Diocese of Peterborough, includes Deeping Gate. For local government purposes it forms part of Northborough ward, within North West Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency. Deeping Gate falls within the drainage area of the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board. This time series shows the total population of the parish of Deeping Gate over the course of 130 years: See also The Deepings	Deeping Gate
Henry Thomas (born 1971) is an American actor. Henry Thomas may also refer to: Henri Joseph Thomas (1878–1972), Belgian painter, sculptor and etcher Henri Thomas (1912–1993), French writer and poet Henri Thomas (cyclist) (1905-1937), French cyclist Henry Thomas (blues musician) (1874–1930?), American country blues singer and musician Henry Thomas (athlete) (born 1967), former American high school sprinter Henry Thomas (American football) (born 1965), former defensive tackle in the National Football League Henry Thomas (suspected combustion death) (1907–1980) Henry F. Thomas (1843–1912), U.S. Representative from Michigan Henry Thomas (MP), UK MP from the Irish constituency of Kinsale, 1835–1837 and 1838–1841 Henry Thomas (boxer) (1888–1963), British Olympic boxer Henry Thomas (miller) (1866–1928), owner of flour mill in South Australia Henry Thomas (rugby union) (born 1991), rugby union player who has represented both England and Wales (1834–1904), American draftsman Henry Goddard Thomas (1837–1897), Union general in the American Civil War Henry Haberfield Thomas (1886–1918), English aircraft designer Henry James Thomas (born 1941), American civil rights activist Henry Wirtz Thomas (1812–1890), Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Henry T. Schnittkind (1888–1970), American author who wrote as Henry Thomas Henry Dighton Thomas (1900–1966), geologist and academic at the University of Cambridge See also Harry Thomas (disambiguation) Thomas Henry (disambiguation)	Henry Thomas (disambiguation)
Abhira may refer to: Abhira tribe, an ancient Indian tribe Abhira Kingdom, an ancient kingdom Abhira dynasty, a classical era Indian empire in South India Ahir, a pastoralist community possibly descended from the ancient Abhira tribe Abhira-Gupta dynasty (Nepal), a 6th century kingdom in Nepal claiming descent from the Abhira tribe	Abhira
St. Augustine Academy was an all-female Catholic high school located in Lakewood, Ohio. The school closed in 2005, and is now Lakewood Catholic Academy, a school for grades pre-kindergarten through 8 that merged schools at St. James, St. Luke, and St. Clement (all from Lakewood). History Saint Augustine Academy was founded in 1921 as a novitiate high school affiliated with the Catholic University of America. The elementary school, grades one through six began in 1925. In 1926 grades 7—9 were added and thus began an all girls’ high school celebrating its first graduation in 1930. In 1946 when the elementary school was discontinued and both buildings began to serve the growing high school population. Fifteen years later in 1961, there were 418 students enrolled in a school that could accommodate only 300. In August 1961 the Diocesan school board suggested that the school be enlarged. Reverend Mother Roberta, CSA and her Council decided to accept the offer of the Cleveland Diocese to assist in financing an expansion program. The two existing buildings were to be linked, the auditorium expanded and new educational needs addressed. Construction began in July 1962 and was completed in November 1963, although the main school wing was ready for use in August 1963. Six hundred and forty students were enrolled. The new construction at Saint Augustine Academy provided special purpose rooms to address educational needs: 1. A four-unit science department consisting of a lecture room with a demonstration table, chemistry, biology, and physics laboratories, each with a storage room and an office for the department head. 2. A three—unit business department that included a typing room with 40 stations, an office practice room and a stenography classroom. 3. A two-unit home economics department with a foods and clothing lab and large storage room. 4. A single unit art department. 5. A two-unit music department with orchestra and choral room and four individual practice rooms and two large storage rooms. 6. A dramatic arts room adjacent to the stage with an attached prop room. 7. A gym locker room with 12 individual showers and 1,000 small gym lockers. 8. A language lab with 36 stations was built in a room that was the chapel in the original building. 9. A 9-room administration unit which included the following: a faculty room for a priest, a student clinic, a two room guidance department, a large general office for the principal, assistant principal, and treasurer. 10. A modern chapel that could seat 72. 11. A gym that could seat 784. 12. A cafeteria that could accommodate 500 and a large modern kitchen. 13. A library (formerly the cafeteria> that could seat 101.	St. Augustine Academy (Lakewood, Ohio)
Events Pre-1600 295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. 43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. 947 – Abu Yazid, a Kharijite rebel leader, is defeated and killed in the Hodna Mountains in modern-day Algeria by Fatimid forces. 1153 – Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon. 1458 – Pope Pius II is elected the 211th Pope. 1504 – In Ireland, the Hiberno-Norman de Burghs (Burkes) and Cambro-Norman Fitzgeralds fight in the Battle of Knockdoe. 1561 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 18, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France. 1601–1900 1604 – Eighty Years War: a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange forces the Spanish garrison of Sluis to capitulate. 1612 – The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history. 1666 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire". 1692 – Salem witch trials: In Salem, Province of Massachusetts Bay, five people, one woman and four men, including a clergyman, are executed after being convicted of witchcraft. 1745 – Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45". 1745 – Ottoman–Persian War: In the Battle of Kars, the Ottoman army is routed by Persian forces led by Nader Shah. 1759 – Battle of Lagos: Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. 1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King. 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks: The last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Charles Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown. 1812 – War of 1812: American frigate defeats the British frigate off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning the nickname "Old Ironsides". 1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate. 1839 – The French government announces that Louis Daguerre's photographic process is a gift "free to the world". 1848 – California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States of the gold rush in California (although the rush started in January). 1854 – The First Sioux War begins when United States Army soldiers kill Lakota chief Conquering Bear and in return are massacred. 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps. 1862 – Dakota War: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. 1901–present 1903 – The Transfiguration Uprising breaks out in East Thrace, resulting in the establishment of the Strandzha Commune. 1909 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens for automobile racing. William Bourque and his mechanic are killed during the first day's events. 1920 – The Tambov Rebellion breaks out, in response to the Bolshevik policy of Prodrazvyorstka. 1927 – Patriarch Sergius of Moscow proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union. 1934 – The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio. 1934 – The German referendum of 1934 approves Adolf Hitler's appointment as head of state with the title of Führer. 1936 – The Great Purge of the Soviet Union begins when the first of the Moscow Trials is convened. 