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Brother Bear 2 is a 2006 American animated direct-to-video musical fantasy comedy-drama film and the sequel to the animated feature Brother Bear, which was released on August 29, 2006. Melissa Etheridge contributed three songs to the film. In the film, the adventures of bear brothers Kenai and Koda continue. While the first film dealt with Kenai's relationship with Koda, this one focuses more on his bond with a young human from his past, Nita.
Only five of the original characters return for the sequel (excluding Denahi): Kenai, Koda, Rutt, Tuke, and Tug, as Jason Raize died on February 3, 2004. Only four of those actors reprised their original roles: Jeremy Suarez, Rick Moranis, Dave Thomas, and Michael Clarke Duncan. Jason Marsden, as heard in the first trailer, was originally announced to voice Kenai, after being voiced by Joaquin Phoenix in the first film; Patrick Dempsey ultimately voiced the character. However, the end credits still note Marsden as one of the additional voices.
Producer Jim Ballantine was removed from the project and replaced with Carolyn Bates.
Plot
Picking up several months after the events of the first film, Kenai, now a bear, is living joyfully with his foster brother Koda. Having just awoken from hibernation, the bears begin traveling to Crowberry Ridge for the first berries of the season. However, Kenai is plagued by visions of his childhood friend Nita, to whom he gave a special amulet many years ago after saving her from drowning. Nita, now grown up, is set to wed Atka, a man from a neighboring Inuit village. However, on the day of the wedding, the Spirits appear in the form of a storm that causes a fissure to open up in the ground between Nita and Atka, much to Nita's shock. Believing it to be a sign, Nita consults Innoko, the wisest shaman of the tribes. By communicating with the Spirits, Innoko reveals that the amulet that Kenai gave Nita all those years ago bonded her and Kenai together. The only way for Nita to sever the bond and be able to marry Atka is to find Kenai, go with him to Hokani Falls where he had given her the amulet, and burn the amulet together on the eve of the Equinox, thus returning the bond to the Spirits. Innoko grants Nita the ability to communicate with Kenai and the other wildlife.
Eventually, Kenai and Koda meet up with Nita. At first, Kenai refuses to destroy the bond, but Nita tells him that the Spirits may turn him back into a human and send him to find her. Under pressure from Nita and Koda, who fears that he and Kenai could no longer be brothers if this happens, Kenai relents and the three make their way to Hokani Falls. As they spend more time together, Kenai and Nita rekindle their old friendship, much to Koda's chagrin. The three also run into Rutt and Tuke multiple times throughout their journey, and Nita helps them woo a pair of female Canadian moose. One night, Nita asks Kenai if he ever thought of being human again. When Kenai says that he has considered it, Koda hears this and races up a mountain, anxious that Kenai may leave him. Nita finds Koda hiding in a cave, but both are caught in an avalanche and are rescued by Kenai. Kenai shouts at Koda for almost getting himself killed, but the two reconcile with Kenai assuring Koda that he will never leave him.
The trio eventually make it to Hokani Falls, where they burn the amulet. Without it, Nita can no longer communicate with Kenai or Koda, so she says goodbye. Seeing how miserable Kenai is and realizing that he loves Nita, Koda secretly asks his mother in the spirit world to turn Kenai back into a human so he can be happy. The next morning, Rutt and Tuke inform Kenai that Koda went to the village to retrieve Nita. Knowing that Koda will be killed, Kenai runs after him.
At the village, the tribes prepare for the wedding once again, but Nita, realizing her love for Kenai, tells her father Chilkoot that she cannot marry Atka. At that moment, Koda creates a major commotion in the village in order to get Nita's attention, while Kenai arrives to stop Koda. Rutt and Tuke rescue Koda from two of the villagers, while Atka fights with Kenai, throwing him off of a cliff and into shallow water. Nita rushes to Kenai's side, where the two profess their love for each other. The Spirits appear to change Kenai back into a human, allowing Nita to communicate with Kenai and Koda. Kenai tells Nita that he cannot become a human again and leave Koda, but Nita tells him that she can be with him. With her father's blessing, the Spirits transform Nita into a bear. The film ends with Kenai and Nita's wedding that the tribes, bears, Koda, Rutt, Tuke and their mates happily watch.
Cast
Production
The film was produced by DisneyToon Studios, Disney Animation Australia and Project Firefly, a start up animation company founded by former Disney Feature Animation Florida employees.
Reception
Enthusiastic reviews included Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures, who wrote, "The kids will love Brother Bear 2, especially if they loved the first film. It has a good message and some decent scenes." ReelTalk Movie Reviews said, "Although sequels -- even a few from Disney -- are often disappointing, this one is a keeper, mostly because of its charming story and extraordinary background music". DVDTalks Brian Orndorf said, "As money-grabbing animated product goes, Brother Bear 2 rests nicely on a lowered expectation level, and is hardly an offensive affront to the first film. The texture and polish is deeply missed, but the characters are so strong and engaging, it still entertains." David Cornelius, also of DVDTalk, wrote, "The story fails to impress, but everything else adds up in all the right ways to make up for it. The makers of Brother Bear 2 break the curse of the Disney sequel and turn in a welcome effort." Movie Metropolis said, "When you consider that Disney meant this production strictly for the home and it probably didn't cost nearly as much as the first film to make or market, it's actually a superior product...Brother Bear 2 may not be first-tier Disney filmmaking, but it is first-tier Disney animation, and that and the sweetness of the story line may be enough to keep even grown-ups entertained."
Negative reviews opined the film's use of cliches and said the plot was subpar in comparison to its predecessor. David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said, "There's little doubt that Brother Bear 2, for the most part, comes off as an affable yet entirely needless piece of work, as filmmaker Ben Gluck, working from Rich Burns' script, is generally unable to wholeheartedly capture and sustain the viewer's interest - with the ongoing emphasis on stand-alone segments (eg the central trio run afoul of several violent raccoons) ensuring that the movie is only sporadically engaging."
Soundtrack
The soundtrack to Brother Bear 2 was released on August 15, 2006.
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Brother Bear 2
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Cahuita National Park is a terrestrial and marine national park in the Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Area of Costa Rica located on the southern Caribbean coast in Limón Province, connected to the town of Cahuita. It protects beaches and lowlands and attracts tourists and other visitors who are able to snorkel in the protected marine area which contains the coralline reefs, as well as being a nesting ground for sea turtles. It covers a land area of , and a marine area of . February through April typically have the best underwater visibility. This is also one of the nicest and least developed beaches in Costa Rica.
The 600-acre (242-ha) reef is known to have at least 35 species of coral, 140 species of molluscs, 44 species of crustaceans, and 123 species of fish. The outer reef is about 4 km long. On land there are many types of animal as well including northern tamanduas, pacas, white-nosed coatis, raccoons, sloths, agoutis, mantled howlers and white-headed capuchins.
It has a variety of birds as well including the green ibis, green-and-rufous kingfisher and keel-billed toucan. Marine mammals are also present including orcas.
Due to its proximity to the town of Cahuita, the park's roads and facilities are well developed. Roads access the park from both the north and south. It can be reached on foot via Kelly Creek, which is just south of Cahuita.
History
Originally the site was created as the Cahuita National Monument in 1970, and was reformed as a National Park in 1978. This change was ratified in 1982. Cahuita National Park also has the distinction of the only national park in Costa Rica not to charge an admission fee (at the Cahuita entrance) and instead relies on donations.
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Cahuita National Park
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Proença-a-Nova () is a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 8,314, in an area of 395.40 km2.
The present mayor is João Lobo. The municipal holiday is June 13.
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
Montes da Senhora
Proença-a-Nova e Peral
São Pedro do Esteval
Sobreira Formosa e Alvito da Beira
Figueira
History
Proença-a-Nova traces its origins to Roman times when it was called Cortiçada in the province of the Lusitani. This is corroborated by archaeological findings and the innumerable Latin names.
The name Cortiçada was abandoned in C.XVI in favour of Proença. Cortiçada perhaps related to the abundant production of cork oak (cortiça) or the number of tenement houses (colmeias) that had been of great importance in the region.
"The town of Proença, situated nine leagues (35km) north of [[Crato, Portugal
|Crato]], and seven (23km) west of Castelo Branco, was chartered by King Afonzo III of Portugal (1248-1279). The population was 150." (Padre C. da Costa, in Portuguese Corografia)."
Until the date of its first charter, by Afonso III, little is known about the village of Proença but it is believed that farming the low, fertile, well irrigated lands and hunting the abundant wildlife were the most important ways of subsistence.
The origin of name Proença-a-Nova (New Province) is unclear. The philological scholar Leite de Vasconcelos (Lusitana Magazine 1889, Portuguese Archaeologist 1895, and Museum Etnológico de Belém 1893, Religions of Lusitânia (1897–1913) ) thought that it related to Provence in France and that the inhabitants of Old Provence migrated to Lusitânia. However, this theory has to compete with both the theoretical possibility that the Lusitani may have migrated from the Swiss mountains in the 6th century BCE, long before Julius Caesar conquered and named Provence/Provincia, and another theoretical possibility that they may be autochthonous to the Iberian region.
The population was primitive until being given to the Monks of the Order of the Hospitallers, who collaborated with the first Kings to stabilise and defend the new lands. In 1244, the Prior of the Hospitallers, Frei Rodrigo Egídio, gave Proenca its first charter, a document of great importance establishing the general duties for its inhabitants and a guarantee of defense of rights.
In 1512 the first Proença charter was updated under the rule of King Manuel I of Portugal.
After the abdication of Miguel of Portugal in 1834, Proença became part of the District of Santarém, then in November 1835 part of Castelo Branco,
Notable people
Pedro da Fonseca (1528 in Proença-a-Nova – 1599) a Portuguese Jesuit philosopher and theologian who worked on logic and metaphysics.
Bernardo Tavares (born 1980 in Proença-a-Nova) a Portuguese football manager,
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Proença-a-Nova
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Silviu Simioncencu (born December 13, 1975, in Crişan, Tulcea) is a Romanian sprint canoer and three-time world champion in the Canadian canoe events.
He won his first major title at the European championships in 2002, winning the C2 1000m final with Florin Popescu. In 2003 they became world champions at Gainesville, USA. Simioncencu was also a member of Romania's C-4 500 m crew which crossed the line second but was later awarded the gold medal after Russian Sergey Ulegin failed a doping test. A fourth-place finish in the C-4 200 m was also upgraded to bronze for the same reason.
In 2004 Simioncencu also won a C-4 500 m gold medal at the European championships, this time without the aid of disqualifications. At the Athens Olympics Simioncencu and Popescu were unlucky to miss a medal, finishing fourth in both C-2 finals (500 m and 1000 m).
In 2005, despite having changed two crew members, the Romanians retained their European C-4 title and went on to win the World Championship gold medal at Zagreb.
In 2006, Simioncencu won his third consecutive European C-4 500 m title at Račice, Czech Republic. At the World Championships in Szeged, Hungary, however the Romanians had to settle for the bronze medal behind Belarus and Poland. He won another bronze medal in the C-4 1000 m event at the 2009 championships.
Simioncencu is a member of the CSA Steaua Bucharest club. He is 180 cm (5'11) tall and weighs 80 kg (176 lbs).
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Silviu Simioncencu
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Sendling is a borough of Munich. It is located south-west of the city centre and spans the city boroughs Sendling and Sendling-Westpark. Sendling is subdivided into Obersendling, Mittersendling and Untersendling. Untersendling and Mittersendling are located in the borough of Sendling, and Obersendling is located in the borough of Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln.
Overview
Sendling is mainly a residential quarter, with shops and businesses straddling the Plinganserstraße around the historical core of Sendling. It is a multicultural quarter, with one of the largest rates of foreigners among the population. The proposed site for the new mosque in Sendling is located at Gotzinger Platz, opposite St. Korbinian Church. Supposedly, this neighborhood boasts the best falafels in town, located in the Valleystrasse.
Harras, an urban square near the historical centre of Sendling, is the busiest square of the borough. A number of shops and businesses line the square; Plinganserstraße, an important traffic artery running from north to south, skirts Harras in the east. A railway station, Harras Station, is located nearby, serviced by U-Bahn metro and S-Bahn suburban trains. Harras is the business point in Munich-South. There are many shops, working places and two of the biggest schools in Munich: Dante-Gymnasium and Klenze-Gymnasium.
The Westpark is a large recreational park located in the west of the borough. It was laid out for the International Gardening Exhibition that took place in Munich in 1983. Munich's main traffic artery, the Mittlerer Ring, cuts right through the park and divides it into an eastern and a western park.
Sendling is served by the U-Bahn metro lines 3 and 6 as well as the S-Bahn suburban trains 7, 20 and 27. Harras Station is served by some regional train services, as well.
The Wholesale Market Munich, in the eastern part of the borough, is Europe's third-largest grocery market as well as the borough's largest single employer.
In the very northeast of Sendling the Alte Utting is located, a nightlife spot and attraction that became known far beyond Munich's city borders.
Sendling's Night of Murder
Historically, Sendling is known for the Sendlinger Mordweihnacht ("Sendling's Night of Murder"), a massacre of rebelling peasants which took place there in 1705.
Education
The Lycée Jean Renoir, a French international school, maintains its secondary school campus in Sendling.
The Japanische Internationale Schule München, a Japanese international school, is located in Sendling.
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Sendling
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Liberation Music Orchestra is a band and jazz album by Charlie Haden released in 1970, Haden's first as a band leader.
Background
The inspiration for the album came when Haden heard songs from the Spanish Civil War. He included three of those songs on the album (the trilogy "El Quinto Regimiento", "Los Cuatro Generales", and "Viva la Quince Brigada", which are old Spanish folk songs given new words during the war, in that order "El Vito", previously adapted by John Coltrane as “Olé", "Los Cuatro Muleros", for which Federico García Lorca also wrote lyrics, and "Ay Carmela").
Other tracks on the album include Ornette Coleman's "War Orphans", which Haden had played with Coleman in 1967, three pieces by Carla Bley, who also contributed much of the arranging, two of Haden's own compositions, one dedicated to Che Guevara and one inspired by the 1968 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party:
"After the minority plank on Vietnam was defeated in a vote taken on the convention floor, the California and New York delegations spontaneously began to sing 'We Shall Overcome' [the last track on the album] in protest. Unable to gain control of the floor, the rostrum instructed the convention orchestra to drown out the singing. 'You're a Grand Old Flag' and 'Happy Days Are Here Again' could then be heard trying to stifle 'We Shall Overcome'. To me this told the story, in music, of what was happening in our country politically." (Charlie Haden, original liner notes)
In "Circus '68 '69" the musicians are thus divided into two bands in recreation of the events on the convention floor.
The Liberation Music Orchestra's next album, The Ballad of the Fallen, didn't appear until 1983.
Critical reception
Lester Bangs' Rolling Stone review stated, "The arrangements by Carla Bley are miracles of dynamics, rising and falling in volume and velocity and the awe-inspiring balance of collective ensembles improvising freely through swellings and contractions of individual voices entering and leaving the mysterious swirling circle of simultaneous songs as diverse as the number of performers yet never lacking in the kind of transporting telepathic unity that makes this multiplicity of musical lines such a far cry from the chaos of the charlatans in other sections of the avant-garde hiding under the mantle of these geniuses. An extremely tight, moving substantial record." Robert Christgau was less impressed in The Village Voice, regarding the album as merely "competent Jazz Composer’s Orchestra style ensemble jazz, full of nice dissonances and not much more".
Track listing
LP side A:
"The Introduction" (Bley) / "Song of the United Front" (Bertolt Brecht, Hanns Eisler) – 3:07
"El Quinto Regimiento" ("The Fifth Regiment") (Traditional; arranged by Bley)"Los Cuatro Generales" ("The Four Generals") (Traditional; arranged by Bley)"Viva la Quince Brigada" ("Long Live the Fifteenth Brigade") (Traditional melody; words by Bart Van Derschelling) – 20:58
"The Ending to the First Side" (Bley) – 2:07
LP side B:
"Song for Ché" (Haden) – 9:29
"War Orphans" (Ornette Coleman) – 6:42
"The Interlude (Drinking Music)" (Bley) – 1:24
"Circus '68 '69" (Haden) – 6:10
"We Shall Overcome" (Zilphia Horton, Frank Hamilton, Guy Carawan, Pete Seeger) 1:19
Personnel
Perry Robinson — clarinet
Gato Barbieri — tenor saxophone, clarinet
Dewey Redman — alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
Don Cherry — cornet, flute, Indian wood & bamboo flutes (3,5)
Michael Mantler — trumpet
Roswell Rudd — trombone
Bob Northern — French horn, hand wood blocks, crow call, bells, military whistle
Howard Johnson — tuba
Sam Brown — guitar, Tanganyikan guitar, thumb piano
Carla Bley — piano, tambourine
Charlie Haden — bass
Paul Motian — drums, percussion
Andrew Cyrille — drums, percussion (8)
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Liberation Music Orchestra (album)
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The River Cities' Reader is an independently owned alternative newspaper based in Davenport, Iowa. The newspaper was founded in 1993 and is circulated throughout the Quad-Cities metropolitan area and outlying communities.
The Reader format is tabloid size on newsprint; its masthead reads "business, politics, arts and culture".
Content
Like many alternative weeklies, the Reader publishes feature-length, in-depth stories on a number of topics of interest, including:
Local business and political issues, including investigative reporting and in-depth interviews with the people involved. The publishers often tout the publication as a "civic watchdog" for the community.
Full-length interviews and in-depth articles with local and national artists, and other nationally renowned figures. Interview subjects have included former FEC chairman Bradley A. Smith actor/artist Kris Kristofferson and Ian Anderson leader of the rock band Jethro Tull.
Each issue of the Reader also contains a listing of arts and entertainment events taking place throughout the area, and provides critical reviews for regional art exhibitions, music concerts, and theatrical performances.
History
The River Cities' Reader was first published in October 1993 as a monthly. In June 1995, the Reader began a weekly publishing schedule. It is published every Wednesday of the year and features special guides once per month.
The paper was founded by owners Kathleen McCarthy and Todd McGreevy who still remain active in its operation as editor and publisher, respectively. Jeff Ignatius, the publication's managing editor, has been with the Reader since 2000.
The website underwent an overhaul in June 2006 and now features local wikis for the community, an enhanced calendar, streaming video, and a more modern look.
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River Cities' Reader
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Airport station was a TransLink public transit exchange on Sea Island, Richmond, in Metro Vancouver. Most bus operations using the location ceased September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the opening of the Canada Line, when the exchange downgraded to a regular bus stop.
Overview
On September 4, 2000, the 98 B-Line commenced an introductory service phase that connected Downtown Vancouver with a temporary terminus on Aylmer Road, opposite the Park & Fly lot for Vancouver International Airport (YVR). On December 18, 2000, the permanent terminus opened at the foot of the Moray Bridge near the intersection of Russ Baker Way and Miller Road. A bus-only on-ramp to the bridge served this location.
In August 2001, the 98 B-Line service extended to central Richmond. From October 2001, the exchange was the transfer point for the 424 Airport / Airport station connection, which became the only daytime and evening route to the Vancouver International Airport's main terminal. The N10 route covered this destination outside of those hours.
Airport station also served community shuttles for Sea Island North, nearby Burkeville, and the south terminal of the Vancouver International Airport, which handles local and smaller airlines.
After the opening of the SkyTrain's Canada Line on September 7, 2009, most bus routes serving the exchange were discontinued or terminated at Richmond–Brighouse station, Bridgeport station or Marpole Loop.
Routes
The following routes still stop at the former location:
412 Sea Island South / Bridgeport station: renumbered from C92 in August 2018.
N10 Downtown / Richmond–Brighouse station (NightBus service): from September 2004, when the route was called Downtown / Richmond Centre.
The following routes once served Airport station:
C90 Sea Island North / Airport station: prior to September 2008; after September 2009 closure, Bridgeport station became eastern terminus; discontinued in September 2012.
C92 Sea Island South / Airport station: renumbered from 425 and renamed circa May 2005. After September 2009 closure, Bridgeport station became eastern terminus, but the stop remained on the route.
98 B-Line Burrard station / Richmond Centre (see above); discontinued after September 2009 closure.
100 22nd Street station / Airport station: prior to April 2001, Airport station was a stop on existing 22nd Street station / Airport route to YVR; became route terminus after route split with 424 in October 2001; After September 2009 closure, Marpole Loop became western terminus.
301 Newton Exchange / Airport station: September 2004; Richmond Centre became western terminus in November 2005; terminus change to Richmond–Brighouse station in September 2009.
404 Ladner Exchange / Airport station: stop on existing route to YVR from December 2000; northern terminus after route split with 424 in October 2001; from September 2009 closure, Richmond–Brighouse station became northern terminus.
411 Burrard station / One Road: stop on existing route from December 2000; renumbered to 491 in August 2001.
424 Airport: from Oct 2001; discontinued after September 2009 closure.
425 Airport South / Airport station: stop on existing Airport South / Richmond Exchange route from December 2000; became eastern terminus with route renamed in April 2001; renumbered C92 circa May 2005.
491 Steveston / One Road / Burrard station: renumbered from 411 in August 2001; discontinued after September 2009 closure.
496 Railway / Burrard station: from Aug 2001; discontinued after September 2009 closure.
620 Tsawwassen Ferry / Airport station: from April 2004; Bridgeport station became northern terminus after September 2009 closure.
Footnotes
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Airport station (TransLink)
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Robert Wall (1939–2022) American martial artist and screen actor.
Robert Wall may also refer to:
Bob Wall (football administrator) (1912–1981), English former secretary and director of Arsenal Football Club
Bob Wall (ice hockey) (born 1942), Canadian ice hockey player
See also
Robert Walls (born 1950), Australian rules footballer
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Robert Wall (disambiguation)
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Aalborg Municipality () is a municipality in North Jutland Region on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. The municipality straddles the Limfjord, the waterway which connects the North Sea and the Kattegat east-to-west, and which separates the main body of the Jutland peninsula from the island of Vendsyssel-Thy north-to-south. It has a land area of and a population of 222,571 (1. January 2023).
It is also the name of the municipality's main city Aalborg and the site of its municipal council, as well as the name of a seaport.
The municipality and the town have chosen to retain the traditional spelling of the name as Aalborg, although the new spelling Ålborg is used in other contexts, such as Ålborg Bight (Ålborg Bugt), the body of water which lies to the east of the Jutland peninsula.
Municipal reform of 2007
As of 1 January 2007 Aalborg municipality joined with the municipalities of Hals, Nibe, and Sejlflod to form a new Aalborg municipality. The former Aalborg municipality, including the island of Egholm, covered an area of , with a total population of 192,353 (2005). Its last mayor was Henning G. Jensen, a member of the Social Democrats () political party. The former municipality was bordered by Sejlflod and Hals to the east, Dronninglund and Brønderslev to the north, Aabybro and Nibe to the west, and Støvring and Skørping to the south. It belonged to North Jutland County.
Geography
Surroundings
The waters in the Limfjord splitting the municipality are called Langerak to the east and Gjøl Bredning to the west. The island of Egholm is located in Gjøl Bredning, and is connected by ferry to the city of Aalborg at its southern shore.
The area is typical for the north of Jutland. To the west, the Limfjord broadens into an irregular lake (salt water), with low, marshy shores and many islands. Northwest is Store Vildmose ("Greater Wild bog"), a swamp where a mirage is sometimes seen in summer. Southeast lies the similar Lille Vildmose ("Lesser Wild bog"). Store Vildmose was drained and farmed in the beginning of the 20th century, and Lille Vildmose is now the largest moor in Denmark.
Urban areas in Aalborg Municipality
Aalborg City has a total population of 123,432. The metropolitan area is a conurbation of the Aalborg urban area in Himmerland (102,312) and the urban area in (21,120).
Economy
North Flying has its head office on the property of Aalborg Airport in , Aalborg Municipality.
Politics
Municipal council
Aalborg's municipal council consists of 31 members, elected every four years.
Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007.
Twin towns – sister cities
Aalborg is twinned with 34 cities, more than any other city in Denmark. Every four years, Aalborg gathers young people from most of its twin towns for a week of sports, known as Ungdomslegene (Youth Games).
, Netherlands
Antibes, France
Büdelsdorf, Germany
Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
, Norway
Fuglafjørður, Faroe Islands
Galway, Ireland
Gdynia, Poland
Haifa, Israel
Hefei, China
, Austria
, Greenland
Karlskoga, Sweden
Lancaster, England
Lerum, Sweden
Liperi, Finland
, Iceland
Orsa, Sweden
Orust, Sweden
Ośno Lubuskie, Poland
, Russia
Racine, United States
Rapperswil-Jona, Switzerland
Rendalen, Norway
Rendsburg, Germany
Riga, Latvia
Riihimäki, Finland
, Greenland
Solvang, United States
, Romania
, Bulgaria
Vilnius, Lithuania
, Germany
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Aalborg Municipality
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Yakeen may refer to:
Yakeen, a 1969 Indian film directed by Brij
Yakeen, a 2005 Bollywood thriller film directed by Girish Dhamija
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Yakeen
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Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi (born 13 December 1940) is an Indian politician, advocate, and BJP leader from Gujarat. He was a member of the 11th, 12th, 13th & 14th Lok Sabha of India representing the Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency) of Gujarat.
Biography
Pushpdan was born on 13 December 1940 in Raydhanpar village to father Kaviraja Shambhudan Ishwerdan Gadhavi and mother Parvatiben Gadhavi. His father was the Kaviraja of Cutch State and the last Acharya of the Vrajbhasha Pathshala at Bhuj, an institution of learning 3 centuries old.
Gadhavi completed his primary, secondary and college education in Bhuj. After obtaining his law degree in Ahmedabad, he became active in politics along with business. Pushpdan obtained Kovid (Hindi) and B Certificate in National Cadet Corps (N.C.C.). He started as Staff Officer at the Legal Wing in Home Guards (Gujarat) during the period 1967–89.
Gadhavi is also notable being the only politician who won four consecutive terms as the Kutch MP from 1996 to 2009. Due to Kutch constituency being declared as a reserved seat in the new delimitation, Gadhavi could no longer contest from Kutch.
Gadhavi is known for many infrastructure developments including the conversion of the Bhuj-Gandhidham railway broad gauge in Kutch, the Kutch University, or the construction of the Bhuj Airport. He presented many such project ideas to the central government and got it completed.
Gadhavi has been deeply engaged in a range of social and cultural activities, particularly within the Kutch district. He has actively participated in educational initiatives and have been a trustee of the Shiv Shakti Study Circle in Kutch since 1971. In addition to his social and educational initiatives, he has taken a keen interest in the development of rural sports and infrastructure. Furthermore, Gadhavi worked to implement water recharging activities in drought-prone areas of the Kutch district, demonstrating a strong commitment to environmental sustainability and community welfare.
Positions held
See also
Gadhavi (title)
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Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi
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Cissonius (also Cisonius, Cesonius) was an ancient Gaulish/Celtic god. After Visucius, Cissonius was the most common name of the Gaulish/Celtic Mercury; around seventeen inscriptions dedicated to him extend from France and Southern Germany into Switzerland.
Name
The name has been interpreted as meaning 'carriage-driver' (from cissum 'carriage'), or 'dream-bringer' (from cit- attached to souno- 'sleep, dream').
A goddess Cissonia is also recorded.
Cult
He was probably a god of trade and protector of travellers, since Mercury exercised similar functions in the Roman pantheon.
In one inscription from Promontogno in Switzerland, Cissonus is identified with Matutinus.
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Cissonius
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Hov is the administrative centre of Søndre Land Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located in the traditional region of Land, along the east shore of the large Randsfjorden where the Norwegian county roads 34 and 247 meet. Hov lies about to the southwest of the town of Gjøvik.
The village has a population (2021) of 2,054 and a population density of .
Hov was located along the Valdresbanen railway line. The railway connected the Gjøvikbanen railway line at Eina with the town of Fagernes in the district of Valdres. The railroad had passenger traffic from 1902 to 1988 when it was closed down.
Hov Church (Hov kirke) is a cruciform style church dating from 1781 that is located in Hov.
Notable residents
Finn Thrana (1958–2006), lawyer
Ola Skjølaas (1941-2006), politician
Håvard Narum (born 1944), journalist
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Hov, Norway
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Bessie Virginia Blount, also known as Bessie Blount Griffin, (November 24, 1914 – December 30, 2009) was an American writer, nurse, physical therapist, inventor and forensic scientist.
Early life
Bessie Blount Griffin was born on November 24, 1914, to George Woodard and Mary Elizabeth. A native of Virginia, Blount was born in the Hickory, Virginia community, in Princess Anne County (now known as the city of Chesapeake).
Education
Blount attended Diggs Chapel - a one-room schoolhouse built by Black members of the local community - in Hickory, Virginia. The school was built after the Civil War to educate former slaves, their children, and Native Americans. In an interview with the Virginian, Griffin recalled that her school “didn’t have textbooks. [They] later got them from the white schools.” Students that attended Diggs Chapel learned to read by quoting verses from the Bible. While attending Diggs Chapel, Blount's teacher reprimanded her for writing with her left hand by rapping her knuckles, a form of discipline used at the time to teach students proper writing etiquette. Blount took this as a challenge to be ambidextrous. Even though her right hand became her primary writing hand, she maintained her ability to write with her left hand as well. She also taught herself to write without the use of her hands by holding a pencil with her teeth and feet. This skill was useful in her career later on, helping her teach others to operate without one or more limbs. After the sixth grade, there were no more educational resources for African American children in her community, forcing Blount to stop her education. The family then relocated north to New Jersey, where Blount remained self-taught and obtained her GED. She attended Community Kennedy Memorial Hospital - the only Black-owned hospital in the state - and enrolled in a nursing program, in Newark, New Jersey. After obtaining her Nursing degree, she continued her education at Panzer College of Physical Education and Hygiene in East Orange, New Jersey and became a physical therapist.
In 2008, Bessie Griffin returned home to Hickory to memorialize the significance of her primary school, which had been burned to the ground in 1932. No records of the school system were found before 1913. She intended to build a museum and library on the grounds in memory of those who had studied there in the decades past. Unfortunately, her project was never completed as Griffin died the following year.
Physical therapist career
During her career as a physical therapist, after World War II, many soldiers returned as amputees after being wounded in combat. As a part of Blount's physical therapy exercises, she taught veterans who had lost the ability to use their hands, new ways to perform everyday tasks by substituting the use of their teeth and feet. She would tell them, “You’re not crippled, only crippled in your mind”. Her ambidexterity and ability to perform tasks with her mouth and feet helped her relate to her patients out of surgery. As she worked each day, Blount observed that one of the biggest challenges for amputees was eating without assistance from other people. A crucial task for many was to relearn the ability to feed themselves. Regaining this skill would restore a degree of independence and increase their self-esteem.
As a nurse and physical therapist, she also cared for and worked closely with Theodore Edison, son of famed inventor Thomas Edison.
Inventions - assistive devices
While working at the Bronx Hospital in New York, at thirty-seven years old, Blount invented an electric self-feeding apparatus for amputees. She used plastic, boiling water to mold the material, a file, ice pick, hammer, and some dishes to create a prototype of her invention. The device had a tube to transport individual bites of food to the patient's mouth. The patients would bite down on the tube and then the next portion of food would dispense to the mouthpiece from the attached machine. This allowed patients to control how much they would eat without assistance from others. A part of the device was patented in 1948. The American Veterans Administration (VA) declined Blount's invention, so in 1952 she licensed it freely to the French government. She remarked in an interview with the Afro-American that her accomplishment showed that "a colored woman can invent something for the benefit of humankind" Though more modern, slimmer devices have been invented since 1948, Blount is remembered for pioneering the first electric device for feeding amputees. She also devised a neck frame for an injured or ill patient, that holds a bowl or cup close to their face as a "portable receptacle support" and in April 1951, Blount was granted . During her career, Blount was a physical therapist to Thomas Edison's son, Theodore Miller Edison. Blount and Edison became close friends. During that time she invented a disposable emesis basin. The basin was a kidney-shaped disposable cardboard dish made out of flour, water, and newspaper that was baked until the material was hard. Once again, the U.S. Veterans Affairs (VA) showed no interest in Blount's invention. She sold the rights to her invention to a company in Belgium.
Forensic science career
In 1969, Blount embarked on a second career, in law enforcement, pursuing forensic science research for police departments in New Jersey and Virginia. During her previous patient therapy, while demonstrating ambidextrous functions, or writing with teeth or feet, she had begun to see a correlation between physical health and writing characteristics. From her observations, she saw how a person's handwriting reflected their state of health. This discovery inspired her to publish a technical paper on "medical graphology." After the publication of the paper, Blount's career in forensics quickly grew. By the late 1960s she was assisting police departments in Norfolk, VA and Vineland, New Jersey, and later joined the Portsmouth, Virginia police department as a chief examiner until 1972, when the state of Virginia centralized its document examination. In 1977, the Metropolitan Police (Scotland Yard) Forensic Science Laboratory invited Blount to join them in London for advanced studies in graphology. At sixty-three years old, she was the first Black woman to be accepted into the advanced studies at the Document Division of Scotland Yard. On returning, Blount started her own forensic science consulting business and ran it for twenty-years, using her forensic experience to examine documents and slave papers from the pre-civil war. Blount operated that business until the age of 83. Her verification of authenticity was also used on Native American treaties with the United States.
Media appearances
Blount made numerous attempts to interest the VA in her inventions but they declined, despite the devices' evident beneficial impact. To promote the inventions, she appeared on the WCAU Philadelphia television show The Big Idea in 1953. Blount was the first African-American woman to be on the show. No transcript is available, but it is reported she repeated that she had proved "A black woman can invent something for the benefit of humankind."
Blount wrote a featured columns for the African-American newspapers, the N.J. Herald News and the Philadelphia Independent covering everything from Fidel Castro’s visit to Harlem to Lyndon Johnson’s presidential nomination. She joined the NAACP to do public relations work and wrote several medical papers that were published in respected journals covering “medical graphology” and the relationship between a person’s health and their handwriting.
In 2008 she undertook but was unable to complete one more project: founding a museum on the grounds of her old Virginia schoolhouse which had burned down, to commemorate the contributions of those who had studied there.
Honors and awards
Blount was honored in 1992 by The American Academy of Physical Therapy, an African American focused physical therapy organization.
She was honored as one of the Virginia Women in History in 2005.
In 2019, The New York Times published a belated obituary for her, as part of Overlooked No More.
Personal life
In 1951, Blount married Thomas Griffin. They had one son, Philip.
Death
Blount died at the age of 95 on December 30, 2009, at her home in Newfield, New Jersey.
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Bessie Blount Griffin
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Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws (AIKOL) is the law faculty of International Islamic University Malaysia. Previously known as the Kulliyyah of Laws, it was renamed in 2000 in honour of its founding father and ex-Dean, professor Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim. Being the first Kulliyyah (faculty) to be formed together with the university, it is now one of the largest law schools in Malaysia and has produced thousands of law graduates since 1983: legal practitioners, shariah lawyers, academicians, legal advisors, deputy public prosecutors, judiciary members, ministers and politicians. The current Dean is Professor Dr. Farid Sufian bin Shuaib.
Due to its international status, the medium for teaching in AIKOL is English and Arabic. However, Bahasa Melayu is also taught to students to equip them with the understanding of legal jargons in the national language. It does receive a small group of foreign law students every year whilst the majority of the students are Malaysians.
Courses offered
AIKOL offers a variety of courses ranging from LL.B (Honours), LL.B-S (Honours) for Shariah law students, MCL (Master of Comparative Laws) and up to PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) level. It also provides for programmes like Diploma in Shariah Law And Practice (DSLP) and Diploma in Law and Administration of Islamic Judiciary (DAIJ). Under the Legal Profession Act 1976, a person who has been awarded an LL.B (Honours) degree from AIKOL of IIUM is recognised as a 'qualified person' that may be admitted as an Advocate & Solicitor in the High Court, Malaysia, and is exempted from taking the Certificate of Legal Practice (Malaysia).
Harun M. Hashim Law Centre of AIKOL offers several programmes, including LL.M Business Law, LL.M Islamic Banking & Finance Law, LL.M in Administration of Islamic Law and LL.M in International Law. In addition, it also offers certificate programmes in Company Secretarial Practice, Competition Policy Law, and Islamic Banking & Finance Law.
Events
The Ahmad Ibrahim Memorial Lecture series is conducted annually by inviting experts and scholars to speak on diverse legal issues. The eminent speakers previously invited to speak in the event include Tun Salleh Abas, Tun Zaki Azmi, Tun Abdul Hamid Mohamad, Richard Malanjum, Gordon Woodman, Andrew Harding, Mohamad Ariff Yusof, and Rais Yatim.
IIUM Mock Trial is an annual theatrical play conducted by the Law Society of AIKOL, traditionally held during the Convocation Week commonly known as Convest, at the AIKOL Moot Court or the IIUM Main Auditorium. Students reenact famous legal trials, with added dramatic elements like humour, suspense, horror and patriotism, as well as extensive stage props, costumes and gimmicks. Among the real cases that have been chosen for the IIUM Mock Trial in the past include Mona Fandey, Maria Hertogh, Botak Chin and Al-Ma'unah.
Publications
The IIUM Law Journal is a peer-reviewed journal, published twice a year by AIKOL, with a dedicated mission of ideas and information about legal developments relating to civil and Shariah laws.
The Law Majalla is the first student-run law journal in Malaysia. It was published in 1985 as a way for the students of the AIKOL to contribute to the ever-growing body of legal scholarship. The Law Society of AIKOL is also in charge of the student-run newsletter called The Lexicon.
AIKOL professors and lecturers have published numerous books via IIUM Press, the university's press, on various legal areas including Islamic banking and finance law, family law, international law, environmental law, dispute resolution and contract law.
Achievements
AIKOL actively participates in various public speaking, debating, client counseling and mooting competitions, both nationally and internationally.
Irma Nur Zahrah of AIKOL became the first Asian to win the public speaking competition at the World Universities Debating Championships 2004 held at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
One of AIKOL's major achievements was when it became the runner-up in the prestigious Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition 2005 held at Washington, D.C. and Melati Abdul Hamid was awarded the Best Oralist in the Championship Round. Another major achievement was in 2008, where the IIUM mooting team represented Malaysia and managed to garner a clean sweep of the awards in the Inaugural Monroe E. Price Media Law Moot Court Competition held at University of Oxford. The IIUM team was crowned the inaugural champion, merited the Best Memorial Award and Best Oralist of the said competition.
Notable alumni
Academia
Arif Fahmi bin Md Yusof, Dean, Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.
Asmah Laili binti Yeon, Dean, College of Law, Government and International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Azmi Lila, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation), Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Hartini Saripan, Dean, UITM Faculty of Law.
Nazura Abdul Manap, Dean, Faculty of Law, National University of Malaysia.
Noor Inayah Yaakub, President & Vice Chancellor, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur.
Raihanah Abdullah, Dean, Humanities Research Cluster, Universiti Malaya.
Sabirin Bin Ja'afar, Pro Chancellor, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
Shahab Ahmed, Associate Professor of Islamic Studies, Harvard University.
Zuhairah Ariff binti Abd Ghadas, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic and International), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.
Business/Corporate
Abdullah Shiham Hassan, Chairman, Bank of Maldives.
Ahmad Nazim Abdul Rahman, CEO, Armed Forces Fund Board.
Faisal Shahbudin, CEO, Jambatan Kedua Sdn Bhd.
Maliki Kamal Mohd Yasin, Senior Vice President (Legal) and Company Secretary, Petronas.
Pahamin Rajab, Founding Chairman, AirAsia and Secretary General, Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (Malaysia).
Rafe Haneef, CEO, CIMB Islamic.
Suryani Senja Alias, Senior Vice President of Khazanah Nasional Berhad.
Executive
Azalina Othman Said, Minister of Youth and Sports, Minister of Tourism, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Deputy Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat.
Mastura Mohd Yazid, MP Kuala Kangsar, Perak and Deputy Minister in Prime Minister's Department (Special Functions).
Mohamad Alamin, Deputy Minister of Education II.
Mohamed Hanipa Maidin, MP Sepang, Selangor, Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Law).
Noriah Kasnon, MP Sungai Besar, Selangor and Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development.
Rosnah Shirlin, Head of Puteri UMNO Malaysia, Deputy Minister of Health, and Deputy Minister of Works.
Shamsul Iskandar Md. Akin, MP Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka and Deputy Minister of Primary Industry.
Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman, MP Muar, Johor, Minister of Youth and Sports.
Government/Agency
Anas Ahmad Zakie, Director General of Insolvency.
Dzulkifli Ahmad, Chief Commissioner, Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission.
Iskandar Ismail, CEO, Malaysia Competition Commission (MyCC).
Marzuki Mohamad, Chairman, Institute for Youth Research Malaysia, and Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin.
Mohd Khair Ngadiron, CEO, Malaysian Institute of Translation and Books.
Wafi Nazrin bin Abdul Hamid, Chairman, Talent Corporation Malaysia Berhad (TalentCorp).
