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The Battle of Southwold Bay off the Suffolk coast can refer to any of a number of exchanges in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars, namely
13 June 1665 - Battle of Lowestoft
7 June 1672 - Battle of Solebay
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Battle of Southwold Bay
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Pichot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Agustín Pichot (born 1974), Argentine rugby union player
Alan Pichot (born 1998), Argentine chess grandmaster
Alexandre Pichot (born 1983), French cyclist
Amédée Pichot (1795–1877), French historian and translator
André Pichot (born 1950), French academic
Malena Pichot (born 1982), Argentine stand-up comedian
Matthieu Pichot (born 1989), French footballer
Ramon Pichot (1871–1925), Catalan artist
Stéphane Pichot (born 1976), French association football player
See also
Sophie Moressée-Pichot (born 1962), French fencer
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Pichot
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World Bowl '97 (also referred to as World Bowl V) was the final game of the 1997 WLAF season in American football. It was the fifth championship game of the World League of American Football (WLAF), and the third since the WLAF adopted a six-team European format.
The game was held at Estadi Olimpic de Montjuic in Barcelona, Spain on Sunday, June 22, 1997. The game was played between the 7–3 Rhein Fire and the 5–5 Barcelona Dragons. 31,100 fans were in attendance as the Dragons won their first and only World Bowl title in franchise history by beating the Fire 38–24. Dragons quarterback Jon Kitna was given MVP honors after completing 23 of 31 attempts for 401 yards with two touchdowns and one interception.
Background
The Dragons won the first meeting 27–12 in Düsseldorf, while the Fire won the second meeting 38–23 in Barcelona.
Game summary
The Rhein Fire managed to get the game's early sparks going as they had a nine-play, 46-yard drive that led to a 31-yard field goal by Manfred Burgsmüller. However, the Dragons would put up some real firepower, as Dragons quarterback Jon Kitna led a four-play, 80-yard drive that was capped off with a 13-yard run by running back Terry Wilburn. Then, more than halfway through the first quarter, as Rhein began a drive from deep in their own territory, quarterback T. J. Rubley threw an interception towards Dragons safety Carlos Brooks, who returned the ball 16 yards for a touchdown. In the second quarter, the fireworks managed to start flying. Rubley would lead a seven-play, 39-yard drive and cap it off with a touchdown on a three-yard quarterback sneak. However, Kitna and the Dragons would respond with a four-play, 79-yard drive that concluded with a 66-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Marco Martos. Then, a little later in the quarter, the Dragons would further increase their lead with a five-play, 80-yard drive that ended with a 40-yard pass to wide receiver Alfonzo Browning. However, the Rhein Fire refused to trail 28–10 at halftime. Near the end of the half, Rubley would lead a nine-play, 56-yard drive that concluded with him running the ball in for a touchdown on a one-yard quarterback sneak. In the third quarter, both sides had their defenses stiffen throughout most of the quarter. However, the Dragons would eventually get an eight-play, 90-yard drive working for them, as Terry Wilburn capped off the drive with a four-yard touchdown run. Trailing 35–17 heading into the fourth quarter, the Rhein Fire had to get some points quick and fast. Unfortunately for them, the only score that they could get in the final quarter was a 22-yard pass from Rubley to wide receiver Sean Foster. The Dragons then capped off their World Bowl title with a 34-yard field goal by Spanish kicker Jesús Angoy.
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World Bowl '97
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The Roper Highway is a road in the Northern Territory of Australia that begins from a point on the Stuart Highway 7 kilometres south of Mataranka, and runs east along the Roper River via Roper Bar to Ngukurr. Its length is 206 kilometres. From Ngukurr the road continues for approximately 153 kilometres to Numbulwar on the Gulf of Carpentaria as the Numbulwar Road. The section of the highway between Roper Bar and Ngukurr is also known as the Ngukurr Access.
See also
Highways in Australia
List of highways in the Northern Territory
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Roper Highway
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Kissers and Killers is the seventh studio release, and the sixth full-length studio album, from Christian alternative rock band the Choir, released in 1993. It was their first release after leaving Myrrh Records, and according to drummer and lyricist Steve Hindalong, represented a major turning point for the band: "We went independent after this, and never were on a label where there were expectations of any kind of a 'ministry' or anything like that."
Background
After the tour for Circle Slide was completed, the Choir and Myrrh Records parted ways, and the band fractured, with individual members pursuing other creative opportunities. Hindalong began producing other artists, including the Prayer Chain and Ric Alba, former bass guitarist for the Altar Boys. Saxophone and Lyricon player Dan Michaels recorded his solo EP Reveal, then began playing sax on tour for mainstream contemporary Christian performers Bryan Duncan and Crystal Lewis. Lead singer and guitarist Derri Daugherty co-founded the Lost Dogs, a "supergroup" of lead singers from the foremost Christian alternative rock bands: Daugherty from the Choir, Terry Taylor from Daniel Amos, Michael Roe from the 77's and Gene Eugene from Adam Again. The group's first album, Scenic Routes, was released in 1991.
Although the Choir had consistently voiced their frustrations over lack of Christian radio play and mainstream distribution, the band was still perceived as "leaders in the expanding Christian alternative scene." As a result, Myrrh's parent company, Word Records, came to Daugherty and offered him a production deal and a new label, as Word was trying to bolster its roster of modern artists. "I remember thinking that as far as we’d come, we should either do this label together or the band would probably fall apart," Daugherty said. Glasshouse Records was founded, and would release projects from Alba, the Throes, John Austin and blues artist Reverend Dan Smith.
One of the most significant projects the Choir worked on during this period was At the Foot of the Cross, Volume One: Clouds, Rain, Fire, which was arguably the first "modern worship" album, a concept that would later become popular in Christian music throughout the 2000s. Although the album featured such notable contributors as Phil Keaggy, Bob Bennett, Buddy and Julie Miller and Michael Knott, the album sold poorly, likely due to the Choir's dogged artistic commitment: "'Beautiful Scandalous Night' […] is a Christian radio song if we’ve ever written one," Hindalong said. "And it's sincere and from the heart; nothing phony about it. And we could have brought it home, production-wise. But no, we had to put that backwards guitar loop in there, and get a good backbeat on the snare." This proved costly, and the album quickly went out of print.
Even with their own imprint at their disposal, the Choir opted instead to record a collection of demos that they could independently shop around to mainstream record labels, and after a year and a half of playing clubs, the band even considered changing their name to Kissers and Killers. The Choir played showcases of their new material in New York City and Los Angeles, and although three labels expressed interest (I.R.S. Records, Geffen Records and Fiction Records), all three ultimately passed, being unwilling to market a band in their early thirties to a teenage-focused Lollapalooza audience. "In retrospect, it would have been smarter to put out another Choir record on Glasshouse and build the company," Hindalong recounted, "but we really believed we had to take that chance. Besides, I just wanted to hear my songs on the radio."
Recording and production
Bass guitarist Tim Chandler officially returned to the band lineup with "rekindled enthusiasm" for this album, and Kissers and Killers was recorded at Daugherty's Neverland Studios in Cerritos, California in 1992, just after the At the Foot of the Cross worship album was completed. The song "Let the Sky Fall" was built upon tracks recorded in 1990, as it was originally intended for Circle Slide; however, the band and A&R rep Tom Willett agreed it didn't fit with the tone of that album, so it was finished for Kissers and Killers instead.
This would be the last album the band would record in Southern California, before Daugherty, Hindalong and Michaels chose to move across the country to Nashville, Tennessee in the latter part of 1993. The contemporary Christian music industry was centered there, which presented more opportunities for the band members to work with other artists; the cost of living also was less expensive, and it was a central location for touring.
All of the songs on this album, with the exception of "Let the Sky Fall," would later be remixed at the new Neverland Studios in Nashville for release as part of the band's next album Speckled Bird.
Composition
Music
Jettisoning the ambient textures of Circle Slide, Kissers and Killers instead focused on straightforward rock song structures with aggressive guitar lines and feedback. "The sonics were way different," Hindalong said, "because this was the '90s." Daugherty was listening heavily to shoegaze bands like My Bloody Valentine, Curve, and Swervedriver, and this influenced his guitar work on the album. Daugherty used a Groove Tubes guitar emulator for many of the tracks, which were also recorded in mono, as opposed to the stereo effects that were dominant on past albums. Daugherty would also employ an E-bow and a Fuzztame on "Amazing," as well as a MXR Distortion+ unit on "Weather Girl," the latter of which was influenced by the guitar work of Bob Mould.
Hindalong's drumming became more chaotic, "like a kid who ate too much Halloween candy." "The drums were so busy, rather than the regimented '80s," Hindalong added. This proved challenging for some songs – in particular, the opening track, "Gripped," which Hindalong considered "intimidating." It took him three days to get the proper drumbeat on tape, as "there was no Pro Tools back then." Because of this, a mistake where Hindalong accidentally hit the microphone with a doumbeck on the recording of "Grace" had to be physically cut out and replaced with a backwards percussion effect, then overdubbed with a cymbal crash to hide the final edit.
This was the first Choir album on which Michaels received a musical credit, as he was playing a chord progression on Daugherty's Epiphone Sheraton guitar while Daugherty was out of the studio. The band liked how this melody was developing, and it was expanded into "Weather Girl."
Lyrics
The twin strands of worshipful meditations and more earthbound love songs that marked past Choir albums unraveled with Kissers and Killers, which was exclusively about the complexities of romantic love and obsession. The band had just completed a worship album and opted to focus on non-faith content with this release.
While Hindalong admitted that "I [didn’t] know what was going on in my head a lot of the time," the album's lyrics were still influenced by events in his life. A key example is "Amazing," as the opening lines, "Amazing how slugs know / More about the weather," came from Hindalong's time spent working at a hardware store. "One old man [...] would come in, and he just knew everything about everything. 'I never pay attention to the weatherman; I knew it would rain today, because the snails were climbing halfway up the walls.' Animals have this insight that we don’t have." However, when looking back at the lyrics for "Weather Girl," Hindalong expressed unease: "I don’t like how it puts the blame on the woman. I would never write anything like this now."
Chandler co-wrote lyrics for a Choir song for the first time on this album, providing the second verse to Kissers and Killers title track. The lyric "My brother is a broker" was inspired by the actual career of Michaels' brother, and Hindalong claimed the message of the lyrics was essentially an early version of "What You Think I Am" on 2014's Shadow Weaver.
Release
Kissers and Killers was released independently on CD and cassette in March 1993. According to Hindalong, only 6,300 copies were made.
The Acoustic Sessions
In early 2018, the band mounted a Kickstarter campaign for a newly-recorded acoustic version of Kissers and Killers, which would also include a 25th anniversary remastered version of the original 1993 release. In July 2018, both The Acoustic Sessions and the newly-remastered version of the album were released on streaming services and CD, with the remastered album also receiving a vinyl release; this was the first time Kissers and Killers was issued on the latter format, and it came in red and white vinyl options. The two-CD set included both The Acoustic Sessions and the remastered album on separate discs. In August 2020, the band also released a digital download of audio commentary for each of the album's eight tracks from Hindalong, Daugherty and Michaels.
Critical reaction
Kissers and Killers was received well upon initial release. In the lead review for the July/August 1993 issue of Notebored, critic Steven L. Roth highlighted the impact of 1990s-era rock by stating that the album was "buried under a little more reverb and distortion than what they’ve recorded in the past, indicating a faint signal of how far and wide the 'industrial revolution' has spread." On the shift in lyrical focus, Roth added that "it is on Kissers and Killers that this tangled and painfully real representation of the little thing we call love is further expanded and scrutinized," and praised Hindalong's "resistance to conventionality" for "juxtaposing apples and oranges in an effort to avoid anything remotely close to a cliché." Liz Liew, writing for Cross Rhythms, said that on Kissers and Killers, "Derri's guitar effects are more expressive, pronounced and creative," and added that the album should give the Choir a "well-deserved break with a mainstream label."
Retrospective reviews have also been favorable. Writing for Allmusic, critic Darryl Cater called Kissers and Killers "a pretty polished indie album, and […] also one of their most aggressive. The familiar melodic pop sensibility is still audible, but Derri Daugherty's amiable vocals are surrounded by his growling and hissing guitars. It makes for an interesting combination." Mark Allan Powell, writing in the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music, called the album's eight songs "little more than an EP," but highlighted that "'Yellow Skies' and 'Weather Girl' have a harder edge musically than most of The Choir's material. On the latter tune, Daugherty tries to copy Neil Young and ends up producing the best guitar sounds of his career."
Track listing
All lyrics by Steve Hindalong and all music by Derri Daugherty, unless otherwise noted.
Personnel
1993 release
The Choir
Derri Daugherty – lead vocals, guitars, bass guitar
Steve Hindalong – drums, percussion, lead vocals on "Let the Sky Fall"
Tim Chandler – bass guitar
Dan Michaels – saxophone, Lyricon
Additional musicians
Chris Colbert – guitar ("Amazing," "Kissers and Killers")
Mark Heard – accordion ("Let the Sky Fall")
Production
Derri Daugherty – producer, recording, mixing
Steve Hindalong – producer
Dave Hackbarth – recording, mixing
Jr. McNeely – mixing ("Gripped," "Amazing")
Mark Heard – recording: 1990 (accordion, harmonica, drums, acoustic guitars), 1993 (bass, electric guitars and vocals)
Doug Doyle – mastering (Digital Brothers)
Leiza Schmidt – art direction, photography
Gene Ray George – art layout, design assistance
Todd Goodman – executive producer (25th anniversary remaster)
Marc Ludena – art direction (25th anniversary remaster)
Kevin Fromer – remastering (EnergyGlass)
Jeffrey Kotthoff – CD reissue coordinator
The Acoustic Sessions
The Choir
Derri Daugherty – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, handclaps
Steve Hindalong – percussion, vocals, lead vocals on "Let the Sky Fall," acoustic guitar, glockenspiel, marxophone, harmonica, handclaps
Dan Michaels – tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone
Additional musicians
Stephen Leiweke – acoustic guitar, piano, handclaps
Matt Slocum – cello
Chris Donohue – upright double bass
Christa Wells – vocals
Production
Dan Michaels – executive producer
Lisa Michaels – executive producer, handler
Stephen Leiweke – producer, recording, mixing
Steve Hindalong – producer
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Kissers and Killers
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The Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands is the political leader and head of government. The post of premier is the equivalent to chief minister or prime minister in other British Overseas Territories. It is the highest political level that can be attained within the British colonial system. Prior to 2006, the position was known as the Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
The premier and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to King Charles III, to the House of Assembly, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate.
The current premier is Charles Washington Misick, since 20 February 2021.
Constitutional background
A new constitution, after being laid in the Turks and Caicos parliament and receiving Queen Elizabeth II's signature, entered into force on 9 August 2006. The new constitution of the Turks and Caicos Islands changed the title of Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister to Premier and Deputy Premier.
On 14 August 2009, the United Kingdom suspended the Turks and Caicos' self-government after allegations of ministerial corruption. The prerogative of the ministerial government and the House of Assembly are vested in the islands' incumbent governor for a period of up to two years, with possible extensions.
List
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
See also
List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands
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Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands
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Brown College may refer to:
Brown College (Minnesota), a for-profit career college with campuses in Minnesota
Brown College (Rice University), a residential college at Rice University
Brown College at Monroe Hill, a residential college at the University of Virginia
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
College of Brown University, the undergraduate section of Brown University
Brown Mackie College, a system of for-profit colleges
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Brown College
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I'm Easy may refer to:
Albums
I'm Easy (album), 1976 album by Keith Carradine
I'm Easy, a 2007 compilation album by Clarence Carter
Songs
"I'm Easy" (Keith Carradine song), 1975, from the film Nashville
"I'm Easy" (Faith No More song), a version of the Commodores song "Easy"
"I'm Easy", a song by Boz Scaggs from Boz Scaggs
"I'm Easy", a song by David Lee Roth from Eat 'Em and Smile (written by Billy Field and Tom Price)
"I'm Easy", a song by Brendan Benson from Lapalco
"I'm Easy", a song by Pink Cream 69 from Food for Thought
"I'm Easy", a song by The Meligrove Band from Planets Conspire
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I'm Easy
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Nathaniel Lawrence Goldstein (June 9, 1896 – March 24, 1981) was New York State Attorney General from 1943 to 1954, paralleling the three terms of Governor Thomas E. Dewey. A Republican, Goldstein equaled the twelve-year tenure of his Democratic predecessor John J. Bennett Jr. Since the office's creation in 1777, the only New York Attorneys General who served longer were Louis Lefkowitz (1957–78) and Robert Abrams (1978–94).
Early years
A native of New York City, Nathaniel Goldstein was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, to parents of Jewish descent. When he was six years old his family moved to Brooklyn where, as a high school student, Goldstein joined Sigma Omega Psi fraternity at New York University. he excelled in debating and was inspired by Brooklyn Assemblyman Charles C. Lockwood who attended one of the debates. Lockwood hired the young man as an assistant in his law firm, while encouraging him to study at night and later to attend New York University, where he was a member of the Sigma Omega Psi fraternity.
While a student at New York University, Goldstein also worked as an accountant and, after graduating in 1915, went on to receive his law degree from New York Law School in 1918. With America's participation in World War I in full progress, a few weeks later, he was an infantry private on a troop ship bound for Europe. After World War I, he began to practice law with Assemblyman Lockwood and others, including Republican statesman Henry Stimson, who later served as Franklin D. Roosevelt's World War II Secretary of War. Through the 1920s and the 1930s Goldstein's stature grew in importance as he rose from being a legal aide in state assembly committees to a political advisor in housing and other New York City affairs.
New York State Attorney General
In the first full year of United States participation in World War II, the New York State Republican Party chose as its 1942 nominees for Governor and Attorney General, the 40-year-old Thomas E. Dewey and the 46-year-old Nathaniel L. Goldstein. The ticket proved victorious in November and both Dewey and Goldstein went on to win two more times, in 1946 and 1950.
As he began his first term, Goldstein realized that twelve years of one-party control of the Attorney General's office resulted in abuse of the patronage system, with political appointees whose annual salaries exceeded $10,000 not showing up for work, while receiving their paychecks by mail. The actual work of the office was being done by assistants who were making $2000 per year. One of his first acts was to equalize salaries and insist on a full day's work from all members of his staff.
Fighting the Klan and illegal drugs
Much of his time was consumed with rent-control litigation. However, another long-investigated and much-publicized case, which he personally supervised, had as its goal the withdrawal of the New York State charter for the Ku Klux Klan, which the organization had managed to clandestinely acquire in 1923.
Goldstein had one of his agents join the Klan and come to know the secret society's inner workings, while uncovering its propagators and organizers. He was quoted in a statement issued by the office of New York Attorney General, that "the principles of hate, intolerance, bigotry and violence must be stamped out" as he transmitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1100 names of members of the Ku Klux Klan and the Hitler-resurgent German-American Bund. On July 29, 1946, the New York State Supreme Court revoked the Klan's charter.
The final years of Goldstein's tenure were occupied with fighting the growing spread of illegal narcotics, which he called "socially contagious". He devoted numerous task forces to the problem and lobbied Congress to provide for enforced treatment of those who become addicted. He was also deeply involved in international drug control through his service as advisor to the United States negotiators in the United Nations committees dealing with the matter.
Philanthropy/affiliations
Throughout his public life, he was a leading voice in philanthropic endeavors through his participation in United Jewish Appeal, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel bond organization, Willkie Memorial of Freedom House, Pace University and New York Law School.
In his final years he acted as special counsel for the law firm Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Heine & Underberg. He was a trustee of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and chairman of the board of overseers of the Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Death
Goldstein died at his residence in Manhattan of a heart attack, aged 84. He was survived by his wife, the former Etta May Brown and two children, Steven Goldstein and Lois Lowenstein.
See also
List of Jewish American jurists
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Nathaniel L. Goldstein
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The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1928 throughout the world.
Events
February 10 – La Liga, a top class league of Spain, was official founded.
29 August – Honduran club C.D. Motagua was established.
Winners club national championship
Argentina: Huracán
Belgium: R. Antwerp F.C.
Canada: Westminster Royals
Denmark: B93
England: Everton F.C.
Greece: Aris Thessaloniki F.C.
Iceland: KR
Italy: Torino F.C.
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes: Građanski Zagreb
Netherlands: Feyenoord Rotterdam
Paraguay: Olimpia Asunción
Poland: Wisła Kraków
Scotland:
Division One: Rangers F.C.
Scottish Cup: Rangers F.C.
International tournaments
1928 British Home Championship (October 22, 1927 – March 31, 1928)
Olympic Games in Amsterdam, Netherlands (May 27 – June 13, 1928)
Baltic Cup 1928 in Estonia (July 25–27, 1928)
1924-28 Nordic Football Championship (June 15, 1924 – October 7, 1928) 1928: (June 7 - October 7, 1928)
(1928)
(1924-1928)
Births
January 13 – Bengt Gustavsson, Swedish international footballer and manager (died 2017)
January 13 – William Martínez, Uruguayan international footballer (died 1997)
January 25 – Cor van der Hart, Dutch international footballer (died 2006)
February 23 – André Strappe, French international footballer (died 2006)
February 29 – Gustau Biosca, Spanish international footballer and manager (died 2014)
March 12 – Gerhard Harpers, German international footballer (died 2016)
March 19 – Åke Johansson, Swedish international footballer (died 2014)
May 29 – Harald Hennum, Norwegian international footballer (died 1993)
July 1 – Karim Allawi Homaidi, Iraqi footballer
July 11 – Marcos Calderón, Peruvian football coach (died 1987)
July 22 – Jimmy Hill, English footballer and broadcaster (died 2015)
July 25 – Jimmy Jones, Northern Irish international footballer (died 2014)
August 14 – Gunnar Andersson, Swedish-born French club player (died 1969)
September 9 – Fritz Herkenrath, German international goalkeeper (died 2016)
September 23 – Santiago Vernazza, Argentine footballer (died 2017)
September 29 – Mihály Lantos, Hungarian international footballer and manager (died 1989)
October 8: Didi, Brazilian international footballer (died 2001)
October 19 – Mustapha Zitouni, French-Algerian international footballer (died 2014)
October 28 – Lawrie Reilly, Scottish international footballer (died 2014)
October 30 – Raúl Cárdenas, Mexican international footballer (died 2016)
November 26 – Károly Sándor, Hungarian international footballer (died 2014)
Deaths
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1928 in association football
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Cwmynyscoy is a suburb of Pontypool in Torfaen, South Wales.
Statistics
All figures quoted have been derived from the 2001 Census unless otherwise stated.
Demographic Indicators
Total population of 1283 (Torfaen 90,949)
48.6% Male, 51.4% Female (Torfaen - 48.4% Male, 51.6% Female)
Age Structure; 19.5% aged between 0–15, 36.6% aged between 16 and 44, 25.3% aged 45–59/64 and 18.6% of pensionable age.
Socio-Economic Indicators
Activity Rates (2001)
Male (16-74) economic activity rate 63.4% (Torfaen 67.8%, Wales 67.7%), female (16-74) economic activity rate 48.9% (Torfaen 54.2%, Wales 54.5%), total economic activity rate 56.1% (Torfaen 60.8%, Wales 61.0%)
Unemployment (2004)
Whilst unemployment in the area has declined significantly and only 24 people remain registered unemployed, 16 males and 8 females (June 2004). Of the 24 claimants, 10 are under 24 years of age and 5 are registered as long-term unemployed (unemployed for over 52 weeks).
Home Ownership (2001)
Cwmynyscoy has a lower proportion of owner occupied households at 64.9% than Torfaen 68.3% and Wales as a whole 71.3%. 28.4% of properties are rented from the local authority (Torfaen 22.8%, Wales 13.7%)
Car Ownership (2001)
32.7% of households in Cwmynyscoy do not own a car (Torfaen 27.2%, Wales 26.0%).
Education (2001)
Residents qualified to Level 4/5: 8.9% (Torfaen 13.6%, Wales 17.4%). (Level 4/5: First degree, Higher degree, NVQ levels 4 and 5, HNC, HND, Qualified Teacher Status, Qualified Medical Doctor, Qualified Dentist, Qualified Nurse, Midwife, Health Visitor)
Lone Parent Families (2001)
10.9% of households in Cwmynyscoy are occupied by lone parents (Torfaen 10.8%, Wales 10.6%).
Nature reserve
Cwmynyscoy Quarry is a local nature reserve, within a disused quarry, home to a number of species including noctule bats and barn owls.
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Cwmynyscoy
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Shuttarna I was an early king of the Mitanni. His name is recorded on a seal found at Alalakh. The inscription reads "son of Kirta" and is the only reference about this king yet discovered. He would have reigned at the end of 16th century BC (middle chronology).
See also
Mitanni
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Shuttarna I
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Depictions of nudity include all of the representations or portrayals of the unclothed human body in visual media. In a picture-making civilization, pictorial conventions continually reaffirm what is natural in human appearance, which is part of socialization. In Western societies, the contexts for depictions of nudity include information, art and pornography. Information includes both science and education. Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted, leading to disputes. The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images, which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited.
Definitions
A depiction is defined as any lifelike image, ranging from precise representations to verbal descriptions. Portrayal is a synonym of depiction, but includes playing a role on stage as one form of representation.
Nudity in art
Nudity in art – painting, sculpture and more recently photography – has generally reflected social standards of the time in aesthetics and modesty/morality. At all times in human history, the human body has been one of the principal subjects for artists. It has been represented in paintings and statues since prehistory.
Portraits and nudes without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning were a fairly common genre of art during all centuries. Some regard Goya's La Maja desnuda of around 1800, which provoked outrage in Spanish society over the model painted with and without her clothes (desnuda means nude), as "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art", but paintings of nude females were not uncommon, especially paintings of mistresses and lover of kings, dukes and other aristocrats and mistresses and wives of the artists. La Maja desnuda was different in only one way, it was exhibited on a public art exhibition.
With the expansion of the display of nudity in art beyond traditional galleries, some exhibitions experience backlash from individuals that equate all nude representations with sexuality, and thus inappropriate for viewing by the general public.
Although naked, Andrea Doria is not fragile or frail. He is depicted as a powerful virile man, showing masculine spirit, strength, vigor, and power.
Bronzino's so-called "allegorical portraits", such as this Genoese admiral, Andrea Doria are less typical but possibly even more fascinating due to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure.
Depictions of youth
For centuries, child nudity was common in paintings that depicted allegorical or religious stories. Modern painters have created images of nude children that depict everyday life. Some sculptures depict nude child figures. A particularly famous one is Manneken Pis in Brussels, showing a nude young boy urinating into the fountain below. A female equivalent is Jeanneke Pis.
Henry Scott Tuke painted nude young boys doing everyday seaside activities, swimming, boating, and fishing; his images were not overtly erotic, nor did they usually show their genitals. Otto Lohmüller became controversial for his nude paintings of young males, which often depicted genitals. Balthus and William-Adolphe Bouguereau included nude girls in many of their paintings. Professional photographers such as Will McBride, Jock Sturges, Sally Mann, David Hamilton, Jacques Bourboulon, Garo Aida, and Bill Henson have made photographs of nude young children for publication in books and magazines and for public exhibition in art galleries. According to some, photographs such as these are acceptable and should be (or remain) legal since they represent the unclothed form of the children in an artistic manner, the children were not sexually abused, and the photographers obtained written permission from the parents or guardians. Opponents suggest that such works should be (or remain) banned and represent a form of child pornography, involving subjects who may have experienced psychological harm during or after their creation.
Sturges and Hamilton were both investigated following public condemnation of their work by Christian activists including Randall Terry. Several attempts to prosecute Sturges or bookseller Barnes & Noble have been dropped or thrown out of court and Sturges's work appears in many museums, including New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.
There have been incidents in which snapshots taken by parents of their infant or toddler children bathing or otherwise naked were destroyed or turned over to law enforcement as child pornography. Such incidents may be examples of false allegation of child sexual abuse. Author Lynn Powell described the prosecution of such cases in terms of a moral panic surrounding child sexual abuse and child pornography.
Colonialism
In the nineteenth century, Orientalism represented the European view of the Muslim cultures of North Africa and Asia. Representations of nude Muslim women included "French postcards" for popular distribution, which escaped legal sanctions by being placed in the category of ethnography rather than porn. In the fine arts, many painters used the trope of the harem as an acceptable context for nude and seminude women.
Nude photography
Photography has been used to create images of nudity that fit into any category; artistic, educational, commercial, and erotic.
Alfred Cheney Johnston (1885 – 1971) was a professional American photographer who often photographed Ziegfeld Follies "showgirls".
Male naked bodies were not pictured as frequently at the time. An exception is the photograph of the early bodybuilder Eugen Sandow modelling the statue The Dying Gaul, illustrating the Grecian Ideal which he introduced to bodybuilding.
Popular culture
Definitions
Nude depictions of women may be criticized by feminists as inherently voyeuristic due to the male gaze. Although not specifically anti-nudity, the feminist group Guerrilla Girls point out the prevalence of nude women on the walls of museums but the scarcity of female artists.
Without the relative freedom of the fine arts, nudity in popular culture often involves making fine distinctions between types of depictions. The most extreme form is full frontal nudity, referring to the fact that the actor or model is presented from the front and with the genitals exposed. Frequently, images of nude people do not go that far. They are instead deliberately composed, and films edited, such that in particular no genitalia are seen, as if the camera by chance failed to see them. This is sometimes called "implied nudity" as opposed to "explicit nudity." It is in popular culture that a particular image may lead to classification disputes.
Advertising
In modern media, images of partial and full nudity are used in advertising to draw attention. In the case of attractive models this attention is due to the visual pleasure the images provide; in other cases it is due to the relative rarity of such images. The use of nudity in advertising tends to be carefully controlled to avoid the impression that a company whose product is being advertised is indecent or unrefined. There are also (self-imposed) limits on what advertising media such as magazines will allow. The success of sexually provocative advertising is claimed in the truism "sex sells." However, responses to nudity in American advertisements have been more mixed; nudity in the advertisements of Calvin Klein, Benetton, and Abercrombie & Fitch, for example, has provoked negative as well as positive responses.
An example of an advertisement featuring male full frontal nudity is one for M7 fragrance. Many magazines refused to place the ad, so there was also a version with a more modest photograph of the same model.
Magazine covers
In the early 1990s, Demi Moore posed nude for two covers of Vanity Fair: Demi's Birthday Suit and More Demi Moore. Later examples of implied nudity in mainstream magazine covers have included:
Janet Jackson (Rolling Stone, 1993)
Jennifer Aniston (Rolling Stone, 1996 and GQ, January 2009)
The Dixie Chicks (Entertainment Weekly, May 2003)
Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley (Vanity Fair, March 2006)
Serena Williams (ESPN The Magazine'''s Body issue, 2009)
Alexander Skarsgård, Anna Paquin and Stephen Moyer; from the cast of True Blood (Rolling Stone, September 2010)
Kim Kardashian (W, November 2010)
Lake Bell (New York Magazine, August 2013)
Miley Cyrus (Rolling Stone, October 2013)
Comic book
In 1998, two French cartoonist partners Regis Loisel and Philippe Sternis made the feral child graphic novel (bande dessinée) Pyrénée as the cover, and page story in nude.
Music album covers
Nudity is occasionally presented in other media, often with attending controversy. For example, album covers for music by performers such as Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Nirvana, Blind Faith, Scorpions, Jane's Addiction, and Santana have contained nudity. Several rock musicians have performed nude on stage, including members of Jane's Addiction, Rage Against the Machine, Green Day, Black Sabbath, Stone Temple Pilots, The Jesus Lizard, Blind Melon, Red Hot Chili Peppers, blink-182, Naked Raygun, Queens of the Stone Age and The Bravery.
The provocative photo of a nude prepubescent girl on the original cover of the Virgin Killer album by the Scorpions also brought controversy.
Calendars
Orthodox Calendar (wall calendar)
Erotic depictions
Sexually explicit images, other than those having a scientific or educational purpose, are generally categorized as either erotic art or pornography, but sometimes can be both.
Japanese painters like Hokusai and Utamaro, in addition to their usual themes also executed erotic depictions. Such paintings were called shunga (literally: "spring" or "picture of spring"). They served as sexual guidance for newly married couples in Japan in general, and the sons and daughters of prosperous families were given elaborate pictures as presents on their wedding days. Most shunga are a type of ukiyo-e, usually executed in woodblock print format. It was traditional to present a bride with ukiyo-e depicting erotic scenes from the Tale of Genji.
Shunga were relished by both men and women of all classes. Superstitions and customs surrounding shunga suggest as much; in the same way that it was considered a lucky charm against death for a samurai to carry shunga, it was considered a protection against fire in merchant warehouses and the home. The samurai, chonin, and housewives all owned shunga. All three of these groups would undergo separation from the opposite sex; the samurai lived in camps for months at a time, and conjugal separation resulted from the sankin-kōtai system and the merchants' need to travel to obtain and sell goods. Records of women obtaining shunga themselves from booklenders show that they were consumers of it.
The Khajuraho temples contain sexual or erotic art on the external walls of the temple. Some of the sanctuaries have erotic statuettes both on the outside of the inner wall. A small amount of the carvings contain sexual themes and those seemingly do not depict deities but rather sexual activities between human individuals. The rest depict the everyday life. These carvings are possibly tantric sexual practices.
Another perspective of these carvings is presented by James McConnachie in his history of the Kamasutra. McConnachie describes the zesty 10% of the Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art":
Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles....Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas, or lovemaking couples.
Informational
Educational
Studies of the human body
In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes. Painting and drawing studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) were part of the artist's education.
Studies are used by artists to understand the problems involved in execution of the artists subjects and the disposition of the elements of the artist work, such as the human body depicted using light, color, form, perspective and composition. Studies can be traced back as long ago as the Italian Renaissance, for example Leonardo da Vinci's and Michelangelo's studies.
Anatomical studies of the human body were also executed by medical doctors. The physician Andreas Vesalius work of anatomical studies De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), published 1543, was a pioneering work of human anatomy illustrated by Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar.
The Fabrica emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the "anatomical" view of the body, seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three-dimensional space. In this work, Vesalius also becomes the first person to describe mechanical ventilation. It is largely this achievement that has resulted in Vesalius being incorporated into the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists college arms and crest.
Sketching is generally a prescribed part of the studies of art students, who need to develop their ability to quickly record impressions through sketching, from a live model. The sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work. The sketch may serve a number of purposes: it might record something that the artist sees, it might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image, idea or principle. A sketch usually implies a quick and loosely drawn work, while related terms such as study, and "preparatory drawing" usually refer to more finished drawings to be used for a final work.
Most visual artists use, to a greater or lesser degree, the sketch as a method of recording or working out ideas. The sketchbooks of some individual artists have become very well known, including those of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Edgar Degas which have become art objects in their own right, with many pages showing finished studies as well as sketches.
Sexual education
Depictions of nudity, sometimes sexually explicit, are allowed in the context of sex education as appropriate for the age of the students.
Ethnographic photography
What is generally called "ethnographic" nudity has appeared both in serious research works on ethnography and anthropology, as well as in commercial documentaries and in the National Geographic'' magazine in the United States. In some cases, media outlets may show nudity that occurs in a "natural" or spontaneous setting in news programs or documentaries, while blurring out or censoring the nudity in a dramatic work. The ethnographic focus provided an exceptional framework for photographers to depict peoples whose nudity was, or still is, acceptable within the mores, or within certain specific settings, of their traditional culture.
Detractors of ethnographic nudity often dismiss it as merely the colonial gaze preserved in the guise of scientific documentation. However, the works of some ethnographic painters and photographers including Herb Ritts, David LaChappelle, Bruce Weber, Irving Penn, Casimir Zagourski, Hugo Bernatzik and Leni Riefenstahl, have received worldwide acclaim for preserving a record of the mores of what are perceived as "paradises" threatened by the onslaught of average modernity.
See also
Academy figure
Artistic freedom
Pubic hair in art
Tableau vivant
Striptease
Nude (art)
Breast imaging
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Depictions of nudity
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King Edward Street is a street running between the High Street to the north and Oriel Square to the south in central Oxford, England.
To the east is the "Island" site of Oriel College, one of the colleges of Oxford University. To the west are shops, including Shepherd & Woodward, the leading University outfitters, fronting onto the High Street.
King Edward Street is officially designated as part of the A420 road due to the blockage of the High Street to normal traffic.
The street was only created in 1872–73 by Oriel College when 109 and 110 High Street were demolished, so it is much wider than other older streets off the High Street. The buildings were mostly designed by Frederick Codd.
On the wall of the first floor of No. 6, there is a large metal plaque with a portrait of Cecil Rhodes; underneath is the inscription:
In this house, the Rt. Hon Cecil John Rhodes kept academical residence in the year 1881. This memorial is erected by Alfred Mosely in recognition of the great services rendered by Cecil Rhodes to his country.
On No. 14 lived Felix Yusupov, one of the murderers of Grigori Rasputin.
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King Edward Street
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Procynosuchus (Greek: "Before dog crocodile") is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Late Permian. It is considered to be one of the earliest and most basal cynodonts. It was 60 cm (2 ft) long.
Remains of Procynosuchus have been found in Russia, Germany, Zambia and South Africa.
Paleobiology
As one of the earliest cynodonts, Procynosuchus has many primitive features, but it also has features that distinguish it from all other early therapsids. Some of these features were interpreted by Kemp (1980) as adaptations for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. For example, the wide zygapophyses of the vertebrae allow for a high degree of lateral flexibility, and Procynosuchus may have used anguilliform locomotion, or eel-like undulation, to swim through the water. The tail of Procynosuchus is also unusually long for a cynodont. The long haemal arches would have given the tail a large lateral surface area for greater propulsion through the water. Relatively flat foot bones may also have been an adaptation toward swimming, as the feet may have been used like paddles. Ridges on the femur are an indication of strong flexor muscles that could have stabilized the leg during limb-driven swimming. When the thigh is pulled back in the water, the lower leg tends to bend forward. Strong flexor muscles would have pulled the lower leg back with the femur, providing the powerful backward thrust that is needed to swim.
Discovery
Procynosuchus was named by South African paleontologist Robert Broom in 1937. Broom also named the cynodont Cyrbasiodon in 1931. Another genus, Parathrinaxodon, was named by Parrington in 1936. These genera are now regarded as synonyms of Procynosuchus, as they represent the same animal. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), these two names take precedence over Procynosuchus because they were erected earlier. The names Cyrbasiodon and Parathrinaxodon were rarely used after their erection, while the name Procynosuchus has since become widespread in scientific literature. In a case brought to the ICZN in 2009, some scientists proposed that Procynosuchus should be a nomen conservandum, or conserved name, making Cyrbasiodon and Parathrinaxodon nomina rejecta, or rejected names. In 2010, the ICZN formally made Procynosuchus a nomen conservandum.
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Procynosuchus
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Helen Voorhees Brach (born November 10, 1911 – disappeared February 17, 1977) was an American multimillionaire widow whose wealth had come from marrying into the E. J. Brach & Sons Candy Company fortune; she endowed the Helen V. Brach Foundation to promote animal welfare in 1974.
Brach disappeared on February 17, 1977, and was declared legally dead, as of the date of her disappearance, in May 1984. An investigation into the case uncovered serious criminal activity associated with Chicago horse stable owners, including Silas Jayne and Richard Bailey. More than a decade later Bailey was charged with, but not convicted of, conspiring to murder Brach; he eventually received a sentence of 30 years after being convicted of defrauding her.
Early life
Helen Brach was born on November 10, 1911, on a small farm in Unionport, Ohio. Helen married her high school sweetheart in 1928; the couple had divorced by the time she was 21. She found work at a country club in Palm Beach, Florida, where she met and married Frank Brach, son of Emil J. Brach and heir to the E. J. Brach & Sons Candy Company. The couple built a home in Fisher Island, Florida, shortly afterwards. The couple purchased another home in Glenview, Illinois, closer to the Brach company's factory in Chicago. Helen and Frank spent most of their time in South Florida. Her husband died in 1970.
Circumstances of disappearance
After a routine medical check-up at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, Brach left for a flight to return to her mansion in Glenview, Illinois, a suburb northwest of Chicago, on February 17, 1977. A gift shop assistant near the clinic insisted that Brach had said, "I'm in a hurry, my houseman is waiting." This is the last sighting of Brach by an independent witness. The crew on the commercial airliner on which Brach was supposed to return to Illinois did not report seeing her on the flight; however, Brach's houseman/chauffeur, Jack Matlick, said that he collected her at O'Hare Airport. Matlick further asserted that Brach spent four days at home, that she made no phone calls, and that he dropped her off at O'Hare for a flight to Florida.
Matlick was the focus of police attention during the investigation. He repeatedly proclaimed his innocence and angrily denied to reporters that he knew what happened to Brach, but a former federal agent who worked on the case claimed after Matlick's death that he was indeed responsible for her disappearance. Brach's brother was of the opinion that Matlick had murdered his sister without any involvement from Richard Bailey or horse racing racketeers. On February 14, 2011, Matlick died in a Pennsylvania nursing home at the age of 79.
Richard Bailey and the horse racket connection
Brach was declared legally dead, as of the date of her February 17, 1977 disappearance, in May 1984. No one was ever convicted in her disappearance, although Bailey was sentenced to thirty years in prison for defrauding her.
According to a case filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Bailey, the owner of Bailey Stables and Country Club Stables, targeted wealthy middle-aged or older women with little knowledge of the horse business who had recently been widowed or divorced. In 1975, Bailey's brother, Paul, sold three horses to Brach for $98,000; unknown to Brach, Bailey also participated in the sale, and the horses were worth less than $20,000. Brach also bought a group of expensive brood mares. Early in 1977, Bailey arranged an extensive showing for Brach, hoping to persuade her to invest $150,000 in more horses. An appraiser Brach hired recommended she invest nothing in training one of her original three purchases, contrary to the $50,000 estimate of the trainer recommended by Bailey.
In 1989, the investigation was reopened and turned up evidence of criminal activity by associates of Bailey, including Silas Jayne. Bailey was charged with conspiring with several others (named but not charged) to kill Brach; however some observers, including Brach's brother, have questioned if Bailey had in fact been guilty of the crime. Bailey was not convicted of Brach's murder but sentenced to thirty years for defrauding her; the judge made it clear that the sentence reflected evidence that Bailey was involved in a conspiracy to murder her. On March 21, 2005, in a tersely worded two-paragraph opinion, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals rejected Bailey's request for a new sentencing hearing for the fraud charges to take into account new evidence suggesting his innocence of the murder conspiracy, saying that the "new evidence does not establish by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant is actually innocent of conspiring to murder Helen Brach and soliciting her murder." Bailey was released on July 25, 2019. In 2022, Bailey released a book with Dorrance Publishing Company titled Golden Tongue: The Innocent Man that Killed Her? in which he proclaims his innocence.
Brach's parents and husband are interred in Unionport, Ohio, near her birthplace of Hopedale. The marble monument includes an empty tomb with her name on it. In addition, two of Helen's dogs, Candy and Sugar, are buried there.
See also
List of people who disappeared
Silas Jayne
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Helen Brach
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The Mars Exploration Rover mission successfully landed and operated the rovers Spirit and Opportunity on the planet Mars from 2004 to 2018. During Spirits six years of operation and Opportunitys fourteen years of operation, the rovers drove a total of on the Martian surface, visiting various surface features in their landing sites of Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, respectively.
Spirit
Hills
Apollo 1 Hills
Grissom Hill
Columbia Hills
Husband Hill
McCool Hill
Craters
Bonneville crater
Gusev crater
Thira crater
Rocks
Adirondack
Home Plate
Humphrey
Pot of Gold
Miscellaneous
Larry's Lookout
Sleepy Hollow
Opportunity
Craters
Argo crater
Beagle crater
Bopolu crater
Concepción crater
Eagle crater
Emma Dean crater
Endeavour (crater)
Cape Tribulation
Marathon Valley
Cape York
Greeley Haven
Solander Point
Endurance crater
Erebus crater
Fram crater
Naturaliste crater
Nereus crater
Santa Maria crater
Victoria crater
Cape Verde
Vostok crater
Rocks
Block Island meteorite
Bounce Rock
El Capitan
Heat Shield Rock
Last Chance
Mackinac Island meteorite
Matijevic Hill
Oileán Ruaidh
Shelter Island meteorite
See also
List of craters on Mars
List of rocks on Mars
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List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity
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Stylommatophora is an order of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" (epiphragm) made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears eyes on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are hermaphrodites.
The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles.
Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day. A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous.
2017 taxonomy
The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al. (2017). Continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase. The 2017 system already becomes obsolete in some parts due to new phylogenetic studies.
Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships.
suborder Achatinina [“Achatinoid Clade”]
superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
Achatinidae Swainson, 1840
Aillyidae H. B. Baker, 1955
Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883
Micractaeonidae Schileyko, 1999
superfamily Streptaxoidea Gray, 1860
Streptaxidae Gray, 1860
Diapheridae Panha & Naggs, 2010
suborder Scolodontina
superfamily Scolodontoidea H. B. Baker, 1925
Scolodontidae H. B. Baker, 1925
suborder Helicina [“Non-Achatinoid Clade”]
incertae sedis
superfamily Coelociontoidea Iredale, 1937
Coelociontidae Iredale, 1937
superfamily Papillodermatoidea Wiktor, Martin & Castillejo, 1990
Papillodermatidae Wiktor, Martin & Castillejo, 1990
superfamily Plectopyloidea Möllendorff, 1898
Plectopylidae Möllendorff, 1898
Corillidae Pilsbry, 1905
Sculptariidae Degner, 1923
superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Punctidae Morse, 1864
Charopidae Hutton, 1884
Cystopeltidae Cockerell, 1891
Discidae Thiele, 1931
Endodontidae Pilsbry, 1895
Helicodiscidae H. B. Baker, 1927
Oreohelicidae Pilsbry, 1939
superfamily Testacelloidea Gray, 1840
Testacellidae Gray, 1840
superfamily Urocoptoidea Pilsbry, 1898
Urocoptidae Pilsbry, 1898
Cerionidae Pilsbry, 1901
Epirobiidae F. G. Thompson, 2012
Eucalodiidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1873
Holospiridae Pilsbry, 1946
infraorder Succineoidei [= Elasmognatha]
superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837
Succineidae Beck, 1837
superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883
Athoracophoridae P. Fischer, 1883
infraorder Rhytidoidei
superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
Rhytididae Pilsbry, 1893
Acavidae Pilsbry, 1895
Caryodidae Conolly, 1915
Clavatoridae Thiele, 1926
Dorcasiidae Connolly, 1915
Macrocyclidae Thiele, 1926
Megomphicidae H. B. Baker, 1930
Odontostomidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898 (according to Salvador et al. 2023, in Bouchet et al. classified in Orthalicoidea)
Strophocheilidae Pilsbry, 1902
infraorder Orthalicoidei
superfamily Orthalicoidea Martens, 1860
Orthalicidae Martens, 1860
Amphibulimidae P. Fischer, 1873
Bothriembryontidae Iredale, 1937
Bulimulidae Tryon, 1867
Cyclodontinidae Salvador & Breure, 2023 (see Salvador et al. 2023)
Megaspiridae Pilsbry, 1904
Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999
Tomogeridae Jousseaume, 1877 (see Salvador et al. 2023)
infraorder Pupilloidei [= Orthurethra]
superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
Pupillidae Turton, 1831
Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
Agardhiellidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017
Amastridae Pilsbry, 1910
Argnidae Hudec, 1965
Azecidae Watson, 1920
Cerastidae Wenz, 1923
Chondrinidae Steenberg, 1925
Cochlicopidae Pilsbry, 1900
Draparnaudiidae Solem, 1962
Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903
Fauxulidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017
Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry, 1918
Lauriidae Steenberg, 1925
Odontocycladidae Hausdorf, 1996
Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918
Pagodulinidae Pilsbry, 1924
Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900
Pleurodiscidae Wenz, 1923
Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914
Spelaeoconchidae A. J. Wagner, 1928 (Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina)
Spelaeodiscidae Steenberg, 1925
Strobilopsidae Wenz, 1915
Truncatellinidae Steenberg, 1925
Valloniidae Morse, 1864
Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833
infraorder Clausilioidei
superfamily Clausilioidea Gray, 1855
Clausiliidae Gray, 1855
Pilsbrylia Hylton Scott, 1952 (South America; placement following Salvador et al. 2023)
infraorder Arionoidei
superfamily Arionoidea Gray, 1840
Arionidae Gray, 1840
Anadenidae Pilsbry, 1948
Ariolimacidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898
Binneyidae Cockerell, 1891
Philomycidae Gray, 1847
infraorder Limacoidei [“Limacoid Clade”]
superfamily Limacoidea Batsch, 1789
Limacidae Batsch, 1789
Agriolimacidae H. Wagner, 1935
Boettgerillidae Wiktor & I. M. Likharev, 1979
Vitrinidae Fitzinger, 1833
superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
Gastrodontidae Tryon, 1866
Oxychilidae Hesse, 1927
Pristilomatidae Cockerell, 1891
superfamily Parmacelloidea P. Fischer, 1856
Parmacellidae P. Fischer, 1856
Milacidae Ellis, 1926
Trigonochlamydidae Hesse, 1882
superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
Zonitidae Mörch, 1864
superfamily Trochomorphoidea Mörch, 1864
Trochomorphidae Möllendorff, 1890
Chronidae Thiele, 1931
Dyakiidae Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921
Euconulidae H. B. Baker, 1928
Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931
superfamily Helicarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
Helicarionidae Bourguignat, 1877
Ariophantidae Godwin-Austen, 1888
Urocyclidae Simroth, 1889
infraorder Oleacinoidei
superfamily Oleacinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
Oleacinidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
Spiraxidae H. B. Baker, 1939
superfamily Haplotrematoidea H. B. Baker, 1925
Haplotrematidae H. B. Baker, 1925
infraorder Helicoidei [“Helicoid Clade”]
superfamily Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Sagdidae Pilsbry, 1895
Solaropsidae H. Nordsieck, 1986
Zachrysiidae Robinson, Sei & Rosenberg, 2017
superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815
Cepolidae Ihering, 1909
Labyrinthidae Borrero, Sei, Robinson & Rosenberg, 2017
Thysanophoridae Pilsbry, 1926
Camaenidae Pilsbry, 1895
Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895
Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815 (western Palaearctic)
Elonidae Gittenberger, 1977
Trissexodontidae H. Nordsieck, 1987
Helicodontidae Kobelt, 1904
Sphincterochilidae Zilch, 1960
Geomitridae C. Boettger, 1909
Canariellidae Schileyko, 1991
Hygromiidae Tryon, 1866
Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912
Trichodiscinidae H. Nordsieck, 1987
Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879
2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade Eupulmonata within informal group Pulmonata. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.
The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
clade Elasmognatha
Superfamily Succineoidea
Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
clade Orthurethra
Superfamily Partuloidea
Superfamily Achatinelloidea
Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
Superfamily Pupilloidea
Superfamily Enoidea
informal group Sigmurethra
Superfamily Clausilioidea
Superfamily Orthalicoidea
Superfamily Achatinoidea
Superfamily Aillyoidea
Superfamily Testacelloidea
Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Superfamily Rhytidoidea
Superfamily Acavoidea
Superfamily Punctoidea
Superfamily Sagdoidea
"limacoid clade" (within the Sigmurethra)
Superfamily Staffordioidea
Superfamily Dyakioidea
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Superfamily Zonitoidea
Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Superfamily Limacoidea
(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)
Superfamily Arionoidea
Superfamily Helicoidea
Previous taxonomy
Subinfraorder Orthurethra
Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
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Stylommatophora
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Asola (Upper Mantovano: ) is a comune in the province of Mantua, Lombardy (northern Italy). It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree of October 23, 1951.
In 1516, when it was part of the Republic of Venice, it was unsuccessfully besieged by the troops of the Austrian Maximilian I. The event is portrayed in a painting by Tintoretto, The Siege of Asola.
The local civic museum is titled Museo Civico Goffredo Bellini.
Physical geography
The comune is traditionally referred to as belonging to the territory of Alto Mantovano, the area of the province of Mantua located north of the provincial capital close to the morainic amphitheater of Lake Garda.
It borders the province of Brescia to the west, and is located at an altitude of above sea level.
It lies halfway between Mantua and Cremona, from which it is about , while it is about from Brescia.
Anthropic geography
Post-Risorgimento urban development has kept the elegance of the town center intact. The large Piazza XX Settembre, flanked by comfortable porticoes, is overlooked by the cathedral and the town hall; from here the main streets radiate out again.
Climate
Asola's climate is typical of the upper Po Valley of the temperate subcontinental type: winters are moderately harsh, with little rain and foggy days; summers are hot and muggy with thunderstorm-like precipitation; springs and autumns are generally rainy.
Origins of the name
Asola is diminutive of the Latin "Ansa," curve of the fiume Chiese near which the city was founded.
History
Asola stands in an area frequented since prehistoric times, as evidenced by the finds preserved in the local museum. Finds from the Iron Age, a period characterized by the settlement of Celtic populations in the territory, are sporadic.
Subsequently, the area is affected by Roman occupation around the 1st century BC, attested mainly by funerary monuments and grave goods.
In the final years of the Middle Ages, around the 12th and 13th centuries, with its own fortified fortress it falls under the comital jurisdiction of Brescia controlled by the Visconti, in 1348 it passes to the dominion of the Malatesta, then again to the Venetians and later to the Gonzaga.
In 1440, Asola decided to freely subject itself to the Serenissima, becoming an extremely important border fortress for the Republic's control of the mainland.
Asola would remain under the control of Venice until the arrival of Napoleon in 1797. The arrival of the French then marked the return to the Mantuan territory to which it would remain linked even in 1814 with its annexation to Austrian rule.
Also active in Risorgimento events, it fought for national independence with the efforts of patriots such as Don Ottaviano Daina and Francesco Fario.
In 1859, it was liberated and annexed to the Kingdom of Piedmont and finally to united Italy.
Monuments and places of interest
Religious architecture
Cattedrale di Sant'Andrea
Built beginning in 1472 on the basis of an earlier building, the cathedral today is a remarkable example of late Lombard Gothic architecture and preserves many important works of art: an Antegnati organ, canvases by Moretto, Romanino, Lattanzio Gambara, and Jacopo Palma il Giovane, the 15th-century Polyptych of Mercy by Antonio della Corna, and other later, 17th- and 18th-century artworks.
Chiesa di San Rocco
Also called the Chiesa dell'Ospedale, it was begun in 1475 in an area of the old castle and was consecrated in 1506.
Probably destroyed during the Siege of 1516, it was rebuilt in 1539 at the expense of the community from a design projected by Cristoforo Mantuano de Leno.
Chiesa dei Disciplini Bianchi
On Via Oberdan, next to the cathedral, is the church named after the confraternity of the Disciplini Bianchi, who made it their headquarters. It is also called the Chiesa di Santa Maria Della Misericordia.
Chiesa di Santa Maria del Lago
Also called Chiesa dei Disciplini Rossi or in Betlemme, it is the church of lower Asola in the Santa Maria district on Via Nazario Sauro. It was built in 1570 and stands on the remains of an older chapel dedicated to St. Mary, much venerated as early as the early 16th century.
Civic architecture
Palazzo Municipale
Located in Piazza XX Settembre, it is the seat of the Municipality of Asola. In the north corner of the building opens an elegant Loggia Veneta built in 1610 from a project design by architect Lantana.
Fontana di Ercole
Monumental fountain depicting Hercules crushing the hydra, marble copy of the work by sculptor Giovanni Antonio Carra (16th century).
Gran Caffe Liberty Enoteca
Local used to house the Archivio Storico Comunale, in 1811 it became the seat of the Magistrate's Court and later Caffè del Popolo, Gran Caffè Savoia, Caffè Centrale and finally Gran Caffè Liberty Enoteca. It preserves Art Nouveau interiors, and was recognized as a historic establishment of regional importance by D.G.R. VII/1733 of January 18, 2006. Open since 1936.
Palazzo Monte dei Pegni
Located along Via Garibaldi, opposite the facade of the cathedral. It was renovated in 1828 in a neoclassical style. Historical seat of the Circolo Filatelico Numismatico Città di Asola (Philatelic and Numismatic Club of Asola), since 2006 it has housed the Goffredo Bellini Civic Museum.
Palazzo Terzi
Located in Via Garibaldi, it has a sober facade with the balcony from which Garibaldi looked out on April 28, 1862, to speak to the people of Asola. It is characterized inside by the presence of a large English garden that hides an icehouse below ground level.
Palazzo Beffa Negrini
Located on Via Garibaldi, immediately after the Palazzo Terzi. This grand 18th-century palace retains a Baroque facade adorned with marble trophies and a solemn portal. It was the residence of the Counts Beffa Negrini, one of the most notable families in Asola.
Teatro Sociale
The building, located on Via Piave, was inaugurated in 1891. It features a late Neoclassical facade and on the eaves cornice statues depicting masks from the commedia dell'arte. On the right side remains the Romanesque apse of St. Erasmus and an epigraph commemorating the origins of the church itself. Ceasing to be used for theatrical performances, it was used as a movie theater in the second half of the 20th century.
Loggia delle Clarisse
Between the Palazzo Monte dei Pegni and the Cassa di Risparmio, on Via Piave, there is what remains of the Antico Convento delle Clarisse (1496), characterized by a loggia with slender columns.
Colleggio Schiantarelli
Located on Via Mazzini, it features typical neoclassical architecture. Count Paolo Tosio in 1825 commissioned architect Vantini to build the palace that was to house his picture gallery, now in Brescia. Instead, the palace became a boarding school in 1863, and its inscription still remains to remind us of its history. Since 2002 it has housed the offices of the ASL of Asola.
Ospedale
The Ospedale di Asola, once an autonomous institution, now depends on the Azienda Ospedaliera Carlo Poma of Mantua. It is an acute-care hospital that provides health responses to patients, mainly from the provinces of Mantua, Brescia and Cremona, representing the reference health facility of the Asolano district with a potential catchment area of at least 50,000 inhabitants.
Vecchi Mulini
The old mills, now in an advanced state of disrepair, are located on the Strada Bassa per Casalmoro as you leave the town northward.
La Chiusa
This is a damming of the course of the Fiume Chiese regulated by a series of sluice gates with the purpose of drawing water from the river for irrigating fields. It is located near the locality Camporegio in the countryside south of Asola.
Military architecture
Castello di Asola
Asola Castle was a stronghold presumably dating back to the 12th century. It was destroyed and rebuilt several times; no traces remain today.
Fortezza di Asola
The existence of a fortified fortress is attested as early as the 12th century. In the aftermath of the Act of Dedication, Venice promoted an articulated program of fortification of the city that was implemented from 1458 to 1483, remaining virtually unchanged until Asola lost its primary role in the Republic's military chessboard in favor of the defensive bulwark of Orzinuovi. The fortress thus remains unchanged in graphic representations in its irregular quadrilateral shape, whose perimeter was bordered by walls with fourteen cylindrical towers protected on the outside by a moat and on the inside by an embankment.
To the northeast stood the fortress, square with cylindrical corner towers. There were two gates: Porta Fuori to the east, Porta Chiese to the west, each protected by a ravelin.
At the head of the fortress was a governor with a military garrison; at the old castle, near the Torre delle Polveri, was another minor garrison, under the orders of a Magnifico Castellano.
Infrastructure and transportation
Roads
The municipality is traversed by Strada statale 343, to which Asola gives its name.
Railways
The Asola station, located on the Brescia-Parma railway, is served by regional trains operated by Trenord and timed on an hourly basis as part of the service contract stipulated with the Lombardy Region.
In the past it offered connections with two suburban tramways, the Cremona-Asola, operating between 1929 and 1955, and the Mantova-Asola, operating between 1886 and 1933.
Urban mobility
Asola is connected to Mantua by two APAM lines: one direct to Castiglione delle Stiviere and the other to Mantua; and by ARRIVA ITALIA s.p.a by a direct line to Cremona.
Twin towns
Leingarten, Germany, since 2004
Lésigny, France, since 2004
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Asola, Lombardy
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Weare Reservoir is a impoundment on the Piscataquog River in Hillsborough County in southern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Weare. The reservoir is also known as Lake Horace.
It is classified as a warmwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, brown trout, smallmouth and largemouth bass, chain pickerel, horned pout, and black crappie.
See also
List of lakes in New Hampshire
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Weare Reservoir
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Lydia Sargent (January 10, 1942 – September 27, 2020) was an American feminist, writer, author, playwright, and actor.
Biography
She was a founder and original member of the South End Press Collective, as well as Z Magazine, which she co-edited and co-produced. She organized the Z Communications Institute every year and taught classes there. She was also a member of the interim consultative committee of the International Organization for a Participatory Society.
Her plays include "I Read About My Death In Vogue Magazine" and "Playbook" with Maxine Klein and Howard Zinn. She edited Women and Revolution: The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism, which features a lead essay by Heidi Hartmann. Sargent wrote the long-running "Hotel Satire" column for Z Magazine, "where gals come to learn their true purpose on this earth, i.e., to service men".
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Lydia Sargent
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Ignatius Leong (born 1956) is a professional chess organizer in Singapore and has been one of Asia's leading organizers for more than 20 years. He was awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE) as an International Arbiter in 1979, International Organiser in 1995 and FIDE Senior Trainer in 2004. He was also the president of the Singapore Chess Federation from 2007-2015, Founding President and president of ASEAN Chess Confederation from 2000 to 2015, FIDE Vice President from 2002 to 2006 and FIDE General Secretary from 2005 to 2014.
At 23, he became one of the world's youngest International Arbiters. Leong is also Director of the ASEAN Chess Academy. He had played in three Chess Olympiads.
Leong once formed a "World Chess Organization", which promised to overthrow FIDE. However, he abandoned that effort when not enough people joined. He has also swung wildly between being a supporter and an opponent of FIDE President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.
In 2002, Leong announced that he was running for FIDE President against Ilyumzhinov. Later, he changed his mind, saying that he was not running. Then, changing it again, saying that he had never withdrawn his candidacy. It was eventually ruled that once he had withdrawn, it was too late to become a candidate again, so no election was held because Ilyumzhinov was the only candidate. However, Leong became FIDE Secretary-General.
Controversy
A few days before the 2014 FIDE Presidential Elections, the New York Times Magazine published a lengthy report on the Presidential Elections campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Garry Kasparov and Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly "offered to pay Leong $500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the Asean Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]". In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.
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Ignatius Leong
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In statistics, M-estimators are a broad class of extremum estimators for which the objective function is a sample average. Both non-linear least squares and maximum likelihood estimation are special cases of M-estimators. The definition of M-estimators was motivated by robust statistics, which contributed new types of M-estimators. However, M-estimators are not inherently robust, as is clear from the fact that they include maximum likelihood estimators, which are in general not robust. The statistical procedure of evaluating an M-estimator on a data set is called M-estimation.
More generally, an M-estimator may be defined to be a zero of an estimating function. This estimating function is often the derivative of another statistical function. For example, a maximum-likelihood estimate is the point where the derivative of the likelihood function with respect to the parameter is zero; thus, a maximum-likelihood estimator is a critical point of the score function. In many applications, such M-estimators can be thought of as estimating characteristics of the population.
Historical motivation
The method of least squares is a prototypical M-estimator, since the estimator is defined as a minimum of the sum of squares of the residuals.
Another popular M-estimator is maximum-likelihood estimation. For a family of probability density functions f parameterized by θ, a maximum likelihood estimator of θ is computed for each set of data by maximizing the likelihood function over the parameter space { θ } . When the observations are independent and identically distributed, a ML-estimate satisfies
or, equivalently,
Maximum-likelihood estimators have optimal properties in the limit of infinitely many observations under rather general conditions, but may be biased and not the most efficient estimators for finite samples.
Definition
In 1964, Peter J. Huber proposed generalizing maximum likelihood estimation to the minimization of
where ρ is a function with certain properties (see below). The solutions
are called M-estimators ("M" for "maximum likelihood-type" (Huber, 1981, page 43)); other types of robust estimators include L-estimators, R-estimators and S-estimators. Maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) are thus a special case of M-estimators. With suitable rescaling, M-estimators are special cases of extremum estimators (in which more general functions of the observations can be used).
The function ρ, or its derivative, ψ, can be chosen in such a way to provide the estimator desirable properties (in terms of bias and efficiency) when the data are truly from the assumed distribution, and 'not bad' behaviour when the data are generated from a model that is, in some sense, close to the assumed distribution.
Types
M-estimators are solutions, θ, which minimize
This minimization can always be done directly. Often it is simpler to differentiate with respect to θ and solve for the root of the derivative. When this differentiation is possible, the M-estimator is said to be of ψ-type. Otherwise, the M-estimator is said to be of ρ-type.
In most practical cases, the M-estimators are of ψ-type.
ρ-type
For positive integer r, let and be measure spaces. is a vector of parameters. An M-estimator of ρ-type is defined through a measurable function . It maps a probability distribution on to the value (if it exists) that minimizes
:
For example, for the maximum likelihood estimator, , where .
ψ-type
If is differentiable with respect to , the computation of is usually much easier. An M-estimator of ψ-type T is defined through a measurable function . It maps a probability distribution F on to the value (if it exists) that solves the vector equation:
For example, for the maximum likelihood estimator, , where denotes the transpose of vector u and .
Such an estimator is not necessarily an M-estimator of ρ-type, but if ρ has a continuous first derivative with respect to , then a necessary condition for an M-estimator of ψ-type to be an M-estimator of ρ-type is . The previous definitions can easily be extended to finite samples.
If the function ψ decreases to zero as , the estimator is called redescending. Such estimators have some additional desirable properties, such as complete rejection of gross outliers.
Computation
For many choices of ρ or ψ, no closed form solution exists and an iterative approach to computation is required. It is possible to use standard function optimization algorithms, such as Newton–Raphson. However, in most cases an iteratively re-weighted least squares fitting algorithm can be performed; this is typically the preferred method.
For some choices of ψ, specifically, redescending functions, the solution may not be unique. The issue is particularly relevant in multivariate and regression problems. Thus, some care is needed to ensure that good starting points are chosen. Robust starting points, such as the median as an estimate of location and the median absolute deviation as a univariate estimate of scale, are common.
Concentrating parameters
In computation of M-estimators, it is sometimes useful to rewrite the objective function so that the dimension of parameters is reduced. The procedure is called “concentrating” or “profiling”. Examples in which concentrating parameters increases computation speed include seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) models.
Consider the following M-estimation problem:
Assuming differentiability of the function q, M-estimator solves the first order conditions:
Now, if we can solve the second equation for γ in terms of
and , the second equation becomes:
where g is, there is some function to be found. Now, we can rewrite the original objective function solely in terms of β by inserting the function g into the place of . As a result, there is a reduction in the number of parameters.
Whether this procedure can be done depends on particular problems at hand. However, when it is possible, concentrating parameters can facilitate computation to a great degree. For example, in estimating SUR model of 6 equations with 5 explanatory variables in each equation by Maximum Likelihood, the number of parameters declines from 51 to 30.
Despite its appealing feature in computation, concentrating parameters is of limited use in deriving asymptotic properties of M-estimator. The presence of W in each summand of the objective function makes it difficult to apply the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.
Properties
Distribution
It can be shown that M-estimators are asymptotically normally distributed. As such, Wald-type approaches to constructing confidence intervals and hypothesis tests can be used. However, since the theory is asymptotic, it will frequently be sensible to check the distribution, perhaps by examining the permutation or bootstrap distribution.
Influence function
The influence function of an M-estimator of -type is proportional to its defining function.
Let T be an M-estimator of ψ-type, and G be a probability distribution for which is defined. Its influence function IF is
assuming the density function exists. A proof of this property of M-estimators can be found in Huber (1981, Section 3.2).
Applications
M-estimators can be constructed for location parameters and scale parameters in univariate and multivariate settings, as well as being used in robust regression.
Examples
Mean
Let (X1, ..., Xn) be a set of independent, identically distributed random variables, with distribution F.
If we define
we note that this is minimized when θ is the mean of the Xs. Thus the mean is an M-estimator of ρ-type, with this ρ function.
As this ρ function is continuously differentiable in θ, the mean is thus also an M-estimator of ψ-type for ψ(x, θ) = θ − x.
Median
For the median estimation of (X1, ..., Xn), instead we can define the ρ function as
and similarly, the ρ function is minimized when θ is the median of the Xs.
While this ρ function is not differentiable in θ, the ψ-type M-estimator, which is the subgradient of ρ function, can be expressed as
and
See also
Two-step M-estimator
Robust statistics
Robust regression
Redescending M-estimator
S-estimator
Fréchet mean
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M-estimator
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Nathaniel Chapman (28 May 1780 – 1 July 1853) was an American physician. He was the founding president of the American Medical Association in 1847. Chapman founded the American Journal of the Medical Sciences in 1820 and served as its editor for some years, and also served as President of both the Philadelphia Medical Society and the American Philosophical Society (elected 1807).
Early life
Chapman was born in Summer Hill, located north of Four Mile Run in present-day Arlington County, Virginia, son of George Chapman and Amelia MacRae. He received his early education in six years at the classical academy of Alexandria. He later attended two colleges for a short time, before moving to Philadelphia in 1797, where he began studying under Benjamin Rush and attending lectures at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He earned his M.D. in 1800, with a thesis on hydrophobia.
Personal life
In 1808, he married Rebekah Biddle (1782-1870), the daughter of Clement Biddle and Rebekah Cornell of Philadelphia.
Career
Upon his graduation, Chapman traveled to the United Kingdom in 1801, spending a year in London as a pupil of John Abernethy, and three in Edinburgh, where he attended lectures at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh. While in Edinburgh he became acquainted with a number of well-known people, including Dugald Stewart, the Earl of Buchan, and Henry Brougham.
Chapman returned to the United States in 1804, and established a medical practice in Philadelphia. He gave a private course of lectures on obstetrics in the same year, which proved so popular that, in 1806 at age 26, he was elected adjunct to the Professor of Midwifery at the University of Pennsylvania, and soon thereafter was made chair of Materia Medica. Upon the death of Benjamin Rush in 1813, he was transferred to the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine (after Benjamin Smith Barton held the post for a brief time. Chapman gained the post in 1815.), which he would retain for nearly forty years, until his retirement in 1850. In addition to his lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, he also gave annual lectures at the Philadelphia Alms House and the Medical Institute of Philadelphia.
Of his published works, the most popular were Select Speeches, Forensic and Parliamentary (1804), touching on both medical and political matters, and Therapeutics (1817), a work on what was then termed materia medica that went through seven editions.
Selected works
An essay on the canine state of fever (dissertation) (1801)
Lectures on the more important eruptive fevers, haemorrhages and dropsies, and on gout and rheumatism (1844)
Notes
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Nathaniel Chapman
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The Santa Ysabel Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race once run during January but now run in March at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. The race is open to fillies, age three, willing to race one and one-sixteenths miles (8.5 furlongs) on the dirt. The race is a Grade III event with a current purse of $100,000 and is part of the Road to the Kentucky Oaks.
Inaugurated in 1968, the Santa Ysabel Stakes was contested at 7 furlongs in 1970 but has otherwise been run at miles. It was run in two divisions in 1968, 1970, 1972, and 1979.
Records
Speed record:
1:41.10 – Midnight Bisou (2018)
Most wins by a jockey:
4 – Bill Shoemaker (1974, 1978, 1985, 1988)
4 – Laffit Pincay Jr. (1970, 1973, 1981, 1991)
4 – Chris McCarron (1983, 1984, 1994, 2002)
4 – Mike E. Smith (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018)
Most wins by a trainer:
8 – Bob Baffert (2003, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2021, 2022, 2023)
Most wins by an owner:
3 – Kaleem Shah (2011, 2014, 2020)
Winners of the Santa Ysabel Stakes since 1968
A # designates that the race was run in two divisions in 1968, 1970, 1972 and 1979.
* † In 1998 Love Lock finished first but was disqualified after testing
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Santa Ysabel Stakes
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Keeble v Hickeringill (1707) 103 ER 1127 is a famous English property law and tort law case about rights to wild animals.
Facts
Samuel Keeble (the plaintiff) owned property called Minott's Meadow, which contained a pond outfitted with nets and channels in a manner used to catch large numbers of commercially viable ducks. This type of pond served as a sort of "duck trap" and was known as a decoy. Tame ducks were used to lure their wild counterparts into the decoy.
On three occasions, defendant Edmund Hickeringill, while on his own land, discharged firearms toward Keeble's pond in order to scare away the ducks.
Judgment
Chief Justice Holt sustained the action of trespass on the case, because every person has the right to put his property to use for his own pleasure and profit. If Hickeringill had built a decoy on his own land near Keeble's meadow to draw away ducks (which, in fact, he had done previous to the construction of Keeble's own decoy and may have lent some cause as to Hickeringill's harassing actions), no action could be taken, because Hickeringill would have just as much right to set up a decoy on his own property as Keeble does on his. But, Hickeringill actively disturbed the ducks on Keeble's land, thereby causing damages in that,
Furthermore, Keeble had gone through the expense of setting up the decoy and nets, and to allow Hickeringill to disturb the profitable use of the land was bad for commerce. When a person hinders another's use of his own property for profit, it is actionable, even if there is no physical trespassing. Thus, Justice Holt concluded that
On appeal, made by Hickeringill the verdict was re-affirmed without any change. Keeble won a verdict of £20.
In the later House of Lords case of Allen v Flood, the Lords held that Keeble v Hickeringill was just a nuisance case, and not an economic torts case.
See also
Pierson v. Post
Ghen v. Rich
Ratione soli
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Keeble v Hickeringill
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My Friends Tigger & Pooh is an American computer-animated children's television series on the Playhouse Disney block on Disney Channel. It was inspired by A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh. The series was developed by Walt Disney Television Animation and executive producer Brian Hohlfeld.
The series aired from May 12, 2007, to October 9, 2010, in the United States.
Premise
The series features Winnie the Pooh and other characters from Disney adaptations of Winnie-the-Pooh. It also introduces two new characters, an imaginative 6-year-old red-headed girl named Darby and her dog Buster. Darby is the main protagonist and an amateur sleuth. Her older best friend is Christopher Robin, who has grown up and makes two appearances over the course of the series. Darby teams up with Winnie the Pooh and Tigger to form the trio of Super Sleuths, and investigate mysteries in the Hundred Acre Wood.
Episodes
Voice cast
Major
Chloë Grace Moretz as Darby
Dee Bradley Baker as Buster
Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh and Tigger
Recurring
Travis Oates as Piglet
Peter Cullen as Eeyore
Ken Sansom as Rabbit
Kath Soucie as Kanga
Max Burkholder as Roo
Oliver Dillon as Lumpy
Brenda Blethyn as Mama Heffalump
Guest
Tara Strong as Porcupine and Vixen
Rob Paulsen as Raccoon
James Arnold Taylor as Skunk
Mark Hamill as Turtle
Sydney Saylor as Possums
Dee Bradley Baker as Woodpecker
Struan Erlenborn as Christopher Robin
Jim Cummings as Beaver
Production
In 2005, it was announced that Disney was creating a new television series, with a new female character replacing Christopher Robin as the protagonist. My Friends Tigger & Pooh was developed by Walt Disney Television Animation, with animation from Japanese company Polygon Pictures, and was executive produced and story edited by Brian Hohlfeld. After voicing Piglet in Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie, Travis Oates reprises his role, taking over for John Fiedler, who died on June 25, 2005, two years prior to the debut of the series. It also marks the final time Peter Cullen, Ken Sansom and Kath Soucie provide the respective voices of Eeyore, Rabbit and Kanga, as all three would be recast in 2011's Winnie the Pooh. Cullen later reprises Eeyore in the 2017 Doc McStuffins special "Into the Hundred Acre Wood."
Release
Broadcast
My Friends Tigger & Pooh premiered on Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney block on May 12, 2007. The series was renewed for a second season in June 2007. It was renewed for a 35-episode third season in March 2008.
In 2018, the series was released on Youku. My Friends Tigger & Pooh later became available to stream on Disney+.
Home media
Reception
Critical response
Marilyn Moss of Associated Press called My Friends Tigger & Pooh a "charming series," adding that the "animation is splendid, and, of course, the characters retain their charm." Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave My Friends Tigger & Pooh a grade of four out of five stars and complimented the presence of positive messages, writing, "Overall, this is a delightful show that encourages kids to think critically about the world around them by involving them in fun puzzle solving. Plus, it's got upbeat songs, which kids are sure to love."
Ratings
My Friends Tigger & Pooh was the number 1-ranked television series for kids 2–5 during its first season, earning a 5.2 rating. It also ranked as the top kid series with women 18–49 (0.7 rating), according to Disney Channel. The series continued to be the top-ranked show in kids 2–5 during its second season.
Accolades
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My Friends Tigger & Pooh
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The International Skating Union has organised the World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships for Women since 1996.
Locations
1996: Hamar, Norway
1997: Warsaw, Poland
1998: Calgary, Canada
1999: Heerenveen, Netherlands
2000: Nagano, Japan
2001: Salt Lake City, United States
2002 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games
2003: Berlin, Germany
2004: Seoul, South Korea
2005: Inzell, Germany
2006 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games
2007: Salt Lake City, United States
2008: Nagano, Japan
2009: Vancouver, Canada
2010 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games
2011: Inzell, Germany
2012: Heerenveen, Netherlands
2013: Sochi, Russia
2014 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games
2015: Heerenveen, Netherlands
2016: Kolomna, Russia
2017: Gangneung, South Korea
2018 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games
2019: Inzell, Germany
2020: Salt Lake City, United States
2021: Heerenveen, Netherlands
2022 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games
2023: Heerenveen, Netherlands
Medal winners
500 m
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
1,000 m
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
1,500 m
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
3,000 m
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
5,000 m
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
Mass start
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
Team pursuit
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
Team sprint
Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl
Medal table
Medal summary
Updated after the 2023 World Championships.
Nations
World champions
Silver medalists
Bronze medalists
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World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships for Women
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Jello salad is an American salad made with flavored gelatin, fruit, and sometimes grated carrots or (more rarely) other vegetables. Other ingredients may include cottage cheese, cream cheese, marshmallows, nuts, or pretzels. Jello salads were popular in the 1960s and are now considered retro.
Because of its many elements, the result has speckled bits of interior color against a colored gelatin background, and so the dish can be appreciated for its colorful visual appeal. For example, a jello salad might have green from a lime-flavored gelatin, brown from nuts or pretzels, white from bits of cottage cheese, and red and orange from fruit cocktail. Therefore, it has a "salad appearance" (small pieces of food) although it is held firm in gelatin (like aspic). The "salad" theme is more pronounced in variants containing mayonnaise, or another salad dressing. When the dish has plain gelatin instead of sweetened gelatin, the use of vegetables is more common (e.g. tomato aspic).
History
The name 'jello salad' comes from the genericization of the brand name Jell-O, a common gelatin product in the United States. The origins of jello salad can be traced back to a dish called 'perfection salad' () by Mrs. John E. Cook of New Castle, Pennsylvania, which won third prize in a Better Homes and Gardens recipe contest. Strawberry-pretzel and mandarin orange remain popular in the Midwest which are sweet alternatives for the original recipe.
Jello salads are a common feature of US communal meals such as potlucks, most probably because they are inexpensive and easy to prepare. The salad has a strong regional presence in Utah and surrounding states (the Mormon Corridor), especially among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In Utah, where Jell-O is the official state snack, jello salad is commonly available in local restaurants such as Chuck-A-Rama.
See also
Aspic, a savory gelatin dish
Seafoam salad, a type of jello salad
Frogeye salad, a sweet pasta salad
Watergate salad, dessert salad with pistachio pudding
Ambrosia salad, a fruit salad
"Lime Jello Marshmallow Cottage Cheese Surprise", a humorous song about a specific type of gelatin salad (1980)
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Jello salad
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The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), established in 1940, is the oldest accrediting agency for architectural education in the United States. The NAAB accredits professional degrees in architecture offered by institutions with U.S. regional accreditation. Currently, there are 153 accredited programs offered by 123 institutions. The NAAB develops standards and procedures appropriate for the education of architects. These standards are developed by architectural educators, practitioners, regulators, and students.
The minimum standards that all NAAB-accredited programs must meet are described in The 2014 NAAB Conditions for Accreditation.
The NAAB operates in an open, transparent manner in keeping with best practices in accreditation promulgated by the Association of Specialized and Professional Accreditors and the International Network of Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE). This transparency extends to the process for review of the Conditions for Accreditation, publication of visiting team reports, and requirements for accredited programs to make information available to the public.
The NAAB-accredited degree is accepted for registration in all 54 U.S. jurisdictions and is required in 37 of them. Those seeking registration must also meet local jurisdictional requirements for experience and education.
The NAAB is a signatory to the Canberra Accord. This is a multi-lateral agreement between accreditation agencies that recognizes the substantial equivalence of their systems of accreditation. In addition, all signatory members have demonstrated their compliance with the UNESCO-UIA Charter on Architectural Education, as well, as the INQAAHE Guidelines of Good Practice.
See also
Architect
Architecture school in the United States
Bachelor of Architecture
Master of Architecture
Architect Registration Examination
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National Architectural Accrediting Board
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Jewelz is the second album by the rapper O.C. Unlike his debut, 1994's Word...Life, Jewelz features a wider number of guest producers and rappers. Producer DJ Premier (who also oversaw and mixed other parts of the album) lends his hand on four songs, while Buckwild, Da Beatminerz and O.Gee all drop three songs each. D.I.T.C. members Showbiz and Lord Finesse each contribute one number and as the album was released the production was highly praised for its clean, crispy but at the same time dark and menacing sound.
O.C. plays with a wide array of styles on the album, from the war-metaphor battle song "War Games" to abstract stories on the haunting "The Crow" and a very special history on a mystique woman that enters Credle's life in "Stronjay". Though the differences between O.C.'s two first efforts are very noticeable many fans are constantly, and still, arguing which was the better album out of them.
This album, like his first, received strong reviews, but lacked in sales. He made his first appearance on the Billboard 200 album chart with the album, and also made his first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, with the single "Far From Yours". The album is now out of print.
As part of the concept for Jewelz, the CD was sold with different colored disc art inspired by the color palette of various jewels.
Critical reception
Matt Conaway from AllMusic praised O.C. for maintaining his "street-based" musicianship by having top-notch New York producers and rappers contribute quality work throughout the record and delivering strong lyricism of his own, highlighting "My World" and "Dangerous" as examples. Vibe contributor Noah Callahan-Bever also gave praise to the album's production team for emitting an aura of "melodic contentment" for O.C.'s more naturalistic flow to deliver solid rhymes on "Dangerous" and the title track, despite "Far From Yours" being the only dud, concluding that: "Thankfully, O.C. is still concerned with the decline of rap music, only now he's stopped criticizing and has started to lead by example, unveiling one of his most finely polished Jewelz this year has seen."
Track listing
Samples credits
"My World" samples "Killer's Lullaby" by Barry White and "Theme d'Amour" by Ennio Morricone.
"War Games" samples "It's My Thing" by Marva Whitney.
"Can't Go Wrong" samples "American Tango" by Weather Report.
"The Chosen One" samples "White Clouds" by Hiroshi Fukumura and Sadao Watanabe.
"Dangerous" samples "Daisy Lady" by 7th Wonder.
"Far From Yours" samples "Tomorrow" by The Brothers Johnson and "For the Listeners" by Eric B. & Rakim.
"M.U.G." samples "The Saddest Thing of All" by Michel Legrand.
"The Crow" samples "Zen-Gun" by Ryuichi Sakamoto.
"You & Yours" samples "A Garden of Peace" by Lonnie Liston Smith.
"Hypocrite" samples "Sensitize" by Roy Ayers.
"It's Only Right" samples "Do You Like It" by B.T. Express.
"Jewelz" samples "Changing Faces" by J.J. Band and "I'll Take Time" by John Kasandra.
Album singles
Personnel
Adapted credits from the liner notes of Jewelz.
Patrick Moxey - executive producer
Mr. Dave - executive producer
Eddie Sancho - engineering
Max Vargas - engineering
Norty Cotto - engineering
Tony Smalios - engineering
Chris Conway - engineering
Kieran Walsh - engineering
Michael Gilbert - engineering
DJ Premier - mixing
Ogee - mixing
Buckwild - mixing
Da Beatminerz - mixing
Showbiz - mixing
Lord Finesse - mixing
Tony Dawsey - mastering
Danny Clinch - photography
Gregory Burke - art direction, design
Petawane & Miles Anthony -Backgrounds (Can't Go Wrong)
Album chart positions
Singles chart positions
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Jewelz
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Edwin Porch Morrow (November 28, 1877June 15, 1935) was an American politician, who served as the 40th Governor of Kentucky from 1919 to 1923. He was the only Republican elected to this office between 1907 and 1927. He championed the typical Republican causes of his day, namely equal rights for African-Americans and the use of force to quell violence. Morrow had been schooled in his party's principles by his father, Thomas Z. Morrow, who was its candidate for governor in 1883, and his uncle, William O. Bradley, who was elected governor in 1895. Both men were founding members of the Republican Party in Kentucky.
After rendering non-combat service in the Spanish–American War, Morrow graduated from the University of Cincinnati Law School in 1902 and opened his practice in Lexington, Kentucky. He made a name for himself almost immediately by securing the acquittal of a black man charged with murder based on an extorted confession and perjured testimony. He was appointed U.S. District Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky by President William Howard Taft in 1910 and served until he was removed from office in 1913 by President Woodrow Wilson. In 1915, he ran for governor against his good friend, Augustus O. Stanley. Stanley won the election by 471 votes, making the 1915 contest the closest gubernatorial race in the state's history.
Morrow ran for governor again in 1919. His opponent, James D. Black, had ascended to the governorship earlier that year when Stanley resigned to take a seat in the U.S. Senate. Morrow encouraged voters to "Right the Wrong of 1915" and ran on a progressive platform that included women's suffrage and quelling racial violence. He charged the Democratic administration with corruption, citing specific examples, and won the general election in a landslide. With a friendly legislature in 1920, he passed much of his agenda into law, including an anti-lynching law and reorganizing state government. He won national acclaim for preventing the lynching of a black prisoner in 1920. He was not hesitant to remove local officials who did not deter or quell mob violence. By 1922, Democrats regained control of the General Assembly, and Morrow could not accomplish much in the second half of his term. Following his term as governor, he served on the United States Railroad Labor Board and the Railway Mediation Board but never again held elected office. He died of a heart attack on June 15, 1935, while living with a cousin in Frankfort.
Early life
Edwin Morrow was of Scottish descent and was born to Thomas Zanzinger and Virginia Catherine (Bradley) Morrow in Somerset, Kentucky, on November 28, 1877. He and his twin brother, Charles, were the youngest of eight children. His father was one of the founders of the Republican Party in Kentucky and an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1883. His mother was a sister to William O'Connell Bradley, who was elected the first Republican governor of Kentucky in 1895. Morrow's great-grandfather Thomas Morrow emigrated to America from Scotland before the Revolutionary War.
Morrow's early education was in the public schools of Somerset. At age 14, he entered preparatory school at St. Mary's College near Lebanon, Kentucky. He continued there throughout 1891 and 1892. From there, he enrolled at Cumberland College (now the University of the Cumberlands) in Williamsburg, Kentucky, and distinguished himself in the debating society. He was also interested in sports, playing halfback on the football team and left field on the baseball team.
On June 24, 1898, Morrow enlisted as a private in the 4th Kentucky Infantry Regiment for service in the Spanish–American War. He was first stationed at Lexington, Kentucky, and later trained at Anniston, Alabama. Due to a bout with typhoid fever, he never saw active duty and mustered out as a second lieutenant on February 12, 1899. In 1900, he matriculated for the fall semester at the University of Cincinnati Law School. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1902.
Morrow opened his practice in Lexington. He established his reputation in one of his first cases—the trial of William Moseby, a black man accused of murder. Moseby's first trial had ended in a hung jury, but because the evidence against him included a confession (which he later recanted), most observers believed he would be convicted in his second trial. Unable to find a defense lawyer for Moseby, the judge in the case turned to Morrow, who, as a young lawyer, was eager for work. Morrow proved that his client's testimony had been extorted; he had been told that a lynch mob waited outside the jail for him, but no such mob had ever existed. Morrow further showed that other testimony against his client was false. Moseby was acquitted on September 21, 1902.
Morrow returned to Somerset in 1903. There, he married Katherine Hale Waddle on June 18, 1903. Waddle's father had studied law under Morrow's father, and Edwin and Katherine had been playmates, schoolmates, and later sweethearts. The couple had two children, Edwina Haskell in July 1904 and Charles Robert in November 1908.
Political career
In 1904, Morrow was appointed city attorney for Somerset, serving until 1908. President William Howard Taft appointed him U.S. District Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky in 1910. He continued in this position until he was removed from office by President Woodrow Wilson in 1913.
Morrow's first political experience was working in his uncle William O. Bradley's gubernatorial campaign in 1895. In 1899, Republican gubernatorial candidate William S. Taylor offered to make Morrow his Secretary of State in exchange for Bradley's support in the election; Bradley refused. Despite the encouragement of friends, Morrow declined to run for governor in 1911.
In 1912, Morrow was chosen as the Republican candidate for the Senate seat of Thomas Paynter. Paynter had decided not to seek re-election, and the Democrats nominated Ollie M. James of Crittenden County. The General Assembly was heavily Democratic and united behind James. On a joint ballot, James defeated Morrow by a vote of 105–28. Due to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment the following year, this was the last time the Kentucky legislature would elect a senator.
At the state Republican convention in Lexington on June 15, 1915, Morrow was chosen as the Republican candidate for governor over Latt F. McLaughlin. His Democratic opponent was his close friend, Augustus O. Stanley. Morrow charged previous Democratic administrations with corruption and called for the election of a Republican because "You cannot clean house with a dirty broom." Both men ran on progressive platforms, and the election went in Stanley's favor by only 471 votes. Although it was the closest gubernatorial vote in the state's history, Morrow refused to challenge the results, which significantly increased his popularity. His decision was influenced by the fact that a challenge would be decided by the General Assembly, which had a Democratic majority in both houses.
Governor of Kentucky
Morrow served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1916, 1920, and 1928. In 1919, he was chosen by acclamation as his party's candidate for governor. This time, his opponent was James D. Black. Black was Stanley's lieutenant governor and had ascended to the governorship in May 1919 when Stanley resigned to take a seat in the U.S. Senate.
Morrow encouraged the state's voters to "Right the Wrong of 1915". He again ran on a progressive platform, advocating an amendment to the state constitution to grant women's suffrage. His support was not as strong for a prohibition amendment. He attacked the Stanley–Black administration as corrupt. Days before the election, he exposed a contract the state Board of Control awarded to a non-existent company. Historian Lowell H. Harrison argued that Black's refusal to remove the members of the board following this revelation probably sealed his defeat. Morrow won the general election by more than 40,000 votes. It was the largest margin of victory for a Republican gubernatorial candidate in the state's history.
On January 6, 1920, Governor Morrow signed the bill ratifying the Nineteenth Amendment, making Kentucky the 23rd state to ratify it, and the moment is captured in a photograph with members of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association. During the 1920 legislative session, the Republicans held a majority in the state House of Representatives and were a minority by only two votes in the state Senate. During the session, Morrow was often able to convince C. W. Burton, a Democratic senator from Grant County, to support Republican proposals. Tie votes in the Senate were broken by Republican lieutenant governor S. Thruston Ballard. Consequently, Morrow was able to effect a considerable reorganization of the state government, including replacing the Board of Control with a nonpartisan Board of Charities and Corrections, centralizing highway works, and revising property taxes. He oversaw improvements to the education system, including better textbook selection and a tax on racetracks to support a minimum salary for teachers. Among Morrow's reforms that did not pass was a proposal to make the judiciary nonpartisan.