1940 – First flight of the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber. 1941 – Germany and Romania sign the Tiraspol Agreement, rendering the region of Transnistria under control of the latter. 1942 – World War II: Operation Jubilee: The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division leads an amphibious assault by allied forces on Dieppe, France and fails. 1944 – World War II: Liberation of Paris: Paris, France rises against German occupation with the help of Allied troops. 1945 – August Revolution: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam. 1953 – Cold War: The CIA and MI6 help to overthrow the government of Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran and reinstate the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. 1955 – In the Northeast United States, severe flooding caused by Hurricane Diane, claims 200 lives. 1960 – Cold War: In Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union, downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to ten years imprisonment by the Soviet Union for espionage. 1960 – Sputnik program: Korabl-Sputnik 2: The Soviet Union launches the satellite with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants. 1964 – Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, is launched. Two months later, it would enable live coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics. 1965 – Japanese prime minister Eisaku Satō becomes the first post-World War II sitting prime minister to visit Okinawa Prefecture. 1978 – In Iran, the Cinema Rex fire causes more than 400 deaths. 1980 – Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar burns after making an emergency landing at King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 301 people. 1980 – Otłoczyn railway accident: In Poland's worst post-war railway accident, 67 people lose their lives and a further 62 are injured. 1981 – Gulf of Sidra Incident: United States F-14A Tomcat fighters intercept and shoot down two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets over the Gulf of Sidra. 1987 – Hungerford massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with a semi-automatic rifle and then commits suicide. 1989 – Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be the first non-communist prime minister in 42 years. 1989 – Several hundred East Germans cross the frontier between Hungary and Austria during the Pan-European Picnic, part of the events that began the process of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. 1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The August Coup begins when Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Ukraine. 1991 – Crown Heights riot begins. 1999 – In Belgrade, Yugoslavia, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan Milošević. 2002 – Khankala Mi-26 crash: A Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter carrying troops is hit by a Chechen missile outside Grozny, killing 118 soldiers. 2003 – A truck-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy Sérgio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees. 2003 – Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing: A suicide attack on a bus in Jerusalem, planned by Hamas, kills 23 Israelis, seven of them children. 2004 – Google Inc. has its initial public offering on Nasdaq. 2005 – The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called Peace Mission 2005 begins. 2009 – A series of bombings in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 101 and injures 565 others. 2010 – Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait. 2013 – The Dhamara Ghat train accident kills at least 37 people in the Indian state of Bihar. 2017 – Tens of thousands of farmed non-native Atlantic salmon are accidentally released into the wild in Washington waters in the 2017 Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break. Births Pre-1600 232 – Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (d. 282) 1342 – Catherine of Bohemia, duchess of Austria (d. 1395) 1398 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet and politician (d. 1458) 1570 – Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (probable; d. 1630) 1583 – Daišan, Chinese prince and statesman (d. 1648) 1590 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (d. 1649) 1596 – Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia (d. 1662) 1601–1900 1609 – Jan Fyt, Flemish painter (d. 1661) 1621 – Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter, etcher, and poet (d. 1674) 1631 – John Dryden, English poet, literary critic and playwright (d. 1700) 1646 – John Flamsteed, English astronomer and academic (d. 1719) 1686 – Eustace Budgell, English journalist and politician (d. 1737) 1689 (baptized) – Samuel Richardson, English author and publisher (d. 1761) 1711 – Edward Boscawen, English admiral and politician (d. 1761) 1719 – Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1781) 1743 – Madame du Barry, French mistress of Louis XV of France (d. 1793) 1777 – Francis I, king of the Two Sicilies (d. 1830) 1815 – Harriette Newell Woods Baker, American editor and children's book writer (d. 1893) 1819 – Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Luxembourger-Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1894) 1830 – Julius Lothar Meyer, German chemist (d. 1895) 1835 – Tom Wills, Australian cricketer and pioneer of Australian rules football (d. 1880) 1843 – C. I. Scofield, American minister and theologian (d. 1921) 1846 – Luis Martín, Spanish religious leader, 24th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1906) 1848 – Gustave Caillebotte, French painter and engineer (d. 1894) 1849 – Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian politician and diplomat (d. 1910) 1858 – Ellen Willmott, English horticulturalist (d. 1934) 1870 – Bernard Baruch, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1965) 1871 – Orville Wright, American engineer and pilot, co-founded the Wright Company (d. 1948) 1873 – Fred Stone, American actor and producer (d. 1959) 1878 – Manuel L. Quezon, Filipino soldier, lawyer, and politician, 2nd President of the Philippines (d. 1944) 1881 – George Enescu, Romanian violinist, pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1955) 1881 – George Shepherd, 1st Baron Shepherd (d. 1954) 1883 – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer, founded the Chanel Company (d. 1971) 1883 – José Mendes Cabeçadas, Portuguese admiral and politician, 9th President of Portugal (d. 1965) 1885 – Grace Hutchins, American labor reformer and researcher (d. 1969) 1887 – S. Satyamurti, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1943) 1895 – C. Suntharalingam, Sri Lankan lawyer, academic, and politician (d. 1985) 1899 – Colleen Moore, American actress (d. 1988) 1900 – Gontran de Poncins, French author and adventurer (d. 1962) 1900 – Gilbert Ryle, English philosopher, author, and academic (d. 1976) 1900 – Dorothy Burr Thompson, American archaeologist and art historian (d. 2001) 1901–present 1902 – Ogden Nash, American poet (d. 1971) 1903 – James Gould Cozzens, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1978) 1904 – Maurice Wilks, English engineer and businessman (d. 1963) 1906 – Philo Farnsworth, American inventor, invented the Fusor (d. 1971) 1907 – Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Indian historian, author, and scholar (d. 1979) 1909 – Ronald King, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1988) 1910 – Saint Alphonsa, first woman of Indian origin to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church (d. 1946) 1911 – Anna Terruwe, Dutch psychiatrist and author (d. 2004) 1912 – Herb Narvo, Australian rugby league player, coach, and boxer (d. 1958) 1913 – John Argyris, Greek engineer and academic (d. 2004) 1913 – Peter Kemp, Indian-English soldier and author (d. 1993) 1913 – Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003) 1914 – Lajos Baróti, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 