Wirdati Mohd Radzi, Sports Commissioner of Malaysia.
Judiciary
Alfian Kuchit, Senior President of Syariah Court Singapore.
Cherno Jallow, Judge, Supreme Court of the Gambia, and Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands.
Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, the first Malaysian High Court Judge to receive a PhD in law and author of Janab's Key to Civil Procedure in Malaysia and Singapore.
Mohd Naím Mokhtar, Chief Syarie Judge, Syariah Judiciary Department of Malaysia.
Meor Hashimi Abdul Hamid, Judge, High Court of Malaya.
Mohd Radzi Harun, Judge, High Court of Malaya.
Rohana Yusuf, President, Court of Appeal of Malaysia.
Sabirin Ja'afar, Judicial Commissioner, High Court of Malaya.
Legal
Cherno Marenah, Solicitor General of the Gambia
Hassan Saeed, Attorney-General of the Republic of Maldives.
Husnu Al Suood, Attorney-General of the Republic of Maldives.
Kuthubul Zaman Bukhari, President of the Malaysian Bar Council.
Marie Saine-Firdaus, Attorney General of the Gambia.
Zainul Rijal Abu Bakar, President of Muslim Lawyers Association, Malaysia.
Legislature
Amira Aisya, State Assemblyman, Puteri Wangsa, Johor.
Irmohizam Ibrahim, MP Kuala Selangor, Selangor.
Fadlhlina Siddiq Fadzil, Senator.
Fong Po Kuan, MP Batu Gajah, Perak.
Khairiah Mohamed, Senator.
Muhammad Faiz Fadzil, State Assemblyman Permatang Pasir, Pulau Pinang.
Mohd Yusmadi Mohd Yusoff, MP Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang and Senator.
Mumtaz Md. Nawi, MP Kubang Kerian, State Assemblyman Demit, Kelantan, Senator.
Terence Naidu, State Assemblyman Pasir Bedamar, Perak.
Wong Kah Woh, State Assemblyman Canning, Perak.
Politics
Kamilia Ibrahim, Vice Head of Wanita UMNO Malaysia.
Khairil Annas Jusoh, Advisor to Prime Minister Najib Razak.
Mohamed Jameel Ahmad, Vice President of the Maldives.
Royalty
HRH Tengku Amalin A'ishah Putri, Kelantanese Princess and Magistrate officer.
Miscellaneous
Azuan Effendy, Grand Chamberlain of the Royal Family and Household, Istana Negara, Jalan Duta.
Engku Rabiah Adawiah Engku Ali, first female member of Shariah Advisory Council of Bank Negara Malaysia, Shariah Advisory Board of Khazanah Nasional Berhad and world's first registered female Islamic finance Shariah advisor.
Farrah Adeeba Mohamed Ashraf, TV personality.
Ismail Omar, Inspector General of Police, Royal Malaysian Police.
Jufitri Joha, President, Malaysian Youth Council.
Khalid Abu Bakar, Inspector General of Police, Royal Malaysian Police.
Miszairi Sitiris, Deputy Mufti of Selangor.
Wan Ahmad Najmuddin, Director of Crime Investigation Department, Royal Malaysian Police.
Notable faculty members (current and former)
Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim, Attorney-General of Singapore and Dean of Faculty of Law, Universiti Malaya.
Abdul Aziz Bari, Perak State Exco and constitutional scholar.
Harun Mahmud Hashim, judge who banned UMNO.
Hunud Abia Kadouf, judge, Court of Appeal of Sudan.
Md Hashim Yahya, Mufti of Wilayah Persekutuan.
Mohammad Hashim Kamali, internationally renowned Islamic jurist.
Mohd Akram Shair Mohamed, member of the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission.
Mohd Daud Bakar, President of International Islamic University Malaysia and member of HSBC's Global Shariah Advisory Board.
Nik Norzrul Thani, Chairman of Zaid Ibrahim & Co., the largest law firm in Malaysia.
Rusni Hassan, member of Shariah Advisory Council, Bank Negara Malaysia.
Shad Saleem Faruqi, constitutional scholar.
Suleiman Abdullah, President of the Malaysian Bar Council.
Syed Agil Barakbah, Supreme Court Judge of Malaysia.
Yusri Mohamad, President of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM).
Zaleha Kamarudin, Rector of International Islamic University Malaysia.
See also
International Islamic University Malaysia
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Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws
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Fuenferrada is a town and municipality in Aragon, located in the comarca of Cuencas Mineras, in the province of Teruel. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 43 inhabitants, with an area of 24.22 km2 and a density of 1.77.
The municipality is 73 kilometres from Teruel, the provincial capital.
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Fuenferrada
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The men's 400 metres race was the second-shortest of the flat-track events on the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The competition's preliminary round was the last held on the first day, 6 April. The competitors were split into two groups. The top two runners in each heat advanced to the final, which was held on the second day, 7 April.
7 athletes from 4 nations competed. 5 of those athletes were also in the 100 metres.
Background
Thomas Burke of the United States and Edgar Bredin of Great Britain were the "two best one-lap runners in 1896"; Burke came to Athens, but Bredin did not (having become a professional earlier that year). Bredin was the co-holder of the unofficial world record at 48.5 seconds (440 yards). Burke had beaten Bredin in 1895.
Competition format
The 400 metres consisted of two rounds: heats and a final. Each race was "slightly over one lap in length, with no lanes to separate the runners." Two heats were held, with 4 runners in one and 3 runners in the other. The top 2 runners in each heat advanced to the final.
The track was 330 metres in circumference (unlike modern tracks which are 400 metres), so the race was slightly more than one lap. The track had very sharp turns and was made of loose cinders, making running difficult. Runners turned clockwise rather than the current counterclockwise turns.
Records
Jamison set the initial Olympic record of 56.8 seconds in the first heat; Burke beat it in the final at 54.2 seconds.
Schedule
The precise times of the events are not recorded. For the first round, the heats were the final event of the day on Monday; the "sun was setting" and "the air had become decidedly cold." The final was held during the afternoon session on Tuesday, which began at 2:30 p.m.; the hurdles and long jumping competitions took place before the 400 metres final.
Results
Semifinals
The semifinals were held on 6 April. The top two placers in each of the two groups advanced.
Semifinal 1
Jamison won by 13½ yards. Hofmann and Grisel both had to run 401.83 metres after being penalized for false starts. The final positions of Grisel and Dörry are unclear. Jamison set the initial Olympic record at 56.8 seconds, which would hold only until the next day.
Semifinal 2
Burke won by 15 yards, despite being tired from already having run in the heats of the 100 metres. Gmelin beat Reichel by 12 yards for second place.
Final
Burke beat Jamison by eight yards, with Gmelin beating Hofmann by a foot for third.
Results summary
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Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres
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This is a partial list of Korean boxers.
Yuh Myung-woo, 2-time WBA light flyweight boxing champion with a record of 38 wins and only 1 loss
Kim Ji-won (boxer), unbeaten world champion. He is one of just fifteen world boxing champions to retire without a loss
Baik Hyun-man, Heavyweight boxer who won the silver medal in Olympics in 1988
Chang Jung-koo, former light flyweight boxing champion
Chi In-jin, WBC featherweight champion 2004
Park Chong-pal, South Korean former professional boxer who held the IBF, WBA and lineal titles at super-middleweight.
Baek In-chul, Super middleweight division who held the World Boxing Association and Lineal super middleweight championship.
Masamori Tokuyama (Hong Chang-soo), former WBC and lineal super flyweight champion
Kim Duk-koo, South Korean boxer who died after his last fight
Kim Song-guk, 2004 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal
Kim Un-chol, 2000 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal
Kim Ki-soo, the first South Korean world champion
Hong Soo-hwan, captured the Lineal and WBA bantamweight title
Yum Dong-kyun, former Lineal and WBC junior featherweight champion.
Yuh Hwan-kil, inaugural IBF Super Featherweight champion
Kim Won-il (boxer), win the gold medal in the men's bantamweight division at the Asian Games 2002. Defeating Abdusalom Khasanov and Bekzod Khidirov in the final.
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List of Korean boxers
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Ole Due (10 February 1931 – 21 January 2005) was a Danish judge who presided over the European Court of Justice from 1988 to 1994.
Career
Ole Due started his career at the Danish Ministry of Justice, culminating in his appointment as Director. He was notably involved with the implementation of the European Community acts at the time of the enlargement in 1973 when Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland became members of the European Economic Community and was involved in the drawing up of the Treaty of Accession. He became Adviser ad interim to the Østre Landsret (Eastern High Court of Appeal) in Copenhagen in 1978. Due was also a member of the Danish delegation to The Hague Conference on private international law. He was appointed a Judge of the European Court of Justice from 7 October 1979 to 6 October 1988, in succession to the immensely respected Max Sørensen. He was elected President of the Court of Justice from 7 October 1988 to 6 October 1994.
Due's membership of the Court coincided with vast changes in that Institution's life. First, the accessions of Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986 enlarged the membership of the Court. Second, the impetus given to the Community through the Single European Act and the Delors Presidency in general saw a vast growth in the work-load of the Court. This led to the establishment in 1989 of the European Court of First Instance during the Due Presidency aimed at transferring part of the workload of the European Court of Justice. In the period 1979 to 1994, the Court also became a far more exposed institution, whose real powers were gradually recognised. This culminated in the attribution to the Court the power to impose monetary penalties on Member States for their failure to obey Community law, introduced by the Treaty of Maastricht.
Due was also responsible for the huge extension of the Court buildings in Luxembourg, to house the new Court of First Instance, and to give permanent accommodation to the institution's large staff.
As President of a court which rarely voted by majority and gave only en banc judgments, Due had to ensure the adhesion of judges to judgments which they personally may have opposed but were required to sign. He also had to negotiate skilfully between the very disparate wings of the Court's membership, from those with a Statist view to those with an integration-led vision. It was a difficult balancing act, coming as he did from a Statist background. The fact that he was re-elected President unopposed in 1991 shows that he got the balance right.
Due was allegedly embarrassed by the contrast in his working conditions in Luxembourg with a personal staff of 7 and a large suite of luxurious offices, with those of the members of the Højesteret (Supreme Court of Denmark) all working together in a single library. Legend has it that when he used to attend meetings in Denmark, he would leave his chauffeur-driven car around the corner, and proceed to walk to his appointment.
He was a member of the Governing Body of the Academy of European Law from 1992 to 1994. He received a number of foreign honours.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
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Ole Due
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Salatiwara was a Middle Bronze Age city in south-central Anatolia on a road connecting the kingdoms and Burushattum. The history of the city is known primarily from the Anitta text.
In the 18th century BC, Salatiwara was besieged by Anitta, King of Kussara. Anitta defeated troops who were sent out from the city to confront him. The soldiers were taken to Nesa as prisoners. When the city revolted and marshaled its forces along the Hulana River, Anitta circled around and captured the city from behind, setting fire to the city in the process.
A large amount of silver and gold, as well as 40 teams of horses and 1400 infantry were removed from the city, either by the king of Salatiwara as he escaped, or by Anitta as booty.
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Salatiwara
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The Ford Gyron was a futuristic two-wheeled gyrocar first shown to the world in 1961 at the Detroit Motor Show as a concept car designed by Syd Mead and McKinley Thompson. One wheel was at the front and the other at the rear like a motorcycle and the car was stabilized by gyroscopes. The two occupants of the vehicle were seated side by side and, when the vehicle was stationary, two small legs appeared from the sides to support it. The vehicle was created for research and marketing purposes, with no intention to put it into production.
Alex Tremulis was the designer and the gyroscopic systems were based on Louis Brennan's theories. The Ford Motor Company of Detroit gave credit for the Gyron to Louis Brennan. Alex Tremulis had started his career with the US Air Force and worked in 1948 at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base on the concept of Military flying saucers. He then became the chief designer for the ill-fated Tucker automobile before joining Ford, and was also involved with the Tuscan gyroscopic motorcycles and the Gyronaught XU1 gyroscopic car.
The original fiberglass concept was destroyed in the 1962 Ford Rotunda fire. Only the studio model remains today, it was sold at an auction in December 2012 for $40,000.
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Ford Gyron
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AMTK may refer to one of the following:
America's Most Talented Kid, a former U.S. talent/reality TV series
Amtrak, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation of the United States, which has a reporting mark AMTK
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AMTK
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Farningham is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located south-east of Swanley.
It has a population of 1,314.
History
Farningham is believed to be home to Neolithic human occupancy – flint and other tools have been discovered and can be found in the Dartford Museum. The Romans occupied the general area after their invasion in the 1st century AD and, along with large evidence of habitation down the road in Lullingstone, there is also evidence of Roman habitation in Farningham. Three farmhouses and three villas have been unearthed. Charles Dickens was a visitor during his time for the trout fishing that the Darent provided.
The Domesday Book records that before the Norman conquest, Farningham was owned by an Anglo Saxon thane called Alstan.
In the nineteenth century Farningham was adopted as the assumed surname of Marianne Farningham, a religious writer and editor, who was born here.
Used only for WW1 there used to be an airfield used by the RAF for emergency landings.
The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.
The parish was part of Axstane Hundred and later Dartford Rural District.
Transport
Roads
Farningham is situated upon the historic route of the A20, Kent's second major road between the capital and the channel ports. The village itself, with its narrow bridge over the River Darenth, and its narrow streets, was bypassed to the north east in the 1930s. The A225 runs along the Darenth valley and intersects the A20 at the village. The construction of the first sections of the M25 motorway and M20 motorway in the late 1970s bypassed the village again.
Rail
The nearest National Rail stations are Farningham Road located 2 miles north in Sutton at Hone with services to London Victoria via Bromley South and to Gillingham and Eynsford located 2 miles south with services to London Blackfriars via Bromley South & Catford and to Sevenoaks.
Buses
2 to Swanley or to Sevenoaks. 2 journeys each way Monday to Saturday, Operated by Go-Coach.
429 to Dartford via Swanley & Joydens Wood or to West Kingsdown. Monday to Saturday, Operated by Go Coach.
Mills
Farningham had a watermill, powered by the River Darent, the building of which survives. There was a windmill at Chimham's Farm, which was moved in 1880 to West Kingsdown, where it still stands.
Fort Farningham
One of fifteen small polygonal forts, known as the London Mobilisation Centres, which were built around London in the 1890s as part of the London Defence Positions scheme. It is sited overlooking the River Darent, around west of Farningham. A ditch surrounding the fort was filled-in during the second half of the 20th century. The site was protected by three projecting caponiers and a rampart and parapet which could be used by infantry. The interior has a central row of three casemates and a magazine. During the 1960s, a monitoring post for the Royal Observer Corps was constructed in the moat, part of the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation and intended for the reporting of nuclear explosions during the Cold War. The fort became a scheduled monument in 2000, and is in private ownership.
Sport
Home to Farningham Cricket Club along Horton Way the club has been in existence since 1857 providing cricketing facilities for the local community. Currently fielding two senior league Saturday teams and one Sunday friendly team along with a thriving junior section.
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Farningham
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Karl Jenkins, better known as Dice Raw, is an American rapper from Philadelphia. He is associated with The Roots, and the now defunct musical group Nouveau Riche.
He hooked up with the band while still in high school after Kelo, a member of the group's production team, spotted him in a local talent show. The group quickly took the young rapper under their collective wings and decided to bring his talent along slowly. He made his debut in "The Lesson, Pt. 1." Soon after, he made a name for himself with cameos on "Episodes" and "Adrenaline", where his hard-hitting style complemented the heady rhymes of Roots leader Black Thought. Dice Raw has made several guest appearances on several mixtapes. He made an appearance in fellow band member and beatboxer Scratch's first solo album Embodiment of Instrumentation.
In 2000, Dice Raw released his solo debut album, Reclaiming the Dead on MCA Records.
Jenkins recorded vocals for the entrance theme of WWE wrestler Kung Fu Naki. titled "Kung Fu San", which samples Carl Douglas's "Kung Fu Fighting", and is available on Voices: WWE The Music, Vol. 9.
Additionally Jenkins has been in the studio functioning as co writer and producer for The Roots, in addition to working on his own material. In May 2010, Dice released his first solo single in ten years entitled "100" off of his upcoming solo project The Greatest Rapper Never. The single is a digital release and was made available on iTunes.
Jenkins has turned his interest to the performing arts world and has written and produced a multitude of musicals including The Last Jimmy, the story of mass incarceration inspired by of escaped slave Henry Box Brown.
Karl "Dice Raw" Jenkins is now board-chair of The New Freedom Theaters of Philadelphia, as well as being the producing director of the Devon Theater of Mayfair. He runs indie label Raw Life Records, from where he released his solo project "The Greatest Rapper Never". He also signed prominent battle rapper Rone, who released an album under Raw Life Records titled "The First Story". The song "Against The Wall" features Dice Raw.
Discography
Albums
2000: Reclaiming The Dead
2013: Jimmy's Back
2018: The Narrative
Appearances on The Roots albums
"The Lesson, Pt. 1" on Do You Want More?!!!??!
"Clones" and "Episodes" Illadelph Halflife
"Adrenaline!", "Diedre vs. Dice", "Ain't Sayin' Nothin' New" and "Don't See Us" on Things Fall Apart
"Rhymes & Ammo" on Phrenology
"BOOM!" on The Tipping Point
"The Lesson, Pt. 3" on Home Grown! The Beginner's Guide To Understanding The Roots, Vol. 2
"Here I Come" on Game Theory
"Get Busy", "I Can't Help It", "I Will Not Apologize" and "The Grand Return" on Rising Down
"How I Got Over", "Walk Alone", "Radio Daze" and "Now or Never" on How I Got Over
"Make My", "One Time", "Lighthouse", and "Tip The Scale" on Undun
"Black Rock," "Understand", and "The Dark (Trinity)" on And Then You Shoot Your Cousin
Unreleased songs
"Workinonit", "Take It There (Remix)" and "The Good, The Bad & The Desolate"
Features
"Just Leave (Remix)", "Richard Osborne feat Dice Raw."
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Dice Raw
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Injipuli is a dark brown sweet-sour and spicy curry made of ginger, tamarind, green chillies and jaggery mainly prepared in Kerala during Onam. It is also a part of Tamil Nadu cuisine. It is also known as puli inji in some parts of Kerala, South India.
It is served as part of the Sadhya, or virunthu by the Tamil community.
See also
Cuisine of Kerala
Sadhya
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Injipuli
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The Interscholastic Sailing Association also known as ISSA is the organization that serves as the governing authority for all sailing competition between both public and private secondary schools throughout the United States. The organization's headquarters is located in Barnstable, Massachusetts.
History and organization
The ISSA was formed in 1930 to govern sailing regattas between preparatory schools in New England. Now, the ISSA is organized into seven District Associations within ISSA that schedule and administer regattas within their established regions:
New England Schools Sailing Association
Middle Atlantic Scholastic Sailing Association
South Atlantic Inter-Scholastic Sailing Association
South East Inter-Scholastic Sailing Association
Midwest Inter-Scholastic Sailing Association
Northwest Inter-Scholastic Sailing Association
Pacific Coast Inter-Scholastic Sailing Association
Individual schools are also responsible for scheduling dual meets and team-racing events.
Although there are over 350 high schools across the United States that field varsity sailing teams, relatively few of these schools own their own boats. Instead, most schools have established partnerships with community sailing organizations, colleges, or yacht clubs in order to gain access to a fleet of boats. Additionally, most high school sailing teams are involved with fundraising.
Many high school sailors go on to participate in college sailing (governed by the Intercollegiate Sailing Association). Both college varsity teams (such as Yale University) and club teams (such as the Vanderbilt Sailing Club) recruit high school sailors.
The ISSA partners with Vanguard Sailboats to help sponsor its national regattas.
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Interscholastic Sailing Association
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Maksymilian Horwitz (pseudonym: Henryk Walecki; 6 September 1877 – 20 September 1937) was a leader and theoretician of the Polish socialist and communist movement.
Biography
Maksymilian Horwitz was born to a Jewish family in Warsaw, the son of Gustaw Horwitz and Julia Kleinmann.
After leaving school, he studied mathematics at the Ghent University, graduating in 1898, and joined the Belgian Socialist movement, and a group of emigre Polish socialists, in 1895. He returned to Warsaw in 1898, and joined the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). Arrested in December 1899, he was exiled to Siberia in 1901, but escaped in 1902 and emigrated to Switzerland, returning to Warsaw during the 1905 Revolution, and was again arrested and exiled. He escaped from Siberia again in 1907. In exile in Kraków - then under Austrian rule - and Vienna, then he became one of the leaders of the Polish Socialist Party – Left (PPS-Lewica), who opposed the Polish nationalism of Józef Piłsudski, and during World War I drew closer to the SDPKiL, led by Rosa Luxemburg. Horwitz edited the faction's newspaper Mysl Socjalistyczna. It was during this period that he adopted the alias, Henryk Walecki, by which he became better known.
After the outbreak of war, in 1914, Walecki emigrated from Austria to Switzerland, where he came into contact with Lenin and Zinoviev, and represented the PPS-Lewica at the organising conference that the preceded the Zimmerwald Conference of left wing anti-war delegates from across Europe. From May 1915, he edited the newspaper Volksrecht in Zurich, which supported the Bolsheviks after they had seized power in Russia.
In 1918, Walecki was expelled from Switzerland for his role in a railway workers' strike, and returned to Warsaw, where he was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), formed in 1918 by a merger of the PPS-Lewica and the SDPKiL, and a member of its Central Committee in 1918–20 and 1923–24, and politburo in 1923–24. Arrested in the winter of 1919, he was released on bail after several months, and fled to Russia, where he formed part of the triumvirate known as the 'three Ws', who led the Polish Communist Party in exile. The others were Adolf Warski and Maria Koszutska, alias Wera Kostrzewa. From February 1921, Walecki was a Polish delegate on the executive committees of Comintern and Profintern, and was frequently sent abroad as a Comintern agent to guide the political direction of communist or socialist parties. including those of Italy, in October 1921, France, in December 1921, and the USA, in August 1922.
In November 1923, after disturbances in Poland following a general strike called by the KPP were quickly put down, the 'three Ws' came under attack from left wing opponents with in the KPP, led by Julian Lenski, who accused them of passivity. Also, late in 1923, as Lenin's terminal illness set off a power struggle in Moscow, the KPP issued a statement defending Trotsky. Their record was examined during a three day session of at the Fifth Congress of Comintern in June 1924, chaired by Stalin, at which Walecki defiantly defended the record of three Ws. In January 1925, Walecki was removed from the leadership of the KPP, after which he was never involved in the affairs of the Polish party again.
Alexander Barmine, who was based in Riga in 1922, returned to Moscow on the same train as delegates to the Fourth Congress of Comintern, including Walecki and Eugen Varga, and complained in his memoirs that they "showed the most revolting lack of consideration" by demanding that they be allocated a private compartment on a crowded train, and lodging a complaint in Moscow when he turned them down. Barmine commented: "Surely an old revolutionary like Walecki ought to have been content with a berth in a first-class sleeper. The little luxuries of power go to men's heads."
Walecki continued to work for Comintern, where he was deputy head of the Balkan Secretariat in 1925-28, and editor of the journal Communist International from 1935. During the Great Purge, he was arrested by the NKVD on 21 June 1937 and executed on 20 September 1937. Horwitz was rehabilitated after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Hortwitz's niece, Hanna Mortkowicz-Olczakowa and her daughter, Joanna Olczak-Ronikier are writers.
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Maksymilian Horwitz
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Charles Edward Kenneth Mees FRS (26 May 1882 – 15 August 1960) was a British scientist and photographic researcher.
Early life and education
Mees was born in Wellingborough, England, the son of a Wesleyan minister.
He attended the University of London. In 1906 he was awarded his D.Sc. with a dissertation on photographic theory.
Career
From 1906 until 1912, Mees worked for Wratten and Wainwright, Ltd., assisting Frederick Wratten in developing the first panchromatic photographic plates, as well as light filters and safelights for the darkroom.
In 1912, Eastman Kodak Company acquired Wratten and Wainwright because they were interested in the skills Mees provided. George Eastman convinced Mees to move to Rochester, New York, United States, where Mees created the Kodak Research Laboratories, becoming its first director.
Mees helped the US military in World War I in its instruction of photography. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Mees became an American citizen so that he could have access to high security war projects and information during World War II.
Later, he was named vice president in charge of Research and Development for Eastman Kodak; he remained at that position until he retired in 1955.
During his career, he published 100 scientific papers and 60 other works. Among his accomplishments was the development of sensitive photographic emulsions for use in astronomy.
Mees served as the first president of the board of trustees of George Eastman House from 1947 until 1954.
He died suddenly in Honolulu in 1960.
Personal life
He married in 1909 Alice Crisp, and together they raised two children: Graham (1910) and Doris (1912). They were married for 45 years.
In 1951 he suffered a massive thrombosis in one leg and lost it to amputation. Despite that, he became adept at using an artificial limb and even managed to drive his own car.
Selected works
C.E. Kenneth Mees, An Atlas of Absorption Spectra, 1909.
C.E. Kenneth Mees, The Photography of Colored Objects, 1909.
C.E. Kenneth Mees, F. M. Hamer and L. G. S. Brooker. Recent advances in sensitizers for the photography of the infrared. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 23:216., 1933
C.E. Kenneth Mees, Photography, Macmillan Co., New York, 1942.
C.E. Kenneth Mees, The Theory of the Photographic Process, Macmillan Co., New York, 1942.
C.E. Kenneth Mees & S. Sheppard, Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process.
C.E. Kenneth Mees, The Path of Science, J. Wiley & sons, inc., 1946.
C.E. Kenneth Mees and John A. Leermakers, The Organization of Industrial Scientific Research, McGraw-Hill, 1950.
C.E. Kenneth Mees, From dry plates to Ektachrome film: a story of photographic research, Ziff-Davis Pub. Co., 1961.
Awards and honors
Progress Medal, Royal Photographic Society, Great Britain, 1912 and 1952
Hurter and Driffield Medal, 1924
Henry Draper Medal, National Academy of Sciences, 1936.
Progress Medal, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1936
Member of the American Philosophical Society, 1937
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1941
Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, 1950
Franklin Medal, 1954
Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society
Fellow of the Royal Society, 1939
Inductee, International Photography Hall of Fame, 1972
Legacy
The C.E.K. Mees Award is the highest research honor given by Kodak.
The C.E.K. Mees Medal, awarded in odd-numbered years by the Optical Society of America, is named after him and was endowed by the Mees family.
The University of Rochester's C.E.K. Mees Observatory is named after him.
The crater Mees on the Moon is named after him.
Mees Solar Observatory on the summit of Haleakala is named after him.
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Kenneth Mees
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Clark Foam was a Californian company that manufactured surfboard blanks — foam slabs, reinforced with one or more wooden strips or "stringers" — cast in the rough shape of a surfboard and used by surfboard shapers to create finished surfboards. Founded in 1961 by Gordon "Grubby" Clark, Clark Foam established a near-monopoly on the American market, and a strong presence in the international market, which it held until the company's unexpected closure in 2005.
Gordon "Grubby" Clark
Clark Foam was founded in 1961 by Gordon "Grubby" Clark. Clark was born on January 19, 1933, in Gardena, California.
He surfed on heavy redwood surfboards in the 1940s and 1950s.
At age 19, Clark worked for Tom Blake, a legendary figure who invented the surfboard fin.
To help pay for his post-secondary education, Clark began to work in 1955 as a glasser at Hobie Surfboards, for surfboard pioneer Hobie Alter. Glassing is a complex job in which a surfboard blank is laminated, coated, assembled, and finished with multiple layers of dry- and wet-sanding, before receiving its final coatings.
Clark graduated from Pomona College in 1957 with a B.S. in engineering,
having studied chemistry, math and physics.
Hobie Alter soon set up a separate operation in Laguna Canyon experimenting with polyurethane surfboard blanks as an alternative to balsa wood.
He put Clark in charge of it. They released the first foam-core board to hit the market in June, 1958.
With the release of the surfing-themed movie Gidget in 1959, surfing became more popular.
Clark was soon manufacturing 250 blanks a week for Alter.
Founding
In 1961, Clark set up his own company, Clark Foam. Originally located in Laguna Canyon, it later moved to Laguna Niguel.
Clark introduced a number of innovations in the production of surfboard blanks, including the use of steel reinforced cement molds, hydraulic glue presses, hot coating, and the use of computers in the manufacturing process.
Clark's new foam designs were essential to the "shortboard revolution". New materials such as polyurethane foam, polyester resin, and fiberglass were used to redesign the shape of the board and to shrink its size from to .
Clark's catalogue eventually offered customers more than 70 shapes of blanks, in 8 densities, incorporating 4 different woods for stringers. Customers could choose from a library of 5,000 rocker templates.
Impact
For decades Clark's company exercised a near-monopolistic control over the market. At the time of its 2005 closing Clark Foam provided about 90% of the United States supply and 60% of the world supply of surfboard blanks.
Closure
On December 5, 2005, Gordon Clark abruptly shut down Clark Foam, then worth about $40 million, and began destroying his molds and equipment, citing difficulties with government regulatory agencies over the chemicals and equipment he used and claims filed against him by former employees. Clark Foam used toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the manufacturing process, one of the last California manufacturers to do so, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had threatened to shut down the company in the past. In a seven-page fax, Clark cited several issues pending with the EPA as his reason for shutting down, although no known action was under way against him.
The abrupt closing of Clark Foam sent shockwaves through the industry and left surfboard shapers scrambling for new suppliers. Since Clark Foam closed, surfboard manufacturing has turned to new and innovative materials, such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, hollow blanks, and new "flex" materials used by other various companies.
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Clark Foam
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Argo Tea began as a chain of tea cafes that was founded in the Lincoln Park community area in Chicago, Illinois, in June 2003. It was headquartered in Chicago's Loop community area. It had more than a dozen locations in the Chicago metropolitan area before expanding in 2010 to New York City, where it opened four locations that year and then expanded to St. Louis and Boston. the chain had 26 locations and distribution in over 3,000 grocery stores. In its first decade, it has grown simultaneously with the tea market. Its expansion into grocery stores occurred in 2010 and 2011. Arsen Avakian is the current chief executive officer. By spring 2013, it had opened in Beirut with plans to add locations in five Middle East cities by year end.
Argo Tea primarily sells a variety of hot and cold tea-based signature drinks. In addition, it offers about three dozen international varieties of loose-leaf tea (tea brewed from loose tea leaves, as opposed to tea leaves in bagged tea), coffee, baked goods, small entrées, and teaware. The tea menu included a variety of black, green, white teas, and natural herbal teas, served hot or iced. Argo Tea has formed a special relationship with Whole Foods Market to distribute Argo products. According to the description in Bloomberg Businessweek, Argo's specialty foods include pastries, sandwiches, salads, and quiches. Argo markets from a lifestyle perspective with awareness of modern design and sustainable environment. It also sells audio CDs.
In 2020, Argo Tea began selling bottled tea in Walgreens and other stores, “shifting its focus to a ready-to-drink premium tea line derived from one of its most popular café beverages.” [from cafés], and it was acquired by Golden Fleece. “Golden Fleece Beverages, Inc. took ownership of the Argo Tea brand, and has continued to operate the business as Argo Tea.” Loose tea is sold online.
History
Argo set out to be the Starbucks of tea. Argo Tea was launched in 2003 by three partners: Arsen Avakian, Simon Simonian, and Daniel Lindwasser. Avakian and Simonian are boyhood friends from Armenia. They grew up in Yerevan and emigrated in the 1990s to the United States, where Simonian, a computer scientist, and Avakian, a startup company specialist, teamed up following the dot-com bubble. Avakian first came to the United States as a Fulbright scholar. Lindwasser is a Frenchman who moved to the U.S. in 1997. He is a former management consultant. Avakian's father, Yuri, holds multiple wind and solar technology patents.
The original cafe for Argo Tea, which had 24 indoor seats and 20 patio seats in its 2003 configuration, is located at 958 West Armitage Avenue on the corner of Sheffield Avenue in Chicago. The venture, which opened in June 2003, was the first tea cafe in Lincoln Park. It was across the street from a Starbucks. Argo borrowed its name from the story of Jason and the Argonauts in Greek mythology. The original store was financed by its founders, who were all experienced management consultants, without outside investors. They used their own credit cards as lines of credit. Chicago architect Mark A. Cuellar was hired to design Argo's early cafe interiors.
At first, the company experimented with expansion by distributing boxed dry tea at Whole Foods, but quickly restrategized. Barely six months after opening, Argo was planning expansion in Chicago and beyond. Late in 2004, Argo signed a lease to make its first expansion beyond its original location (at Loyola University in the Near North Side community area on Rush Street). By the beginning of 2006, there was a third location (in the Loop community area on Randolph Street near State) with a fourth on the way. In March 2006, Argo expanded to the South Side of Chicago at the University of Chicago Medical Center, which is located in the Hyde Park community area, with a location that is described as a teaosk, a themed kiosk. By 2007, the company decided to pursue consistency across its locations and began a centralized concentrate brewing process. After five years, the franchise had 10 locations ranging from , all in Chicago. In Chicago, several of the early cafes, including the 11th inside Merchandise Mart and the 13th at O'Hare International Airport, have been located in close proximity to a Starbucks storefronts with the thought that Starbucks is expanding demand for tea. By February 2009, the company was still a Chicago metropolitan area business with all 13 of its locations. In July 2011, Argo became the first outside retail tenant of the Tribune Tower in six years when it leased space.
Argo opened its flagship New York City location in January 2010 by signing a 10-year lease in the Flatiron Building. It promptly followed with a Chelsea neighborhood storefront and then a Columbus Circle store in the spring. It opened a total of four cafes in New York City in 2010, taking advantage of the late-2000s recession, which allowed the company to procure prime retail locations such as Union Square, Columbus Circle and the Flatiron District at reasonable rates. The business replaced a Dean & Deluca in the Union Square neighborhood. Among the investors in the New York City expansion were Sam Zell, Glen Tullman and Oxford Capital. In May 2011, the company added its fifth tea room in New York City.
By 2010, the company eschewed its aspiration to be the Starbucks of tea, "Starbucks is more like Windows PC—it's old, less healthy and designed for everyone—and we want to be more like Mac: young, healthy, cool and a more unique, innovative brand." Avakian said the company hopes to build the Apple of tea. At the time, it was opening its 18th store (14 in Chicago and 4 in New York) and had $10 million in annual sales, making it the largest chain focused on tea, according to Technomic Inc.
In 2011, the San Francisco Chronicle credited Argo as being the company that caused the 21st century tea shop revolution, while Time ran a story claiming that Argo has gotten America to drink tea. , the United States market had grown to over 3,000 tearooms, according to the Tea Association of the USA. According to Beverage Digest, between 2006 and 2009, coffee consumption declined 2.3 percent in the United States, while tea consumption rose 4.5 percent. The growth of teas has caused Starbucks to drop the word coffee from its name and build the Tazo brand. Starbucks had a total 2010 revenue of $9 billion, while the entire tea industry was $7.7 billion, including $443 million by the top 6 U.S. tea chains. By early October 2011, Argo claimed 26 locations in four cities (Chicago, New York, Boston and St. Louis) and distribution in 3,000 grocery stores around the country including Whole Foods, Safeway and Dominick's.
When the lease came up for renewal at the original location on April 30, 2013, the company did not extend the deal, but the company would open a “greenhouse” location, with mainly glass walls, near Rush Street the following month. By March 2013, bottle drinks, which they had begun in 2010 were 20% of the company's business. By that time Argo Tea had opened a business location in Beirut and had planned to follow that with one in Doha in April 2013. It also intended to open 2013 Middle East locations in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Kuwait and Riyadh. By September 2013, Doha was opened and that month a second Beirut location opened.
In 2020, Argo Tea changed its focus from cafés to sale of bottled tea drinks, and it was acquired by Golden Fleece Beverages. It made an agreement with Walgreens to vend the bottled teas. The company still uses the Argo Tea name. Argo tea is the tenth largest seller of tea in the US.
Products
Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world, after water. Argo was founded in response to a realization that Americans had so few tea offerings that they generally were unfamiliar with anything but bagged teas. At the time, most tea retailers either supplied bulk tea for home brewing or traditional sit-down service, but Argo focused on premium specialty drinks in paper cups. Meanwhile, a minority of Asian immigrants from countries such as India, Vietnam and China where tea is the national beverage were spreading some of their traditions. Argo endeavored to emphasize the healthy aspects of tea as an alternative to coffee. When it was founded, Argo was part of a field of blossoming tea cafe franchises meeting a burgeoning demand. By 2002, there were 1,100 tearooms with sit-down service. In 2003, retail sales of tea totaled $5.1 billion, and in 2005, as the specialty tea market was growing 20 percent per year, the total retail tea market was expected to surpass $10 billion by 2010.
Argo began with 35 teas from around the world, including black tea, green tea and chamomile tisane as well as exotic teas. From the outset, it included a mix of traditional Asian teas as well as teas from exotic locations. One of the companies staple drinks came from a vacation to Ipanema beach in Rio de Janeiro in which Avakian paid a juice bar operator to close shop to allow him to experiment with flavor combinations during business hours. Several of Argo's teas are seasonal. One of its signature drinks is the teappuccino, a black tea mixed with steamed milk and froth, which the company has trademarked. The menu leverages the new wave of specialty teas that may be served sweetened or spiced and that are blended with milk, sparkling water or fruit juices. In the early years, its favorite offerings were Bubble tea, Pomegranate tea, Matte Latte or Chai tea and milk and Tea sangria.
In its first years, the company sold illy brand coffee. While the company imports its teas from sources around the world, it now brews its teas at a centralized location in downtown Chicago. Argo started out selling loose tea in 1- and 4-ounce bags or in bulk. Among Argo's Americanized drink varieties is a version of the national drink of both Argentina and Uruguay, the mate, which Argo serves as a Mate late. By 2010, the company ventured into the grocery store market (Whole Foods and Treasure Island) with bottled specialty teas in Chicago and had plans for its own bottling facility. By the time the company opened its New York locations, it offered fair trade certified coffee. In 2011, the company expanded its distribution to grocery stores around the country.
According to the company's press release for the opening of its 20th location in 2011, the menu included "all natural tea-based signature drinks, over 30 varieties of loose leaf teas, fair-trade organic coffee, fresh-baked pastries, specialty foods, and a selection of teaware and accessories. The signature drink menu features healthy and unique options such Maté Laté with earthy maté, almond and milk, Green Tea Ginger Twist with Japanese green tea and ginger root, MojiTea with cool mint tea and lime juice as well as many others. The food menu features a wide assortment of freshly baked gourmet pastries, French quiches, and a SpecialTea Foods made with tea-infused ingredients such Teanie Panini, Tea Bites and wholesome Teapot Grains. Argo Tea’s ready-to-drink bottled beverages can also be found outside the cafés, in the finest grocery retailers across the country." Bloomberg Businessweek summarized Argo Tea's business as follows: "Chicago-based Argo Tea strives to redefine the message of tea as a healthy beverage and lifestyle choice, to create unique, all-natural tea-based beverages and to provide customer experiences that reflect modern designs and a sustainable environment." The tea ware and accessories include tea pots, high-tech tea infusers, and wide variety of tea cups.
Social efforts
Although there are both proponents and opponents of the health effects of tea, Argo tea is a proponent of the health benefits of tea and advocates for its use in research. Argo Tea has donated a large amount of white teas, which have high concentrations of antioxidants, to the University of Chicago Hospitals. This contribution prompted the University of Chicago to invite Argo to open the kiosk inside the hospital lobby. The company also holds tea seminars in conjunction with Northwestern University and the University of Chicago to build awareness of the possible health benefits and research possibilities for tea.
Argo Tea advocates for sustainability, demonstrates concern and awareness of environmental issues in their business plan and uses charitable donations to promote research as noted above. The company has an environmentally friendly business plan that includes encouraging use of reusable service-ware such as ceramic mugs and plates and washable silverware by its dine-in customers. Argo also markets reusable tea tumblers, which enable its customers to obtain discounted pricing on its drinks. The company considers sustainability and environmental consciousness in all phases of its business including supplier, operations, store design and product decisions.
Corporate information
Although the company was founded in Lincoln Park, the official business address is at the third location in the Loop (16 West Randolph Street
Chicago, IL 60601). The company has mostly part-time employees, but offers medical benefits to employees who work 20 hours per week. the workforce was about 200 people.
Despite its wide-ranging menu, , 80 percent of Argo's $15 million annual sales came from tea beverages.
In August 2011, Chicago Alderman Brendan Reilly ceded control of Connors Park in the Gold Coast to Argo Tea for development of a store. The area had been neglected by the Chicago Park District and become run down. In exchange for a 15-year lease, Argo assumes responsibility for maintaining the park. The business opened its location in the park within a greenhouse in late May 2013.