Morrow urged enforcement of state laws against carrying concealed weapons and restricted activities of the Ku Klux Klan. During his first year in office, he granted only 100 pardons. This was a considerable decrease from the number granted by his immediate predecessors. During their first years in office, J. C. W. Beckham granted 350 pardons, James B. McCreary (during his second stint as governor) granted 139, and Augustus O. Stanley granted 257. He was also an active member of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, a society for the elimination of racial violence in the South.
On February 9, 1920, Morrow dispatched the Kentucky National Guard to Lexington to protect Will Lockett, a black World War I veteran on trial for murder. Morrow told the state adjutant general "Do as much as you have to do to keep that negro in the hands of the law. If he falls into the hands of the mob I do not expect to see you alive." Lockett had already confessed, without the benefit of a lawyer, to the murder. His trial took only thirty minutes as he pleaded guilty but asked for a life sentence instead of death. Despite his plea, he was sentenced to die in the electric chair.
A crowd of several thousand gathered outside the courthouse while Lockett's trial was underway. A cameraman asked a large group of those gathered to shake their fists and yell so he could get a picture. The rest of the crowd mistakenly believed they were storming the courthouse and rushed forward. In the ensuing skirmish, one policeman was injured so badly that his arm was later amputated. The National Guard opened fire, killing six people and wounding approximately fifty. Some members of the mob looted nearby stores in search of weapons to retaliate, but reinforcements arrived from a nearby army post by mid-afternoon. Martial law was declared, and no further violence was perpetrated. A month later, Lockett was executed at the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville.
The incident is believed to be the first forceful suppression of a lynch mob by state and local officials in the South. Morrow received a laudatory telegram from the NAACP, and most of the national press regarding the incident was favorable. W. E. B. Du Bois called it the "Second Battle of Lexington". Morrow was consistent in his use of state troops to end violence in the state. In 1922, he again dispatched the National Guard to quell a violent mill strike in Newport.
Morrow also demanded consistency from local law enforcement officials. In 1921, he removed the Woodford County jailer from office because he allowed a black inmate to be lynched and offered a reward of $25,000 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the perpetrators. Citizens of Versailles were more outraged that the jailer had been removed from office than that the prisoner had been lynched. The locals refused to aid in the investigation, and the lynchers were never arrested or charged. Local officials appointed the jailer's wife to finish his term in an attempt to skirt the removal.
In August 1922, a traveling salesman named Jack Eaton was arrested for allegedly assaulting several young girls. The girls' parents refused to press charges, and Eaton was released. Later, he was captured by a mob, who cut him several times and poured turpentine into his wounds. An investigation found that the Scott County sheriff had willfully delivered Eaton to the mob, and Morrow removed him from office. Though Eaton was a white man, blacks were elated with the removal because they hoped it would encourage other jailers to step up efforts to protect against lynchings and mob violence.
Morrow was frequently mentioned as a potential candidate for vice president in 1920. Still, he withdrew his name from consideration, sticking to a campaign promise not to seek a higher office while governor. On July 27, 1920, he made a speech in Northampton, Massachusetts, officially notifying Calvin Coolidge of his nomination for that office. Although he supported Frank O. Lowden for president, the nomination went to Warren G. Harding, and Morrow campaigned vigorously on behalf of his party's ticket.
In his address to the 1922 legislature, Morrow asked for for improvements to the state highway system and the repeal of all laws denying equal rights to women. He also recommended a large bond issue to finance improvements to the state's universities, schools, prisons, and hospitals. By this time, however, the Republicans had surrendered their majority in the state House, and practically all of Morrow's proposals were voted down. Morrow countered by vetoing several Democratic bills, including $700,000 in appropriations. Among the few accomplishments of the 1922 legislature were the passage of an anti-lynching law, the abolition of convict labor, and the establishment of normal schools at Murray and Morehead. Today, these schools are Murray State University and Morehead State University, respectively. The 1922 legislature also established a commission to govern My Old Kentucky Home State Park and approved construction of the Jefferson Davis Monument.
Although Morrow gained national praise for his handling of the Lockett trial, historian James C. Klotter opined that he "left behind a solid, and rather typical, record for a Kentucky governor." He cited Morrow's fiscal conservatism and inability to control the legislature in 1922 as reasons for his lackluster assessment. However, he praised Morrow's advancement of racial equality in the state. The state constitution prohibited Morrow from seeking a second consecutive term, and the achievements of his administration were not significant enough to ensure the election of Charles I. Dawson, his would-be Republican successor in the gubernatorial election of 1923.
Later career and death
Following his term as governor, Morrow retired to Somerset, where he became active in the Watchmen of the Republic, an organization devoted to eradicating prejudice and promoting tolerance. He served on the United States Railroad Labor Board from 1923 to 1926 and its successor, the Railway Mediation Board, from 1926 to 1934. He resigned to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives representing the Ninth District, but lost his party's nomination to John M. Robsion.
Following his defeat in the congressional primary, Morrow planned to return to Lexington to resume his law practice. On June 15, 1935, he died unexpectedly of a heart attack while temporarily living with a cousin in Frankfort. He is buried in Frankfort Cemetery.
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Edwin P. Morrow
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Schools of the Sacred Heart is a complex of two Catholic single-sex private schools for grades Pre-Kindergarten-3 through grade 12 in Grand Coteau, Louisiana.
The Academy of the Sacred Heart, founded in 1821, is the girls' school, with residential accommodations for students in grades 9 through 12. It is operated independently within the Diocese of Lafayette. Its brother school is Berchmans Academy for boys, founded in 2006.
History
The Academy was established in 1821 and is the second oldest institution of learning west of the Mississippi. It is the oldest, continually running member of the Network of Sacred Heart Schools in the world. It is also the oldest independent school in the Acadiana region.
Founded under the direction of Saint Philippine Duchesne, the Academy has remained in continuous operation through fire, epidemics, and war. Although thousands of Federal troops were encamped in the fields surrounding the Academy during the Civil War, the school was not touched. Union General Nathaniel Banks had a daughter in a school in New York run by the Religious of the Sacred Heart, and he was asked to look after the Grand Coteau sisters and their students.
On campus is a small chapel honoring St. John Berchmans, a Jesuit. St. John Berchmans appeared to a novice, Mary Wilson and cured her of a fatal illness. This miracle eventually led to the canonization of John Berchmans. It is the only shrine at the exact location of a confirmed miracle in the United States.
Accreditation and memberships
The Academy is accredited by the Louisiana State Department of Education Independent Schools Association of the Southwest (ISAS) and AdvencED. ISAS is a voluntary membership association of private schools. The Association was founded in 1955 and incorporated not-for-profit in 1970. The membership of ISAS consists of 81 schools located in Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana, Mexico, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas enrolling over 44,000 students.
The Academy of the Sacred Heart is member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) and the Network of Sacred Heart Schools. The network consists of twenty-one educational institutions in the United States and over two hundred schools internationally. All of the network schools are rooted in the philosophy and vision of St. Madeline Sophie and are guided by the Goals and Criteria of Sacred Heart Education.
The Academy is also a member of the National Catholic Education Association.
Goals and Criteria
As a member of the Network of Sacred Heart Schools, the Academy commits itself to educate to the following 5 goals:
• a personal and active faith in God
• a deep respect for intellectual values
• a social awareness which impels to action
• the building of community as a Christian value
• personal growth in an atmosphere of wise freedom
Curriculum
The Academy offers a strong, diversified curriculum. Lower School students (grades Pre-K3 through 7th) study art studio, music, guidance, and art appreciation in addition to the more traditional subjects.
The Lower School is divided into Primary (grades Pre-K3 through 4th) and Prep (grades 5th through 7th).
Upper School (grades 8 through 12) students participate in a wide variety of extracurricular activities including athletics, student community governance, performance art, clubs and community service.
Private music lessons are available.
The Academy also hosts many international students (including Foreign Exchange students) in its boarding facilities and has an English as a Second Language Program.
Equestrian program
The Academy has an equestrian program with a barn available for students wishing to bring their own horses.
The Academy is home to over thirty school-owned and privately owned horses. Sacred Heart Stables, center for the SSH equestrian studies division, features a fourteen stall barn in addition to the unique six stall barn that was built in 1886. The facility also includes two cement wash racks, two lighted, locking tack rooms, over of fenced turn out, and three fully enclosed riding arenas.
Facts
After Hurricane Katrina, it hosted the satellite location for Academy of the Sacred Heart of the Rosary in New Orleans, and its students housed many of the dislocated students from New Orleans.
In 2006, it opened a boys division, Berchmans Academy, for boys in grades PK3-2nd grade. Berchmans Academy currently accommodates boys in PK3 - 12th grade.
In 2006, the administration decided to rename the institution that runs both the Academy of the Sacred Heart and Berchmans Academy. The new name is Schools of the Sacred Heart, Grand Coteau.
In 2006, Headmistress Mary Burns announced her retirement at the conclusion of the 2006-2007 school year. She was temporarily succeeded by Sister Claude DeMoustier, who was then succeeded by Sister Lynne Lieux in 2008.
In 2016, Dr. Yvonne Sandoz Adler, Ph.D. became the new Head of School.
Notable alumni
Lucille May Grace (Class of 1919), Louisiana Register of the State Lands, 1931-1952; 1956-1957
Salma Hayek, actress
Dawson Lanclos, US Special Forces
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Schools of the Sacred Heart (Louisiana)
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Polly is a 1998 chick lit novel by Freya North about a young Englishwoman—the eponymous Polly.
Synopsis
As a teacher, Polly takes part in an exchange scheme that brings her to Vermont for a year. There, she fits in quite nicely and starts an affair with one of her male colleagues although she has left a boyfriend behind in London. In the end they are able to sort out their differences and make up.
Reception
Wales on Sunday called Polly "a fresh and witty follow-up to...Sally and Chloe", and the Stirling Observer described the novel as "lighthearted" and a good way to "pass the time on a long journey". Canada's National Post, on the other hand, called it "foul", summarizing the storytelling as "Enid Blyton, but with sex".
In November 1998 Polly reached #3 on The Guardians original paperback fiction bestseller list. In 1999, the Scottish Daily Record reported that film rights for the novel had been sold for an undisclosed amount.
Editions
Polly was first published by W. Heinemann in 1998. In 2001, translations were published in German, Czech, Dutch and Hungarian. In 2005, the Royal National Institute of Blind People published an audio version narrated by Juliet Prague. In 2012, the novel was reissued by HarperCollins in print and e-book formats.
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Polly (North novel)
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The Australia men's national soccer team represents Australia in international men's soccer. Officially nicknamed the Socceroos, the team is controlled by the governing body for soccer in Australia, Football Australia, which is affiliated with the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF).
Australia is the only national team to have been a champion of two confederations, having won the OFC Nations Cup four times between 1980 and 2004, as well as the AFC Asian Cup at the 2015 event on home soil. The team has represented Australia at the FIFA World Cup tournament on six occasions, in 1974 and from 2006 to 2022. The team also represented Australia at the FIFA Confederations Cup four times.
History
Early years
The first Australia national team was constituted in 1922 for a tour of New Zealand, which included two defeats and a draw. For the next 36 years, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became regular opponents in tour (exhibition) matches. During that period, Australia also competed against Canada and India during their tours of Australia in 1924 and 1938 respectively. Australia recorded their worst ever defeat on 30 June 1951 as they lost 17–0 in a match to a touring England side. Australia had a rare opportunity to compete on the world's stage during the team's first major international tournament as hosts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. However, an inexperienced squad proved to be reason for the team's disappointing performance. With the advent of cheap air travel, Australia began to diversify its range of opponents. However, its geographical isolation continued to play a role in its destiny for the next 30 years. Australia won the 1967 South Vietnam Independence Cup against seven other nations, but this gained little recognition domestically.
After failing to qualify for the FIFA World Cup in 1966 and 1970, losing in play-offs to North Korea and Israel respectively, Australia finally appeared at their first World Cup in West Germany, 1974. After managing only a draw from Chile and losses from East Germany and West Germany, the team which was made up of mostly amateur players was eliminated at the end of the first round, finishing last in their group without scoring a goal. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team until the World Cup tournament returned to Germany more than three decades later in 2006. Over a 40-year period, the Australian team was known for its near misses in its attempts to qualify for the World Cup; they lost play-offs in 1966 to North Korea, 1970 to Israel, 1986 to Scotland, 1994 to Argentina, 1998 to Iran and 2002 to Uruguay.
First successes and "golden generation"
The team's previously poor record in World Cup competition was not reflected in their reasonable performances against strong European and South American sides. In 1988, Australia defeated reigning world champions Argentina 4–1 in the Australian Bicentennial Gold Cup. In 1997, Australia drew with reigning world champions Brazil 0–0 in the group stage and then defeated Uruguay 1–0 in the semi-finals to reach the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final. In 2001, after a victory against reigning world champions France in the group stage, Australia finished the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup in third place after defeating Brazil 1–0 in the third-place decider. Australia defeated England 3–1 at West Ham United's Boleyn Ground in 2003 as Wayne Rooney made his international debut.
In early 2005, it was reported that Football Australia had entered into discussions to join the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and end an almost 40-year association with the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). Many commentators and fans, most notably soccer broadcaster and former Australian captain Johnny Warren, felt that the only way for Australia to progress was to abandon Oceania. On 13 March, the AFC executive committee made a unanimous decision to invite Australia to join the AFC. After the OFC executive committee unanimously endorsed Australia's proposed move, FIFA approved the move on 30 June 2005. Australia joined Asia, with the move taking effect on 1 January 2006, though until then, Australia had to compete for a 2006 World Cup position as an OFC member country.
After a successful campaign, the team took the first steps towards qualification for the 2006 World Cup. After coach Frank Farina stood down from the position after Australia's dismal performance at the 2005 Confederations Cup, Guus Hiddink was announced as the new national coach. Australia, ranked 49th, would then have to play the 18th ranked Uruguay in a rematch of the 2001 qualification play-off for a spot in the 2006 World Cup. After a 5–0 friendly win against Jamaica, the first leg of the play-off tournament was lost (1–0), with the return leg still to be played in Australia four days later in Sydney on 16 November 2005.
The second leg of the qualifying play-off was played in front of a crowd of 82,698 at Stadium Australia. Australia led Uruguay 1–0 after 90 minutes following a goal by Mark Bresciano in the first half. The aggregate was tied, and extra time was played. Neither team scored after two periods of extra time, bringing the game to a penalty shootout. Australia won the penalty shootout (4–2), making Australia the first ever team to qualify for a World Cup via a penalty shootout. Australian goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer made two saves, with John Aloisi scoring the winning penalty for a place in the World Cup, Australia's first qualification in 32 years.
Australia went into the 2006 World Cup as the second lowest-ranked side. Although their ranking vastly improved in subsequent months after a series of exhibition matches against high-profile teams, including a 1–1 draw against the Netherlands, and a 1–0 win at the sold-out 100,000 capacity Melbourne Cricket Ground against the then European champions Greece for the 2006 World Cup, Australia was placed into Group F, along with Japan, Croatia and defending champions Brazil. In their opening group game, Australia defeated Japan 3–1, with Tim Cahill scoring two goals (84', 89') and John Aloisi scoring one (90+2') in the last eight minutes. Their goals made history, being the first ever scored by Australia's men's soccer team in a World Cup and it was also the first victory of an Oceania team in World Cups, as well as all three goals being scored in the last seven minutes of the game, which was never before done in a World Cup match. Australia met Brazil in their second group game, which Australia lost to Brazil 2–0. Australia faced Croatia in their third match. The final score (2–2) was enough to see Australia proceed to the round of 16, where they were eliminated from the competition after a 1–0 defeat by the eventual champions Italy after conceding a controversial penalty in the 93rd minute. The loss marked the official end of Hiddink's tenure as Australia's national coach. The success achieved at the 2006 World Cup later saw the team named AFC National Team of the Year, as well as being dubbed the "golden generation" in the history of the Socceroos.
Later success
Led by coach Graham Arnold, Australia went to their first Asian Cup in 2007, sending a strong squad which included 15 players from the previous year's World Cup team. In Group A they played against Oman (1–1 draw), Thailand (4–0 win) and eventual champions Iraq (3–1 loss), assuring Australia's progression to the quarter-final stage of the tournament. Though after drawing 1–1 with Japan after extra time, Australia exited the tournament on penalties at the quarter-final stage. An international friendly on 11 September 2007 against Argentina (1–0 loss) was Graham Arnold's last game as head coach, with the position eventually being filled by Pim Verbeek on 6 December 2007.
Australia began their 2010 World Cup campaign in the third round of qualification, drawn into a group, composed of Qatar, Iraq and China PR, in which Australia finished first. Australia eventually saw progression through to the 2010 World Cup after comfortably winning the fourth round of qualification in a group consisting of Japan, Bahrain, Qatar and Uzbekistan. Australia's qualification was already assured before the final two games, finally topping its group ahead of Japan by five points.
Australia was drawn into Group D in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which featured three-time world champion Germany, Ghana and Serbia. On 14 June 2010, Australia faced Germany. Pim Verbeek's surprising decision to play without a recognised striker saw Australia comprehensively defeated 4–0. Verbeek received heavy criticism for his tactics, with SBS (Australia's World Cup broadcaster) chief soccer analyst Craig Foster calling for his immediate sacking. Australia's second group match against Ghana resulted in a draw of 1–1, and their third and final group match against Serbia resulted in a 2–1 win. Ultimately Australia's heavy loss to Germany saw them eliminated in the group stage. Pim Verbeek completed his term as Australian coach at the end of the 2010 World Cup and was soon replaced by Holger Osieck.
In 2010, Australia qualified for their second AFC Asian Cup, topping their qualification group. A successful campaign at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup saw Australia become runners-up to Japan, after losing in the Final 1–0 in extra time.
In 2012, Australia agreed to compete in the East Asian Cup. Australia travelled to Hong Kong to compete in a series of qualification matches with the hopes of qualifying for the 2013 East Asian Cup. Despite handing several debuts and fielding an in-experienced squad, Australia was successful, finishing ahead of Hong Kong, North Korea, Guam and Chinese Taipei to progress to the 2013 East Asian Cup, where Australia eventually finished last behind Japan, South Korea and China PR. On 26 August 2013, Australia became full members of the ASEAN Football Federation but as part of their entrance agreement with the sub-confederation, their national team is barred from participating in the AFF Championship due to their perceived wide gap in playing standards between Australia and the rest of the region.
Australia's 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification began with a series of friendlies against the United Arab Emirates (0–0), Germany (1–2 win), New Zealand (3–0 win), Serbia (0–0) and Wales (1–2 win). Australia's World Cup campaign started in the third round of qualification, with Australia topping their group to progress to the fourth round. After winning their last fourth round-game, Australia finished as runners-up in their group, qualifying for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on 18 June 2013.
Shortly after achieving qualification to the World Cup, Australia played a series of friendly matches against Brazil and France, suffering consecutive 6–0 defeats. This along with previous poor performances during the 2014 World Cup qualification campaign resulted in manager Holger Osieck's sacking, bringing his four-year tenure as Australia's manager to an end.
New generation: the 2015 Asian Cup triumph
After a two-week search for a new manager, Ange Postecoglou was eventually appointed in the position. Postecoglou was tasked with regenerating the Australian national team, which was deemed to have been too reliant on members of their Golden Generation of 2006, subsequently leading to a stagnation of results, culminating in successive 6–0 defeats to Brazil and France. In his first game as Australia's manager, a home friendly match against Costa Rica, Australia won 1–0 courtesy of a goal from Tim Cahill.
For the 2014 World Cup, Australia were drawn in Group B alongside reigning Cup holders Spain, 2010 runners-up Netherlands and Chile. Their first match was off to a lacklustre start, having conceded two goals in the opening 15 minutes from Alexis Sánchez and Jorge Valdivia. Despite a goal from Tim Cahill that inspired a late resurgence from Postecoglou's team, they ultimately lost to Chile 3–1. Their second match against the Netherlands was a close one, but their efforts ended in a 3–2 loss, thus earning their early exit along with the Spanish team. In the end, Australia finished Group B with a third, consecutive defeat to world champions Spain, 3–0. Australia's competitive World Cup performances in a difficult group lead to believe that a new Golden Generation was about to begin.
In their first international match proceeding the World Cup, Australia played World Cup quarter-finalists Belgium in Liège, with Australia going down 2–0. Four days later, Australia achieved their first international win in ten months, and just their second win under Ange Postecoglou, with a 3–2 victory over Saudi Arabia in London. After drawing against the United Arab Emirates, and suffering successive losses against Qatar and Japan, combined with previous poor results earlier in the year, Australia slipped to 94 and 102 in the FIFA World Rankings, their lowest ever ranking.
The new year saw Australia host the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, with the team making their third consecutive appearance in the tournament. Australia won their first two group matches against Kuwait and Oman comfortably, with scorelines of 4–1 and 4–0 respectively. This guaranteed their qualification for the knockout stage, despite losing their final group match against South Korea in Brisbane 1–0. They faced China PR in the quarter-finals and won 2–0, courtesy of a second-half brace from Tim Cahill. In the semi-finals, Australia won 2–0 over the United Arab Emirates and advanced to the final for the second time in a row. They faced South Korea in the final on 31 January at Stadium Australia, winning 2–1 after extra time to claim their first Asian title and qualify for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.
After Australia qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Ange Postecoglou resigned from his position as coach; and former manager of the Netherlands national team, Bert van Marwijk, was subsequently appointed as his replacement. On 8 March 2018, after van Marwijk's first squad announcement, the FFA announced that Graham Arnold will take the coaching role from after the 2018 FIFA World Cup until the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
With van Marwijk, Australia was grouped with Denmark, France and Peru. The first match of Australia against eventual world champions France was praised by a valiant effort, in which Australia only lost 1–2 by a virtual own goal from Aziz Behich. After the defeat to France, Australia produced another outstanding performance, drawing Denmark 1–1. However, in the crucial match against already eliminated Peru, Australia lost 0–2 and crashed out from the World Cup with only a point, became the only team from the AFC to be winless in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Subsequently, van Marwijk left his post and Arnold came to replace him as the new coach of the Socceroos.
Under Graham Arnold, Australia started their 2019 AFC Asian Cup in hope of defending the title, being grouped with Jordan, Syria and Palestine, but their hope was shattered by a shocking 0–1 defeat to Jordan. Australia soon returned to the race by beating Palestine 3–0 before winning an important encounter with a hard-fought 3–2 win over Syria, eliminating both Palestine and Syria in the process. The win gave Australia to qualify for the round of sixteen, where they overcame Uzbekistan after winning on penalties 4–2, having drawn 0–0 for 120 minutes. In the quarter-finals, however, in the Hazza bin Zayed Stadium, the place where Australia had lost their opening match against Jordan, Australia once again failed to register any win in the same ground, losing to the host United Arab Emirates 0–1 due to a mistake from Miloš Degenek, eventually failing to defend the title.
2022 World Cup resurgence
Australia took part in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, which they entered in the second round, in which they faced Kuwait, Jordan, Nepal and Chinese Taipei. Australia dominated the group with eight wins out of eight to reach the third round, where it faced Saudi Arabia, Japan, China, Oman and Vietnam. After a good start with three straight wins over China, Vietnam and Oman, Australia then won only one game, against Vietnam, in their final seven games, being held thrice and losing thrice, finishing third in the group. It then had to rely on fourth round playoffs. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all of Australia's playoffs were centralised in Doha. The Socceroos began their quest with a 2–1 win over the United Arab Emirates, to face fifth place CONMEBOL qualification finisher Peru, a rematch of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. This time around, Australia held Peru goalless, before winning on penalties to make it to the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Australia was drawn in group D along with world champions France, Denmark and Tunisia. Australia's qualification also meant that the Asian confederation had the largest number of teams in their World Cup history, with six countries qualifying.
As preparation for the World Cup, Australia played two friendlies against neighbouring New Zealand, winning both games. It began its World Cup quest on 23 November against world champions France, losing 4–1 despite initially taking the lead with goal from Craig Goodwin. Three days later Australia registered its first World Cup win since 2010, overcoming Tunisia with a header from Mitchell Duke to seal a 1–0 win, sending Australia from bottom to second place. Four days later, against UEFA Euro 2020 semi-finalists Denmark, Australia won 1–0, thanks to a Mathew Leckie goal. Australia finished the group stage in second place behind France on goal difference, making Australia the first Asian representative to reach the knockout stage in Qatar 2022. Australia's resurgence in the group stage was widely watched and followed by Australian supporters. Mass celebrations occurred after the upsets over Tunisia and Denmark, and Prime Minister Anthony Albanese called it "magnificent". In the round of 16, Australia lost 2–1 to Argentina, with Lionel Messi opening the scoring and Julián Álvarez getting the second after dispossessing Mathew Ryan. Australia pulled one back when Goodwin's shot deflected into goal off Enzo Fernández and Garang Kuol almost scored the equaliser in injury time, but his shot was smothered by Argentinian goalkeeper Emiliano Martínez.
Team image
Media coverage
Australian matches are broadcast by Paramount+ and on free-to-air by Network 10.
Previous coverage has been provided by Fox Sports (2018–2021), Ten network on its 10 Bold channel, ABC, SBS until 2016 and Nine on its 9Go! channel (2016–2017).
The national team has set multiple ratings records for both subscription and free-to-air television. Australia's final 2006 World Cup qualifying match against Uruguay was the highest rating program in SBS history with an audience of 3.4 million viewers, while a 2010 World Cup qualifying match against Uzbekistan set a record for the highest subscription television audience, with an average of 431,000 viewers. The 2015 Asian Cup Final against South Korea had a total reach of 5.3 million Australians overall.
Kit
Australia's first kit was sky blue with a maroon hoop on the socks, the colours representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, a look that was reminiscent of the Australian national rugby league team's strips of the period. They wore the predominantly light blue kit until 1924 when they changed to green and gold.
Australia has worn a yellow jersey, usually accompanied by green shorts, and yellow socks since the 1960s. The colour of the socks altered throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s from white to the same green as the shorts to the same yellow colour as the jersey. This peculiarity of the uniform refers to exactly the combination of colours used in it: although the country's flag has the colours blue, red and white, the selection uses shades of green and yellow. That's because, unlike many national teams, who base their colours on the flag, the Australian team uses as a base the colours of a typical plant in the country, the acacia, which has green leaves and yellow flowers.
Their current away kit is a turquoise shirt with a gold stripe on either side of the shirt, the coat of arms being on top of a navy background. It is accompanied by navy shorts (also containing the gold stripes) and turquoise socks. Australia's kits have been produced by manufacturers including Umbro, Adidas, KingRoo, and since 2004 by Nike.
Rather than displaying the logo of Football Australia, Australia's jersey traditionally features the coat of arms of Australia over the left breast. The team first wore the traditional green and yellow colours in 1924. Australia's 1974 World Cup kits were produced by Adidas as were all other national team kits in the tournament, with Adidas sponsoring the event. The kits, however, contained Umbro branding, due to the manufacturer's Australian partnership at the time. Nike renewed the kit manufacturer deal with FFA for another 11 years in 2012, handing them the rights to make national team kits until 2022. In the lead-up to the 2014 World Cup, the new kits to be worn by the team were revealed. The design of the new kits included a plain yellow shirt with a green collar, plain dark green shorts and white socks, a tribute to the 1974 Socceroos. Inside the back of the neck also had woven the quote, "We Socceroos can do the impossible", from Peter Wilson, the captain of the 1974 Australian team. This kit was well received. In March 2016, FFA revealed the new Socceroos kit, which featured a yellow jersey, yellow shorts and green socks. This was reportedly in accordance with a FIFA directive, instructing all national teams to have matching shirts and shorts. This kit was met with wide public contention, primarily due to the colour change of the shorts from the traditional green to yellow.
Kit suppliers
Nickname
Australia's nickname, "Socceroos", was coined in 1967 by Sydney journalist Tony Horstead in his coverage of the team on a goodwill tour to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. It is commonly used by both the Australian people and the governing body, the FFA. The nickname represents a cultural propensity for the use of colloquialisms in the country. It also represents the Australian English use of the sport's name.
The name itself is similar to most other Australian national representative sporting team nicknames; used informally when referring to the team, in the media or in conversation. Similarly, the name is derived from a well-known symbol of Australia, in this case, the kangaroo. The words soccer and kangaroo are combined into a portmanteau word as soccer-roo; such as Olyroos for the Australia Olympic soccer team or Hockeyroos for the Australian national women's hockey team.
Rivalries
New Zealand
Australia's longtime rivals are trans-Tasman neighbours New Zealand. The two teams' history dates back to 1922, where they first met in both their international debuts. The rivalry between the Socceroos and the All Whites (New Zealand) is part of a wider friendly rivalry between the neighbours Australia and New Zealand, which applies not only to sport but to the culture of the two countries. The rivalry was intensified when Australia and New Zealand were both members of the OFC, regularly competing in OFC Nations Cup finals and in FIFA World Cup qualifications, where only one team from the OFC progressed to the World Cup. Since Australia left the OFC to join the AFC in 2006, competition between the two teams has been less frequent. However, the rivalry between the two teams is still strong, with the occasional match receiving much media and public attention.
Japan
After joining the AFC, Australia began to develop a fierce rivalry with fellow Asian powerhouse Japan. The rivalry began at the 2006 World Cup, where the two countries were grouped together. The rivalry continued with the two countries meeting regularly in various AFC competitions, including the 2011 Asian Cup final and qualification for the 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022 World Cups.
South Korea
Another major rival within Asia is South Korea, who Australia came up against in three World Cup qualification campaigns in the 1970s and, since joining the AFC, have met regularly including the victory by Australia in the 2015 Asian Cup final.
Uruguay
A rivalry exists with Uruguay since their first meeting on the eve of the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Both nations have faced each other in consecutive World Cup play-offs in 2001 and 2005 with each nation winning a playoff final each to progress through to the World Cup. Australia and Uruguay also faced off in the 1997 Confederations Cup in Saudi Arabia, with Australia progressing through to the final against Brazil via a golden goal winner from Harry Kewell.
Supporters
The main supporter group of the Australian national team is Socceroos Active Support (SAS). SAS was founded in January 2015 as an independent group, who uses social media to organise and keep in touch. This replaced the former active support group Terrace Australis, who were founded by Football Federation Australia and fans in 2013, during Australia's 2014 World Cup qualification campaign. Its establishment came in the wake of poor off-field action and minimal community engagement. Previously, the emergence of Terrace Australis saw the Green and Gold Army relinquish its role as a hub for active support, which it had claimed since its establishment in 2001. Since the 2015 AFC Asian Cup triumph, the supporters had encouraged people in Australia to focus more on the national team, and the nation's soccer pride.
Home stadium
Australia does not have a dedicated national stadium, instead the team plays at different venues throughout the country for exhibition or tournament purposes. In recent years, major international matches have usually been rotated around various large grounds, including Stadium Australia in Sydney, Hunter Stadium in Newcastle and Docklands Stadium in Melbourne. International matches have also been played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and Melbourne Rectangular Stadium in Melbourne and Canberra Stadium in Canberra.
Australia has played at the Gabba in Brisbane, which hosted Australia's first international match on home soil in 1923, a 2―1 win over New Zealand. It was the fourth Australian team match overall, with the first three internationals played in New Zealand. Other venues which regularly hosted international home matches included Olympic Park Stadium in Melbourne, the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney Sports Ground, Sydney Showground, and Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney, and Subiaco Oval in Perth.
Games in England
Since the 2003 friendly against England, the Socceroos have also played a significant number of games in England, especially London, owing to the fact there is a large Australian expatriate community in West London, and that a high proportion of the senior team play in European leagues. This includes games at Craven Cottage in Fulham (Fulham Football Club's home ground), Loftus Road in Shepherd's Bush (Queens Park Rangers' home ground) and The Den in Bermondsey (Millwall Football Club's home ground).
Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
2022
2023
2024
Coaching staff
Players
Current squad
The following 23 players were called up for a friendlies against England and New Zealand on 14 and 18 October 2023.
Additionally Arnold added three "train on" players (Alexander Robertson, Mohamed Toure, and Patrick Yazbek) to join the 23 man squad.
Caps and goals correct as of 18 October 2023, after the match against New Zealand.
Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up within the last 12 months.
INJ Withdrew due to injury
RET Retired
Records
Australia currently hold the world record for the largest win and the most goals scored by a player in an international match. Both records were achieved during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification match against American Samoa on 11 April 2001. Australia won 31–0 with Archie Thompson scoring 13 goals and David Zdrilic scoring 8. Two days before the 31–0 win, Australia broke the record for largest win with a 22–0 win over Tonga. With 13 and 8 goals respectively, both Thompson and Zdrilic broke the previous record jointly held by another Australian, Gary Cole, who scored seven goals against Fiji in 1981, and Iranian Karim Bagheri, who also scored seven goals against Maldives in 1997.
Most capped players
Top goalscorers
Most clean sheets
Competitive record
FIFA World Cup
FIFA Confederations Cup
AFC Asian Cup
Summer Olympics
OFC Nations Cup
AFC–OFC Challenge Cup
AFF Championship
Since joining the AFF in 2013, Australia has never competed in this event.
Minor tournaments
All-time record
FIFA Rankings
Last update was on 17 February 2023
Source:
Best Ranking Worst Ranking Best Mover Worst Mover
Honours
Major:
FIFA Confederations Cup
Runners-up: 1997
Third place: 2001
AFC Asian Cup
Winners: 2015
Runners-up: 2011
OFC Nations Cup
Winners: 1980, 1996, 2000, 2004
Runners-up: 1998, 2002
Other:
AFC Men's Team of the Year: 2006, 2015
Invitational Tournaments:
1967 South Vietnam Independence Cup – Winners
1988 Australia Bicentenary Gold Cup – Runners-up
See also
Australia women's national soccer team
Soccer in Australia
List of Australian national soccer team captains
Australia 31–0 American Samoa
Trans-Tasman Cup
Notes
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Australia men's national soccer team
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Chloe Leigh Gilliland (née Sims) (born 25 August 1990 in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia) is an Australian gymnast. She finished first all-around at the 2005 Australian junior championships, and first all-around at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. She was a member of Australia's 11th-place team at the 2007 World Championships in Stuttgart, where the team qualified for the 2008 Olympic Games by virtue of its top-12 finish. Sims subsequently withdrew from the Australian national team and did not try out for a spot on Australia's Olympic team.
Sims trains at the Moreton Bay College centre of excellence. She is a national team member and double Commonwealth champion. In 2020, she was one of several former gymnasts to speak out about a "toxic" culture within the country's elite programme.
Career
Sims made her senior international debut as a member of the Australia Gymnastics Artistic Women's Team at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. There, the Australian team comfortably retained their title after the English challenge melted away following injury and withdrawal from reigning bars champion Beth Tweddle. Sims, however, was not at her best in the team competition. She fell five times but managed to qualify for the all-around final and also the vault final.
In the all-around, however, she redeemed herself. With title favourites Monette Russo and Beth Tweddle injured, there was room for a new face at the top of the podium. As other top gymnasts fell, sometimes more than once, Chloe remained consistent and hit every piece of apparatus. Her more fancied top qualifying teammate Hollie Dykes fell off every piece of apparatus, and more experienced international rivals such as Shavahn Church and Gael Mackie also had problems. She watered down her difficulty on vault and floor to be certain, and it paid off. She and runner up Elyse Hopfner-Hibbs of Canada both recorded the same score, but a were separated by a tie break because Chloe's top three scores were the highest. To the delight of the crowd, just 24 hours after her disastrous showing in the team competition Sims was the Commonwealth champion. She showed grace in victory by inviting Hopfner-Hibbs onto the gold medal podium with her, perhaps recognising the narrowness of the margin.
In the vault final, despite having the most difficult vaults of all the competitors in the final, an unfortunate fall on her second vault saw her finish in fifth place.
Injuries prevented Chloe from competing further in 2006. She missed the Pacific Alliance championship because she was having dental surgery, and was too injured to be considered for the world championships in Aarhus. However, she was able to compete on the uneven bars at the Shanghai World Cup in July where she finished fourth.
Chloe returned to competition in 2007 where she competed at the French International and Cottbus Cup meets in March. In May she competed at the Australian Gymnastics Championships where she took the bronze medal in the all-around competition, silver on the vault and bronze on the uneven bars. She also competed in an International Apparatus Challenge against China where she took the gold medal.
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Chloe Gilliland
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The title Baron Latimer or Latymer has been created, by the definitions of modern peerage law, four times in the Peerage of England. Of these, one (of Snape) was restored from abeyance in 1913; one (of Braybrook) is forfeit; the other two (both of Corby) are dormant, although their heir is well known.
Name and title
All of these, and the title of Viscount Latimer, belong to the descendants of the same medieval family, whose surname was Latimer (Latiner or "translator"); the fourteenth-century form of the name should therefore be le Latimer, but it is often found as de Latimer as though it were a placename.
Armorials
The arms of Latimer appear originally to have been Gules, a cross patonce or. The stems of a cross patonce should expand, as a cross pattée, then terminate more or less like a cross flory. The earliest surviving representation is on the seal of William Latimer, 1st Baron Latimer (died 1305), affixed to the Barons' Letter of 1301 to the Pope.
The arms of William le Latimer were blazoned in Franco-Norman verse by the heralds in the Caerlaverock Roll of Arms made in Scotland during the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300 as follows:
De Guilleme le Latimer portoit en rouge bien pourtraite. Ki la crois patée de or mier ("William le Latimer bore in red well painted the cross patée of gold ...")
The term "patee" in this verse of the poem should not be interpreted as paty, or pattée, but rather as patonce. His cross patonce is also displayed in a contemporary stained glass window in Dorchester Church.
In the blazons of the Latimer arms in subsequent rolls the cross is blazoned as patee and patey, though in later times as cross patonce:
Sire William de LATIMER: de goules, a un croys patee de or (Roll, tempore. ED. II.
Monsire Le LATIMER, port de gules a une crois patey or (Roll, temp. ED. III)
Gules, a cross patonce or (LATIMER, Northamp.)
The late-medieval heraldic Angevin French terms patee and patey were incorrectly considered equivalent to the 18th century heraldic English patée by most heralds of the 19th century, supposing an early variance in the family arms. But throughout the 14th century the arms consistently displayed Gules, a cross patonce or.
One 19th century archivist incorrectly described the cross patonce of William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer, as a cross flory.
Barons Latimer (of Corby; 1299)
Latimer
By modern law the existence of a barony by writ requires three things: a (recorded) writ, evidence that the recipient of the writ actually sat in Parliament, and that the Parliament meets the modern legal definition by including representatives of the shires or towns. The oldest writs for the Latimers date from 1299, although the first Baron Latimer also sat in the Parliament of 1290.
William Latimer, 1st Baron Latimer (died 1305). He sealed the Barons' Letter of 1301 to the Pope as Will(elmu)s le Latimer D(omi)n(u)s de Corby ("William le Latimer Lord of Corby"), his seal showing a cross patonce.
William Latimer, 2nd Baron Latimer (died 1327), son.
William Latimer, 3rd Baron Latimer (c. 1300 – 1335), son.
William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer (c. 1329 – 1381), son.
Elizabeth Latimer, 5th Baroness Latimer (c. 1356 – 1395), only surviving child and Baroness in her own right. Within five months of her father's death she married (as his second wife) John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby, whom she survived and remarried to Robert Willoughby, 4th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, by whom she had a daughter Margaret. By her first husband John Neville she had children as follows:
John Neville, 6th Baron Latimer.
Elizabeth Neville, who married her step-brother Sir Thomas Willoughby.
Neville
John Nevill, 6th Baron Latimer (c. 1383 – 1430), who secured a divorce from his wife, and had no children. He left his lands to his half-brother, Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, although he was not descended from the Latimers. The Earl died in 1425, and the lands were passed on to George Neville, one of his younger sons, who was summoned to Parliament as Baron Latimer (second creation).
By modern law, however, the ancient Latimer title could not be transferred by will. John Neville's sisters had both predeceased him. Margaret had died unmarried, and Elizabeth had married Sir Thomas Willoughby, one of her step-father's younger sons, so the Barony of Latimer is held to have passed to her son and heir, Sir John Willoughby.
Willoughby
Three generations of Willoughbys succeeded, and are in modern law heirs to the barony of Latimer; the numbers are their ordinal as Baron(ess) Latimer, if the title is ever claimed:
7 John Willoughby (c. 1400 – 1437)
8 John Willoughby (died 1480)
9 Robert Willoughby (c. 1452 – 1502)
In the intervening seventy years, it had been generally accepted that peers had an inheritable right to receive a writ, but it was not yet decided exactly how the right was inherited.
Robert Willoughby, who was one of Henry VII's military commanders, was summoned to Parliament under the style of Baron Willoughby de Broke in 1491. Richard Neville, 2nd Baron Latimer, the grandson of George Neville, 1st Baron Latimer above, sat in the same Parliament, having just come of age. There were land disputes between the two families, and the new Baron Willoughby de Broke claimed that he should have been summoned as Baron Latimer. Richard Neville responded through his counsel that baronies by writ were inherited in the male line; when John Neville died, his barony became extinct; his grandfather had been granted a new Barony of Latimer, because there wasn't one.
The decision was that there were two baronies of Latimer. Robert Willoughby was heir to the older one, created in 1299, and had a right to claim it, but the summons to George Neville in 1432 had created a second barony of Latimer. The land dispute was settled by a marriage between the younger members of the family, and Robert Willoughby chose not to claim the barony of Latimer. He already had a seat in the House of Lords.
9 Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke (c.1452–1502; repeated from above)
10 Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke (1472–1521), often called Lord Broke or Brooke.
His son, Edward Willoughby, (c.1495 - November 1517) married Margaret Neville, eldest daughter of Richard Neville, 2nd Baron Latimer, and died in his father's lifetime.
The death of the second Baron Willoughby de Broke gave rise to another clarification of peerage law. His son, Edward Willoughby, who predeceased him, left three daughters, two of whom, Anne and Blanche, died childless. The survivor, Elizabeth Willoughby (the greatest heiress of her time), married Sir Fulke Greville. Neither she nor her eldest son, another Fulke Greville, nor her grandson, Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, claimed the title. His grand-nephew and heir general, Sir Richard Verney, claimed the title of Lord Brooke in 1694 as the heir of Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke; this petition was rejected. However, in 1696 he made a second application, and it was decided that Elizabeth Willoughby had succeeded to the title about 1535, at her youngest sister's death - and Richard Verney therefore became Baron Willoughby de Broke.
11 Elizabeth Willoughby, 3rd Baroness Willoughby de Broke, granddaughter.
Greville
12 Sir Fulke Greville (c. 1526 – 1606), son.
13 Sir Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke (1554–1628), son; cr. Baron Brooke 1621; by special remainder in the patent, that title passed to his Greville cousin and adoptive son Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke.
14 Margaret Verney née Greville, (c. 1561 – 1631), sister.
Verney
15 Sir Greville Verney (c. 1586 – 1642), son.
16 Greville Verney (c. 1620 – 1648), son.
17 Sir Greville Verney (1649–1668), posthumous son.
18 William Verney (1668–1683), son, succeeded at the age of six weeks.
19 Richard Verney, 11th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1621–1711), great-uncle.
20 George Verney, 12th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1659–1728), son.
21 Richard Verney, 13th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1693–1752), son.
22 John Verney, 14th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1738–1816), nephew (brother's son).
He later took the surname Peyto-Verney as beneficiary of the will of his cousin, Margaret Peyto; married the sister of Frederick North, Lord North, the prime minister.
23 John Peyto-Verney, 15th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1762–1820), son.
24 Henry Peyto-Verney, 16th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1773–1852), brother.
25 Robert John Verney, 17th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1809–1862), sororal nephew; born Robert John Barnard but assumed the name of Verney shortly after his accession.
26 Henry Verney, 18th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1844–1902), son.
27 Richard Greville Verney, 19th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1869–1923), son.
Leader of the Ditchers in the dispute over the Parliament Act 1911.
28 John Henry Peyto Verney, 20th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1896–1986), son.
29 Leopold David Verney, 21st Baron Willoughby de Broke (b. 1938), son.
One of the 92 representative peers under the House of Lords Act 1999 (UKIP).
All of the Lords Willoughby de Broke have also been heirs to the Barony of Latimer, but none of them have claimed it. The 21st Baron Willoughby de Broke, Leopold David Verney, would be the 29th Baron Latimer if he chose to claim it; his heir apparent is the Hon. Rupert Greville Verney (b. 1966).
Barons Latimer or Latymer (of Snape; 1432)
As said above, George Neville, a younger son of the first Earl of Westmorland, succeeded to the lands of his uncle, John Neville, 6th Baron Latimer, although he was not descended from the ancient Latimers. He was summoned to Parliament as Baron Latimer in 1432; by modern law, as decided in the 1490s, this was a new creation of a new Barony of Latimer. It descended as follows.
George Neville, 1st Baron Latimer (died 1469)
Richard Neville, 2nd Baron Latimer (1468–1530), grandson.
John Neville, 3rd Baron Latimer (1493–1543), son.
Married three times. His first wife was Dorothy de Vere, sister and eventual co-heiress of John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford; his third wife - and widow - was Catherine Parr, later Queen of England.
John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer (1520–1577), only son (his mother was Dorothy de Vere).
These Barons Latimer held Snape Castle in Wensleydale.
John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer, had four daughters, all of whom had issue.
Catherine Percy, Countess of Northumberland.
Dorothy Cecil, afterward Countess of Exeter.
Lucy Cornwallis.
Elizabeth Danvers.
Tudor custom was divided on what happened in such a case; the style of Lord Latimer was claimed both by the earls and dukes of Northumberland, descendants of his eldest daughter, and by his cousin and heir male, another Richard Neville (died 1590), son of William Neville, younger brother of the 3rd Baron Latimer. Modern law, as worked out over the next century, was that the barony was divided into quarters among the four daughters and their heirs, a situation called abeyance. If three of the lines died out, the fourth would inherit; if not, the Crown might, at its pleasure, confer the title on any of the heirs - customarily, the one who petitioned for it.