2005) 1914 – Fumio Hayasaka, Japanese composer (d. 1955) 1914 – Rose Heilbron, British barrister and judge (d. 2005) 1915 – Ring Lardner, Jr., American journalist and screenwriter (d. 2000) 1915 – Alfred Rouleau, Canadian businessman (d. 1985) 1916 – Dennis Poore, English racing driver and businessman (d. 1987) 1918 – Jimmy Rowles, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1996) 1919 – Malcolm Forbes, American publisher and politician (d. 1990) 1921 – Gene Roddenberry, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1991) 1922 – Jack Holland, Australian rugby league player (d. 1994) 1923 – Edgar F. Codd, English computer scientist, inventor of relational model of data (d. 2003) 1924 – Willard Boyle, Canadian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011) 1924 – William Marshall, American actor, director, and opera singer (d. 2003) 1925 – Claude Gauvreau, Canadian poet and playwright (d. 1971) 1926 – Angus Scrimm, American actor and author (d. 2016) 1928 – Shiv Prasaad Singh, Indian Hindi writer (d. 1998) 1928 – Bernard Levin, English journalist, author, and broadcaster (d. 2004) 1929 – Bill Foster, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016) 1929 – Ion N. Petrovici, Romanian-German neurologist and academic (d. 2021) 1930 – Frank McCourt, American author and educator (d. 2009) 1931 – Bill Shoemaker, American jockey and author (d. 2003) 1932 – Thomas P. Salmon, American lawyer and politician, 75th Governor of Vermont 1932 – Banharn Silpa-archa, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995–1996) (d. 2016) 1933 – Bettina Cirone, American model and photographer 1933 – David Hopwood, English microbiologist and geneticist 1933 – Debra Paget, American actress 1934 – David Durenberger, American soldier, lawyer, and politician (d. 2023) 1934 – Renée Richards, American tennis player and ophthalmologist 1935 – Bobby Richardson, American baseball player and coach 1936 – Richard McBrien, American priest, theologian, and academic (d. 2015) 1937 – Richard Ingrams, English journalist, founded The Oldie 1937 – William Motzing, American composer and conductor (d. 2014) 1938 – Diana Muldaur, American actress 1938 – Nelly Vuksic, Argentine conductor and musician 1939 – Ginger Baker, English drummer and songwriter (d. 2019) 1940 – Roger Cook, English songwriter, singer, and producer 1940 – Johnny Nash, American singer-songwriter (d. 2020) 1940 – Jill St. John, American model and actress 1941 – John Cootes, Australian rugby league player, priest, and businessman 1941 – Mihalis Papagiannakis, Greek educator and politician (d. 2009) 1942 – Fred Thompson, American actor, lawyer, and politician (d. 2015) 1943 – Don Fardon, English pop singer 1943 – Sid Going, New Zealand rugby player 1943 – Billy J. Kramer, English pop singer 1944 – Jack Canfield, American author 1944 – Stew Johnson, American basketball player 1944 – Bodil Malmsten, Swedish author and poet (d. 2016) 1944 – Eddy Raven, American country music singer-songwriter 1944 – Charles Wang, Chinese-American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Computer Associates International (d. 2018) 1945 – Dennis Eichhorn, American author and illustrator (d. 2015) 1945 – Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington, English politician 1945 – Ian Gillan, English singer-songwriter 1946 – Charles Bolden, American general and astronaut 1946 – Bill Clinton, American lawyer and politician, 42nd President of the United States 1946 – Dawn Steel, American film producer (d. 1997) 1947 – Dave Dutton, English actor and screenwriter 1947 – Terry Hoeppner, American football player and coach (d. 2007) 1947 – Gerald McRaney, American actor 1947 – Gerard Schwarz, American conductor and director 1947 – Anuška Ferligoj, Slovenian mathematician 1948 – Jim Carter, English actor 1948 – Tipper Gore, American activist and author, former Second Lady of the United States 1948 – Robert Hughes, Australian actor 1948 – Christy O'Connor Jnr, Irish golfer and architect (d. 2016) 1949 – Michael Nazir-Ali, Pakistani-English bishop 1950 – Jennie Bond, English journalist and author 1950 – Sudha Murty, Indian author and teacher, head of Infosys Foundation 1951 – John Deacon, English bass player and songwriter 1951 – Gustavo Santaolalla, Argentinian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1952 – Jonathan Frakes, American actor and director 1952 – Jimmy Watson, Canadian ice hockey player 1954 – Oscar Larrauri, Argentinian racing driver 1955 – Mary-Anne Fahey, Australian actress 1955 – Peter Gallagher, American actor 1955 – Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal, Dominica-born English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales 1955 – Ned Yost, American baseball player and manager 1956 – Adam Arkin, American actor, director, and producer 1956 – José Rubén Zamora, Guatemalan journalist 1957 – Paul-Jan Bakker, Dutch cricketer 1957 – Gary Chapman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1957 – Martin Donovan, American actor and director 1957 – Ian Gould, English cricketer and umpire 1957 – Cesare Prandelli, Italian footballer and manager 1957 – Christine Soetewey, Belgian high jumper 1957 – Gerda Verburg, Dutch trade union leader and politician, Dutch Minister of Agriculture 1958 – Gary Gaetti, American baseball player, coach, and manager 1958 – Anthony Muñoz, American football player and sportscaster 1958 – Brendan Nelson, Australian physician and politician, 47th Minister for Defence for Australia 1958 – Rick Snyder, American politician and businessman, 48th Governor of Michigan 1958 – Darryl Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player and coach 1959 – Chris Mortimer, Australian rugby league player 1959 – Ivan Neville, American singer-songwriter 1959 – Ricky Pierce, American basketball player 1960 – Morten Andersen, Danish-American football player 1960 – Ron Darling, American baseball player and commentator 1961 – Jonathan Coe, English author and academic 1963 – John Stamos, American actor 1965 – Kevin Dillon, American actor 1965 – Kyra Sedgwick, American actress and producer 1965 – James Tomkins, Australian rower 1966 – Lee Ann Womack, American singer-songwriter 1967 – Khandro Rinpoche, Indian spiritual leader 1967 – Satya Nadella, Indian-American business executive, Chairman and CEO of Microsoft 1969 – Douglas Allen Tunstall Jr., American professional wrestler and politician 1969 – Nate Dogg, American rapper (d. 2011) 1969 – Matthew Perry, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2023) 1969 – Kazuyoshi Tatsunami, Japanese baseball player and coach 1969 – Clay Walker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1970 – Fat Joe, American rapper 1971 – Mary Joe Fernández, Dominican-American tennis player and coach 1971 – João Vieira Pinto, Portuguese footballer 1972 – Roberto Abbondanzieri, Argentinian footballer and manager 1972 – Chihiro Yonekura, Japanese singer-songwriter 1973 – Marco Materazzi, Italian footballer and manager 1973 – Roy Rogers, American basketball player and coach 1973 – Tasma Walton, Australian actress 1975 – Tracie Thoms, American actress 1976 – Régine Chassagne, Canadian singer-songwriter 1977 – Iban Mayo, Spanish cyclist 1978 – Chris Capuano, American baseball player 1978 – Jakub Dvorský, Czech game designer 1978 – Thomas Jones, American football player 1979 – Oumar Kondé, Swiss footballer 1980 – Darius Campbell, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2022) 1980 – Craig Frawley, Australian rugby league player 1980 – Jun Jin, South Korean singer 1980 – Paul Parry, Welsh footballer 1980 – Michael Todd, American bass player 1981 – Nick Kennedy, English rugby player 1981 – Taylor Pyatt, Canadian ice hockey player 1981 – Percy Watson, American football player and wrestler 1982 – Erika Christensen, American actress 1982 – Melissa Fumero, American actress 1982 – J. J. Hardy, American baseball player 1982 – Kevin Rans, Belgian pole vaulter 1982 – Stipe Miocic, American professional mixed martial artist 1982 – Steve Ott, Canadian ice hockey player 1983 – Mike