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Argo Tea
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ITM may stand for:
Education
ITM Global School, an English medium co-educational day school in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
ITM Law School, one of the professional graduate schools of ITM University
ITM-IFM, Mumbai, India
Institut Teknologi Mara, a public university in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Institute for Information, Telecommunication and Media Law, educational organization in Münster, Germany
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, research and training in tropical medicine, Belgium
Information technology management
International Tourism Management
Music
In This Moment, a female-led metalcore band
Irish traditional music
In the Meantime (Alessia Cara album)
Other
Independent Timber Merchants, a New Zealand building supplies and hardware retailer
ITM Cup, a rugby union professional competition for New Zealand unions
ITM Power, manufactures integrated hydrogen energy solutions
ITM Stadium, in Whangarei, New Zealand
Indiana Transportation Museum, a railroad museum
Intermediate-term memory, a stage of memory
International Trade Mart
International Tourism Mart, an international tourism event in India
Irish Transverse Mercator, new geographic coordinate system of Ireland
Israeli Transverse Mercator, new geographic coordinate system of Israel
IATA Airport Code of Osaka International Airport, Japan
See also
ITM University (disambiguation)
In the Morning (disambiguation)
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ITM
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Hartford is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It lies at the intersection of the A559 road and the West Coast Main Line (between Liverpool and Crewe) and is less than south west of the town of Northwich. It forms part of the Weaver Vale parliamentary constituency. According to the 2011 Census, the population of the parish was 5,558.
Hartford is situated in the Cheshire Plain to the south west of the town of Northwich, and is surrounded by the parishes of Weaverham to the north, Kingsmead and Davenham to the east, Whitegate and Marton to the south and Cuddington to the west.
History
Hartford was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, when the Manor was held by Gilbert de Venables as part of the Barony of Kinderton. Prior to the reign of Edward III it was held by a family who assumed the local name, from which it passed to the Horton, Massey, Holcroft, Marbury and Davies families.
In 1644 during the English Civil War a battle was fought at Hartford Green when Royalists from Chester encountered the Parliamentary forces from Northwich.
St John the Baptist Church was built in 1875, on the site of an earlier church consecrated in 1824. The original building was replaced because the village's population grew and the church became too small. The new building was designed by John Douglas.
Hartford was formerly a township divided between two ancient parishes, with the greater part belonging to Witton chapelry of Great Budworth ancient parish, and a much smaller part in Weaverham cum Milton ancient parish. It also formed part of Eddisbury Hundred, and in 1836 was placed in Northwich poor law union. It was constituted a civil parish in 1866, and in 1875 was added to the newly formed Northwich rural sanitary district.
Hartford railway station opened in 1837. A war memorial to those from the village who fought in World War I was erected in 1921 and stands in the centre of a path in the churchyard of St John's Church.
From 1894 to 1974 the whole of Hartford was part of Northwich rural district, and it was served by Vale Royal borough council. In April 2009 the latter ceased to exist, and Hartford is now a civil parish within the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester.
Landmarks
Hartford has a number of Grade II listed buildings including Hartford Hall Hotel which dates from the 16th century and Vale Royal Railway Viaduct, built in 1837.
St John the Baptist Church holds Evangelical services. Hartford also has a Methodist Church.
Hartford has a number of local shops across two shopping parades, including a newsagents, hairdressers, dry cleaners, a florist, a cafe, a butcher. The village is also home to a number of pubs.
The village is home to Hartford Tennis Club, Hartford Cricket Club, a bowling club, and a golf course with a driving range.
A Theatre owned by the independent school, The Grange, is located at their Senior school off Bradburns Lane.
Education
Hartford is an educational hub with roughly the same number of students attending the numerous schools in the village as inhabitants.
Hartford is home to several schools including St. Nicholas Catholic High School, Hartford High School, a specialist sports and languages school, Hartford Primary School (locally known as "Riddings Lane"), St. Wilfrid's Catholic Primary School and Hartford Manor Community Primary School. There are two schools which cater for children with learning disabilities called Cloughwood and Greenbank. The private Grange School is also located in Hartford.
Transport
Hartford is bisected by the A559, known as Chester Road. The A556 road bypasses the village as part of the Northwich bypass. The bridge that carries the road over the River Weaver is known as Hartford Bridge or Blue Bridge, and was built in 1938. The A556 "Hartford Picnic Area' is shortly after the Blue Bridge on Westbound A556, this is home to a cafe & is also a well known dogging spot.
Hartford is served by Hartford railway station on the West Coast Main Line between Liverpool and Crewe and by Greenbank railway station on the Mid-Cheshire Line between Chester and Manchester Piccadilly.
Notable people from Hartford
Clarence "Lal" Hilditch, footballer
Tim Lamb, cricketer
Adolphus Rooke, politician in colonial Tasmania
Ann Todd, actress
See also
Listed buildings in Hartford, Cheshire
Hartford Manor
Notes and references
Notes
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Hartford, Cheshire
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Paul Forman (born 1937) is a historian of science and is the retired curator of the Division of Medicine and Science at the National Museum of American History. Forman's primary research focus has been the history of physics, in which he has helped pioneer the application of cultural history to scientific developments.
Forman is especially known for two controversial historical theses. The first (often called "the Forman thesis") regards the influence of German culture on early interpretations of quantum mechanics; Forman argued that the culture of Weimar Germany, through its emphasis on acausality, individuality and visualizability (Anschaulichkeit), contributed to the acceptance and interpretation of quantum mechanics. Forman's second thesis regards the influence of military funding on the character and course of scientific research; he argued that during World War II and the Cold War, the massive scale of defense-related funding prompted a shift in physics from basic to applied research, spurring considerable historical research on the effects of the military funding of science. Forman's recent work focuses on "characterization of the modern/postmodern transition in science, society, and culture."
Forman thesis
Forman (1971) argued the remarkable scientific achievements in quantum physics in Weimar Germany in the 1920s involved the cross-product of the hostile intellectual atmosphere whereby many scientists rejected Weimar Germany as an illegitimate state and in which there were intellectual revolts against causality, determinism and materialism. The scientists adjusted to the intellectual environment by dropping Newtonian causality from quantum mechanics, thereby opening up an entirely new and highly successful approach to physics. Forman links the emergence of quantum mechanics, and Bohr's Copenhagen interpretation in particular, to the postwar revolt against rationalist and causal-realist philosophies of science. Many intellectuals felt those philosophies somehow contributed to the crisis of European (more specifically German) national identity. Forman concludes that:
"If the physicist were to improve his public image he had first and foremost to dispense with causality, with rigorous determinism, that most universally abhorred feature of the physical world picture. And this, of course, turned out to be precisely what was required for the solution of those problems in atomic physics which were then at the focus of the physicist’s interest."
The "Forman Thesis" has generated an intense debate for and against among historians of science. In support of Forman, Max Jammer and others cite anti-rationalist movements such as existentialism, pragmatism, and logical empiricism as showing a post-war cultural climate that was receptive to the kinds of argument advanced by Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac and others. Just as many scholars have challenged the Forman thesis.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1988 "for his research on the history and cultural background of modern physics, and for his development of museum exhibits presenting physics to the public"
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Paul Forman (historian)
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Teletouch is the trade name for the transmission controls found on many Edsel brand automobiles manufactured by the Edsel and Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln (M-E-L) Divisions of the Ford Motor Company. The significance of the Teletouch systems lies in its conception, design and symbolism for American automobiles produced in the 1950s, and the gadgets designed into them. The main distinguishing feature of the system was its use of push buttons on the steering wheel to shift gears as opposed to a gear stick.
Conception
Conception of the Edsel began in the early 1950s when Ford Motor Company attempted to outflank industry leader General Motors through altering its production, pricing and its make and model ranges. One of the results of this plan was the E-car program that resulted in the ill-fated Edsel.
From the beginning, the Edsel was promised to be something very different from the cars that Detroit was turning out at the time. However, development costs required that Edsel share the basics of other established Ford brands on the market. In this climate, the Edsel emerged as a five-model, three-wheelbase automobile line. Senior Edsels would share their chassis with Mercury, junior models would share their chassis with Ford passenger vehicles, and station wagons would share their chassis and body structure with Ford's station wagon range.
The distinction offered by the Edsel, therefore, was in the styling details. While the famed 'horse collar' grille and 'boomerang' tail lights made the Edsel visually unique, the Teletouch transmission and saucer-like spinning speedometer emerged as two of the better-remembered interior details.
Design
The first electrical gear shift mechanism sold on new automobiles was the Vulcan electric gear shift system, a solenoid-driven transmission shift device for a standard sliding gear gearbox introduced in the summer of 1913. Among the automakers to offer the Vulcan system were the Haynes Automobile Company of Kokomo, Indiana; the S.G.V. Company of Reading, Pennsylvania; and the Norwalk Motor Car Company of Martinsburg, West Virginia. While the Vulcan shifter was often advertised as standard equipment on the Haynes car, a common floor shift was also available for $200 less. Norwalk made the Vulcan system available on their products, such as the Underslung Six, as an option; approximately 25 of those cars were so equipped. A large nickel-plated box was attached to the right side of the steering column which housed the push button mechanism. It utilized six buttons – first through third gear, reverse, neutral and park. There was also a "signal" button which was the horn. A housing containing four large solenoids was mounted at the transmission which acted on the steel transmission shift control rods. The driver was free to select any gear at will, enabling the bypassing of gears, such as jumping from first to third gear without going through second gear. There was a cautionary advisory with the car that one must use care when placing the selector into reverse, only doing so when the car was completely stopped. Pushing a button on the shift control preselected the chosen gear. The electrical circuit was closed only after the driver fully depressed the clutch pedal. This energized the appropriate transmission mounted solenoids necessary for returning the transmission to neutral and then completing engagement of the preselected gear; the driver would then release the clutch pedal to continue onwards. These seemed to have been very advanced automotive systems. The Vulcan Electric Shift Company was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was eventually bought out by Cutler-Hammer. The model year 1914 was the only year that Norwalk used this system. Only one known Norwalk Motor Car survives today, which is owned by the friends of the Norwalk Foundation, Inc. in Martinsburg. Haynes was evidently the only automaker of note to place the push-buttons in the center of the steering wheel. The Vulcan electric gear shift system probably didn't survive past the early 1920s, since nothing regarding it has been found in the automotive engineering literature past 1921, and a 1919 Haynes print ad has been found with no mention of the electric shifting system.
Chrysler Corporation automobiles introduced pushbutton automatic transmission controls for their PowerFlite and Torqueflite transmissions for the 1956 model year. Instead of the traditional placement of a gear selector on the column, Chrysler's system mounted the gear buttons in dashboard pods to the left of the steering wheel, becoming the first U.S. carmaker to offer such a system. This system was mechanical. Packard also introduced a steering-column-mounted electro-mechanical pushbutton transmission control pod in its "Touch Button Ultramatic" in 1956, placed off to the right of the column about . Using technology that it purchased from a Packard supplier, Auto-Lite, this push-button system proved problematic as the electric motor was insufficient to move the car out of Park on a steep hill, and would pop the circuit breaker; electrical contact problems, wiring problems and other issues were prevalent even when new; and the problems worsened with age.
The Mercury Division of Ford Motor Company (later, in 1957, the Lincoln-Mercury Division), followed suit with its purely mechanical push-button transmission control system in 1957 called "Keyboard Control" then in 1958 it was revised and called "Multi-Drive".
When the 1958 Edsel launched in the late summer of 1957, the Edsel became the first and only Ford division to launch an electro-mechanical push-button transmission system, which it trademarked as Teletouch. Teletouch placed the transmission buttons in a ring within the center of the steering wheel. Edsel's marketing department promoted the Teletouch as a logical progression in the process of making the steering wheel the central command center for controlling cars. Marketing also pointed out that more of the dashboard view was unrestricted to the driver with the gear handle removed. Edsel even issued a Teletouch "face-mask" for dealers to wear and pass out as an advertising premium promoting the system to would-be buyers.
While a standard gear selector was available as a reduced-cost option for the automatic transmission on the Edsel Ranger, Pacer and station wagon models, Corsair and Citation models came standard with Teletouch.
Execution
In theory, the idea of the Teletouch system made sense, but in its execution, the system quickly became the bane of the Edsel and its owners. Many new car buyers, and most automotive writers, found Teletouch to be a gimmick, while others found it distracting or confusing. Despite its marketing talking points, it required the driver to remove a hand from the steering wheel rim to push a center-pod button.
Reliability proved poor due to the servo motor's hot, wet and dirty operating environment between the bell housing and the exhaust pipe just above the road surface, and the somewhat troublesome associated relays, switches, wiring and connectors. On the other hand, the wiring inside the steering column did not move and was extremely reliable, since the pod containing the buttons did not turn with the wheel. The electric control current flowed through a set of slip rings and brush contacts, while the Teletouch buttons were held in the correct position with Neutral at 12 o'clock through a set of planetary gears in the steering column. The steering wheel was directly coupled to the steering linkage as with conventional steering columns.
Eventually, all push-button transmission selectors became a safety issue due to lack of industry-wide standardization. In addition, since the 1920s the center of the steering wheel had typically held the horn button. While some cars of the late 50s had horn rings, some drivers instinctively hit the steering wheel center in an emergency, sometimes causing them to either damage the controls or cause an unexpected, hazardous gear change (occasionally causing transmission damage). The Edsel's system included an electro-hydraulic inhibitor switch activated by transmission fluid pressure which virtually eliminated the possibility of this happening.
The single circumstance under which a Teletouch could be put into gear with the car moving at greater than three to five miles per hour was if the neutral button was depressed first, thereby removing hydraulic pressure from the inhibitor switch, and then the reverse or park button pushed. These actions would, as a result, either shear off the parking pawl or suddenly set the rear wheels turning in the reverse direction, effectively locking them up against the road surface and possibly damaging the reverse bands in the transmission. Ironically, the failed Autolite Packard system protected against this set of circumstances by locking out not only reverse and park, but also neutral while the car was moving with any significant speed.
For the 1959 model year, Edsel dropped Teletouch as an option, and began the process of abandoning the automotive market by dropping its Mercury-based cars, and eliminating the Citation, and Pacer cars as well as the Bermuda and Roundup station wagons.
Steering wheel-mounted transmission controls have made a comeback since the mid-1990s introduction of Porsche's Tiptronic system, although the controls for the selection of park, reverse, and neutral are almost always located elsewhere. They also invariably have the buttons or "paddles" for the functions that are on the steering wheel quite near the rim, for true "both-hands-on-the-wheel" functionality.
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Teletouch
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"I Can't Quit You Baby" is blues song written by Willie Dixon and first recorded by Chicago blues artist Otis Rush in 1956. It is a slow twelve-bar blues ensemble piece, with lyrics about the consequences of an adulterous relationship which is difficult to end.
"I Can't Quit You Baby" was Rush's first recording and Cobra Records's debut single. It became a record chart hit as well as a blues standard. Rush updated the song in 1966 with a modified arrangement, which was adapted by Led Zeppelin for their 1969 debut album.
Original song
According to biographer Mitsutoshi Inaba "the song subject is the consequences of adultery and the feeling that a man cannot give up a relationship":
In his autobiography, Willie Dixon explained that "I Can't Quit You Baby" was written about a relationship Rush was preoccupied with at the time; Dixon used this to draw out an impassioned performance by Rush. Despite being solely credited to Dixon, Rush felt that the song's identity is very much his own:
Inaba added: "Otis' passionate vocal melody with alternations of natural voice, falsetto, shouts, and growls, is his singing style indeed". The song is notated in the key of A major in 12/8 time with a "slow blues" tempo. Rush's original version consists of four twelve-bar vocal sections with lead guitar fills. It was Rush's first recording and took place in Chicago around July 1956. Accompanying Rush on lead guitar and vocal are Big Walter Horton on harmonica, Red Holloway on tenor sax, Lafayette Leake on piano, Wayne Bennett on second guitar, Dixon on bass, and Al Duncan on drums.
"I Can't Quit You Baby" was a vehicle for arranger-producer Dixon to launch Rush and Cobra Records, as it was the first single for both. In this regard, it was a success, reaching number six on Billboard's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in 1956.
Otis Rush revisited "I Can't Quit You Baby" several times over the years. His 1966 re-recording for the 1966 blues compilation Chicago/The Blues/Today! Vol. 2 uses an altered arrangement with an unusual turnaround (tonic chord followed by a half-step above the tonic chord). Subsequent cover versions usually use the chord substitutions found in Rush's Vanguard rendition.
Led Zeppelin versions
English rock band Led Zeppelin recorded "I Can't Quit You Baby" for their 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin. According to music journalist Cub Koda, their rendition is "a note-for-note copy of Otis Rush's" 1966 Vanguard version, although with different instrumentation and dynamics. It also incorporates a break during the guitar solo where Jimmy Page plays a four-bar unaccompanied set-up before relaunching into the solo. Although biographer Keith Shadwick notes Page's fluff on the turnaround coming out of the solo, he concludes the song "ends up as one of the most successful pieces on the first album, with no flat spots and a perfectly symmetrical form, all within the classic blues tradition".
Led Zeppelin regularly performed "I Can't Quit You Baby" in concert from 1968 to early 1970. Two live versions from 1969 are included on the 1997 BBC Sessions. A performance of the song on January 9, 1970, at Royal Albert Hall is included on the 2003 Led Zeppelin DVD (an edited version of this performance was released on the 1982 Coda album). In 1970, the song was dropped from Led Zeppelin's typical concert lineup as they incorporated material from Led Zeppelin III into their shows, with "I Can't Quit You Baby" essentially being replaced by "Since I've Been Loving You". It was however revived as part of the "Whole Lotta Love" medley during some Led Zeppelin concerts in 1972 and 1973. The song was rehearsed by the surviving members of Led Zeppelin for the May 14, 1988, Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary Celebration, but was not performed during the event.
In a contemporary review for the Coda album, Kurt Loder of Rolling Stone found the Coda version of "I Can't Quit You Baby", "tossed off a sound check [in 1970]", "perfectly captures the bluesmania of the period, complete with a classically overwrought guitar solo."
Recognition and influence
"I Can't Quit You Baby" is a blues standard that has been recorded by more than 30 artists. Rush's original Cobra single was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 1994 that noted "a Willie Dixon production revealing Rush as an extraordinary talent with an impassioned approach."
See also
List of Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others
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I Can't Quit You Baby
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Marisa Robles (born May 4, 1937) is a Spanish harpist and composer.
She was born in Spain, where she studied the harp with Luisa Menarguez, and studied music at the Madrid Conservatory, graduating at the age of sixteen in 1953. She made her concert debut at seventeen, performing with flautist Jean-Pierre Rampal.
The Concerto for Flute and Harp by Mozart which they performed together was to become the piece for which she is best known. She has recorded and performed it with James Galway and with her husband Christopher Hyde-Smith, among others. In 1963 she premiered Sones en la Giralda on the BBC, a wedding present written for her by Joaquín Rodrigo. In 1981, she wrote the music for a set of audiobooks of the Chronicles of Narnia, narrated by Sir Michael Hordern. This was released as her Narnia Suite in 1981, with Robles playing harp and her husband the flute.
In 1958 she married, and in 1960 she came to live permanently in the UK. In 1971 she became a professor of harp in the Royal College of Music. She now has three children, St. John Harvey, Grania Hyde-Smith and Alexander Hyde-Smith.
Robles was artistic director for the first two Cardiff World Harp Festivals in 1991 and 1994.
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Marisa Robles
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Gamsansa refers to a Korean Buddhist temple established during the country's Unified Silla dynasty. Save for a partially reconstructed pagoda, none of the original temple structures survive. Gamsansa was located approximately 20 kilometers south of the city of Gyeongju, at the time the capital of Silla, not far from the more famous Silla temple of Bulguksa.
According to engravings preserved on extant artifacts excavated from the temple site as well as the 13th century Korean work Samguk Yusa, Gamsan (‘sweet mountain’) Temple was established in 719 by the Silla aristocrat Kim Jiseong (金志誠; 652–?) on the site of his own estate, apparently to pray for the souls of his deceased parents and siblings as well as the future prosperity of the Silla kingdom. Two granite statues, of the Maitreya Buddha and Amithaba Buddha, were discovered during the Japanese colonial period in the early 20th century and later designated Korean National Treasures no. 81 and 82 respectively. The carving of the Maitreya Buddha had been commissioned by Kim and dedicated to the spirit of his father while the Amithaba was dedicated to the spirit of his mother. They are both currently held at the National Museum of Korea in Seoul. At the Gyeongju National Museum can be found 12 dancing zodiac figures carved in stone that once decorated the base of the temple's stone pagoda.
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Gamsansa
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The Amiga 1000, also known as the A1000, is the first personal computer released by Commodore International in the Amiga line. It combines the 16/32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU which was powerful by 1985 standards with one of the most advanced graphics and sound systems in its class. It runs a preemptive multitasking operating system that fits into of read-only memory and was shipped with 256 KB of RAM. The primary memory can be expanded internally with a manufacturer-supplied 256 KB module for a total of 512 KB of RAM. Using the external slot the primary memory can be expanded up to
Design
The A1000 has a number of characteristics that distinguish it from later Amiga models: It is the only model to feature the short-lived Amiga check-mark logo on its case, the majority of the case is elevated slightly to give a storage area for the keyboard when not in use (a "keyboard garage"), and the inside of the case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers (similar to the Macintosh); including Jay Miner and the paw print of his dog Mitchy. The A1000's case was designed by Howard Stolz. As Senior Industrial Designer at Commodore, Stolz was the mechanical lead and primary interface with Sanyo in Japan, the contract manufacturer for the A1000 casing.
The Amiga 1000 was manufactured in two variations: One uses the NTSC television standard and the other uses the PAL television standard. The NTSC variant was the initial model manufactured and sold in North America. The later PAL model was manufactured in Germany and sold in countries using the PAL television standard. The first NTSC systems lack the EHB video mode which is present in all later Amiga models.
Because AmigaOS was rather buggy at the time of the A1000's release, the OS was not placed in ROM then. Instead, the A1000 includes a daughterboard with 256 KB of RAM, dubbed the "writable control store" (WCS), into which the core of the operating system is loaded from floppy disk (this portion of the operating system is known as the "Kickstart"). The WCS is write-protected after loading, and system resets do not require a reload of the WCS. In Europe, the WCS was often referred to as WOM (Write Once Memory), a play on the more conventional term "ROM" (read-only memory).
Technical information
The preproduction Amiga (which was codenamed "Velvet") released to developers in early 1985 contained of RAM with an option to expand it to Commodore later increased the system memory to due to objections by the Amiga development team. The names of the custom chips were different; Denise and Paula were called Daphne and Portia respectively. The casing of the preproduction Amiga was almost identical to the production version: the main difference being an embossed Commodore logo in the top left corner. It did not have the developer signatures.
The Amiga 1000 has a Motorola 68000 CPU running at 7.15909 MHz on NTSC systems or 7.09379 MHz on PAL systems, precisely double the video color carrier frequency for NTSC or 1.6 times the color carrier frequency for PAL. The system clock timings are derived from the video frequency, which simplifies glue logic and allows the Amiga 1000 to make do with a single crystal. In keeping with its video game heritage, the chipset was designed to synchronize CPU memory access and chipset DMA so the hardware runs in real time without wait-state delays.
Though most units were sold with an analog RGB monitor, the A1000 also has a built-in composite video output which allows the computer to be connected directly to some monitors other than their standard RGB monitor. The A1000 also has a "TV MOD" output, into which an RF Modulator can be plugged, allowing connection to older televisions that did not have a composite video input.
The original 68000 CPU can be directly replaced with a Motorola 68010, which can execute instructions slightly faster than the 68000 but also introduces a small degree of software incompatibility. Third-party CPU upgrades, which mostly fit in the CPU socket, use faster 68020 or 68030 microprocessors and integrated memory, as well as provide support for a 68881 or 68882 FPU. Such upgrades often have the option to revert to 68000 mode for full compatibility. Some boards have a socket to seat the original 68000, whereas the 68030 cards typically come with an on-board 68000.
The original Amiga 1000 is the only model to have 256 KB of Amiga Chip RAM, which can be expanded to 512 KB with the addition of a daughterboard under a cover in the center front of the machine. RAM may also be upgraded via official and third-party upgrades, with a practical upper limit of about 9 MB of "fast RAM" due to the 68000's 24-bit address bus. This memory is accessible only by the CPU permitting faster code execution as DMA cycles are not shared with the chipset.
The Amiga 1000 features an 86-pin expansion port (electrically identical to the later Amiga 500 expansion port, though the A500's connector is inverted). This port is used by third-party expansions such as memory upgrades and SCSI adapters. These resources are handled by the Amiga Autoconfig standard. Other expansion options are available including a bus expander which provides two Zorro-II slots.
Specifications
Retail
Introduced on July 23, 1985, during a star-studded gala featuring Andy Warhol and Debbie Harry held at the Vivian Beaumont Theater at Lincoln Center in New York City, machines began shipping in September with a base configuration of 256 KB of RAM at the retail price of . A analog RGB monitor was available for around , bringing the price of a complete Amiga system to US$1,595 (). Before the release of the Amiga 500 and Amiga 2000 models in 1987, the A1000 was marketed as simply the Amiga, although the model number was there from the beginning, as the original box indicates.
In the US, the A1000 was marketed as The Amiga from Commodore, with the Commodore logo omitted from the case. The Commodore branding was retained for the international versions.
Additionally, the Amiga 1000 was sold exclusively in computer stores in the US rather than the various non computer-dedicated department and toy stores through which the VIC-20 and Commodore 64 were retailed. These measures were an effort to avoid Commodore's "toy-store" computer image created during the Tramiel era.
Along with the operating system, the machine came bundled with a version of AmigaBASIC developed by Microsoft and a speech synthesis library developed by Softvoice, Inc.
Aftermarket upgrades
Many A1000 owners remained attached to their machines long after newer models rendered the units technically obsolete, and it attracted numerous aftermarket upgrades. Many CPU upgrades that plugged into the Motorola 68000 socket functioned in the A1000. Additionally, a line of products called the Rejuvenator series allowed the use of newer chipsets in the A1000, and an Australian-designed replacement A1000 motherboard called The Phoenix utilized the same chipset as the A3000 and added an A2000-compatible video slot and on-board SCSI controller.
Reception and impact
In its product preview, Byte magazine was impressed by the computer's multitasking capabilities and the quality of its graphics and sound systems. It also praised its text-to-speech library for voice output, and predicted that the Amiga would be successful enough to influence the personal computer industry.
The Amiga 1000 was released to positive reviews. Compute! lauded it as an inexpensive, truly general-purpose computer that might break preconceptions dividing the microcomputer marketplace. In this case, it was capable of outperforming most business, as well as arcade game machines and delivering sampled sound, making it suitable for offices, gamers, and digital artists. Computer Gaming World praised the machine's versatility without any obvious hardware shortcomings and stressed that it was ideal for game designers demanding fewer system constraints. Creative Computing magazine had only minor criticisms for what they otherwise called a "dream machine." These criticisms were directed toward its case quality, the disk drives slowing during certain operations, and not finding an AUTOEXEC command in AmigaDOS, though the marketing vice president of Commodore, Clive Smith, assured the magazine that later production units would address most of its complaints. Months after the Amiga 1000 was released, InfoWorld offered a mixed review. It praised Intuition and the customizability of Workbench, but took issue with the operating system's bugs such as memory overflow and screen flickering of single lines as a result of their being interleaved when displayed in high resolution mode. It also criticized the sparseness of the software library preventing the publication from fully realizing the computer's potential.
In 1994, as Commodore filed for bankruptcy, Byte magazine called the Amiga 1000 "the first multimedia computer... so far ahead of its time that almost nobody—including Commodore's marketing department—could fully articulate what it was all about". In 2006, PC World rated the Amiga 1000 as the 7th greatest PC of all time. In 2007, it was rated by the same magazine as the 37th best tech product of all time. Also that year, IDG Sweden ranked it the 10th best computer of all time.
Joe Pillow
"Joe Pillow" was the name given on the ticket for the extra airline seat purchased to hold the first Amiga prototype while on the way to the January 1984 Consumer Electronics Show. The airlines required a name for the airline ticket and Joe Pillow was born. The engineers (RJ Mical and Dale Luck) who flew with the Amiga prototype (codenamed Lorraine) drew a happy face on the front of the pillowcase and even added a tie.
Joe Pillow extended his fifteen minutes of fame when the Amiga went to production. All fifty-three Amiga team members who worked on the project signed the Amiga case. This included Joe Pillow and Jay Miner's dog Michy who each got to "sign" the case in their own unique way.
See also
Amiga models and variants
Amiga Sidecarfor using MS-DOS with Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz with 256 KB RAM
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Amiga 1000
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is a Japanese animator and director. He is best known for working as director on the Studio Ghibli film The Cat Returns.
Life and career
Early life
Morita was born in Fukuoka Prefecture and graduated from Fukuoka Kenritsu Chikushikoto School. During his high school days, he produced an independent animated film called , which won a prize in an animation magazine contest at the time. One of the production staff members for the film was Katsuyuki Toda, who later became a manga artist.
Animation career
After graduating from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Fukuoka University, he joined the animation production company Shaft. His first work as an animator was Hiatari Ryōkō!. Afterwards, he became a freelancer and worked as an inbetweener on movies such as Akira and Kiki's Delivery Service, a key animator for Roujin Z, Hashire Melos!, Memories, Perfect Blue and many others, and an episode director for the OVA Golden Boy. Being an animator who cares about fundamentals, Morita even danced the choreography for the idols in Perfect Blue.
Other Studio Ghibli productions he has worked on include My Neighbors the Yamadas and Koro no Daisanpo, a short film for the Ghibli Museum. This led to him being selected to direct The Cat Returns. In 2007, he directed his first TV series, Bokurano: Ours.
On February 27, 2011, he was elected as director for the Japanese Animation Creators Association. He retired in June 2015 after serving on the board of directors for approximately four years.
Until mid-2017, he worked at Polygon Pictures, a digital animation production company, and was involved in the management of ACTF, a forum themed around digital animation. He is currently working as a freelancer.
Controversy
During the production of the anime adaptation of Bokurano, Morita posted progress reports and held Q&A sessions about the aired episodes on his blog. There were various comments from the viewers such as criticism, support and inquiries. On the same blog, Morita stated, "I dislike the original work, and I admit that I made some malicious changes to the original when making it into an animation." In response to this, not only did viewers criticize the adaptation of Bokurano, but many also criticized Morita himself.
Later, Morita explained, "The word 'dislike' that I used towards the original work was misleading so I'll correct myself. The original manga is good and full of mysteries, and I think it was worth adapting. I wrote that I 'disliked' the original story simply because there was so much mystery there, and because of the hardships involved. I was wrong to easily blame my personal 'dislike' and 'malice' for the criticisms written about the quality of my work. There is no escaping the fact that we have our own interpretation of the greatest mystery of all: why do the children die."
In a Monthly Ikki magazine interview with the original author Mohiro Kitoh, Morita said, "I was half-forced to say [that I 'dislike' it]," to which Kitoh replied, "I'm sure you were (laughs)" and "On the contrary, you've shown some good stuff (laughs)."
Secondary Perpetration Issue Regarding DJ SODA's Sexual Victimization
In response to DJ SODA's performance on the third day of MUSIC CIRCUS'23 on August 13, 2023, and sexual victimization by an audience member, he wrote on X (formerly Twitter), "I guess the sexual victimization DJ SODA is talking about is a public type of enticement. She says that if you are seduced and befriended, someone will come along later to scare you. The organizers of the music festival should not be complicit in her art," he tweeted (later deleted), drawing criticism from the Korean media.
Filmography
TV anime
Hiatari Ryōkō! (1987) - in-between animation
Lupin III: Bye Bye Liberty Crisis (1989) - key animation
Famous Dog Lassie (1996) - key animation
Rurouni Kenshin (1996-1998) - opening key animation
The Adventures of Mini-Goddess (1998) - storyboard
Master Keaton (1998) - key animation
Texhnolyze (2003) - key animation
Planetes (2004) - key animation
Paranoia Agent (2004) - key animation
Koi Kaze (2004) - storyboard
Uninhabited Planet Survive! (2004) - storyboard
Monster (2004-2005) - storyboard, key animation
Noein: To Your Other Self (2006) - storyboard
Witchblade (2006) - storyboard
Bokurano: Ours (2007) - director, storyboard, episode director, key animation
Dennō Coil (2007) - key animation
Himitsu – Top Secret (2008) - storyboard, opening key animation
Black Butler (2009) - storyboard
Birdy the Mighty (2009) - storyboard
Valkyria Chronicles (2009) - storyboard
Umineko When They Cry (2009) - storyboard
Transformers: Animated (season 3) (2009) - storyboard
Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day (2011) - storyboard
Bunny Drop (2011) - storyboard
Working!! (2011) - storyboard
Inu × Boku SS (2012) - storyboard
Episode of Luffy: Adventure on Hand Island (2012) - director, storyboard, unit director (with Mitsuru Hongō)
Knights of Sidonia (2014) - storyboard
Knights of Sidonia: Battle for Planet Nine (2015) - storyboard
Ajin: Demi-Human (2016) - storyboard
The Reflection (2017) - storyboard
Just Because! (2017) - storyboard
Attack on Titan (2018) - storyboard
Gleipnir (2020) - storyboard
The Demon Sword Master of Excalibur Academy (2023) - director
OVA
Record of Lodoss War (1990) - key animation
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (1993-1994) - key animation
Golden Boy (1995-1996) - storyboard, episode director
Film
Akira (1988) - in-between animation
Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) - in-between animation
Roujin Z (1991) - key animation
Hashire Melos! (1992) - key animation
Memories (1995) - key animation
Perfect Blue (1998) - key animation
Spriggan (1998) - key animation
My Neighbors the Yamadas (1999) - key animation
Tenchi Forever! The Movie (1999) - storyboard, unit director, key animation
Koro no Daisanpo (2002) - key animation
The Cat Returns (2002) - director
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) - key animation
Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie (2006) - key animation
Tales from Earthsea (2006) - key animation
Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King (2010) - key animation
Doraemon: Nobita and the New Steel Troops—Winged Angels (2011) - key animation
One Piece 3D: Mugiwara Chase (2011) - storyboard cooperation
Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos (2011) - key animation
Doraemon: Nobita and the Island of Miracles—Animal Adventure (2011) - key animation
A Letter to Momo (2012) - key animation
The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2013) - key animation
Hakuoki: Warrior Spirit of the Blue Sky (2014) - key animation
Knights of Sidonia (2015) - storyboard production
Ajin: Demi-Human (2015) - storyboard
Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters (2017) - assistant director, storyboard
Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle (2018) - assistant director, storyboard
Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us (2018) - storyboard
NiNoKuni (2019) - assistant director, unit director
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Hiroyuki Morita
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James Westfall Thompson (1869–1941) was an American historian specializing in the history of medieval and early modern Europe, particularly of the Holy Roman Empire and France. He also made noteworthy contributions to the history of literacy, libraries and the book trade in the Middle Ages.
Biography
Born to a Dutch Reformed minister's family in Pella, Iowa, Thompson received an undergraduate degree from Rutgers University in 1892 and a PhD in history from the newly founded University of Chicago in 1895. Thompson remained at Chicago as a professor of history until 1933, when he left for the University of California, Berkeley. He remained at Berkeley until his death in 1941.
Thompson was one of the most prolific academics of his generation and wrote on a wide range of subjects, from the French Revolution to the economic structures of the Carolingian Empire to the history of espionage in early modern Europe. Some of his most important scholarly contributions came from his research on literacy and book collecting. His 1939 book The Literacy of the Laity in the Middle Ages remains a classic study of the subject. Thompson's two-volume study of the social and economic history of medieval Germany, Feudal Germany, appropriated elements of Frederick Jackson Turner's famous Frontier Thesis and applied them to the colonization of Slavic central Europe by German settlers in the Middle Ages.
Thompson served as president of the American Historical Association in 1941, but died before completing his term. His planned presidential address to the Association's annual meeting on the origins of critical historical scholarship in eighteenth-century France was edited by his students and published posthumously in the 1942 edition of the American Historical Review.
He is the namesake of the University of Chicago's Thompson Residence Hall, located in Pierce Tower.
Thompson was married to Anna Hawes Wilmarth (1873–1935) in 1897. They had a son, Wilmarth, and an adopted daughter, Frances. They divorced in 1909. Anna later married Harold L. Ickes.
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James Westfall Thompson
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Richard Bornat (born 1944), is a British author and researcher in the field of computer science. He is also professor of Computer programming at Middlesex University. Previously he was at Queen Mary, University of London.
Research
Bornat's research interests includes program proving in separation logic. His focus is on the proofs themselves; as opposed to any logical underpinnings. Much of the work involves discovering ways to state the properties of independent modules, in a manner that makes their composition into useful systems conducive.
Bornat (in conjunction with Bernard Sufrin of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory) developed Jape, a proof calculator; he is involved in research on the usability of this tool for exploration of novel proofs.
Richard Bornat's PhD students have included Samson Abramsky in the early 1980s.
In 2004, one of Bornat's students developed an aptitude test to "divide people up into programmers and non-programmers before they ever come into contact with programming." The test was first given to a group of students in 2005 during an experiment on the use of mental models in programming. In 2008 and 2014, Bornat partially retracted some of the claims, impugning its validity as a test for programming capability.
Publications
Bornat published a book entitled "Understanding and Writing Compilers: A Do It Yourself Guide", which is regarded as one of the most extensive resources on compiler development. Although it has been out of print for some time, he has now made it available as an online edition.
Other publications from Bornat include:
R. Bornat; 1987; Programming from First Principles; Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science; .
Richard Bornat and Harold Thimbleby; 1989; The life and times of ded, display editor; in J.B. Long & A. Whitefield (eds); Cognitive Ergonomics and Human-Computer Interaction; Cambridge University Press; pp. 225–255.
Richard Bornat and Bernard Sufrin;1999; Animating Formal Proof at the Surface: The {Jape} Proof Calculator; The Computer Journal; Vol. 42; no. 3; pp. 177–192.
Aczel, J. C., Fung, P., Bornat, R., Oliver, M., O'Shea, T., & Sufrin, B.; 1999; Influences of Software Design on Formal Reasoning; in Brewster, S., Cawsey, A. & Cockton, G. (Eds.) Proceedings of IFIP TC.13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT '99; Vol. 2; pp. 3–4; Swindon, UK, British Computer Society; .
R. Bornat; 2000; Proving Pointer Programs in Hoare Logic; in Backhouse & Oliveira (eds) MPC 2000; LNCS 1837; pp. 102–126.
C. Calcagno, P. O'Hearn, R. Bornat; 2002; Program Logic and Equivalence in the Presence of Garbage Collection. To appear in Theoretical Computer Science special issue on Foundations.
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Richard Bornat
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Hermitage Capital Management is an investment fund and asset management company specializing in Russian markets founded by Bill Browder and Edmond Safra. Chief operating officer is Ivan Cherkasov. Hermitage Capital Management headquarters are in Guernsey; it also maintains offices in the Cayman Islands, London and Moscow.
Its main investment fund, the Hermitage Fund created in 1996, was rated as extremely successful after earning 2,697% between 1996 and December 2007.
Hermitage describe themselves as an activist fund. Its tactics include the exposure of corporate corruption in the companies it is holding, in the hope of improving managerial behaviour and lessen the significant discount that corruption has on share prices. Most famously, Hermitage has helped to expose several high-profile cases of corruption in Russia's largest company Gazprom between 1998 and 2000. In October 2000, Hermitage reported that "investors are valuing this company as if 99 percent of its assets have been stolen. The real figure is around 10 percent so that's good news."
In April 2007, the firm launched Hermitage Global, an activist fund focused on global emerging markets.
Since 2015, Hermitage has operated as a family office hedge fund based in London, having returned outside capital to investors. The focus of the fund is still in emerging markets.
Conflict with Russian government
Although the fund's founder William Browder was a supporter of Russian president Vladimir Putin, in November 2005 he was blacklisted by the Russian government as a "threat to national security" and denied entry to the country. According to publication in The Economist, the fund was blacklisted because its management interfered with the flow of money to "corrupt bureaucrats and their businessmen accomplices" in Russia.
In April 2008, because three of Hermitage Capital's subsidiaries had been placed under control of Boily Systems, which is a British Virgin Islands (BVI) company that CTL established in 2007 for G.S.L. Law & Consulting which is a firm in Russia, Hermitage Capital Management sent a letter to Commonwealth Trust Limited (CTL) claiming that thieves had taken control of Hermitage's three subsidiaries. One of the companies, Diron Trade LLP, a stolen Magnitsky company with a Great Britain postal box, assisted in more than $5.8 billion in money laundering transfers between Swedbank's baltic subsidiaries and Danske Bank during 6 months in 2010 and 2011 according to SVT.
As the New York Times reported in 2008, over the next two years, several of his associates and lawyers, as well as their relatives, were victims of crimes, including severe beatings and robberies during which documents were taken. In June 2007, dozens of police officers raided the Moscow offices of Hermitage and its law firm, confiscating documents and computers. When a member of the firm protested that the search was illegal, he was beaten by officers and hospitalized for two weeks. Hermitage became victim of what is known in Russia as "corporate raiding": seizing companies and other assets with the aid of corrupt law enforcement officials and judges. Three Hermitage holdings companies were seized on what the company's lawyers insist are bogus charges.