Lucy Cornwallis had only daughters, so her share was itself divided. In 1911, the heritor of one of these sub-shares (Francis Burdett Thomas Money-Coutts, of the prominent Liberal banking family) petitioned that the abeyance be determined, and in February 1913, he was summoned to Parliament. He and his heirs have chosen to spell their title Latymer, and most sources follow them.
Francis Money-Coutts, 5th Baron Latymer (1852–1923) (abeyance terminated 1913)
Hugh Burdett Money-Coutts, 6th Baron Latymer (1876–1949), son
Thomas Burdett Money-Coutts, 7th Baron Latymer (1901–1987), son
Hugo Nevill Money-Coutts, 8th Baron Latymer (1926–2003), son
Crispin James Alan Nevill Money-Coutts, 9th Baron Latymer (b. 1955), son
The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Drummond William Thomas Money-Coutts (b. 1986)
Barons Latimer (of Corby; 1299; bis)
William, the first Lord Latimer above named, was of an advanced age when he received his first recorded writ of summons, to the Parliament of Christmas 1299. He is recorded as having sat in one of the Parliaments of 1290, but no writ is recorded; by modern law no peerage was formed.
Two members of his family were summoned and sat in Parliament in his lifetime: his eldest son, another William, and his nephew Thomas. The younger Sir William Latimer was summoned to, and sat in, the Parliament of Candlemas, 1299, ten months before his father, and continued to be summoned for the rest of his life. By modern law, this would create a separate Barony of Latimer, although the two have been held by the same people since the elder Sir William's death in 1305.
This barony is therefore also dormant, although the heir is, like the other barony of 1299, also the present Baron Willoughby de Broke. If David Verney, 21st Baron Willoughby de Broke claimed this title, he would be 28th Baron Latimer, but have somewhat higher precedence.
Barons Latimer (of Braybrook; 1299)
Sir William Latimer, first Baron Latimer above, was also accompanied to the Parliament of Christmas 1299 by his nephew, Sir Thomas le Latimer, who was summoned by writ and sat; Sir William and his late brother Sir John had married sisters, the heiresses of Walter Ledet of Braybrook and Corby; each of the brothers had inherited one of the castles, and Sir John had died at the end of 1282.
This summons created a fourth Barony of Latimer by modern law, although Thomas Latimer, first Lord Latimer of this line, was only summoned until 1308, and none of his heirs were summoned at all. Complete Peerage traces the line of descent as follows:
Thomas le Latimer (c. 1270 – 1334), founder.
Warin le Latimer (c. 1300 – 1349), son.
Married Catherine la Warre, daughter of John la Warr, 2nd Baron De La Warr
John le Latimer (c. 1323 – 1356), son.
Warin le Latimer (c. 1341 – 1361), brother.
Thomas le Latimer (1341–1401), brother
Edward le Latimer (c. 1345 – 1411), brother
John Griffin (c. 1380 – 1445), great-nephew
Grandson of Elizabeth Griffin, née Latimer, sister of the previous heirs.
Nicholas Griffin, (1426–1482), nephew.
John Griffin (1454–1485), son
Nicholas Griffin (1474–1509), son
Thomas Griffin (1485–1566), son
His son, Rice Griffin, was killed 1549, in Kett's Rebellion, leaving a daughter:
Mary Griffin, (before 1546 - ?), granddaughter, married Thomas Markham.
Griffin Markham (c. 1570 - after 1644), attainted 1603.
Sir Griffin Markham was one of the bravoes employed in the Bye Plot, an effort to kidnap James I of England and Scotland. He was attainted and exiled, at which point this shadowy peerage became forfeit.
Unless this attainder were reversed, this barony would not belong to anybody. Even if it were, it is not clear who could claim it, since the accounts of Markham's family vary. One source says he left two daughters, another that he was childless; one that he himself was one of twelve sons, yet another that he was one of six sons and there were four daughters.
Viscount Latimer
Thomas Osborne, the Restoration politician, worked his way up from a baronetcy to being first Duke of Leeds. In this climb, his third peerage title was Viscount Latimer, conferred 15 August 1673; he was to become Earl of Danby the next June.
All of Osborne's titles are now extinct at the death of the last Duke of Leeds in 1964; but Viscount Latimer was used as a title of courtesy for Osborne's eldest son from 1674 to his death, in his father's lifetime, in January 1689.
This title does recognize Osborne as a member of this same extended family: his grandmother was the daughter of Elizabeth Danvers, fourth daughter of John Nevill, 4th Baron Latimer, of the 1432 creation. He had no share in the abeyance; his grandmother had three brothers, his great-uncles: Charles Danvers, Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, and John Danvers the regicide, and her own heir was his uncle Thomas Walmesley, whose heir is the present Baron Petre.
Notes
Sources
Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant'' London, 1910–1959, with supplemental volume XIV, 1994.
"Latimer (of Braybrooke)"
"Latimer (of Corby)"
"Latimer or Latymer (Nevill)"
"Willoughby de Broke"
"Brooke"
"Leeds"
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Baron Latimer
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St. Elisabeth's Church is an Anglo Catholic church in Reddish, Stockport designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Victorian Gothic style. It is a grade I listed building.
Architecture
Local mill-owner Sir William Houldsworth commissioned Alfred Waterhouse in the 1870s. Construction took place between 1881 and 1883, paid for entirely by Houldsworth, with consecration on 4 August 1883 by Bishop James Fraser. The church could hold 750 people and was named after Houldsworth's wife. Described by Pevsner as "a superb job, big-boned, with nothing mean outside or in", the church is of Openshaw brick with Wrexham stone dressings. An almost separate belltower contains eight bells cast by Taylor. Six of the bells were dedicated by Bishop Francis Cramer-Roberts on May Day 1897.
Pillars supporting the nave's roof were transported from the nearby canal to the site on the backs of elephants from Belle Vue Zoo. There is a marble screen with four figures on top, possibly the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
The strikingly modern Stations of the Cross, by Graeme Willson, were commissioned in 1983, and include local views such as Stockport Viaduct, and Pendlebury Hall on Lancashire Hill, Stockport.
Religion
St. Elisabeth's is an Anglo-Catholic church, i.e. high church within the Church of England, reflecting Houldsworth's own beliefs. There are several services each week, the main Sung Mass being at 10:30 on Sunday.
The first incumbent was Rev Addison Crofton, succeeded by Rev Edmund Oldfield in 1893.
Music
The organ was originally built by William Hill & Son of London. It was ordered in 1882 (as Job No. 1854) but was not completed until 1885. It had three manuals and pedals, with tubular pneumatic action linking the detached console on the south side of the choir stalls to the organ on the north side of the chancel, in an elevated position in the Triforium. It was rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers of Manchester in 1929. During the late 1960s it was disastrously rebuilt by a small, local firm Charles H Smethurst Ltd, to a much reduced specification. The original specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register:but note a more recent rebuild and enlargement (2017)by F H Browne, Canterbury, making use of some of the stored pipework from the earlier 'disastrous' rebuild mentioned above. The organ is restored to 30 speaking stops and some significantly good ranks have been re-introduced.
Rectory
A rectory, also designed by Alfred Waterhouse, was built for the church in 1874. It, and the walls the south and west of the church, are all grade II* listed buildings.
Use as film and TV set
St Elisabeth's was used as a set for the wedding of Ashley Peacock and Maxine Heavey in the TV soap opera Coronation Street.
The Church also featured as the setting for the BBC children's drama Clay broadcast on CBBC, and later released on a BBC DVD (2008). Extensive modifications to the vestry and interior of the Church were required to change it into a Catholic church in 1960s Tyneside. It was based on the novel Clay by David Almond and starred Imelda Staunton.
See also
Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Stockport
List of churches in Greater Manchester
List of ecclesiastical works by Alfred Waterhouse
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St Elisabeth's Church, Reddish
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George Charles Stewart Bain (January 29, 1920 May 14, 2006) was a Canadian journalist, and the first to be named a national affairs correspondent at any Canadian newspaper. Bain was described by Allan Fotheringham as being "the wittiest columnist ever to grace Ottawa," and Doug Fisher said that Bain was "the closest to the perfect columnist" and the columnist he tried to emulate.
Career
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he started with the Toronto Telegram at the age of sixteen, eventually becoming a general reporter and City Hall reporter. During World War II, he served with the Royal Canadian Air Force as a bomber pilot. After the war, in 1945, he joined The Globe and Mail as a general reporter for City Hall and Provincial Affairs in October 1945. He became a National Affairs reporter and columnist in 1952, and then served as a foreign correspondent in London (19571960) and Washington (19601964) before returning to the Ottawa bureau. From 1964 to 1969, he also appeared with Doug Fisher on Doug Fisher and ..., as well as Question Period on CJOH-TV.
Bain did not shy away from controversy in his writing. He was an early opponent of the War Measures Act when it was invoked by Pierre Trudeau as a response to the October crisis, and he later took Trudeau to task for swearing in the House of Commons and not being truthful about it afterward in what came to be known as the fuddle duddle incident. Trudeau, however, was the first to ask, "Where's Bain?" when Bain left the Globe for the Star in 1973.
In his column (which appeared five times a week in the Globe), he occasionally offered comic relief for his readers under the title of Letter from Lilac, ostensibly written by Clem Watkins, Jr. of Lilac, Saskatchewan (where the local branches of the Royal Canadian Legion and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament had a joint membership arrangement). He was characterized as "a rural Pepys reporting on the state of the nation." In one such letter, which was an allegory for the 1960s controversy over the unification of the Canadian Forces, Clem reported on the Lilac town council's move to unify its police, fire and ambulance services:
In 1973, he joined the Toronto Star, initially as an editorial page editor, and then as European correspondent (19741977), and Ottawa columnist (19771981). In 1981, he returned to The Globe and Mail to write a weekly column (and, from 1985, a monthly column for its Report on Business Magazine) which lasted until 1987, when he left after a protracted and bitter exchange with Editor-in-Chief Norman Webster. The Globe refused to print his final column, but Doug Fisher subsequently arranged to have it appear in the Toronto Sun. In it, he said:
He continued to write his "Media Watch" column for Maclean's, wine pieces for Toronto Life and enRoute, and weekly political commentary for The Chronicle Herald and The Mail-Star in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
In 1979, he became director of the School of Journalism at University of King's College. He retired in 1985, settling in Mahone Bay.
Family life
In 1944, he married Marion Jene Breakey. She died in 1998. They had one son, Christopher.
Honours
In 2000, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for having "contributed greatly to the development of journalism in Canada". He also received honorary degrees from Carleton University in 1983 and from University of King's College in 1986.
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George Bain (journalist)
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The Miss Montana Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Montana in the Miss Teen USA pageant. From 1994 to 2007, it was directed by Carol Hirata and the Carlton Group, based in Bellvue, Colorado. In 2013, it was taken by Pageants NW Productions based in Puyallup, Washington.
Montana is the least successful state at Miss Teen USA, placing only once in 2006 by Katie Blair from Billings, who went on to win the title Miss Teen USA 2006.
Julia Kunau of Lewistown was crowned Miss Montana Teen USA 2022 on September 12, 2021 at Red Lion Hotel Templin's on the River in Post Falls, Idaho. Kunau will represent Montana for the title of Miss Teen USA 2022.
Results summary
Placements
Miss Teen USAs: Katie Blair (2006)
Montana holds a record of 1 placement at Miss Teen USA.
Winners
1 Age at the time of the Miss Teen USA pageant
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Miss Montana Teen USA
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Skrappy's is a youth-run, youth-oriented performing arts and after-school center as well as an all ages music venue, performance space and community hub located in downtown Tucson, Arizona. Starting off as a place for house shows for youth and by youth, it is billed as a drug-free, positive environment that encourages expression and youth culture. Skrappy's specializes in live music, music and art classes, visual art, printing, photography, writing, publishing, activism, organizing, civic engagement and empowerment, and as an open drop in - providing food, clothing and other services.
History (1995-2005)
Skrappy's has existed in some capacity since 1995, when it was founded by current proprietor, Kathy Wooldridge. In addition to hosting national bands (such as Botch, Fall Out Boy, Give Up the Ghost), a wide variety of local Tucson artists and small bands have played nearly nightly since its inception. As an alcohol-free haven, teens can listen to music and socialize. Over the years the service offerings have grown and expanded along with the networking. Besides the regular live shows featuring a mix of local and touring bands for which it is best known, Skrappy's offers job opportunities, drug counseling, classes and emergency clothing, blankets and shelter. Since 2002, Skrappy's has operated under the umbrella of Our Family Services (formally known as Our Town Family Center), a community service-based nonprofit social services providing agency. Skrappy's is nationally recognized as a model of positive youth development and civic engagement and offers a variety of programs from dance, film-making and art classes to health fairs and a host of volunteering opportunities.
More than a place for music - Skrappy's is a youth community; a safe, positive, drug and alcohol free environment where young people can freely express themselves through music, theatre, art, journalism, dance, and lifestyles. Skrappy's encourages youth to embrace who they are and helps them achieve their goals. Young people involved at Skrappy's learn valuable life and social skills. Whether they are helping run the center, playing in a band or participating in a class activity, they increase their self-esteem, refine leadership skills and strengthen their sense of community. Skrappy's is based on a "do-it-yourself" ethic, where young people have ownership of the program. It is a place to be heard, a place to grow, a place where young people give each other the support, acceptance, love and family structure that may be missing in their lives. Skrappy's was founded in the mid-1990s by a group of youth and adults dedicated to a dream of establishing a regular venue for underground or independent music in Tucson, Arizona. As a music venue, Skrappy's saw the rise of many Tucson native bands such as The Bled, Versus the Mirror, Blues, The American Black Lung, Line of Fire, The Mean Reds, Beyond the Citadel of Coup de Grace and many others.
Skrappy's involvement
Art Classes at Old Pueblo Children's Academy
In January 2006, youth from Skrappy's began volunteering at Old Pueblo Children's Academy which is a kindergarten through eighth grade charter school. Originally, youth would go to the school once a week and work with two grades at a time, using art as a means to teach creative expression, conflict resolution, listening and communication skills. In August 2006, youth began volunteering there twice a week. It is an excellent opportunity for the youth to give back to some of the neediest sectors of the community. The students form trusting relationships with the volunteers and learn important life skills, while the volunteers gain valuable training in mentoring, communication, patience, being part of a community, as well as career training for those interested in education or social services.
Project Contact
This is a program funded in part by the United States Department of Health and Human Services through the Arizona Family Planning Council that offers pregnancy testing, birth control, STI and HIV testing and emergency contraception. Three times a year, Project Contact puts on an event at Skrappy's offering free STI and HIV testing. The events educate youth on family planning, physical and emotional health, and connects them to further resources as well as giving them a chance to discuss openly and in a mature way issues that in other places are considered taboo.
Wrap It Up Jam
Once a year in the month of December, Planned Parenthood and Skrappy's hosts the Wrap It Up Jam in recognition of World AIDS Day. Free STI and HIV testing are offered, along with emergency contraception. The event educates youth on personal health and tolerance. By opening dialogue, it helps to make youth more conscientious and responsible world citizens.
Project Safe Place
Skrappy's is one of many sites in Pima County for Safe Place, the national runaway prevention and intervention program for those under 18 and in crisis. During the month of November, Skrappy's hosts an event in honor of National Runaway Prevention Month. Although the event changes yearly (2007 was youth art, musical performances, and movie screenings), the focus is on bringing to light the issue of youth runaways and homelessness. The youth involved come together from a variety of organizations to promote awareness of a prevalent problem and the myriad causes that lead to it.
Volunteering with Community Service Youth
As a volunteer at Skrappy's, there are many opportunities to assist with the daily activities of this downtown youth-run activity and performing arts center. To socialize and receive help with connecting with community services. Depending on the age and availability of youth, these could include assisting in the café, charging front door during shows, security, sound managing, stage managing, band booking, helping with civic or after-school activities, and mentoring other youth.
Skrappy's provides an excellent opportunity for kids on probation or who have community service to learn responsibility, life skills, and proper work ethic while at the same time exposing them to an alternative way to spend their time even after their service is over. Community service youth have the opportunity to volunteer in any of the aforementioned areas and can come out of it with the same life and career skills as other youth. These youth become connected to the Skrappy's community and in turn become connected to the larger community.
The youth at Skrappy's learn numerous life and job skills, leadership and social skills, how to research, communication skills, self-esteem, conflict resolution, educational opportunities, parenting skills, mentoring, volunteering in their communities, the arts, freedom of expression and passion through voice, friendship, youth and adult relationships, customer service, basic bookkeeping, inventory, responsibility, and employment. In the end they become proactive citizens involved in their community.
Closing of locations
In 2002, on the brink of closure, Skrappy's was temporarily relocated about two miles south of its 201 E. Broadway Blvd. location, behind a bread factory in an industrial area of Tucson. In 2003, a public grant allowed the venue to continue its existence at its original location. In 2005, Skrappy's was nearly shut down when a fight broke out after a show due to the actions of a few FSU members, resulting in a man's death along with injuries to others. City officials were quick to come to the venue's rescue, and another grant allowed it to continue its existence. Since opening in 1995, Skrappy's has been in over five locations with Broadway being its longest place of headquarters.
Skrappy's (2006-)
In 2006, more than 16,000 young people walked through Skrappy's doors seeking self-expression, community engagement and a safe, stimulating, drug and alcohol-free environment. About 4,800 of those received services from Our Family's outreach staff in the form of food, clothing or referrals to other resources in the community. In 2006, more than 29,000 at-risk children, youth, families, seniors and disabled adults used the services which include counseling, education, housing, mediation and help for people in crisis. Aside from hosting shows, Skrappy's involved teens in break dancing classes, film and theater projects, training in art, karate, literacy, GPS mapping, sewing and fashion design. Skrappy's in effect became an urban park and after-school program deserving of public support. Skrappy's continued to have its usual shows until winter of that year when they were given a 90-day eviction notice. Their stay extended until the summer of 2007 with their last show at 201 E. Broadway Blvd in August. They moved out in September to Big Brothers Big Sisters' basement down the street and continued to provide services, but stopped doing shows. Skrappy's had the opportunity to move back to the industrial area near the bread factory on 17th street as a permanent location, but because of the lack of parking spaces required by the city and an unwelcoming neighborhood for youth, Skrappy's had no choice but to stay at Big Brothers Big Sisters. As a music venue, Skrappy's is an important pillar of Tucson's music scene and from a youth perspective, much of the scene's development has been focused around Skrappy's.
In 2008, Skrappy's found what seemed to be a home at 91 E. Toole Avenue, but because the building was not up to code and as a result, Skrappy's was homeless again. But the team of Skrappy's still did projects outside of a building, meeting at the houses of team members, collaborating with the University of Arizona and city officials of Tucson.
As of January 2009, Skrappy's relocated to 191 E. Toole Avenue in downtown Tucson, Arizona where it is in the development of construction - hoping to begin classes early in the summer and begin booking for shows late summer/early fall 2009.
Skrappy's Tucson Youth Collective
Skrappy's is now synonymous with Tucson Youth Collective (TYC), a board of youth making choices for the youth of Tucson. It is also a group of projects such as:
Staples and Stitches: Skrappy's all-ages venue's design school aimed at teaching basic sewing skills and D.I.Y. design to youth. With Staples and Stitches, there is an opportunity to learn the skills to enable them to make their own clothing, design and create themselves in every way possible and feels that real fashion does not need to be dictated by Vogue magazine, seasons, trends, size, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Staples and Stitches was founded by Liz Albert in 2008 as a part of Skrappy's.
Skrap Yard Recordings: a recording studio used by Skrappy's to record bands, founded in 2007 by Michael Patton (not the well-known singer, Mike Patton) with Kathy Wooldridge.
Desert Distro: A D.I.Y. distribution center of records, CDs, clothing, movies and more. Desert Distro was founded by Chris Coco in 2008 as a part of Skrappy's Tucson Youth Collective.
There will be more classes and places of interest gathered for TYC throughout 2009 such as art karate, breakdancing, film classes and much more.
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Skrappys
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() is a 1973 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee. The music is by R.D. Burman, the screenplay by Gulzar, and lyrics by Anand Bakshi. The film stars Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan. It also stars Rekha, Asrani, Raza Murad, A. K. Hangal, Simi Garewal and Om Shivpuri. Rajesh Khanna received his third BFJA Awards for Best Actor (Hindi) in 1974 for this film and Amitabh Bachchan had won his second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1974.
This was the second Hrishikesh Mukherjee film that starred Khanna and Bachchan after Anand. "Diye Jalte Hai", "Nadiya Se Dariya" and "Main Shayar Badnaam" are the most memorable melodies, all rendered powerfully by Kishore Kumar and picturised on Rajesh Khanna. And Kaka, as he was called by friends and fans alike, won the hearts of millions by his meaningful acting and face impressions. The film proved out to be a box office hit and was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1973. The film was remade in Tamil as Unakkaga Naan. The core plot of the movie was based on the sub-plot of the 1967 Telugu movie Prana Mithrulu which itself was loosely inspired by the storyline of the 1964 movie Becket.
Plot
The story focuses on two friends, Somu (Rajesh Khanna) and Vicky (Amitabh Bachchan). To avenge the fact that Vicky is insulted by the union leader of his factory, Somu infiltrates the factory as a worker and later the trade union as its leader. However, Somu is moved by the plight of the workers and is influenced by their ideals, which leads to a confrontation between the two friends. This story concentrates on the rise of unions with the backdrop of Bombay's textile mills and inflation in the early 1970s.
Cast
Rajesh Khanna as Somnath Chander Singh (Somu)
Amitabh Bachchan as Vikram Maharaj (Vicky)
Simi Garewal as Manisha
Rekha as Shyama
Asrani as Dhondu, Shyama's brother
A. K. Hangal as Bipinlal Pandey
Manju as Rama, Pandey's assistant
Om Shivpuri as Damodar Maharaj
Manmohan as Jai Singh
Durga Khote as Somu's mother
Manisha as Sarla, Somu's sister
Raza Murad as Alam
Jayshree T. as Courtesan
Music
The song "Nadiya Se Dariya Dariya Se Saagar" was listed at #18 on the Binaca Geetmala annual list 1974.
Awards and nominations
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| Amitabh Bachchan
| Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor
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| Asrani
| Filmfare Best Comedian Award
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| Gulzar
| Filmfare Best Dialogue Award
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| Rajesh Khanna
| BFJA Awards for Best Actor (Hindi)
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Namak Haraam
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The United States Military Academy Preparatory School (USMAPS), sometimes referred to as West Point Prep, is a preparatory school for the United States Military Academy (USMA). Located in West Point, New York, its official mission is "to provide academic, military and physical instruction in a moral-ethical military environment to prepare and motivate candidates for success at the United States Military Academy."
History
In 1916, the rules for admission to the U.S. service academies changed to include a formal admission process to ensure the appointees' success and excellence.
Between the two World Wars, the U.S. was divided into nine corps areas, and each of these maintained its own West Point Preparatory School, all being supervised by the USMA staff.
Admissions
As with the prep schools of the other United States service academies, there is no separate application for USMAPS, only the West Point application. Admission officers will offer USMAPS to potential West Point cadets who have received or yet to receive their Congressional appointments yet may lack the grades or skills necessary for West Point. During the middle of the prep school year, Cadet Candidates must submit new applications to West Point, including the Congressional nomination. By June, Cadet Candidates will receive word of their application status and West Point acceptance. Most of those who attend the prep school will go on to West Point, contingent on their application, academics and grades, physical training, and military instruction. Some candidates may transfer to other service academies, or be sent back to the United States Army as a regular enlisted soldier. Invitational reservists have other options at the completion of the USMAPS year. Invitational reservists who entered USMAPS with no existing contract to the military and are denied admission to West Point or who decline their appointment can return to civilian life with no further obligation.
Cadet candidates and USMAPS instruction
Students at USMAPS are known as cadet candidates (often abbreviated to "CCs"); board and tuition are free and they are paid a small stipend as they are active members of the U.S. Army. The course extends over a ten-month scholastic year and aims at training the "CCs" to cope with the academic and military rigors of an army education before attending West Point the following academic year.
Cadet candidates arrive at the prep school in mid-July for Cadet Candidate Basic Training, or CCBT, a three-week program to put them in shape and provide the foundation for West Point and military instruction.
Academics
Immediately following CCBT, academic classes start in August and end in mid-May. USMAPS provides instruction in English, general mathematics, student development, military science, physical and natural sciences, and physical and military training. USMAPS offers Calculus AB classes for advanced cadets. Cadets who are weak in English or mathematics have the opportunity to catch up with fundamental courses.
Athletics
USMAPS has an extensive athletic program including football, cross-country, track, men's and women's basketball, soccer, lacrosse, and wrestling.
Known as the Black Knights, with black and gold colors, USMAPS primarily participates with the other United States military academy prep schools, especially their rival the Naval Academy Preparatory School. Potential athletes are the most notable group of those sent to USMAPS to upgrade their scholastic abilities.
Types of cadet candidates
There are two categories of prep school students: Prior Service (PSs) and Invitational Reservists (IRs).
Prior Service
Prior Service CCs are aged 17 to 22 and have already served in the Army as enlisted soldiers. Prior Service CCs can go direct admit (straight into West Point), but many choose to take an extra year to review high school academic skills. The Prep school offers introductory chemistry, biology, and physics as well as full year courses in English and Math.
Invitational Reservists
Invitational Reservists, or IRs, are recruited high school athletes who typically need to improve their academic grades. In addition, there are also non-athletes straight from high school or junior college who, for many reasons, applied to West Point but were not accepted. The athletes compete against other local colleges, high schools, local leagues, and against the USMA Junior Varsity teams. This also gives the USMA coaches a chance to size up and observe the next year's potentials. Non-recruits may join teams as "walk-ons," and are encouraged to do so to keep fit and in shape for West Point. While not at the top of the list for direct admission, these are the applicants who the Admissions Department has deemed "potential" and so are granted a year at the Prep School to improve the needed areas for admission into West Point of the next year. Usually this is due to a slight deficiency in grades, physical fitness or extracurricular activities.
Location change
West Point was not USMAPS's first location. In June 1946, USMAPS was founded at Stewart Army Air Field in Newburgh, New York, approximately 16 miles northwest of West Point. The school was moved to Fort Belvoir, Virginia, in 1957 and to Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1975. USMAPS moved to West Point 18 July 2011, when the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Act closed Fort Monmouth.
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United States Military Academy Preparatory School
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Paul Mitchell (born 18 December 1968 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish football commentator for BBC Scotland and was their main commentator for a six-year period from 2004 to 2010.
His past co-commentators include Pat Nevin and Ian McCall – Mitchell is currently joined by either Craig Paterson or Billy Dodds when commentating on live matches for BBC Scotland's Sportscene programme.
He started his broadcasting career with the BBC in 1991 as a football reporter, moving into Radio Commentary in 1998. His first television commentary appearance was in February 2001, covering the Scottish Cup. Mitchell has covered 13 major Scottish Finals, seven Scottish Cup Final and six League Cup Finals, and has also commentated on a wide range of domestic, European and international matches. In 2007, he covered the under-20 World Cup Finals in Canada. and he has also appeared on Match of the Day. In addition to television work, he can also be regularly heard on BBC Radio Scotland's Sportsound programmes, providing live commentary of Scottish Premier League, European football and Women's International and Champions League matches.
Away from football, Mitchell is also BBC Scotland's Indoor Bowls commentator; he has provided commentary on the television coverage of the Scottish International Open each year since 2006 and was part of the team that provided commentary on the bowls at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in 2014.
In addition he is part of Radio Scotland's Rugby Sportsound team and has provided Radio commentary on the Pro 12/Pro 14, HSBC International 7's, European matches and Scotland International matches. While they held the contract, he also provided English language commentary on BBC Alba's Television coverage of the Pro 12.
He is also Radio Scotland's commentator and presenter for Shinty's premier event Camanachd Cup final covering many finals since 2011, .
Outside sport, he is also a regular contributor to BBC Radio Scotland's Thought for the Day, which is broadcast during Good Morning Scotland on BBC Radio Scotland and has presented music based programmes. Blog
He presented the Greatest Country Hits show on the Bauer City 2 network across Scotland and England in 2016 and 2017
He supports Hearts.
Mitchell also appeared in Nike's Winner Stays commercial in 2014 alongside Zlatan Ibrahimović, Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar as a commentator.
Mitchell is a fan of the NFL and in particular the New Orleans Saints. In 2018 he started a podcast called NFL Scotland with fellow broadcaster Cameron Hobbs. Since launch, Paul has co-hosted a number of live sold-out events with the podcast in Edinburgh and Glasgow.
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Paul Mitchell (broadcaster)
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"A Bug's Land" (stylized "a bug's land") was an area of Disney California Adventure themed after the 1998 Disney·Pixar film A Bug's Life. The land consisted of Flik's Fun Fair, which opened on October 7, 2002, and was set in a representation of the film's fictional universe with four rides targeted towards young children; Flik's Flyers, Francis' Ladybug Boogie, Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies, and Heimlich's Chew Chew Train. The area also included a water play area targeted towards young children. An outside area contained the It's Tough to Be a Bug! theater, which was an original area of the park when it opened on February 8, 2001.
History
It's Tough to Be a Bug! and Bountiful Valley Farm were original attractions at Disney California Adventure when the park opened on February 8, 2001; both were originally part of the sprawling "Golden State" area. The park suffered from low attendance in its early years, partially attributed to the lack of rides appropriate for young children and the low proportion of E ticket attractions to stores and restaurants. In response, Disney announced it would concurrently build The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror – a recreation of an attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios – in the Hollywood Pictures Backlot; and Flik's Fun Fair – a collection of four rides and a water play area geared towards children and themed to the movie A Bug's Life – adjacent to the existing It's Tough to Be a Bug! theater. The fictional backstory for Flik's Fun Fair holds that Flik and the other bugs were inspired to create their own fun fair when Disney's California Adventure opened next door to them. When the Imagineers set out to build The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, they discovered the bugs in the garden and decided to open up Flik's fair to park guests.
Flik's Fun Fair opened on October 7, 2002, and became part of A Bug's Land, the new name for the collection of A Bug's Life-related attractions. Concurrently, Its Tough to Be a Bug! and Bountiful Valley Farm were transferred from Golden State to A Bug's Land, and the area's store was re-themed with more focus on the film's characters.
In 2010, Bountiful Valley Farm as well as the area's shops and restaurants were closed and demolished; their site is now part of Cars Land, which opened on June 15, 2012. With the construction of Cars Land, two new entrances from Hollywood Land and Cars Land to the Flik's Fun Fair area were opened; the area originally had one entrance.
On March 20, 2018, it was announced that A Bug's Land would close permanently, as the land became the site for Avengers Campus. It's Tough to Be a Bug! closed one day earlier, while the remainder of the land closed on September 4, 2018.
Tributes to A Bug's Land can be found in Avengers Campus. Enlarged Christmas lights are seen hanging at the Pym Tasting Lab, and in the pre-show of Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, there is a claw machine with numerous items. One of the items included is a pair of 3D glasses from It's Tough to Be a Bug!. In addition, there is a tribute to Bountiful Valley Farm on the labels of the enlarged ketchup and mustard bottles found inside the Pym Test Kitchen.
Attractions at the time of closure
The following attractions were open at the time of A Bug's Land's closure in 2018.
Flik's Flyers
Flik's Flyers was a spinner ride at "Flik's Fun Fair" inside A Bug's Land at Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. Guests rode in Flik's bug-made contraption fashioned from man-made objects. The vehicles appeared to have been fashioned from used food containers and have been stitched together by leaves and twigs to become balloons that whirled around a pie plate centerpiece.
Whirring, cranking gears are heard as they leave the ground. The attraction provided guests with a view of Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!. Flik's Flyers was similar to Blowfish Balloon Race at Tokyo DisneySea.
After the attraction's closure, it was re-themed into Inside Out Emotional Whirlwind, inspired by Pixar's Inside Out, and relocated to the Pixar Pier area of the park.
Heimlich's Chew Chew Train
Guests boarded a train in the shape of Heimlich, the German-accented caterpillar from the film. Heimlich (voiced by Joe Ranft) narrated the ride through speakers along the track. Heimlich's tendency to overeat was the theme of the ride, as the train appears to eat through oversized portions of human foods: candy corn, animal crackers, carrots, and watermelon. The scent of watermelon and animal crackers were piped in.
After the ride closed in 2018, one of the cars from the attraction was moved to the headquarters of Pixar Animation Studios in memory of Ranft, who died in 2005. In addition, some of the attraction's audio of Heimlich was reused for Heimlich's Candy Corn Toss, one of the boardwalk games located in Pixar Pier.
Francis' Ladybug Boogie
Francis' Ladybug Boogie was a spinning attraction and first opened in 2002, along with the rest of A Bug's Land.
Guests boarded one of the six Francis Lady bugs with up to six adults and children aboard each bug. The ride spun guests around in a figure eight style. The theme of the ride was the character Francis from the Disney·Pixar film A Bug's Life. The ride featured jazz music as guests are spun around to the music.
Princess Dot Puddle Park
Princess Dot's Puddle Park was a water-type play area designed by Walt Disney Imagineering located inside of A Bug's Land section of Disney California Adventure. The area featured an oversized garden hose nozzle that sprayed water at guests as well as a giant spigot that spurted water. This area provided the sensation of being a bug among the oversized garden tools.
Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies
Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies was a bumper car ride located inside of the A Bug's Land section of Disney California Adventure. In the attraction, up to two people could fit inside a bug-shaped bumper car, as they rode around bumping other cars. There were restrictions on who could drive the car. If riding alone, the driver must have been seven years or older. There was also a height restriction on this ride; all riders had to be at least 36 inches (91 cm) tall. There were a total of 21 bumper cars on the floor at a time. During the ride the car talked to the guests with the voices of pill bugs Tuck or Roll, depending on the assigned car.
Other former attractions
Bountiful Valley Farm
Farmer's Market
Sam Andreas Shakes
P.T. Flea Market (originally Santa Rosa Seed & Supply)
It's Tough to Be a Bug!
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A Bug's Land
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Cyclopropanes are a family of organic compounds containing the cyclopropyl group. The parent is cyclopropane ().
Synthesis and reactions
Most cyclopropanes are not prepared from the parent cyclopropane, which is somewhat inert.
Cyclopropyl groups are often prepared by cyclization of 1,3-difunctional alkanes. An example of the former, cyclopropyl cyanide is prepared by the reaction of 4-chlorobutyronitrile with a strong base. Phenylcyclopropane is produced analogously from the 1,3-dibromide.
A second major route to cyclopropanes entails addition of methylene (or its substituted derivatives) to an alkene, a process called cyclopropanation.
Substituted cyclopropanes undergo the reactions associated with the cyclopropyl ring or the substituents. Vinylcyclopropanes are a special case as they undergo vinylcyclopropane rearrangement.
Applications and occurrence
Cyclopropane derivatives are numerous. Many biomolecules and pharmaceutical drugs feature the cyclopropane ring. Famous example is aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid, which is the precursor to ethylene, a plant hormone.
The pyrethroids are the basis of many insecticides. Several cyclopropane fatty acids are known.
Cyclopropane derivatives are numerous. Many biomolecules and pharmaceutical drugs feature the cyclopropane ring. Famous example is aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid, which is the precursor to ethylene, a plant hormone.
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Cyclopropanes
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Russell Kenneth Alexander Martin (born 4 January 1986) is a professional football manager and former player who is the manager of EFL Championship club Southampton.
A former defender, Martin began his playing career at Brighton & Hove Albion's youth academy. He established himself at Wycombe Wanderers in 2004, before moving to Peterborough United in 2008. Martin joined Norwich City in 2010 and made 309 appearances for the club. He then had brief spells with Rangers, Walsall and Milton Keynes Dons. During his playing career, Martin won five promotions (including two Premier League promotions) and was named in the 2014–15 Championship Team of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association.
Although born in Brighton, England, Martin played in 29 internationals for Scotland. He moved into management in 2019 with Milton Keynes Dons and became head coach of Swansea City in 2021. Two years later, he was appointed manager of Southampton.
Club career
Early career
Born in Brighton, East Sussex, Martin was educated at Varndean School. He joined Brighton & Hove Albion's youth academy before leaving by mutual consent in early 2004 to join Isthmian League Division One South side Lewes. He then had trials with several clubs, including Charlton Athletic.
Martin joined Wycombe Wanderers in 2004. He made his debut in a 2–1 home victory over Cambridge United on 7 August 2004, then went on to make ten more appearances during the 2004–05 season. Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Martin signed a new two-year contract with the club. In the following season, he played in the League Two semi-final against Stockport County, which Wycombe lost 2–1 on aggregate.
On 29 May 2008, Martin moved to Peterborough United, who had just been promoted to League One. He signed a three-year contract. Martin became the club's youngest ever captain after taking over from Craig Morgan. In his first season at Peterborough, Martin captained the club to gain promotion to the Championship.
Norwich City
Following Mark Cooper's appointment as a replacement for Darren Ferguson in November 2009, Martin joined Norwich City on loan. On 4 January 2010, his transfer was made permanent and he joined Norwich on a -year contract. Martin scored his first goal for Norwich in the 3–1 defeat to Doncaster Rovers, with a diving header on 14 September 2010. He scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Championship league leaders Queens Park Rangers on 1 January 2011, and a last-minute equaliser against Cardiff City, leading fans to dub him "the Cafu of the Championship" or "the Norfolk Cafu", in honour of Cafu. On 7 May 2011, he was the runner up for the Norwich City Player of the Year award to winner Grant Holt, in a season where he played every minute of each game.
After an impressive first season in the Premier League with Norwich, filling in well at centre back during some games, Martin signed a new three-year deal in June 2012. On 29 December 2012, Martin scored two goals against Manchester City in a 4–3 home defeat. On 9 July 2013, Martin agreed a new three-year deal with the club. On 10 August 2013, he was officially named the club captain. In a 2013 interview, Martin revealed his desire to take up management after the end of his playing career, stating, "I would eventually love to come and manage Norwich."
On 22 November 2014, Martin made his 200th appearance for Norwich against his hometown club Brighton & Hove Albion. He scored Norwich's second goal in a 3–3 draw. Norwich were promoted to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season via the playoffs, a year after their relegation, but were relegated again after just one season back in the top division. Martin made his 300th appearance for Norwich on 21 April 2017, in a 2–0 win against Brighton & Hove Albion. He signed a new contract with Norwich in July 2017, but then had few first team appearances during the 2017–18 season.
Rangers (loan)
In January 2018, Martin moved on loan to Scottish Premiership club Rangers. He made his competitive debut for the club on 24 January, in a 2–0 win against Aberdeen. Martin was one of four players to make their first appearance for Rangers in that game. He scored his first (and only) goal for Rangers in a 2–0 win against Hearts on 24 February 2018.
Following his loan with Rangers, Martin left Norwich City on 31 August 2018 after his contract was terminated by mutual consent. He made 309 appearances for Norwich, placing him 22nd in the club's all-time appearance list.
Final years and retirement
Martin signed for League One club Walsall in October 2018 in a player-coach role. He left by mutual consent in January 2019, for family reasons, having made twelve appearances for the club.
On 15 January 2019, Martin joined League Two club Milton Keynes Dons on a short-term deal until the end of the season, and played a key role in the club clinching promotion on the final day of the season. Following the departure of manager Paul Tisdale on 2 November 2019, Martin was appointed as his successor in his first managerial position the following day and later announced his retirement as a player to concentrate on the role.
International career
Martin, who was born in England, qualified to play for Scotland through his Scottish father. On 17 May 2011, he was named in the Scotland squad for Nations Cup games against Wales and the Republic of Ireland, making his debut as a late substitute against Wales. Martin remarked before a game against Croatia in June 2013 that he was not recognised by taxi drivers when he met up with the Scotland squad. Martin made his first competitive appearance for Scotland in that match against Croatia, which Scotland won 1–0 with then Norwich City teammate Robert Snodgrass scoring the only goal. Martin went on to play regularly under the management of Gordon Strachan, making 29 international appearances in total. His last cap came in a 1–0 win against Slovenia in March 2017.
Managerial career
Milton Keynes Dons
On 3 November 2019, following the departure of manager Paul Tisdale, Martin was announced as the new permanent first-team manager of League One club Milton Keynes Dons – the club he had joined as a player earlier in the year. Following his appointment, the club finished 19th in League One, with the season finishing prematurely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Martin, alongside assistant Luke Williams, installed a possession-based style of play at the club which received widespread plaudits. On 2 March 2021, Martin's side scored after a 56-pass move, a new British record at the time. At the culmination of the 2020–21 season, only Manchester City and Barcelona had a higher average possession percentage in Europe than Martin's MK Dons. His team also had the most touches in the opposition box in League One, despite mixed results throughout the season which saw the club finishing 13th in the league.
On 31 July 2021, MK Dons confirmed that Championship club Swansea City had requested to speak to Martin about him becoming their new manager.
Swansea City
On 1 August 2021, Martin was named head coach of Swansea City, signing a three-year contract. He was appointed six days before the first game of the 2021–22 Championship season. He was joined by his assistants Luke Williams, Matthew Gill, and Dean Thornton.
His first game in charge was a 2–1 away loss to Blackburn Rovers, which was followed by a 3–0 away win against Reading in the EFL Cup. Martin's first home game was a 0–0 draw with Sheffield United at the Swansea.com Stadium. On 20 August, Martin won his first league game as Swansea beat Bristol City 1–0. In October, Martin led Swansea to a 3–0 win against rivals Cardiff City in the South Wales derby. Later in the season, Swansea beat Cardiff 4–0 in the reverse fixture; Swansea became the first side to complete the league double in the derby's 110-year history. Martin said, "I have not felt as emotional as this after a game... to watch the backroom staff and the players enjoy that with the supporters was the best moment I've had as a manager I'd say."
In his first season at the club, Swansea finished 15th in the league. The following season, he led the club to 10th place.
Southampton
On 21 June 2023, Martin was named manager of Southampton and signed a three-year contract. His first professional game in charge was a 1–2 victory against Sheffield Wednesday, ending Southampton's nine-match winless run in their last nine opening day fixtures. In that game, Southampton made 477 successful first-half passes, a divisional record.
Managerial style
Martin began studying for his coaching badges at age 22, and studied for his UEFA Pro Licence at the Scottish FA in 2019. His managerial style has been influenced by such managers as Chris Hughton, Daniel Farke, and Pep Guardiola. Inspired by Guardiola's Barcelona and Manchester City teams, Martin prefers his teams to dominate ball possession. Tactically, he prefers the 3–4–2–1, 3–5–2 or 4–1–2–1–2 formations, with an emphasis on passing the ball and pressing the opposition. If his teams suffer a bad result, Martin prefers to improve his game plan, rather than changing the style of play.
After his MK Dons side scored a record-breaking 56-pass goal, Martin said, "People still react to that and say it's boring, but everyone has a different opinion... the more we have the ball, the more we can control the game and take the fight out of opposition teams. It's a 90-minute game plan to try and dominate the ball."
Personal life
Martin established a charitable foundation in his hometown of Brighton, initially set up as a football academy, named the Russell Martin Foundation. The charity aims to use "the power of football to help change people's lives" by providing access to football, education, and health courses in the local community.
Martin has been a vegan since 2014, initially for health reasons as he sought to manage issues with ulcerative colitis. He is also a part-owner of Erpingham House, the largest vegan restaurant in the UK. In a 2018 interview, he stated that he had joined the Green Party of England and Wales. He is also a proponent of Buddhism.
Career statistics
Club
International
Managerial record
Honours
Player
Peterborough United
Football League One runner-up: 2008–09
Norwich City
Football League One: 2009–10
Football League Championship runner-up: 2010–11
Football League Championship play-offs: 2015
Milton Keynes Dons
EFL League Two third-place promotion: 2018–19
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 Championship
See also
List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland
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Russell Martin (footballer)
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Flora Clift Stevenson (30 October 1839 – 28 September 1905) was a British social reformer with a special interest in education for poor or neglected children, and in education for girls and equal university access for women. She was one of the first women in the United Kingdom to be elected to a school board.
The first 30 years
Flora Clift Stevenson was born in Glasgow, the youngest daughter of Jane Stewart Shannan (daughter of Alexander Shannan, a Greenock merchant) and James Stevenson FRSE (1786–1866), a merchant. Stevenson was one of a large family including her fellow-campaigner and sister Louisa, the architect John James Stevenson, and MP James Cochran Stevenson. The family moved to Jarrow in 1844 when James Stevenson became partner in a chemical works. After he retired, in 1854, the family moved to Edinburgh shortly before Mrs Stevenson died, and in 1859 they settled in a house at 13 Randolph Crescent. Louisa, Flora, Elisa Stevenson (1829–1904), an early suffragist, one of the founders of the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage, and sister Jane Stevenson (1828–1904) who did not engage in these activities, were to spend the rest of their lives (the house now bears a plaque to "women of achievement").
Her first educational project was an evening literacy class for "messenger girls" in her own home. She was an active member of the Edinburgh Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and a committee member of the United Industrial Schools of Edinburgh, organising education in ragged schools for some of the most neglected children of the city.
She and her sister Louisa were involved in the movement to open university education to women, and as members of the Edinburgh Ladies' Educational Association, they were at the first course of lectures for women given by Professor David Masson in 1868.
School board work and other causes
The 1872 Education (Scotland) Act made it possible for women to serve on School Boards. Stevenson's friend Henry Kingsley had told her that she "was exactly the kind of person" who should have this opportunity. She was one of the first two women to be elected (the other was Phoebe Blyth), and she continued in this role for her whole life, eventually becoming chair of the board. Her experience in working with the poorest children meant that as soon as she was elected she started work on a scheme offering food and clothing in exchange for a commitment to attend school. She was convenor of the attendance committee for many years and gave evidence on this subject to a select committee on education in Scotland in 1887.