Conway, English racing driver 1983 – Missy Higgins, Australian singer-songwriter 1983 – Tammin Sursok, South African-Australian actress and singer 1984 – Simon Bird, English actor and screenwriter 1984 – Alessandro Matri, Italian footballer 1984 – Ryan Taylor, English footballer 1985 – David A. Gregory, American actor 1985 – Lindsey Jacobellis, American snowboarder 1986 – Sotiris Balafas, Greek footballer 1986 – Saori Kimura, Japanese volleyball player 1986 – Christina Perri, American singer and songwriter 1987 – Patrick Chung, Jamaican-American football player 1987 – Nick Driebergen, Dutch swimmer 1987 – Nico Hülkenberg, German racing driver 1988 – Kirk Cousins, American football player 1988 – Veronica Roth, American author 1989 – Romeo Miller, American basketball player, rapper, actor 1990 – Danny Galbraith, Scottish footballer 1991 – Salem Al-Dawsari, Saudi Arabian footballer 1992 – David Rittich, Czech ice hockey player 1994 – Nafissatou Thiam, Belgian pentathlete and heptathlete 1994 – Fernando Gaviria, Colombian cyclist 1996 – Jung Ye-rin, South Korean singer and actress 1996 – Lachlan Lewis, Australian rugby league player 1999 – Ethan Cutkosky, American actor and musician 1999 – Thomas Flegler, Australian rugby league player 2000 – Keegan Murray, American basketball player 2001 – Awak Kuier, Finnish basketball player Deaths Pre-1600 607 BC – Duke Ling of Jin, Chinese monarch AD 14 – Augustus, Roman emperor (b. 63 BC) 780 – Credan, English abbot and saint 947 – Abu Yazid, Kharijite rebel leader (b. 873) 998 – Fujiwara no Sukemasa, Japanese noble, statesman and calligrapher (b. 944) 1072 – Hawise, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1037) 1085 – Al-Juwayni, Muslim scholar and imam (b. 1028) 1186 – Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1158) 1245 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (b. 1195) 1284 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester (b. 1273) 1297 – Louis of Toulouse, French bishop and saint (b. 1274) 1457 – Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter (b. 1421) 1470 – Richard Olivier de Longueil, French cardinal (b. 1406) 1493 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1415) 1506 – King Alexander Jagiellon of Poland (b. 1461) 1541 – Vincenzo Cappello, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1469) 1580 – Andrea Palladio, Italian architect, designed the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore and Il Redentore (b. 1508) 1601–1900 1646 – Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian and academic (b. 1583) 1654 – Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, Bohemian rabbi (b. 1579) 1662 – Blaise Pascal, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (b. 1623) 1680 – Jean Eudes, French priest, founded the Congregation of Jesus and Mary (b. 1601) 1691 – Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, 117th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1637) 1702 – Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent, English politician (b. 1645) 1753 – Johann Balthasar Neumann, German engineer and architect, designed Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (b. 1687) 1808 – Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, Swedish admiral and shipbuilder (b. 1721) 1822 – Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, French mathematician and astronomer (b. 1749) 1883 – Jeremiah S. Black, American lawyer and politician, 24th United States Attorney General (b. 1810) 1889 – Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French author, poet, and playwright (b. 1838) 1895 – John Wesley Hardin, American Old West outlaw, gunfighter (b. 1853) 1900 – Jean-Baptiste Accolay, Belgian violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1833) 1901–present 1914 – Franz Xavier Wernz, German religious leader, 25th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1844) 1915 – Tevfik Fikret, Turkish poet and educator (b. 1867) 1923 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian sociologist and economist (b. 1845) 1928 – Stephanos Skouloudis, Greek banker and diplomat, 97th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1838) 1929 – Sergei Diaghilev, Russian critic and producer, founded Ballets Russes (b. 1872) 1932 – Louis Anquetin, French painter (b. 1861) 1936 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright, and director (b. 1898) 1942 – Harald Kaarmann, Estonian footballer (b. 1901) 1942 – Heinrich Rauchinger, Kraków-born painter (b. 1858) 1944 – Henry Wood, English conductor (b. 1869) 1945 – Tomás Burgos, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1875) 1950 – Giovanni Giorgi, Italian physicist and engineer (b. 1871) 1954 – Alcide De Gasperi, Italian journalist and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1881) 1957 – David Bomberg, English soldier and painter (b. 1890) 1967 – Hugo Gernsback, Luxembourg-born American author and publisher (b. 1884) 1967 – Isaac Deutscher, Polish-English journalist and historian (b. 1907) 1968 – George Gamow, Ukrainian-American physicist and cosmologist (b. 1904) 1970 – Paweł Jasienica, Polish soldier and historian (b. 1909) 1975 – Mark Donohue, American race car driver and engineer (b. 1937) 1976 – Alastair Sim, Scottish-English actor (b. 1900) 1976 – Ken Wadsworth, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1946) 1977 – Aleksander Kreek, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1914) 1977 – Groucho Marx, American comedian and actor (b. 1890) 1980 – Otto Frank, German-Swiss businessman, father of Anne Frank (b. 1889) 1981 – Jessie Matthews, English actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1907) 1982 – August Neo, Estonian wrestler (b. 1908) 1986 – Hermione Baddeley, English actress (b. 1906) 1986 – Viv Thicknesse, Australian rugby player (b. 1910) 1993 – Utpal Dutt, Bangladeshi actor, director, and playwright (b. 1929) 1994 – Linus Pauling, American chemist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901) 1995 – Pierre Schaeffer, French composer and musicologist (b. 1910) 2000 – Bineshwar Brahma, Indian poet, author, and educator (b. 1948) 2001 – Donald Woods, South African journalist and activist (b. 1933) 2003 – Carlos Roberto Reina, Honduran lawyer and politician, President of Honduras (b. 1926) 2003 – Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948) 2005 – Mo Mowlam, English academic and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1949) 2008 – Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Zambia (b. 1948) 2009 – Don Hewitt, American television producer, created 60 Minutes (b. 1922) 2011 – Raúl Ruiz, Chilean director and producer (b. 1941) 2012 – Donal Henahan, American journalist and critic (b. 1921) 2012 – Ivar Iversen, Norwegian canoe racer (b. 1914) 2012 – Tony Scott, English-American director and producer (b. 1944) 2012 – Edmund Skellings, American poet and academic (b. 1932) 2013 – Musa'id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian prince (b. 1923) 2013 – Russell S. Doughten, American director and producer (b. 1927) 2013 – Abdul Rahim Hatif, Afghan politician, 8th President of Afghanistan (b. 1926) 2013 – Donna Hightower, American singer-songwriter (b. 1926) 2014 – Samih al-Qasim, Palestinian poet and journalist (b. 1939) 2014 – Simin Behbahani, Iranian poet and activist (b. 1927) 2014 – James Foley, American photographer and journalist (b. 1973) 2014 – Candida Lycett Green, Anglo-Irish journalist and author (b. 1942) 2015 – George Houser, American minister and activist (b. 1916) 2015 – Sanat Mehta, Indian activist and politician (b. 1935) 2016 – Jack Riley, American actor and voice artist (b. 1935) 2017 – Dick Gregory, American comedian, author and activist (b. 1932) 2019 – Lars Larsen, Danish businessman and billionaire, founder and owner of the Danish retail chain JYSK (b. 1948) 2021 – Sonny Chiba, Japanese actor (b. 1939) 2023 – Václav Patejdl, Slovak musician (b. 1954) Holidays and observances Afghan Independence Day, commemorates the Treaty of Rawalpindi in 1919, granting independence from Britain (Afghanistan) August Revolution Commemoration Day (Vietnam) Birthday of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (Norway) Christian Feast Day: Bernardo Tolomei Bertulf of Bobbio Saint Calminius Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz Feast of the Transfiguration (Julian calendar), and its related observances: Buhe (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Saviour's Transfiguration, popularly known as the "Apples Feast" (Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church) Jean-Eudes de Mézeray Louis of Toulouse Maginus Magnus of Anagni Magnus of Avignon Sebaldus August 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Manuel Luis Quezón Day (Quezon City and other places in the Philippines named after Manuel L. Quezon) National Aviation Day (United States) World Humanitarian Day	August 19