On 8 October 2008, Hermitage released a video on YouTube accusing Russian police of fraud.
On 16 November 2009, Sergei Magnitsky, a partner of the legal company Firestone Duncan, who was a representative and legal consultant for William Browder in Moscow, having been accused in tax fraud and imprisoned for 11 months, died in prison. In 2013 it was announced that Magnitsky will go on trial posthumously.
Opalesque.TV released a video on 8 February 2010 in which Browder reveals details of Sergey Magnitsky's ordeal during his eleven months in detention. In 2012, Hermitage filed a complaint with Cyprus anti-corruption agency Mokas regarding $31 million funds illegally moved from Russia through a chain banks in Cyprus. However, in 2015, Cyprus police passed the documents to Russian investigators in the alleged tax-evasion case of Magnitsky and Browder, widely described as a set-up.
In 2013, Hermitage closed its Russian fund which in 2005 had over $4 billion in assets under management. In 2013, the fund was evaluated as having less than $60 million in assets. Closing the fund led to a dispute between investors and HSBC which was a manager and trustee of the fund.
In December 2017, Browder and Cherkasov were sentenced in absentia to 9 years and 8 years of imprisonment respectively by a Russian court for tax evasion by Hermitage Capital Management and causing $58 million of damage to the Russian federal budget.
In April 2018, Natalia Veselnitskaya announced that on behalf of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, she was investigating Bill Browder and Hermitage Capital, but denied working for the Kremlin.
In May 2018, Bill Browder praised the Magnitsky amendment to the Proceeds of Crime Act released in the United States calling for "swift and robust action" adding that "top Putin oligarchs should be on that list". Also in May, Browder was briefly detained in Spain when a Russian arrest warrant for extradition placed him on Interpol's Red Notice.
In November 2019, an article published by Der Spiegel detailed a critical account of inconsistencies it claims to have found with Bill Browder's stories.
Notes
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Hermitage Capital Management
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Sans Souci is the sixth studio album by Australian punk band Frenzal Rhomb. It was released by Epitaph Records in Australia in April 2003 and Fat Wreck Chords elsewhere around the world.
Track listing
This album has many samples from the 2000 documentary film Cunnamulla about the outback town of Cunnamulla, Queensland.
The album's cover artwork features a photograph of drummer Gordy Forman's father Jimmy, and the booklet features other photos of Forman's family from the 1970s and 80s.
Initial pressings of the Australian album came with a bonus DVD with some live footage and three film clips.
An alternative version of Cocksucker appears on the Uncontrollable Fatulence compilation released in 2002.
Charts
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Sans Souci (album)
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Erdek (formerly known as Artàke, ) is a municipality and district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey. Its area is 307 km2, and its population is 31,902 (2022). Located on the Kapıdağ Peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Erdek at the south of the Sea of Marmara, Erdek is a popular domestic holiday destination with several hotels dating back to the 1960s. The surrounding area has a rugged geology and topography with evergreen wooded areas and large olive groves. It is dominated by Mt Dindymus (782m).
In the summer ferries travel from Erdek to Avşa Adası, one of the Marmara Islands in the Sea of Marmara. The harbour overlooks tiny Zeytinlik island where there is a research station devoted to olives.
History
During the Hittite era it was known as Artukka. Later it became a colony of Miletus. Together with other Greek cities, it took part in the Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire, but was burnt by the Persians; it seems unlikely that it was rebuilt in ancient times since Strabo does not mention it. In the Roman period it was known as Artace. After the abandonment of nearby Cyzicus, the town was re-inhabited in the early Middle Ages. In the late 7th century, it briefly hosted a Cypriot refugee population including the island's archbishop, and was known as Nova Justiniana.
During the Ottoman period, Erdek was the centre of the Sanjak of Karasi. According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82–1893, the kaza of Erdek had a total population of 33,007, consisting of 29,165 Greeks, 3,070 Muslims, 300 Jews, 18 Armenians and 454 foreign citizens.
In the 1960s, before Bodrum and Marmaris became popular vacation spots, Erdek was a fashionable holiday resort for Istanbul residents. The Pinar Oteli was the most popular place to stay then and is still in business today.
Composition
There are 28 neighbourhoods in Erdek District:
Alaaddin
Aşağıyapıcı
Atatürk
Balıklı
Ballıpınar
Belkıs
Çakılköy
Çeltikçi
Doğanlar
Halitpaşa
Hamamlı
Harmanlı
İlhanköy
Karşıyaka
Kestanelik
Narlı
Ocaklar
Ormanlı
Paşalimanı
Poyrazlı
Sahil
Şahinburgaz
Tatlısu
Turan
Tuzla
Yalı
Yukarıyapıcı
Zeytinli
Twin towns — sister cities
Erdek is twinned with:
Otranto, Italy since 2001
See also
Erdek Naval Base
Nea Artaki, Greece
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Erdek
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Birthright citizenship may refer to:
Jus soli (the right of the soil or the land), a Latin term meaning that one's nationality is determined by the place of one's birth
Jus sanguinis (the right of blood), a Latin term meaning that one may acquire nationality of a state at birth if either or both of their parents have citizenship of that state
Birthright citizenship in the United States
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Birthright citizenship
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The Health Professionals and Allied Employees (HPAE) is a health care labor union in New Jersey and Pennsylvania that represents registered nurses and other health care workers in hospitals, nursing homes, blood banks and clinics in the public and private sector. It is an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and the AFL–CIO.
Formation and early history
HPAE's precursor union, the Englewood Hospital Nurses Association, was formed in 1974 when Ann Twomey, a registered nurse, organized an independent nurses union at Englewood Hospital in Englewood, New Jersey. Shift rotation, floating, low wages and a general lack of respect from management drove Twomey and the other Englewood nurses to organize at a time when federal labor law had only just begun to recognize the union rights of registered nurses.
Englewood's management repeatedly tried to break the union. In July 1976, the hospital suspend Twomey for refusing to wear a nurse's cap. Twomey pointed out that men were not required to wear one. On October 12, 1976, the Englewood nurses successfully struck for six days over staffing, training, rotating shifts and non-nursing duties assigned to nurses.
In 1977, nurses at Pascack Valley Hospital in Westwood, New Jersey, formed a union with the assistance of the union at Englewood Hospital. But the hospital refused to recognize the union, and a 41-day strike ensued. The union won recognition as well as markedly higher wages. The union won an election at Lakeview Convalescent Center, a nursing home, the same year.
As the union expanded into non-hospital settings and non-nursing occupations, the organization recognized the need to expand its jurisdiction. So in 1978 the unions formed a statewide group, the Hospital Professionals and Allied Employees. Twomey was elected its president.
In 1979, registered nurses at newly built Palisades General Hospital in North Bergen, New Jersey, formed a union and joined HPAE.
But on September 25, 1979, the union struck Pascack Valley Hospital over wages and floating of nurses to units where they had no experience or training. The successful strike lasted 70 days.
The union organized its second nursing home, Llanfair House, in 1980.
On September 1, 1980—Labor Day—HPAE struck Englewood Hospital. Once more, the issues revolved around wages and floating. The strike lasted 98 days, and for more than two decades remained the longest strike in New Jersey history.
Affiliation and maturity
The turmoil of the union's first five years led the leaders of the union to conclude that they needed the support and backing of a much larger parent union with the resources and political ability to support the union.
Rejecting the American Nurses Association as too management-dominated and the National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees/RWDSU as too militant, the union voted in 1980 to affiliate with the AFT and its health care division, the Federation of Nurses and Health Professionals (FNHP; now known as AFT Healthcare).
HPAE continued to grow, but organizing came much more slowly. The union held 20 elections between 1981 and 1993, and grew from 1,000 members in 1980 to nearly 4,000 in 1993.
In 1985, the union changed its name to the Health Professionals and Allied Employees to represent its shift away from purely hospital organizing.
1993 proved to be a pivotal year for HPAE. On December 4, 1993, 680 union members struck Jersey Shore Medical Center in Neptune City, New Jersey. Pay was the primary issue. The union wanted across-the-board wage raises of 5 percent and pay increases for senior nurses. The hospital sought to impose a merit-pay system. This caused former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman to almost strip Jersey Shore University Medical Center of their Level II Trauma Center and Level III Pediatric Trauma Center certifications.
HPAE continued to marshall significant financial and political resources from its parent union and the AFL-CIO. On February 6, 1994 more than 1,000 people from several states rallied in front of the hospital in support of the freezing picketers.
In late February, the AFL-CIO announced a boycott of the hospital. The union pressured the state department of health to investigate reports of lapses in the quality of patient care; a fine as levied after inspectors discovered that a strikebreaker had administered an overdose of a sedative to a patient.
Talks between the two sides resumed in mid-February. A new contract was agreed to on March 10, 1994, largely on the union's terms.
Restructuring and growth
Following the strike, Twomey pressed for a 'culture of organizing' and a renewed focus on community alliances. With the support of her executive council, the union altered its spending and staffing priorities to focus on a comprehensive, interlocking program of external organizing, enhanced political influence and legislative accomplishments.
The union's organizing program took off. Over the next 13 years, the union held 31 organizing campaigns—losing only four. As of April 2006, HPAE's membership stood at nearly 11,000, or nearly three times the number at the time of the Jersey Shore strike. The union's organizing program ran the breadth and length of New Jersey, extending into the Camden-Philadelphia market in 1996. In 2016, HPAE represents 13,000 nurses and healthcare workers in a variety of healthcare settings.
The union's political and legislative program proved equally as effective. In 1997, HPAE won amendments to NJ's whistleblower law, providing specific protections for healthcare professionals who report unsafe patient care conditions. A safe needle law followed in 2000, and a ban on mandatory overtime in 2002. And in 2005, the union won passage of a law requiring public disclosure of nurse-to-patient staffing levels in hospitals and nursing homes.
HPAE's transformation did not go unnoticed. Twomey's image appeared on the cover of the first issue of the AFL-CIO's new America@Work publication in November 1996. Twomey was elected to the AFT executive council in 2000, becoming only the second health care leader to sit on that body.
Current projects
In 2004, HPAE aligned the majority of its contracts in order to set standards for care and for workplace rights. In 2006, the union began coordinated bargaining with all 20 employers. One contract expired on March 31, and the remainder expired on May 31, 2006.
HPAE also led efforts to require transparency and accountability in NJ hospitals, particularly in the for-profit takeovers.
In 2014, HPAE began a strategic planning process to help address the many challenges of hospital mergers and the intrusion of for profit hospitals into NJ. HPAE is currently implementing its second strategic plan, in response to changes in the healthcare industry. HPAE leaders and members are focusing on addressing the challenges from hospital system mergers and re-focusing their efforts to win safe staffing legislation. HPAE was and continues to be a leader in ' CPRSS', the Coalition for Patient Rights and Safe Staffing.
HPAE has continued to grow -from 4000 members in 1994 to 13,000 members in 2016, with the newest local of social workers and addiction counselors at American Addiction Centers in NJ.
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Health Professionals and Allied Employees
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Alexios V Doukas (; – December 1204), in Latinised spelling Alexius V Ducas, was Byzantine emperor from February to April 1204, just prior to the sack of Constantinople by the participants of the Fourth Crusade. His family name was Doukas, but he was also known by the nickname Mourtzouphlos or Murtzuphlus (), referring to either bushy, overhanging eyebrows or a sullen, gloomy character. He achieved power through a palace coup, killing his predecessors in the process. Though he made vigorous attempts to defend Constantinople from the crusader army, his military efforts proved ineffective. His actions won the support of the mass of the populace, but he alienated the elite of the city. Following the fall, sack, and occupation of the city, Alexios V was blinded by his father-in-law, the ex-emperor Alexios III, and later executed by the new Latin regime. He was the last Byzantine emperor to rule in Constantinople until the Byzantine recapture of Constantinople in 1261.
Origins and character
Though in possession of the surname used by a leading Byzantine aristocratic family, there is very little definitely known concerning the ancestry of Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos. The noble Doukas clan were not the only Doukai, as the surname was also employed by many families of humble origins. It has been claimed that Alexios Doukas was a great-great-grandson of the emperor Alexios I Komnenos () in the female line (cognatic descent). This is not improbable, as all other Byzantine emperors, and the majority of attempted usurpers, of the period had a connection with the former imperial house of the Komnenoi, either by descent or marriage. A more precise theory has been proposed, that he was the son of an Isaac Doukas, and was the second cousin of Alexios IV Angelos (). A letter sent to Pope Innocent III, stated that Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos was 'a blood relation' of Alexios IV Angelos.
The contemporary historian Niketas Choniates was dismissed from office as logothete of the sekreta by Mourtzouphlos. His assessment of the emperor's character might therefore be biased; however, Choniates allows that he was extremely clever by nature, though arrogant in his manner and lecherous.
Political intrigues and usurpation
The participation of Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos in the attempted overthrow of Alexios III Angelos () by John Komnenos the Fat in 1200 had led to his imprisonment. Mourtzouphlos was probably imprisoned from 1201 until the restoration to the throne of Isaac II Angelos (), the brother and predecessor of Alexios III. Isaac II, along with his son Alexios IV Angelos, were restored to the throne through the intervention of the leaders of the Fourth Crusade in July 1203. On release, Mourtzouphlos was invested with the court position of protovestiarios (head of the imperial finances). He had been married twice but was allegedly the lover of Eudokia Angelina, a daughter of Alexios III.
By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of Constantinople with their efforts to protect the city from the Latin crusaders and their Venetian allies, and the citizens were becoming restless. The crusaders were also losing patience with the emperors; they rioted and set fires in the city when the money and aid promised by Alexios IV was not forthcoming. The fires affected about a sixth of the area of Constantinople and may have made up to a third of the population homeless; the dislocation and desperation of those affected eventually sapped the will of the people to resist the crusaders. Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos emerged as a leader of the anti-Latin movement in the city. He won the approval of the populace by his valour in leading an attack on the Latins at "Trypetos Lithos"; in this clash his mount stumbled and he would have been killed or captured had a band of youthful archers from the city not defended him. Mourtzouphlos exploited the hatred of the people for the Latins to serve his personal ambition.
The citizens of Constantinople rebelled in late January 1204, and in the chaos an otherwise obscure nobleman named Nicholas Kanabos was acclaimed emperor, though he was unwilling to accept the crown. The two co-emperors barricaded themselves in the Palace of Blachernae and entrusted Mourtzouphlos with a mission to seek help from the crusaders, or at least they informed him of their intentions. Instead of contacting the crusaders, Mourtzouphlos, on the night of 28–29 January 1204, used his access to the palace to bribe the "ax-bearers" (the Varangian Guard), and with their backing arrest the emperors. Choniates states that Mourtzouphlos, when bribing the guards, had the help of a eunuch with access to the imperial treasury. The support of the Varangians seems to have been of major importance in the success of the coup, though Mourtzouphlos also had help from his relations and associates. The young Alexios IV was eventually strangled in prison; while his father Isaac, both enfeebled and blind, died at around the time of the coup, his death variously attributed to fright, sorrow, or mistreatment. Kanabos was initially spared and offered an office under Alexios V, but he refused both this and a further summons from the emperor and took sanctuary in the Hagia Sophia; he was forcibly removed and killed on the steps of the cathedral.
Emperor
The timing of the deaths of the deposed emperors and of Kanabos, and their relation to the coronation of Alexios V are problematic. Alexios V appears to have been acclaimed emperor as early as the night he moved against the Angeloi co-emperors, on 27 January. He was crowned soon after, on or around 5 February.
Finding the treasury empty, the new emperor confiscated money from the aristocracy and high officials to be put to public use. These actions endeared Alexios V to the citizens, but alienated his relations and other prominent supporters. Once in firm control, Alexios V closed the gates of the city to the crusaders and strengthened the fortifications. Sword in hand, he was active in leading attacks on sorties made by the crusaders in search of supplies. On 2 February, Henry of Flanders led a part of the crusader army to Filea (or Phileas), in order to obtain food supplies. As he returned towards Constantinople, Alexios V attacked his rearguard. The Byzantines were defeated, the imperial standard and an important icon of the Virgin (the Panagia Nikopoios) were captured. The Byzantines lost some of their best soldiers in the clash, and Alexios V was lucky to escape alive. At about this time Alexios V attempted to destroy the crusader fleet with fire-ships, but to little effect.
The loss of the icon, traditionally seen as a physical embodiment of divine protection for the city, was a severe psychological blow. Its possession by the crusaders convinced many of the population of Constantinople that the victory of the Westerners was now divinely sanctioned, as a punishment for the sins of the Byzantines.
Around 8 February, Alexios V met the Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo, for peace talks. The conditions demanded by the Venetian, however, were too harsh for the Byzantines to consider. Choniates states that the meeting was brought to a close by a sudden attack by crusader cavalry on Alexios V and his entourage, the emperor narrowly escaping capture. Alexios IV was probably killed the same day; the insistence by the crusaders that he be restored to the throne may have precipitated his death. When news of the death of Alexios IV reached the crusaders, relations between them and Alexios V deteriorated further. The forcible expulsion of all Latins resident in Constantinople in March seems to have been the tipping point which led the crusaders to begin actively negotiating amongst themselves regarding the partition of the Byzantine Empire. They also began to prepare for their final assault on the city, which took place the following month.
The fall of Constantinople, flight and death
The defenders of Constantinople held out against a crusader assault on 9 April. The crusaders' second attack three days later, however, proved too strong to repel. Breaking through the walls near the Petria Gate, the crusaders entered the city and looted the Blachernae Palace. Alexios V attempted to rally the people to the defence of the city, but with no success. Alexios V then boarded a fishing boat and fled the city towards Thrace on the night of 12 April 1204, accompanied by Eudokia Angelina and her mother Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera. In the Hagia Sophia Constantine Laskaris was acclaimed as emperor, but being unable to persuade the Varangians to continue the fight, in the early hours of 13 April he also fled, leaving Constantinople under crusader control.
Alexios V and his companions eventually reached Mosynopolis, which had been occupied by the deposed emperor Alexios III Angelos and his followers. At first they were well received, with Alexios V marrying Eudokia Angelina. Later, however, Alexios III arranged for his new son-in-law to be made captive and blinded, thereby rendering him ineligible for the imperial throne. Having been abandoned by both his supporters and his father-in-law, Alexios V was captured near Mosynopolis, or possibly in Anatolia, by the advancing Latins under Thierry de Loos in November 1204. On his return to Constantinople as a prisoner, Alexios V was tried for treason against Alexios IV. In his trial the blind ex-emperor argued that it was Alexios IV who had committed treason to his country, through his intention to invite the crusaders to enter Constantinople in force. On being condemned, he was executed by novel means: he was thrown to his death from the top of the Column of Theodosius.
The new, alien, Latin regime of conquerors in Constantinople may have viewed the public trial and execution of the man who murdered the last "legitimate emperor" as a way to cast an aura of legitimacy on themselves. Alexios V was the last Byzantine Emperor to reign in Constantinople before the establishment of the Latin Empire, which controlled the city for the next 57 years, until it was recovered by the Nicaean Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261.
See also
List of Byzantine emperors
Sack of Constantinople (1204)
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Alexios V Doukas
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Cirpack is an NGN (Next Generation Network), SBC (Session Border Controller) and IMS vendor for Telecommunications Operators, Internet and Application Service Providers, focusing on telephony services such as residential and business VoIP, IP Centrex, SIP Trunking, Triple play, Fixed Mobile Convergence, VoLTE, Transcoding etc.
Cirpack plays a key role in the IP Multimedia Subsystems market, or (IMS).
History
Cirpack was founded in 1999 by Fred Potter as a spinoff of the French Long Distance Carrier Kaptech that had in-house switching experts and senior developers. Cirpack was acquired by Thomson SA (now Technicolor) in April 2005.
On top of its historical Softswitch devices product line, Cirpack introduced in 2010 its SBC (Session Border Controller) range, completed in 2011 by the Applications range.
In April 2014, Patrick Bergougnou took over Cirpack and became CEO.
In July 2015, Cirpack took over Andrexen, a French editor of voice over IP and unified communications software.
In September 2016, Cirpack took over Amplement, a professional social network.
Product lines
Softswitching Solutions: this product range enables service providers to deploy NGN or VoIP architectures and/or migrate their legacy TDM networks to VoIP.
Session Border Controller (SBC): deployed at the edge of VoIP network offering security, routing, media transcoding, fraud detection and SIP trunking solutions.
IP Multimedia Subsystem: it includes all IMS proxy functions, and the Multimedia Telephony Application Server.
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Cirpack
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São Pedro de Moel is a beach community dependent on the city, freguesia and municipality of Marinha Grande in the District of Leiria, Portugal. According to the 2011 Portuguese Census, it has 389 inhabitants.
It is located within the Pinhal de Leiria, south of the mouth of Ribeira de Moel. It is a seaside village, west of the cities of Marinha Grande and Leiria.
In 1463 Afonso V gave São Pedro de Moel to the Count of Vila Real. The family had a palace in Leiria and several houses in São Pedro de Moel. They lived on this beach until 1641, when the last Marquis of Vila Real and his son, Duke of Caminha, were executed. The widowed Duquesa de Caminha mourned the death of her husband on a rocky outcrop overlooking the ocean, which is named in his honour - Penedo da Saudade - at the top of which there is a lighthouse of the same name. The legend of the Duquesa de Caminha also claims that the rock still resonates with her lament.
Overlooking the beach is the home of the poet Afonso Lopes Vieira which includes a chapel overlooking the ocean and a sun-clock. The house was donated by the poet to the City of Marinha Grande for use as a resort for local children. Nowadays it is also used as a museum.
In the 19th century São Pedro de Moel was the location of a thriving resin factory, using the resources of the abundant local pine forests.
The entire beach was originally part of the Portuguese Mata Nacional do Pinhal do Rei, but in 1923 was reorganised into the Marinha Grande município. It is denoted by a central statue of King Dinis and Queen Santa Isabel.
Points of interest include Praia Velha, Praia da Concha, Penedo da Saudade and its lighthouse, and Ribeira de Moel, all slightly to the north. In the pine forests there are several parks. The Volta dos Sete ("Around the Seven") is a beautiful route running for approximately 7 km, passing sea, beaches, pine forest, parks, fountains and streams.
Climate
São Pedro de Moel has a Mediterranean climate with cool to warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The local climate is strongly affected by summer upwelling events. 1974 was one of the coldest years on record, São Pedro de Moel registered its all-time low of October, November and December of that same year.
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São Pedro de Moel
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Jerry Gray (July 3, 1915 – August 10, 1976) was an American violinist, arranger, composer, and leader of swing dance orchestras (big bands) bearing his name. He is widely known for his work with popular music during the Swing era. He worked with the bandleaders Artie Shaw and Glenn Miller.
Early life
Jerry Gray was born Generoso Graziano in East Boston, Massachusetts, United States. His father, Albert Graziano, was a music teacher who began teaching his son violin at age seven. As a teenager Graziano studied with and was a soloist with the Boston Junior Symphony Orchestra.
Early career
In 1936, Gray joined Artie Shaw, who was calling himself Art Shaw, and his "New Music" orchestra as lead violinist. He studied musical arrangement under Shaw and became a staff arranger a year later. During the next two years he penned some of the band's most popular arrangements, including "Carioca", "Softly, As in a Morning Sunrise", "Any Old Time", and "Begin the Beguine."
In November 1939, Shaw suddenly broke up his band and moved to Mexico. The next day, Glenn Miller called Gray and offered him a job arranging for his band. It was initially a difficult move because Shaw had generally allowed his arrangers great musical latitude, while Miller's commercial orientation often led him to second-guess his staff. Gray gradually found himself more in line with Miller's less–mercurial personality and was allowed more of the freedom that he appreciated. As Gray later told author George T. Simon, "To me, Glenn's band didn't swing like Artie's. ... But after I made up my mind to accept things as they were, things started to click. ... He was a businessman who appreciated music. ... I may have been happier musically with Artie, but I was happier personally with Glenn."
Gray's time with the Glenn Miller Orchestra produced many of the most recognizable and memorable recordings of the era. He arranged "Elmer's Tune", "Moonlight Cocktail", "Perfidia", "Anvil Chorus", and "Chattanooga Choo-Choo" among others, while his compositions included "Sun Valley Jump", "The Man in the Moon", "Caribbean Clipper", "Pennsylvania 6-5000", "I Dreamt I Dwelt in Harlem", "Introduction to a Waltz" with Glenn Miller and Harold Dickinson, "Flagwaver", "Solid As a Stonewall Jackson" with Chummy MacGregor, "Oh So Good", "Jeep Jockey Jump", "Keep 'Em Flying", "Passage Interdit", "Snafu Jump", "A Love Song Hasn't Been Sung" with Bill Conway and Harold Dickinson, "Are You Rusty, Gate?", "Here We Go Again", and his most famous song, "A String of Pearls".
Gray was again without a job when Glenn Miller broke up his band in September 1942 to enter the Army Air Forces. Captain Miller used his connections to have Gray posted in his unit; and in early 1943, Gray rejoined his old boss. Entrenched military bureaucracy halted Miller's initial plans to establish a group of service bands with Gray as coordinator of the arranging staffs. Instead, Gray became chief arranger for the Miller's "Band of the Training Command", which was later known as the Glenn Miller Army Air Forces Orchestra.
Gray was passed over for the job of leading the postwar "ghost" Glenn Miller Orchestra, reportedly because the Miller Estate felt he did not have the pop-star qualities they wanted in a new leader. In 1945, Gray was an arranger for the Tex Beneke-Glenn Miller Orchestra when Henry Mancini was the pianist. In 1947, Gray served as Mancini's best man at his wedding.
Listening to the Gray and Beneke orchestras provides an interesting contrast. Gray was arguably closer in spirit to the Miller legacy but never quite achieved the same level of popularity because he was less of a showman and Decca was no match for RCA's marketing machinery. Beneke benefited from greater name recognition and stage presence but was hampered by restrictions placed on him by the Miller Estate both before and after his split with RCA. Gray continued to tour with his band in various forms through the 1950s. In 1953 he and Henry Mancini worked on The Glenn Miller Story starring James Stewart and June Allyson. In addition to leading his dance band he wrote and arranged for singers such as Vic Damone.
Gray and his Orchestra performed at the twelfth Cavalcade of Jazz held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr, on September 2, 1956.
Personal life
Jerry Gray married Barbara Ann Denby in 1951. They had a son, Albert Gray, named after Jerry Gray's father, who taught him how to play violin. Later, after a divorce, he married Joan Barton (1925–1977), a vocalist and film actress.
Filmography
Tough Guys (1986)
The Glenn Miller Story (1954)
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Jerry Gray (arranger)
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Who Pays the Ferryman? is a television series produced by the BBC in 1977. The title of the series refers to the ancient religious belief and mythology of Charon, the ferryman to Hades. In ancient times, it was custom to place coins in or on the mouth of the deceased before cremation so that the deceased could pay the ferryman to go to Hades.
The eight episodes were written by Michael J. Bird. He used his knowledge of Crete, where the series is based, incorporating local history and folklore. Helped by stunning scenery, the serial became a success when transmitted on BBC One in 1977.
Premise
A former soldier returns to Crete, to take stock after his boatbuilding business is bought out, thirty years after he had fought alongside the local resistance (andartes) during the Second World War. He finds the ghosts of the past waiting for him there, and those who would do him ill. The shadows of his past interrupt and threaten his present happiness.
Plot
After suffering personal and professional misfortunes, boat designer Alan Haldane (Jack Hedley) decides to take a trip to Crete after 30 years away. Now a widower and having sold his business, Haldane wishes to find new meaning and rediscover the sense of belonging just as he had experienced during World War II. Back then, Haldane fought with the Andartes against the occupying German army; his skill and determination earned him the honorary name of "Leandros", and his exploits subsequently slipped into local legend. He had also enjoyed an affair with co-partisan Melina Matakis, from whom he temporarily parted when repatriation took place. Once back in England, his letters to Melina went unanswered; hence, this temporary parting became permanent.
Now at a loose end, Haldane is met by many, a mainly positive welcome, many remembering the exploits of the one they called "Leandros." On reaching the area where he was based with Melina, a local homeowner, Annika, approaches. As glances are exchanged, this pretty and successful businesswoman and Haldane unconsciously form an immediate rapport. Annika had divorced her husband—an action in opposition to the values of Crete—however, this strong woman and Haldane get on so easily and both recognise a need for each other that grows ever stronger each time their paths cross, which in time will become understandably frequent.
Haldane, at last, manages to meet up with his Greek 'brother' from whom he was almost inseparable during the war, a lawyer named Babis Spiridakis. Haldane is pleased to see Babis, but the latter merely acknowledges Leandros' presence after an admittedly long time apart. But they talk and as facts are eased out into the open, both men are in for a few surprises. It turns out both Melina and Haldane wrote letters to each other, which neither received. Haldane discovers Melina died four years ago. That might have been that, but Babis goes on to explain that Melina was pregnant with his child, a daughter, who with her husband runs a tavern. They have now gone on to bear him what is his grandchild. The magical bond between Haldane and Annika gets immediately complicated when Babis tells Haldane that Annika is actually the sister of Melina, therefore his daughter's aunt.
Leandros is determined to get to know his daughter and grandchild without any of them knowing. And he can never tell Annika, with whom he is falling deeply in love because what he knows would tear everyone's world apart. In addition, those who still hold age-old vendettas plot against Leandros, such as Annika's matriarchal mother, Katerina. The stage is set for a Greek tragedy, in which all parts were cast many years earlier, to play right out to the bitter end.
Filming
The serial's location sequences were shot in and around Elounda. The serial's theme tune, composed by Yannis Markopoulos, reached the UK singles chart in late 1977 and early 1978.
Credits
Main cast
Jack Hedley as Alan Haldane
Betty Arvaniti as Annika Zeferis
Stefan Gryff as The Major
Neil McCarthy as Babis Spiridakis
Takis Emmanuel as Matheos Noukakis
Patience Collier as Katerina Matakis
Nikos Verlekis as Nikos Vassilakis
Maria Sokali as Elena Vassilakis
Alexis Sergis as Alexis Vassilakis
Crew
Series created and written by Michael J. Bird
Produced and directed by William Slater
Designs by Myles Lang
Theme music composed by Yannis Markopoulos
Episodes
Availability
The series was available on DVD in the Netherlands (Wie betaalt de veerman?) some time before the UK release in 2012.
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Who Pays the Ferryman?
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The Collignon projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection first known to be published by Édouard Collignon in 1865 and subsequently cited by A. Tissot in 1881.
For the smallest choices of the parameters chosen for this projection, the sphere may be mapped either to a single diamond, a pair of squares, or a triangle. The projection is used in the polar areas as part of the HEALPix spherical projection, which is widely used in physical cosmology in making maps of the cosmic microwave background, in particular by the WMAP and Planck space missions.
Formulae
Let R be the radius of the sphere, φ the latitude, λ the longitude, and λ0 the longitude of the central meridian (chosen as desired). Also, define , where the two forms are equivalent for φ in the range of possible latitudes. Then the Collignon projection is given by:
This formula gives the projection as pictured above, coming to a point at the North Pole. For a projection coming to a point at the South Pole, as in the bottom portion of the HEALPix projection, replace φ and y with -φ and -y. The standard parallel is 15°51′N.
See also
List of map projections
Tobler hyperelliptical projection family
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Collignon projection
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Tribal Opera is an album by Mark Heard (using the pseudonym iDEoLA), released in 1987 on What? Records. It is a full-on solo project, put together by Heard in his home studio using samples and acoustic, electric and electronic instruments. The band name iDEoLA has no particular meaning; of it Heard said, "It's not supposed to be mysterious or anything; I just put a band together and right now I happen to be the only one in it." The album was a big departure step away from the country/folk-rock atmosphere of much of Heard's prior and subsequent music.
Both Rich Mullins and Olivia Newton-John later covered "How to Grow Up Big and Strong" on their own albums. Americana artist John Austin covered "Go Ask the Dead Man".
Track listing
All songs written by Mark Heard.
Side one
"I Am An Emotional Man" – 4:30
"Is It Any Wonder" – 3:49
"Watching the Ship Go Down" – 3:53
"Talk To Me" – 3:49
"Go Ask the Dead Man" – 3:52
Side two
"Love Is Bigger Than Life" – 3:37
"How to Grow Up Big and Strong" – 5:07
"Everybody Dances" – 4:07
"Why Can't We Just Say No" – 4:24
"Hold Back Your Tears" – 3:47
Personnel
The band
iDEoLA – all instruments and vocals
Additional musicians
People who hit things for digital samples at Fingerprint Recorders: Doug Mathews, David McSparran, Steve Hindalong, David Baker (who also played the Wengi Drum introduction for "Talk To Me") and Dan Michaels
Production notes
Produced and recorded by Mark Heard at Fingerprint Recorders, Los Angeles, California
Mixed digitally by Mark Heard at Can Am Recorders, Tarzana, California
Assistants: Stan Katayama, Dan Reed and, Jim Dineen
PCM 1630 editing at Digital Magnetics by Ted Hall
Digital mastering at Futuredisc by Steve Hall
Slaves prepared at Hollywood Sound
Cover design and graphic arts: Tim Alderson
Back cover photo-art by Stewart lvester
Front cover optical textures by Andrew Doucene
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Tribal Opera
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Shay Knuth (born May 29, 1945, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for September 1969. Her centerfold was photographed by Dwight Hooker. At the time of the photo shoot, she was studying sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and working as a Bunny at the Playboy Resort in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
Knuth later appeared on the covers of the January 1970 and December 1970 issues of Playboy as well as a "Playmates Forever" pictorial in the April 1984 issue. She also worked as a Bunny at the San Francisco and London Playboy Clubs and as the "Official Party Coordinator" for Studio 54. Knuth lived in Chicago and was appearing at "glamour conventions".
See also
List of people in Playboy 1960–1969
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Shay Knuth
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Les Noticies was a weekly newspaper founded in Asturias (Spain) in 1996. It was the only newspaper written entirely in Asturian. It was closed down in December 18 2012.
It had nearly 20,000 readers and a weekly circulation of 5.000 newspapers.
It is owned by Ambitu editions.
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Les Noticies
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Ruder Than You is an American ska band that was founded in 1989 at Penn State University and, in 1991, the group relocated to Philadelphia. While ska and reggae stylings have always provided the common musical thread, over the past 15 plus years Ruder Than You has been mixing in dancehall, hip hop, rocksteady, and rub-a-dub – even adding elements of funk, jazz, and punk.
In 1992, Moon Records, officially MoonSKA NYC, put out their debut album, Big Step, and its follow-up Horny for Ska in 1996. By the mid 1990s the group had morphed from a five-piece into a nine-piece outfit and captured a loyal following in the Philadelphia and New York City areas. The group toured nationally, regularly opening up for groups like the Skatalites, Steel Pulse, Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Desmond Dekker, Ziggy Marley, Special Beat, Bad Manners, Fishbone, Yellowman, Eek a Mouse, and No Doubt. Ruder Than You CDs were internationally released in Japan and England, and songs can be found on dozens of ska compilations around the globe.
With Moon Records defunct, the band released their long-awaited third album, Philly Stylee, on their own God’s Ghetto Records label. The album features Trish Johnson on bari-sax and several top Philadelphia guest musicians including jazz trumpeter, John Swana. Philly Stylee was recorded in spurts during the Third-wave ska trend between 1996 and 1999 with final vocal overdubs and mixes completed in 2004. Philly Stylee'''s lengthy production was due to many factors affecting the band. This included the demise of the band’s former label Moon Records, a 3-year incarceration of lead singer and toaster Freddie "3D" Weaver, and the death of bari-sax player Trish Johnson, who was killed in the morning while traveling to Shenandoah, PA, to visit her mother. Despite these obstacles, after taking a nearly 3-year hiatus, the band began rehearsals again in 2003 and completed the CD.
The band’s latest release, and first truly fresh studio endeavor of the decade, is the 5-song EP entitled God’s Ghetto (2008). The EP is released on the East-African record label Lulu Nyeusi and represents the first known American ska-influenced music release on an African record label. Ruder Than You has always had an eclectic sound and this release is no exception. For this installment, the band chose tunes heavy on old school hip-hop and dancehall and emphasized lyrics penned by Weaver. While these songs differ a bit from the familiar feel of previous albums, they offer the same extraordinary energy and catchiness.
The band’s current roster of veteran members includes the Round Mound of Dub Sound - singer Freddie Weaver. Band leader Doug Dubrosky still sings and plays tenor sax. He and Don Pancoe on bass hail from the earliest days of RTY. Rod Martino and Chris Klimchak fill out the lineup on guitar and trombone, respectively. Larry "Ace" Snell of The Toasters and Public Service sits on the drum throne.
Discography
Big Step - Moon Records - 1992
Horny For Ska - Moon Records - 1996
Philly Stylee - God’s Ghetto Records - 2005
God's Ghetto EP - Lulu Nyeusi Records, Tanzania - 2008
Creation Sounds - God's Ghetto Records - 2009
Compilations
The Shack - 1993 Dojo Limited/BIB Records, contains the song "Get Some Peace" .
United Colors of SKA - 1993 Pork Pie Records, contains the song "I Want Justice".
Ska The Third Wave - 1995 Continuum Records, contains the song "Swallow Blood".
Ska The Third Wave Volume II - 1996 Shanachie Records, contains live versions of the songs "Misskaculation" and "Paranoid".
Rude Vibes: The Ultimate Collection of New Skool Ska - 1996 Do The Dog Music, contains the song "Uncle Albert".
SKAndalous: I’ve Gotcha Covered - 1996 Shanachie Records, contains Ruder Than You’s version of Black Sabbath’s "Paranoid".
Oi-Skampilation Volume II - 1996 Radical Records, contains the song "I Want Justice".
SKA: Cover it Up - 1997 Beloved Records, contains live versions of "Misskaculation" and "Paranoid".
Deamons - 1997 Skully Enterprises, contains a live version of "Future Girl".
SKAndalous: I’ve Gotcha Covered - Volume II - 1997 Shanachie Records, features Ruder Than You’s version of The Beatles’ "Tax Man".
SKA: The Instrumentals - 1997 Beloved Records, contains the song "Swatara".
Freedom Sounds: A Tribute to the Skatalites - 1997 Shanachie Records, contains Ruder Than You’s Version of "El Pussycat".
Dancin’ Mood - 1997 Triple Crown Records, contains a live version of "Uncle Albert"''.
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Ruder Than You
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Kennedy River Bog Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the south side of the Kennedy River, downstream from Kennedy Lake.
See also
Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve
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Kennedy River Bog Provincial Park
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YPS may refer to:
Civil Protection Units (YPS), a Kurdish rebel group in Turkey
IATA airport code of Port Hawkesbury Airport, in Canada
Yps (comics), a German comic
Yellow prussiate of soda, or sodium ferrocyanide
the Yorkshire Philosophical Society (founded 1822)
Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, a Ukrainian-American historian
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YPS
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Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) or human chorionic somatotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate energy supply to the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. It was identified in 1963.
Structure
hPL molecular mass is 22 125 Da and contains single chain consisting of 191 amino acid residues that are linked by two disulfide bonds and the structure contains 8 helices. A crystal structure of hPL was determined by X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.0 Å.
Levels
hPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5–7 mg/L. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes. Some women with higher BMI show lower levels of placental lactogen, but whether prenatal health behaviors influence hPL levels or if hPL influences infant birth weight is uncertain.
Physiologic function
hPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism in the following manners:
In a bioassay, hPL mimics the action of prolactin, yet it is unclear whether hPL has any role in human lactation.
Metabolic:
↓ maternal insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance), leading to an increase in maternal blood glucose levels.
↓ maternal glucose utilization, which helps ensure adequate fetal nutrition (the mother responds by increasing beta cells). Chronic hypoglycemia leads to a rise in hPL.
↑ lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids. With fasting and release of hPL, free fatty acids become available for the mother as free fatty acids do not cross the placenta, so that relatively more glucose can be utilized by the fetus. With sustained fasting, maternal ketones formed from free fatty acids can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus.
These functions help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition.
hPL is a potent agonist of the prolactin receptor and a weak agonist of the growth hormone receptor.
Prolactin-like activity
hPL has been found to bind to the prolactin receptor with equal affinity to that of prolactin in rabbit milk fat globule membrane, and hPL and prolactin have been found to possess very similar lactogenic activity in vitro in mouse and rat mammary gland explants. In addition, hPL has been found to stimulate DNA synthesis in human mammary fibroadenoma cells transplanted into mice, which suggests that hPL promotes the growth of the human mammary gland similarly to prolactin. As hPL circulates at concentrations that are 100-fold higher than those of prolactin during pregnancy, these findings suggest that hPL may play an important role in human mammogenesis during this time. However, the relative affinities of hPL and prolactin for the human prolactin receptor have yet to be published and the effects of hPL on normal human mammary epithelial tissue have not yet been investigated, and so a definitive role of hPL in human mammary gland development during pregnancy has not been established at present.