She believed strongly in the value of industrial schools for "delinquent" children and her efforts led to the innovative day (non-residential) industrial school at St John's Hill on the fringes of Edinburgh's Old Town. In the 1890s she was involved in plans for the Day Industrial Schools Act (1893), the Scottish Office departmental committee on juvenile delinquents, and a committee advising the Scottish Office on reformatories for inebriates, appointed by Lord Balfour.
Stevenson was a strong supporter of good quality education for girls. She disapproved of girls in Edinburgh schools spending five hours on needlework each week while the boys were having lessons, though she promoted the Edinburgh School of Cookery and Domestic Economy. She told a newspaper, "By all means let the girls of this generation be trained to be good "housemothers" but let it not be forgotten that the well-being of the family depends equally on the "housefather"." She was also a director of the Blind Asylum.
As well as support for women's suffrage, Stevenson's political views included a belief in strongly enforced school attendance, which she felt was the key to improving the lives of deprived children, and opposition to free school meals, which she thought should be the responsibility of parents, supported by charities when necessary. These themes were sometimes addressed in her lectures on educational subjects, which were usually "cordially received". She was a vice-president of the Women's Free Trade Union while tariff reform was a contentious issue, and also of the Women's Liberal Unionist Association.
She was involved with many other social projects and charities. She and Louisa paid for their niece, Alice Stewart Ker, to study medicine in Berne for a year. Alice was to become the 13th female British doctor.
Honours and her last years
In 1899 a new school at Comely Bank, Edinburgh was named after her, and it continues as the Flora Stevenson Primary School, and including the early years of the City of Edinburgh Music School. The last few years of her life brought further honours: an honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1903, a portrait commissioned by public subscription and painted by Alexander Roche in 1904, the freedom of the City of Edinburgh in 1905. Her final years were spent at her house at 13 Randolph Crescent in Edinburgh's West End.
She was ill and an operation in St Andrews failed to help. She died there in her hotel and was brought back to Edinburgh for a funeral service and burial in the Dean Cemetery on 30 September 1905, two days after her death. The streets on the way to the cemetery were filled with many mourners, including two or three thousand schoolchildren.
Her grave lies on the southern boundary wall above the southern terrace. Her sisters and mother lie with her. Her father lies on her left side.
In 2021, the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a £50 note featuring Stevenson.
See also
Education (Scotland) Act 1872
London School Board
J. J. Stevenson and James Cochran Stevenson, two of her brothers
Phoebe Blyth
Notes
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Flora Stevenson
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Gehrden is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately southwest of Hanover.
Notable people
Werner von Siemens (1816-1892), inventor, founder of electrical engineering and industrialist
Carl Wilhelm Siemens (1823-1883), industrialist
Werner Lueg (1931-2014), athlete, Olympic champion 1952
Hans-Joachim Frey (born 1965), theater director
Maria Schrader (born 1965), actress and director
Tim Pritlove (born 1967), eventmanager, media artist and member of Chaos Computer Club
Wolfgang Kreißig (born 1970), high jumper
Grischa Niermann (born 1975), racing cyclist
Marc Bator (born 1972), newsreader at the Tagesschau 2000–2013, since then at Sat.1
Christian Pampel (born 1979), volleyball national player
Carolina Bartczak (born 1980), actress
Nils Pfingsten-Reddig (born 1982), soccer player
Kristin Demann (born 1993), soccer player
Grant-Leon Ranos (born 2003), Armenian soccer player
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Gehrden
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Spex or SPEX may refer to:
Variation of specs, colloquial abbreviation of specifications or spectacles
Entertainment
Spex (magazine), a German magazine
Spex (theatre), a kind of amateur theatre performed by university students in Sweden and Finland
Industry and technology
Spex Design Corporation, kit car manufacturer
Spex (solar park), a solar park in Spain
SPEX (astronomy), a Dutch space science project
See also
Specs (disambiguation)
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Spex
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Vikeså or Vigjeså is the administrative centre of Bjerkreim municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the European route E39 highway at a crossroads with the village of Ålgård about to the northwest, the village of Dirdal (in Gjesdal) about to the northeast, and the town of Egersund about to the south. The lake Svelavatnet lies along the south side of the village.
The village has a population (2019) of 1,017 and a population density of . The village is the largest village in the municipality. It is the seat of the municipal council and the main commercial area in the municipality including a Coop Extra store.
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Vikeså
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Boukan Ginen is a mizik rasin band from the city of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Boukan is the Haitian Creole word for "bonfire" or "fire pit". Ginen is a specific Haitian name for the ancestral home of enslaved Africans.
History
Boukan Ginen won the prize for best carnival song at the 1991 Carnival in Port-au-Prince, for their performance of "Pale Pale W", a song later released on their debut album, Jou a Rive. The song title means "talk" and included lyrics widely interpreted as supporting the presidency of Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The band's music was suppressed by the military authority of the junta led by Raoul Cédras that ruled the country from 1991 to 1994.
In 1994, Boukan Ginen became the third Haitian musical group to receive the Prix Découverte from Radio France International.
Discography
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Boukan Ginen
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"Snarleyow" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, published in late 1890. The title character was a horse that was part of a team pulling a gun. The poem is one of many Kipling wrote depicting the life of soldiers in the British army. It appears that this one is based on an incident in the life of Staff Sergeant Nathaniel W. Bancroft, of the old Bengal Horse Artillery and later the Royal Horse Artillery. The poem was one of the many Kipling poems set to song by G. F. Cobb.
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Snarleyow
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The British Council for Peace in Vietnam was formed in April 1965 and later became the British Campaign for Peace in Vietnam. It was also known as the National Vietnam Campaign Committee.
Fenner Brockway was a president. Amicia Young was a secretary who kept many records and papers of this organisation.
See also
Vietnam War
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British Council for Peace in Vietnam
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Madiha or Mediha () is a female given name meaning “praiseworthy.” The origin of the name is Arabic. Notable people with the name are as follows:
Madiha
Madiha (singer), a Dutch singer and songwriter
Madiha Iftikhar (born 1985), Pakistani actress and model
Madiha Kamel (1948–1997), Egyptian actress
Madiha Rashid Al-Madfai (died 2019), Jordanian radio broadcaster
Madiha Shah (born 1970), Pakistani actress
Madiha Yousri (1921–2018), Egyptian actress
Mediha
Mediha Esenel (1914–2005), Turkish sociologist, writer and journalist
Mediha Musliović (born 1975), Bosnian actress
Mediha Sultan (1856–1928), Ottoman princess
Other variants
Madeeha Gauhar (1956–2018), Pakistani actress
See also
Madiha (disambiguation)
MAD
Arabic-language feminine given names
Feminine given names
Bosnian feminine given names
Pakistani feminine given names
Turkish feminine given names
EEHA
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Madiha
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Richard "Dick" Norris Williams II (January 29, 1891 – June 2, 1968), generally known as R. Norris Williams, was an American tennis player and RMS Titanic survivor. He won the U.S. National Tennis Championships in men's singles in 1914 and 1916. He was ranked the U.S. No. 1 player for 1916 by the USLTA, and world No. 2 for 1914.
Biography
Williams was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the son of Philadelphia parents Charles Duane Williams, a direct descendant from Benjamin Franklin, and Lydia Biddle White. He was tutored privately at a Swiss boarding school and spoke fluent French and German. He started playing tennis at age 12, mainly under the guidance of his father.
On January 11, 1919, in Paris, France, Williams married Jean Haddock (1890–1929), daughter of Arthur Henry and Matilda (Stewart) Haddock. They had four children. Jean died aged 38 on April 20, 1929, in Philadelphia. Williams remarried to Frances West Gillmore (1908–2001), daughter of Major General Quincy Adams Gillmore II and Frances West (Hemsley) Gillmore, on October 2, 1930. She was a great-granddaughter of Quincy Adams Gillmore.
Tennis career
In 1911, Williams won the Swiss Championship. A year later, he entered Harvard University and became the intercollegiate tennis champion in singles (1913, 1915) and doubles (1914, 1915).
In 1913, Williams lost to Maurice McLoughlin at both the Wimbledon Championships and at the U.S. Championships.
Williams is best known for his two men's singles titles at the U.S. Championships. In 1914 he defeated Bill Johnston in the second round and McLoughlin in the final. In 1916 he defeated Bill Johnston in the final.
Williams also won the U.S. Clay Court Championships in 1912 and again in 1915.
He won the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships at the Merion Cricket Club on grass in 1912 defeating eight-time champion Wallace F. Johnson in the final and again in 1914 defeating Bill Tilden in the final.
He won the Newport Casino Championships in 1915 defeating McLoughlin in the final.
In 1920, after returning from WWI, Williams won at Norwood on grass in Britain in 1920 defeating Johnston, the ranking world No. 1 at that time, in the semifinal and James Cecil Parke, the world ranked No. 4 for that year, in the final.
In 1922 at Glen Cove, Long Island, N.Y. on grass Williams won the Nassau Bowl defeating Frank Hunter in the final in three straight sets.
At age 36, Williams won the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships at Merion Cricket Club again in 1927 defeating Manuel Alonso Areizaga, ranked world No. 5 for that year, in the final in four sets.
He was also on the victorious American Davis Cup team twice: in 1925 and 1926 and was considered a fine doubles player.
During the 1924 Olympics, at the age of 33 (and with a sprained ankle), Richard Norris Williams became a gold medalist in the mixed doubles, partnering Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman. He went on to captain several winning Davis Cup teams from 1921 through 1926 as well as the 1934 team. At age 44, he retired from Championship Tennis.
Rankings
Williams was ranked among the world’s top ten from 1912 to 1914, reaching No. 2 in 1914, and again from 1919 to 1923. In the U.S. he was ranked No. 2 by the USLTA for four straight years from 2012 to 2015 and reached U.S. No. 1 in 2016. Williams was ranked U.S. No. 3 by the USLTA in 1920 and again in 1923.
Style
Williams had a reputation in singles of always hitting as hard as possible and always trying to hit winners near the lines. This made him an extremely erratic player, but when his game was sporadically "on", he was considered unbeatable. New York Times tennis writer Allison Danzig claimed that Williams had “one of the most daring attacks tennis had seen. He never played safe. He stood in close, took the ball on the rise, often on the half volley, and played for the lines.” “At his best he was unbeatable, and more dazzling than Tilden."
He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame (Newport, Rhode Island) in 1957.
RMS Titanic
Williams also gained fame as being a survivor of the RMS Titanic disaster in April 1912. He and his father, Charles Duane Williams, were traveling first class on the liner when it struck an iceberg and sank. Shortly after the collision, Williams freed a trapped passenger from a cabin by breaking down a door. He was reprimanded by a steward, who threatened to fine him for damaging White Star Line property, an event that inspired a scene in James Cameron's film Titanic (1997). Williams remained on the doomed liner almost until the very end. At one point Williams' father tried to get a steward to fill his flask. The flask was given to Williams and remains in the Williams family.
As Titanic began her final plunge, father and son jumped into the water. While Dick was able to save himself, his father was killed by the first funnel falling from the ship. The 21-year-old Williams recalled, "I saw one of the four great funnels come crashing down on top of him. Just for one instant I stood there transfixed – not because it had only missed me by a few feet … curiously enough not because it had killed my father for whom I had a far more than normal feeling of love and attachment; but there I was transfixed wondering at the enormous size of this funnel, still belching smoke. It seemed to me that two cars could have been driven through it side by side." He made his way to the partially submerged Collapsible A, holding onto its side for quite a while before getting in. When Williams entered the water, he was wearing a fur coat which he quickly discarded along with his shoes. Those in Collapsible A who survived were transferred to Collapsible Boat D, which reached RMS Carpathia. Although abandoned by RMS Carpathia, Collapsible A was recovered a month later. On board the lifeboat was the discarded fur coat which was returned to Williams by White Star.
After entering the lifeboat, he spent several hours knee-deep in the freezing water. Carpathia arrived on the scene to rescue survivors. The ordeal left his legs so severely frostbitten that the Carpathias doctor wanted to amputate them. Williams, who did not want his tennis career to be cut short, opted instead to work through the injury by simply getting up and walking around every two hours, around the clock. The choice worked out well for him: later that year, he won his first U.S. Tennis Championship, in mixed doubles, and went on to win many more championships including the Davis Cup with fellow survivor Karl Behr.
It was not until after the publication of A Night to Remember (1955), a book about the Titanic disaster, that Williams became acquainted with its author Walter Lord. In 1962, Williams met with Lord and gave a detailed account of the sinking.
Military service, business career, historical society
Williams served in the United States Army during World War I and was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Legion of Honor. After the war, he continued playing championship tennis.
Williams, also a noted Philadelphia investment banker, was president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Death
Richard Norris Williams died of emphysema on June 2, 1968, aged 77, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. He was interred at St. David's Episcopal Church in Radnor, Pennsylvania.
Grand Slam finals
Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runners-up)
Mixed doubles: 1 title
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R. Norris Williams
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or is a lake in the municipality of Røyrvik in Trøndelag county, Norway. The lake lies just south of the large lake Namsvatnet into which it drains.
See also
List of lakes in Norway
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Storgollomsvatnet
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Bannerman Plantation was a forced-labor farm of about and located in northwest Leon County, Florida, just north of the old unincorporated community of Meridian and west-northwest of Lake Iamonia. Bannerman Plantation was established in 1852 or earlier by Charles Bannerman of North Carolina, who by 1860 had enslaved 67 people to work his land.
The plantation house is located at 13426 N. Meridian Rd. and is a 2-story home with porches on both floors that partially wrap to each side of the house. The porches are supported with eight stately columns. Fireplaces are located at both left and right sides of the home. A kitchen extends off the left side of the home. The boundaries of Bannerman Plantation itself are unknown.
The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that Bannerman Plantation had the following:
Improved Land:
Unimproved Land:
Cash value of plantation: $14,475
Cash value of farm implements/machinery: $700
Cash value of farm animals: $5000
Number of slaves: 67
Bushels of corn: 4,000
Bales of cotton: 120
Notes
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Bannerman Plantation
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Przebędowo is a non-operational PKP railway station in Przebędowo (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
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Przebędowo railway station
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HNLMS Van Ghent () (originally named De Ruyter) was an built for the Royal Netherlands Navy in the 1920s. The destroyer served in the Netherlands East Indies but was wrecked after running aground in 1942.
Design
In the mid-1920s, the Netherlands placed orders for four new destroyers to be deployed to the East Indies. They were built in Dutch shipyards to a design by the British Yarrow Shipbuilders, which was based on the destroyer , which Yarrow had designed and built for the British Royal Navy.
The ship's main gun armament was four guns built by the Swedish company Bofors, mounted two forward and two aft, with two anti-aircraft guns mounted amidships. Four 12.7 mm machine guns provided close-in anti-aircraft defence. The ship's torpedo armament comprised six torpedo tubes in two triple mounts, while 24 mines could also be carried. To aid search operations, the ship carried a Fokker C.VII-W floatplane on a platform over the aft torpedo tubes, which was lowered to the sea by a crane for flight operations.
History
The destroyer De Ruyter was laid down on 28 August 1925, at Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde, Vlissingen, was launched on 13 October 1926, and commissioned on 31 May 1928.
She and her sister left the Netherlands on 27 September 1928, for the Dutch East Indies.
On 29 July 1929, De Ruyter, her sister Evertsen, the cruiser , and the submarines and , left Surabaya, and steamed to Tanjung Priok. At Tanjung Priok, the ships waited for the royal yacht, Maha Chakri, of the king of Siam, and the destroyer Phra Ruang. After this, the ships, without the submarines, visited Bangka, Belitung, Riau, Lingga Islands, Belawan, and Deli. On 28 August, they returned in Tanjung Priok. On 31 August, she participates in a fleet review at Tanjung Priok, held in honor of the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, who was born that day. Other ships that participated in the review where the destroyer Evertsen and the cruiser Java.
While practicing with the cruiser , her sister Evertsen, and five submarines, Sumatra stranded on an uncharted reef near the island Kebatoe, on 14 May 1931. Sumatra was later pulled lose by and a tugboat.
De Ruyter was renamed Van Ghent on 1 October 1934 to free up her former name for the newly built light cruiser .
World War II
In 1940, she and her sister , guarded five German cargo ships. The ships were relieved by Java on 26 April 1940.
When war broke out in the Pacific in December 1941, Van Ghent was serving in the Netherlands East Indies as part of Rear Admiral Karel Doorman's command. She was involved in the salvage of the United States Army cargo ship .
De Ruyter, along with several Dutch and U.S. cruisers and destroyers, took part in an unsuccessful attempt to attack a Japanese invasion convoy reportedly bound for Surabaya (which in actuality was heading to Makassar) on 3–4 February 1942. This battle became known as the Battle of Makassar Strait, with the Allied force being driven off with damage to several ships by Japanese air attacks before ever nearing the convoy. Doorman's forces attempted another sortie against another Japanese invasion convoy on 15 February 1942, and to locate them this time took his ships northwest through the Gaspar Strait, to the east of Bangka Island. While passing through the strait in poor visibility, Van Ghent struck a rock and stuck fast, Another Dutch destroyer took off her crew, Deemed a wreck, Van Ghent was subsequently scuttled by the destroyer .
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HNLMS Van Ghent (1926)
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The Age of Consent is the debut album by synth-pop band Bronski Beat (Steve Bronski, Larry Steinbachek and Jimmy Somerville), released on London Records in October 1984. This was the only album released by the band to feature Somerville, who departed the band in 1985.
A re-recorded and expanded version was released in 2017 under the name of "The Age of Reason", with Bronski, Ian Donaldson, and new singer Stephen Granville.
Background
By 1984, many European countries had reduced the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16, but it remained at 21 in the United Kingdom, having only been partially decriminalised in 1967. Homosexuality was not ‘legalised’ in Scotland, where Somerville was born, until 1981. The wording of the legislation to decriminalise also included wording that placed restrictions such as making illegal the use of a hotel room for sex. Homosexuality was further stigmatised beyond the restrictions placed on homosexual individuals, and homophobia was a danger to gay individuals.
Against this background, Bronski, Steinbachek, and Somerville met in Brixton in 1983, and soon formed Bronski Beat. They signed a recording contract with London Records in 1984 after doing only nine live gigs.
The album was produced by Mike Thorne; the recording sessions took place in London and New York City. The first single, "Smalltown Boy", was recorded at The Garden studio (owned by former Ultravox singer John Foxx) and mixed at Maison Rouge studio, both of them based in London.
The song "Heatwave" features the tap-dancing rhythms of Caroline O'Connor.
The inner sleeve of the album has a table listing the minimum age for lawful homosexual relationships between men in each country in Europe, accompanied by the telephone number of a service giving gay legal advice. It was removed from the United States release of the album by MCA Records on the basis of "past sensitivities of several record store chains".
Singles
The album produced four hit singles.
"Smalltown Boy"
The band's debut single was released in June 1984, peaking at number 3 in the UK singles chart in June, and reaching number one in Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands. It is a poetically poignant, soul searching composition addressing homophobia, loneliness and family misunderstanding. It has been described as perfectly encapsulating "the experience of being young and gay in the '80s".
It was accompanied by a video of Jimmy Somerville with fellow band member friends Larry Steinbachek and Steve Bronski, who, while cruising at a public swimming pool and changing room, are attacked and beaten up by a gang of homophobes. Somerville is returned to his family by the police; he leaves home alone and has a reunion with friends Steinbachek and Bronski, travelling to a new life on a train.
The band had the telephone number of the London Gay Switchboard (telephone support and information for gays and lesbians in central London) etched into the inner groove of the 12" vinyl version.
Additional congas were played by John Folarin. Sleeve cover art was by Gill Whisson.
"Why?"
The follow-up single "Why?" (recorded at RPM Studios, NYC and mixed at Townhouse Studio, London) pursued a more energetic musical formula, while the lyrics focused more centrally and darkly on anti-gay prejudice. The song opened with a questioning vocal by Somerville and the shattering of breaking glass. Released in September 1984, the single made the top 10 in the UK.
The promotional video opens with Steinbachek and Bronski buying artificial bombs and a small statue of Michelangelo's David in a mad supermarket. At the checkout, because they are openly gay, the assistant telephones the management to enquire whether they can pay for the items. They are refused. Meanwhile, Jimmy is singing behind a counter of sausages and salamis and, seeing the dilemma in progress, starts complaining to the checkout girl. All three are arrested by "the thought police" and made to appear for trial before a puppet court and senile judge (Jimmy's father in "Smalltown Boy") The band members are sent to a workhouse. From the workhouse, Jimmy rises up into the air and confronts "God". The workers revolt, and strip the thought police of authority and clothing. The band members are placed on pedestals, before "God" transforms all three of them into statues of salt for their alleged sins.
The thought-police actors who arrest the trio are the swimmer / homophobic gang-leader from the "Smalltown Boy" video and "Martin", a friend of the band whose situation in a gay relationship with a younger man actually inspired the lyrical content of the song. The video extras were mostly friends of the band; they went on strike during the video shoot, due to the excess labour endured by them in the production.
The "Smalltown Boy" and "Why?" videos were directed by Bernard Rose, who also directed the original video for Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "Relax".
The song is dedicated to the memory of playwright Drew Griffiths, a victim of a homophobic murder in 1984.
The sleeve cover art was by Robert McAulay.
"It Ain't Necessarily So"
The third single "It Ain't Necessarily So", the George and Ira Gershwin/ DuBose Heyward song (from the opera Porgy and Bess) that expresses opposition to biblical literalism, was released in November 1984 and reached the UK Top 20. The track featured Arno Hecht from The Uptown Horns on solo clarinet and the openly gay male choir from London, The Pink Singers. It was recorded at The Garden studio, London and Skyline Studios, NYC.
The promotional video featured Jimmy and Larry as inmates in a borstal with Jimmy and "Martin" (the "thought police" actor from "Why?") having a Christmas pie-eating competition which takes place during the Christmas religious service, which Jimmy wins. Steve plays a closeted prison warden who has a keen eye for one of the other prisoners.
The cover sleeve art was a parody of The Wizard Of Oz with Dorothy having the head of the devil.
"I Feel Love (Medley)"
A fourth (and final) single was released before Jimmy Somerville left the band in 1985: a medley of "I Feel Love / Johnny Remember Me / Love To Love You Baby".
A version of the medley had already appeared on the "Age of Consent" album, combining Donna Summer's seminal disco classic "I Feel Love" with John Leyton's "Johnny Remember Me", which had topped the UK charts in 1961. For its single release, former Soft Cell singer Marc Almond was enlisted to duet with Jimmy Somerville, and another Donna Summer disco song, "Love to Love You Baby", was added as the intro and coda. The single also featured a new backing track that was more synthpop-oriented and catchy than the original album version. As with the band's previous single, the choir providing backing vocals was The Pink Singers. Cellos were played by Beverly Lauridsen, Jesse Levy and Mark Shuman.
"I Feel Love (Medley)" was released in April 1985, with sleeve cover art by Gill Whisson. It became a big hit in the UK, entering the Top 10 in its second week on chart and peaking at number 3 for two weeks.
Critical reception
The Village Voices Robert Christgau, in a contemporary review, wrote that "Good politics don't have to be this monochromatic" and criticised the "narrow dynamic range that afflicts so many falsettos, even those with impeccable reasons for singing like women." The album ranked at number 12 in CMJs "Top 20 Most-Played Albums of 1985" list. John Dougan of AllMusic retrospectively described the album's songs as "compelling vignettes about the vagaries of life as a gay man" and The Age of Consent as "simply a great album, period."
Spin wrote, "The album's principal songs all mine the rather overworked vein of late-'70s disco. This is clearly the music they grew up loving, and they approach it as fans rather than cynics. Disco really isn't the right vehicle to carry the weight of sadness, anger and lust that they load onto it."
Track listing
Personnel
Bronski Beat
Steve Bronski - keyboards, percussion
Larry Steinbachek - keyboards, percussion
Jimmy Somerville - vocals
Additional personnel
Beverly Lauridsen, Jesse Levy, Mark Shuman - cello
The Pink Singers - choir
John Folarin - congas
Horns - Uptown Horns (Crispin Cioe (alto saxophone & solo, "Love And Money"), Arno Hecht (tenor saxophone), Richard Coles (clarinet solo), "It Ain't Necessarily So"), "Hollywood" Paul Litteral (trumpet) and Bob Funk (trombone))
Caroline O'Connor - tap dance
Kevin Glancy - backing vocals
Technical
Recording engineers: Peter Griffiths (London), Carl Beatty (NYC) & Dominick Maita (NYC)
Mixing engineers - Harvey Goldberg and Julian Mendelsohn ("Why?")
Recorded at The Garden (London), Skyline (NYC) & RPM (NYC)
Mixed at Maison Rouge, The Town House and Right Track Recording
Mastered by Jack Skinner (Sterling Sound, NYC) & Arun Chakraverty (The Master Room, London)
Producer - Mike Thorne
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
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The Age of Consent (album)
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Peter McDonald (born 28 January 1972) is an Irish Oscar nominated stage and screen actor and director. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film for his short film Pentecost.
Early life and education
He grew up in Mount Merrion, County Dublin. He was educated at St. Michael's College, Dublin and graduated from University College Dublin with a Bachelor of Arts, English and a Master of Fine Arts, English in 1994. He got his start in theatre as part of UCD's Drama Society and was a member of the Fly by Night Theatre Company.
Career
McDonald has appeared in films including Felicia's Journey (written and directed by Atom Egoyan, 1999) and When Brendan Met Trudy (written by Roddy Doyle and directed by Kieron J. Walsh, 2000); television series (the BBC's Sea of Souls and Channel 4's Green Wing); and theatre productions both in Dublin and London, including The Lieutenant of Inishmore and Days of Wine and Roses.
He co-starred with Jonathan Pryce and Aidan Gillen in Glengarry Glen Ross at the Apollo Theatre in 2007. He features prominently in RTÉ's comedy show Your Bad Self. He made his debut in 1997 as the character Git Hynes in the Irish comedy I Went Down, co-starring with Brendan Gleeson.
He wrote and directed Pentecost, a live action short film which was nominated for the 2012 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. He co-wrote and acted in the full-length movie, The Stag, which was nominated for six Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) awards in 2014.
He is currently filming for the new BBC Drama "This Town" a BBC drama by Steven Knight.
Theatre
Filmography
Television
Awards and nominations
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Peter McDonald (actor)
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The olivospinal fasciculus (Helweg) was thought to arise in the vicinity of the inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata, and was thought to be seen only in the cervical region of the medulla spinalis, where it forms a small triangular area at the periphery, close to the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots. Its existence is now strongly doubted.
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Olivospinal tract
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Kalanath Mishra (born 19 December 1959) is a Hindi author. His writing spans several genres of Hindi literature, including kavita (poetry), kahani (story), laghukatha (novelettes), samiksha (reviews), and reports.
Biography
Mishra completed his M.A. in Hindi from Patna University. He later received his MBA from L. N. Mishra Institute of Economic Development & Social Change (Patna). He started his career with the Patliputra Times, a daily Hindi newspaper of Bihar. He has been awarded degree of Ph.D. from Patna University, Patna, on the topic : (Sahityakaron ke Jivan par adhrit Hindi Upanyason me jivani ke tatwa evam aupanyasik Kalpana). In 1990, Mishra left his job, and joined as a lecturer of Hindi at Magadh University.
Currently, Mishra is pursuing his writing along with his job. He is working in the field of education, culture, literature and journalism. His articles are being published in various literary magazines.
Publications
Hindi Upanyas me Sahityakaron ka charitra vidhan
Hindi Upanyas me Sanskrit rachanakaron ka Jivan vrit
Jivan Chhand (kavita Sangrah)
Aawara Masiha: Ek Oupanyasik Jivani
Mera Jivan Swet Shyam (kavita Sangrah)
Do Kamare Ka Man (Kahani Sankalan)
Translations
Some Eminent Behar Contemporaries by Dr. Sachidanand Sinha.
Certificates of honour
Visisht Rachnakar Samman By ‘NAI DHARA’ Founded by eminent litterateur Raja Radhika Raman Pd. Singh, Suryapura House, Boring Road, Patna- 800 001
Acharya Ramchandra Shukla Samman, By Sahityakar Sansad, Bihar.
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Kalanath Mishra
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Bill Ketron, Jr. (born September 4, 1953) is a Tennessee politician who was the Mayor of Rutherford County, previously serving as a member of the Tennessee Senate for the 13th district, which was composed of Lincoln, Marshall, and Maury counties, as well as part of Rutherford County from 2003 to his resignation in 2018. He won the August 2 general election for mayor and assumed office on September 1, 2018, resigning from the Senate on the previous day. In the May 3, 2022 Republican primary, Ketron lost reelection to former state representative Joe Carr, who went on to win the general election to succeed him.
Personal background
Ketron was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He graduated from Central High School in Murfreesboro in 1971 and Middle Tennessee State University in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science degree in political science and history. He is the owner of Universal International Insurance, a small business in Murfreesboro.
He married Theresa Fallaw in 1983. Their daughter, Kelsey (born 1990), attends Middle Tennessee State University, and the family attends First United Methodist Church in Murfreesboro.
Political career
Bill Ketron has served as a state senator since being elected to the 103rd Tennessee General Assembly. He served as the Deputy Speaker of the Senate, the chairman of the very active and powerful Senate State and Local Government Committee, and a member of the following committees: the Senate Commerce, Labor and Agriculture; Senate Education; Senate Ethics; and Joint Long Term Care Oversight. He previously held office as a member of the Rutherford County commission from 1990 to 1998. He is a member of the 106th Tennessee General Assembly, the 2010 regular session of which convened on January 25, 2010. He will be up for re-election this year.
He supported Rick Perry for the Republican Party's nomination in the presidential election of 2012.
In February 2011, Ketron and State Rep. Judd Matheny introduced legislation to outlaw sharia law in the state.
In March 2013, Ketron and Matheny drew national attention after inquiring whether a new floor-level sink in the Tennessee state capitol had been installed to allow Muslims to wash their feet before praying. According to state officials, the sink is meant to make it easier for custodial staff to fill buckets and clean mops.
On May 1, 2018, Ketron won the Republican primary for the Rutherford County Mayoral nomination. Ketron won the August 2 general election, defeating his opponent Heather Ann Brown with 24,013 votes to her 14,575 votes. He was sworn into office on September 1, 2018.
On May 3, 2022, Ketron lost renomination for mayor in the Republican primary, placing third behind former state representative Joe Carr, who placed first in the primary with 6,862 votes, and second place finisher Rhonda Allen, who earned 6,239 votes. Ketron received 4,487 votes. Carr went on to win the general election for mayor on August 4, 2022.
Public image
In June 2018, a fraud complaint was filed against Universal International Insurance, of which Ketron is owner and president. The complaint alleges that the company's vice-president, Kelsey Ketron, fraudulently accepted payment for a homeowner's insurance policy, without obtaining the policy, and at a time when she did not possess a valid license to do so. A civil lawsuit is pending in Rutherford County Circuit Court against the company.
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Bill Ketron
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Croatia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Moja štikla" written by Boris Novković, Franjo Valentić and Severina Vučković. The song was performed by Severina. Songwriter Boris Novković represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Vukovi umiru sami" together with Lado members where they placed eleventh in the grand final of the competition. The Croatian broadcaster Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) organised the national final Dora 2006 to select the Croatian entry for the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece. Thirty-two entries competed in the national final which consisted of three shows: two semi-finals and a final. Eight entries qualified from each semi-final on 2 and 3 March 2006 to compete in the final on 4 March 2006. In the final, "Moja štikla" performed by Severina was selected as the winner following the combination of votes from a five-member jury panel and a public televote.
Croatia automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing during the show in position 20, Croatia placed twelfth out of the 24 participating countries with 56 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, Croatia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirteen times since its first entry in . The nation's best result in the contest was fourth, which it achieved on two occasions: in 1996 with the song "Sveta ljubav" performed by Maja Blagdan and in 1999 with the song "Marija Magdalena" performed by Doris Dragović. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Croatia had featured in every final they participated in thus far. In 2005, Croatia managed to qualify to the final with Boris Novković featuring Lado Members and the song "Vukovi umiru sami".
The Croatian national broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), broadcasts the event within Croatia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. HRT confirmed Croatia's participation in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest on 16 January 2006. Since 1993, HRT organised the national final Dora in order to select the Croatian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, a method that was continued for their 2006 participation.
Before Eurovision
Dora 2006
Dora 2006 was the fourteenth edition of the Croatian national selection Dora which selected Croatia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The competition consisted of two semi-finals on 2 and 3 March 2006 and a final on 4 March 2006, all taking place at the Hotel Kvarner in Opatija and broadcast on HTV1.
Format
Thirty-two songs competed in Dora 2006 which consisted of three shows: two semi-finals and a final. Sixteen songs competed in each semi-final with the top eight proceeding to complete the sixteen-song lineup in the final. The results of all shows were determined by public televoting and the votes from a jury panel. The ranking developed by both streams of voting was converted to points from 1 (lowest) to 16 (highest) and assigned to the competing songs. Ties were decided in favour of the entry that received the most points from the jury.
The jury that voted in all three shows consisted of:
Silvije Glojnarić – HRT
Robert Urlić – HR
Željen Klašterka – HTV
Ljiljana Vinković – HTV
Aleksandar Kostadinov – HTV
Competing entries
HRT announced the thirty-two competing entries on 10 February 2006 and among the artists were Magazin which represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995, Danijela Martinović who represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 as part of Magazin and 1998, and Claudia Beni who represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003. The artists and songs for the competition were selected by a five-member expert committee consisting of Silvije Glojnarić (HRT), Robert Urlić (HR), Željen Klašterka (HTV), Ljiljana Vinković (HTV) and Aleksandar Kostadinov (HTV) after artists and composers were directly invited by HRT to submit their entries.
Shows
Semi-finals
The two semi-finals took place on 2 and 3 March 2006. The first semi-final was hosted by Duško Ćurlić, Mirko Fodor and member of Yugoslav Eurovision Song Contest 1989 winner Riva Emilija Kokić in the first semi-final, while the second semi-final was hosted by Duško Ćurlić, Mirko Fodor and 2002 Croatian Eurovision entrant Vesna Pisarović. The eight qualifiers for the final from each semi-final were determined by a 50/50 combination of votes from a five-member jury panel and a public televote.
In addition to the performances of the competing entries, former Croatian Eurovision entrants performed as the interval acts during the semi-finals. Riva, Dubrovački trubaduri (1968 for Yugoslavia), E.N.I. (1997), Goran Karan (2000), Claudia Beni (2003) and Boris Novković (2005) performed in the first semi-final, while Vesna Pisarović, Krunoslav Slabinac (1971 for Yugoslavia), Put (1993), Magazin (1995), Danijela Martinović (1995 and 1998), Vanna (2001) and Ivan Mikulić (2004) performed in the second semi-final.
Final
The final took place on 4 March 2006, hosted by Duško Ćurlić, Mirko Fodor, member of Yugoslav Eurovision Song Contest 1989 winner Riva Emilija Kokić and 2002 Croatian Eurovision entrant Vesna Pisarović. The winner, "Moja štikla" performed by Severina, was determined by a 50/50 combination of votes from a five-member jury panel and a public televote. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, Lady Swing performed as the interval act during the show.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. Following Serbia and Montenegro's withdrawal from the contest on 15 March and subsequent removal from the final, Croatia which placed eleventh in the 2005 contest took its place and automatically qualified to compete in the final on 20 May 2006. On 21 March 2006, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order and Croatia was set to perform in position 20, following the entry from France and before the entry from Ireland. Croatia placed twelfth in the final, scoring 56 points.
Both the semi-final and the final were broadcast in Croatia on HRT with commentary by Duško Ćurlić. The Croatian spokesperson, who announced the Croatian votes during the final, was Mila Horvat.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Croatia and awarded by Croatia in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Croatia
Points awarded by Croatia
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Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
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Pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, which occurred from 1750 to 1850. Pre-industrial refers to a time before there were machines and tools to help perform tasks en masse. Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known as the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society. Pre-Industrial societies vary from region to region depending on the culture of a given area or history of social and political life. Europe was known for its feudal system and the Italian Renaissance.
The term "pre-industrial" is also used as a benchmark for environmental conditions before the development of industrial society: for example, the
Paris Agreement, adopted in Paris on 12 December, 2015 and in force from 4 November, 2016, "aims to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels." The date for the end of the "pre-industrial era" is not defined.
Common attributes
Limited production
Extreme agricultural economy
Limited division of labor. In pre-industrial societies, production was relatively simple and the number of specialized crafts was limited.
Limited variation of social classes
Parochialism—Communications were limited between communities in pre-industrial societies. Few had the opportunity to see or hear beyond their own village. Industrial societies grew with the help of faster means of communication, having more information at hand about the world, allowing knowledge transfer and cultural diffusion between them.
Populations grew at substantial rates
Social classes: peasants and lords
Subsistence level of living
Population dependent on peasants for food
People were located in villages rather than in cities
Economic systems
Hunter gather society
Commodity market
Mercantilism
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence
Labor conditions
Harsh working conditions had been prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static, and child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were not as equally prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.
See also
Agrarian society
Industrialisation
Modernization theory
Traditional society
Dependency Theory
Imperialism
Hunter gatherers
Low technology
Transhumance
Nomads
Pastoral nomads
Nomadic
Post-industrial society
Proto-industrialization
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Pre-industrial society
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Carlos Altamirano Orrego (December 18, 1922 – May 19, 2019) was a Chilean lawyer and socialist politician.
Altamirano was the General Secretary of the Chilean Socialist Party (PS) between 1971 and 1979. Before that, he was deputy from 1961 to 1965 and senator from 1965 to 1973. He fled Chile after Augusto Pinochet's coup d'état in 1973, and was exiled in Cuba, East Germany and France until 1993.
Biography
As a young man, Altamirano won medals in the high jump event at the 1946 and 1947 South American Championships in Athletics. In 1947 he graduated as a lawyer from the University of Chile, where he then served as a professor of public finance and economic law. A member of the Chilean Socialist Party from 1945, he represented the party in the Chamber of Deputies in 1961–1965 and in the Senate in 1965–1973.
A Marxist, Altamirano was one of the most prominent representatives of the left wing of the Socialist Party. On July 26, 1971, having been elected General Secretary of the Socialist Party, he called on President Salvador Allende to dissolve the National Congress. In 1973, sectors of the Chilean Navy tried to convince leaders of the far-right paramilitary organization Patria y Libertad to assassinate him. The plan, however, was not enacted. After the 1973 coup, Altamirano went into exile: after first fleeing to Cuba, he spent the years of Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship in East Berlin (1974–1979) and in Paris (1979–1992). He wrote Dialéctica de una Derrota ("Dialectics of a Defeat") in 1977. During his years in exile, Altamirano would renounce many of his earlier radical political standpoints, instead becoming more of a moderate social democrat. After the beginning of the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990, Altamirano returned to Chile in 1993.
According to lawyer Alun Jones, representative of the Spanish justice during Spain's request to Great Britain for the extradition of Augusto Pinochet, Pinochet had planned an attack against Altamirano just after Francisco Franco's funeral in 1975. A declassified FBI document suggests that Altamirano had become an obsession of DINA director Manuel Contreras, who wanted him assassinated at all cost, but that others within the agency cast doubts, because Altamirano seemed to be a decisive factor among the Chileans living in exile. The same document indicates that the neo-fascists associated with Stefano Delle Chiaie were to assassinate Bernardo Leighton instead.
See also
Operation Condor
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Carlos Altamirano
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Tai Poutini Polytechnic (TPP) is a company who aims to provide tertiary education meeting the needs of West Coast students and businesses. TPP's West Coast programmes include tourism and hospitality training across the retail and service sector, outdoor education training, agriculture, extractive/mining, and specialist jade and hard stone carving programmes.
TPP trains around 6,000 students every year in full or part-time study options. TPP's aim is to get their students into jobs in the local community, so they work with industry partners and local employers to ensure the training is suited to the needs of the West Coast. Training is provided local campuses in Greymouth and Westport, with on-site training at various locations across the region to ensure the students face real world work requirements.
In addition to their West Coast-based programmes, TPP also offers a range of national niche programmes at sites from Wānaka to Auckland, including:
emergency management and search and rescue training through our Emergency Management Department;
industry training including scaffolding, industrial ropes, rigging, and cranes;
civil construction industry training;
ski patrol training based in Wānaka.
In 2017, TPP received a rating of 4 from the New Zealand Qualifications Authority, the worst rating received for a polytechnic institute. In 2018, the New Zealand based media company Stuff released an article about TPP criticizing Tai Poutini Polytechnic.
On 1 April 2020, Tai Poutini Polytechnic was subsumed into New Zealand Institute of Skills & Technology alongside the 15 other Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics (ITPs).
Programmes
Tai Poutini offers a range of mainstream and specialist programmes. Specialist outdoor education programmes, including ski patrol, are located in the South Island. The polytechnic's one and two year jade carving programmes are unique to New Zealand, and are situated near the source of West Coast jade.
Study options:
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Tai Poutini Polytechnic
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The Clone Wars is a series of conflicts in the fictional Star Wars universe.
Clone Wars may also refer to:
Star Wars
Books and comics
Star Wars: Clone Wars (comics), various comic series and trade paperbacks
Star Wars: Clone Wars, a 2008 photo comic adaptation of the TV series
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (novel), a 2008 novelization of the film
Star Wars: The Clone Wars Comic UK, volumes 5 and 6 (2009-2013) of Star Wars Comic UK
Film and television
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series), an animated micro tv series (2003–2005)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series), a computer-animated tv series (2008–2014, 2020)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film), a 2008 theatrical film serving as the pilot for the series
Music
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), by Kevin Kiner (2008)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (Original Soundtrack Seasons One through Six), by Kevin Kiner (2014)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – The Final Season (Episode 1-12) [Original Soundtrack], by Kevin Kiner (2020)
Games
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game), developed by Pandemic Studios and published by LucasArts
Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars, a 2011 video game for multiple platforms, such as Playstation 3, Xbox 360, PC, PSP and Nintendo DS
Star Wars: The Clone Wars, a 2022 board game
Other
X-Men 2: Clone Wars, a 1995 video game
See also
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, a 2002 film
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Clone Wars
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Steven Elm (born August 12, 1975 in Red Deer, Alberta) is a Canadian speed skater from Calgary, Alberta.
Elm has been to three Olympics, and in the 2006 Winter Olympics he won a silver medal as part of the Canadian men's pursuit team. He formerly held the world record in the 3000 m from 2000 to 2001. He also broke the world record in the team pursuit, along with Arne Dankers and Denny Morrison in 2007.
Records
Personal records
World records
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
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Steven Elm
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The Telegraph-Journal is a daily newspaper published in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. It serves as both a provincial daily and as a local newspaper for Saint John. The newspaper is published by Brunswick News. The Telegraph-Journal is the only New Brunswick-based English-language newspaper to be distributed province-wide, and has the highest readership in the province at a weekly circulation of 233,549 and a daily readership of about 100,000.
Brunswick News also publishes a series of editions of regional news, including editions in Fredericton and Moncton under the titles Daily Gleaner and Times & Transcript, respectively. Corporate management is based in Saint John.
In May 2022 the Monday print edition was discontinued, and in March 2023 the print edition was reduced to three days a week. Daily news coverage continues online.
History
The paper has been published out of Saint John since 1862. Capitalist Kenneth Colin (K.C.) Irving, without formal announcement bought New Brunswick Publishing and the Telegraph-Journal, as well as a local Saint John radio station CHSJ in 1944. Eventually word got out that Irving had bought the paper as he began purchasing others in the province.
In 2022, the Telegraph-Journal, along with parent company Brunswick News, was acquired by Postmedia for $7.5 million cash and $8.6 million in variable voting shares.
Controversies
The Telegraph-Journal has been the focus of controversy several times over recent years, with allegations of media control, bias and advocacy journalism on behalf of business and political interests. A report from the Canadian Senate in 2006 on media control in Canada singled out New Brunswick because of the Irving companies' ownership of all English-language daily newspapers in the province, including the Telegraph-Journal. Senator Joan Fraser, author of the Senate report, stated, "We didn't find anywhere else in the developed world a situation like the situation in New Brunswick." The report went further, stating, "the Irvings' corporate interests form an industrial-media complex that dominates the province" to a degree "unique in developed countries." At the Senate hearing, journalists and academics cited Irving newspapers' lack of critical reporting on the family's influential businesses.
Irving family scion Jamie Irving took over as publisher in 2005, after which criticism of the Telegraph-Journals journalism became even more prevalent. This was particularly notable during the newspaper's reporting of issues related to electricity rates and NB Power, the crown corporation responsible for power generation and distribution. Editorials argued against rate increases that would harm J.D. Irving Ltd but failed to acknowledge the conflict of interest.
In 2009 the Telegraph-Journal weathered a storm of national attention after a series of incidents that raised issues regarding the newspaper's credibility. The Telegraph-Journal faced charges of political bias when it fired intern Matt McCann for writing a story about a protest against the award by the University of New Brunswick of an honorary degree to New Brunswick Premier Shawn Graham. In response to the firing, respected professors from the University of New Brunswick, Mount Allison University and St. Thomas University announced a boycott of the newspaper.
Further controversy arose over the Telegraph-Journals reporting of municipal affairs in Saint John. The newspaper ran a series of stories alleging mismanagement and inappropriate conduct by the City Manager and senior staff, based on what were later seen as fabrications, and faced allegations that it was using negative coverage to blackmail the City into making changes in administration and the tax rate. This led to a very public conflict between the Mayor and the newspaper.