In geology, country rock is the rock native to an area, in contrast to any intrusion of viscous geologic material, commonly magma, or perhaps rock salt (in salt domes) or unconsolidated sediments. Magma is typically less dense than the rock it intrudes, widening and filling existing cracks, sometimes melting the already-existing country rock. The term "country rock" is similar to, and in many cases interchangeable with, the terms basement and wall rocks. Country rock can denote the widespread lithology of a region in relation to the rock which is being discussed or observed. Geologic settings Settings in geology when the term country rock is used include: Igneous intrusions When describing a pluton or dike, the igneous rock can be described as intruding the surrounding country rock, the rock into which the pluton has intruded. When country rock is intruded by a dike, perpendicular to the bedding plane, it is called discordant intrusion, while a parallel intrusion by a sill indicates a sub-parallel or concordant intrusion. Most intrusions into country rock are via magma. Usually, country rock is intruded by an igneous body of rock which formed when magma forced upward through fractures, or melted through overlying rock. Magma then cooled into solid rock, different from the surrounding country rock. Sometimes, a fragment of country rock will break off and become incorporated into the intrusion, and is called a xenolith, from Greek, , xenos, "strange,", and , lithos, the ancient Greek word for "stone." The heat of the intrusions usually changes the country rock, often to contact metamorphic rock. Commonly, hornfels is produced, or skarn. Alluvial settings When describing recent alluvium, the material that has arrived through volcanic, glacial or fluvial action can be described as a veneer on the (older) country rock.	Country rock (geology)
The Rolls-Royce Wraith (not to be confused with the earlier small horsepower Goshawk-powered car, the 25/30 h.p) was built by Rolls-Royce at their Derby factory from 1938 to 1939 and supplied to independent coachbuilders as a rolling chassis. Wraith is also the name of a new coupé announced by Rolls-Royce in 2013. Wraith is an old Scottish word meaning "ghost" or "spirit", continuing Rolls-Royce's (at the time) new nomenclature that they had adopted, using words relating to silent, gracious, elegant, rarely seen and highly sought after for these reasons. In fact, the Wraith name originated from a 40/50 h.p, (Silver Ghost) that was named "The Wraith" by its original owner. Chassis design The in-line six cylinder, overhead valve, 4,257 cc engine was based on that of the 25/30 but featured a cross-flow cylinder head. The four-speed gearbox had synchromesh on second, third and fourth speeds and retained the traditional right hand change. The later engines were used as the basis for the Bentley MK V and the Corniche. The Wraith featured an independent coil sprung front suspension based on Packard 120 retaining semi elliptical leaf springs on the rear axle. The hydraulic dampers at the front had their damping rate controlled by governor and so varied with the speed of the car, making it superior to its predecessor, the 25/30 H.P. and on par with the Phantom III. The car was still built on a separate chassis but this was now of welded rather than the traditional riveted construction. The drum brakes were assisted by a mechanical servo driven by the engine patented by Hispano-Suiza and built by Rolls-Royce under licence. Wire wheels of 17 inch diameter were fitted, with the spokes usually covered by removable discs. A built in hydraulic jacking system was fitted operated by a lever under the passenger seat. Performance Cars based on the Wraith chassis could reach ; this was very dependent on the weight and style of body fitted. In one test by "The Motor" magazine in October 1938, a 0–50 mph time of 16.4 seconds was recorded. Production In 1938, a typical touring car cost £1700, which included the chassis cost of £1100. 492 chassis were made. Although chassis were only produced in 1939, cars bearing 1940 or later delivery and registration dates are not uncommon. Some cars were finished off during early 1940. Others were held in storage and sold and first registered during the war years. A few were actually bodied during wartime. In addition, 16 prewar chassis were bodied in early 1946 and duly delivered to the government. The final Wraith was delivered in 1947. Film and book appearances Rolls-Royce Wraiths are featured in My Favorite Brunette (1947) and in a brief scene of Johnny Dangerously (1984). The eponymous registration plate of the novel and TV series NOS4A2 belongs to a Rolls-Royce Wraith. A Rolls-Royce Wraith is also featured in The Man from U.N.C.L.E. episode 'The Foxes and Hounds Affair' (season 2, episode 4). The vampire Lara Raith temporarily provides wizard Harry Dresden with the use of a 1939 Rolls-Royce Wraith in Turn Coat. A 1948 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith (the successor to the Wraith) appeared in the James Bond movie "Spectre". It came to pick up James bond and Mr. White's daughter, Dr Swan from the train station in Tangier to take them to Blofeld's compound. A Rolls-Royce Wraith is featured on the stage of Tyler, the Creator’s Call Me If You Get Lost Tour. See also Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith	Rolls-Royce Wraith (1938)
Chote Chaba (also written Tsultrim Dakpa; ; ) (died 1934) was a Tibetan lama, the 12th incarnation of the Migyur Khutughtu, and the 18th king of Muli. At the time, Muli was a small princely state on the border between Tibetan and Han Chinese civilisation; it now forms the Muli Tibetan Autonomous County in southwestern Sichuan province. The title of khutughtu, which is the Mongolian term for a reincarnate lama (tulku) was granted to Chote Chamba's predecessor, the 10th Migyur, by the Qianlong Emperor of Qing China in 1751. The 10th Migyur also received the title of Nomun Khan. Joseph Rock, an Austrian-American botanist, travelled to Muli in the 1930s and befriended Chote Chamba. Rock stated in his diary, which is now collected in the Harvard University library, Chote Chamba was murdered in September, 1934. Chote Chamba's reincarnation, the 13th Migyur Khutughtu, was born in Lithang in year on July 4, 1935. He was recognized by Ngawang Legpa Rinpoche at the age of one, and was given the name Ngawang Tenzin Migyur. Tibetan kings 1934 deaths Year of birth missing 20th-century murdered monarchs	Chote Chaba