Growth hormone-like activity
hPL has weak actions, similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone, but 100 times more hPL than growth hormone is required to promote growth. However, hPL has a blood level of more than 50 times that of hGH, hence its effects must not be ignored. An enhancer for the human placental lactogen gene is found 2 kb downstream of the gene and participates in the cell-specific control gene expression.
Clinical measurement
While hPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other fetal testing methods have been found to be more reliable. Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of hPL.
See also
Placental lactogen in other species
Somatotropin family
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Human placental lactogen
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Chickamauga Lake is a reservoir in the United States along the Tennessee River created when the Chickamauga Dam, as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority, was completed in 1940. The lake stretches from Watts Bar Dam at mile 529.9 (853 km) to Chickamauga Dam at mile 471.0 (758 km) making the lake 58.9 miles (94.8 km) long. It borders Rhea County, Meigs County, and Hamilton County with 810 miles (1,303 km) of shoreline and two bridges crossing it at State Highway 60 and Highway 30. The lake is commonly used for recreational and outdoor activities, especially at the southern end, due to the high population density surrounding it. It was named after the Chickamauga Cherokee who used to live in the area.
The Hiwassee River empties into Chickamauga Lake at Hiwassee Island, just north of the Highway 60 bridge at mile 500 (804.5 km).
Chickamauga Lake is immediately downstream from Watts Bar Lake and immediately upstream from Nickajack Lake.
Full pool for Chickamauga Lake is above sea level; the current lake level can be checked here. The normal operating zone is between and through the end of March, rising steadily to a summer range of by the middle of May. Then, full pool is maintained through the end of August, at which time the level drops steadily back down to by the end of November. Actual lake levels vary due to weather conditions and power needs.
The lake is a popular venue for fishing and a variety of gamefish can be caught there including largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and catfish. As a result, the venue hosts popular fishing tournaments.
See also
Dams and reservoirs of the Tennessee River
Harrison Bay State Park, a park along the shore of Chickamauga Lake
Booker T. Washington State Park (Tennessee), another park along the shore of Chickamauga Lake
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Chickamauga Lake
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Barry Links railway station lies south of the village of Barry, west of Carnoustie in Angus, Scotland. It is sited from the former Dundee East station, and is on the Dundee to Aberdeen line, between Monifieth and Golf Street. The station is managed by ScotRail, who provide all the services at the station.
In 2016/17, Barry Links was the least used railway station in the UK with just 24 entries and exits.
History
The station was opened on 31 July 1851 by Dundee and Arbroath Railway, and was named Barry, even though the line through the station had opened thirteen years earlier. The station was renamed to its current name on 1 April 1919, presumably to avoid confusion with Barry station, in South Wales.
Facilities
Both platforms have shelters and benches, whilst platform 2 also has cycle racks. Only platform 2 has step-free access. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.
Passenger volume
In the Strategic Rail Authority's 2002/03 financial year, only three fare-paying people (excluding season ticket holders) boarded trains at Barry Links station, and five disembarked, making it the least-used station in the United Kingdom, tied with . In the 2011/12 statistics, Barry Links had the seventh lowest passenger numbers. The low numbers reflect the fact that the service was very sparse at the time. In the 2016/17 statistics, Barry Links again became the least used station in Britain, receiving only 24 entries and exits.
In March 2019, ScotRail apologized for previous poor services across the network and offered season ticket holders, on affected routes, unlimited travel anywhere on the ScotRail network for selected weekends in March–May 2019. This then meant passengers were to buy the cheapest season ticket available between Golf Street and Barry Links, in order to take advantage of this promotion. As a result, the year 2019/20 saw a massive increase in passenger entries/exits to the station.
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
As of May 2023, there is a total of four trains per day (two in each direction): southbound, there is an 06:18 to Dundee and an 07:54 to Glasgow Queen Street, whilst northbound there is an 18:11 and an 18:48, both to Arbroath. There is no Sunday service.
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Barry Links railway station
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Björn Folke Rosengren (born 14 April 1942) is a Swedish politician and advisor to the Stenbeck family.
Rosengren was born in Täby. He was active in the labour union and as a Social Democratic politician. He served as chairman of the Swedish Municipal Employee Union ("Vision", formerly SKTF) from 1976-1982, and on the Federation of Public Employee Unions TCO 1982–1994. He served as county governor in the Norrbotten County from 1995-1998, as minister of enterprise from 1998-2002, and as a member of the parliament in 2002.
Personal life
Rosengren resides at Arnöbergs country manor on Arnö in lake Mälaren. Rosengren has been controversial with his role as advisor to the Swedish Stenbeck family and very close ties with the Prime Minister Göran Persson.
In a famous controversial statement, in connection with the proposed Telenor-Telia fusion in 1999, he called Norway the last Soviet-state.
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Björn Rosengren
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Lisa Harrow (born 25 August 1943) is a New Zealand RADA-trained actress, noted for her roles in British theatre, films and television. She is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Nancy Astor in the British BBC television drama Nancy Astor.
Early life
Harrow was born in the Auckland suburb of Mount Eden on 25 August 1943, the daughter of Kennedy Mayo Harrow and Eleanor Joan Harrow (née Stacpoole). She studied at the University of Auckland, and later graduated from RADA in 1968, joining BBC Radio's Repertory Company.
Acting career
Theatre
Harrow's stage career started at the Royal Shakespeare Company; roles there included Olivia in John Barton's production of Twelfth Night opposite Judi Dench, and Portia in The Merchant of Venice opposite Patrick Stewart. Other leading roles in the UK theatre include Juliet opposite John Hurt's Romeo at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, and Ann Whitfield in Man and Superman opposite Peter O'Toole at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket.
Harrow has performed on stage all over America. She took over the central role of Vivian Bearing in the Pulitzer Prize winning play Wit in its long-running off-Broadway production in New York City. She was named 2001 Performer of the Year in Pittsburgh for Medea. Other roles include: Raynevskya in The Cherry Orchard at Yale Rep and the Chautauqua Theatre Company, where she also played Kate Keller in All My Sons. She played Creusa in the Washington Shakespeare Theatre Company's 3 October 2009–4/12/2009 production of Euripides's Ion.
Television and film
Harrow is known for playing Nancy Astor, the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons, in the 1982 BBC drama Nancy Astor. It aired in the United States in the PBS series Masterpiece Theatre.
Her first film role was in the Italian film The Devil Is a Woman (1974) starring Glenda Jackson. Also in 1976, she featured in an episode of Space: 1999 as Anna Davies in 'The Testament of Arkadia'. Harrow played Helen Alderson in the film adaptation of James Herriot's book All Creatures Great and Small (1975), starring alongside Simon Ward and Anthony Hopkins. She reprised the role the following year in the sequel It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet, this time opposite John Alderton and Colin Blakely.
Harrow guest-starred in The Professionals as a formidable counsel arguing at a Court of Inquiry for the disbandment of CI5 in the second-season episode 'The Rack' (1978), written by Brian Clemens. She also starred in the BBC2 series 1990 as Deputy Controller Lynn Blake.
Harrow played journalist Kate Reynolds in the horror film Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) starring Sam Neill, and worked with Neill again in Krzysztof Zanussi's film . She starred in the New Zealand film Shaker Run in 1985, and played Lizzie Dickinson in the BBC series Lizzie's Pictures (1987). She won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance in The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992). In 1990, Harrow played the tart-tongued, ignored wife in a cunning family of rich brewers in Sins of the Father, Episode 13 of the Inspector Morse series for ITV, starring John Thaw. That year, she also starred in the ABC-TV miniseries adaptation of Come In Spinner, and played the role of Imogen Donahue in Agatha Christie's Poirot 'The Kidnapped Prime Minister'. Her most recent television performance in Britain was as Kavanagh's wife Lizzie in the series Kavanagh QC, also starring Thaw. She left the programme after the 3rd series (transmitted in 1997) to move to America.
In 2014, she played Marion in the New Zealand television series Step Dave.
In the 2015 New Year Honours, Harrow was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to the dramatic arts.
Personal life
In 1980, Harrow met Sam Neill while filming Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) and the two have a son together.
She was married to whale biologist Roger Payne (died 10 June 2023), and lived in Vermont, US. Payne was founder and President of Ocean Alliance. He and Scott McVay found that the long, complex and apparently random sounds produced by male humpback whales are actually rhythmic, repeated sequences, and therefore, are properly called 'whale songs'. The couple created a lecture/performance piece called "SeaChange: Reversing the Tide".
Author
Harrow is the author of the environmental handbook What Can I Do?, published in separate editions for Australia, New Zealand, the UK and the United States. She has a website to promote the book. The U.S. edition:
(pbk. : alk. paper) Includes bibliographical references.
Honours
In the 2015 New Year Honours, Harrow was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the dramatic arts.
Filmography
The Devil Is a Woman (1974) as Emilia Contreas
Space: 1999 - Episode : 'The Testament of Arkadia' (1975 – TV) as Anna Davis
All Creatures Great and Small (1975 – TV) as Helen
It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1976) as Helen
Star Maidens (1976 – TV) as Dr Liz Becker
1990 (1978 – TV) as Lynn Blake
The Look (1978 – TV) as Sonny
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1980 – TV) as Ann Coggeshall
Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981) as Kate Reynolds
(1981) as Wanda
Nancy Astor (1982 – TV) as Nancy Astor
Man and Superman (1982 – TV) as Ann Whitefield
Other Halves (1984) as Liz
Shaker Run (1985) as Dr. Christine Rubin
Lizzie's Pictures (1987 – TV) as Lizzie Dickinson
Act of Betrayal (1988 – TV) as Eileen McGurk
Always Afternoon (1988 – TV) as Nancy Kennon
Nonni and Manni (1988–89 – TV) as Sigrid Jónsdóttir
Come In Spinner (1990 – TV) as Claire Jeffries
Inspector Morse: 'The Sins of the Fathers' (1990 – TV) as Thelma Radford
The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992) as Beth
Agatha Christie's Poirot: 'The Kidnapped Prime Minister' (1990) as Mrs. Daniels
That Eye, the Sky (1994) as Alice Flack
Kavanagh QC (1995–97 – TV) as Lizzie Kavanagh
Sunday (1997) as Madeleine Vesey
Country (2000) as Miriam
Jessica (2004 – TV) as Hester Bergman
Red Knot (2014) as Lisa Harrow
Step Dave (2014 – TV) as Marion Gray
Henry (2017) as Joanna
The Brokenwood Mysteries: 'Exposed To The Light' (2021 – TV) as Charlotte Chambers
Blind Bitter Happiness Pilot (2021 – TV) as Grandma Magsie
Destination Love (2021 – TV) as Katherine
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Lisa Harrow
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The syringe tide was an environmental disaster during 1987–88 in Connecticut, New Jersey and New York where significant amounts of medical waste, including hypodermic syringes, and raw garbage washed up onto beaches on the Jersey Shore, in New York City, and on Long Island. This forced the closing of beaches on the Atlantic coast. Officials scrambled to identify the source of the material as some local economies struggled with diminished tourism.
Reaction
Reports of medical waste and sewage spills drove away hundreds of thousands of vacationers, costing the $7.7-billion-a-year tourism industry on the Jersey Shore more than $1 billion in lost revenue that summer, tourism officials say. Later the losses were tallied between 15 and 40% of typical tourism revenue. It was a source of even greater turmoil due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s.
Sources and reaction
Officials finally traced the source of the waste to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. After much deliberation, New York City was required to pay $1 million for past pollution damages as well as pay for the cleanup. No reparations were paid to the business owners on the Jersey Shore for revenues lost during the months of inactivity.
In response to syringe tides of 1987 and 1988, the participants in the New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) implemented an extremely successful effort, known as the Short-term Floatables Action Plan. The plan has been implemented since 1989 and is supposed to curtail floatable debris wash-ups by intercepting debris slicks within the Harbor. With this plan, the extent of beach closures declined from over in 1988 to fewer than in 1989, and closures have remained at a low level in later years. The Short-term Floatables Action Plan has four key elements:
Surveillance: Environmental organizations conduct regular air and sea patrols of the Harbor to look for and report slicks of floatable debris.
Regular Cleanups: The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) use cleanup vessels to collect floatable debris in the Harbor and focuses its activities on conditions when slicks are most likely to occur.
Non-routine Cleanups: USACE also attempts to capture additional debris slicks in the Harbor when they are detected and reported.
Communications Network: United States Environmental Protection Agency coordinates a reporting network as well as cleanup activities among all the program participants.
Popular culture
The Syringe Tide is referenced in Billy Joel's 1989 hit single "We Didn't Start the Fire" by the line "Hypodermics on the shore."
In The Simpsons episode "The Old Man and the 'C' Student", when punishing the students Principal Skinner sends Milhouse to the beach to "pick up all this medical waste that's washed up on the shore." Milhouse accidentally pricks himself on a syringe, and Skinner replies "Well, just keep working. You'll prick yourself with the antidote sooner or later."
The 1988 Skinny Puppy song "Hospital Waste" was written about the incident.
In the episode "The Gang Goes to the Jersey Shore" from It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia, Frank and Mac are on a beach covered in needles but blame it on New Jersey being the steroid capital of the world.
See also
Marine debris
Ocean Dumping Act
Medical Waste Tracking Act
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Syringe tide
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The Enterprise Mill is a historical residential and office complex along the Augusta Canal in Augusta, Georgia. Enterprise is located at the corner of Greene Street and 15th Street.
Revitalization
Enterprise Mill is one of the city's prime historic landmarks. In 1983, Graniteville Company shut down the facility and closed. During the mid and late 1980s, the city originally planned to demolish the aging building at the time, which lasted for 10 years, but city officials later wanted to redevelop the building. A major renovation took place in 1995 as part of the downtown redevelopment. The building remained vacant for another 3 years until in 1998, when developers re-purposed the building into offices and lofts. It is one of the perfect examples of redevelopment in a decaying urban area.
History
Enterprise Mill was developed by James L. Coleman in 1845 and the building opened in 1848 as a flour mill. Originally, Coleman wanted to build it on his plantation, but the city council of Augusta granted a fund to build a canal to supply power, which would ultimately be the creation of the Augusta Canal. Between 1872 and 1875, the Augusta Canal was enlarged and several industrialists came to the area to build facilities around the canal. Much of the original mill, built in grey granite brick, is still standing today, though the bulk of what is recognizable today as the Enterprise Mill was built in red brick in 1877. Like all the great mills of Augusta, it is built on the Augusta Canal. In 1923 the Graniteville Company acquired the mill and eventually added the large red sign bearing the company name atop the structure. The sign still stands today and is most noticeable at night when it glows bright red.
Though for most of its existence the mill was used for various manufacturing ventures, in 1983 the mill ceased operations and closed its doors. For many years it was assumed that the structure would be demolished, but in the mid-1990s the Mill underwent a massive overhaul and was converted into apartments and retail and office spaces. The Enterprise Mill stands as today as an example of the revitalization of downtown Augusta that began in the 1990s.
See also
Augusta Canal
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Enterprise Mill
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Robert Bellarmine, SJ (; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was canonized a saint in 1930 and named Doctor of the Church, one of only 37. He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation.
Bellarmine was a professor of theology and later rector of the Roman College, and in 1602 became Archbishop of Capua. He supported the reform decrees of the Council of Trent. He is also widely remembered for his role in the Giordano Bruno affair, the Galileo affair, and the trial of Friar Fulgenzio Manfredi.
Early life
Bellarmine was born in Montepulciano, the son of noble, albeit impoverished, parents, Vincenzo Bellarmino and his wife Cinzia Cervini, who was the sister of Pope Marcellus II. As a boy he knew Virgil by heart and composed a number of poems in Italian and Latin. One of his hymns, on Mary Magdalene, is included in the Roman Breviary.
He entered the Roman Jesuit novitiate in 1560, remaining in Rome for three years. He then went to a Jesuit house at Mondovì, in Piedmont, where he learned Greek. While at Mondovì, he came to the attention of Francesco Adorno, the local Jesuit provincial superior, who sent him to the University of Padua.
Career
Bellarmine's systematic studies of theology began at Padua in 1567 and 1568, where his teachers were adherents of Thomism. In 1569, he was sent to finish his studies at the University of Leuven in Brabant. There he was ordained and obtained a reputation both as a professor and as a preacher. He was the first Jesuit to teach at the university, where the subject of his course was the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas. He was involved in a controversy with Michael Baius on the subject of Grace and free will, and wrote a Hebrew grammar. His residency in Leuven lasted seven years. In poor health, in 1576 he made a journey to Italy. Here he remained, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII to lecture on polemical theology in the new Roman College, now known as the Pontifical Gregorian University. Later, he would promote the cause of the beatification of Aloysius Gonzaga, who had been a student at the college during Bellarmine's tenure. His lectures were published under the title De Controversias in four large volumes.
New duties after 1589
Until 1589, Bellarmine was occupied as professor of theology. After the murder in that year of Henry III of France, Pope Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate to Paris to negotiate with the Catholic League of France, and chose Bellarmine to accompany him as theologian. He was in the city during its siege by Henry of Navarre.
The next pope, Clement VIII, said of him, "the Church of God had not his equal in learning". Bellarmine was made rector of the Roman College in 1592, examiner of bishops in 1598, and cardinal in 1599. Immediately after his appointment as Cardinal, Pope Clement made him a Cardinal Inquisitor, in which capacity he served as one of the judges at the trial of Giordano Bruno, and concurred in the decision which condemned Bruno to be burned at the stake as a heretic.
Upon the death of Pope Sixtus V in 1590, the Count of Olivares wrote to King Philip III of Spain, "Bellarmine ... would not do for a Pope, for he is mindful only of the interests of the Church and is unresponsive to the reasons of princes." In 1602 he was made archbishop of Capua. He had written against pluralism and non-residence of bishops within their dioceses. As bishop he put into effect the reforming decrees of the Council of Trent. He received some votes in the 1605 conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Pope Paul V, and in 1621 when Pope Gregory XV was elected, but his being a Jesuit counted against him in the judgement of many of the cardinals.
Thomas Hobbes saw Bellarmine in Rome at a service on All Saints Day (1 November) 1614 and, exempting him alone from a general castigation of cardinals, described him as "a little lean old man" who lived "more retired".
The Galileo case
In 1616, on the orders of Paul V, Bellarmine summoned Galileo, notified him of a forthcoming decree of the Congregation of the Index condemning the Copernican doctrine of the mobility of the Earth and the immobility of the Sun, and ordered him to abandon it. Galileo agreed to do so.
When Galileo later complained of rumours to the effect that he had been forced to abjure and do penance, Bellarmine wrote out a certificate denying the rumours, stating that Galileo had merely been notified of the decree and informed that, as a consequence of it, the Copernican doctrine could not be "defended or held". Unlike the previously mentioned formal injunction (see earlier footnote), this certificate would have allowed Galileo to continue using and teaching the mathematical content of Copernicus's theory as a purely theoretical device for predicting the apparent motions of the planets.
According to some of his letters, Cardinal Bellarmine believed that a demonstration for heliocentrism could not be found because it would contradict the unanimous consent of the Fathers' scriptural exegesis, to which the Council of Trent, in 1546, defined all Catholics must adhere. In other passages, Bellarmine argued that he did not support the heliocentric model for the lack of evidence of the time ("I will not believe that there is such a demonstration, until it is shown to me").
Bellarmine wrote to heliocentrist Paolo Antonio Foscarini in 1615:
and
In 1633, nearly twelve years after Bellarmine's death, Galileo was again called before the Inquisition in this matter. Galileo produced Bellarmine's certificate for his defense at the trial.
According to Pierre Duhem and Karl Popper “in one respect, at least, Bellarmine had shown himself a better scientist than Galileo by disallowing the possibility of a “strict proof” of the earth’s motion, on the grounds that an astronomical theory merely “saves the appearances” without necessarily revealing what “really happens.” Philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn, in his book, The Copernican Revolution, after commenting on Cesare Cremonini, who refused to look through Galileo’s telescope, wrote:
Death
Bellarmine retired to Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, the Jesuit college of Saint Andrew in Rome. He died on 17 September 1621, aged 78. He was buried in the Church of St. Ignatius in Rome.
Works
Bellarmine's books bear the stamp of their period; the effort for literary elegance (so-called "maraviglia") had given place to a desire to pile up as much material as possible, to embrace the whole field of human knowledge, and incorporate it into theology. His controversial works provoked many replies, and were studied for some decades after his death. At Leuven he made extensive studies in the Church Fathers and scholastic theologians, which gave him the material for his book De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (Rome, 1613). It was later revised and enlarged by Sirmond, Labbeus, and Casimir Oudin. Bellarmine wrote the preface to the new Sixto-Clementine Vulgate. Bellarmine also prepared for posterity his own commentary on each of the Psalms. An English translation from the Latin was published in 1866.
Dogmatics
From his research grew Disputationes de controversiis christianae fidei (also called Controversiae), first published at Ingolstadt in 1581–1593. This major work was the earliest attempt to systematize the various religious disputes between Catholics and Protestants. Bellarmine reviewed the issues and devoted eleven years to it while at the Roman College. In August 1590, Pope Sixtus V decided to place the first volume of the Disputationes on the Index because Bellarmine argued in it that the Pope is not the temporal ruler of the whole world and that temporal rulers do not derive their authority to rule from God but from the consent of the governed. However, Sixtus died before the revised Index was published, and the next Pope, Urban VII, removed the book from the Index during his brief twelve-day reign.
In 1597-98 he published a Catechism in two versions ( and ) which has been translated to 60 languages and was the official teaching of the Catholic Church for centuries.
Venetian Interdict
Under Pope Paul V (reigned 1605–1621), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy. Paolo Sarpi, as spokesman for the Republic of Venice, protested against the papal interdict, and reasserted the principles of the Council of Constance and of the Council of Basel, denying the pope's authority in secular matters. Bellarmine wrote three rejoinders to the Venetian theologians, and may have warned Sarpi of an impending murderous attack, when in September 1607, an unfrocked friar and brigand by the name of Rotilio Orlandini planned to kill Sarpi for the sum of 8,000 crowns. Orlandini's plot was discovered, and when he and his accomplices crossed from Papal into Venetian territory they were arrested.
Allegiance oath controversy and papal authority
Bellarmine also became involved in controversy with King James I of England. From a point of principle for English Catholics, this debate drew in figures from much of Western Europe. It raised the profile of both protagonists, King James as a champion of his own restricted Calvinist Protestantism, and Bellarmine for Tridentine Catholicism.
Devotional works
During his retirement, he wrote several short books intended to help ordinary people in their spiritual life: De ascensione mentis in Deum per scalas rerum creatorum opusculum (The Mind's Ascent to God by the Ladder of Created Things; 1614) which was translated into English as Jacob's Ladder (1638) without acknowledgement by , The Art of Dying Well (1619) (in Latin, English translation under this title by Edward Coffin), and The Seven Words on the Cross.
Canonization and final resting place
Bellarmine was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930; the following year he was declared a Doctor of the Church. His remains, in a cardinal's red robes, are displayed behind glass under a side altar in the Church of Saint Ignatius, the chapel of the Roman College, next to the body of his student Aloysius Gonzaga, as he himself had wished. In the General Roman Calendar Saint Robert Bellarmine's feast day is on 17 September, the day of his death; but some continue to use pre-1969 calendars, in which for 37 years his feast day was on 13 May. The rank assigned to his feast has been "double" (1932–1959), "third-class feast" (1960–1968), and since the 1969 revision "memorial".
Notes
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Robert Bellarmine
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Michalis Kapsis (, born 18 October 1973) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He was an integral part of Greece's UEFA Euro 2004 winning squad.
Club career
Aris Nikeas
Kapsis started his football career in 1990 at Aris Nikeas, where he turned in a number of impressive performances in 21 games.
AO Neapolis
In the summer 1991, he joined AO Neapolis having an impressive performances for the club playing in 24 games.
Anagennisi Arta
In the following season, Kapsis signed for the Greek Third Division side, Anagennisi Arta. There, Kapsis played for 1 season having played 18 matches, scoring once.
Ethnikos Piraeus
In 1993 he was transferred to Ethnikos Piraeus where he established himself at the club as a center-back. In his first season, Kapsis helped the team to win the second division championship in 1994 and to get promoted to the first division. He was a key player for the club in the following years, playing to both first and second division winning another second division championship in 1998.
AEK Athens
In January 1999, Dimitris Melisanidis brought Kapsis to AEK Athens. He quickly became a regular and he was paired in defence alongside players such as Nikos Kostenoglou, Carlos Gamarra, Mauricio Wright, Vangelis Moras and Traianos Dellas, with whom they also formed the national team's defensive duo. In 2001, where he was fined for his involvement in a training ground incident with Ilias Atmatsidis, as AEK surrendered the championship to Olympiacos in the final matchdays of the season. In 2002, he played in AEK's six draws in the UEFA Champions League group stage. The following season, Kapsis was his usual consistent self, despite the disappointing season for AEK, who finished fifth. During his spell at the club he won 2 Greek Cups in 2000 and 2002. In the summer of 2004, AEK faced administrative and financial issues and as a result Kapsis was among the footballers that left the club.
Bordeaux
After the EURO 2004, was transferred to Bordeaux for €500,000. He played 29 league matches in France,. After this performance many club made an offer to Kapsis for a possible new contract.
Olympiacos
In the summer 2005 he signed two-year deal with the then champions, Olympiacos. He failed to settle at the club of Piraeus. His frequent injuries and the lack of confidence from successive coaches, deprived him of a first-team slot. There was often speculation about his future at the club, and he was allegedly offered as an exchange in a failed transfer bid for PAOK's Dimitris Salpingidis. At end of the season he won his first Championship and with the conquest of the Cup, he also won the domestic double. Trond Sollied announced on 31 August 2006 that Kapsis would not be included in the team eligible to participate in the Champions League.
APOEL
In February 2007 Kapsis moved to Cyprus to play for APOEL in Nicosia, and helped the club win the champion title race in 2007. The agreement was for that season only with the option to renew for the next one. Kapsis renewed, extremely pleased with the club. In August 2007 PAOK chairman and former teammate in Greece, Theodoros Zagorakis was interested in bringing him to PAOK. Kapsis stated that was flattered of PAOK's interest, but was also under a contract at APOEL. At the end of the season he also won the 2008 Cypriot Cup.
Levadiakos
In July 2008 he returned to Greece to sign a 2-year contract with Levadiakos. Kapsis made his debut for Levadiakos in the Super League on 31 August 2008 against Aris at the Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium. He helped the team during the season to stay in the category, being one of the most important and experienced players for his club. The following season he played his first match against Kavala, where he faced his former teammates in the national team, Fanis Katergiannakis and Vasilios Lakis.
Ethinikos Piraeus
In February 2010 Kapsis returned to Ethnikos Piraeus, as he desire to play for the team where he debuted as a professional player before retiring.
International career
Kapsis with his great performances at a club level, earned a call-up in 2003, to play for Greece in the critical UEFA EURO 2004 qualifying matches against Spain and Ukraine. In those matches he marked Raúl González and Andriy Shevchenko superbly, where Greece won in both games. Afterwards, he was naturally included in the squad of UEFA Euro 2004 that ended up winning the tournament and in particular Kapsis achieved a great performance. Kapsis was included in the Greek squad for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup in Germany. Otto Rehhagel also included him in the squad for the qualifying rounds to the UEFA Euro 2008 in Switzerland and Austria. Kapsis made 34 appearances in total and even scored once against Georgia for the FIFA World Cup qualification 2006 on 26 March 2005 in Georgia, where Greece won by 1–3.
Personal life
His father, Anthimos, was also a footballer, who played as a defender for Panathinaikos, where he was a key player in their course to the 1971 European Cup final. In 2002 when Kapsis debuted in the Champions League, became the first player in Greek football that was featured alongside his father, in a Champions League match. The two were followed some years later by Georgios Samaras, son of Ioannis.
After football
After the end of his career, Kapsis was not involved with football and stayed away from the publicity "lights". Today he is a Fire captain in the Hellenic Fire Service.
Honours
Ethnikos Piraeus
Beta Ethniki: 1993–94, 1997–98
AEK Athens
Greek Cup: 1999–2000, 2001–02
Olympiacos
Alpha Ethniki: 2005–06
Greek Cup: 2005–06
APOEL
Cypriot First Division: 2006–07
Cypriot Cup: 2007–08
Greece
UEFA European Championship: 2004
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Michalis Kapsis
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HMS Acasta was one of eight destroyers built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the 1920s. The ship spent most of the 1930s assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet. During the early months of the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, Acasta spent considerable time in Spanish waters enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict.
At the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939, the ship was assigned convoy escort duties in the English Channel and the Western Approaches that lasted until April 1940 when the Germans invaded Norway. That month Acasta was transferred to the Home Fleet and supported Allied operations in Norway. Whilst escorting the aircraft carrier on 8 June 1940, she was sunk by the battleships and , but not before badly damaging the former ship.
Design and description
In the mid-1920s, the RN ordered two destroyers from two different builders, , built by Yarrow, and , built by Thornycroft, incorporating the lessons learned from World War I, as prototypes for future classes. The A-class destroyers were based on Amazon, slightly enlarged and carrying two more torpedo tubes. They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . Acasta was powered by a pair of Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of and gave a speed of . During her sea trials, she reached a maximum speed of from . The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at . The complement of the A-class ships was 134 officers and ratings and increased to 143 by 1940.
Their main armament consisted of four QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mk IX guns in single mounts, in two superfiring pairs in front of the bridge and aft of the superstructure. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two QF 2-pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on a platform between their funnels. The ships were fitted with two above-water quadruple mounts for torpedoes. Carrying the minesweeping paravanes on the quarterdeck limited depth charge chutes to three with two depth charges provided for each chute. The A-class destroyers were given space for an ASDIC system, but it was not initially fitted.
Construction and career
Acasta was ordered on 6 March 1928 from John Brown & Company under the 1929 Naval Programme. She was laid down at their Clydebank, Scotland, shipyard on 13 August 1928, and launched on 8 August 1929, as the fourth ship of the name to serve in the RN. The ship was completed on 11 February 1930 at a cost of £227,621 excluding items supplied by the Admiralty such as guns, ammunition and communications equipment. Acasta was commissioned at Clydebank three days later and was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla (DF) of the Mediterranean Fleet after working up.
The ship remained with the 3rd DF until 1937 aside from refits in HM Dockyard, Devonport (30 August–29 October 1932 and 29 April–3 July 1935). She also had a refit in Gibraltar between 24 November and 20 December 1933. Acasta accidentally collided with her flotilla leader, off Malta during an exercise on 12 June 1934 and was under repair until 27 July. The ship spent of her time between September 1936 and April 1937 aiding refugees and making non-intervention patrols in Spanish waters. She returned home at the end of that month and began a long refit at Devonport on 1 May that lasted until 11 April 1938 and included the installation of ASDIC. Acasta was then assigned to the 7th DF and served in Irish waters until beginning a refit at Devonport between 3 November and 17 January 1939. The ship was then assigned as the emergency destroyer for Plymouth and aided Vickers-Armstrongs in testing ASDIC equipment for the Argentinian light cruiser La Argentina over the period 2–13 March.
Wartime service
When the Second World War began in September 1939, Acasta was assigned to the 18th DF at Plymouth and escorted convoys in the English Channel until she was refitted again at Devonport between 20 December and 5 January 1940. The ship was then transferred to the Western Approaches and escorted a total of 22 convoys through April 1940. On 31 January 1940, she helped to escort the light cruiser into Plymouth on her return from her battle with the heavy cruiser .
After the German invasion of Norway on 9 April, Acasta was transferred to the Home Fleet. On 13 April, the ship joined the escort of Convoy NP1, on passage to Norway with troops for the planned landings at Narvik, but the convoy was diverted to Harstad. During 9–15 May, she escorted the badly damaged light cruiser to the Clyde for repairs after she struck a rock. On 31 May, the ship and the destroyers , , and escorted the aircraft carriers and from the Clyde to the Norwegian coast to carry out air operations in support of the evacuation of Allied forces from Norway in Operation Alphabet. Acasta remained with the carriers' escort throughout early June.
Ardent and Acasta escorted Glorious back to Scapa Flow on 8 June. En route, the three ships were spotted by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau at 15:46, which changed course to investigate. They were not spotted by the British until shortly after 16:00 and Ardent was ordered to identify the German ships while the other ships remained on course. She turned back to rejoin them before the Germans opened fire at 16:27 and was engaged by the secondary armament, mostly by Scharnhorst, while both ships fired at Glorious with their main batteries. Acasta remained with the carrier and began making smoke after the Germans opened fire, even opening fire herself although her guns lacked the range to reach the battleships. The destroyer was struck not long after she began laying smoke, but it had little effect. After the carrier was hit multiple times and began to list, Acasta left her and closed with the battleships to shorten the range for a torpedo attack. Now more visible to the battleships, she began to be hit more regularly. The first attack was unsuccessful, but one of the four torpedoes from the second attack blew a hole in Scharnhorsts hull at 17:34, flooding and disabling her starboard engine room. Acasta was then reduced to a blazing wreck and her captain, C. E. Glasfurd, ordered her crew to abandon ship. One of the gun crews delayed long enough to fire a shot that struck one of the Scharnhorsts main guns, but inflicted nothing more than shrapnel damage. The destroyer sank stern first around 18:20. Most of her crew died from exposure before the Norwegian merchant ship rescued two survivors from Acasta three days later, along with 36 men from Glorious. One of the men from Acasta later died of his wounds. All of the men saved by Borgund were set ashore at Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands on 13 June. Eight officers and 153 ratings were lost with Acasta or died of their wounds afterwards.
Footnotes
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HMS Acasta (H09)
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The Owl's Hill Nature Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in northwestern Williamson County, Tennessee.
Fossil traces in Ordovician limestone and 350-year-old giant trees, vestiges of the great eastern deciduous forest that once covered Tennessee, are important collections on the site, as are pioneer trees and seasonal wildflowers. The ponds and wetlands provide valuable amphibian habitat, home to more than a dozen species. 125 species of birds have been recorded on site through population surveys performed by the National Audubon Society. Nearly all mammals native to Middle Tennessee are in residence at Owl’s Hill.
In 1990, an ambitious Master Plan was adopted to restore the natural habitat by overcoming almost a century of farm usage. First, wildlife conditions were improved through removal of several miles of wire fencing; water sources were improved and added; old orchard trees were pruned to restore their productivity. Increases in both predator and prey populations indicate that a healthy ecosystem is now evolving. The second phase included the construction of a trail system, teaching platforms, and remodeling of the visitor center to enhance environmental education programming. Finally, in 2007, the Sanctuary initiated an exotic plant removal project. Native trees, shrubs, wildflowers and grasses are being reintroduced. Emphasis in all these areas continues to expand with current efforts directed at preserving the land surrounding the sanctuary against encroaching development.
Through public programs and working with the Land Trust for Tennessee (founded by governor Phil Bredesen) Owl’s Hill has become a focal point for neighboring landowners interested in placing conservation easements on their land. In the fall of 2000, a species inventory was completed. Owl's Hill retained two biologists to undertake a 20-month survey using scientific sampling techniques to document amphibian and reptile populations. Addenda to the inventory catalogue include wildflower, tree, butterfly, bird and mammal populations.
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Owl's Hill Nature Center
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The Estadio Roberto Natalio Carminatti is a multi-use stadium in Bahía Blanca, Argentina. It is currently the biggest stadium of the city and is used mostly for football matches. It is the home of Olimpo. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000. In the 2016–17 season, Olimpo, Defensa y Justicia and Vélez Sarsfield drew an average home league attendance of 10,000.
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Estadio Roberto Natalio Carminatti
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Günter Schlierkamp (born 2 February 1970) is a German IFBB professional bodybuilder. Schlierkamp was born in Olfen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, where he grew up on a farm. In 1996 he married Carmen Jourst and moved to the United States, but they divorced in 2003. Four years later, he married American personal trainer Kim Lyons in March 2007.
After a fourth place showing at the 2005 Mr. Olympia contest, Schlierkamp started training with legendary trainer Charles Glass. Schlierkamp had trained with Glass in 2002, and finished above 8-time Mr. Olympia Ronnie Coleman at the GNC Show of Strength. Hoping to gain an edge for the 2006 Mr. Olympia Title by training with Glass, Schlierkamp did not manage to improve on the previous year's finish and ended in 10th place. In 2006 he had a role in an American movie Beerfest, released by the Broken Lizard comedy group.
Stats
Nickname: "The Gentle Giant"
Official website: www.gunters.net
Location: Hermosa Beach, California, US
Marital status: Divorced Carmen Jourst (2003); Married Kim Lyons (2007)
Date of birth: February 2, 1970
Place of birth: Olfen, Germany
Height: 6 ft 1 1/2 in (1.85 m)(but it is not true...approx. 1.90 m)
Contest weight: 295–300 lb (133–136 kg)
Off-season weight: Around 325–330 lb (147–150 kg)
Competitive history
1990 German Championships - Overall Winner
1990 German Championships - 1st, Junior Tall
1992 IFBB European Amateur Championships - 1st, HeavyWeight
1992 German Championships - 1st, Heavyweight
1993 IFBB World Amateur Championships - 1st, HeavyWeight
1994 IFBB Grand Prix England - 8th
1994 IFBB Grand Prix Germany - 8th
1994 Mr. Olympia - 19th
1995 IFBB Canada Pro Cup - 2nd
1995 IFBB Grand Prix Ukraine - 10th
1996 Arnold Classic - 11th
1996 Night of Champions - 11th
1996 San Jose Pro Invitational - 9th
1997 IFBB Canada Pro Cup - 6th
1997 Ironman Pro Invitational - Disqualified
1997 Night of Champions - 9th
1997 San Jose Pro Invitational - 11th
1998 Grand Prix Finland - 6th
1998 Grand Prix Germany - 6th
1998 Night of Champions - 10th
1998 Mr. Olympia - 15th
1998 San Francisco Pro Invitational - 9th
1998 Toronto Pro Invitational - 6th
1999 Arnold Classic - 9th
1999 Ironman Pro Invitational - 5th
2000 Ironman Pro Invitational - 4th
2000 Arnold Classic - 6th
2000 Joe Weider's World Pro Cup - 6th
2000 Grand Prix England - 4th
2000 Mr. Olympia - 12th
2001 Toronto Pro - 6th
2001 Night of Champions XXIII - 9th
2001 Mr. Olympia - 15th
2001 British Grand Prix - 10th
2002 Mr. Olympia - 5th
2002 GNC Show of Strength - 1st
2003 Mr. Olympia - 5th
2003 English Grand Prix - 3rd
2003 Holland Grand Prix - 4th
2003 GNC Show of Strength - 5th
2004 Arnold Classic - 4th
2004 Mr. Olympia - 6th
2005 Mr. Olympia - 4th
2006 Mr. Olympia - 10th
See also
Arnold Classic
List of male professional bodybuilders
List of female professional bodybuilders
Mr. Olympia
Kim Lyons, his second and current wife, a former trainer on The Biggest Loser
The International Federation of BodyBuilders, to which both Gunter and Kim belong.
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Günter Schlierkamp
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Weerselo is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is a part of the municipality of Dinkelland, and lies about 6 km northwest of Oldenzaal. Weerselo was a separate municipality until 2001 when it became a part of Dinkelland.
Overview
It was first mentioned in the 1160s as Werslo. The etymology is unclear. It consists of two settlements. Het Stift developed around a 12th century Benedictine monastery, and the village of Weerselo which was also called Nijstad. The monastery burnt down in 1523. In 1840, it was home to 558 people.
A fine example of the historic building style in Twente, in the east of the Netherlands, can be found near the Stiftskerk, which in itself is a point of interest in this village, since it is its oldest core that gave name to the village.
The 'Weerselose Markt' is a flea market for antiques and bric-à-brac which opens every Saturday.
Notable people
Felix von Heijden (1890–1982), football player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics
Jos Lansink (born 1961), equestrian
Elles Leferink (born 1976), volleyball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics
André Paus (born 1965), football player and manager
Gallery
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Weerselo
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The 14th Airlanding Brigade was a formation of the British Indian Army and then the Pakistan Army. It was formed from the 14th British Infantry Brigade on 1 November 1944, and was initially part of the 44th Airborne Division. Initially the brigade included 4/6th Rajputana Rifles, 2nd Black Watch, 2nd King's Own Royal Regiment, and 6/16th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War it was commanded by Brigadier Thomas Brodie and later Brigadier F.W. Gibb.
Later as part of 2 Indian Airborne Division, the brigade headquarters was transferred to the Pakistan Army.