Shortly after, in the "Wafergate" affair, Telegraph-Journal editors altered a news story about the funeral of Lieutenant Governor Romeo LeBlanc to allege that the Prime Minister of Canada 'pocketed' a communion wafer while attending. The resulting controversy dominated national news coverage. Embarrassingly, the Telegraph-Journal was later forced to retract the allegation and apologize for fabricating the story after its own reporters threatened a lawsuit over editorial manipulation. The newspaper's credibility suffered further under critical national media attention. Editor Shawna Richer was dismissed and publisher Jamie Irving was suspended. A well-respected editor was brought in from outside the province to rehabilitate the publication, though Jamie Irving quietly returned to manage the Telegraph-Journal later in the year.
Controversy continued in 2009 when a Telegraph-Journal writer plagiarized an entire story from the French-language paper, L’Acadie Nouvelle. The incident triggered another apology from the Telegraph-Journal.
In 2015 the Telegraph-Journal once again came under scrutiny over its efforts to obtain, as part of a campaign for greater transparency into government lobbying and partisanship, lists of guests at the Government of New Brunswick's "Larry’s Gulch" luxury fishing lodge. An employee of Brunswick News, the newspaper's parent organization, had been a guest at the lodge and contrived to have his own name deleted from the lists prior to publication. Brunswick News had become aware of this ethical breach but didn't act until another news outlet, Canadaland, was about to break the story. The employee was forced out, and despite its earlier fervour for transparency the Telegraph-Journal quietly dropped further efforts to publish Larry's Gulch guest lists. Court proceedings in 2019 suggested that greater Irving family control over the newspaper's editorial direction was a factor in how the organization handled this affair.
See also
List of newspapers in Canada
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Telegraph-Journal
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Elginia is an extinct genus of pareiasaurid known from the Late Permian of Scotland and China. It was named for the area around Elgin in Scotland, which has yielded many fossils referred to as the Elgin Reptiles.
Discovery
The type species of Elginia, Elginia mirabilis, was first described in 1893 by E.T. Newton, after fellow geologists John Horne and Archibald Geikie informed him of several unusual specimens stored at the Elgin Museum in Scotland. The specimens were collected several years earlier from the coarse sandstones of the nearby Cutties Hillock Quarry. The quarry’s sandstone, the Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation, is often (but not always) considered equivalent to the otherwise fossil-poor Hopeman Sandstone Formation of broader Scottish geology. Tetrapod remains occupy a narrow section of the sandstone, lying above a pebbly layer. The sandstones of Cutties Hillock were deposited at the very end of the Permian Period, based on a dicynodont fauna similar to that of the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa.
The tetrapod fossils of Elgin are rarely preserved as actual bone material, but instead as external molds within the sandstone. To reconstruct the original shape of the fossils, the sandstone had to be split open, revealing fine sand and metal oxides filling the cavities left by the original bones. Once the infill is prepared away, the cavities are used as molds for casts made of gutta-percha latex, which can then be removed and described as proxies for the original fossils.
Elginia mirabilis is known from a few of these types of fossils, now stored at museums in Elgin and Edinburgh. The holotype, GSE 4780-4788, is a jawless but otherwise well-preserved cranium. A pair of dorsal vertebrae (GSE 4791) and a slightly longer portion of backbone including the sacrum (EMS 1978/546-548) were both recovered near the skull. They may represent postcrania of Elginia or a related pareiasaur. Later referred specimens, RMS 1956 8.1 and 8.2, collectively represent large portions of a skeleton, including many postcranial elements. ELGNM 1978.560, a small partial skeleton first interpreted as the tail of Gordonia, and then as an indeterminate procolophonid, was described as a juvenile Elginia in 2000. A second species of Elginia, Elginia wuyongae, was described in 2018. It consists of IVPP V 23875, a partial skull and backbone collected from outcrops of the Naobaogou Formation near Baotou, China.
Description
Elginia individuals were fairly small by pareiasaur standards. The holotype skull of E. mirabilis had a length of about 21 cm (8.3 inches) including the horns, or about 15 cm (6 inches) without them. Newton (1893) estimated that Elginia was about 90 cm (35.4 inches) long from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail, though knowledge of pareiasaurian postcrania was quite limited at the time. Spencer & Lee (2000) estimated that the adult E. mirabilis specimens could reach a total length of 1 meter (3.3 feet). The juvenile they described would have been one of the smallest known parareptile specimens, only 25 cm (9.8 inches) long.
Skull
General structure
The skull of Elginia is fairly deep and strongly-built, like other pareiasaurs. It has a triangular profile from above, with its rear edge about as wide as its front-to-back length, not counting the horns. Sutures on the skull are difficult to distinguish due to the fossil’s method of preservation, but a few conclusions can be reached. The premaxilla is one of the few smoothly-textured bones, running between a pair of nares (nostril holes) which open towards the front. The snout is short, with small nasal bones above the nares and a deep maxilla behind them. The teeth are closely packed, attached to the edge of the skull with apparent pleurodont implantation. The teeth are leaf-shaped, with a long, narrow root and approximately nine large, rounded serrations on a pentagonal crown. There are an estimated 12 teeth on each side of the skull.
There seems to be a thin lacrimal above the maxilla. The orbit (eye socket) has sharp corners and a rear edge (formed by the postorbital) that is deeper than the front edge (formed by the prefrontal and lacrimal). The upper edge of the orbit, formed by the prefrontal and postfrontal bones, is straight in E. mirabilis and smoothly vaulted in E. wuyongae. The cheek region at the back of the skull is deep and sturdy, without any temporal fenestrae. It is divided into four rectangular bones, the postorbital (upper front), squamosal (upper rear), quadratojugal (lower rear) and the large rear part of the jugal (lower front). The jugal is hatchet-shaped, with a somewhat narrower front branch forming the lower edge of the orbit. The quadratojugal expands downwards to create a cheek flange, though Elginia’s cheek flange is less extreme than that of many other pareiasaurs.
A large pineal fossa is present midway down the skull roof. The pineal fossa was likely located at the front end of the broad, plate-like parietal bones. A small, isolated midline bone lies behind the parietals and is followed by a pair of much larger triangular bones, which lie at the rear edge of the skull. The isolated midline bone is likely a singular postparietal. This would make Elginia one of the few pareiasaurs with a postparietal separated from the rear edge of the skull. The supernumerary elements (larger bone pair) may be tabulars, though they may instead be osteoderms incorporated into the skull roof. They smoothly connect outwards to supratemporal bones, which themselves connect outwards to the squamosals.
Horns
The most unique characteristic of Elginia is the elaborate array of spines and horns covering the skull. These horns are covered with grooves and ridges, indicating that they likely were extended by keratinous sheaths. Even in areas without prominent horns, the skull is roughly textured with small irregular bosses and rounded pits. In E. mirabilis, there are a total of 40 large protuberances on the skull, with 38 paired horns or bosses, and two lone median protuberances. One median spine would have been present at the tip of the snout, though it has broken off in the fossil, leaving behind a ‘crater-like’ depression. The other median protuberance was a large conical boss present on the parietal or postparietal, behind the pineal fossa.
The largest horns are a pair of elongated spines which curve backwards and outwards from the supratemporal bones. The elongated spines have a rounded outer edge and a flattened inner edge. Another supratemporal horn is present at each pedicel forming the base of the elongated horns. Each supernumerary element (tabular?) has a strong spike sticking upwards and curving slightly forwards, as well as at least one smaller boss in front of it. Each parietal has two pairs of horns: a larger one adjacent to the pineal fossa, and a smaller boss behind each of those horns. A horn is also present on each frontal, about midway between the pineal fossa and the tip of the snout.
The rear edge of the cheek region has two pairs of horns pointing backwards: a large, flattened horn on each squamosal and a smaller curved spine on each quadratojugal. Each quadratojugal also has three more spines: a sharply-pointed spine directed outwards, and two small protuberances directed downwards. A flattened spine is also directed outwards from the middle of the squamosal. A low flattened spine is present on each jugal, just below and behind the orbit. A rounded boss is present on each maxilla, right behind the nares. Each nasal bone has a small, flattened horn overhanging the nares. Three horns are present on the upper edge of each orbit, likely lying on the prefrontal, postfrontal, and postorbital bones, respectively.
The skull of E. wuyongae is incomplete, but its ornamentation seems to be more subdued than that of E. mirabilis. The frontals have low bosses rather than sharp horns, and the parietals and postparietal seem fairly flat. The elongated supratemporal spines (and the smaller spines at their base) seem to have been present, but only their bases are preserved. This is also the case with the supernumerary elements (tabulars?), which have a fragmented boss in place of a large spine. The three horns above the orbit have been modified into large rectangular bosses, the largest being the middle (postfrontal) boss.
Braincase and palate
The foramen magnum of the braincase is wide, with its lower and outer margins primarily formed by fan-shaped exoccipital bones. The exoccipitals are connected to the outer skull roof by opisthotic bones. The opisthotics have the form of horizontally-oriented buttresses which slightly curve upwards towards the squamosals. The basioccipital bone forms a small portion of the foramen magnum’s lower edge, as well as the occipital condyle. The basioccipital is tall, sending out two concave flanges which give it an upside-down V shape from behind. At its lower extent, the basioccipital connects to the parabasisphenoid bone, which forms the base of the braincase. The parabasisphenoid is unusually narrow in Elginia, tapering forwards before expanding slightly at its front extent. The basioccipital’s flanges (and the groove formed between them) gradually diminish as they extend onto the parabasisphenoid.
The parabasisphenoid terminates at a small teardrop-shaped hole, the interpterygoid vacuity. Bones of the palate (roof of the mouth) lie ahead of this hole. The palate is broad, though the sutures of its component bones are difficult to assess. There are two large choanae (internal nares) near the front; they have rounded rear edges and tapering front edges. The rear of the palatal plate is formed by the transverse flange of the pterygoid. The transverse flange is sinuous and extends as far back as the quadrate bones of the skull roof. A large, heart-shaped hole lies in front of the transverse flange. Four ridges, which likely supported teeth, run down the middle of the palate. The two inner ridges extend as far forwards as the choanae, while the two outer ridges are slightly curved and terminate behind the choanae. Additional sharp ridges, which seem to be toothless, lie along the heart-shaped holes defined by the pterygoids.
Postcranial skeleton
The postcranial morphology of Elginia is fairly typical among pareiasaurs, with a robust body and short tail. The vertebrae are amphicoelous (concave on both ends), with swollen neural arches and short neural spines. Large zygapophyses give the vertebrae a ‘butterfly-shaped’ profile when seen from above. The dorsal ribs are long and curved, with chisel-shaped tips. They attach to the vertebrae via transverse processes which sweep backwards and upwards. In E. wuyongae, a flange connects the transverse processes to the postzygapophyses, while in E. mirabilis the structures are separate. The sacral vertebrae are flattened from the side and have large sacral ribs which weakly contact the ilium. The caudal ribs are mostly straight, only slightly downturned at the tips. Large, densely-packed osteoderms cover much of the torso. These osteoderms each have a spine-like central boss from which many irregular ridges radiate out. Smaller stud-like osteoderms were certainly present on the thigh and possibly other parts of the limbs, though they may have been accidentally removed during fossil preparation. The juvenile specimen described by Spencer & Lee (2000) completely lacks osteoderms.
The scapula is somewhat long and plate-like, with a lateral ridge leading to a strong acromion process. There was no evidence of a cleithrum. The humerus had a wide lower end, but its joint surfaces did not project far outwards. The entepicondyle of the humerus seems to possess an entepicondylar foramen as well as a strong ridge delimiting the trochlea. The ilium is similar to that of Scutosaurus, with a long rear blade as well as a somewhat large front blade strongly inclined upwards and outwards. The femoral head bends slightly upwards and forwards. A crest-like postaxial flange runs down the entire rear edge of the femur, narrowing in the middle and projecting horizontally. The underside of the femur has a long and curved internal trochanter. A prominent longitudinal ridge, the cnemial crest, is present on the tibia.
Classification
As with many pareiasaurs, precise phylogenetic placement is uncertain. Elginia shares with Scutosaurus elaborate cranial ornament, which has been used to suggest the two were closely related. Elginia has also been hypothesized to share a relationship with the more basal taxon Dolichopareia (=Nochelesaurus) on the basis of a deeply notched skull table shared with the latter, however other authors have argued that this association was based on taphonomic distortion. Cladistic analyses have tended to nest Elginia deeper among pareiasaurs, making it more derived than the earlier giant Pareiasaurus and Scutosaurus. The placement of Elginia remains volatile, with the taxon hopping between more apical pareiasaurs such as Therischian and more basal pareiasaurs such as Scutosaurus and pumiliopareiasaurs.
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Elginia
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The Third International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Friday, May 30, 1913. Frenchman Jules Goux became the first foreign-born, and first European winner of the Indianapolis 500. His margin of victory of 13 minutes, 8 seconds (approximately 7 laps) over second place Spencer Wishart still stands, as of 2022, as the largest margin of victory in Indy history.
Race Summary
After the entries in the first two years of the Indianapolis 500 had been almost exclusively American, 1913 saw six drivers travel to the United States from Europe to enter, likely attracted by the impressive $20,000 first prize (). A total of 27 cars would meet the 75 mile per hour qualifying speed, led by Jack Tower at 88.230 mph. The starting grid was determined by a random draw of names, and Caleb Bragg would be given the pole.
Tower's car turned over on the southwest turn on lap 51, causing him to sustain a broken leg and his riding mechanic, Lee Dunning, to break three ribs. Bob Burman started the race as the favorite, and led 41 laps early, before his car caught fire on lap 55. Burman was able to repair his car and continue, however continuing problems led to several more stops and a replacement driver, who brought the car home in eleventh (unfortunately only the top ten finishers received prize money).
French-born Jules Goux, driving a car owned and manufactured by Peugeot (where his father was the factory Supervisor) would lead the race on four occasions. Bob Evans dueled with Goux, leading laps 125–135, but would be forced out of the race on lap 158 due to a mechanical problem. Goux would dominate the remainder of the race, leading 138 laps en route to a victory of a more than 13 minute margin, making him the first non-American winner of the 500. The car contained a four-cylinder dual overhead camshaft engine, which would serve as a model for many future entries. Goux would state after the race that his manager forced him stay below the car's top speed, feeling the lead was safe. Spencer Wishart was the top finishing American in second, while two of the other European cars would finish fourth and fifth.
Rules at the time required the top ten drivers to finish the full 500 miles to receive prize money. This led to an interesting sight for spectators who remained after Goux's finish. Charlie Merz, in contention for second place, would have his car catch fire towards the end of lap 199. Merz, not wishing to surrender the prize money, drove the final lap on fire, while Harry Martin, his riding mechanic, crawled out on top of the hood of the still moving car to beat at the flames and release the straps the held the engine cover to allow the fire to be extinguished faster. Merz finished third. Martin would unfortunately be killed while helping test a car on the speedway less than two months later.
Champagne
Urban legends claim that race winner Jules Goux consumed "six bottles of champagne" en route to victory. However, that claim is believed to be exaggerated. Instead, during Goux's six pit stops, only four bottles (each pint) were shared between himself and his riding mechanic Emil Begin, with each taking some sips, but likely not enough to become intoxicated. Other swigs were spit out using the champagne as a mouthwash. It was a hot day, and given the punishing conditions, during his first pit stop Goux was quoted as saying "Rustle me a pint of wine or I'll blow" After the race, in victory lane, Goux stated "The heat was terrible. I suffered and but for the wine, I should have been unable to drive this race." In subsequent years, AAA officials banned the consumption of alcohol during competition.
Official results
Qualification results
Entries required to complete one lap in excess of 75 mph (120.7 km/h) to qualify, but starting grid determined by blind draw from a hat the night preceding the race.
Race results
Race finishing times recorded down to one-twentieth-second intervals.
All entries still running at conclusion scored ahead of non-finishing entries, regardless of race completion percentage.
* Several sources claim Zuccarelli's entry to have carried the numerical designation #15. Photographs taken of entries qualified for the 1913 race, however, exhibit #45 prominently displayed on the Peugeot's front-facing engine grill.
† De Palma is usually shown as American, but his application for a US passport (available at ) reveals that he did not become a US citizen until 1920
Race details
For 1913, riding mechanics were required.
Notes
Works cited
Indianapolis 500 Chronicle, 1999, Rick Pope
2006 Indianapolis 500 Official Program
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1913 Indianapolis 500
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Different conventions exist around the world for date and time representation, both written and spoken.
Differences
Differences can exist in:
The calendar that is used.
The order in which the year, month, and day are represented. (Year-month-day, day-month-year, and month-day-year are the common combinations.)
How weeks are identified (see seven-day week)
Whether written months are identified by name, by number (1–12), or by Roman numeral (I-XII).
Whether the 24-hour clock, 12-hour clock, or 6-hour clock is used.
Whether the minutes (or fraction of an hour) after the previous hour or until the following hour is used in spoken language.
The punctuation used to separate elements in all-numeric dates and times.
Which days are considered the weekend.
ISO 8601
International standard ISO 8601 (Representation of dates and times) defines unambiguous written all-numeric big-endian formats for dates, such as 2022-12-31 for 31 December 2022, and time, such as 23:59:58 for 23 hours, 59 minutes, and 58 seconds.
These standard notations have been adopted by many countries as a national standard, e.g., BS EN 28601 in the UK and similarly in other EU countries, ANSI INCITS 30-1997 (R2008), and FIPS PUB 4–2 in the United States (FIPS PUB 4-2 withdrawn in United States). They are, in particular, increasingly widely used in computer applications, since the most to least significant digit order provides a simple method to order and sort time readings.
Local conventions
Date
The little-endian format (day, month, year; 1 June 2022) is the most popular format worldwide, followed by the big-endian format (year, month, day; 2006 June 1). Dates may be written partly in Roman numerals (i.e. the month) or written out partly or completely in words in the local language.
Time
The 24-hour clock is the most commonly used method worldwide to physically represent the time of day. Some regions utilize 24-hour time notation in casual speech as well, such as regions that speak German, French, or Romanian, though this is less common overall; other countries that utilize the 24-hour clock for displaying time physically may use the 12-hour clock more often in verbal communication.
In most English-speaking regions, the 12-hour clock is the predominant form of representing the time of day physically, while the 24-hour clock is generally used for contexts where unambiguity and accurate timekeeping are important, such as for public transport schedules. These are only generalizations, however, as there is no consistent rule for using one over the other: in the UK, train timetables will typically use 24-hour time, but road signs indicating time restrictions (e.g. on bus lanes) typically use 12-hour time, e.g. "Monday–Friday 6.30–8.30pm". The BBC website uses the 24-hour clock for its TV and radio programme listings, while BBC promotions for upcoming programmes give their times according to the 12-hour clock. Punctuation and spacing styles differ, even within English-speaking countries (6:30 p.m., 6:30 pm, 6:30 PM, 6.30pm, etc.).
Most people who live in countries that use one of the clocks dominantly are still able to understand both systems without much confusion; the statements "three o'clock" and "15:00", for example, are easily recognized as synonyms. While speaking, it may also be common for both systems to be used. People may often pronounce time in 12-hour notation, even when reading a 24-hour display, or use both notations simultaneously. In the latter case, the exact point in time is often registered in 24-hour notation ("The train leaves at fourteen forty-five ..."), while the 12-hour notation is used in more ambiguous contexts ("... so I will be back tonight some time after five."). While most countries lack formal abbreviations to distinguish before and after noon, many people will commonly use informal designations, such as "in the morning" or "in the evening".
In certain languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and English the hour is divided into quarters and halves, spoken of relative to the closest hour. In Arabic, thirds of an hour are also used. (xx:20, xx:40)
In Czech quarters and halves always refer to the following hour, e.g. čtvrt na osm (quarter on eight) meaning 7:15, půl osmé (half of eight) meaning 7:30 and tři čtvrtě na osm (three-quarters on eight) meaning 7:45. This corresponds to the time between 7:00 and 8:00 being the eighth hour of the day (the first hour starting at midnight). Russian uses the same convention: четверть восьмого (quarter of the eighth hour), полвосьмого (half of eight), без четверти восемь (eight without a quarter) meaning 7:15, 7:30, 7:45 respectively.
In many Germanic languages, with the exception of English, the half-hour refers to the next hour (half to nine rather than half past eight). In colloquial language, this can cause confusion between English and German (and other Germanic languages). In conversational English as spoken in the UK, half past eight (for 8:30) is often reduced to half eight (whereas in the United States half past eight would always be used). But in German , Dutch , and Swedish , all invariably mean 7:30. For the quarters, e.g. 7:15 and 7:45, in German different dialects use or (literally "quarter past seven" or "quarter eight"), and or (literally "quarter to eight" or "three-quarters eight").
In many countries it is common in spoken language to refer to times in minutes or fractions of an hour relative to the following hour rather than the previous one for times after the 30 minute mark – eg 8:55 would be said as "five to nine", and 6:45 would be "quarter to seven".
In French, the quarters are expressed as additions or subtractions of the full hour: (literally "seven hours and quarter"), ("seven hours and half"), ("eight hours less the quarter"). It is also common to use this format in Portuguese, specifically in the northern part of Portugal.
In France and Vietnam, the common separator between hours and minutes is the letter "h" (18h45, for example).
In Finland and Indonesia, the common separator between hours and minutes is a dot (18.45, for example).
Date and time notation on the continents
Date and time notation in Africa
Date and time notation in Asia
Date and time notation in Arabia
Date and time notation in Bahrain
Date and time notation in India
Date and time notation in Iran
Date and time notation in Japan
Date and time notation in Korea
Date and time notation in South Korea
Date and time notation in Mongolia
Date and time notation in Nepal
Date and time notation in Pakistan
Date and time notation in Russia
Date and time notation in Thailand
Date and time notation in the Philippines
Date and time notation in Turkey
Date and time notation in Vietnam
Date and time notation in North America
Date and time notation in Canada
Date and time notation in the United States
Date and time notation in Europe
Date and time notation in France
Date and time notation in Italy
Date and time notation in Spain
Date and time notation in Sweden
Date and time notation in the Netherlands
Date and time notation in the United Kingdom
Date and time notation in Oceania
Date and time notation in Australia
See also
Calendar date
Common Locale Data Repository, a database that covers national date and time notations
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Date and time representation by country
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Groenlandsekade is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the municipality of De Ronde Venen, about 4 km northeast of Vinkeveen. Groenlandsekade consists of a single road, parallel to the A2 highway Amsterdam-Utrecht. The road is situated on an embankment ("kade" in Dutch), which forms the northeast shore of the lake area Vinkeveensche Plassen.
Until his death in 2004, the popular Dutch singer André Hazes lived here.
It was first mentioned between 1839 and 1859 as "De Vinkenkade of Groenland". The etymology is unclear. Groenlandsekade is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Vinkeveen. There are no place name signs. Groenlandsekade consists of about 75 houses.
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Groenlandsekade
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Enoch Olinga (June 24, 1926September 16, 1979) was born to a Ugandan family of the Iteso ethnic group. He became a Baháʼí, earned the title Knight of Baháʼu'lláh and was appointed as the youngest Hand of the Cause, the highest appointed position in the religion. He served the interests of the religion widely and especially in Africa. He returned to Uganda during a time of turmoil and ultimately was murdered with his family.
Early history
The second son to Samusan Okadakina and Eseza Iyamitai, his father was a catechist and missionary for the Anglican church. In 1927, Enoch's family moved to the village of Tilling where he was educated in missionary schools. He studied economics and learned several languages enough to work as a translator. Eventually he learned six languages and published three books on language issues. In 1941 Olinga joined the British Royal Army Educational Corps and served in Nairobi, capital of Kenya and beyond. On return to Uganda in 1946 he soon married and began having children (eight.) Around 1950, he moved to Kampala. and encountered the Baháʼí Faith in 1951. Though Olinga had already lost a government job to alcoholism he attended classes taught by Nakhjavani and became the third Ugandan to become a Baháʼí and swore off alcohol in February 1952. He did so at the forefront of a period of large scale growth in the religion. It was also the year he published Kidar Aijarakon, a translation of the New Testament in Ateso. By October 1952 Olinga's father joined the religion.
Father of victories
In 1953 he became the first Baháʼí pioneer to British Cameroon, and was given the title Knight of Baháʼu'lláh for that country. Ali Nakhjavani, and his wife along with Olinga and two other Baháʼís travelled from Uganda to Cameroon - the other Baháʼís were dropped along the way in other countries. As the number of Baháʼís grew in Cameroon new Baháʼís left the immediate region to pioneer in other surrounding areas, each becoming a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh including Ghana, and Togo. Because of the successive waves of people becoming Knights of Baháʼu'lláh, Enoch Olinga was entitled "Abu'l-Futuh", a Persian name meaning "the father of victories" by Shoghi Effendi. In 1954 a Baháʼí book belonging to Olinga, Paris Talks, became the basis of a Baha'i Church in Nigeria in Calabar which operated in 1955-56. The church was disconnected from the Baháʼí community but applied the Baháʼí teachings with virtually all of the Cameroonian men on one large palm plantation. The church was established, flourished, and then collapsed utterly unrecognized and unknown to the Baháʼís and to the international Baha'i community until one of the founders tried to return the book. Both leaders of the church later officially joined the religion and helped form the first Local Spiritual Assembly of Calabar in 1957 and served in other positions.
A biography published in 1984 examined his impact in Cameroon and beyond. The first person in Cameroon to join the religion withstood beatings to persevere in his choice. The first woman to become a Baháʼí in Cameroon did so from his impact on her life though she had been an active Christian before - both she and her husband converted and were among the first to move to Togo and then Ghana. Another early Baháʼí, the first of the Bamiliki tribe, moved to what was then French Cameroon to help there. Another early contact joined the religion later but his wife was the first Baháʼí of Nigeria. The researcher again found that there was an emphasis not on rooting out cultural traditions among the peoples but instead focusing on awareness of the religion and awareness of scientific knowledge should not relate to social class. There were accusations of political intrigue of which Olinga was acquitted. It was judged that Olinga was always sincere and never belittled.
Worldwide service and travels
In February 1957, in four years, Olinga traveled on Baháʼí pilgrimage for 10 days. Immediately afterwards he was able to visit back to Uganda to attend the laying of the foundation stone of the first Baháʼí House of Worship of Africa. In October 1957 Shoghi Effendi appointed him as a Hand of the Cause of God at the age of 31. He was the only native African named as a Hand of the Cause. In November news of the death of Shoghi Effendi spread through Olinga was unable to attend the funeral in London. However Olinga was in attendance for the first Conclave of the Hands in Bahjí on November 18, 1957 to review the situation and the way forward leading to the election of the Universal House of Justice.
Ebony magazine covered a conference in Uganda in January 1958 which Olinga and his wife attended and pictured him on page 129. However Olinga did not stay in Uganda - he returned to Haifa where he served at the Baháʼí World Center until 1963 when Olinga chaired the opening session of the first Baháʼí World Congress in 1963 which announced the election of the first Universal House of Justice. He then returned to live in East Africa and found he was estranged from his wife Eunica. They separated and divorced; he moved to Nairobi with his second wife, Elizabeth and all of his children and he continued to travel widely. After fellow Hand of Cause Músá Banání died, Enoch purchased his home in Kampala. Additional travels after 1968 were extensive, including a tour of Upper West Africa in 1969 and later that same year, South America, Central America, passing through the United States, then the Solomon Islands, and Japan. In 1977, Olinga represented the Universal House of Justice at the International Conference held in Brazil and then attended another one in Mérida, Mexico.
His co-religionist Dizzy Gillespie wrote a song named Olinga; and it was the title track of an album by Milt Jackson, produced by Creed Taylor, recorded in 1974 and re-issued in 1988 and covered by Judy Rafat on her tribute album to Gillespie in 1999. Olinga was also a song released by Mary Lou Williams in 1995.
Return to Uganda
In September 1977 the administrative institutions of the religion in Uganda had been disbanded by the government along with over two dozen other groups. Soon the Uganda-Tanzania War broke out in 1978 and President Amin was overthrown by early 1979. Olinga returned to Uganda to protect the community as much as he could.
The country was in a period of street violence from 1978. In March 1979 the Olinga home was robbed though the temple was undisturbed and there was a suspicious accident where Olinga's car was rammed and forced down a hill by a troop transport vehicle, where he was robbed and left for dead, and Olinga's son George was disappeared for a week by soldiers of Amin. Death threats perhaps simply because of his prominence came to Olinga from his home town. Meanwhile, after President Amin fled in April the religion began to re-organize. After a night of area bombardment when Olinga spent the night praying in the temple and it and he emerged undamaged the organization of the religion began though his house was being plundered upon his return. First was the re-opening of the Baháʼí House of Worship again, and the beginning of reforming the national assembly in August. Olinga chaired its first organizational meeting.
Murder
Neighbors and a garden servant boy bore witness mostly by hearing events of the execution of the Olinga family. Sunday, September 16, 1979 was the birthday of one of Olinga's daughters, and planned as a day of a family reunion; a few could not arrive in time. After 8pm local time five soldiers entered Olinga's home. While one stood guard at the household gate, the others killed Olinga, his wife, and three of their five children. Trails of blood went from the kitchen to the back of the house. One of the children had been hurt and roughly bandaged before the family was executed. Enoch himself was killed out in the yard where he had been heard weeping, after perhaps seeing his dead family in the very same house in which he had joined the religion. The news was conveyed initially by the garden servant to a member of the national Baháʼí administration, and then to a 79-year-old pioneer, Claire Gung, who called internationally. Ultimately news reached the Universal House of Justice, the head of the religion, while it sat in session on the 17th. All the dead were buried in the Baháʼí cemetery on the grounds of the Ugandan Baháʼí House of Worship on the 25th while civil war and terrorism continued. The funeral included hundreds of Baháʼís who could make the trip and several members of the government of Uganda.
Commemorations
One of Olinga's surviving sons, George Olinga, in about February 1985 made a return trip to Uganda where he and another gave a talk at one of the primary schools about the religion and the institutions of the religion. Also in February 1985 Claire Gung died.
Since 1996 the Olinga Foundation for Human Development has offered training in remote primary and junior secondary schools in Ghana's Western Region. In 2009 Enlightening the Hearts Literacy (EHL) Campaign of the Olinga Foundation is an educational programme reaching more than 400 schools across rural Ghana. Its two main goals are to improve literacy rates of children aged 9 –15 through better literacy instruction and to increase capabilities of teachers and children through moral education and personal transformation. The programme is a 2009 finalist for Emerging ChangeMakers Network Champions of Quality Education in Africa competition.
An online university, The Enoch Olinga College of Intercultural Studies, Inc. (ENOCIS) was founded in his name seeking to promote globalistic approach to the problem of poverty.
The Olinga Academy in Australia seeks to promote and carry out social and economic development, in primarily rural and indigenous communities, through projects and training.
A documentary, Enoch Olinga, was conceived in 1986, begun in December 1996 and finished in April 2000 as a four-part, 144-minute video. This was showcased at the Dawn Breakers International Film Festival.
See also
Baháʼí Faith in Uganda
Baháʼí Faith in Cameroon
Iteso
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Enoch Olinga
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A non-dairy creamer, commonly also called tea whitener or coffee whitener or else just creamer, is a liquid or granular product intended to substitute for milk or cream as an additive to coffee, tea, hot chocolate or other beverages. They do not contain lactose and therefore are commonly described as being non-dairy products, although many contain casein, a milk-derived protein.
Dry granular products do not need to be refrigerated and can be used and stored in locations which do not have a refrigerator. Liquid non-dairy creamers should be tightly capped and refrigerated after opening. Some non-dairy creamers contain sweeteners and flavors, such as vanilla, hazelnut or Irish cream. As with other processed food products, low calorie and low fat versions are available for non-dairy creamers.
History
Holton "Rex" Diamond, an employee of Rich Products, performed experiments from 1943 to 1945 with using a form of soybean protein" to make a "soy cream" that would not form curds when mixed with coffee. Diamond's experiments are the first English-language reference to a non-dairy creamer for coffee. Frank S. Mitchell, another Rich Products Corp. employee, and Diamond developed a non-dairy whipped topping for their employer in 1946. Mitchell also developed a non-dairy coffee creamer, Perx, which was successful in the market.
In 1950, Melvin Morse and Dick Borne of Presto Foods developed "Mocha Mix Coffee Creamer", which was the first commercial non-dairy creamer and the first product with the term “coffee creamer” in the name. Another early commercial powdered creamer was "Pream", first marketed in 1952 and made from dehydrated cream and sugar. It did not dissolve easily because of the protein in the milk.
Six years later, in 1958, the Carnation Company developed a product that easily dissolved in hot liquid because it replaced most of the milk fat with vegetable oil, and reduced the milk protein. The new product was marketed under the Carnation label with the brand name Coffee-Mate and released in 1961, shortly after the commercial introduction of Rich Products' CoffeeRich. Borden followed suit by launching Cremora non-dairy creamer in 1963.
Ingredients
To replicate the mouthfeel of milk fats, nondairy creamers often contain hydrogenated vegetable oils, although nonfat nondairy creamers/whiteners also exist. Other common ingredients include solidified corn syrup and other sweeteners or flavorings (such as French vanilla, hazelnut and Irish cream); as well as sodium caseinate, a milk protein derivative (from casein) that does not contain lactose.
The use of a milk derivative prompts some individuals and organizations – such as vegans and Jewish dietary law authorities – to classify the product as "dairy" rather than nondairy. Those who rely on this classification will either not consume the product (e.g., vegans) or will not use or consume it in conjunction with any meat products (e.g., observant Jews). As with other processed food products, low calorie and low fat versions are available for non-dairy creamers. People with milk allergy need to be aware that non-dairy creamer may contain sodium caseinate, a milk protein. It will be in the ingredient list.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that products with sodium caseinate may contain low levels of lactose. For a normal serving, the amounts are too small to trigger lactose intolerance.
Non-food uses
As with many other powders, large amounts of powdered non-dairy creamer powder are susceptible to dust explosion when suspended in air. Amateur filmmakers and pyrotechnicians have taken advantage of this property to produce several types of fireball effects. Individuals using powdered non-dairy creamer in the ordinary amounts used in a cup of coffee do not face a risk of dust explosion.
See also
Coffee break
List of dried foods
Plant milk
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Non-dairy creamer
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Cephalium is a frequently brightly coloured structure of wool and bristle at the growing tip of certain cacti. It is most commonly found on cacti of the genus Melocactus and can take a number of colours, forms and shapes.
The cephalium will only begin growing after a cactus has reached a certain size or age. Once flowering begins the flower buds will form from the cephalium.
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Cephalium
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Title 21 of the United States Code governs Food and Drugs in the United States Code (U.S.C.).
Title 21 — Food and Drugs
Title 21 has 26 chapters:
— Adulterated or Misbranded Foods or Drugs (§§ 1—26)
— Teas (repealed) (§§ 41–50)
— Filled Milk (§§ 61–64)
Filled Milk Act
— Animals, Meats, and Meat and Dairy Products (§§ 71–149)
— Viruses, Serums, Toxins, Antitoxins, and Analogous Products (§§ 151–159)
— [Bureau of Narcotics] (omitted) (§§ 161–165)
former Federal Bureau of Narcotics
— [Narcotic Drugs] (repealed or transferred)
— Practice of Pharmacy and Sale of Poisons in Consular Districts in China
— Narcotic Farms (repealed)
— Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
— Poultry and Poultry Products Inspection
Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957
— Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs (repealed)
— Meat Inspection
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
— Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
Controlled Substances Act, a part of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.
— [Alcohol and Drug Abuse Educational Programs and Activities] (repealed)
— Egg Products Inspection
— Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation
— [National Drug Enforcement Policy] (repealed)
— Presidents Media Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention
— Pesticide Monitoring Improvements
— National Drug Control Program
— Biomaterials Access Assurance
— National Drug Control Policy
Office of National Drug Control Policy
— [National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign] (repealed)
— International Narcotics Trafficking
— Miscellaneous Anti-Drug Abuse Provisions
See also
Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations - Food and Drugs
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Title 21 of the United States Code
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Burges James Gadsden Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, south of the confluence of the Blaeberry and Columbia Rivers, northwest of Golden.
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Burges James Gadsden Provincial Park
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Guapa (English: Pretty) is the fourth studio album released on April 25, 2006, by Spanish Pop rock band La Oreja de Van Gogh. On December 5, 2006, Más Guapa (English: Prettier) was released exclusively in Spain and Mexico. Two months later, on February 13, 2007, the album was also released in Chile. Más Guapa includes a second disc of previously unreleased material from the Guapa sessions, as well as from recording sessions of previous albums. The album won a Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Album By a Duo or Group. Guapa is the band's last album with Amaia Montero as lead singer.
Recording
The album's composition began in February 2005. By November of that year, there were already 18 tracks that would probably be in the final album. It was recorded in London, England in Abbey Road Studios from December second through 23rd, 2005. In January, 2006, they began re-recording in Madrid and reporters from TV channel Cuatro were present throughout to later publish a report regarding the album. In spite of the group's desire that a report not be made, a DVD was included in certain versions of Guapa.
The album was produced with Nigel Walker. Its publication coincides with the 10th anniversary of the group's existence. Guapa contains thirteen songs that mix the band's typical pop with reggae, ranchera, a bit of bossa nova, some sounds from the 60's and 70's, a few techno arrangements and recollections of American music. In this CD the artistic maturity of the group becomes apparent in their lyrics as well as their melodies with songs like Noche (Night), Muñeca de trapo, (Rag Doll), and Perdida (Lost).
It was the most anticipated album of 2006 in Spain. Originally, the release was set for March 28, 2006; however, technical problems with a machine in Du Manoir made the premiere be on April 25, 2006. When Muñeca de Trapo was released as a first single in Los 40, it was quite a success.
Two days before its official premiere, the telephone company Movistar offered a Sony Ericson phone with the 13 tracks from the album and the video of the first single preloaded in the phone, causing the album to already be pirated before its official release.
By December 2006, the album already had seven Platinum CDs. The album won the Latin Grammy of 2006 as best pop album by a group or duo. In 2007 versions in Italian of Dulce Locura (Sweet Insanity) and Muñeca de Trapo were recorded. These were Dolce Follia and Bambola di Pezza, included in the Italian version of Guapa which was not successful because it was not advertised due to Amaia Montero's unexpected departure.
As soon as the album was out in the market, the band began its advertisement in North America as well as South America, staying in almost every Spanish-speaking country. Some of the most important events of this tour include the one in Mexico City, Luna Park in Buenos Aires, and perhaps band's most prominent one: the one in Santiago, Chile. This tour through the America's made the album sell about a million copies there, making themselves enter countries they had not entered before.
This great success in America along with the sales in Spain which went beyond 560,000 make Guapa the third most sold album in the history of La oreja de Van Gogh, without about 1,500,000 copies sold.
By the end of the stage of Guapa, the band had over 6,000,000 CD's sold in total all around the world. The album remained for over 30 weeks in the Top 10 CD's sold in Spain, 10 of which, although not consecutive, made it #1. It was actually created by non-other than the great Lucille May "Guapa" D. Atillo.
Album title
For past albums, La Oreja de Van Gogh have presented esoteric and lengthy titles such as El viaje de Copperpot and Lo que te conté mientras te hacías la dormida. When asked what inspired the minimalism of Guapa during an online chat session hosted by elmundo.es, the band revealed that the title is, in fact, an abbreviation of their longest album title yet:
Guapa es la historia de quien no se da por vencido en el maravilloso viaje de encontrarse a uno mismo, de quien acepta cumplir años y seguir teniendo miedos, de quien llena la almohada de inseguridades pero al levantarse siempre hace la cama, de quien sonríe de verdad y como antes: sin darse cuenta, de quien consigue que lo que quiere y lo que le apetece hagan las paces, de quien hace del tiempo un aliado sigiloso que, cada mañana y frente al espejo del alma, le hará sentirse cada vez un poco más guapa.
Translation:
Guapa is the story of one who doesn't give up in the wonderful journey of finding oneself, who accepts to be years older and to continue to have fears, who fills the pillow with insecurities, but upon awakening always makes the bed, who smiles truthfully and like before: without realizing so, who is able to reach a compromise between what she loves and what she wants, of who makes of time a quiet ally who, every morning before the mirror of the soul, will make herself feel every time a bit prettier.
The title is a spiritual affirmation printed on the album's back cover.
Track listing
Más guapa
A new edition of Guapa was released under the title Más Guapa or Prettier. Besides including a CD with all the songs in Guapa, this edition also includes another CD with unpublished songs that were not included in previous albums. This includes songs that were excluded from Guapa one of which (En mi lado del sofá) (On My Side of the Sofa) became the only advertised single of this album.
Disc 1
See Guapa track listing
Disc 2
Personnel
Performing
La Oreja de Van Gogh
Amaia Montero – vocals, backing vocals
Xabi San Martín – keyboards, piano, backing vocals
Pablo Benegas – guitar
Álvaro Fuentes – bass
Haritz Garde – percussion
Technical
La Oreja de Van Gogh – record production, audio mixing
Nigel Walker – record production, audio mixing
Leon Zervos – audio mastering
Bori Alarcón – technical production
Rudolf Hernández – technical production
Carlos Hernández – technical production
B. Oberhagemann – record production
Bernard Cocoignac – technical production
Marie Claire – technical production
Margarita Pérez – technical production
Paco Pérez – technical production
Design
Rafa Sañudo – graphic design
Montse Velando – photography
Ray – illustrations
Charts
Album
Sales and certifications
List of albums containing a hidden track
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Guapa
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The Chebdar is a river in Altai Republic in Russia. It is long, and its drainage basin covers .
The Chebdar is the only significant and paddleable tributary of the Bashkaus, coming in from the left where the Lower Gorge of the Bashkaus ends, not far from Chulyshman confluence.
The river starts on the plateau west to the lower Bashkaus valley and for the first it is a small stream flowing north. At the point where Chebdar valley swings east (towards Bashkaus), three large tributaries, each nearly the size of the main river, come in and make it paddleable. The last of these, Synyrlu, has a trail along coming down to the confluence and this was reported as the optimal put-in.
After the Synyrlu confluence, the Chebdar flows in a narrow long gorge that cuts through all the way to Bashkaus. This section was reported as quite similar to the Lower Gorge of the Bashkaus, but narrower, tougher, steeper and with less water. Both banks are generally not passable, and there is significant rock fall danger especially during rainy weather.
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Chebdar
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Matamoros is a Spanish surname and place name meaning ‘Moor killer’. It may refer to:
Events
1999 Matamoros standoff, an armed engagement between gangsters and law enforcement in Matamoros, Tamaulipas
2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping
2023 Matamoros kidnappings
Music
"Matamoros", a song by The Afghan Whigs from Do to the Beast
"Matamoros Banks", a song by Bruce Springsteen from Devils & Dust
Matamoros Querido, a 1971 album by Rigo Tovar
"Mi Matamoros Querido", a song on Matamoros Querido
People
Carlos Matamoros Franco (born 1966), Ecuadorian chess grandmaster
Mariano Matamoros (1770–1814), a liberal priest and insurgent active during the Mexican War of Independence
Miguel Matamoros (1894–1971), a Cuban musician and composer
Trio Matamoros, Cuban trova group founded by Miguel Matamoros
Saint James Matamoros, 'the Moor-slayer', Spanish mythological figure
Places
Matamoros, Coahuila, city in Mexico
Matamoros, Tamaulipas, also known as Heroica Matamoros, a city in Mexico, municipal seat of Matamoros Municipality, Tamaulipas
Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan area, transnational conurbation along the Mexico–U.S. border
Matamoros Cathedral
Matamoros Municipality, Chihuahua
Matamoros Municipality, Coahuila
Matamoros Municipality, Tamaulipas
General Mariano Matamoros Airport, of Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Izúcar de Matamoros, city in the Mexican state of Puebla
Landa de Matamoros, city in the Mexican state of Querétaro
Mariano Matamoros, Chihuahua, town in Mexico
Tlacolula de Matamoros, city in the Mexican state of Oaxaca
Valle de Matamoros, municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
See also
Matamoras (disambiguation)
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Matamoros
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The 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship was the 15th edition of the FIFA World Youth Championship. It took place in the Netherlands between 10 June and 2 July 2005.
Venues
Qualification
The following 24 teams qualified for the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. Host country the Netherlands did not have to qualify for the tournament.
1.Teams that made their debut.
Sponsorship
FIFA partners
Adidas
Coca-Cola
Toshiba
Fujifilm
MasterCard
McDonald's
T-Mobile
Yahoo
Hyundai
Philips
Avaya
National supporters
Hubo
Unive
FIFA.com
FIFA Fair Play
Match officials
Squads
For a list of all squads that played in the final tournament, see 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship squads.
Group stages
The 24 teams were split into six groups of four teams. Six group winners, six second-place finishers and the four best third-place finishers qualify for the knockout round.
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Ranking of third-placed teams
Knockout stages
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place play-off
Final
Winners
Goalscorers
6 goals
Lionel Messi
5 goals
Fernando Llorente
Oleksandr Aliev
4 goals
Graziano Pellè
David Silva
3 goals
Pablo Zabaleta
Chen Tao
Mouhcine Iajour
Chinedu Ogbuke
2 goals
Rafinha
Renato
José Pedro Fuenzalida
Ricardo Parada
Radamel Falcao
Fredy Guarín
Nicky Adler
Marvin Matip
Daniele Galloppa
Tarik Bendamou
Ryan Babel
Hedwiges Maduro
Taye Taiwo
Juanfran
Miquel Robusté
Gokhan Gulec
Sezer Öztürk
1 goal
Julio Barroso
Neri Cardozo
Gustavo Oberman
Ryan Townsend
Nick Ward
Abou Maiga
Razak Omotoyossi
Diego Tardelli
Edcarlos
Gladstone
Fábio Santos
Rafael Sobis
Marcel de Jong
Jaime Peters
Matías Fernández
Gonzalo Jara
Pedro Morales
Cui Peng
Hao Junmin
Gao Lin
Lu Lin
Tan Wangsong
Zhao Xuri
Zhou Haibin
Zhu Ting
Harrison Otálvaro
Wason Rentería
Hugo Rodallega
Christian Gentner
Alexander Huber
Michele Canini
Andrea Coda
Raffaele De Martino
Sota Hirayama
Shunsuke Maeda
Koki Mizuno
Abdessalam Benjelloun
Adil Chihi
Reda Doulyazal
Nabil El Zhar
Quincy Owusu-Abeyie
Ibrahim Afellay
Urby Emanuelson
Collins John
Rick Kruys
Ron Vlaar
David Abwo
Olubayo Adefemi
Isaac Promise
Mikel John Obi
John Owoeri
Jose Venegas
Baek Ji-hoon
Park Chu-young
Shin Young-rok
Jonathan Soriano
Francisco Molinero
Víctor
Alberto Zapater
Goran Antić
Johan Vonlanthen
Majed Al Haj
Mohamad Al Hamawi
Abdelrazaq Al Hussain
Maxym Feschuk
Dmytro Vorobei
Chad Barrett
Hunter Freeman
Jacob Peterson
Awards
Final ranking
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2005 FIFA World Youth Championship
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Leonard Shlain (August 28, 1937 – May 11, 2009) was an American surgeon, author, and inventor. He was chairperson of laparoscopic surgery at the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, and was an associate professor of surgery at University of California, San Francisco.