Adela Nora Rogers St. Johns (May 20, 1894 – August 10, 1988) was an American journalist, novelist, and screenwriter. She wrote a number of screenplays for silent movies, but is best remembered for her groundbreaking exploits as "The World's Greatest Girl Reporter" during the 1920s and 1930s and her celebrity interviews for Photoplay magazine. Early life St. Johns was born in Los Angeles, the only daughter of Los Angeles criminal lawyer Earl Rogers (who was a friend of publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst) and his wife, Harriet Belle Greene. She attended Hollywood High School, graduating in 1910. Career She obtained her first job in 1912 working as a reporter for Hearst's San Francisco Examiner. She reported on crime, politics, society, and sports news before transferring to the Los Angeles Herald in 1913. After seeing her work for that newspaper, James R. Quirk offered her a job writing for his new fan magazine Photoplay. St. Johns accepted the job so she could spend more time with her husband and children. Her celebrity interviews helped the magazine become a success through her numerous revealing interviews with Hollywood film stars. She also wrote short stories for Cosmopolitan, The Saturday Evening Post, and other magazines and finished 9 of her 13 screenplays before returning to reporting for Hearst newspapers. Writing in a distinctive, emotional style, St. Johns reported on, among other subjects, the controversial Jack Dempsey–Gene Tunney "long-count" fight in 1927, the treatment of the poor during the Great Depression, and the 1935 trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann for kidnapping and murdering the son of Charles Lindbergh. In the mid-1930s, she moved to Washington, DC, to report on national politics for the Washington Herald. There, she became prominent among a group of female reporters working for Cissy Patterson. Her coverage of the assassination of Senator Huey Long in 1935, the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936, the Democratic National Convention of 1940, and other major stories made her one of the best-known reporters of the day. St. Johns again left newspaper work in 1948 to write books and to teach journalism at University of California, Los Angeles. In 1962, she published Final Verdict, a biography of her father, Earl Rogers. The book was adapted for a TNT television film of the same name in 1991; Olivia Burnette portrayed the young St. Johns. Later years St. Johns was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on April 22, 1970. During the late 1960s and 1970s, St. Johns was a frequent guest on various talk shows, including both Jack Paar's and Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show and The Merv Griffin Show. During one Tonight Show visit, Paar noted that St. Johns had known many legends of Hollywood's Golden Age and was once rumored to have had Clark Gable's child. St. Johns quipped, "Well, who wouldn't have wanted to have Clark Gable's baby?" Paar inquired if there was anything she wanted to do that she had not yet done in her rather incredible life, St. Johns replied, "I just want to live long enough to see how it all turns out." In 1976, at the age of 82, she returned to reporting for the Examiner to cover the bank robbery and conspiracy trial of Patty Hearst, granddaughter of her former employer. In the late 1970s, St. Johns hosted a miniseries chronicling Gable's films, which appeared on Iowa Public Television. Around the same time, she was interviewed for the television documentary series Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film (1980). The following year, St. Johns appeared with other early 20th-century figures as one of the "witnesses" in Warren Beatty's Reds (1981). St. Johns spent her remaining years living in Arroyo Grande, California. Personal life St. Johns was married three times and had four children. Her first marriage was to Los Angeles Herald chief copy editor William Ivan St. Johns, whom she married in 1914. They had two children, Elaine and William Ivan, Jr., before divorcing in 1927. The following year, she married one-time Stanford University football star Richard Hyland. They had one son, Richard, and divorced in 1934. St. Johns' third marriage was to F. Patrick O'Toole, an airline executive. They married in 1936 and divorced in October 1942. After her third divorce, St. Johns adopted a son as a single parent. Death On August 10, 1988, St. Johns died at the South County Convalescent Hospital in Arroyo Grande, at the age of 94. She is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.	Adela Rogers St. Johns
William G. Perry Jr. (1913 – January 12, 1998) was an educational psychologist who studied the cognitive development of students during their college years. Life and career William Graves Perry Jr. was born in Paris and graduated from Harvard University. He was the son of architect William G. Perry and Eleanor Gray (Bodine) Perry. He was a professor of education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and founder and longtime director of the Bureau of Study Counsel. While at Harvard, he developed his theory of the intellectual and cognitive development of college-age students through a 15-year study during the 1950s and 1960s. He published his work in 1970 as Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years. His work was very influential in the field of student development. Perry also translated, with Alsten Hurd Chase, Homer's Iliad. Perry's scheme The Perry scheme is a model for understanding how college students come to understand knowledge, the ideas they hold about "knowing", and the ways in which knowing is a part of the cognitive processes of thinking and reasoning. Perry (1970) proposed that college students pass through a predictable sequence of positions of epistemological growth. Fundamental to the Perry scheme is a student's nine-position progression from dualist to relativist epistemologies. Learners move from viewing truth in absolute terms of Right and Wrong (obtained from “Good” or “Bad” Authorities) to recognizing multiple, conflicting versions of “truth” representing legitimate alternatives. Significantly, the intent of the original research was “a purely descriptive formulation of students’ experience,” rather than a “prescriptive program intended to ‘get’ students to develop” (Perry, 1981, p. 107). The Perry scheme of epistemic development becomes prescriptive when teaching and curriculum are “optimally designed to invite, encourage, challenge, and support students in such development” (Perry, 1981, p. 107). The nine positions of the Perry scheme can be grouped into three broader categories, which Perry (1981) identified as: 1) dualism modified (or dualism + multiplicity), 2) relativism discovered, and 3) commitments in relativism developed. The Perry scheme addresses issues distinct from those commonly discussed under the rubric of “critical thinking.” Critical thinking can be understood as the ability to weigh evidence, examine arguments, and construct rational bases for beliefs, but it also includes self-examination of reasoning processes (i.e., metacognition) to evaluate their appropriateness and effectiveness. However, Perry's scheme speaks to epistemic issues underlying critical thinking: students’ assumptions concerning the nature and acquisition of knowledge (or truth). Since his work, further research on epistemological beliefs and reasoning has refined, extended and adapted Perry's developmental sequence. Perry's Epistemology has also been extended by Baxter Magolda and co-workers who were looking at students' intellectual development and in particular the exposure to the research environment. Knefelkamp and Slepitza (1978) saw the Perry Scheme as a general process model providing a descriptive framework for viewing the development of an individual's reasoning about many aspects of the world. They applied the scheme (with apparent success) to the development of an individual's thinking about career planning. The assumption “that personal epistemology is unidimensional and develops in a fixed progression of stages” has been challenged (Schommer, 1990, p. 498). Nevertheless, Perry's seminal work continues to function as the primary reference point for the discussion on epistemological growth in the adult learner. In addition, "Bill" Perry was a beloved counselor to undergraduates at Harvard. He was able to deeply empathize in a way that touched the hearts and lives of many students, including some of the minority students who came from first-generation college families in the 1970s. Summary of Perry's research Perry's scheme outlines a student's nine-position progression from dualist thinking to relativist thinking and then to commitment.	William G. Perry (psychologist)