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14th Airlanding Brigade
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AHK may stand for:
AutoHotkey, a programming language
Air Hong Kong, ICAO airline designator
Akha language of China and Myanmar, ISO 639-3 code
Allied High Commission (German Alliierte Hohe Kommission), for post-WWII Germany
Auslandshandelskammer, German chambers of commerce abroad
AHK USA
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AHK
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Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (1644, Montargis – 8 May 1712, Paris) was a French novelist, journalist, pamphleteer and memorialist.
His abundant output includes short stories, gallant letters, tales of historical love affairs (Les Intrigues amoureuses de la Cour de France, 1684), historical and political works, biographies and semi-fictional "memoirs" (in the first person; his prefaces often indicate that the works were composed of papers found after the subject's death) of historical figures from the recent past (such as the Marquis de Montbrun and M. de Rochefort). His memoir-novels (Mémoires de M.L.C.D.R., 1687; Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan, 1700; Mémoires de M. de B.; 1711) describe the social and political world of Richelieu and Mazarin with a picaresque realism (spies, kidnappings, and political machinations predominate) and they were important precursors to both French picaresque novels and literary realism in the 18th century.
Courtilz de Sandras is best known today for his semi-fictionalized memoirs of the famous musketeer d'Artagnan which were published in 1700 (27 years after the death of d'Artagnan) and which served as the model for Alexandre Dumas, père's portrayal of d'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers (Fr: Les trois mousquetaires), Twenty Years After (Fr: Vingt ans après) and The Vicomte de Bragelonne (Fr: Le Vicomte de Bragelonne ou Dix ans plus tard).
Courtilz de Sandras served in the army before becoming a writer. He was imprisoned several times in the Bastille where Besmaux, the former companion of d’Artagnan, was warden, and it was most likely from this source that he learned the details of d'Artagnan's life.
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Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras
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Femoral hernias occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass through a naturally occurring weakness in the abdominal wall called the femoral canal. Femoral hernias are a relatively uncommon type, accounting for only 3% of all hernias. While femoral hernias can occur in both males and females, almost all develop in women due to the increased width of the female pelvis. Femoral hernias are more common in adults than in children. Those that do occur in children are more likely to be associated with a connective tissue disorder or with conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure. Seventy percent of pediatric cases of femoral hernias occur in infants under the age of one.
Definitions
A hernia is caused by the protrusion of a viscus (in the case of groin hernias, an intra-abdominal organ) through a weakness in the abdominal wall. This weakness may be inherent, as in the case of inguinal, femoral and umbilical hernias. On the other hand, the weakness may be caused by previous surgical incision through the muscles and fascia in the area; this is termed an incisional hernia.
A femoral hernia may be either reducible or irreducible, and each type can also present as obstructed and/or strangulated.
A reducible femoral hernia occurs when a femoral hernia can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity, either spontaneously or with manipulation. However, it is more likely to occur spontaneously. This is the most common type of femoral hernia and is usually painless.
An irreducible femoral hernia occurs when a femoral hernia cannot be completely reduced, typically due to adhesions between the hernia and the hernial sac. This can cause pain and a feeling of illness.
An obstructed femoral hernia occurs when a part of the intestine involved in the hernia becomes twisted, kinked, or constricted, causing an intestinal obstruction.
A strangulated femoral hernia occurs when a constriction of the hernia limits or completely obstructs blood supply to part of the bowel involved in the hernia. Strangulation can occur in all hernias, but is more common in femoral and inguinal hernias due to their narrow "weaknesses" in the abdominal wall. Nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain are characteristics of a strangulated hernia. This is a medical emergency, as the loss of blood supply to the bowel can result in necrosis (tissue death) followed by gangrene (tissue decay). This is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate surgery.
The term incarcerated femoral hernia is sometimes used, but may have different meanings to different authors and physicians. For example: "Sometimes the hernia can get stuck in the canal and is called an irreducible or incarcerated femoral hernia." "The term incarcerated is sometimes used to describe an [obstructed] hernia that is irreducible but not strangulated. Thus, an irreducible, obstructed hernia can also be called an incarcerated one." "Incarcerated hernia is a hernia that cannot be reduced. These may lead to bowel obstruction but are not associated with vascular compromise."
A hernia can be described as reducible if the contents within the sac can be pushed back through the defect into the peritoneal cavity, whereas with an incarcerated hernia, the contents are stuck in the hernia sac. However, the term incarcerated seems to always imply that the femoral hernia is at least irreducible.
Signs and symptoms
Femoral hernias typically present as a groin lump or bulge, which may differ in size during the day, based on internal pressure variations of the intestine. This lump is typically retort shaped. The bulge or lump is typically smaller or may disappear completely in the prone position.
They may or may not be associated with pain. Often, they present with a varying degree of complication ranging from irreducibility through intestinal obstruction to frank gangrene of contained bowel. The incidence of strangulation in femoral hernias is high. A femoral hernia has often been found to be the cause of unexplained small bowel obstruction.
The cough impulse is often absent and is not relied on solely when making a diagnosis of femoral hernia. The lump is more globular than the pear-shaped lump of the inguinal hernia. The bulk of a femoral hernia lies below an imaginary line drawn between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle (which essentially represents the inguinal ligament) whereas an inguinal hernia starts above this line. Nonetheless, it is often impossible to distinguish the two preoperatively.
Anatomy
The femoral canal is located below the inguinal ligament on the lateral aspect of the pubic tubercle. It is bounded by the inguinal ligament anteriorly, pectineal ligament posteriorly, lacunar ligament medially, and the femoral vein laterally. It normally contains a few lymphatics, loose areolar tissue, and occasionally a lymph node called Cloquet's node. The function of this canal appears to be to allow the femoral vein to expand when necessary to accommodate increased venous return from the leg during periods of activity.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is largely a clinical one, generally done by physical examination of the groin. However, in obese patients, imaging in the form of ultrasound, CT, or MRI may aid in the diagnosis. For example, an abdominal X-ray showing small bowel obstruction in a female patient with a painful groin lump needs no further investigation.
Several other conditions have a similar presentation and must be considered when forming the diagnosis: inguinal hernia, an enlarged femoral lymph node, aneurysm of the femoral artery, dilation of the saphenous vein, athletic pubalgia, and an abscess of the psoas.
Classification
Several subtypes of femoral hernia have been described.
Management
Femoral hernias, like most other hernias, usually need operative intervention. This should ideally be done as an elective (non-emergency) procedure. However, because of the high incidence of complications, femoral hernias often need emergency surgery.
Surgery
Some surgeons choose to perform "key-hole" or laparoscopic surgery (also called minimally invasive surgery) rather than conventional "open" surgery. With minimally invasive surgery, one or more small incisions are made that allow the surgeon to use a surgical camera and small tools to repair the hernia.
Either open or minimally invasive surgery may be performed under general or regional anesthesia, depending on the extent of the intervention needed. Three approaches have been described for open surgery:
Lockwood’s infra-inguinal approach
Lotheissen‘s trans-inguinal approach
McEvedy’s high approach
The infra-inguinal approach is the preferred method for elective repair. The trans-inguinal approach involves dissecting through the inguinal canal and carries the risk of weakening the inguinal canal. McEvedy’s approach is preferred in the emergency setting when strangulation is suspected. This allows better access to and visualization of the bowel for possible resection. In any approach, care should be taken to avoid injury to the urinary bladder which is often a part of the medial part of the hernial sac.
Repair is either performed by suturing the inguinal ligament to the pectineal ligament using strong non-absorbable sutures or by placing a mesh plug in the femoral ring. With either technique care should be taken to avoid any pressure on the femoral vein.
Postoperative outcome
Patients undergoing elective surgical repair do very well and may be able to go home the same day. However, emergency repair carries a greater morbidity and mortality rate and this is directly proportional to the degree of bowel compromise.
Epidemiology
Femoral hernias are more common in multiparous females, which results from elevated intra-abdominal pressure that dilates the femoral vein and in turn stretches femoral ring. Such constant pressure causes preperitoneal fat to insinuate in the femoral ring, a consequence of which is development of a femoral peritoneal sac.
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Femoral hernia
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Canal Boulevard can refer to more than one roadway.
Canal Boulevard, New Orleans in New Orleans, Louisiana
Canal Boulevard, Port Richmond in Port Richmond, California
New Jersey Route 129 in Trenton, New Jersey
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Canal Boulevard
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This is a list of newspapers in New Mexico.This is a list of daily newspapers currently published in New Mexico. For weekly newspapers, see List of newspapers in New Mexico.
Newspapers of record
The three newspapers of record for New Mexico are:
Regional papers
Alamogordo Daily News - Alamogordo
Alamogordo Town News - Alamogordo
Artesia Daily Press - Artesia
Cannon Connection - Clovis
Carlsbad Current-Argus - Carlsbad
Casino Entertainer - Albuquerque
Catron Courier - Pie Town
Cibola County Beacon - Grants
Cloudcroft Mountain Weekly - Cloudcroft
El Defensor-Chieftain - Socorro
Deming Headlight - Deming
The Eastern New Mexico News - Clovis
Enchanted Circle News - Northeast Taos County and Western Colfax County
Farmington Daily Times - Farmington
Four Corners Business Journal - Farmington
Gallup Independent - Gallup
Green Fire Times - Santa Fe
Guadalupe County Communicator - Santa Rosa
Health City Sun - Albuquerque
El Hispano News Albuquerque - Albuquerque
Hobbs News-Sun - Hobbs
Journal North - Santa Fe edition of the Albuquerque Journal
Las Cruces Bulletin - Las Cruces
Las Vegas Optic - Las Vegas
Lea County Tribune - Hobbs
Los Alamos Monitor - Los Alamos
Lovington Daily Leader - Lovington
Mountain Mail - Socorro
Mountain Times - Timbero
Mountain View Telegraph - Moriarty
New Mexico Business Weekly - Albuquerque
New Mexico Jewish Link - Albuquerque
Northern New Mexico Tribune - Chama
Quay County Sun - Tucumcari
Questa Del Rio News - Northern Taos County
Raton Range - Raton
Rio Grande Sun - Española
Rio Rancho Observer - Rio Rancho
Roswell Daily Record - Roswell
Ruidoso News - Ruidoso
San Juan Sun - Farmington
Sangre de Christo Chronicle - Angel Fire
Santa Fe Reporter - Santa Fe
Santa Fe Times - Santa Fe
Sierra County Sentinel - Truth or Consequences
Silver City Daily Press - Silver City
Silver City Sun-News - Silver City
The Edgewood Independent - Edgewood
The Paper - Albuquerque
The Taos News - Taos Union County Leader - Clayton
Valencia County News-Bulletin - Belen
Weekly Alibi - Albuquerque
See also
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List of newspapers in New Mexico
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The 1804 New England hurricane (also known as the Storm of October 1804) was the first tropical cyclone in recorded history known to have produced snowfall. An unusual late-season storm in 1804, it yielded vast amounts of snow, rain, and powerful winds across the northeastern United States. Prior to its approach towards the East Coast of the United States, it passed through the Caribbean Sea on October 4, and later emerged near Georgetown, South Carolina. By early on October 9, a trough near the Virginia Capes turned the disturbance toward New England. Soon thereafter, the hurricane's abundant moisture clashed with an influx of cold Canadian air, leading to the deepening of the resulting pressure gradient and provoking inland intensification. While situated over Massachusetts, it attained its peak intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h), undergoing an extratropical transition. Even as it drifted towards the Canadian maritimes, consequently gradually weakening, precipitation persisted for another two days before the snowstorm finally subsided on October 11.
Due to its unusual nature, both heavy snowfall and strong winds caused a swath of devastation stretching from the Mid-Atlantic states to northern New England. In the Middle-Atlantic region, moderate damage occurred at sea but little was noted inland. In New England, strong gusts inflicted significant damage to numerous churches. Widespread residential damage, in contrast, was mostly negligible and had no lasting consequences. Thousands of trees were knocked over, obstructing roads and fiscally damaging the timber industry throughout the region. Cold temperatures, wet snow, and high winds downed numerous branches in fruit orchards, froze potato crops, flattened dozens of barns, and killed over a hundred cattle. In general, the agriculture, shipping, timber, and livestock trades suffered most acutely following the passage of the hurricane, while structural damage was widespread but generally inconsequential.
The storm's most severe effects were concentrated at sea and led to a majority of the hurricane's deaths. Winds swept dozens of watercraft and multiple ships ashore, while high waters capsized many others. Several wharves were destroyed, subsequently harming local shipping businesses. Snow and rainfall totals varied widely between states, with a clear delineation between areas that received frozen precipitation and rainfall in the Northeast. Areas of Massachusetts received up to of rain, in contrast to snow totals upward of measured in Vermont. In all, the hurricane caused more than 15 deaths at sea and one inland, and also resulted in at least $100,000 (1804 USD) in damage. The hurricane of 1804, generally described as the most severe storm in the United States since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 nearly 200 years earlier, set several major precedents which have only infrequently been replicated since. It was the first known tropical cyclone to generate snowfall, and its early and extensive accumulations throughout New England were not only unprecedented but unusually heavy.
Meteorological history
The origins of the hurricane prior to its approach near New England are mostly unknown. A modern study conducted in 2006 traced its origins to north of Puerto Rico on October 4, 1804, and reports indicated it also passed by Dominique and Guadaloupe on the same day. Little else was known about the storm until its approach towards the East Coast of the United States and transit near South Carolina. Weather historian David Ludlum concluded that both the hurricane's strength and its abnormally cold environment were derived from the influx of unseasonably cold air from the north converging upon the storm's abundant moisture, increasing the pressure gradient and leading to intensification. He also speculated that the storm could have formed non-tropically from the southern Appalachian Mountains before arriving on the Atlantic coast, but given meteorological circumstances, characteristics, and timing, it was evaluated that the storm was of tropical origin. The earliest evidence of a disturbance near the United States was noted on October 8, when rainfall was recorded in upstate New York, precipitated by the storm's western periphery, in advance of an approaching trough. The following morning, the trough's motion near the Virginia Capes area was accompanied by intensifying winds and a change in their direction; initially southwesterly at force 3 (retroactively estimated based on the Beaufort scale, which was devised in 1805), the incoming gale's winds rapidly turned towards the west-northwest, escalating to force 6 by the afternoon. A 2001 study noted the unusual orientation of the storm's winds; although a majority of New England hurricanes induced southeasterly gusts, the 1804 hurricane's, in contrast, were mostly southwesterly.
Historical records chronicled the remainder of the storm's track along the East Coast of the United States. A "dreadful squall" occurred near Cape Henry at noon on October 9, and historical documents confirm it quickly reached Chesapeake Bay later that morning, maintaining west-to-north winds. While gusts in New York City, where the storm arrived that afternoon, initially blew towards the southeast, they soon shifted towards the north-northwest and coincided with a rapid drop in atmospheric pressure, which bottomed out at 977 mbar (28.87 inHg) by the early afternoon. Though the barometer at the weather station remained at that point for much of the afternoon, the air temperature plummeted rapidly from to during the same period. A strong westerly circulation encouraged the swift eastward movement of the trough's northern segment, steering the track of the storm northeastward over New England. By the evening, the storm had fully traversed the northeastern United States, where accounts indicated the passage of the storm's eye. The results of the 2001 study also suggested atypical strengthening occurred around this time, achieving its peak intensity with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) over Massachusetts, equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm's maximum diameter was estimated to be at its largest point. As the hurricane weakened throughout the night, it underwent an extratropical transition, evidenced by a passageway of weak winds off of the trough's center. Its eye was consequently distorted as it meandered northward towards Canada, where it subsequently encountered an area of high pressure; though gusts diminished that evening, moderate precipitation persisted for another two days, before the snowstorm finally departed on October 11.
Impact and records
The hurricane brought strong gusts, copious snow, and heavy rain throughout New England and across the Mid-Atlantic region. High precipitation amounts were observed along the storm's trajectory, peaking at inches of rain in Salem, Massachusetts and of snow at Windsor, Vermont. It was the first known tropical cyclone to feature frozen precipitation, and remained the only instance until a later disturbance in 1841 and Hurricane Ginny in 1963, which triggered of snow in regions of northern and central Maine. The unusually widespread and severe October snow was seen few times – if ever – until the 2011 Halloween nor'easter, which dropped several feet in New England at its worst. Similarly, Hurricane Sandy in 2012 brought heavy snow along areas of the East Coast, with its highest depths concentrated in Virginia, albeit while exhibiting extratropical characteristics. In addition, a modern survey concluded that the 1804 storm was the only known hurricane to strike New England with southwesterly winds, and it was also one of only two, the other being the 1869 Saxby Gale, confirmed to have intensified while inland over New England.
In the Middle-Atlantic states, it caused little injury overall, though many boats and ships were capsized. To the north in New England, many churches endured significant damage, and shipwrecks led to 15 deaths, with one other death owing to a building collapse. Due to intense gusts, hundreds of trees were uprooted and many buildings were unroofed. Agriculture, shipping, timber, and livestock industries also suffered substantial impairment, with considerable injury experienced by barns, crops, watercraft, timber, and livestock. Farther north, entire swaths of forest were leveled, and heavy snow blocked roads, paths, and turnpikes. Fruit orchards and sugar groves endured the worst of the storm, reducing the season's harvests. Private properties generally suffered damage to roofs, windows, and chimneys; several buildings throughout the region were reported to have collapsed. Overall, approximately $100,000 in damage and more than 16 deaths were recorded.
Mid-Atlantic and south
Though the hurricane was reported to have passed by Dominique, Guadaloupe, and Georgetown, South Carolina, few other details are known and no damage was observed. Losses in the Mid-Atlantic states were much less severe than those in New England, but isolated damage was still noted. Offshore Cape Henry, Virginia, a vessel weathered through a squall, but managed to escape without being capsized. To the north near Chesapeake Bay, a mail boat was impeded by unrelenting west-to-northwesterly gusts at Havre de Grace, Maryland, and consequently was unable to traverse the bay. A negative storm tide at Baltimore grounded multiple boats, and farther north at Philadelphia, an arriving ferry was inundated by a sudden gale. In New Jersey, a ferry was overturned near Trenton, and another ran ashore within the proximity of Absecon Beach. The hurricane's impact in New York state was largely insignificant, though rain totals reached in New York City. Meanwhile, to the west in the Catskill Mountains, up to of snow accumulated, despite reports of fast-melting snow at Rochester. Winds at Hudson were seemingly more extreme than any other previous storm in the region, and the Hudson Valley as a whole experienced intense gusts throughout the day; however, there was only a single report of inland damage, with houses flattened at Newburgh as a result of the severe winds. Shipping was slightly disrupted throughout the state of New York, with high winds forcing ships to travel with lowered sails, also preventing vessels from docking at New York Harbor on October 10.
Southern New England
Devastation was widespread throughout the state of Massachusetts, with high winds and heavy snow averaging causing significant havoc. In Boston, strong winds, described as "unprecedented in the annals" of the city, were documented during the afternoon of October 9, with the intense gusts blowing off the steeple of the Old North Church. The steeple was eventually repaired and restored several times, yet was blown down by once more in 1954 by Hurricane Carol and mended once again. Meanwhile, the roof of the King's Chapel was tossed from its initial location, landing on an adjacent house and crushing two carriages into pieces. Churches and meetinghouses in Salem, Beverly, Charlestown, and Danvers were also seriously impaired. A residence in Boston caved in, killing one person and injuring three others, and consequently was to be demolished. All across the state, the storm bent and crumpled structures and also ruined many wharves. In Dighton and Milton, winds toppled several homes, while shipping was impacted by the storm in Gloucester. Property damage throughout the state – especially to chimneys, roofs, and windows – was generally severe, with chimneys even falling onto stage coaches in the streets of Boston. The Charlestown Navy Yard was dismantled to prevent its imminent collapse, and in Peabody, more than 30,000 unburnt bricks were wrecked.
The storm uprooted thousands of trees throughout the easternmost sections of the state. In the town of Lynn, the storm was reportedly the most severe since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635, with roofs torn off structures, fences and chimneys toppled, and orchards bearing the brunt of formidable destruction. The chimney of the local schoolhouse collapsed into the roof and a bench was thrown into the cellar. Intense winds uprooted thousands of trees, of which many sank into local marshes. At Plum Island, gusts toppled trees and fences, yet no residential damage was observed. Further south in Plymouth, however, winds wrecked several houses and overturned numerous boats. At Rehoboth, winds brought down at least 80 trees, and in Quincy, a few houses' roofs were torn away, more than a dozen barns were demolished, and gusts killed numerous cows, with similar damage noted at Taunton. Many ornamental and fruit trees also endured significant damage, high winds blew away many roofs, chimneys, and fences. Meanwhile, at Dedham, more than 130 trees toppled onto the fifth Massachusetts Turnpike, and many forests were razed throughout other parts of the region, making roads impassable. Remarkably, the Endicott Pear Tree in Danvers survived to later weather through three other hurricanes in 1815, 1843, and 1934. Approximately of rain was measured during the day in Salem, while an additional fell that evening, apparently "a greater quantity than has ever been known in the same space of time".
At least 27 vessels were damaged by the hurricane in Boston, with six watercraft having struck the South Boston Bridge, resulting in one death. Winds propelled several boats off of Gloucester out to sea, and their company was presumed to be lost. Ships elsewhere also withstood the hurricane's powerful gusts without much success – the Dove capsized at Ipswich Bar, killing seven people. The captain of the Hannah drowned at Cohasset and the vessel Mary was also beached, but the latter craft's crew survived. At Cape Cod, the Protector was swept inland near Highland Light, losing $100,000 (1804 USD) in goods and leading to one death, while the John Harris capsized nearby, its crew perishing with it. Three bodies were also washed ashore at Plymouth, apparently from drowning at sea. Dozens of watercraft were driven aground at Salem, Cape Ann, and Marblehead, causing significant damage. At Abington, the storm's effects to local shipping activities were detrimental, with many vessels shipwrecked by high winds. Despite being heavily occupied, the port at New Bedford experienced no losses of ships or boats.
Powerful winds induced substantial destruction throughout other portions of the state. The diary of William Bentley featured an account on the hurricane, describing the destruction of two barns in Salem and the death of a horse. The property of Paul Revere and Bentley's own house suffered considerable injury, and in nearby Nahant, many buildings' roofs were hurled away by intense gusts. Bentley also observed the unusual abundance of seaweed which was swept inland during the aftermath of the storm. Where snow fell it was mainly heavy, with reports of snowfall totaling in the Berkshires and up to near Stockbridge; however, no accumulation was measured in Boston and Worcester due to higher-than-optimal temperatures. In Abington, the hurricane not only impacted the shipping industry but also inflicted severe damage to oak and pine forests. Severe damage was inflicted to crops as a result of the storm, with potatoes freezing, apples tossed from branches, and stacks of hay ruined. Livestock also encountered noteworthy losses, with "large numbers" of cattle, sheep, and fowl having died near Walpole, Newbury, and Topsfield – over a hundred cattle died at Topsfield alone.
While reports of snowfall were generally sporadic in Massachusetts, snowfall was copious in Connecticut. More than of snow accumulated at Litchfield, while over was recorded at Goshen. Moderate snowfall also accrued at Woodbridge, and other regions of the state received up to . However, the delineation between areas of rain and snow was clearly evident, with more than of rain measured in nearby New Haven. Devastation was also widespread in Rhode Island, with numerous houses damaged at Newport and Providence. In Newport, many ships were damaged, and several deaths were recorded. Trees of immense size were also uprooted in both towns, and fence boards were scattered by strong gusts. In Providence, many ships were grounded, a brick house was impaired, and various other structures' chimneys collapsed. The hurricane was described as the "severest storm and gale of wind within the recollection of any of its inhabitants," although little else was known about its impacts in Rhode Island. Despite the high wind speeds and proximity to other snow-receiving areas, none fell in Providence as a result of warmer temperatures.
Northern New England and Canada
Although winds in New Hampshire, along the hurricane's northern edge, were less severe, higher snowfall totals were recorded. In Portsmouth, damage was minimal and mainly confined to fences. On October 10, thundersnow was observed in Walpole as precipitation changed due to sinking temperatures, which soon followed by a period of high winds. Though the average snowfall amount in the Connecticut River Valley was estimated to be near , much of it quickly melted, leaving only left by the snowstorm's departure. Still, the heavy weight of the unusually early wet snow snapped many tree branches still in full bloom, ruining fruit orchards and sugar groves. As a result, production of cider, already in low supply, was reduced even further; damages to one orchard alone reached $300 (1804 USD). Due to snow-obstructed roads, post was delivered on horseback, and at Gilsum, the hurricane was so intense that a group of men traveling toward Keene were forced to return due to blocked roads smothered with over of snow. The timber industry suffered the blizzard's detrimental effects, the worst blow to the trade since its formation in New Hampshire; in addition, several barns were obliterated. Totals reached at Hanover, at Goffstown, and over in the Green Mountains; meanwhile, in southern portions of the state, of ice accrued upon the accumulations already on the ground. The storm's damage radius was estimated to be at least , and encompassed the towns of Peterborough, Rindge, Lyme, and Amherst, each received of frozen precipitation. At Rye Beach, a woman, swept to sea on a stranded ship, was found dead with an infant in her hands, and the Amity was also wrecked along its shores, causing an additional death.
In contrast to the higher precipitation totals found in New Hampshire, accumulations merely averaged in Vermont. Even so, a source detailed snowfall depths of within the vicinity of Lunenburg by the time the hurricane's precipitation subsided, and reported higher depths of in other regions of the state. In the vicinity of Windsor, up to of snow may have fallen during the course of the snowstorm. The snow was deep enough to cover the entire heights of corn stalks and potato crops, impeding the impending harvest, while massive drifts in the state's hills obstructed roads. Even farther north in Maine, the snowstorm's effects remained disastrous; following its passage, a timber lot at Thomaston was nearly entirely uprooted, clearing a massive forested area and making towns from great distances away, previously obstructed, suddenly visible. The effect of the storm was so pronounced that, according to Sidney Perley, "people felt as if they were in a strange place". The storm was particularly severe on the Atlantic coast, especially in Kennebec, Wiscaset, Berwick, Kittery, and York, causing moderate destruction and killing several cattle. However, at Portland, the hurricane was less severe and its impact was minimal. Precipitation arrived in Canada on October 9 and persisted through the following day, without triggering any recorded damage.
Records
Due to its unusual nature, the hurricane of 1804 set several major precedents which have only rarely occurred since then. Having defied many behaviors normally exhibited by New England hurricanes, the cyclone, described as the most severe in the United States since the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635, was not only unique in its production of snow, but also in its meteorological characteristics and unusual timing. Though the disturbance developed within the confines of the Atlantic hurricane season, its widespread early-season snowfall was unprecedented, with few comparable storms since, among them being the 2011 Halloween nor'easter, producing several feet of snowfall in many areas. Similar circumstances occurred in 2012 with the arrival of Hurricane Sandy, which had a comparable track to the 1804 snowstorm, though it was extratropical by the time it made landfall. The storm was also the first known instance of snow instigated by a tropical cyclone until a later storm in 1841. Since that time, there has been only one other confirmed snowfall event as a result of a tropical cyclone while still considered to be tropical, which was caused by Hurricane Ginny in 1963, generating accumulations of in Maine. The storm also displayed abnormal meteorological characteristics which went against conventional understanding. Winds prevailed toward the southwest, the only known example of a northeastern hurricane producing winds in that direction; most generally yielded southeasterly gusts. In addition, it was one of only two systems recorded strengthening while inland, the other being the 1869 Saxby Gale.
See also
1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane
1804 Atlantic hurricane season
List of New England hurricanes
Little ice age
Notes
Footnotes
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1804 New England hurricane
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Karmsund Bridge () is a bridge over the Karmsundet strait in Rogaland county, Norway. The bridge is located in Karmøy municipality and it links the island of Karmøy to the Norwegian mainland. The steel arched road bridge carries the European route E134 highway. It is in length with of clearance below the bridge. There are 37 spans on the bridge and the main span is wide. It was completed in 1955.
See also
List of bridges in Norway
List of bridges in Norway by length
List of bridges
List of bridges by length
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Karmsund Bridge
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The Paris Sisters were a 1960s American girl group from San Francisco, best known for their work with record producer Phil Spector.
Career
The group consisted of lead singer Priscilla Paris (January 4, 1945 – March 5, 2004), her older sister Albeth Carole Paris, and their middle sister Sherrell Paris. They reached the peak of their success in October 1961 with the hit single "I Love How You Love Me", which peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, and sold over one million copies. Some of the group's other hit songs include the US Top 40 single "He Knows I Love Him Too Much" (March 1962, No. 34), "All Through The Night" (1961), "Be My Boy" (No. 56), "Let Me Be The One" (No. 87), and "Dream Lover" (No. 91).
The Paris Sisters appeared in the 1962 British rock film It's Trad, Dad! (released in the U.S. as Ring-a-Ding Rhythm) directed by Richard Lester. In the film, they performed the Spector-produced song "What Am I to Do?" Also early in the 1960s, the Paris Sisters sang the jingle for Diet Rite soda.
Sherrell Paris later served as a production assistant on The Price Is Right and as host Bob Barker's personal assistant until she was released in 2000.
Priscilla Paris died on March 5, 2004, from injuries suffered in a fall at her home in Pays de la Loire, France. She was 59.
Albeth Paris died in Palm Springs, California, on December 5, 2014. She was 79.
Discography
Albums
Sing From the Glass House, Unifilms Records (1966)
Golden Hits of The Paris Sisters, Sidewalk Records (1967)
Sing Everything Under The Sun, Reprise Records (1967)
The Best of The Paris Sisters, Curb Records (2004)
The Complete Phil Spector Sessions, Varèse Sarabande (2006)
Always Heavenly, Ace Records (2016)
Singles
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The Paris Sisters
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An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology, unlike those in allosomal (sex chromosome) pairs, which may have different structures. The DNA in autosomes is collectively known as atDNA or auDNA.
For example, humans have a diploid genome that usually contains 22 pairs of autosomes and one allosome pair (46 chromosomes total). The autosome pairs are labeled with numbers (1–22 in humans) roughly in order of their sizes in base pairs, while allosomes are labelled with their letters. By contrast, the allosome pair consists of two X chromosomes in females or one X and one Y chromosome in males. Unusual combinations of XYY, XXY, XXX, XXXX, XXXXX or XXYY, among other Salome combinations, are known to occur and usually cause developmental abnormalities.
Autosomes still contain sexual determination genes even though they are not sex chromosomes. For example, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome encodes the transcription factor TDF and is vital for male sex determination during development. TDF functions by activating the SOX9 gene on chromosome 17, so mutations of the SOX9 gene can cause humans with an ordinary Y chromosome to develop as females.
All human autosomes have been identified and mapped by extracting the chromosomes from a cell arrested in metaphase or prometaphase and then staining them with a type of dye (most commonly, Giemsa). These chromosomes are typically viewed as karyograms for easy comparison. Clinical geneticists can compare the karyogram of an individual to a reference karyogram to discover the cytogenetic basis of certain phenotypes. For example, the karyogram of someone with Patau Syndrome would show that they possess three copies of chromosome 13. Karyograms and staining techniques can only detect large-scale disruptions to chromosomes—chromosomal aberrations smaller than a few million base pairs generally cannot be seen on a karyogram.
Autosomal genetic disorders
Autosomal genetic disorders can arise due to a number of causes, some of the most common being nondisjunction in parental germ cells or Mendelian inheritance of deleterious alleles from parents. Autosomal genetic disorders which exhibit Mendelian inheritance can be inherited either in an autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. These disorders manifest in and are passed on by either sex with equal frequency. Autosomal dominant disorders are often present in both parent and child, as the child needs to inherit only one copy of the deleterious allele to manifest the disease. Autosomal recessive diseases, however, require two copies of the deleterious allele for the disease to manifest. Because it is possible to possess one copy of a deleterious allele without presenting a disease phenotype, two phenotypically normal parents can have a child with the disease if both parents are carriers (also known as heterozygotes) for the condition.
Autosomal aneuploidy can also result in disease conditions. Aneuploidy of autosomes is not well tolerated and usually results in miscarriage of the developing fetus. Fetuses with aneuploidy of gene-rich chromosomes—such as chromosome 1—never survive to term, and fetuses with aneuploidy of gene-poor chromosomes—such as chromosome 21— are still miscarried over 23% of the time. Possessing a single copy of an autosome (known as a monosomy) is nearly always incompatible with life, though very rarely some monosomies can survive past birth. Having three copies of an autosome (known as a trisomy) is far more compatible with life, however. A common example is Down syndrome, which is caused by possessing three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two.
Partial aneuploidy can also occur as a result of unbalanced translocations during meiosis. Deletions of part of a chromosome cause partial monosomies, while duplications can cause partial trisomies. If the duplication or deletion is large enough, it can be discovered by analyzing a karyogram of the individual. Autosomal translocations can be responsible for a number of diseases, ranging from cancer to schizophrenia. Unlike single gene disorders, diseases caused by aneuploidy are the result of improper gene dosage, not nonfunctional gene product.
See also
Aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes)
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Homologous chromosome
Pseudoautosomal region
XY sex-determination system
Genetic disorder
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Autosome
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The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library (VWML) is the library and archive of the English Folk Dance and Song Society (EFDSS), located in the society's London headquarters, Cecil Sharp House. It is a multi-media library comprising books, periodicals, audio-visual materials, photographic images and sound recordings, as well as manuscripts, field notes, transcriptions etc. of a number of collectors of folk music and dance traditions in the British Isles. According to A Dictionary of English Folklore, "... by a gradual process of professionalization the VWML has become the most important concentration of material on traditional song, dance, and music in the country."
Subjects covered include: Folk/traditional/popular song, Child Ballads, Broadside ballads, Industrial/occupational songs, sea songs/shanties, singing games, Nursery rhymes, Street cries, Carols/hymns, Rounds/glees/part songs, Music hall, Ritual/ceremonial dance, Morris dance/sword dance and a great deal more.
VWML regularly features a variety of conferences and events, including Broadside Day, Library Lectures, the Folk Song Conference, and Special Conferences. VWML has also published resources, including the Folk Music Journal.
History
VWML was originally founded as the Cecil Sharp Library in 1930. Sharp's books constituted the bulk of the original library holdings. The first librarian was Joan, Sharp's daughter. In 1940, four bombs hit the Cecil Sharp House during World War II, but the library remained intact. When Ralph Vaughan Williams, composer, collector and past president of the EFDSS, died in 1958, the library was renamed in his honor. The building continued to be designated as the Cecil Sharp House. Over the years the library has added literature, sound and manuscript collections of other folklorists and collectors, such as Lucy Broadwood, Janet Blunt, Anne Gilchrist, George Butterworth, the Hammond brothers and George Gardiner. It also contains copies of the papers and notebooks of Sabine Baring-Gould, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Alfred Williams and James Madison Carpenter; and the field recordings of Percy Grainger, Mike Yates and the BBC Folk Music Archive. From 1979 to 2012, Malcolm Taylor served as the librarian, and then Director, of VWML.
In 2010, VWML received an excellence award by the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres (IAML) and in 2011 received designated status by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA). In 2017, the library was renovated for the first time since the 1940s.
Online Archive
In May 2006, VWML Online was launched which hosts a number of the library's indexes to manuscript collections, together with its index to mummers' plays and the Roud Folk Song and Broadside Indexes, the largest of their kind in the English language. The online material has been extended with the addition of a catalogue of the collection of books bequeathed by eminent folk music scholar Leslie Shepard. In addition, both Cecil Sharp's Appalachian diaries from 1915-1918 (in manuscript and transcript form) and over 300 images taken from his photographic collection are available for viewing on-line. The latter are largely portraits of contributors to his music collections from North America and England.
In 2007, EFDSS was awarded a grant, which led to the creation of the Take 6 archive. This archive features of six of the most prominent folk song collections of EFDSS, including the Janet Blunt Collection, the George Butterworth Collection, the Francis Collinson Collection, the George Gardiner Collection, the Anne G. Gilchrist Collection, and the Hammond Collection.
In 2014, EFDSS partnered with English museums and cultural heritage institutions and launched The Full English Archive, the largest online archive in the world of English folk manuscripts. The Full English is currently integrated into the online archives of VWML. The Take 6 archive was also integrated into The Full English.
From 2017 to 2018, folk works collected by James Madison Carpenter were digitized from the Library of Congress and added to the VWML archives as the Carpenter Folk Online.
In 2019, the Folk Song Subject Index went live, which features an "online subject index for folk songs along with a thesaurus of keywords" and is an ongoing project of the VWML.
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Vaughan Williams Memorial Library
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There are two railway stations that serve Dorchester, Dorset.
Dorchester South railway station Located on the London Waterloo-Weymouth line.
Dorchester West railway station Located on the Bristol/Castle Cary-Weymouth "Heart of Wessex" line.
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Dorchester railway station
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Kulp (, , central district: , ) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,493 km2, and its population is 34,357 (2022). It is populated by Kurds.
History
The Kulp region gained importance as a center for the Kurdish chiefdoms in Kulp itself and nearby Zeyrek (to the west).
In 1993 Kulp was under siege by the Workers Party of Kurdistan (PKK). Inhabitants whom the Turkish Government suspected of siding with the PKK were resettled to Diyarbakir.
Politics
In the local elections on the 31 March 2019 Mehmet Fatih Taş of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was elected Mayor. But he was dismissed by the Ministry of the Interior due to an investigation relating to a terrorist attack. Kaymakam Mustafa Gözlet acts as a trustee instead.
Demographics
Until the 15th century, the area was inhabited by Armenians only. Then nomadic Kurdish tribes started to settle in the area. On the eve of the First World War, more than 5,000 Armenians lived in the kaza, especially in:
Endzakar (Ընձաքարի, now Ağaçkorur): 140 inhabitants,
Gazken (now Ağaçlı): 2,000 houses, 100 Armenians,
Aharonk (now Karabulak, Kulp),
Ehub (Eyub, now Yaylak),
Geghervank (Geghervan, Yüklüce in Turkish, merged with Ağaçkorur),
Shughek (now Argunköy),
Pasur (now Kulp proper): rural town with 40 Armenian and 40 Kurdish houses.
Many Armenians converted to Islam and were linguistically Kurdified. Many of them joined the Kurdish movement.
Culture
Some Armenian cultural features have been preserved such as Armenian dances and Armenian cuisine.
Composition
There are 58 neighbourhoods in Kulp District:
Ağaçkorur
Ağaçlı
Ağıllı
Akbulak
Akçasır
Akdoruk
Alaca
Argunköy
Aşağıelmalı
Aygün
Ayhanköy
Bağcılar
Baloğlu
Barın
Başbuğ
Bayırköy
Çağlayan
Çukurca
Demirli
Dolun
Düzce
Güleç
Güllük
Hamzalı
İnkaya
İslamköy
Kamışlı
Karaağaç
Karabulak
Karaorman
Karpuzlu
Kayacık
Kayahan
Kaynak
Koçkar
Konuklu
Kurudere
Merkez Eski
Merkez Yeni
Narlıca
Özbek
Salkımlı
Saltukköy
Taşköprü
Temren
Tepecik
Turgut Özal
Tuzlaköy
Üçkuyu
Ünal
Uygur
Uzunova
Yakıtköy
Yayıkköy
Yaylak
Yeşilköy
Yuvacık
Zeyrek
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Kulp, Turkey
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Färnebofjärden National Park () is a Swedish national park traversed by the river Dalälven, about north of Stockholm. It covers , of which aquatic, on the frontier between the counties of Dalarna and Gävleborg.
After the retreat of the ice sheet that covered the region after the last ice age, the river found itself rerouted by an esker onto a plain uniquely ribbed by the ridges of other eskers, where it formed a succession of rapids and wide bays (called fjärdar), which the river inundates during the spring floods. This particular hydrography, along with the park's proximity to the ecological frontier between the north and the south, has favored the development of a fauna and flora of great biodiversity. The park possesses coniferous, mixed, and broadleaf forests, some of which quite ancient, spared by the logging industry because of their inaccessibility. These forests constitute the ideal environment for numerous species, in particular birds, with critical densities of woodpeckers and owls.
If the presence of humans was relatively discreet since the Stone Age, concentrated principally atop the eskers, the development of mining activity (in particular of iron) has profoundly affected the region. The forests were exploited to feed the water-powered forges which grew up along the river. One of the most important was that of Gysinge, founded in 1668 and situated right next to the park. In 1975, in reaction to the threat of the clearing of a vast forest, the movement for the creation of a national park began, culminating in the park's opening in 1998. The park was added to the Natura 2000 Network and included in the Ramsar Convention's list of wetlands.
The park and its environs are important tourist destinations. The river is its favored mode of discovery, but some hiking trails permit other explorations. The park is equally appreciated by fishing enthusiasts.
Toponymy
The park takes its name from Färnebofjärden, which designates the entire section of the river between Tyttbo and Gysinge. The name means "fjärd of Färnebo". The Swedish word fjärd has the same etymology as the Norwegian word fjord, both of which Scandinavian words mean "an expanse of water in a channel". Most of the bodies of water called fjords in Norwegian were steep glacial valleys into which the sea had penetrated, which was the more restrictive definition which passed into French and English. The name Fjärnebo is the ancient name of the village of Österfärnebo ("East Färnebo"), situated near the park; its name changed in the 17th century to distinguish it from a Färnebo in Västmanland, which was itself rebaptized Västerfärnebo ("West Färnebo"). The name of the village means "habitation (bo) next to the fjärd of horsetails (fräken, which became Färne)".