His books include Art & Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time, and Light (1991), The Alphabet Versus the Goddess (1998), Sex, Time and Power: How Women's Sexuality Shaped Human Evolution (2003), and Leonardo's Brain: Understanding da Vinci's Creative Genius (2014).
Biography
Shlain was a native of Detroit who graduated from high school at the age of 15. After attending the University of Michigan, he earned an MD from Wayne State University School of Medicine at the age of 23. He served in the United States Army as a military base doctor in Saumur, France. Prior to his internship at UCSF Medical Center at Mount Zion in San Francisco, he worked for a short time at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. He also contributed to Academic Press' Encyclopedia of Creativity (1999), edited by Mark Runco and Steven Pritzker.
Personal life
Shlain had three children with Carole Lewis Jaffe: Kimberly Brooks (who is married to actor/comedian Albert Brooks), Jordan L. Shlain, and Tiffany Shlain, filmmaker and founder of the Webby Awards.
After he and Carole divorced, Shlain met and married his second wife, Superior Court Judge Ina Levin Gyemant. They lived in Mill Valley, California where he died on May 11, 2009 (at age 71) after a year long struggle with brain cancer. The film Connected: An Autoblogography About Love, Death & Technology (2011), directed by Shlain's daughter Tiffany, is in part a portrait of him.
See also
Military medicine
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Leonard Shlain
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The Workers' Trade Union Association of Croatia is a trade union centre in Croatia. It was founded in 1994 under the name Trade Union Association of Public Sector Employees ().
It is affiliated with the European Federation of Public Service Employees.
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Workers' Trade Union Association of Croatia
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Midwestern Baptist College, is an independent Baptist college in Orion, Michigan.
History
In 1953, the school was founded in Pontiac, Michigan by Tom Malone Sr. as a liberal arts college, which included a Baptist seminary on more than . It specializes in Christian theological doctrine. Malone wanted to offer a faith-based education including both academics and morals. The college also stressed being a moral compass, to "abstain from all appearances of evil", and fulfilling the Great Commission.
For the fall semester of 2010, Midwestern planned to move from Pontiac, Michigan to the property of Shalom Baptist Church in Orion Township, Michigan.
Education
Midwestern Baptist College is not accredited by any accreditation body recognized by its country. According to the US Department of Education, unaccredited degrees and credits might not be acceptable to employers or other institutions, and use of degree titles may be restricted or illegal in some jurisdictions. Some of the school's courses are accepted for transfer credit at nearby Oakland Community College.
The highest degree the college awards is the Bachelor of Religious Education (B.R.E.) or Bachelor of Sacred Music (B.S.M.). The school also offers associate degree in Music, Commercial Subjects, and Biblical Studies.
Alumni
Chuck Baldwin, attended for two years, but did not graduate. Baldwin was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election.
Kent Hovind, an evangelist, young-earth creationist, and convicted tax protestor, earned a Bachelor of Religious Education in 1974.
Gary Click, a politician.
See also
List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning
School accreditation
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Midwestern Baptist College
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The Blues Brothers is a 1980 American musical action comedy film directed by John Landis. It stars John Belushi as "Joliet" Jake Blues and Dan Aykroyd as his brother Elwood, characters developed from the recurring musical sketch "The Blues Brothers" on NBC's variety series Saturday Night Live. The script is set in and around Chicago, Illinois, where it was filmed, and the screenplay is by Aykroyd and Landis. It features musical numbers by rhythm and blues (R&B), soul, and blues singers James Brown, Cab Calloway (in his final feature film role), Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Chaka Khan, and John Lee Hooker. It features non-musical supporting performances by Carrie Fisher, Henry Gibson, Charles Napier, Kathleen Freeman and John Candy.
The story is a tale of redemption for paroled convict Jake and his blood brother Elwood, who set out on "a mission from God" to prevent the foreclosure of the Roman Catholic orphanage in which they were raised. To do so, they must reunite their R&B band and organize a performance to earn the $5,000 needed to pay the orphanage's property tax bill. Along the way, they are targeted by a homicidal "mystery woman", neo-Nazis, and a country and western band—all while being relentlessly pursued by the police.
Universal Studios, which won the bidding war for the film, was hoping to take advantage of Belushi's popularity in the wake of Saturday Night Live, the film Animal House, and The Blues Brothers' musical success; it soon found itself unable to control production costs. The start of filming was delayed when Aykroyd, who was new to film screenwriting, took six months to deliver a long and unconventional script that Landis had to rewrite before production, which began without a final budget. On location in Chicago, Belushi's partying and drug use caused lengthy and costly delays that, along with the destructive car chases depicted onscreen, made the film one of the most expensive comedies ever produced.
Due to concerns that the film would fail, its initial bookings were less than half of those similar films normally received. Released in the United States on June 20, 1980, it received mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed over $115 million in theaters worldwide before its release on home video, and has become a cult classic over the years. A sequel, Blues Brothers 2000, was released in 1998 to critical and commercial failure. In 2020, The Blues Brothers was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Plot
Blues vocalist and petty criminal Jake Blues is released from prison after serving three years for armed robbery and is picked up by his brother Elwood in his Bluesmobile, a battered former police car. Elwood demonstrates its capabilities by jumping an open drawbridge. The brothers visit the Catholic orphanage where they were raised, and learn from Sister Mary Stigmata that it will be closed unless it pays $5,000 in property taxes. During a sermon by the Reverend Cleophus James at the Triple Rock Baptist Church, Jake has an epiphany: they can reform their band, the Blues Brothers, which disbanded while Jake was in prison, and raise the money to save the orphanage.
That night, state troopers attempt to arrest Elwood for driving with a suspended license due to 116 parking tickets and 56 moving violations. After a chase through the Dixie Square Mall, the brothers escape. The next morning, as the police arrive at the flophouse where Elwood lives, a mysterious woman detonates a bomb that demolishes the building, but leaves Jake and Elwood unharmed, saving them from arrest.
Jake and Elwood begin tracking down members of the band. Five of them are performing as "Murph and The MagicTones" at a deserted Holiday Inn lounge and quickly agree to rejoin. Another turns them down as he is the maître d' at an expensive restaurant, but the brothers refuse to leave the restaurant until he relents. On their way to meet the final two band members, the brothers find the road through Jackson Park blocked by an American Nazi Party demonstration on a bridge; Elwood runs them off the bridge into the East Lagoon. The last two band members, who now run a soul food restaurant, rejoin the band against the advice of one's wife. The reunited group obtains instruments and equipment from Ray's Music Exchange in Calumet City, and Ray, "as usual", takes an IOU.
As Jake attempts to book a gig, the mystery woman blows up the phone booth he is using; once again, he is miraculously unhurt. The band stumbles onto a gig at Bob's Country Bunker, a honky-tonk in Kokomo, Indiana. They win over the rowdy crowd, but run up a bar tab higher than their pay, and infuriate the Good Ole Boys, the country band that was booked for the gig.
Realizing that they need a big show to raise the necessary money, the brothers persuade their old agent to book the Palace Hotel Ballroom, north of Chicago. They mount a loudspeaker atop the Bluesmobile and drive around the Chicago area promoting the concert—and alerting the police, the neo-Nazis, and the Good Ole Boys of their whereabouts. The ballroom is packed with blues fans, police officers, and the Good Ole Boys. Jake and Elwood perform two songs, then sneak offstage, as the tax deadline is rapidly approaching. A record company executive offers them a $10,000 cash advance on a recording contract—more than enough to pay off the orphanage's taxes and Ray's IOU—and then tells the brothers how to slip out of the building unnoticed. As they make their escape via an electrical riser and a service tunnel, they are confronted by the mystery woman: Jake's vengeful ex-fiancée. After her volley of M16 rifle bullets leaves them once again miraculously unharmed, Jake offers a series of ridiculous excuses that she rejects, but when she looks into his eyes she takes interest in him again, allowing the brothers to escape to the Bluesmobile.
Jake and Elwood race back toward Chicago, with dozens of state and local police and the Good Ole Boys in pursuit. They elude them all with a series of improbable maneuvers, including a miraculous gravity-defying escape from the neo-Nazis. At the Richard J. Daley Center, they rush inside the adjacent Chicago City Hall building, soon followed by hundreds of Chicago Police officers, Illinois State Troopers, SWAT teams, US Armed Forces soldiers, Chicago Fire Department firefighters, and US Military Police officers. Finding the office of the Cook County Assessor, the brothers pay the tax bill. Just as their receipt is stamped, they are arrested by the mob of law officers. In prison, the band plays "Jailhouse Rock" for the inmates.
Cast
John Belushi as "Joliet" Jake Blues, a former blues singer, paroled from prison after three years.
Dan Aykroyd as Elwood J. Blues, Jake's blood brother, also a former blues singer.
James Brown as the Reverend Cleophus James, pastor of the Triple Rock Baptist Church. His musical sermon "The Old Landmark" causes Jake to have an epiphany.
Cab Calloway as Curtis, an old friend/father figure of the brothers, who suggests they visit the church, and helps them advertise the show and performs "Minnie the Moocher" for the audience.
Ray Charles as Ray, a blind music store owner, who performs "Shake a Tail Feather" to demonstrate the effectiveness of the instruments he sells.
Aretha Franklin as Mrs. Murphy, Matt Murphy's wife, who owns a soul food restaurant with him. She performs "Think" to persuade him not to join the band.
Steve "The Colonel" Cropper – lead guitar; a member of Murph and the Magic Tones.
Donald "Duck" Dunn – bass guitar; a member of Murph and the Magic Tones.
Murphy Dunne ("Murph") – keyboards; lead singer of Murph and the Magic Tones.
Willie "Too Big" Hall – drums; a member of Murph and the Magic Tones.
Tom "Bones" Malone – trombone, saxophone; a member of Murph and the Magic Tones.
"Blue Lou" Marini – saxophone; the dishwasher at the soul food restaurant.
Matt "Guitar" Murphy – lead guitar; the cook at the soul food restaurant.
"Mr. Fabulous" Alan Rubin – trumpet; the maitre d' at the Chez Paul restaurant.
Carrie Fisher as the Mystery Woman, Jake's former fiancée, who tries to kill him for leaving her at the altar.
Henry Gibson as the Head Nazi, the leader of a local American National Socialist White People's Party.
John Candy as Burton Mercer, Jake's parole officer assisting the police in their hunt for the Blues Brothers.
John Lee Hooker as Street Slim, a man singing "Boom Boom" together with a small band on Maxwell Street.
Kathleen Freeman as Sister Mary Stigmata, AKA "The Penguin", the nun who leads the orphanage where the brothers grew up.
Steve Lawrence as Maury Sline, the agent who organized and booked many of the Blues Brothers' performances before Jake was sent to jail.
Twiggy as the Chic Lady, a woman who Elwood flirts with at the gas station.
Frank Oz as a corrections officer, who returns Jake's clothes to him at the beginning of the film.
Jeff Morris as Bob, the owner of Bob's Country Bunker.
Charles Napier as Tucker McElroy, lead singer and Winnebago driver of the Good Ole Boys.
Steven Spielberg as the Cook County Assessor, who takes Jake and Elwood's money at the end of the film.
Stephen Bishop as Charming Trooper
Steven Williams as Trooper Mount, one of the cops who follows Jake and Elwood from the start.
Armand Cerami as Trooper Daniel, Mount's partner and the other cop who follows Jake and Elwood from the start.
John Landis as Trooper La Fong, a cop who chases the Bluesmobile at the mall.
Joe Walsh as Prison Inmate
Ben Piazza as Father, dining with his wife and three daughters at the Chez Paul and subject to abuse by Jake.
Cindy Fisher as Daughter #2, one of the daughters who Jake leers at.
Paul Reubens as Waiter, a colleague of Mr. Fabulous' at the Chez Paul.
Rosie Shuster as Cocktail Waitress, who works at the Holiday Inn where Murph and the Magic Tones play.
Chaka Khan as Choir Soloist, a member of the Triple Rock Baptist Church choir.
Gary McLarty as Toys "R" Us Customer, who asks about buying a Miss Piggy toy right before the Bluesmobile begins smashing the mall.
Layne Britton as The Cheese Whiz, a resident at the flophouse where Elwood lives.
Pinetop Perkins as Luther Jackson, who argues with Street Slim over who wrote "Boom Boom."
Carolyn Franklin as Soul Food Chorus #1, who sings along with "Think".
De'voreaux White as Young Guitar Thief, who tries to steal from Ray's Music Exchange, only to nearly be shot by Ray.
James Avery as Detective Avery (Uncredited)
Lou Perryman as Man At Bar
Luis Contreras as Bob's Country Bunker Patron #1 (Uncredited)
Raven De La Croix as Woman In Concert Crowd
Ralph Foody as Police Dispatcher, who comments on the Bluesmobile's arrival at Cook County and allows for using unnecessary violence in capturing Jake and Elwood.
Leonard R. Garner Jr. as Lobby Guard #1
Production
Origins
Belushi and Aykroyd created the characters Jake and Elwood Blues in performances on Saturday Night Live. The name "The Blues Brothers" was Howard Shore's idea. Aykroyd developed the blood brothers' backstory and character sketches in collaboration with Ron Gwynne, who is credited as a story consultant for the film. As related in the liner notes of the band's debut album, Briefcase Full of Blues, the brothers grew up in an orphanage, learned the blues from a janitor named Curtis, and sealed their brotherhood by cutting their middle fingers with a steel string said to have come from Elmore James's guitar.
Belushi had become a star in 1978 as a result of both the Blues Brothers' musical success and his role in National Lampoon's Animal House. At one point, he managed the triple feat of being the star of the week's top-grossing film and top-rated television series and singing on the No. 1 album within a year. When Aykroyd and Belushi decided they could make a Blues Brothers film, the bidding war was intense. Universal Studios narrowly beat Paramount Pictures for the project. John Landis, who had directed Belushi in Animal House, was aboard as director.
The project had neither a budget nor a script. Universal head Lew Wasserman thought the film could be made for $12 million; the filmmakers wanted $20 million. It was impossible to settle on an amount without a screenplay to review, and after Mitch Glazer declined to help him, Aykroyd wrote one on his own.
Aykroyd had never written a screenplay before, as he admitted in the 1998 documentary Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers, or even read one, and he was unable to find a writing partner. He put together a very detailed volume that explained the characters' origins and how the band members were recruited. His final draft was 324 pages, three times longer than a standard screenplay, written not in a standard screenplay format, but more like free verse. To soften the impact, Aykroyd made a joke of the thick script and had it bound with the cover of the Los Angeles Yellow Pages directory when he turned it in to producer Robert K. Weiss. He titled it "The Return of the Blues Brothers", and credited it to "Scriptatron GL-9000". Landis was tasked with editing the script into a usable screenplay, which took him about two weeks.
Casting
At Aykroyd's demand, soul and R&B stars James Brown, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles and Aretha Franklin were cast in speaking parts to support musical numbers built around them. This later caused friction in the production between Landis and Universal, as its costs far exceeded the original budget. Since none of them except Charles had any hits in recent years, the studio wanted Landis to replace them with—or add performances by—younger acts, such as Rose Royce, whose "Car Wash" had made them disco stars after its use in the 1976 film of that name.
Other musicians in the cast include Big Walter Horton, Pinetop Perkins, and John Lee Hooker (who performs "Boom Boom" during the Maxwell Street scene). The members of The Blues Brothers Band were themselves notable. Steve Cropper and Donald Dunn are architects of the Stax Records sound (Cropper's guitar can be heard at the start of the Sam & Dave song "Soul Man") and were half of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Horn players Lou Marini, Tom Malone, and Alan Rubin had all played in Blood, Sweat & Tears and the house band on Saturday Night Live. Drummer Willie Hall had played in The Bar-Kays and backed Isaac Hayes. Matt "Guitar" Murphy was a veteran blues guitarist who played with Memphis Slim and Howlin' Wolf. As the band developed at Saturday Night Live, pianist Paul Shaffer was part of the act and cast in the film, but due to contractual obligations with SNL, he was unable to participate, so actor-musician Murphy Dunne (whose father, George Dunne, was the Cook County Board President) was hired to take his role.
Fisher, Freeman, Gibson, and Candy were cast in non-musical supporting roles. The film is also notable for the number of cameo appearances by established celebrities and entertainment-industry figures, including Steve Lawrence as a booking agent, Twiggy as a "chic lady" in a Jaguar convertible whom Elwood propositions at a gas station, Steven Spielberg as the Cook County Assessor's clerk, Landis as a state trooper in the mall chase, Paul Reubens as a waiter in the restaurant Chez Paul, Joe Walsh in a cameo as the first prisoner to jump up on a table in the final scene, and Chaka Khan as the soloist in the Triple Rock choir. Muppet performer Frank Oz plays a corrections officer, and in the scene where the brothers crash into Toys "R" Us, the customer who asks for a Miss Piggy doll is played by stunt coordinator Gary McLarty. Singer/songwriter Stephen Bishop is an Illinois state trooper who complains that Jake and Elwood broke his watch (a result of the car chase in the mall). Makeup artist Layne Britton is the old card player who asks Elwood, "Did you get me my Cheez Whiz, boy?" The character portrayed by Cab Calloway is named Curtis as a homage to Curtis Salgado, an Oregon blues musician who inspired Belushi while he was in that area filming Animal House.
Over 500 extras were used for the next-to-last scene, the blockade of the building at Daley Center, including 200 National Guardsmen, 100 state and city police officers, with 15 horses for the mounted police (and three each Sherman tanks, helicopters, and fire engines).
Filming
Principal photography began in July 1979, with the film's budget still not settled. For the first month, things ran smoothly on and off the set. When Weiss saw the supposedly final $17.5 million budget, he reportedly joked, "I think we've spent that much already."
In the next month, the production began falling behind schedule. Much of the delay was due to Belushi's partying and carousing. When not on set, he went out to his familiar Chicago haunts such as Wrigley Field and the Old Town Ale House. People often recognized him and slipped him cocaine, a drug he was already using heavily on his own, hoping to use it with him. "Every blue-collar Joe wants his John Belushi story," said Smokey Wendell, who was eventually hired to keep it away from the star. As a result of his late nights and drug and alcohol use, Belushi often missed unit calls (the beginning of a production day) or went to his trailer after them to sleep, wasting hours of production time. One night, Aykroyd found him crashing on the sofa of a nearby house, where Belushi had already helped himself to food in the refrigerator.
Cocaine was already so prevalent on the set (like many other film productions of that era) that Aykroyd, who used far less than Belushi, claims a section of the budget was actually set aside for purchases of the drug during night shooting. The stars had a private bar, the Blues Club, built on the set, for themselves, crew, and friends. Carrie Fisher, Aykroyd's girlfriend at the time, said that most of the bar's staff doubled as dealers, procuring any drug patrons desired.
The movie's original budget was quickly surpassed, and Wasserman grew increasingly frustrated. He was regularly confronting Ned Tanen, the executive in charge of production for Universal, over the costs. Sean Daniel, another studio executive, was not reassured when he came to Chicago and saw the production had set up a special facility for the 70 cars used in the chase sequences. Filming there, which was supposed to have concluded in the middle of September, continued into late October.
On the set, Belushi's drug use worsened. Fisher, who herself later struggled with cocaine addiction, said Landis told her to keep Belushi away from the drug. Wendell was hired to clear any drugs from the places Belushi visited off-camera. Nevertheless, at one point, Landis found Belushi with what he described as a "mountain" of cocaine on a table in his trailer, which led to a tearful confrontation in which Belushi admitted his addiction and feared it could eventually kill him.
After Aykroyd and Belushi's wife Judy talked to Belushi, the production returned to Los Angeles. Filming there again ran smoothly until it came time to shoot the final sequence at the Hollywood Palladium. Just beforehand, Belushi fell off a borrowed skateboard and seriously injured his knee, making it unlikely he could shoot the scene, which required him to sing, dance, and do cartwheels. Wasserman persuaded the city's top orthopedic surgeon to postpone his weekend plans long enough to anesthetize Belushi's knee, and the scene was filmed as intended.
Locations
Much of The Blues Brothers was shot on location in and around Chicago between July and October 1979, including Joliet Correctional Center in nearby Joliet, Illinois, and Wauconda, Illinois, where the car crashes into the side of Route 12. Made with the cooperation of Mayor Jane M. Byrne, it is credited for putting Chicago on the map as a venue for filmmaking. In an article written to mark the film's 25th Anniversary DVD release, Aykroyd told the Chicago Sun-Times: "Chicago is one of the stars of the movie. We wrote it as a tribute."
The first traffic stop was in Park Ridge, Illinois. The shopping mall car chase was filmed in the real, albeit shuttered, Dixie Square Mall, in Harvey, Illinois. The bridge jump was filmed on an actual drawbridge, the 95th Street bridge over the Calumet River, on Chicago's southeast side. The main entrance to Wrigley Field (and its sign reading "Save lives. Drive safely, prevent fires") makes a brief appearance when the "Illinois Nazis" visit it after Elwood registers the ballpark's address, 1060 West Addison, as his home address on his driver's license. (Elwood's Illinois driver's license number is an almost-valid encoded number, with Aykroyd's own birth date embedded.) Jake's final confrontation with his girlfriend was filmed in a replica of a section of the abandoned Chicago freight tunnel system. The other chase scenes included lower Wacker Drive, Lake Street, and Richard J. Daley Center.
In the final car chase scene, the production actually dropped a Ford Pinto, representing the one driven by the "Illinois Nazis", from a helicopter at an altitude of about 1,200 feet—and had to gain a Special Airworthiness Certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration to do it. The FAA was concerned that the car could prove too aerodynamic in a high-altitude drop and pose a threat to nearby buildings. The shot leading up to the car drop, where the "Illinois Nazis" drive off a freeway ramp, was shot in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, near the Hoan Bridge on Interstate 794. The Lake Freeway (North) was a planned but not completed six-lane freeway, and I-794 contained an unfinished ramp off which the Nazis drove. Several Milwaukee skyscrapers are visible in the background as the Bluesmobile flips over, notably the U.S. Bank Center.
The Palace Hotel Ballroom, where the band performs their climactic concert, was at the time of filming a country club, but later became the South Shore Cultural Center, named after the Chicago neighborhood where it is located. The interior concert scenes were filmed in the Hollywood Palladium.
The filming in downtown Chicago was conducted on Sundays during the summer of 1979, and much of downtown was cordoned off from the public. Costs for filming the largest scene in the city's history totaled $3.5 million. Permission was given after Belushi and Aykroyd offered to donate $50,000 to a charity after filming. Although the Bluesmobile was allowed to be driven through the Daley Center lobby, special breakaway panes were temporarily substituted for the normal glass in the building. The speeding car caused $7,650 in damage to 35 granite paver stones and a bronze air grille in the building. Interior shots of the elevator, staircase, and assessor's office were all recreated in a film set for filming.
Bluesmobile
The film used 13 different cars bought at auction from the California Highway Patrol to depict the retired 1974 Mount Prospect, Illinois, Dodge Monaco patrol car. The vehicles were outfitted by the studio to do particular driving chores: some were customized for speed and others for jumps, depending on the scene. For the large car chases, filmmakers purchased 60 police cars at $400 each, and most were destroyed at the completion of the filming. More than 40 stunt drivers were hired, and the crew kept a 24-hour body shop to repair cars.
For the scene when the brothers finally arrive at the Richard J. Daley Center, a mechanic took several months to rig the car to fall apart. At the time of its release, The Blues Brothers held the world record for the most cars destroyed in one film.
Post-production
Landis's difficulties continued even after principal photography ended. The first cut of The Blues Brothers lasted two and a half hours, with an intermission. After one early screening, Wasserman demanded it be shortened, and 20 minutes were cut. The film's final budget was $27.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ), $10 million over its original budget.
Prospects for a successful release did not look good. Aykroyd and Belushi had left SNL at the end of the previous season, reducing their bankability. Belushi's fame had taken a further hit after the critical failure of Spielberg's film 1941 at the end of the year. One day after the editing was done, Wasserman invited Landis up to his office to speak with Ted Mann, head of the Mann Theatres chain, which dominated film exhibition in the Western United States. He told Landis that he would not book the film at any theaters in predominantly white neighborhoods, such as Westwood. Not only did Mann not want black patrons going there to see the film, but he also surmised that white viewers were unlikely to see a film featuring older black musical stars. Ultimately, the film got less than half the bookings nationwide for its initial release than a typical big-budget studio film of the era, which did not bode well for its box-office success.
Reception
Box office
The Blues Brothers opened on June 20, 1980, in 594 theaters. It took in $4,858,152, ranking second for that week (after The Empire Strikes Back). The film in total grossed $57,229,890 domestically and $58,000,000 in foreign box office for a total of $115,229,890. It ranked 10th at the domestic box office for the year. By genre, it is the ninth-highest-grossing musical and the 10th-highest earner among comedy road movies. It ranks second, between Wayne's World and Wayne's World 2, among films adapted from Saturday Night Live sketches. Landis claimed The Blues Brothers was also the first American film to gross more money overseas than it did in the U.S. Over the years, the film has retained a following through television and home video.
Critical reception
The Blues Brothers received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 72% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 90 reviews, with an average rating of 7.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Too over the top for its own good, but ultimately rescued by the cast's charm, director John Landis' grace, and several soul-stirring musical numbers." It won the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing and Sound Effects, is 14th on Total Film magazine's "List of the 50 Greatest Comedy Films of All Time," 20th on Empires list of "The 50 Greatest Comedies", and 69th on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies". Metacritic gave the film a score of 60 based on 12 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave The Blues Brothers three out of four stars, praising it for its energetic musical numbers and "incredible" car chases. Ebert wrote, "Belushi and Aykroyd come over as hard-boiled city guys, total cynics with a world-view of sublime simplicity, and that all fits perfectly with the movie's other parts. There's even room, in the midst of the carnage and mayhem, for a surprising amount of grace, humor, and whimsy." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a "rare four-star rating", calling it "one of the all-time great comedies" and "the best movie ever made in Chicago". He called the film "technically superb", praised it for "countering every explosion with a quiet moment," and said it "is at once a pure exercise in physical comedy as well as a marvelous tribute to the urban blues sound." He ranked it eighth on his list of the ten best movies of 1980. Richard Corliss wrote in Time, "The Blues Brothers is a demolition symphony that works with the cold efficiency of a Moog synthesizer gone sadistic."
In his Washington Post review, Gary Arnold criticized Landis for engorging "the frail plot of The Blues Brothers with car chases and crack-ups, filmed with such avid, humorless starkness on the streets of Chicago that comic sensations are virtually obliterated." Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized The Blues Brothers for shortchanging viewers on details about Jake and Elwood's affinity for African-American culture. She also took Landis to task for "distracting editing", mentioning the Soul Food diner scene in which saxophonist Marini's head is out of shot as he dances on the counter. In the documentary, Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers, Landis acknowledges the criticism, and says, "Everybody has his opinion", and Marini recalls the dismay he felt at seeing the completed film.
Kim Newman, writing for Empire in 2013, called The Blues Brothers "an amalgam of urban sleaze, automobile crunch and blackheart rhythm and blues" with "better music than any film had had for many years." He noted that Belushi and Aykroyd pack in their heroes: "Aretha storming through 'Think', Cab Calloway cruising through 'Minnie the Moocher', John Lee Hooker boogying through 'Boom Boom' and Ray Charles on electric piano", and observed that "the picture had revived the careers of virtually all the musicians that appeared in it", concluding, "it still sounds great and looks as good as ever through Ray Bans."
On the 30th anniversary of the film's release, L'Osservatore Romano (the daily newspaper of Vatican City State) wrote that the film is filled with positive symbolism and moral references that can be related to Catholicism, adding that The Blues Brothers "is a memorable film, and, judging by the facts, a Catholic one."
Cult-film status
The Blues Brothers has become a staple of late-night cinema, even slowly morphing into an audience-participation show in its regular screenings at the Valhalla Cinema, in Melbourne, Australia. Landis acknowledged the support of the cinema and the fans by a phone call he made to the cinema at the 10th-anniversary screening, and later invited regular attendees to make cameo appearances in Blues Brothers 2000. The fans act as the members of the crowd during the performance of "Ghost Riders in the Sky".
In August 2005, a 25th-anniversary celebration for The Blues Brothers was held at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Attendees included Landis, former Universal Studios executive Thom Mount, film editor George Folsey Jr., and cast members James Brown, Henry Gibson, Charles Napier, Steve Cropper, and Stephen Bishop. It featured a press conference, a panel discussion Aykroyd joined by satellite, and a screening of the film's original theatrical version. The panel discussion was broadcast directly to many other cinemas around the country.
The cult-like popularity of The Blues Brothers has also spread to non-English-language markets such as Japan; it was an inspiration for Japanese companies Studio Hibari and Aniplex, which led to the creation of the manga and anime franchise Nerima Daikon Brothers, which contain heavy references to the film.
American Film Institute
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Think" – nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"We're on a mission from God." – nominated
Release
Home media
When The Blues Brothers was first screened for a preview audience, a producer demanded that Landis cut 25 minutes. After trimming 15 minutes, it was released in theaters at 132 minutes. The film was first released on VHS and Betamax by MCA Videocassette Inc. in 1983; a Laserdisc from MCA Videodisc was released in the same year. It was then rereleased on VHS, Laserdisc, and Betamax in 1985 from MCA Home Video, and again in 1990 from MCA/Universal Home Video. It was also released in a two-pack VHS box set with Animal House. The original 148-minute length was restored for the "Collector's Edition" DVD and a Special Edition VHS and Laserdisc release in 1998. The DVD and Laserdisc versions included a 56-minute documentary, The Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers. Produced and directed by JM Kenny (who also produced the "Collector's Edition" DVD of Animal House that year), it included interviews with Landis, Aykroyd, members of The Blues Brothers Band, producer Robert K. Weiss, editor George Folsey Jr., and others involved with the film. It includes production photographs, the theatrical trailer, production notes, and cast and filmmaker bios. The 25th Anniversary DVD release in 2005 included both the theatrical cut and the extended version.
The Blues Brothers was released on Blu-ray on July 26, 2011, with the same basic contents as the 25th Anniversary DVD. In a March 2011 interview with Ain't it Cool News, Landis said he had approved the Blu-ray's remastered transfer. On May 19, 2020, the movie was given a 4K UHD release; it has a new 4K remaster from the original negative, and the extended footage was remastered from the same archived print as well.
SoundtrackThe Blues Brothers: Original Soundtrack Recording (later rereleased as The Blues Brothers: Music from the Soundtrack) is the Blues Brothers Band's second album. Released on June 20, 1980, it was a followup to their debut live album, Briefcase Full of Blues. The band toured the same year to promote the film, later releasing a second live album, Made in America, which featured the Top 40 track "Who's Making Love".
The soundtrack was recorded in Chicago at Universal Recording Corporation at the same time the movie was being filmed, with the exception of "Gimme Some Lovin", which was recorded at the Record Plant in Los Angeles, and "The Old Landmark", which was recorded live on a Universal Studios sound stage on the West Coast, with overdubs later recorded at a studio in New York City.
The songs on the soundtrack album are a noticeably different audio mix than in the film, with a prominent baritone saxophone in the horn line (also heard in the film during "Shake a Tail Feather", though no baritone sax is present), and female backing vocals on "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love", though the band had no other backup singers, besides Jake and/or Elwood, in the film. A number of regular band members, including saxophonist Tom Scott and drummer Steve Jordan, perform on the album but are not in the film.
According to Landis in The Stories Behind the Making of 'The Blues Brothers, filmed musical performances by Franklin and Brown took more effort, as neither artist was accustomed to lip-synching their performances. Franklin required several takes, and Brown simply rerecorded his performance live on a Universal Studios sound stage during filming of the holy roller church scene, with overdubs later recorded at a studio in New York City. Calloway initially wanted to do a disco variation on his signature tune, "Minnie the Moocher", having done the song in several styles in the past, but Landis insisted that the song be done in the original big-band version.
"Gimme Some Lovin" was a Top 20 Billboard hit for the Blues Brothers, peaking at number 18. The album sold more than a million copies.
Personnel
Partial credits from Richard Buskin and Bob Tischler. According to Buskin and producer/engineer Bob Tischler, Murphy Dunne, who plays pianist Murph in the film, could play piano but not well enough to play on the soundtrack. It is unclear whether Dunne plays tambourine on the soundtrack version of "Shake A Tail Feather", as he is portrayed doing in the film.The Blues Brothers'''
"Joliet" Jake Blues (John Belushi) – lead vocals, backing vocals on "Shake A Tail Feather" and "Think"
Elwood Blues (Dan Aykroyd) – backing vocals, harmonica, lead vocals on "Theme from Rawhide"
Paul "The Shiv" Shaffer (uncertain) – Hammond organ, Wurlitzer electric piano, acoustic piano, backing vocals, musical director
Steve "The Colonel" Cropper – guitar
Matt "Guitar" Murphy – guitar
Donald "Duck" Dunn – bass guitar
Steve "Getdwa" Jordan (uncertain) – drums, backing vocals
Willie "Too Big" Hall - drums
Lou "Blue Lou" Marini – tenor and alto saxophones, backing vocals
Alan "Mr. Fabulous" Rubin – trumpet, backing vocals
Tom "Triple Scale" Scott – tenor and alto saxophones, backing vocals
Tom "Bones" Malone – tenor and baritone saxophones, trombone, trumpet, backing vocals
Special guests
Ray Charles - lead vocals on "Shake A Tail Feather" and "Jailhouse Rock," Wurlitzer electric piano on "Shake A Tail Feather"
James Brown - lead vocals on "The Old Landmark" and "Jailhouse Rock"
Chaka Khan - additional vocals on "The Old Landmark"
Aretha Franklin - lead vocals on "Think" and "Jailhouse Rock," piano on "Think"
Cab Calloway - lead vocals on "Minnie the Moocher"
Additional musicians and production staff
"The Crew" (of the film) - lead vocals on "Jailhouse Rock"
Brenda Corbett, Margaret Branch, Carolyn Franklin - backing vocals on "Think"
Larry Willis - piano
Bill Payne - piano
John Springer - piano
John Hason - piano
Terry Fryer - piano
Richard T. Bear - piano
Bob Tischler - producer, engineer
Charts
Certifications
Other songs in the film
The film's score includes "God Music" (instrumental with choir vocalise) by Elmer Bernstein, who had worked with Landis on National Lampoon's Animal House. Other songs in the film include:
Sequel
The 1998 sequel, Blues Brothers 2000, had similar traits to the original, including large car-chase scenes and musical numbers. Landis returned to direct the film and Aykroyd reprised his role, joining John Goodman, Joe Morton, and 10-year-old J. Evan Bonifant as the new Blues Brothers. Franklin and Brown were among the celebrities returning from the first film. There were also musical performances by Sam Moore, Wilson Pickett, Paul Shaffer, B.B. King, and Eric Clapton, among others. Dozens of artists were packed into an all-star band called The Louisiana Gator Boys. Even with many returning cast members, the film was considered a box-office failure, generating a little over $14 million in sales, and critics' reactions were negative.
Other works in the franchise
In 1980, the book Blues Brothers: Private was published, designed to help flesh out the universe in which the film takes place. Private was written and designed by Belushi's wife, Judith Jacklin, and Tino Insana, a friend of Belushi's from their days at The Second City.
The video game The Blues Brothers'' was released in 1991. It is a platform game in which the object is to evade police and other vigilantes to get to a blues concert.
In the 1990s, Film Roman was putting an animated series based on this film in the works, which was scheduled to be released in fall 1997. The brothers of Aykroyd and Belushi (Peter and Jim) were set to take their roles as the titled characters. The series was ultimately canceled due to casting complications. John Belushi's memory was dedicated in the then-upcoming sequel as his character was killed off.
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The Blues Brothers (film)
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Tom Uttech (born 1942) is an American landscape painter and photographer. His inspiration has come from travels to northern Minnesota and the Quetico Provincial Park in Ontario.
Biography
Born in Merrill, Wisconsin, Uttech received a BA from Layton School of Art in Milwaukee in 1965 and an MFA from the University of Cincinnati in 1976. Uttech's primary painting teacher was Guido Brink. After completing his studies, Uttech was a professor of art at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee until 1998. He resides in Saukville, Wisconsin.
Art
Uttech is known for his moody depictions of North American woodlands and animals that inhabit them. Uttech's painting Neiab Nin Nasikodadimin, Bejigwan (Chippewa for "we reunite") in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is typical of the artist's moody, but slightly stylized, landscapes. Museums in Georgia, Arkansas, Hawaii, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Arizona hold works by Uttech. His gallery exhibition at Alexandre Gallery in New York in 2023 showcased his latest paintings and raised awareness about the decline in wilderness.
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Tom Uttech
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"Black Country Rock" is a song by English musician David Bowie, released on his 1970 album The Man Who Sold the World. The song was recorded in May 1970, with sessions taking place at Trident and Advision Studios in London. The lineup featured Bowie on lead vocals, guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist/producer Tony Visconti, drummer Mick Woodmansey and Ralph Mace on Moog synthesiser. The track was mostly composed by Ronson and Visconti, who developed it using a basic song sketch from Bowie. Labelled under the working title "Black Country Rock", Bowie used the title to write the lyrics towards the end of the sessions, resulting in a repeated two-line verse and chorus. A blues rock and hard rock number, Bowie imitates T. Rex's Marc Bolan in his vocal performance.
Since its release, "Black Country Rock" has received positive reviews from music critics and biographers, who have mostly praised the performance of the band. Some publications have ranked it one of Bowie's best songs. The song, which also appeared as the B-side of the single "Holy Holy" in January 1971, was included on the Sound + Vision box set in 1989. It was remastered in 2015 as part of the Five Years (1969–1973) box set and was remixed by Visconti in 2020 to celebrate its 50th anniversary.
Writing and recording
Recording for David Bowie's third studio album The Man Who Sold the World began on 17 April 1970 at Advision Studios in London, moving to Trident Studios four days later and continuing there for the rest of April until mid-May, thereafter moving back to Advision until the sessions completed on 22 May. According to biographer Chris O'Leary, "Black Country Rock" was recorded in May. The lineup for the sessions included Bowie, guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist and producer Tony Visconti, drummer Mick Woodmansey and Ralph Mace on Moog synthesiser. As Bowie was preoccupied with his new wife Angie at the time, as well as managerial issues, the album's music was largely arranged by Ronson and Visconti.
After living in Beckenham's Haddon Hall for months, the trio of Ronson, Visconti and Woodmansey accumulated rehearsal time and jam sessions that O'Leary believes gave them an edge over the backing band of Bowie's previous album, David Bowie (Space Oddity) (1969), which included a group of randomly assembled musicians. This resulted in tighter band performances for The Man Who Sold the World. According to O'Leary, Bowie came into the sessions with a basic track idea, which Ronson and Visconti further developed, temporarily labeling it "Black Country Rock". Towards the end of the sessions, running out of time to write lyrics, Bowie used the working title as a basis, resulting in a minimal lyric—"a single repeated two-line verse and chorus".
Composition
"Black Country Rock" has been characterised as blues rock and hard rock, while author James Perone calls it a mix of "electric blues [and] heavy metal". An upbeat number, the song has been described by NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray as a "respite" from the musical and thematical heaviness of the remainder of the album. Its style has been compared to Marc Bolan's contemporary T. Rex, down to Bowie's imitative vibrato in the final verse. According to Visconti, Bowie did a Bolan impression "spontaneously ... because he ran out of lyrics ... we all thought it was cool, so it stayed." O'Leary notes the imitation is most prevalent in the delivery of "fond adieu" followed by a "gargled" "ahh!" Visconti used an equalizer on the vocal tracks to better match the music, resulting in a "thinner" sound. O'Leary calls the delivery of "my friend" in the last refrain as "uncanny".
Structurally, the verses and refrains are in E major and the bridges are in C major. It contains a similar chord sequence as Bowie's 1969 track "Unwashed and Somewhat Slightly Dazed". The song begins with what O'Leary calls an "arpeggiated intro bar" before Ronson's double-tracked guitar enters four seconds in. He plays an ascending riff before Visconti's counters it four seconds later. The guitar and bass complement each other throughout, playing descending and ascending motifs in the bridges and before a 16-bar guitar solo. Mace's Moog synthesiser is prominent in the solos, where he played a low A note, which O'Leary compares to a "system overload warning". Author Peter Doggett compares Woodmansey's drum fills to the stutter of a machine gun. The drums were overlaid by tambourine in the verses and refrains, and by a shaker in the bridges. Later on, Ronson's piano enters towards the coda after the three-minute mark.
Release and reception
The Man Who Sold the World was released in the United States by Mercury Records on 4 November 1970, and in the United Kingdom on 10 April 1971. "Black Country Rock" was sequenced as the third track on side one of the original LP, between "All the Madmen" and "After All". The song also appeared as the B-side of the single "Holy Holy", released in January 1971.
Since its release, "Black Country Rock" has received positive reviews from music critics and biographers, who have mostly praised the performance of the band. AllMusic's Ned Raggett praises the track as a highlight of The Man Who Sold the World, calling it "simple, but powerful" and an effective tribute to T. Rex. He further commends Ronson's guitar work and Bowie's "spot-on" vocal impression of Bolan. O'Leary states that although the track was intended as "filler", the ending result was "far better": "one of the album's best ensemble performances and a testament to Ronson's econcomic arranging skills." Pegg similarly compliments the band's performance. Perone and Doggett praise the track's musical arrangement, while the former finds the lyric "[not] substantial". Mojo magazine listed it as Bowie's 50th greatest song in 2015. In 2018, the staff of NME placed it at number 34 in a list of Bowie's 40 best songs. Three years later in 2021, the staff of The Telegraph ranked "Black Country Rock" as among Bowie's 20 greatest songs.
Subsequent releases
"Black Country Rock" was included on the Sound + Vision box set in 1989. In 2015, the song, along with the rest of its parent album, was remastered for Parlophone's Five Years (1969–1973) box set. It was released on CD, vinyl and digital formats, both as part of the compilation and separately. The song was later remixed by Visconti in 2020 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of The Man Who Sold the World. The album was released under its original intended title of Metrobolist. The song also appeared in the soundtrack of the 2010 film The Kids Are All Right.
Personnel
According to biographer Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead vocal
Mick Ronson – lead and rhythm guitars, piano
Tony Visconti – bass
Mick Woodmansey – drums, tambourine, shaker
Ralph Mace – Moog synthesiser
Technical
Tony Visconti – producer
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Tericka Dye (born 1972/1973) is an American former pornographic actress who performed under the stage name of Rikki Andersin. Later known by the name Tera Myers, she made national headlines when, after retiring from the adult industry and becoming a high school science teacher in Kentucky, her brief pornographic career was discovered, leading to her dismissal.
Film career
Dye said she became involved in pornography while working as an impoverished exotic dancer in California. After serving in the U.S. Army, Dye did a few movies in 1997, including Amazing's Tight Ass. Afterward, she re-enlisted. She was stationed at Fort Lewis as a member of the Military Police in the Army's Regional Confinement Facility. She appeared in a few more films after this, including Cream Entertainment Group's Major Slut, and was a contract star for Cream Entertainment. Dye appeared in at least eleven adult films overall. She later revealed that she suffered from bipolar disorder and appeared in her first pornographic movie at the age of 22 as a homeless and unemployed mother of two. She said she used a pseudonym during filming and that "I absolutely 100% regret doing that. I've always tried to look ahead and not focus on it. But I wasn't diagnosed at the time."
Education and teaching career
Dye rejoined the Army after leaving the pornography industry and used the GI Bill to attend college.
Dye received a bachelor's degree from Murray State University
and spent time as a science teacher at Marshall County High School in Benton, Kentucky, where she once lived.
Dismissal from Reidland High School, 2006
Dye was a science teacher and volleyball coach at Reidland High School in Paducah, Kentucky until 2006 when school officials learned of her pornographic video appearances. According to Ynot.com, "Dye was suspended from work, banned from school property, her contract not renewed once it expired, and she was never given a public hearing because she was paid through the end of her contract." School officials said her presence would disrupt the learning environment, but Dye said that she would be a good example to students since she had "risen above a troubled childhood with an alcoholic father" and turned her life around despite having bipolar disorder; she also said she needed the money to care for her four children.
The case drew national attention after Dye appeared on Dr. Phil to discuss her dismissal from the school.
In May 2006 she said, "I'm a girl from the wrong side of the tracks who's made a lot of bad decisions in life. Anybody who's been in my classroom could tell you how much I love teaching and how much I love these students, and that should be what matters more than anything in my past." She received support from parents and other educators. In 2007 Dye's lawyer confirmed she would not pursue the appeal of a lawsuit against the McCracken County Public Schools and was moving out of Kentucky, though he did not disclose where.
Resignation from Parkway North High School, 2011
Dye later worked as a teacher and girls' volleyball coach in the Parkway School District in St. Louis under the name Tera Myers.