Alexander Aleksandrovich Vesnin () (28 May 1883, Yuryevets – 7 September 1959, Moscow), together with his brothers Leonid and Viktor, was a leading light of Constructivist architecture. He is best known for his meticulous perspectival drawings such as Leningrad Pravda of 1924. In addition to being an architect, he was a theatre designer and painter, frequently working with Lyubov Popova on designs for workers' festivals, and for the theatre of Tairov. He was one of the exhibitors in the pioneering Constructivist exhibition 5×5=25 in 1921. He was the head, along with Moisei Ginzburg, of the Constructivist OSA Group. Among the completed buildings designed by the Vesnin brothers in the later 1920s were department stores, a club for former Tsarist political prisoners as well as the Likachev Works Palace of Culture in Moscow. Vesnin was a vocal supporter of the works of Le Corbusier, and acclaimed his Tsentrosoyuz building as 'the best building constructed in Moscow for a century'. After the return to Classicism in the Soviet Union, Vesnin had no further major projects. Selected work 1934 People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry Project 1930 Oilworkers' Club, Baku 1930-36 Likachev Palace of Culture, Moscow 1928 House of Film Actors, Moscow 1926 Mostorg department store, Moscow 1924 Leningradskaya Pravda project 1922-23 Palace of Labor project	Alexander Vesnin
Keritot is a tractate of the Mishnah and Babylonian Talmud. It is the seventh tractate in the Order of Kodashim. Its name is the plural of the punishment kareth which the Torah specifies for intentional violation of certain sins; unintentional violation of the same sins obligates one to bring a sin-offering instead. Mishnah The Mishnah to Keritot contains six chapters, with the following contents: A list of the 36 sins which incur kareth; laws of the sacrifice of the yoledet Ritually impure people bring a sacrifice to finish the process of their purification; laws of the sacrifice for the shifcha harufah. The number of sacrifices required by one who has committed a series of sins The asham talui for one uncertain whether he has sinned The prohibition on consuming blood, and the laws of asham meilot One who brings a sacrifice and later learned that he had not sinned; whether the forgiveness of Yom Kippur exempts one from a sin-offering; etc. Talmud The Talmud Bavli on tractate Keritot contains 27 pages. Page 6 of Keritot concerns the incense offering of the Temple. This is included in the standard Orthodox prayer book.	Keritot
The Wood Street Galleries, a visual arts project of the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust, is a art gallery that is located in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The gallery occupies the upper floors of the Max Azen company building, above the Wood Street light rail stop. History The triangular-shaped building that houses the gallery was transferred to the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust in 1990 by the Pittsburgh Port Authority Transit, for the sum of $1 per year. The Wood Street Galleries were established two years later in 1992. This gallery focuses on contemporary and technological art.	Wood Street Galleries
Refosco is a very old family of dark-skinned grape varieties native to the Venetian zone and neighbouring areas of Friuli, Gavi, Trentino, Istria, and Karst Plateau. It is considered autochthonous in these regions. The wines this grape yields can be quite powerful and tannic, with a deep violet color and a slight bitterness. On the palate, there are strong currant, wild berry and plum flavors. The wine can stand some aging (depending on variety), and after a period of four-to-ten years, it achieves a floral quality as well. Refosco should be served at 16 °C (60.8 °F), or if it is particularly rich in tannin, at 18 °C (64.4 °F). It goes best with charcuterie, game, and grilled poultry. Varieties There are several varieties of refosco family: Refosco dal peduncolo rosso - probably the most internationally recognizable refosco wine. Cluster has the red stalk (peduncle), referring to the red stem that holds the grapes to the vine. In the attempt of making the wine more approachable to an international palate, recent versions have taken well to new oak and cold fermentation. The most well known examples of Refosco come from the Colli Orientali region of Friuli. Refosco d'Istria (Refosko Istriano or Refosco dal pedunculo verde) - this variety is grown in Slovenian and Croatian parts of Istria, and around Trieste in Italy under the name of Refošk or Refosco d'Istria. Teran or Terrano - this refosko variety (and wine) is typical for Carso DOC and Slovenian Karst region under the name Teranno Carso or Kraški teran respectively. It is also grown in Croatian Istria on a very similar red soil under the name Istarski Teran or Teran–Croatian Istria. Some say that Teran is just other refosko varieties grown on Terra Rossa, while others consider it its own variety. Refosco di Faedis - a variety cultivated in Faedis region, Torreano di Cividale, Povoletto, Attimis, Nimis in northeast region of Province of Udine. It is very rare and produced in small quantities. It is said to be the parent of all other refosko grapes in the region as it has many characteristics of all other refosco varieties (including high levels of acids and iron typical for Teran) Refosco di Rauscedo Refosco nostrano Refoscone - some say that this is just Refosco di Faedis. Refosco di Guarnieri, another name for the Veneto wine grape Trevisana . Origin and history The Refosco family have a very long history, but details of the early history are not clear. DNA analysis of Refosco dal Pedunculo Rosso has revealed a relationship with Marzemino, another ancient variety of northern Italy. Some authorities have previously suggested that Mondeuse noire, which is primarily found in the Savoy region in eastern France, is identical to Refosco dal Pedunculo Rosso due to the similarity of the wines. DNA analysis has shown that this is not the case, and that the two varieties are unrelated. Several oenologists believe that wines made from Refosco family grapes are the old Roman puccinum. The grapes were well known in antiquity and a variety of Refosco wine was praised by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder in the first century for its quality. In his work Naturalis Historia he mentioned that puccinum was made of grapes grown in the north Adriatic near the spring of Timavo - a typical Karst river: ... This is the Region of the Carni, joining that of Japides : the River Timavus, and the Castle Pucinum, famous for good Wine. ... Pliniy, Natural History, CHAPTER XVIII. Venetia, the tenth Region.) Puccinum was the favorite of Augustus's wife Livia. There is also a contrary theory that puccinum could be a sweet white prosecco. This theory was supported by Italian Prof. Gianni Dalmasso who claimed that Livia could not like the bitter taste of Refosco wine and that the only possible wine she could like was a sweet variety of prosecco grown in the Trieste region. There is also a comment on the medieval map Prosecho ol:Pucinum, hinc vina a Plinio \| tantopere laudata (Prosecho, once called Pucinum. From here comes wine highly praised by Plinius), from Gregorio Amaseo, (1464–1541). Even the famous Giacomo Casanova liked the Refosco wine, as he describes it in his book of memories: ... His Refosco, which was even better than my devout hostess's had been, made me forget all my troubles. ...: Giacomo Casanova. History of my life. Volume 1, Chapter 8, p. 207. Translated by Willard R. Trask. JHU Press. 1966 It is believed that one of the reasons the Habsburgs built the Parenzana railway from Trieste to Poreč was because they liked the wines from the region (Refosco, Malvasia and Teran). That is also why the railway was often referred to as a wine railroad or vineyard railway. See also Terrano (grape) List of grape varieties	Refosco