Geography
Location and environs
The park straddles the municipalities of Sala in Västmanland County, Heby in Uppsala County, Avesta in Dalarna County, and Sandviken in Gävleborg County. It contains a section of the Lower Dalälven, which since the Middle Ages has marked the frontier between Svealand and Norrland. The park's main entrance, at Gysinge, is about from the city of Uppsala and so about from Stockholm.
The park proper includes most of the fjärd of Färnebofjärden and the river's floodplain, as well as parts of the surrounding lowlands, for a total area of more than , of which are water. The only parts of the fjärd not included in the park are the peninsulas of Östa and Ista, since they are inhabited, but these are protected by nature reserves of and , respectively. In addition, the park is bordered by several additional preserves: at Hedesundafjärden, at Jordbärsmuren-Ålbo, and at Gysinge, for a combined area, with the park and peninsula reserves, of more than .
Terrain
The terrain of the park is overall flat, with an altitude ranging from to below sea level. Certain parts are nevertheless quite hilly, such as Torrösundet, Långvindsjön and the valleys of the Tiån and the Storån. In addition, the ridge Enköpingsåsen cuts across the park, with a maximum height of , crisscrossing the region over between Trosa to the south and Bollnäs to the north. This ridge spans the river and creates, among other land features, the isle of Sandön and the peninsula of Ista. The river has largely flooded this flat and irregular zone, creating a mosaic of water, dry earth, and wetlands. The park also includes several bays (Östaviken, Andersboviken, Edsviken, etc.) as well as 200 islands and skerries, the largest islands being Mattön, Torrön, Ängsön, Vedön, Rosön and Västerön.
Climate
The park is situated in a continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification), with rain mostly in summer. It is situated on the climate frontier between north and south, which helps determine the Limes Norrlandicus marking the border between the north of Scandinavia and the south. The snow cover lasts a little over 3 months and the river is frozen during a similar period, with the exception of the rapids, which remain ice-free for most of the winter.
Hydrography
The park is situated along the course of the Dalälven, the second longest Swedish river at . The river begins at the confluence of the Västerdal River and the Österdal River in Gagnef Municipality. At Avesta, the river, which until then was trapped in a narrow valley, becomes the Lower Dalälven (), and large floodplains (called fjärdar) alternate with zones of rapids. Färnebofjärden is the first big floodplain of the Lower Dalälven, situated between the rapids of Tyttbo to the west and Gysinge and Sevedskvarn to the east.
At Gysinge, the river already has a watershed of , for an average flow of . While the flow of the river Österdalälven is controlled (at Trängslet and the lake Siljan), the course of the Västerdalälven is free, and thus has the largest seasonal variations. As a result, when it reaches the park, the river is still relatively little regulated, with a speed varying from to more than . It is, in particular, the sole fjärd with a mouth that remains unregulated. The regulation of the Österdalälven has all the same an impact upon Färnebofjärden, the great inundations of the plains during the spring floods being more rare, even if they are nevertheless capable of inundating several dozens of square kilometers.
Besides the Dalälven, there are many streams inside the park, which flow into the river. Among these, one can number the Lillån, the Storån, the Alderbäcken and the Tiån on the right (south) bank, and Bärreksån and Laggarboån along the right bank. One can find also five small lakes inside the park, in particular around Tinäset. It is also near Tinäset that the principal bogs of the park, Lindebergsmossen and Svarviksmossen, are situated. of the park are marshes and bogs, making up more than 20% of its total surface, and more than a third of the non-aquatic surface area of the park.
Geology
The bedrock of the park is of granite and granitic gneiss, and dates from the formation of the Svecofennids, a mountain chain formed between 1750 and 2500 million years ago. Subsequently, the area underwent a long period of erosion, so that by leading 600 million years ago the so-called Sub-Cambrian peneplain had formed.
During the last ice age, Sweden was covered with an ice sheet, which withdrew from the region about 10000 years ago. The glacier left behind in the region many eskers and moraines, such as the esker Enköpingsåsen. When the glacier withdrew, the soil had been so compressed by its mass that the entire zone situated to the east of Avesta found itself at sea level. During this maritime period, sediments deposited themselves on the bedrock, which explains why that region even today has superior fertility to that of the rest of the country. It is the reason why the line of separation between the north and the south (the Limes Norrlandicus), which passes not far from the park, is so visible in the region: the zone to the north of the limes was not covered with these sediments.
When this sea, called the Littorina Sea, the ancestor of the Baltic Sea, withdrew, the Dalälven found itself blocked at Avesta by one of these eskers formed by the ice sheet: Badelundaåsen. In effect, before the ice age, the river continued in the direction of the Mälaren, in which it emptied itself and it so had flooded a valley along this entire section. Because of the fact of the presence of this obstacle, it was forced to head northeast. So, in the whole section of the Lower Dalälven, the river did not have the time to flood a true valley. It thus had to adapt itself to the topology of the terrain, forming large fjärds with many isles in the flattest sections and by contrast a course narrower and faster at the different eskers encountered along the way.
Natural environment
The park of Färnebofjärden is according to the classification of the WWF, situated in the terrestrial ecoregion of Sarmatic mixed forests, not far from the frontier of the Scandinavian and Russian taiga.
Plants
Almost all the types of forest of central Sweden are present in the park, which is due to both the presence of dry and wet environments and to the proximity of the Limes Norrlandicus line marking the frontier between the environments of the north and south. This implies the presence in the park of environments and species characteristic to both the North and the South of Sweden. A great number of endangered species appear in the park: two species of vascular plants, 25 species of mosses, 34 species of lichens and 22 species of fungi.
The park presents different environments as regards flora, the principal being the forests of conifers ( making up 9.9% of the park), the mixed forests ( making up 14.5% of the park), of open bogs ( making up 16.3% of the park) and woods ( making up 5% of the park) and finally wetlands ( making up 7.4% of the park).
The forests of conifers, principally of Norway spruce, are in particular present in the south of the park, around Tinäset, on the isle of Torrön and the peninsula of Öbyhalvön. These forests have not been logged since the 1950s and certain trees are themselves over 120 years old. These old trees as well as the presence of dead wood give this forest a very ancient appearance, and contribute to a great richness of lichens and fungi. The soil is often covered in moss, the characteristic species being Hylocomium splendens, but Anastrophyllum hellerianum and Nowellia curvifolia are also common. One can also find European blueberries and lingonberries in the undergrowth.
In the zones most subject to inundations, conifers are more rare, since they do not like in general the wetter zones. In these forests, one can find broadleaf trees such as the aspen, very common in the Lower Dalälven, but rare in the rest of the country. These forests also have English oaks and small-leaved lindens and the wetter forests are mostly made up of alders, birch trees and willows. The richness of these forests and in particular their undergrowth depends above all on the nature of the soil. The poorer soils grow blueberries, bog bilberries, wild rosemary and cloudberry, whereas the richer soils are home in particular to Lily of the valley, woodland strawberries, purple small-reed and yellow loosestrife.
Where the floods are less frequent the hardwoods themselves are absent, giving way to open country. The country is thus a prairie and, sometimes, this prairie finishes by transforming into bog. The vegetation of the prairies is characterized by calamagrostides blanchâtres, by purple moor grass, bogbean, yellow loosestrife, swamp cinquefoil, lesser spearwort, common marsh-bedstraw, kingcup, purple loosestrife and violettes, the last being an endangered species in the country. In the bogs, vegetation is poor, with mainly bog myrtle, bog-rosemary, common cottongrass and species of Carex. The soil is often covered in peat mosses and other mosses.
Animals
Mammals
The park is host to many species of mammals. The most widespread are the moose, the roe deer, the mountain hare, the red fox, and the European pine marten. Since the 1980s, one can also see Eurasian beaver near the islands of Torrön and Ängsön as well as near Gysinge. In 2008, it was similarly found that the wild boar was wont to settle the park. More rarely, one sees also the wood lemming in the north part of the park. Four species of mammals present in the park are considered endangered in Sweden. Thus, the Eurasian lynx can be observed regularly around Öbyhalvön, Tinäset and Gärdsvekarna, alongside brown bears and gray wolves, although these are less frequent. The three other endangered species are the European otter that one can see near the rapids, and two species of bats, the pond bat, very rare in Sweden) and the common noctule.
Birds
Birds are without question Färnebofjärden's most numerous class of animal. More than 200 species have been reported of which at least 107 nest regularly in the park. This richness is in part connected to the presence of characteristic species of both the south and the north. In addition, the park contains species of bird both aquatic and sylvan.
The park has a rich population of aquatic birds, attracted by the shallow, fish-rich waters. The proximity of big trees, especially pines, affords them good nesting opportunities. The most common species are the common gull , the common tern, the black-throated loon, and the mute swan . In the wetlands, one often finds the grey heron, the western capercaillie or even the common crane. One of the most notable aquatic species is the osprey, with thirty couples — probably one of the most important densities of the country. The white-tailed eagle, a species classified as endangered in the country, practically vanished from the park in the 1970s, but it is now returned.
However, it is the forest species which are the most notable of the park, especially the woodpeckers and owls. Concerning woodpeckers, the great spotted woodpecker is the most common, but the black woodpecker, the European green woodpecker and the lesser spotted woodpecker are also themselves common. The population of white-backed woodpecker, a species classified as very endangered in Sweden with only 16 individuals in the whole country in 2004, has diminished in the park. Of 7 pairs observed in 1976, one sole individual was observed in 2003, and then a new couple in 2010. This species especially likes old forests with many dead trees and the species is thus a good indicator of the richness of the forest. In contrast, the grey-headed woodpecker is becoming more common. Regarding owls, the most common species are the Eurasian pygmy owl and the Ural owl. The latter is in addition the symbol of the park. Apart from these species, there are the common buzzard, the Eurasian hobby, or even, among others, the European honey buzzard.
Reptiles and amphibians
The park has all major Swedish species of amphibians. Among these species, one can number the common toad, the common frog and the moor frog, as well as the northern crested newt and the smooth newt. Among the reptiles, the most common species are two snakes, the common European adder and the grass snake, as well as the viviparous lizard and the slowworm.
Fish
The waters of the park are among Sweden's richest, which can be explained by a great number of factors, such as their optimal acidity, a great richness of nutrients, or even, among other things, the zones of rapids alternating with calmer zones. These waters permit the park have not only a great number of species, but also a great number of individual fish and certain fish of enormous size. Among the species present, one can name several species of cyprinids (the family of carp, minnows, barbs, barbels, and others), of which in particular the asp, rare in Sweden. The waters abound also with northern pike, with specimens weighing sometimes , with European perch, with zander, and with grayling — which species is classified as endangered in Sweden, much like the brown trout. The Atlantic salmon was also present in the park's waters, but the dams downstream have considerably reduced its possibilities of rejoining the park. The noble crayfish, a species endangered worldwide, was relatively common in the waters of the Dalälven, but has now almost disappeared; some catches in the park are however reported from time to time.
Insects
Only the insects of the forests have been reliably inventoried, but more than 70 species of insect are already inscribed on the list of species endangered in Sweden. The presence of dead wood favors the presence of numerous insects. Most of the forest insects live in the sapwood or between the sapwood and the bark. In particular, the Norway spruce and the English oak are the trees supporting the greatest richness in insects.
The species of insect most associated with the park and the Lower Dalälven in general are mosquitos of the genus Aedes. Indeed, the park's wetlands are enormously productive in mosquitos, especially during the heavy spring floods. The quantity of mosquitos in the Lower Dalälven has no equivalent in Sweden besides that in the vast wetlands of Lappland. This abundance bothers not only the park's tourists during the summer but also the entire region as far as Uppsala. Between 2002 and 2008, the insecticide was used to try to regulate these populations, which needed a waiver, its use being forbidden in Sweden and contrary to the principles of the national park. However, the project was not renewed, this method not being considered a durable solution and some scientists arguing that the mosquitos make up part of the region's ecosystem.
History
Initial settlements and agriculture
6000 years ago, the Lower Dalälven was a bay of the Littorina Sea, but as the land rose, the crests (eskers) became the best sites for the first permanent settlements. It was easy to nourish oneself, thanks to the river, and these places were the easiest to defend. In addition, the river was easier to cross at this point. In addition, it is atop the esker of Enköpingsåsen that one finds most of the prehistoric sites, and many of today's routes follow the trace of ancient routes along the eskers. Among the park's prehistoric sites, one can count the Stone Age sites at Trångnäs and Sandön and the cairns atop Hemön and Utön.
When sedentary agriculture developed in the region during the Bronze and Iron Ages, the slopes of the crests were again the favorite settlement sites, being easier to cultivate and above the floodplain. However, these wetlands were also used for haymaking, giving an important production of good quality. The hay was stocked in nearby barns and carried to the surrounding villages during the winter to feed the animals. Some of these barns are still visible near Torrösundet and atop Västerön. Woodlands were summer granting lands (transhumance) and some cabins () were constructed there in order to look after the animals during this time. Fifteen of these cabins are scattered in and around the park, mainly near Tinäset and south of Gysinge. Transhumance ceased at the beginning of the 20th century.
Industry
One of the characteristics of the region that has strongly influenced the mode of life there ever since the Iron Age is its abundance of metals, in particular of iron. The settlers began then to combine agriculture with iron extraction. This exploitation has left numerous traces inside the park. Certain zones in the park were themselves used as extraction sites, such as Tinäset, where limonite was extracted from the marsh. The iron industry in the region necessitated a huge consumption of wood which initially justified silviculture in the park. Accordingly, the woods of Tinäset, for example, were heavily logged to feed the silver mine of Sala. At the end of the 19th century, many mills were constructed along the river: they were used for timber rafting. This activity ceased upon the creation of dams along the river. Gysinge has a timber rafting museum. The wettest forests largely escaped the logging industry, thereby serving as sanctuaries of biodiversity during this period of exploitation.
However, the most evident trace of the iron industry in the region is the forge of Gysinge. This forge was established in 1668 initially for the production of arms. The forge's location permitted a good access to metal, extracted at the mine of Dannemora, to wood and to the energy of the Gysinge rapids. The forge grew rapidly and in the 18th century there were constructed around the forge homes, mills, stables, a manor and even a hotel. In the 18th century, the forge was one of the largest in the country, with 50 people working at the mill proper, and 3000 people connected to the forge in other ways. The forge was also the first in the world to use an oven for induction, the oven Kjellin. The forge closed at the beginning of the 20th century.
A hydroelectric plant was constructed at Gysinge in 1917, but it consists only of one small scale plant, using one deflection of a small part of the river.
Protection
The Lower Dalälven has for a long time been recognized in Sweden as a remarkable site worthy of protection. In the 1960s, the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation engaged itself for the protection of Färnebofjärden, in particular the area of Tinäset, and made many inventories in the area. At the beginning of the 1970s, Stora AB tried to clear all the forests it owned in the northern part of Tinäset. In response the ornithologist Stig Holmstedt made contact with the Swedish nature conservation society and formed a group to work towards the protection of the zone, which led to the formation of a proposition for a national park in 1975. Only the commune of Sandviken took up the idea and formed the same year the nature reserve of Gysinge. In the following years, the geomorphology, fauna and flora of the Lower Dalälven were systematically inventoried. This began at the formulation of a protection plan by Naturvårdsverket and the concerned counties. In 1989, in the first directive for the creation of national parks established by Naturvårdsverket, Färnebofjärden was proposed as a future national park. In 1997, Färnebofjärden is proposed on the list of the Ramsar Convention, and, finally, the national park was established by the king on 10September 1998. The motive for creating the park was "to preserve a unique fluvial landscape as well as rich forests and surrounding wetlands in a relatively intact state". It thus includes a large part of the old reserve of Gysinge, which accordingly was reformed in 1999 with all the zones not included in the park. On 19November 2001, the park was finally added to the Ramsar list. It is also included in the Natura 2000 Network. In 2011, the Lower Dalälven was classified as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO under the name country of the river Nedre Dalälven.
Management and administration
Like most of the Swedish national parks, the management and administration are divided between the Swedish environmental protection agency and the administrative council of the counties. Naturvårdsverket is charged with the proposal of new national parks, through consultation with administrative councils of the counties and municipalities; a vote of the Riksdag endorses their creation. If a park is approved, the state buys the land, through the intermediary of the Naturvårdsverket. The management of the park is then principally in the hands of the county. Despite the fact that the park of Färnebofjärden spans the territories of four counties, only the administrative council of Västmanland is responsible for the management of the park. In contrast, park's nature center is led by Gävleborg, since it is situated on Gävleborg's territory.
The management work for the park includes the maintenance of tourism structures (such as trails, cabins), as well as the maintenance of certain meadows. If appropriate, the park authorities can regulate the beaver population, which is capable of harming the forest. Elk, deer, and American mink hunting is allowed for population regulation purposes, but is forbidden between 1January and 15August. To protect the birds, access to certain zones can be forbidden during nesting season, from 1January to 15June. These fixed zones have been replaced in 2015 by the possibility of creating temporary zones permitting themselves to adapt to zones where the most vulnerable species are found. The ban on commercial activity has also been lifted. Finally, the speed limit for boats was lowered from 12 to 7 knots except for certain sections where the maximum speed is capped at 12 or 20 knots.
Tourism
The park and the surrounding zones attract many tourists. In addition, the Gysinge forge is visited annually by 250,000 people — a figure rapidly growing, the peninsula of Östa by 75,000 people and Tyttbo by 10,000 people. However, these visits are in general highly localized.
The main entrances of the park are at Gysinge and Sevedskvarn, both situated near national route 56. These entries have parking. Camp grounds exist at Östa, Tyttbo and Österfärnebo, and it is also possible to stay at Gysinge forge's hotel (). Inside the park itself, many cabins are available for passing the night, many of them ancient shepherd cabins.
The principal activities inside the park in summer are sport fishing as well as boat or canoe trips. Navigation by boat is in fact one of the best ways to explore the park, and the island of Sandön is particularly popular. The park also attracts many bird watchers in winter and spring, especially near Tinäset where the birdlife is the richest. However, the part of the road that enabled one to get there was closed because it traversed the park — which closing was decided during the park's creation. As a result, the number of tourists at this location diminished considerably. A visitor, information, and nature center was built inside an old barn (dating from 1814) of the Gysinge forge. At Skekarsbo, an observation tower in height was constructed in 1995 and offers a panoramic view over the major part of the park. Several hiking trails exist inside the park, in particular in the north part: on the isle of Mattön (between Gysinge and Sevedskvarn), a part of Gästrikeleden across the park from Gysinge, and from Kyrkstigen up to Skekarsbo. In the southern part, a long trail leads to Tinäset.
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Färnebofjärden National Park
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MacHack was a Macintosh software developers conference first held in 1986 in Ann Arbor, Michigan in partnership with the University of Michigan. The conference was organized and operated by Expotech, Inc. The final (18th) MacHack conference took place on June 19–21, 2003. In 2004 the conference was renamed ADHOC (The Advanced Developers Hands On Conference). 2005 was the last year of the ADHOC conference.
History
The conference was atypical of computer conferences in many ways. Keynotes were generally delivered at midnight. The focus of the conference was less on attending sessions and more on developing "hacks": displays of programming, scripting, configuration, or other techie prowess. Hacks were presented in a raucous Friday night show and recognized at a Saturday banquet. The best-received hacks were those developed on-site during the three-day conference, and those that embodied both remarkable technical skill and utter impracticality. Hacks that were perceived as having some utility value were penalized.
Rather than being held in a vibrant or popular location, the first MacHacks were held in the Holidome in Ann Arbor, Michigan. After a few years, the conference tried one year at what has become known as the MacHack from Hell. Subsequent MacHacks were held in an indistinct Holiday Inn along the Southfield Freeway in Dearborn, Michigan, adjacent to a CompUSA, a Wendy's, a Chili's, and not much else.
One of the key events each year was Bash Apple, typically involving one or more brave souls from Apple taking feedback from the angry mob, sometimes for hours on end. Jordan Mattson was one such Apple representative, engaging so regularly and earnestly that the phrase "It's all Jordan's fault" became a mantra of MacHack.
The MacHax Group held the First Annual MacHax Group Best Hack Contest at the second MacHack in 1987. The Hack Show generally started at midnight, and ran as late as 5AM. Prizes were awarded to many of the contestants, generally inexpensive and tangentially related to the name or nature of the hack. Unbeknownst to most of the attendees, a key goal of prize selection was to see just how outrageous items could be and still have contestants being willing to take them home. During the Dearborn years, the official and beloved hardware store and key purveyor to the contest organizers was Duke's Hardware. Winners were selected by ballot at lunch later that same day, and awards awarded at dinner. The top prize was the coveted Victor-brand rat trap modified to say "A-trap". A-trap is a reference to the Motorola 68000 A-trap exception mechanism which Apple used to great effect in the creation of Macintosh and provided the foundation for much of the hacking enjoyed by attendees.
MacHack's small, informal ethic, and on-site coding challenges have been carried on by a number of conferences; for example, the C4 conference was explicitly created as an attempt to fill the void left by the end of MacHack.
Conference mantras
Sleep is for the weak and sickly
Kill Dean's INITs
It's all Jordan's fault
Who makes the rules?
MARKETING!!!
72 Hours Caffeine and Code
Keynote notables
Doug Clapp
Scott Knaster
Original Macintosh development team reunion: Andy Hertzfeld, Randy Wiggington, Daniel Kottke, Caroline Rose, Jef Raskin and Bill Atkinson - 2001 Scheduled to appear, but unable to attend: Guy 'Bud' Tribble, Bruce Horn
John Warnock
Cory Doctorow
Eric Raymond - 2000 "open source sermon"
Dave Winer
Andy Ihnatko
Steve Wozniak - 1997, 2001
Rob Malda
Tim O'Reilly
Ken Arnold
Jordan Hubbard
Ted Nelson (who may still be speaking in the Savoy Room)
Notable hacks
Incomplete list of 1987 hacks
Animated Icon in Finder by Roy Leban
HeapInit by Fritz Anderson
SetPaths by Paul Snively
The Best Hack Implemented in a Nonexistent Product by Darin Adler, Mitch Adler, Leonard Rosenthal, and Paul Snively. It was written using HyperCard, at the time an unreleased product codenamed WildCard.
Best Power Hack by Mother Nature and NASA. A lightning strike unexpectedly launched three missiles.
1994 Best Hack
5th place: Metwowerks New & Improved, an addition to Metrowerks Code Warrior development environment.
4th place: Stargate arcade game emulation.
3rd place: NewTablet, which turns a Newton into a mouse replacement for a Macintosh.
2nd place: POArk, Pong Open Architecture; supports any number of players on different operating systems.
1st place and winner of the coveted A-Trap award: FEZ by Doug McKenna, demonstrates an advanced set of ZoomRect techniques.
1998 Best Hack
6th place: Switcher 98
5th place: Spotlight
4th place: Phaseshift
3rd place: 180 Years of Hack
2nd place: OFPong
1st place and winner of the coveted A-Trap award: asciiMac by Alexandra Ellwood and Miro Jurisic
1999 Best Hack
5th place: PatchMaker by Paul Baxter.
4th place: MacJive by Ned Holbrook and Jorg Brown.
3rd place: Desktop Doubler by Ed Wynne.
2nd place: Out of Context Menus by Eric Traut
1st place and winner of the coveted A-Trap award: Unfinder by Lisa Lippincott
Complete list of 1999's hacks and a conference report.
Incomplete list of 2000 hacks
Doggie-Style Windows (best yoot hack)
L33t like Jeff K (best OS X hack)
EtherPEG
Los Alamos Security
Monitor Doubler
Vertigo
Dock Strip
Complete list of 2001 hacks
99 Bottles Hack
Airport Radar(tm)
AntiLib
APLocation
Apple Turnover
AquaShade
AquaWriter
asciishopsource
Beeper
BOFH
Buzzy
Carol Goodell's Hack 2001
Cat Juggler
CDaemon
Chia Windows X
Chris Page's Hacks
Crrrhaack
Crypt-Oh
CSFinalHack Module
D-Trash
DarkWaver ƒ
DFA Doubler
Dr. Cheshire's PPPoE Server
DSPanic
Eudora Stat Server
F1Hack
FWMacsBug
GeniusBar ƒ
GhostFinder
GrowBoxDock
Hackable AirPort Network Seeker
Heep Peeker ƒ
HelloTree
HFS-
Hunter's Hacks
iBook turbo switch
ImageToHtml (transformed an image into an HTML table composed of 1x1 pixel cells)
iTunes (HACKED)
iTunes Dock Dance Plugin
iTunes Remote
iWake
Juggler
Kilroy
King of Swing
Light Sleeper
Mac OS X Patching Docs
MacCleo
Max's MADLIB from Hell
Mentat
More Prefs 1.0 ƒ
MrMacintosh
musicPrompter
Network Alias
NotEnoughSecrets
NQCYA
OurHack
PageFido
Palm Finder 2
PalmDock
PaperMaker
PhaseShiftX
Pied Piper ƒ
PigLatin Folder
pixelZone
Polyhedra
Pro Mousing
pseudoDoc
Saton Vs. Little Red RidingHood
Silly String
Spear Britney
SpellCompositor
Talking Steve
TECalc ƒ
TEPeste ƒ
TheWeakestLink
Throbber
TiVo(tm) for QuickTime TV(tm)
Tricycle (Lego Mindstorm(tm))
Unprotected Memory
Useful Hack
X-Menu 2.0
Complete list of 2002 hacks
HaikuReporter
DockDockGoose
newstracker
LCD Degauss
ClassicEdge
ACursor
Carol Goodell Hack 2002
Xydra 0.1
TuXin
Starbanger
BreakoutLevelEditor
SlowDown
Clarus all over
WatchCow
Lightnin'
Dude, You're Getting a DogCow
VIMim
iBacklight
Mr Lo
Dock&Roll
Load Minimizer
Billy Carnage 1.0
OpenGirL
Project Mayhem
Alarm Clock
The Cat's Meow
somersault
Oh What A Hack
The Iron Hack
penguin gear (pres)
Dock Invaders
AniMac
MOOF through the ROOF
Airport Security 2002
Shard
aurport extender blender
lcdSTAT!
Ye Olde Movie
Metadata
airmoof
Utility Scoring Stye (pres)
Little Brother
Mike's Moof
3DogCow
VideoFinder (not on CD)
Jini Network Technology
iMovie Hack
Mac Enforcer
JITObjectiveC
InformedChoiceChooserFacelft
nocat
mosaiHack
JNib
iMenu
APPLE VIDEO SAVER
SleepItemsX
DogcowMenu
IconHunter IV ƒ
Depth Perception
Claris Coaster
RCX Remote Control
FireStarter
dukeshardware.com
HandMatrix
OldSchoolEdit
Complete list of 2003 hacks
Editable SPOD
Jet Lag
Haunter
Sparkie
Unstoppable Progress: Causes a progress bar to be filled with water.
Desktop Control Panel Extension
Secret Life of Apple Logo
Stinkin Badges
SPOD was here
EdgeWarp
DADEL
GUI Kablooie
AirPong
ClickAndAHalf
warphack
underthedesktop
DecryptErrorMessage
FishEyeMenus
Antiqualc
SetiMonitor
X-MENu 2 Unexpected End of File
WTA Death Watch
wait
CyberCat
Interface UnBuilder
QTJGrab
Script Adventure
MagicLocalizer
GLCheat
iPod Adventure
Spinning Clock of Death
Cocoa DocTour
Desktop Control Panel Extension
Size Doesn't Matter
The Boot
mountxml
iTunes Control
iTunes Location Launcher
Gnomes
SEV
iAnalyseThis
MoodRing
Packetplay
Packet the Magic Dragon
spuds
alCrashda
iPodRip was built at MacHack but not demonstrated as a hack
Mostly Complete list of 2004 hacks
BadBadThing
EtherPEGCocoa - A program that showed any JPEG images coming across the network (even by other users) in a window. A screensaver version was also produced.
EULB Extension Program - A program that simulates a 2004-era iBook logic board error that results in screen flashing on Macs that don't have that issue.
ExposéHopper - Turn on Expose and jump from window to window with a little figure.
FrodoFinder
Magic 8 Ball
MailToOnCrash
MegaManEffect - Shows the mega man intro whenever you start an application
Neko Returns
NotTheSameOldTrash
Rumor Mill
Scroll Plate - Hold a paper plate with an up-pointing red or down-pointing green arrow on it in front of the webcam and your Mac will scroll in that direction.
SmartMouth
SpellingB
Stupid Shell Tricks 2004 - A bunch of shell scripts that do fun things, like one that would open/close the CD tray on Macs in the next room in a choreography.
Talkicity - An app that used various Talking Moose animations and ran a conversation between them in a window.
Temporary Items
Unsummarize - A service plugin that takes a piece of text and makes it longer, seemingly doing the reverse of the system's "summarize" service.
See also
C4 (conference)
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MacHack
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Felix Kadlinský (18 October 1613 in Horšovský Týn13 November 1675 in Uherské Hradiště) was a Baroque author, translator, and Jesuit from Bohemia.
1613 births
1675 deaths
17th-century Bohemian poets
Czech male poets
Czech Jesuits
Czech translators
People from Horšovský Týn
17th-century male writers
17th-century translators
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Felix Kadlinský
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Girard Estate, also known as Girard Estates, is part of South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Its boundaries stretch from South 22nd Street on the west to South 17th Street on the east. The southern boundary is clearly defined as the south side of Shunk Street, but its northern boundary is irregular in stretching from the north side of Porter Street between South 17th Street and South 21st Streets, along the east side of South 21st Street to West Passyunk Avenue, then along the south side of West Passyunk Avenue to its northwestern tip at South 22nd Street. It is named after Stephen Girard, whose South Philadelphia property was developed in the 1920s by the City of Philadelphia.
History
Girard's country home was on a plot of land he named Gentilhommiere in what was formerly called Passyunk Township of Philadelphia County. He was likely the richest man in the United States when he died in 1831, and he left most of his $6 million estate to the City of Philadelphia.
Girard's will stated that the city must establish a school for poor orphaned white boys in his name, and that Gentilhommiere must not be sold. To meet the second stipulation, the Board of City Trusts, trustee of the Girard Estate, developed 481 rental homes which became the Girard Estate homes.
Most of the semi-detached homes were designed by architects John and James H. Windrim, and were built from 1906 to 1916. The architectural styles included Bungalow, Prairie, Mission, Jacobean Revival and Colonial Revival. They are a marked difference from the typical South Philly row homes.
In 1950, the city received permission to sell all 481 homes to private owners. All the homes were sold within two years.
In 1979, Girard Estate became a location for "Rocky II." The crew filmed scenes on the 2300 block of S. Lambert Street for a week. In the film, the character Rocky Balboa bought 2313 S. Lambert St. with his winnings from the bout in the first film. (He even comments on the address, pointing out that the number "almost add up to nine!") All exteriors were shot on the street; house interiors were shot on a soundstage.
On March 15, 1981, Philadelphia organized crime boss Phillip Testa returned to his Girard Estates twin home at 2117 Porter Street and as he was opening the door a nail bomb exploded under his front porch killing him and doing extensive damage the house.
The Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot and Edgar Allan Poe School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Education
The School District of Philadelphia operates public schools.
The Free Library of Philadelphia Thomas F. Donatucci, Sr. Branch (formerly the Passyunk Branch) serves Girard Estate. The library received its current name in 2004.
Notable people
Stephen Girard (1750-1831), philanthropist, banker, and slave owner.
Pat Martino (1944-2021), jazz musician.
Phillip Testa (1924-1981), mobster
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Girard Estate, Philadelphia
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Vellalar is a group of castes in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka. The Vellalar are members of several endogamous castes such as the numerically strong Arunattu Vellalar, Chozhia Vellalar, Karkarthar Vellalar, Kongu Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar and Sri Lankan Vellalar.
Etymology
The earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is in Paripadal where it is used in the sense of a landowner. The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the Velir chieftains of Sangam age among other things.
The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root Vellam for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name.
History
The Vellalars have a long cultural history that goes back to over two millennia in southern India, where once they were the ruling and land-owning community. Though the Vellalar have generally been associated with the landed gentry and agriculture, they are not a homogenous group and various people from diverse backgrounds have identified themselves as a Vellalar in the course of history.
In Sangam literature
The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the Sangam period and are mentioned in many of the classical works of Sangam literature. The Tolkappiyam does not contain the term Vellalar but refers to a group of people called Velaan Maanthar who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state. The term Vellalar itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in Paripadal. The poem Pattinappaalai lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty.
Post-Sangam period
In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called Kalabhras. Historians believe that the Kalabhras belonged to the Vellalar community of warriors who were possibly once the feudatories of the Cholas and the Pallavas. Scholar and historian M. Raghava Iyengar identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of Meykandar. Buddhadatta, the Pali writer who stayed in the Chola kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the Nigamanagātha of Vinayavinicchaya, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as Kalamba-kula nandane meaning the favourite of the Kalamba family. In Pali language as in Tamil, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the Kadamba tree, the sacred totemic symbol that is associated with Tamil god Murugan.
The Velir
The Velir were an ancient group of Tamil chieftains who claimed Yadava (Yadu) descent. The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from Vel -nadu, that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains. We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth, in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.
The Irunkovel or Irukkuvel chieftains were another ancient Velir clan who ruled from their capital Kodumbalur (near Pudukottai district). They were related to the Cholas by marriage. In an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola an Irukkuvel feudatory who was a high-ranking military officer (Dandanayaka) of the king is described as a Velala.
The Irungovels are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians. Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (Pulikadimal) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where ‘'sala'’ kills the tiger to save a sage. As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title ‘'Ballala'’ is only a variant of the Tamil word ‘'Vellala'’. The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the ‘'Vellala Maharaja'’ in Thiruvannamalai, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.
The Chola period
According to the anthropologist Kathleen Gough, "the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry".
Two identical Tamil inscriptions from Avani and Uttanur in Mulbagal Taluk dated in the 3rd year of Kulottunga I (about 1072-1073 CE) describe how the great army of the right hand class (perumpadai valangai mahasenai) having arrived with great weapons of war from the 78-nadus of Chola-mandalam and the 48000-bhumi of Jayangonda-cholamandalam (the northern districts of Tamil Nadu that is Tondaimandalam) conquered and colonized southern Karnataka (Kolar district) by the grace of Rajendrachola (Kulottunga I).
Historian Burton Stein who has done a detailed analysis of this inscription equates the Valangai military forces and the Velaikkara troops of the Cholas with the Vellalas and notes that the contents of the above inscription confirm this identification. The Velaikkara troops were special units of armed forces drawn from the right-hand castes that were close to the king. The units were generally named after the king like Rajaraja-terinda-valangai-velaikkarar, that is the known (terinda) forces of king Rajaraja Chola I. The Chola inscriptions state that the Velaikkara forces pledged under oath to commit suicide in case they failed to defend their king or in the event of his death. The Chalukya kings were also known by the title Velpularasar, that is kings of Vel country (pulam means region or country in Tamil) and as Velkulattarasar, that is kings of the Vel clan (kulam), in epigraphs and in the old Tamil lexicon Divakaram.
The Vellalar also contributed to the Bhakti movement in south India from the seventh century CE onwards and helped revive Hinduism. Many of the Nayanmars, the Shaiva saints, were Vellalar. In the 12th century CE, saint Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva sang the glories of these Nayanmars in his magnum opus, the Periyapuranam. Sekkizhar was born in a Vellala family in Kundrathur in Thondaimandalam and had the title Uttama Chola Pallavaraiyan. Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva was an elder contemporary of Kulothunga Chola II, the king who is said to have persecuted the Brahmin philosopher Ramanuja for his Vaishnavite preachings by forcing him to sign a document stating Shiva is the greatest god.
Sri Lanka
The Vellalars of Sri Lanka have been chronicled in the Yalpana Vaipava Malai and other historical texts of the Jaffna kingdom. They form half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population and are the major husbandmen, involved in tillage and cattle cultivation. Local Sri Lankan literature, such as the Kailiyai Malai, an account on Kalinga Magha, narrates the migration of Vellala Nattar chiefs from the Coromandel Coast to Sri Lanka.
Their dominance rose under Dutch rule and they formed one of the colonial political elites of the island.
In Jainism
At present, most of the Tamil Jains are from the Vellalar social group. Also, the Saiva Velaalar sect are originally believed to have been Jainas before they embraced Hinduism. The Tamil Jains refer to the Saiva Velaalar as nīr-pūci-nayinārs or nīr-pūci-vellalars meaning the vellalars who left Jainism by smearing the sacred ash or (tiru)-nīru. While some of the Jains assign this conversion to the period of the Bhakti movement in Tamil nadu others link it to a conflict with a ruler of the Vijayanagar empire in the 15th century. The villages and areas settled by the Saiva Velaalar even now have a small number of Jaina families and inscriptional evidence indicate that these were earlier Jaina settlements as is evident by the existence of old Jaina temples.
Current usage
Even though at present, the term "Vellalar" is uncertain, a number of non-cultivating landholding castes like Kaarukaatha Velaalar and the Kondaikatti Velaalar who served ruling dynasties in various capacities also identify themselves as Vellalar. Likewise, the Kottai Pillaimar who were traditionally land-holders and lived inside forts, neither lease land for agriculture nor do they till their own fields. They also do not supervise cultivation directly due to the stigma attached to farming and manual labor. Similarly, the Vellala Chettis, a branch of the Chozhia Vellalars were traders and merchants. The Adi-saiva vellalar sect is a strictly vegetarian Saivite group that traditionally served as priests.
Social status
The Vellalar were considered to be of high status and enjoyed a high rank during the Chola period. They helped promote and stabilize Shaivism during the Chola era and many of the cult's leaders were drawn from the ranks of the Vellalar. They were a prosperous community of farmers and landowners who had provided economic support to Shiva temples in the Tamil country. In the Tamil region, Vellalar like Mudaliyar and Pillai along with certain other non-brahmin groups enjoyed a status equal to that of the Brahmins. The Vellalar also had more authority, power and status than the Brahmins in some social and ritual contexts. They were more orthodox than the Brahmins in their religious practices. The Vellalar nobles had marriage alliances with Chola royal families.
The Smarta Brahmins have always competed with the Tamil Shaivites for religious influence in the temples in the Kaveri delta region. The Smarta adopted the worship of Hindu deities and combined their Sanskritic background with Tamil Saiva and Vaishnava devotionalism and eventually identified themselves as Shaivites and started worshipping in Shiva temples.
From the Sangam period to the Chola period of Indian history (A.d. 600 to 1200), state-level political authority was in the hands of relatively low, Vellalar chieftains, who endowed local and nonlocal Brahmins with land and honors, and were in turn legitimized by them.
See also
Pallavaraiyan
List of Vellalars
List of Vellalar sub castes
Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family
Notes
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Vellalar
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Porolissum was an ancient Roman city in Dacia. Established as a military camp in 106 during Trajan's Dacian Wars, the city quickly grew through trade with the native Dacians and became the capital of the province Dacia Porolissensis in 124. The site is one of the largest and best-preserved archaeological sites in modern-day Romania. It is 8 km away from the modern city of Zalău, in Moigrad-Porolissum village, Mirsid Commune, Sălaj County.
History
In 106, at the beginning of his second war against the Dacians, Emperor Trajan established a military stronghold at the site to defend the main passageway through the Carpathian mountains. The fort, initially built of wood on stone foundations, was garrisoned with 5000 auxiliary troops transferred from Spain, Gaul and Britain. Even though the name Porolissum appears to be Dacian in origin, archaeologists have so far uncovered no evidence of a Dacian settlement preceding the Roman fort.
In the following decades, the fort was enlarged and rebuilt in stone (possibly under the reign of Marcus Aurelius), and a canaba, a civilian settlement developed around the military center. When Hadrian created the new province Dacia Porolissensis (named for the now sizable city) in 124, Porolissum became the administrative center of the province. Under emperor Septimius Severus, the city was granted municipium status, allowing its leaders and merchants to act independently. Although the Romans withdrew from Dacia ca. 271 under Aurelian, Porolissum may have been gradually abandoned in the course of the 260's.
Even though the city was founded as a military center in the middle of a war, the garrison of Porolissum seems to have lived in peaceful coexistence with their Dacian neighbours – several Dacian villages that were apparently founded after the city of Porolissum have been uncovered by archaeologists on the surrounding hills. There are also some inscriptions mentioning city officials with Romano-Dacian names, indicating close cooperation on a political level.