In March 2011, Don Senti, interim district superintendent, said Dye was on administrative leave from her position at the school at her own request. Her decision, granted "out of respect for her privacy and that of her family," came after a student inquired about her appearance in a pornographic video.
According to Parkway School District spokesperson Paul Tandy, Dye "was concerned about the impact [her past] would have in the building", and, on March 4, informed the school's principal after being confronted by the student.
The district said Dye had passed background checks before being hired as a teacher in 2007, but it did not know about her past until the student found out about it online, because the activity was legal and her references did not discuss it. A district representative said Parkway contacted the Kentucky school to verify her references in 2007, and no mention of her suspension or stint in porn was made.
It was announced that Dye would continue to be paid until the end of the semester, at which time she was to leave the Parkway School District. "We're surprised, very surprised," said Tandy. "At the same time, we feel for her and her family. We do believe she has tried to move on with her life ... Unfortunately, even though it happened 15 years ago, [the video] is still there." Students continued to defend her in 2011.
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Events from the year 1989 in the United Kingdom.
Incumbents
Monarch – Elizabeth II
Prime Minister – Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
Parliament – 50th
Events
January
4 January – A memorial service is held for the 270 people who died in the Lockerbie air disaster two weeks ago. Margaret Thatcher and several other world political leaders are among more than 200 people present in the church service at the village of Old Dryfesdale near Lockerbie.
8 January – 44 people are killed in the Kegworth air disaster.
11 January
Accident investigators say that the Kegworth air disaster was caused when pilot Kevin Hunt, who survived the crash, accidentally shut down the wrong engine.
Abbey National building society offers free shares to its 5,500,000 members.
14 January – Muslims demonstrate in Bradford against The Satanic Verses, a book written by Salman Rushdie, burning copies of the book in the city streets.
19 January – Unemployment fell by 66,000 in December, to a nine-year low of just over 2 million. It was last at this level in 1980.
25 January – John Cleese wins a libel case after the Daily Mirror described him as having become like his character Basil Fawlty in the sitcom Fawlty Towers.
27 January – Aviation pioneer Sir Thomas Sopwith dies aged 101 at his home in Hampshire.
February
5 February – At 6.00pm, the world's first commercial DBS system, Sky Television goes on air. Three new services – Sky News, Sky Movies and Eurosport – with the fourth being Sky Channel.
11 February – ITV airs the first episode of Home and Away, an Australian soap which was launched in its homeland last year.
12 February – Belfast lawyer Pat Finucane is murdered by the Ulster Defence Association.
14 February – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran places a fatwa with an order to kill on author Salman Rushdie following the publication of his controversial book The Satanic Verses, which has caused outrage among the Islamic community of Britain.
19 February – The Industrial Society offices at 3 Carlton House Terrace in London is severely damaged by fire.
20 February – Clive Barracks bombing: A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb attack damages Clive Barracks in Shropshire.
23 February
27-year-old William Hague wins the Richmond (North Yorkshire) by-election for the Conservative Party following the departure of Leon Brittan to the European Commission.
Den Watts, the hugely popular character played by Leslie Grantham in the BBC's soap opera EastEnders, departs from the series (which he joined at its inception four years ago) as the character is apparently killed in an episode watched by over 20 million viewers.
March
4 March – Purley rail crash: two trains collide at Purley, Surrey killing six people.
6 March – Glasgow Bellgrove rail accident: two trains collide in Scotland, killing two people.
7 March – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the UK over Salman Rushdie's controversial book The Satanic Verses.
16 March – Unemployment is now below 7% for the first time in eight years, but still remains marginally over 2 million.
17 March – The three men convicted of murdering paperboy Carl Bridgewater in Staffordshire 10 years ago have their appeals rejected. A fourth man convicted in connection with the killing died in prison in 1981.
20 March – Chief Superintendent Harry Breen and Superintendent Bob Buchanan of the Royal Ulster Constabulary are killed by the IRA.
26 March – Nigel Mansell wins the Brazilian Grand Prix.
April
5 April – 500 workers on the Channel Tunnel go on strike in a protest against pay and working conditions.
6 April – The government announces an end to the legislation which effectively guarantees secure work for more than 9,000 dockers over the remainder of their working lives.
10 April – Nick Faldo becomes the first English winner of the Masters Tournament in golf.
14 April – Ford launches the third generation of its Fiesta, the first to offer a 5-door version which is being built at the Dagenham plant in England and the Valencia plant in Spain.
15 April – 94 people are killed this day in the Hillsborough disaster during the FA Cup semi-final at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield during the FA Cup semi-final between Nottingham Forest FC and Liverpool F.C.; three more will die later of serious injuries received and around 300 others are hospitalized. The death toll is the worst of any sporting disaster in Britain. The youngest victim is a 10-year-old boy, the oldest is 67-year-old Gerard Baron, brother of the late former Liverpool player Kevin Baron. Not until 1996 does a second coroner's inquest determine these to be unlawful killings.
16 April – Denis Howell, a former Labour sports minister, urges that the FA Cup final should go ahead this season despite consideration by the Football Association for it to be cancelled due to the Hillsborough disaster.
17 April – Home Secretary Douglas Hurd announces plans to make all-seater stadiums compulsory for all Football League First Division clubs to reduce the risk of a repeat of the Hillsborough tragedy.
18 April
The European Commission accuses Britain of failing to meet standards on drinking water.
The Hillsborough disaster claims its 95th victim when 14-year-old Lee Nicol dies in hospital as a result of his injuries. He had been visited in hospital by Diana, Princess of Wales, hours before he died.
Tottenham Hotspur remove perimeter fencing from their White Hart Lane stadium as the first step towards avoiding a repeat of the Hillsborough disaster in English football.
19 April
The Sun newspaper sparks outrage on Merseyside about the Hillsborough Disaster with an article entitled "The Truth", supported by South Yorkshire police and locally based news agencies, which claims that spectators robbed and injured dead spectators, and attacked police officers when they were helping the injured and dying. Other newspapers including the Daily Star and Daily Mirror, as well as several regional newspapers, have also printed similar allegations.
Channel Tunnel workers end their 14-day strike.
Novelist Dame Daphne du Maurier dies aged 81 at her home in Par, Cornwall.
20 April
The London Underground is at virtual standstill for a day as most of the workers go on strike in protest against plans for driver-only operated trains.
A MORI poll shows Conservative and Labour support equal at 41%.
24 April – The BBC's Ceefax teletext is only running as a partial service today due to a strike by broadcasting unions.
27 April – Security Service Act for the first time places MI5 on a statutory basis.
28 April
John Cannan, of Sutton Coldfield, is sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommendation that he should never be released after being found guilty of murdering one woman and sexually assaulting two others.
Fourteen Liverpool fans are convicted of manslaughter and receive prison sentences of up to three years in Brussels, Belgium, in connection with the Heysel disaster at the 1985 European Cup Final in which 39 spectators (most of them Italian) died. A further eleven Liverpool fans are cleared.
May
1–3 May – 54 prisoners stage a three-day protest on the roof of Risley Detention Centre before giving themselves up.
4 May – Margaret Thatcher completes ten years as Prime Minister – the first British Prime Minister of the 20th century to do so.
5 May – The Vale of Glamorgan constituency in South Wales is seized by the Labour Party in a by-election after 38 years of Conservative control.
8 May – More than 3,000 British Rail employees launch an unofficial overtime ban, walking out in protest at the end of their eight-hour shifts.
14 May – A public inquiry, headed by Lord Justice Taylor of Gosforth, begins into the Hillsborough disaster.
18 May – Unemployment is now below 2,000,000 for the first time since 1980. The Conservative government's joy at tackling unemployment is, however, marred by the findings of a MORI poll which shows Labour slightly ahead of them for the first time in almost three years.
19 May – Walshaw Dean Lodge, West Yorkshire, enters the UK Weather Records with the Highest 120-min total rainfall at 193 mm. As of July 2006 this record still stands.
20 May – Liverpool win the FA Cup final with a 3–2 victory over their Merseyside rivals Everton. It is the second all-Merseyside cup final in four seasons, and as happened in 1986, Ian Rush is on the scoresheet for Liverpool twice. Liverpool have won the trophy four times now.
24 May
Sonia Sutcliffe, wife of "Yorkshire Ripper" Peter Sutcliffe, is awarded £600,000 in High Court damages against the satirical magazine Private Eye.
A police raid on a suspected drugs operation at a public house in the Heath Town district of Wolverhampton, leads to a riot in which up to 500 people throw missiles and petrol bombs at police officers.
26 May – Arsenal F.C. win the First Division league title against Liverpool, with a goal from Michael Thomas in the last minute of the last game of the season. Arsenal have now been league champions 9 times but until now hadn't been league champions for 18 years.
30 May – Passport office staff in Liverpool begin an indefinite strike in protest against staffing levels.
June
13 June – The sixteenth James Bond film, Licence to Kill, premieres in London. The first Bond film not to use or paraphrase the title of an Ian Fleming story, it is also the second and last to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional spy.
19 June – Labour wins 45 of Britain's 78 European Parliament constituencies in the European elections, with the Conservatives gaining 32 seats. The Green Party of England and Wales gains 2,300,000 votes (15% of the vote) but fails to gain a single seat. This is the first national election won by the Labour Party since its last general election win 15 years ago.
22 June
Police arrest 260 people celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge.
London Underground workers stage their second one-day strike of the year.
24 June – A riot takes place in Dewsbury.
July
1 July – Fears of a property market downturn are heightened when it is reported that many homeowners looking to move are cutting the asking price of their homes by up to 20% in an attempt to speed up the sale of their property, following the property boom of the last 3 years where the price of many homes doubled at the very least.
2 July – An IRA bomb kills a British soldier in Hanover, West Germany.
10 July – House prices in the south of England have fallen for the second successive quarter, but are continuing to rise in Scotland as well as the north of England.
11 July
Britain's dock workers go on strike in protest against the abolition of the Dock Labour Scheme.
Actor and film legend Laurence Olivier, Lord Olivier, dies aged 82 at his home in Ashurst, West Sussex.
13 July – The fall in unemployment continues, with the tally now standing at slightly over 1,800,000 – the lowest in nearly a decade.
17 July – 1,500 British tourists are delayed for up to eight hours by French air traffic control strikes.
19 July – The BBC programme Panorama accuses Shirley Porter, Conservative Leader of Westminster City Council, of gerrymandering.
20 July – Labour's lead in the opinion polls has increased substantially, with the latest MORI poll putting them nine points ahead of the Conservatives on 45%.
25 July – The Princess of Wales opens the Landmark Aids Centre, a day centre for people with AIDS, in London.
28 July – The industrial action by British Rail drivers is reported to be coming to an end as most of the train drivers have ended their overtime ban.
August
1 August – Charlotte Hughes of Marske-by-the-Sea in Cleveland, believed to be the oldest living person in England, celebrates her 112th birthday.
4 August – David Duckenfield, the chief superintendent who took control of the FA Cup semi-final game where the Hillsborough disaster occurred on 15 April this year, is suspended from duty on full pay after an inquiry by Lord Justice Taylor blames him for the tragedy in which 95 people died. Two victims of the tragedy, Andrew Devine (aged 22) and Tony Bland (aged 19) are still unconscious in hospital.
5 August – A train derails near West Ealing station in London, but the passengers escape without serious injuries.
14 August – The West Midlands Police Serious Crime Squad is disbanded when 50 CID detectives are transferred or suspended after repeated allegations that the force has fabricated confessions.
17 August – Introduction of electronic tagging to monitor and supervise crime suspects.
18 August – Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards agrees to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £10million.
20 August – Marchioness disaster: A pleasure boat is in collision with a dredger on the Thames in London in the early hours; 51 people are killed.
26 August – Betteshanger, the last colliery in Kent, closes, signalling the end of the Kent Coalfield after 93 years.
29 August – Stone-throwing youths cause mayhem at the Notting Hill Carnival in London, in which many innocent bystanders are injured.
30 August – The National Trust's house at Uppark in West Sussex is severely damaged by fire.
31 August – Buckingham Palace confirms that The Princess Royal and Captain Mark Phillips are separating after 16 years of marriage.
September
2 September – Economy experts warn that a recession could soon be about to hit the United Kingdom. This would be the second recession in a decade.
7 September – Heidi Hazell, the 26-year-old wife of a British soldier, is shot dead in Dortmund, West Germany.
8 September – The IRA admits responsibility for the murder of Heidi Hazell. The act is condemned as "evil and cowardly" by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and as "the work of a psychopath" by Opposition Leader Neil Kinnock.
12 September – 19,000 ambulance crew members across Britain go on strike.
15 September – SLDP leader Paddy Ashdown addresses his party's annual conference in Brighton with a vow to "end Thatcherism" and achieve a long-term aim of getting the SLDP into power.
22 September – Eleven Royal Marines bandsmen are killed in the Deal barracks bombing carried out by the IRA.
27 September – David Owen, leader of the Social Democratic Party "rump" which rejected a merger with the Social and Liberal Democrats, admits that his party is no longer a national force.
29 September – House prices in London have fallen by 3.8% since May, and are now 16% lower than they were at the height of the property boom last year.
October
2 October – Three clergy from the British Council of Protestants cause a disturbance at an Anglican church service in Rome at which the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie is preaching in protest at his suggestion that the Pope could become the spiritual leader of a united church, while Ian Paisley joins protests outside the service.
8 October – The latest CBI findings spark fear of a recession.
10 October – The World Wrestling Federation holds its first UK event, at the London Arena.
11 October
The Rover Group, Britain's largest independent carmaker, launches its new medium-sized hatchback, the second generation 200 Series which replaces the small four-door saloon of the same name and gives buyers a more modern and upmarket alternative to the ongoing Maestro range which has declined in popularity recently.
The England national football team qualifies for next Summer's FIFA World Cup in Italy when drawing 0–0 with Poland in Warsaw.
12 October – Michael Knighton drops his bid to buy Manchester United.
15 October – Recession fears deepen as stock market prices continue to fall dramatically.
16 October – The Social and Liberal Democrats, formed last year from the merger of the Social Democratic Party and Liberal Party, are renamed the Liberal Democrats.
19 October
The Guildford Four are released from prison after the High Court quashes their convictions for the 1975 terrorist atrocity.
Labour now has a 10-point lead over the Conservatives in the last MORI poll, with 48% of the vote.
21 October – Thousands of people attend a memorial service for Laurence Olivier at Westminster Abbey, during which his ashes are laid to rest in Poets' Corner.
23 October – The police force are now taking medical emergency 999 calls in London due to the ongoing strike by ambulance crews.
26 October – Nigel Lawson resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer; replaced by John Major, while Douglas Hurd becomes Foreign Secretary.
31 October – British Rail announces that the proposed high-speed rail link to the Channel Tunnel is being postponed for at least one more year.
November
4 November – First showing of the clay animation film A Grand Day Out, introducing the characters Wallace and Gromit, at a film festival in Bristol.
7 November – General Assembly of the Church of England votes to allow ordination of women.
8 November – British Army and Royal Air Force troops are now manning London's ambulance services as the regular ambulance crews are still on strike.
10 November – Margaret Thatcher visits Berlin the day after the fall of the Berlin Wall, which brings the reunification of Germany forward after Germans were allowed to travel between West and East Berlin for the first time since the wall was built in 1961, and between West and East Germany for the first time since the partition of the country after the war.
14 November – The Merry Hill Shopping Centre on the Dudley Enterprise Zone in the West Midlands becomes fully operational with the opening of the final shopping mall. The development, which now employs around 6,000 people, first opened to retailers four years ago with several retail warehousing units, and has gradually expanded to become Europe's largest indoor shopping centre. Construction has now begun on the Waterfront office and leisure complex, also within the Enterprise Zone and overlooking the shopping centre, which will open to its first tenants next year. On 7 November, Don and Roy Richardson, the Centre's developers, had announced plans to build the world's tallest building – a 2,000-foot tower including a hotel and nightclub – on land adjacent to the shopping complex; this never takes place.
16 November – Children Act alters the law in regard to children in England and Wales; in particular, it introduces the notion of parental responsibility in access and custody matters.
21 November
The House of Commons is televised live for the first time.
Nigel Martyn, 23, becomes Britain's first £1million goalkeeper when he is transferred from Bristol Rovers to Crystal Palace.
23 November – 69-year-old backbencher Sir Anthony Meyer challenges Margaret Thatcher's leadership of the Conservative Party, reportedly fearing that the party will lose the next general election after falling behind Labour in several recent opinion polls. Her leadership has never been challenged before in almost 15 years as party leader, more than 10 of which have been spent as prime minister.
30 November – Russell Shankland and Dean Hancock, serving eight-year prison sentences for the manslaughter of taxi driver David Wilkie in South Wales during the miners strike, are released from prison on the fifth anniversary of the crime.
December
December
The M42 motorway is completed when the final section opens, giving the town of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire (some 10 miles south of Birmingham) a direct link with the M5. Also completed this month is the section of the M40 between Warwick and the interchange with the M42 just south of Solihull. The rest of the M40, between Warwick and Oxford, will open next winter.
Last coypu in the wild in Britain is trapped in East Anglia.
The Beer Orders restrict the number of tied pubs that can be owned by large brewery groups to two thousand and require large brewer landlords to allow a guest ale to be sourced by tenants from someone other than their landlord.
3 December
Margaret Thatcher, along with American president George Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, declare the end of the Cold War after over 40 years.
9,000 workers at British carmaker Vauxhall threaten to go on strike – a move which could end Britain's hopes of becoming to a £200million engine plant for General Motors.
A new-look Band Aid forms for a new version of the Do They Know It's Christmas? charity single for African famine relief.
5 December – Margaret Thatcher defeats Anthony Meyer in a leadership election for the Conservative Party, but 60 MPs do not vote for her.
6 December – the original run of Doctor Who is ended by the BBC after 26 years.
8 December – ITV attracts a new record audience of nearly 27,000,000 for the episode of Coronation Street in which Alan Bradley (Mark Eden) is fatally run over by a Blackpool tram.
12 December – Shares in newly privatised regional water industry utility companies (including the largest, Thames Water) achieve premiums of up to 68% in the first day of trading on the Stock Exchange.
18 December
The Labour Party abandons its policy on closed shops.
The second phase of the M40 motorway, linking north Oxfordshire with the Warwickshire/Worcestershire border on the outskirts of the West Midlands conurbation, is opened. The final phase, which links this new motorway with the original London-Oxford section, is due to open within the next year.
23 December – Band Aid II gain the Christmas Number One with their charity record. 5 years ago, the original Band Aid single reached number 1 and achieved the highest sales of any single ever released in the UK.
24 December – The iconic British Airways Face advert is first aired. Made by advertising firm Saatchi & Saatchi, having been written by Graham Fink and Jeremy Clarke, with Hugh Hudson as director, it is often considered to became a classic television commercial.
27 December – SDP leader David Owen predicts another 10 years of Conservative rule, despite Neil Kinnock's Labour Party having a seven-point lead over the Conservatives with 46% of the vote in the final MORI poll of the decade.
30 December – 22 people involved in the Lockerbie disaster are among those recognised in the New Year's Honours list, while there are knighthoods for former Liberal leader David Steel and the actress Maggie Smith becomes a Dame. Recipients of sporting honours include the boxer Frank Bruno and the golfer Tony Jacklin, both of whom are credited with MBEs.
Undated
Inflation increases significantly this year, standing at 7.8% – the highest for seven years.
Fears of a recession are deepened by the economy's overall growth rate dropping to 1.7%, the lowest since 1981.
House prices in London fall to an average of £86,800 this year – a 10% decrease on the 1988 average.
After spending most of the decade closed down, Whiteleys in London reopens as a shopping centre.
Remains of The Rose and Globe Theatre discovered in London.
Permanent gates are installed across Downing Street in London by the end of the year.
Red kites reintroduced to England and Scotland.
A record of more than 2.3 million new cars are sold in Britain this year. The Ford Escort is Britain's best selling car for the eighth year running, managing more than 180,000 sales, while the Volkswagen Golf is Britain's most popular foreign car with well over 50,000 sales. Ford achieves the largest sales of any carmaker in Britain for the 15th year in a row, helped by the launch of the third-generation Fiesta in April while Vauxhall has now overtaken the Rover Group as Britain's second best selling carmaker. The UK new car sales record has been broken six times in the last seven years.
Britain experiences its worst flu epidemic since the winter of 1975–76, with cases peaking in mid-November. Over a million infections are recorded by December, with an increase in flu-related deaths, while hospitals are forced to cancel surgery.
Publications
Iain Banks' novel Canal Dreams.
Julian Barnes' novel A History of the World in 10½ Chapters.
Julie Burchill's novel Ambition.
William Golding's novel Fire Down Below, third in the To the Ends of the Earth trilogy.
Roger Penrose's book The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics.
Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels Pyramids and Guards! Guards!; and The Bromeliad novel Truckers.
Rose Tremain's novel Restoration
Births
1 January – Zoe Boyle, actress
3 January
Alex Hales, cricketer
Anthony Wordsworth, footballer
6 January – Andy Carroll, English footballer
9 January – Jordan Turner, English rugby league player
11 January – Chris Perry-Metcalf, actor
13 January – Matt Stokoe, English actor
17 January – Hollie-Jay Bowes, actress
21 January – Katie Griffiths, actress
23 January – April Pearson, actress
26 January
Hannah Arterton, actress
Imogen Cairns, gymnast
27 January – Daisy Lowe, fashion model
28 January – Carly Paoli, mezzo-soprano
7 February – Louisa Lytton, English actress and dancer
8 February – Dani Harmer, actress
17 February – Rebecca Adlington, Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer
24 February – Daniel Kaluuya, actor and screenwriter
27 February
Lloyd Rigby, footballer
Sam Sweeney, folk musician
2 March
Nathalie Emmanuel, actress
Chris Woakes, cricketer
13 March
Peaches Geldof, performer (d. 2014)
Harry Melling, English actor
16 March – Theo Walcott, footballer
21 March – Rochelle Humes, singer and TV presenter
25 March – Scott Sinclair, English footballer
26 March – Sam Pepper, internet personality
28 March – David Goodwillie, Scottish footballer
1 April – Royce Pierreson, actor
5 April – Lily James, English actress
19 April – Sam Tordoff, racing driver
22 April
Catherine Banner, author
James McClean, Northern Irish footballer
5 May – Larissa Wilson, actress
21 May – Kate Phillips, actress
31 May – Sean Thornley, tennis player
3 June – Imogen Poots, actress
8 June – Richard Fleeshman, actor
12 June – Dale Stephens, footballer
23 June – Lauren Bennett, singer, dancer, painter, photographer and model
25 June – Sam Ryder, singer-songwriter
26 June – Magid Magid, Somali-born British politician and activist
27 June – Matthew Lewis, actor
1 July
Mitch Hewer, actor
Hannah Murray, actress
2 July – Tom Zanetti, DJ and rapper
11 July – Aden Flint, footballer
16 July – Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer
21 July
Juno Temple, actress
Jamie Waylett, actor
23 July – Daniel Radcliffe, actor (Harry Potter films)
9 August – Lucy Dixon, English actress
20 August – Judd Trump, snooker player
21 August – Rob Knox, English actor (died 2008)
29 August – Charlotte Ritchie, actress and singer
1 September – Daniel Sturridge, footballer
7 September
Holly Colvin, cricketer
Hugh Mitchell, actor
14 September – Jessica Brown Findlay, actress
18 September – Chris Eubank Jr, boxer
21 September – Ben Mee, footballer
22 September – Michael Heaver, English politician, MEP
25 September – Vick Hope, television and radio presenter
26 September
Emma Rigby, actress
Kieran Gibbs, English footballer
Jonny Bairstow, English cricketer
15 October – Anthony Joshua, boxer
20 October – Jess Glynne, pop singer-songwriter
30 October – Ashley Barnes, footballer
3 November
Elliott Tittensor, actor
Luke Tittensor, actor
5 November – Andrew Boyce, English footballer
9 November
Jennifer Pike, violinist
Murugan Thiruchelvam, chess player
10 November – Taron Egerton, Welsh actor. born in england
15 November – Joe Westerman, rugby league player
18 November – Marc Albrighton, English footballer
21 November – Fabian Delph, English footballer
26 November – Junior Stanislas, footballer
27 November – Freddie Sears, footballer
28 November
Claire Brookin, darts player
Ayesha Gwilt, actress
Martin Hare, handball player
7 December – Nicholas Hoult, actor
12 December – Harry Eden, actor
15 December – Lady Leshurr, rapper, singer and producer
18 December – Emily Atack, actress
28 December – Harry Arter, footballer
Unknown date – Roshonara Choudhry, Islamic terrorist convicted of the attempted murder of MP Stephen Timms
Deaths
January
1 January – Joseph Petre, 17th Baron Petre, peer (born 1914)
3 January – Errol Le Cain, artist (born 1941, Singapore)
6 January – Rhoda Sutherland, linguist (born 1906)
7 January – Frank Adams, mathematician (born 1930)
10 January – Beatrice Lillie, actress, singer and comedic performer
11 January
George Abell, civil servant (born 1904)
Peter Nichols, journalist (born 1928)
Sir Geoffrey Tuttle, RAF air marshal (born 1906)
14 January – Richard Warner, actor (born 1911)
15 January – Wendy Foster, architect (born 1937)
16 January – Joseph Henry Lynch, artist (born 1911)
18 January – Bruce Chatwin, novelist and travel writer (born 1940)
19 January – Norma Varden, actress (born 1898)
20 January – John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton, Army general (born 1896)
21 January – Chris Greenham, film sound engineer (born 1923)
23 January
John Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 3rd Baron Acton, peer and soldier (born 1907)
Michael Layton, 2nd Baron Layton, peer (born 1912)
Angus Morrison, pianist (born 1902)
27 January
Arthur Marshall, writer and broadcaster (born 1910)
Sir Thomas Sopwith, aviation pioneer and yachtsman (born 1888)
31 January – Audrey Beecham, poet, teacher and historian (born 1915)
February
1 February – Sir James Drake, civil engineer (born 1907)
3 February – Sir John Davis, RAF air marshal (born 1911)
11 February
T. E. B. Clarke, screenwriter (born 1907)
Margery Hurst, businesswoman (born 1913)
12 February – Pat Finucane, Northern Irish lawyer (murdered by the Provisional IRA) (born 1949)
14 February – Vincent Crane, musician (born 1944)
17 February – Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Tullybelton, judge (born 1911)
18 February
John Bailey, actor (born 1912)
Dixie Deans, RAF pilot (born 1914)
Ann Davidson Kelly, social worker (born 1912)
21 February – Denys Corley Smith, author and journalist (born 1922)
22 February – Sir Raymond Gower, Conservative Party MP (born 1916)
25 February – Richard Sidney Sayers, economist and historian (born 1908)
26 February – Joseph Fenton, Northern Irish estate agent (murdered by the Provisional IRA) (born c. 1953)
28 February – Sir Douglas Kendrew, Army major-general and rugby player (born 1910)
March
5 March – Alice Garnett, geographer (born 1903)
6 March – Harry Andrews, actor (born 1911)
12 March – Maurice Evans, actor (born 1901)
13 March – L. E. Baynes, aeronautical engineer (born 1902)
15 March – Henry Cass, film director (born 1903)
16 March
Alan Redpath, clergyman and author (born 1907)
Marcus Morris, publisher and Anglican priest (born 1915)
18 March – Sir Harold Jeffreys, mathematician (born 1891)
19 March – Charles Lamb, actor (born 1900)
22 March
Margaret Kidd, lawyer and politician (born 1900)
Peta Taylor, cricketer (born 1912)
23 March – Bob McTaggart, Labour Party MP (born 1945)
24 March – Sir Edmund Stockdale, banker (born 1903)
April
1 April
Richard Austin, orchestral conductor (born 1903)
George Robledo, Chilean-born footballer based in Britain (born 1926)
4 April
Keith Andrews, art historian (born 1920)
John Gretton, 3rd Baron Gretton, peer (born 1941)
John W. Todd, physician (born 1912)
5 April – Geoffrey Binnie, civil engineer (born 1908)
10 April – Joan Barry, actress (born 1903; died in Spain)
11 April – Sir Alexander Giles, colonial administrator (born 1915)
12 April – Gerald Flood, actor (born 1927)
15 April – William Samuel Fyffe, Northern Irish politician (born 1914)
19 April – Dame Daphne du Maurier, novelist (born 1907)
20 April – Lydia Sherwood, actress (born 1906)
22 April – Paul Beard, violinist (born 1901)
25 April
George Coulouris, actor (born 1903)
Alan Robertson, geneticist (born 1920)
28 April – Stanley Roy Badmin, artist (born 1906)
29 April – Leonard Redshaw, shipbuilder (born 1911)
May
3 May – Roland Robinson, 1st Baron Martonmere, Conservative politician and Governor of Bermuda (1964–1972) (born 1907)
17 May – Jeffrey Thomas, Labour politician (born 1933)
18 May
Geoffrey Gilbert, flautist (born 1914)
Felicity Shaw, writer (born 1916)
19 May – C. L. R. James, writer and journalist (born 1901)
20 May – John Hicks, economist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1904)
22 May – George Ian Scott, Scottish ophthalmic surgeon (born 1907)
24 May – George Lambert, 2nd Viscount Lambert, politician (born 1909)
26 May – Don Revie, footballer, manager of Leeds United and the England national football team (born 1927)
27 May – Ronald Gibson, physician (born 1909)
29 May – Nora Barlow, Lady Barlow, botanist and geneticist (born 1885)
June
4 June – Cecil Collins, artist (born 1908)
6 June – Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn, economist (born 1905)
7 June – Steve Henshaw, motorcycle racer (killed while racing) (born 1954)
9 June – James Lawrence Isherwood, artist (born 1917)
11 June – Ronald Eric Bishop, aircraft engineer and designer (de Havilland Mosquito, de Havilland Comet) (born 1903)
14 June
Pete de Freitas, rock musician, drummer with band Echo and the Bunnymen (born 1961)
William Stephenson, psychologist (born 1902)
15 June
Geoffrey Alexander, actor (born 1921)
Richard Byron, 12th Baron Byron, peer and Army officer (born 1899)
16 June – John Westbrook, actor (born 1922)
25 June – Idris Cox, Welsh communist activist and journalist (born 1899)
27 June
Sir Alfred Ayer, philosopher (born 1910)
Samuel Newby Curle, mathematician (born 1930)
July
1 July
Joan Cooper, actress and wife of Arthur Lowe (born 1922)
Dora Gaitskell, widow of Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell (born 1901)
2 July – Ben Wright, actor (born 1915)
4 July – Jack Haig, actor (born 1913)
5 July – Berthold Wolpe, German-born calligrapher, typographer and illustrator (born 1905)
10 July – Tommy Trinder, comedian and actor (born 1909)
11 July – Laurence Olivier (Lord Olivier), actor, director and producer (born 1907)
14 July – Frank Bell, linguist and academic (born 1916)
15 July
Laurie Cunningham, English footballer based in Spain (born 1956)
Leonard Harrison, RAF officer (born 1905)
Dennis Wilson, composer (born 1920)
16 July – Sir Brynmor Jones, academic (born 1903)
19 July
J. M. Cohen, translator (born 1903)
Colin Crowe, diplomat (born 1913)
23 July
Charles Edward Foister, botanist (born 1903)
Henry Raynor, musicologist (born 1917)
Michael Sundin, Blue Peter presenter (born 1961)
28 July – B. V. Bowden, Baron Bowden, scientist (born 1910)
31 July – Francis Lane Fox, Army lieutenant-colonel (born 1899)
August
1 August – John Ogdon, pianist (born 1937)
2 August – Euphemia Cunningham, munitions worker in World War I (born 1892)
4 August
Maurice Colbourne, actor (born 1939)
Geoffrey Cross, Baron Cross of Chelsea, judge (born 1904)
8 August
Brian Naylor, racing driver (born 1923)
Audrey Russell, journalist (born 1906)
10 August – Isabella Forshall, pediatric surgeon (born 1900)
15 August – William Sydney Atkins, engineer and entrepreneur (born 1902)
17 August – Harry Corbett, magician, puppeteer and television presenter, creator of Sooty (born 1918)
22 August – Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton, physician and politician (born 1904)
23 August – R. D. Laing, psychiatrist (born 1927)
24 August – Marjorie Pratt, Countess of Brecknock, courtier and socialite (born 1900)
29 August – Peter Scott, ornithologist, conservationist and painter, son of Captain Robert Falcon Scott (born 1909)
September
2 September – Clifton Parker, composer (born 1905)
4 September – William Taylor, ophthalmologist (born 1912)
5 September
Philip Baxter, chemical engineer (born 1905)
William Mann, music critic (born 1924, India)
8 September – Ann George, actress (born 1903)
10 September – James Shaw, Baron Kilbrandon, judge (born 1906)
13 September
Kathleen Bliss, theologian (born 1908)
Jenny Hyslop, community leader (born 1898)
14 September – Raymond Codling, police inspector (murdered) (born 1939)
18 September – Alexander Fletcher, Conservative politician (born 1929)
19 September – Vera Barclay, author and Scouting pioneer (born 1893)
27 September – Dorothea Ramsey, social worker (born 1904)
28 September – Francis Ronald Swain, RAF air commodore (born 1903)
October
1 October
Eric Ball, composer (born 1903)
David Lindesay-Bethune, 15th Earl of Lindsay, peer and soldier (born 1926)
4 October – Graham Chapman, comedian (born 1941)
7 October – George Green, trade union leader (born 1908)
8 October – Anne Dawson, World War I spy (born 1896)
20 October – Sir Anthony Quayle, actor (born 1913)
22 October – Ewan MacColl, singer-songwriter and activist (born 1915)
27 October – Allan Campbell McLean, writer and political activist (born 1922)
28 October – Henry Hall, bandleader (born 1898)
31 October – Roger Scott, radio presenter (born 1943)
November
1 November
Peter Childs, actor (born 1939)
Leslie Runciman, 2nd Viscount Runciman of Doxford, peer (born 1900)
2 November – Frederick Gordon-Lennox, 9th Duke of Richmond, peer (born 1904)
8 November – Olive Henry, artist (born 1902)
11 November – Nicholas Freeman, Conservative politician (born 1939)
14 November – Jimmy Murphy, footballer and coach (born 1910)
17 November – David Blundy, journalist (born 1945; murdered in Ecuador)
21 November
Edward Bawden, artist (born 1903)
Peter Burton, actor (born 1921)
22 November – Billy Milton, actor (born 1905)
29 November – Gubby Allen, Australian-born England cricketer and cricket administrator (born 1902)
December
2 December – William Taylour, archaeologist (born 1904)
4 December
Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones, Labour politician (born 1909)
Kathleen Manners, Duchess of Rutland, aristocrat (born 1894)
5 December – Sir John Pritchard, conductor (born 1918)
6 December – Joyce Howard Barrell, composer (born 1917)
7 December – Sirima (Sirima Nicole Waratunga), singer (born 1964; murdered)
10 December – Sam Barkas, footballer (born 1910)
11 December – Howard Lang, actor (born 1911)
13 December – Roderick Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Cromartie, Scottish peer and soldier (born 1904)
15 December – Edward Underdown, actor (born 1908)
16 December – Marjorie Westbury, actress (born 1905)
17 December
Edward Boyd, scriptwriter (born 1916)
J. Alastair Montgomerie, businessman (born 1914)
Sir Charles Norris, Royal Navy vice-admiral (born 1900)
19 December – Stella Gibbons, novelist, journalist, poet and short-story writer (born 1902)
21 December
Sir Hugh Elliott, 3rd Baronet, ornithologist and conservationist (born 1913)
Elsie Griffin, opera singer (born 1895)
23 December
Peter Bennett, actor (born 1917)
John Cavendish, 5th Baron Chesham, politician (born 1916)
24 December – Charles Moore, 11th Earl of Drogheda, peer (born 1910)
26 December
Sir Lennox Berkeley, composer (born 1903)
Walter Bromley-Davenport, Conservative politician (born 1903)
Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aristocrat (born 1894)
Denis Garrett, mycologist and plant pathologist (born 1906)
Paul Jennings, author and humorist (born 1918)
Peggy Thorpe-Bates, actress (born 1914)
27 December
John Monteath Robertson, Scottish chemist (born 1900)
Edmund Warwick, actor (born 1907)
28 December – William Scott, Ulster Scots painter (born 1913)
30 December – Madoline Thomas, actress (born 1890)
31 December – Margaret Gordon, illustrator (born 1939)
See also
1989 in British music
1989 in British television
List of British films of 1989
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1989 in the United Kingdom
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The proto-mitochondrion is the hypothetical ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to descend, after an episode of symbiogenesis which created the aerobic eukaryotes.
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alphaproteobacterial origin for this endosymbiont, in an ancient episode of symbiogenesis early in the history of the eukaryotes. Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alphaproteobacterial sister-group of mitochondria, there is no definitive evidence as to which alphaproteobacterial group the proto-mitochondrion emerged from. Martijn et al found mitochondria are a possible sister-group to all other alphaproteobacteria. The phylogenetic tree of the Rickettsidae has been inferred by Ferla et al. from the comparison of 16S + 23S ribosomal RNA sequences.
Metabolism
Toni Gabaldón and Martijn Huynen (2003) reconstructed the proteome (the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome) and corresponding metabolism of the proto-mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha-proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an aerobic alpha-proteobacterium respiring lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genomes analyzed in the study.
See also
Abiogenesis
Endosymbiotic theory
Hydrogenosome
Midichloria
Protocell
Rickettsiales
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Proto-mitochondrion
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Trashman is a video game developed by Malcolm Evans for the ZX Spectrum and released by New Generation Software in 1984.
Later the same year, it was followed by Travel with Trashman. The third game in the series, Trashman Through Time, was never completed, however Trashman Goes Moonlighting was made for the Amstrad CPC although it may only have been distributed in Italy.
Gameplay
There are seven levels each consisting of one street each named after streets in and around Bath, Somerset. The player starts at the bottom of the street and has to empty the bin from each house into the dustcart that moves slowly up the left lane of the road. The first level consists of five houses each with a bin to be emptied, the second level has six houses, and so on. Once all the bins are emptied, the player simply walks to the top of the street to complete the level.
Each level has a time limit, if the player fails to empty all the bins within this limit then the player has to repeat the level. If a level is played three times exceeding the time limit, the game is over. The player must avoid stepping onto grass, as doing so will cause the time counter to decrease very rapidly until they step off it. But if the player manages to empty a bin without stepping onto any grass, the householder appears at the door and invites the player in for a few seconds. This will increase the time limit, as well as providing a little humorous conversation, such as "Could you look at my TV?" - "I meant mend it, not watch it".
The biggest threat to the player is the passing traffic in the road: if the player is run over by a car the game ends immediately. Sometimes if the player steps onto the grass, a dog comes out of the house and tries to bite the player, making them limp for a minute or two. In later levels, pavement cyclists must be avoided as well.
Development
Reception
The game received good reviews for its detailed graphics, good use of colours, and the use of bright and normal colours to create an effect of shadow.
The ZX Spectrum version reached the top of the UK video game charts in May 1984.
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Trashman (video game)
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Steve Shak (born February 8, 1978 in Cerritos, California) is a retired American soccer player. He currently works for Northwestern Mutual. Previously Shak was an assistant coach with the Charlotte Eagles of the USL Second Division. He also joined the North Carolina State coaching staff as a volunteer assistant coach in 2013.
A former UCLA college standout and Major League Soccer number one draft pick, Shak spent four years in the American top league with the MetroStars and with Colorado Rapids, but with the exception of a brief stint in Sweden, spent the majority of his career in the USL, including extended periods with the Virginia Beach Mariners and the Eagles.
Career
College
Shak played college soccer at UCLA, where he started out as a walk-on and became a starter, helping the Bruins to the College Cup in 1997. He also played for the United States at under-23 level.
Professional
With the MetroStars coming off the worst season in MLS history in 1999, they were given the first pick in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft. Despite Shak being projected to go in the third or fourth round, and such highly rated prospects as Nick Garcia, Carlos Bocanegra, and Danny Califf on the board, the Metrostars drafted Shak as the first overall pick.
Shak spent nearly 2 seasons with the MetroStars, playing on defense as well as midfield, scoring a goal and an assist. He was traded to the Colorado Rapids for Ross Paule at the end of the 2001 season. After playing one minute for the Rapids in 2002 and going on loan to the Hampton Roads Mariners for two games, Shak was released by the Rapids prior to the 2003 season. Shak then signed with the Minnesota Thunder of the USL A-League. In 2004, Shak played for Bodens BK in the Swedish Supperettan (2nd Division). Later in 2004 he returned to the United States and signed with the Virginia Beach Mariners where he captained the team for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. When the Mariners folded in early 2007, Shak switched to the Charlotte Eagles. He made his debut for them on April 20, 2007, scoring one goal in a 4-1 victory over Crystal Palace Baltimore, and subsequently played 51 times for the team before retiring after the end of the 2009 season.
International
In 1999 Shak was a member of the US Olympic Team that won a Bronze medal in the Pan-American Games in Winnipeg, Canada. He started 5 of 6 games for the USA but was later cut from the Olympic Team roster before the 2000 Sydney Olympics. In 2005, Shak was a replacement player during the U.S. national team labor dispute.
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Steve Shak
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Liudolf may refer to:
Liudolf, Duke of Saxony (c. 805–c. 864)
Liudolf, Duke of Swabia (930–957)
Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia (c. 1003–1038)
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Liudolf
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The Liebenauer Stadium, sponsored as the Merkur-Arena (formerly known as the Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium and UPC-Arena), is in the Liebenau area of Graz, Styria, Austria. The ground is the home of the football clubs SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK.
History
Originally, the stadium was named after bodybuilder, actor and former governor of the U.S. state of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, who was born near Graz. It was built from 1996 to early 1997 and is owned by Stadion Liebenau Betriebs GmbH. It opened with the game Grazer AK vs. SK Sturm Graz on 9 July 1997 (0:4).
In December 2005, when Schwarzenegger did not stop the execution of Stanley Tookie Williams, an intense discussion in his hometown began about what to do with the stadium that bore his name. After some days, Schwarzenegger revoked the city of Graz's right to the use of his name, ending the debate. On the night of 26 December 2005 the name was removed from the stadium. The remaining part Stadion Graz-Liebenau was removed on 17 February 2006 and on 18 February 2006 the stadium was renamed to UPC-Arena. In March 2016 the Austrian insurance company Merkur Versicherung secured the rights to bear a name and the stadium was renamed to Merkur-Arena.
In 2023, the city of Graz renamed the forecourt of the Merkur Arena to Ivica-Osim-Platz ('Ivica-Osim-Square'), a long time player and trainer of SK Sturm Graz, who had died the previous year.
Facts
The Merkur-Arena has an official capacity of 15,400 in 27 sectors. At Champions League games of the SK Sturm Graz, some additional platforms were built so that the stadium had a capacity of 16,000 spectators. Furthermore, the stadium has a wheelchair area.
The first game in the "new" UPC-Arena was the 125th derby between SK Sturm Graz and Grazer AK (4:0).
The field equipped with undersoil heating has a size of 105 x 68 metres.
The stadium hosted a World Cup qualifier between Austria and Faroe Islands on 5 September 2009 which ended in 3–1 victory for the home team. It also hosted an international friendly between England and Japan on 30 May 2010. England had been training in Irdning, a small village in the Austrian Alps, in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The match ended 2–1 to England, courtesy of two own goals by Japan.
Average attendance
The average season attendances from league matches held at the Merkur-Arena for Grazer AK and SK Sturm Graz.
* Relegated to 3rd league.
** Dissolved after 6 matches.
Since 2012 SK Sturm Graz continuously played in the stadium, while GAK returned 2019 when they reached the 2nd league again.
Sponsors
From 2006 to 2016 the stadium was sponsored by UPC Austria, and was known as the UPC-Arena
Merkur Versicherung won the sponsorship rights from 2016. The contract is set to last for 10 years until 2026.
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Liebenauer Stadium
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ZMax is a file transfer protocol developed in 1990-1991 by Mike Bryeans (Micro TECH Systems) who also developed TMODEM.
Zmax is designed to replace ZMODEM. It uses 32 bit CRC's on file data blocks, the same as Zmodem, and 32 bit CRC's on its information blocks where Zmodem uses 16 bit.
In stream mode Zmax sends blocks, the size being set by the receiver, of data but doesn't require ACKs from the receiver.
Zmax should (depending on equipment, phone lines, implementation, etc.) allow about 97.5 percent efficiency at 2400 baud on a 30K file compared to Zmodem's 95 percent. Unlike Zmodem, Zmax reaches full speed on considerably smaller files. In fact, due to less overhead associated with small files, it achieves a better efficiency rating.
In Non-Stream mode (which can be set by the receiver or the sender), Zmax is a super Batch XMODEM or YMODEM depending on the block size, because it uses 32 bit CRCs instead of 16.
Unlike Zmodem which sets an upper limit of 1024 bytes on block sizes, Zmax has an upper limit of over 32K. Because of this, Zmax may be used as a mailer protocol without any modifications.
Zmax also has a lot less CPU overhead than Zmodem, so slower computers can drive highspeed modems faster. Zmax does not encode each byte of data like Zmodem does. This reduces the amount of CPU overhead and simplifies the code quite a bit. Zmax also treats all files as binary 8 bit files and will require word length to be set to 8, which is the most common setting.
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ZMax
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Huali was a car brand of FAW Tianjin, a member of First Automobile Works Group, which specialised in compact vehicles. Huali's first vehicle was a minibus named Dafa (see under products). Huali licensed Daihatsu models from 2003 onwards including the Happy Messenger based on the Daihatsu Move and the Huali Dario based on the Daihatsu Dario (it was later called the Zotye Nomad as well) . All products were sold under the FAW-Jiaxing brand from 2008.
Products
Huali Dafa
Huali Happy Messenger
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Huali
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