The Prochilodontidae, or flannel-mouthed characins, are a small family of freshwater fishes found primarily in the northern half of South America, south to Paraguay and northern Argentina. This family is closely related to the Curimatidae, and in the past they were included in Characidae. These fish have fleshy lips with rows of small teeth; their lips are able to be extended into a sucking disc. The largest species reach up to in length, and live in huge schools, making them a popular food fish. They travel upriver to spawn, and make audible grunting noises that have been described as resembling the sound of a motorbike. Species The family has around 21 species in three genera: Ichthyoelephas Ichthyoelephas humeralis Ichthyoelephas longirostris Prochilodus Prochilodus argenteus Prochilodus brevis - Brazilian bocachico Prochilodus britskii Prochilodus costatus Prochilodus hartii Prochilodus lacustris Prochilodus lineatus - streaked prochilod Prochilodus magdalenae Prochilodus mariae Prochilodus nigricans - black prochilodus Prochilodus reticulatus - Colombian bocachico Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Prochilodus vimboides Semaprochilodus Semaprochilodus brama Semaprochilodus insignis Semaprochilodus kneri Semaprochilodus laticeps Semaprochilodus taeniurus - silver prochilodus Semaprochilodus varii	Prochilodontidae
The Belgorod–Bogodukhov offensive operation (3 August 1943 – 23 August 1943) was a combat operation executed as part of Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht forces. It was one of the operations that was launched in response to the German offensive Operation Citadel. Prelude During the Battle of Kursk, German armored units south of the Kursk salient failed to penetrate the defences between the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts in the Belgorod sector. The Red Army's Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev followed Operation Citadel and included as its objectives the immediate liberation of Belgorod, assigned to the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts. On July 23, German forces of the XI Army Corps returned to their old, well fortified positions on both sides of Belgorod. Their combat strength had been reduced by as much as 50% following the Battle. Offensive operation Early on 3 August 1943, the Forces of the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts advancing on a wide front between Sumy and former Volchansk (175 km), crossed the Vorskla river & quickly penetrated the defences of the 332nd Infantry Division & 167th Infantry Division to a depth of 100 km between Tomarovka & Belgorod on the northern flank, and as far as Bogodukhov sweeping aside the weakened 19th Panzer Division. By 5 August Belgorod which was defended by XI Armeecorps (Raus) was also being surrounded and isolated, requiring attempts by the German Armeeabteilung Kempf and 4th Panzerarmee Armies to relieve the garrison which was ordered by Hitler to defend the city. General Raus explains: While the German intention was to "pinch off" the Red Army's offensive thrust at the base of the penetration between Borisovka and Grayvoron south of Vorskla river, the rapid tempo of the Steppe and Voronezh Fronts offensive meant that by the time the counter-attacks were executed the city had been evacuated on 6 August, and German forces were now defending Kharkov. The Wehrmacht's Mobile Forces were heading into an encounter with the main thrust of the Soviet Front tank armies. The German counter-attacks were carried out by the III Panzercorps of the Armeeabteilung "Kempf" in the Olshany area, and the XLVIII Panzercorps of the 4th Panzerarmee in the two-pincer manoeuvre of the Krasnokutsk and Akhtyrka areas. In the fighting that took place on both sides of the Merla & Merchik rivers, the superiority of the German Panzer Divisions was clearly evident, in spite of being involved in combat operations continuously since the 5th of July. Whilst 5th SS Panzer Division 'Wiking' & 3rd Panzer Division conducted primarily defensive operations, 2nd SS Panzer Division 'Das Reich', 3rd SS Panzer Division 'Totenkopf' repeatedly blunted attacks of Soviet elements south of the rivers and Bogodukhov. As at Prokhorovka, the Russians enjoyed tremendous numerical superiority in tanks. Both 1st Tank Army & 5th Guards Tank Army began the operations with over 500 tanks each, while the SS Divisions never had more than about 30-50 tanks each at any time during August. In spite of this, all Soviet attempts to penetrate to the railroad line were repulsed with bloody losses in men and tremendous loss in tanks. Katukov's 1st Tank Army thrusts south of the Merchik were repeatedly cut off & destroyed by III Panzercorps. The attempts by Rotmistrov's 5th Guards Tank Army Army to penetrate to the rail line from east of Bogodukhov were frustrated by 3rd Panzer Division & 'Wiking', with key defensive fighting by elements of 'Das Reich'. 'Totenkopf' executed a masterful attack that cut off elements of infantry and armour from the 27th Army & 6th Guards Army south of Krasnokutsk and then rolled down the line of supply toward Kolomak, south of Konstantinovka. Subsequent attacks encircled disorganized elements of several Russian Divisions and destroyed major portions of them after brief fighting. Subsequently, 'Totenkopf' drove to the Merla & forced a crossing of that river and linked up with 4th Panzerarmee spearheads at Parchomovka. However Großdeutschland was forced to withdraw from that town by Soviet pressure on its Northern flank, & this success could not be followed up. Aftermath After Belgorod was retaken on 6 August 1943 by the 69th and 7th Guards Armies of the Steppe Front the way was clear to concentrate forces for the Soviet offensive on Kharkov. Footnotes XI Armeecorps suffered the following casualties during the Battle of Kursk. 106th Infantry Division - 3,244 (forty-six officers), 320th Infantry Division - 2,839 (thirty officers) & 168th Infantry Division - 2,671 (127 officers) a Total of 8,754 combat effective soldiers. Consisting of the 1st Guards Tank Army, 5th Guards Tank Army, 6th Guards Army, 5th Guards Army, 40th Army, 69th Army, 7th Guards Army, 27th Army. by the German 168th Infantry Division. Citations and notes	Belgorod–Bogodukhov offensive operation
The Portrait of a Young Woman, also known as La Muta, is an oil on wood portrait by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael, executed c. 1507–1508. It is housed in the Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, in Urbino. The picture portrays an unknown noblewoman over a near-black background, showing some Leonardesque influences. Ingrid D. Rowland writes that "the vivid contrast between dark background and luminous skin ... would one day inspire Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio to change his palette — in Rome — and become the Caravaggio we know best." Although only recently attributed to Raphael, La Muta is ranked among the best portraits by his hand. The neatness of the large areas of colour that emerge in lighter tones from the background, and the analytical treatment of the details of the woman's clothing, are characteristic of Raphael. The dispersive effect of this attention to detail is fully compensated by the tones of colour — used here in a fairly limited range — which unify the composition as a whole. Nicoletta Baldini describes the hands in this portrait as "vibratile," distinguishing it from those painted by Michelangelo or Da Vinci. Ingrid D. Rowland writes that the "austerely attractive young noblewoman ... is poking her index finger against the edge of the picture, literally, and knowingly, pushing its envelope of illusion — hence the mischievous glint in her eye." X-ray analysis has shown the presence of an early Raphael drawing under the painting, of a female, young face with soft features, with later modifications. See also List of paintings by Raphael Notes	Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta)

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