Excavations
Limited archaeological work at Porolissum began in the 19th century, but it was not until 1977 when Romanian archaeologists began larger-scale, systematic excavations. The excavations by a number of teams are ongoing and have uncovered remnants of both the military installations and the civilian city, including public baths, a customs house, a temple to Liber Pater, an amphitheatre, insula consisting of four buildings and a number of houses. The main gate (Porta Praetoria) of the stone fortress has been rebuilt. A joint American-Romanian team, the Porolissum Forum Project, excavated an area of the civilian settlement from 2004–2011; despite the name of the project, the team confirmed that while this area served a public function, it was not necessarily a forum.
From 2006 until 2011, another project, "Necropolis Porolissensis", was running focused on the cemetery of the municipium Porolissum, on the spot known as "Ursoies". From 2008 to 2011 a Romanian-German-Hungarian team was excavating an underground-building in the centre of the castle, probably a water cistern.
In 2015, archaeologists from Zalău County Museum unearthed a stone sarcophagus containing skeletal remains of a young person. The sarcophagus is unusual because it was not found in the cemetery, rather it was discovered by chance during restoration of another part of the ruins. The limestone lid has carvings that were common in Roman times, and it has a hole that suggests that the grave was robbed in antiquity.
Temple of Jupiter
Temple of Liber Pater
Temple of Nemesis
Nemesis was the goddess of justice, fortune and destiny. It was believed that she influenced the fate of those who were frequently faced with death and danger, so she was worshipped especially by soldiers and gladiators. Thus, the goddess was closely linked to the world of amphitheaters. Places of worship dedicated to her are near amphitheaters or even embedded in the building. The sanctuary of Porolissum was built in the late 2nd century or in the beginning of the 3rd century AD. Probably it was also a place of worship of other deities which were linked in one way or another to amphitheatre activities, especially animal fighting (venatio), such as Liber Pater: god of vegetation and vines, or Silvanus: protector god of forests, pastures and wild animals.
Amphitheater
The amphitheater was built as a wood structure during the reign of Hadrian. Later, in 157 AD, it has been rebuilt in stone.
Gallery
In popular culture
Porolissum is the primary setting of Harry Turtledove's science fiction novel Gunpowder Empire.
See also
Potaissa (castra)
Napoca (castra)
Apulum (castra)
List of castra in Dacia
Roman Dacia
History of Romania
Notes
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Porolissum
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Drumnakilly (Irish: Droim na Coille, "Ridge of the Wood").) is a small village and townland between Carrickmore and Omagh in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 114 people. The townland is situated in the historic barony of Strabane Upper and the civil parish of Termonmaguirk and covers an area of 1,352 acres. It lies within the Omagh District Council area.
History
The Troubles
On 30 August 1988 a Provisional Irish Republican Army detachment was ambushed by the British Army in the Drumnakilly neighbourhood whilst attempting to kill an off-duty Ulster Defence Regiment member, leading to the deaths of the IRA members.
Demography
The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:
See also
List of townlands of County Tyrone
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Drumnakilly
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The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (, abbreviated as OSB), are a mainly a contemplative monastic religious order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. The male religious are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of their religious habits. They were founded in 529 by Benedict of Nursia, a 6th-century Italian monk who laid the foundations of Benedictine monasticism through the formulation of his Rule. Benedict's sister, Scholastica, possibly his twin, also became a religious from an early age, but chose to live as a hermit. They retained a close relationship until her death.
Despite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organized as a collection of autonomous monasteries and convents, some known as abbeys. The order is represented internationally by the Benedictine Confederation, an organization set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests. They do not have a superior general or motherhouse with universal jurisdiction but elect an Abbot Primate to represent themselves to the Vatican and to the world.
Benedictine nuns are given the title Dame in preference to Sister.
Historical development
The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Benedict of Nursia 529, was the first of the dozen monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino. There is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. When Monte Cassino was sacked by the Lombards about the year 580, the monks fled to Rome, and it seems probable that this constituted an important factor in the diffusion of a knowledge of Benedictine monasticism.
Copies of Benedict's Rule survived; around 594 Pope Gregory I spoke favorably of it. The rule is subsequently found in some monasteries in southern Gaul along with other rules used by abbots. Gregory of Tours says that at Ainay Abbey, in the sixth century, the monks "followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. In Gaul and Switzerland, it gradually supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually entirely displaced the earlier codes.
By the ninth century, however, the Benedictine had become the standard form of monastic life throughout the whole of Western Europe, excepting Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, where the Celtic observance still prevailed for another century or two. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire.
Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium. As a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. An anonymous writer of the ninth or tenth century speaks of six hours a day as the usual task of a scribe, which would absorb almost all the time available for active work in the day of a medieval monk.
In the Middle Ages monasteries were often founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910. The abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, through appointed priors.
One of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The Cistercians branched off from the Benedictines in 1098; they are often called the "White monks".
The dominance of the Benedictine monastic way of life began to decline towards the end of the twelfth century, which saw the rise of the mendicant Franciscans and nomadic Dominicans. Benedictines by contrast, took a fourth vow of "stability", which professed loyalty to a particular foundation in a particular location. Not being bound by location, the mendicants were better able to respond to an increasingly "urban" environment. This decline was further exacerbated by the practice of appointing a commendatory abbot, a lay person, appointed by a noble to oversee and to protect the assets of the monastery. Often, however, this resulted in the appropriation of the assets of monasteries at the expense of the community which they were intended to support.
Austria - Germany
Saint Blaise Abbey in the Black Forest of Baden-Württemberg is believed to have been founded around the latter part of the tenth century. Between 1070 and 1073 there seem to have been contacts between St. Blaise and the Cluniac Abbey of Fruttuaria in Italy, which led to St. Blaise following the Fruttuarian reforms. The Empress Agnes was a patron of Fruttuaria, and retired there in 1065 before moving to Rome. The Empress was instrumental in introducing Fruttuaria's Benedictine customs, as practiced at Cluny, to Saint Blaise Abbey in Baden-Württemberg. Other houses either reformed by, or founded as priories of, St. Blasien were Muri Abbey (1082), Ochsenhausen Abbey (1093), Göttweig Abbey (1094), Stein am Rhein Abbey (before 1123) and Prüm Abbey (1132). It also had significant influence on the abbeys of Alpirsbach (1099), Ettenheimmünster (1124) and Sulzburg (), and the priories of Weitenau (now part of Steinen, ), Bürgel (before 1130) and Sitzenkirch ().
France
Fleury Abbey in Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, Loiret was founded in about 640. It is one of the most celebrated Benedictine monasteries of Western Europe, and possesses the relics of St. Benedict. Like many Benedictine abbeys it was located on the banks of a river, here the Loire.Ainey Abbey is a ninth century foundation on the Lyon peninsula. In the twelfth century on the current site there was a romanesque monastery, subsequently rebuilt.
The seventeenth century saw a number of Benedictine foundations for women, some dedicated to the indigent to save them from a life of exploitation, others dedicated to the Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament such as the one established by Catherine de Bar (1614-1698). In 1688 Dame Mechtilde de Bar assisted Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, queen consort of Poland, to establish a Benedictine foundation in Warsaw.
Abbeys were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the French Revolution. Monasteries and convents were again allowed to form in the 19th century under the Bourbon Restoration. Later that century, under the Third French Republic, laws were enacted preventing religious teaching. The original intent was to allow secular schools. Thus in 1880 and 1882, Benedictine teaching monks were effectively exiled; this was not completed until 1901.
In 1898 Marie-Adèle Garnier, in religion, Mother Marie de Saint-Pierre, founded in Montmartre (Mount of the Martyr), Paris a Benedictine house. However, the Waldeck-Rousseau's Law of Associations, passed in 1901, placed severe restrictions on religious bodies which were obliged to leave France. Garnier and her community relocated to another place associated with executions, this time it was in London, near the site of Tyburn tree where 105 Catholic martyrs—including Saint Oliver Plunkett and Saint Edmund Campion had been executed during the English Reformation. A stone's throw from Marble Arch, the Tyburn Convent is now the Mother House of the Congregation.
Poland - Lithuania
Benedictines are thought to have arrived in the Kingdom of Poland in the 11th-century. One of the earliest foundations is Tyniec Abbey on a promontory by the Vistula river. The Tyniec monks led the translation of the Bible into Polish vernacular. Other surviving Benedictine houses can be found in Kraków Old Town, Biskupów, Lubiń. Older foundations are in Mogilno, Trzemeszno, Łęczyca, Łysa Góra and in Opactwo, among others. In the Middle Ages the city of Płock, also on the Vistula, had a successful monastery, which played a significant role in the local economy. In the 18th-century benedictine convents were opened for women, notably in Warsaw's New Town.
A 15th-century Benedictine foundation can be found in Senieji Trakai, a village in Eastern Lithuania.
Switzerland
Kloster Rheinau was a Benedictine monastery in Rheinau in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, founded in about 778. The abbey of Our Lady of the Angels was founded in 1120.
United Kingdom
The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations. Through the influence of Wilfrid, Benedict Biscop, and Dunstan, the Benedictine Rule spread rapidly, and in the North it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Many of the episcopal sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines, and no fewer than nine of the old cathedrals were served by the black monks of the priories attached to them. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak and homeless. The monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick.
During the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, forcing those who wished to continue in the monastic life to flee into exile on the Continent. During the 19th century English members of these communities were able to return to England.
St. Mildred's Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent. Currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns. Five of the most notable English abbeys are the Basilica of St Gregory the Great at Downside, commonly known as Downside Abbey, The Abbey of St Edmund, King and Martyr commonly known as Douai Abbey in Upper Woolhampton, Reading, Berkshire, Ealing Abbey in Ealing, West London, and Worth Abbey. Prinknash Abbey, used by Henry VIII as a hunting lodge, was officially returned to the Benedictines four hundred years later, in 1928. During the next few years, so-called Prinknash Park was used as a home until it was returned to the order.
St. Lawrence's Abbey in Ampleforth, Yorkshire was founded in 1802. In 1955, Ampleforth set up a daughter house, a priory at St. Louis, Missouri which became independent in 1973 and became Saint Louis Abbey in its own right in 1989.
As of 2015, the English Congregation consists of three abbeys of nuns and ten abbeys of monks. Members of the congregation are found in England, Wales, the United States of America, Peru and Zimbabwe.
In England there are also houses of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation: Farnborough, Prinknash, and Chilworth: the Solesmes Congregation, Quarr and St Cecilia's on the Isle of Wight, as well as a diocesan monastery following the Rule of Saint Benedict: The Community of Our Lady of Glastonbury.
Since the Oxford Movement, there has also been a modest flourishing of Benedictine monasticism in the Anglican Church and Protestant Churches. Anglican Benedictine Abbots are invited guests of the Benedictine Abbot Primate in Rome at Abbatial gatherings at Sant'Anselmo.
In 1168 local Benedictine monks instigated the anti-semitic blood libel of Harold of Gloucester as a template for explaining child deaths. According to historian Joe Hillaby, the blood libel of Harold was crucially important because for the first time an unexplained child death occurring near the Easter festival was arbitrarily linked to Jews in the vicinity by local Christian churchmen: "they established a pattern quickly taken up elsewhere. Within three years the first ritual murder charge was made in France."
Monastic libraries in England
The forty-eighth Rule of Saint Benedict prescribes extensive and habitual "holy reading" for the brethren. Three primary types of reading were done by the monks in medieval times. Monks would read privately during their personal time, as well as publicly during services and at mealtimes. In addition to these three mentioned in the Rule, monks would also read in the infirmary. Monasteries were thriving centers of education, with monks and nuns actively encouraged to learn and pray according to the Benedictine Rule. Rule 38 states that 'these brothers' meals should usually be accompanied by reading, and that they were to eat and drink in silence while one read out loud.
Benedictine monks were not allowed worldly possessions, thus necessitating the preservation and collection of sacred texts in monastic libraries for communal use. For the sake of convenience, the books in the monastery were housed in a few different places, namely the sacristy, which contained books for the choir and other liturgical books, the rectory, which housed books for public reading such as sermons and lives of the saints, and the library, which contained the largest collection of books and was typically in the cloister.
The first record of a monastic library in England is in Canterbury. To assist with Augustine of Canterbury's English mission, Pope Gregory the Great gave him nine books which included the Gregorian Bible in two volumes, the Psalter of Augustine, two copies of the Gospels, two martyrologies, an Exposition of the Gospels and Epistles, and a Psalter. Theodore of Tarsus brought Greek books to Canterbury more than seventy years later, when he founded a school for the study of Greek.
United States
The first Benedictine to live in the United States was Pierre-Joseph Didier. He came to the United States in 1790 from Paris and served in the Ohio and St. Louis areas until his death. The first actual Benedictine monastery founded was Saint Vincent Archabbey, located in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1832 by Boniface Wimmer, a German monk, who sought to serve German immigrants in America. In 1856, Wimmer started to lay the foundations for St. John's Abbey in Minnesota. In 1876, Herman Wolfe, of Saint Vincent Archabbey established Belmont Abbey in North Carolina. By the time of his death in 1887, Wimmer had sent Benedictine monks to Kansas, New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Illinois, and Colorado.
Wimmer also asked for Benedictine sisters to be sent to America by St. Walburg Convent in Eichstätt, Bavaria. In 1852, Sister Benedicta Riepp and two other sisters founded St. Marys, Pennsylvania. Soon they would send sisters to Michigan, New Jersey, and Minnesota.
By 1854, Swiss monks began to arrive and founded St. Meinrad Abbey in Indiana, and they soon spread to Arkansas and Louisiana. They were soon followed by Swiss sisters.
There are now over 100 Benedictine houses across America. Most Benedictine houses are part of one of four large Congregations: American-Cassinese, Swiss-American, St. Scholastica, and St. Benedict. The congregations mostly are made up of monasteries that share the same lineage. For instance the American-Cassinese congregation included the 22 monasteries descended from Boniface Wimmer.
Benedictine vows and life
A sense of community has been the defining characteristic of the order since the beginning. To that end, section 17 in chapter 58 of the Rule of Saint Benedict specifies the solemn vows candidates joining a Benedictine community are required to make: a vow of stability, to remain in the same community), and to adopt a "conversion of habits", in Latin, conversatio morum and obedience to the community's superior. The "Benedictine vows" are equivalent to the evangelical counsels accepted by all candidates entering a religious order. The interpretation of conversatio morum understood as "conversion of the habits of life" has generally been replaced by notions such as adoption of a monastic manner of life, drawing on the Vulgate's use of conversatio as indicating "citizenship" or "local customs", see Philippians 3:20. The Rule enjoins monks and nuns "to live in this place as a religious, in obedience to its rule and to the abbot or abbess."
Benedictine abbots and abbesses have jurisdiction over their abbey and thus canonical authority over the monks or nuns who are resident. This authority includes the power to assign duties, to decide which books may or may not be read, to regulate comings and goings, and to punish and to excommunicate, in the sense of an enforced isolation from the monastic community.
A tight communal timetablethe horariumis meant to ensure that the time given by God is not wasted but used in God's service, whether for prayer, work, meals, spiritual reading or sleep. The order's motto is Ora et Labora "pray and work".
Although Benedictines do not take a vow of silence, hours of strict silence are set, and at other times silence is maintained as much as is practically possible. Social conversations tend to be limited to communal recreation times. Such details, like other aspects of the daily routine of a Benedictine house are left to the discretion of the superior, and are set out in its customary, the code adopted by a particular Benedictine house by adapting the Rule to local conditions.
According to the norms of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, a Benedictine abbey is a "religious institute" and its members therefore participate in the consecrated life. While Canon Law 588 §1 explains that Benedictine monks are "neither clerical nor lay", although they may be ordained.
Benedictines' rules contain a reference to ritual purification, which is inspired by Benedict's encouragement of bathing. Benedictine monks have played a role in the development and promotion of spas.
Organization
Benedictine monasticism differs from other Christian religious orders in that as congregations sometimes with several houses, some of them in other countries, they are not bound into a unified religious order headed by a "Superior General". Each Benedictine congregation is autonomous and governed by an abbot or abbess.
The autonomous houses are characterised by their chosen charism or specific dedication to a particular devotion. For example, In 1313 Bernardo Tolomei established the Order of Our Lady of Mount Olivet. The community adopted the Rule of Saint Benedict and received canonical approval in 1344. The Olivetans are part of the Benedictine Confederation. Other specialisms, such as Gregorian chant as at Solesmes in France, or Perpetual Adoration of the Holy Sacrament have been adopted by different houses, as at the Warsaw Convent, or the Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre at Tyburn Convent in London. Other houses have dedicated themselves to books, reading, writing and printing them as at Stanbrook Abbey in England. Others still are associated with the places where they were founded or their founders centuries ago, hence Cassinese, Subiaco, Camaldolese or Sylvestrines.
All Benedictine houses became federated in the Benedictine Confederation brought into existence by Pope Leo XIII's Apostolic Brief "Summum semper" on 12 July 1893. Pope Leo also established the office of Abbot Primate as the abbot elected to represent this Confederation at the Vatican and to the world. So far there has not been an Abbess Primate, her time is yet to come. The headquarters for the Benedictine Confederation and the Abbot Primate operate out of the Primatial Abbey of Sant'Anselmo built by Pope Leo XIII in Rome.
Other orders
The Rule of Saint Benedict is also used by a number of religious orders that began as reforms of the Benedictine tradition such as the Cistercians and Trappists. These groups are separate congregations and not members of the Benedictine Confederation.
Although Benedictines are traditionally Catholic, there are also other communities that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. For example, of an estimated 2,400 celibate Anglican religious (1,080 men and 1,320 women) in the Anglican Communion as a whole, some have adopted the Rule of Benedict. Likewise, such communities can be found in Eastern Orthodox Church, and Lutheran Church.
Notable Benedictines
Male Saints and Blesseds
Popes
Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers
Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers
Maurists
Members of the Congregation of Saint Maur, a prerevolutionary French congregation of Benedictines known for their scholarship:
Bishops and martyrs
Twentieth century
Benedictine Dames
Oblates
Benedictine Oblates endeavor to embrace the spirit of the Benedictine vow in their own life in the world. Oblates are affiliated with a particular monastery.
See also
Dom Pierre Pérignon
Benedictine Confederation
Catholic religious order
Cistercians
French Romanesque architecture
Sisters of Social Service
Trappists
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Benedictines
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Robert Parsons (ca. 1535 – January 1571/2) was an English composer of the Tudor period who was active during the reigns of King Edward VI, Queen Mary I and Queen Elizabeth I. He is noted for his compositions of church music.
Early life
Parsons was born around 1530–35, but no details of his birth survive and there is no evidence connecting him with either Robert Parsons (1596-1676), a vicar choral at Exeter Cathedral, or his contemporary, the composer William Parsons of Wells. Although little is known about his life, it is likely that in his youth he was a choir boy, as until 1561 he was an assistant to Richard Bower, Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal.
Career and influence
Parsons was composing during a period of major religious upheaval in England. After the death of Henry VIII in 1547, the new king, Edward VI, advanced the Reformation in England, introducing major changes to the liturgy of the Church of England. In 1549, Thomas Cranmer's new Book of Common Prayer swept away the old Latin-language liturgy and replaced it with prayers in English. This brand new liturgy suddenly demanded that new music be written in English for the church, and musicians of the Chapel Royal such as Thomas Tallis, John Sheppard, and Parsons were called upon to demonstrate that the new Protestantism was no less splendid than the old Catholic religion.
During the reign of Mary Tudor (1553–1558), a revival of Catholic practice encouraged a return to Latin music, but after Elizabeth I ascended to the throne of England in 1558, vernacular English liturgy and music came back into favour.
Parsons was appointed Gentleman of the Chapel Royal on 17 October 1563. His work consisted of a number of sacred and secular vocal compositions. His earliest known composition is his First Service, a setting of text from the 1549 Prayer Book of King Edward VI and his largest surviving work. Its existence suggests that Parsons was actively composing from at least the early 1550s. This work contained settings of the canticles for the new services of Morning (Venite, Te Deum, Benedictus) and Evening Prayer (Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis), as well as a setting of the Credo and short Responses to the Ten Commandments for the Holy Communion service.
Parsons is especially noted for his choral motets, and he is recognised as a master of polyphonic writing for choirs with the skilled use of cantus firmus within his works. Notable works include his setting of Ave Maria, the anthem Deliver me from mine enemies, and some instrumental pieces. Eight of these works were included in the music manuscript known as the Dow Partbooks, and several of his vocal works also feature in the Drexel and Peterhouse partbooks. Parsons was the first English composer to write a setting of the Office for the Dead, and he was possibly influenced by the work of Alfonso Ferrabosco, an Italian composer who was active in England at the time.
Parsons worked with other composers of his day and it is thought that he collaborated with Richard Farrant on dramatic productions during the early 1560s. Similarities have been demonstrated between John Sheppard's 1558 Second Service and Parsons's First Service, suggesting that Parsons was greatly influenced by Sheppard's compositional style. Parsons is also closely connected with the composer William Byrd. Parsons's influences can be traced in Byrd's instrumental works and choral motets. The two musicians lived and worked in the county of Lincolnshire; in 1567, Parsons was granted a Crown lease on a rectory at Stainton in Lincolnshire, from Hainton, where Byrd resided, and it is thought that Parsons may have taught Byrd at Lincoln Cathedral.
Works
English works
The First Service (also known as The Great Service)
The Second 'Excellent' Service for Means(evening canticles to the Second Service composed by William Mundy in tribute to Parsons)
English anthems
Deliver me from mine enemies
Holy Lord God Almighty
Consort songs
Abradad: Alas you salt sea gods
Enforced by Love and Fear
No grief is like to mine
Pour down you powers divine
Latin works
Ave Maria
Credo quod redemptor meus vivit
Domine, quis habitabit
Iam Christus astra ascenderat
In manus tuas
Retribue servo tuo
Libera me, Domine, de morte aeterna
Magnificat
O bone Jesu
Peccantem me quotidie
Death and legacy
Parsons is believed to have died in January 1571/2, when he fell into the then swollen River Trent at Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire and drowned. His sudden death was marked with great sadness as he had gained considerable acclaim as a composer. The eulogy at his funeral (published in the Dow Partbook) lamented the fact that his life had been cut short at a young age:
There is no record of Parsons's body ever having been retrieved from the river following his death. His son, John Parsons (1563–1623), was a minor composer who served as organist of Westminster Abbey (1621–23). William Byrd succeeded Parsons as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.
Today, Parsons's surviving compositions form part of the repertoire of Anglican church music. His Ave Maria was included in the 1978 publication, the Oxford Book of Tudor Anthems.
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Robert Parsons (composer)
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Flegg High Ormiston Academy (formerly Flegg High School) is an 11–16 mixed secondary school with academy status in Martham, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England.
Description
It was built in the 1960s for boys and girls aged 12–16. Much of the school has been expanded over the years and in 2006/07 major building work was undertaken to accommodate the inclusion of Year 7 pupils, and generally update the buildings, bringing the school roll in September 2007 up to near 1,000 pupils.
Flegg High has a specialism in Business and Enterprise, and is a National Hub for that specialism. The school was rated Good in the 2016 Ofsted.
In February 2018, Ormiston Academies Trust took over the high school, turning it into an academy. It was renamed "Flegg High Ormiston Academy".
Academics
Flegg students complete a Key Stage 3 in three years where the full Key Stage 3 National Curriculum is covered.
Key Stage 4 commences in Year 10, allowing the students the opportunity to study core subjects and 4 in greater depth than in Key Stage 3. This follows the Ormiston teaching philosophy of Teach and Develop and Change.
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Flegg High Ormiston Academy
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Sarekat Islam or Syarikat Islam ( 'Islamic Association' or 'Islamic Union'; SI) was an Indonesian socio-political organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century during the Dutch colonial era. Initially, SI served as a cooperative of Muslim Javanese batik traders to compete with the Chinese-Indonesian big traders. From there, SI rapidly evolved into a nationalist political organization that demanded self-governance against the Dutch colonial regime and gained wide popular support. SI was especially active during the 1910s and the early 1920s. By 1916, it claimed 80 branches with a total membership of around 350,000.
SI was eventually embroiled in an internal conflict between the Islamic moderates and the radical communist members who urged firmer anti-colonialist and anti-capitalist actions. In 1921, the organization was split and communist members founded a separate entity known as the Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Islamic Association) which was absorbed into the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). The split led to the decline of the organization, and the original SI later turned into a political party, the (PSII). PSII was fused into the United Development Party (PPP) in 1973.
Today, SI is credited as the first large-scale Indonesian nationalist organization (or mass organization, ormas) and the largest Muslim political organization in the pre-independence era.
History
Formation
The predecessor of Sarekat Islam was Sarekat Dagang Islam (Islamic Trade Association, SDI) which was based on a movement in 1909 in Batavia (today's Jakarta) and 1910 in Buitenzorg (today's Bogor), West Java. This movement was formed by a journalist Tirto Adhi Soerjo who was a member of priyayi (Javanese noble class). Tirto aimed the movement to bring together small-scale pribumi (indigenous) traders and Arab traders unified by the common Islamic religion to advance their economic interests and compete with the Chinese-Indonesian big traders. The movement was also a reaction to the intensified activities of the foreign Christian missionary in Indonesia, which strengthened the position of Islam as a rallying point of native Indonesians' struggle against the foreign encroachment. The movement sparked the interest of Samanhudi, a successful batik trader based in Surakarta. In 1911, Samanhudi founded SDI in the city of Surakarta with the help of Tirto.
Expansion
On August 12, 1912, SDI was briefly suspended by the colonial government after some conflicts between and Chinese and the occurrence of anti-Chinese riots. After the restriction was lifted, SDI renamed itself to Sarekat Islam on September 19, 1912, in Surabaya. On January 26, 1913, the first party congress was held in Surabaya which gathered tens of thousands of participants. The congress was marked by the rise of Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto as the new leader of SI. Under the charismatic leadership of Tjokroaminoto, who was hailed as a messianic figure or Ratu Adil, the organization rapidly expanded the network throughout Java and later spread to the outer islands. SI also began publishing periodicals in the Surabaya, Semarang, Bandung, and Batavia branches. Membership of SI rapidly grew from 4,500 in April 1912 to 150,000 in April 1913 and eventually 350,000 in 1916. Other report estimated the membership to be 800,000. SI itself claimed 2 million members in 1919.
The rapid increase of SI membership led to the expansion of the supporter base to a wide array of social classes. Although SI leaders generally espoused Modernist Islam, it became heterogeneous in terms of demographics and ideology of its grassroots members. While the initial supporter base was a petty bourgeoisie of religiously devout aliran (societal stream) of santri, the expansion had led to the inclusion of peasantry of abangan whose Islamic faith was mixed with mysticism and pre-Islamic animist beliefs, as well as members of priyayi nobility class who had secular outlooks. The leadership of the organization gradually moved from small-scale merchants of the SDI era to the intelligentsia of priyayi origin with Dutch-language education.
During this time, the central leadership of SI strived to maintain harmony between the Dutch colonial administration. SI proclaimed to uplift the welfare of the indigenous population under Dutch rule and demanded self-governance through constitutional means. Tjokroaminoto declared the rejection of anti-government activity during the 1913 congress, during which he insisted on "loyalty" and "satisfaction" toward the Dutch government and denied the allegation that the organization serves as a political party. As a response, the colonial government did not attempt to suppress SI in the beginning. In November 1912, SI requested the colonial administration to recognize them as a legal entity. The government individually authorized the regional branches of SI on June 30, 1913, and eventually gave an official permit to the SI headquarters in 1916.
Despite the non-confrontational stance of the SI leadership, the spread of SI in the villages had led to the outburst of violence, where peasants and villagers perceived SI as a means of self-defence and expression of group solidarity against the oppressive power structure in the rural area. 1913–1914 period saw a particularly severe outburst of violence toward the Chinese-Indonesians, priyayi officials and the Dutch colonial regime. In some areas, SI became a shadow administration which obliged priyayi officials to accommodate their demand.
Radicalization
SI was loosely organized and its regional branches retained considerable autonomy. Under the circumstances, the SI Semarang branch led by a union activist Semaun began to radicalize and embrace communism. The radicalization was a result of the heightening Marxist-socialist influence in the city which led to the establishment of the Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV) in 1914. ISDV, founded by a Comintern agent Henk Sneevliet, composed almost entirely of Dutch members, and they sought to spread their thought among the native Indonesian population. Thus ISDV turned to SI which grew into a political organization with the largest number of followings. Semaun joined SI in 1914 and also ISDV in 1915, leading him to hold dual party membership. Semaun militantly advocated the communist ideas and pushed for the leftist turn of SI, competing with the more moderate position taken by the central SI leaders such as Tjokroaminoto. The leftist turn was also aided by the events outside of Indonesia, notably World War I (1914–1918) and the Bolshevik Revolution (1917–1923). The subsequent SI Congress held in 1917 incorporated openly anti-colonialist and anti-capitalist tones.
In May 1918, the colonial administration established the People's Council (Volksraad) as a concession to the rising demand for democratization. A few SI leaders became members of the council, including Tjokroaminoto and Agus Salim, a trusted advisor of Tjokroaminoto who joined the SI leadership in 1915 and was known for his commitment to the modernist Islam and pan-Islamism. Despite the demand for democratization, the council only had an advisory power, and the members were appointed by the colonial government. Since the SI Congress held from September to October 1918, communist SI members such as Semaun, Darsono Notosudirdjo, and Alimin joined the ranks of the SI leadership, enabling them to pressure Tjokroaminoto to boycott the Volksraad and take firmer political action. Tjokroaminoto finally answered their calls and demanded the Dutch colonial administration to form a parliament based on the popular election and alleviate labor issues, and refused to cooperate with the Volksraad unless the government addresses these grievances.
The radicalization of SI prompted the Dutch colonial government to suppress the organization. In May 1919, the government accused SI responsible for the murder of a Dutch official in Tolitoli, Celebes which led to the arrest of an SI leader Abdul Muis. There was also a shooting incident in Garut, West Java in June 1919 which led to the arrest of SI leaders, including Sosrokardono and Tjokroaminoto who was prisoned in 1921 for 11 months. These events had led to the dramatic decrease in its membership, due to the fear of carrying a membership card leading to an arrest.
Split
The ideological rift between the Islamist wing led by Agus Salim and the communist wing led by Semaun intensified, at the expense of Tjokroaminoto's support level. Semaun was now effectively a leader of ISDV together with Darsono. ISDV metamorphosed into the Communist Association of the Indies (PKI) in 1920, as the direct predecessor of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).
During this time, labor and trade unions achieved considerable success in labor disputes and wage negotiations, leading to an attempt to establish the Labor Movement Association (PPKB) as a federation of PKI and SI unions in 1919 which comprised 22 unions and 72,000 members. Salim and Soerjopranoto, a labor activist belonged to the SI union and nicknamed as raja mogok (the strike king), competed with Semaun for the leadership of PPKB. Threatened by Semaun's influence, Salim denounced the dual party membership during the 1921 SI Congress. The conflict between Salim and Semaun's factions reached the highest point after Semaun's recruitment of several labor groups under the PPKB which were then absorbed into the PKI. Salim's motion to prohibit dual membership was officially adopted by the SI leaders including Salim and Muis in the subsequent SI Congress, leading to the effective expulsion of Semaun and his communist followers from the SI leadership.
The decision led to the split of SI branches between the Islamist-supporting "White SI" and PKI-supporting "Red SI." The expelled left-wing faction of SI set up a group known as Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Islamic Association), which was later renamed to Sarekat Rakjat (People's Association) and served the mass organization of PKI. The split of communist members, in addition to the mounting pressure by the colonial government, had led to the severe decline of SI as an organization.
Aftermath
With the release of Tjokroaminoto from jail in May 1922, he decided to unify the ideological orientation and get rid of communist infiltration once and for all. In February 1923, SI reformed itself into a political party known as the Islamic Association Party (PSI). Since then, PSI attempted to join forces with other Islamic movements, but they failed to link with the emerging traditionalist Islamic movement of Nahdlatul Ulama and the modernist organization Muhammadiyah, both of which avoided direct political confrontation and focused on community building and education. PSI built a close relationship with the Islamic revival movement Ahmadiyya which was denounced as heresy by Muhammadiyah.
In 1929, PSI renamed itself to the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII) but this did not stop its decline into a secondary political party. In 1930, the party membership was reduced to around 19,000. Tjokroaminoto died in 1934, and the remaining members faced another internal dispute, this time on their political position against the Dutch colonial regime, in light of the heightened surveillance against political dissidents. In 1937, members such as Salim and Mohammad Roem were expelled from the party due to their non-confrontational stance against the Dutch and replaced by more radical leadership of Abikusno Tjokrosujoso, Tjokroaminoto's brother.
In 1942, the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies, and the PSII was banned in March. The PSII was revived in 1947 and was led by Anwar Tjokroaminoto and Harsono Tjokroaminoto, the sons of O.S. Tjokroaminoto. In the 1955 Indonesian legislative election, the PSII performed poorly and won 2.9% of the popular vote. Itceased to exist as an independent entity in 1973 after the forced merger into the United Development Party (PPP) at the hands of the Suharto regime.
Citations
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Sarekat Islam
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$980 million (2019)
| net_income = {{}} $357 million (2019)
| assets = {{}} $5.83 billion (2019)
| equity = {{}} $3.23 billion (2019)
| num_employees = 2,500 (2019)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
Diamond Offshore Drilling, Inc. is an offshore drilling contractor. The company is headquartered in Katy, Texas, United States, and has major offices in Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Scotland, Singapore, and Norway.
The company operates 15 drilling rigs including 11 semi-submersible platforms and 4 drillships.
In 2019, the company's revenues were primarily from Hess Corporation (28.9%), Occidental Petroleum (20.6%), Petrobras (19.5%), and BP (3.1%). Operations in the United States accounted for 52.5% of the company's revenues in 2019.
History
In the early 1960s, Brewster-Bartle, an onshore drilling company, filed bankruptcy. In 1964, Don McMahon acquired Brewster-Bartle from its bank creditors and formed Diamond M Drilling Company, named after Diamond M Acres, his ranch near Simonton, Texas, which then expanded into offshore drilling.
In 1970, Diamond M became a public company via an initial public offering.
In 1977, Kaneb Services acquired the company for $102 million.
In 1989, Loews Corporation acquired the company for $48.5 million.
In 1992, Diamond M Corporation acquired ODECO from Murphy Oil for $358 million. Shortly thereafter, Diamond M Corp. briefly changed its name to Diamond M-ODECO Drilling Inc. before becoming Diamond Offshore Drilling, Inc. in 1993.
In October 1995, the company once again became a public company via an initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange.
In April 1996, the company acquired Arethusa for $516 million in stock. Arethusa had previously acquired Zapata Corporation (now HRG Group).
In May 2012, the company ordered a $655 million drillship from Hyundai Heavy Industries.
On February 8, 2016, the company discontinued payment of a quarterly cash dividend. In September 2016, the company was removed from the S&P 500 Index.
In April 2020, the company filed for bankruptcy in part due to the oil price collapse following the reduction in oil demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. The company was criticized for taking CARES Act bailout money - intended for small businesses - and, in bankruptcy court, turning it into executive bonuses.
Controversies
Worker asbestos exposure
In 1989, Diamond's predecessor bought 6 drilling rigs from the predecessor of Kaneb Management. Some of Kaneb's employees continued to work for Diamond after the transaction and then sued Diamond for personal injuries they allegedly suffered from asbestos exposure while they worked for Kaneb. In a 2013 filing with the SEC, Diamond acknowledged that its equipment had been used for the "manufacture and use of asbestos-containing drilling mud" but sought to be indemnified from liability.
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Diamond Offshore Drilling
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The Nasan Clustered File System is a shared disk file system created by the company DataPlow. Nasan software enables high-speed access to shared files located on shared, storage area network (SAN)-attached storage devices by utilizing the high-performance, scalable data transfers inherent to storage area networks and the manageability of network attached storage (NAS).
Nasan derives its name from the combination of network attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN). Nasan clustered file sharing is an extension of traditional LAN file sharing yet utilizes storage area networks for data transfers. Deploying a Nasan cluster entails configuring LAN file sharing, installing Nasan file system software, and connecting computers and storage devices to the SAN.
Platforms
Supports Linux and Solaris operating systems.
Supports all SAN-based, block-level storage protocols including Fibre Channel and iSCSI.
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Nasan
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An Operation Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in order to achieve their commander's desired end state. Normally an OPORD is generated at the battalion, regimental, brigade, divisional, or corps headquarters and disseminated to its assigned or attached elements. The issuance of an OPORD triggers subordinate unit leadership to develop orders specific to the role or roles that the unit will assume within the operation. This more narrowly focused order borrows information from the original, or base, order (for example; weather, phase lines, radio frequencies, etc.) and adds additional details that pertain more to the minutiae of the actions a unit is tasked to conduct in support of the overarching operation.
Frederick Edwin Garman was the original developer and inventor of the format called "Operation Order". He developed this as a standard format for himself and his subordinates while assigned to Fort Benning's Infantry School, Ranger & Tactics Department in 1957 to 1958. The Army quickly adapted it for standardized practice and required its use during the Vietnam War. Now his version of OPORD is used by all military forces within the Department of Defense.
A standardized five paragraph order format is used by the United States Department of Defense and most other military forces. An OPORD is formatted to organize an operation into five easily understood paragraphs: Situation, Mission, Execution, Sustainment (formerly Service and Support, currently referred to as Admin & Logistics by the US Marine Corps), and Command and Control. Higher echelon's OPORDs often contain extensive details. The author of the order will often move the majority of this material to an annex or appendix. These are then issued alongside the base order. The annexes and appendices allow the OPORD to be more easily read and understood by encouraging the inclusion or removal of material after its relevancy to the order's end user is determined.
Variations
The OPORD is the primary means by which a unit commander and his or her staff deliver instructions and information to subordinate units regarding the missions they are tasked to undertake or support. But it is not the only type of order that may be issued for a mission:
A warning order (WARNO or WARNORD ) informs units that an OPORD may be forthcoming. Time and circumstances permitting, a WARNORD is issued to subordinate leaders immediately after receipt of the unit's mission from higher. This is intended to provide subordinates time to develop their own warning and operations orders based on information contained within the WARNORD.
A fragmentary order (FRAGORD ) informs units that one or more elements of the base order have changed. Once an OPORD is given, the situation may change before the mission begins, or, during the operation the situation may change so that the base order must be modified. In these cases the commander will issue a FRAGORD. The FRAGORD follows the same format as the base order but only states the changes that must be made.
Format
OPORD [sequential order number and fiscal year] [code name] - [issuing headquarters] (place the overall security classification and an abbreviated title at the top of the second and any following pages.)
1. SITUATION.
a. Area of Interest.
b. Area of Operations.
(1) Terrain.
(2) Weather.
c. Enemy Forces.
(1) Composition, Disposition, and Strength.
(2) Recent Activities.
(3) Locations and Capabilities.
(4) Enemy COAs (Courses of Action).
d. Friendly Forces.
(1) Higher HQ Mission and Intent.
(2) Mission of Adjacent Units.
e. Attachments and Detachments.
f. Civilian Considerations
2. MISSION.
A concise statement that includes the Who, What, Where, When, and Why of the operation to be conducted.
3. EXECUTION.
a. Commander's Intent
b. Concept of operations.
(1) Maneuver.
(2) Fires.
(3) Reconnaissance and Surveillance.
(4) Intelligence.
(5) Engineer.
(6) Air Defense.
(7) Information Operations.
c. Scheme of Movement and Maneuver.
d. Scheme of Fires.
e. Casualty Evacuation.
f. Tasks to Subordinate Units
g. Tasks to Combat Support.
(1) Intelligence.
(2) Engineer.
(3) Fire Support.
(4) Air Defense.
(5) Signal.
(6) CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive weapons)
(7) Provost Marshal.
(8) MISO (Military Information Support Operations, formerly Psychological Operations or PSYOP)
(9) Civil Military.
h. Coordinating Instructions.
(1) Time or condition when the plan or order becomes effective.
(2) CCIR (Commander's Critical Information Requirements)
(3) EEFI (Essential Elements of Friendly Information)
(4) Risk Reduction Control Measures.
(5) Rules of Engagement.
(6) Environmental Considerations.
(7) Force Protection.
4. Service and Support.
a. Logistics.
(1) Sustainment Overlay.
(2) Maintenance.
(3) Transportation.
(4) Supply.
(5) Field Services.
b. Personnel Services Support.
(1) Method of marking and handling EPWs.
(2) Religious Services.
c. Army Health System Support.
(1) Medical Command and Control.
(2) Medical Treatment.
(3) Medical Evacuation.
(4) Preventive Medicine.
5. COMMAND AND CONTROL.
a. Command.
(1) Location of Commander.
(2) Succession of Command.
b. Control.
(1) Command Posts.
(2) Reports.
c. Signal.
(1) SOI index in effect.
(2) Methods of communication by priority.
(3) Pyrotechnics and Signals.
(4) Code Words.
(5) Challenge and Password.
(6) Number Combination.
(7) Running Password.
(8) Recognition Signals.
See also
Five paragraph order
FRAGPLAN
Standard operating procedure
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Operations order
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