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MARCO_8202783
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Where does Melania Trump come from? Born Melanija Knavs in 1970, the potential First Lady grew up in the small town of Sevnica in Solvenia. The attractive young woman began her modelling career at the age of just 16 and signed with a modeling agency in Milan at 18.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382220"
}
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CAR_5767efedcd3cc4e08cc426564f5cf06831316054
|
Since 1985, the National Governors Association has encouraged state First Ladies and Gentlemen to pursue their own, distinct causes and public agendas. The public role of the first spouse is traditionally ceremonial. Like the First Ladies of the United States, state and territorial first spouses are not elected and earn no government salary. However, traditionally first spouses also champion important causes either nationally or within their individual states or territories, such as charitable and humanitarian work. First spouses are often seen as high profile individuals who can direct public awareness towards a particular cause or campaign. For example, the nation's first spouses launched a nationwide national breast cancer awareness campaign in conjunction with the National Governors Association in 1994. In collaboration with the breast cancer initiative, some First Spouses participated in media campaigns, public relations, chaired statewide breast cancer awareness committees, and even spearheaded the creation of a specific women's departments within state health departments. Diverse initiatives championed by individual current First Spouses have included advocacy against drunk driving, heart disease in women, the Special Olympics, and development assistance projects in Rwanda.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382220"
}
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CAR_ccb9b0fba03e718b96f7ec7830829ee5f6eee689
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The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the President of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office. She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382221"
}
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CAR_d97b7f529ae29fbdec97503dc3dd6cc77fce66f8
|
The position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society. The role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House. She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001).
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382221"
}
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MARCO_2739643
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The first lady (or, to be politically correct, first spouse, since there's a chance a man may hold the title next year) receives no salary for any work she undertakes while her husband is in office a situation that hasn't changed, even as the role has evolved from hostess to political powerhouse.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382222"
}
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MARCO_3215398
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First Lady Michelle Obama. The first lady of the United States is not elected, has no constitutional duties and receives no salary, but that doesn't mean the position is without its privileges including a staff of 22 White House employees who make a combined nearly $1.5 million per year.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382222"
}
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MARCO_2758889
|
Ivanka Trump is now officially an employee of the U.S. government. The White House announced Wednesday that she will take no pay and serve as an assistant to the president. The role comes after NBC News confirmed earlier this week that the first daughter would have an office in the West Wing. Her role was first reported by the New York Times.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382223"
}
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MARCO_3377207
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Public officials are not allowed to hire or promote relatives, but Ivanka Trump and her father, the president of the United States, aren't worried about violating ethics rules with her new job at the White House. Since Ivanka Trump is not getting paid, the White House has said she and other Trump relatives working in Washington are in the clear. The president's oldest daughter has been hired at the White House as an unpaid employee with the title Assistant to the President, the Donald Trump administration announced Wednesday. But despite her nonexistent salary, being the daughter of the president comes with many perks.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382224"
}
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MARCO_3457836
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Ivanka Trump Takes An Official Job In The White House. She's long served as an informal adviser to her father. Ivanka Trump will take on a more formal role working for her father, President Donald Trump, as an official unpaid employee in the White House, The New York Times reported Wednesday.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382224"
}
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MARCO_3457837
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Ivanka Trump is now officially an employee of the U.S. government. The White House announced Wednesday that she will take no pay and serve as an assistant to the president. The role comes after NBC News confirmed earlier this week that the first daughter would have an office in the West Wing.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382225"
}
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MARCO_4078997
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Ivanka Trump gets new White House title. First Daughter Ivanka Trump will be an official government employee. Veuer's Nick Cardona (@nickcardona93) tells us what her new title will be. WASHINGTON Presidential daughter Ivanka Trump said Wednesday she will take a formal White House position without pay but will be subjected to federal ethics rules.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382225"
}
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MARCO_2433061
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This was in part because daddy Charles Kushner was in jail. But now that he has taken on a job as White House advisor to President Trump, Jared Kushner has been forced to step aside from Kushner Companies and his father Charles Kushner is stepping back in.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382229"
}
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MARCO_5329405
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$110 Billion Weapons Sale to Saudis Has Jared Kushner's Personal Touch. Jared Kushner, President Trump's son-in-law and senior adviser, picked up the phone during a meeting with Saudi officials and called the chief executive of Lockheed Martin.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382230"
}
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MARCO_5347156
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Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner, President Trump's daughter and son-in-law, will remain the beneficiaries of a sprawling real estate and investment business still worth as much as $740 million, despite their new government responsibilities, according to ethics filings released by the White House Friday night.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382230"
}
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MARCO_7394529
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Ivanka Trump's husband wields extraordinary influence in the Trump sphere. Jared Kushner, President Donald Trump's 36-year-old son-in-law, is now serving as a senior adviser in the Trump administration. Though Jared did not have an official role during Trump's campaign, he was nevertheless seen as a de facto campaign manager, and he later served as a member of Trump's transition team.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382231"
}
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MARCO_876678
|
This time around, though, it is Jared Kushner, son of Charles, and husband to Ivanka Trump. The younger Kushner has emerged as one of Trump's most trusted advisers and a power broker inside what has been a tumultuous transition process.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382231"
}
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CAR_1fae2e498615f8e734574f159ea11d104edd0ab5
|
In dealing with solid waste management, the Municipality of Polangui has adopted the usual means of dumping garbage in an open-pit dumpsite. Garbage is collected from each barangay in the poblacion every Tuesday and Friday. The municipality has four garbage trucks to ensure that the garbage is collected and disposed in the waste disposal site located at Sitio Barobo, about distance from the central business district.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382232"
}
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CAR_48959364d1f88dd0735f417f0caee4eb512c5645
|
He started by surveying different areas of the country to better understand what types of garbage survives under different climates. He found there was little difference between the sites because the garbage is compacted. The California landfills did have less paper than those in Illinois. Recycling is thought to be the cause of the paper difference between states. Rathje's research uncovered some other misconceptions about landfills. In particular, it was revealed that the rate of natural biodegradation is far slower than had been assumed (e.g., in capacity planning). It was found that the plastic bottles that were crushed at the top were able to be re-inflated easier than those that were at the bottom because of a new system of bottle making called light-weighting. This is the process of using less plastic in bottles to conserve material and save money. Light-weighting is not limited to plastic alone; this process is used for aluminum and paper as well. Rathje also found that Americans were wrong about what they thought they threw away most. When combined, the three most infamous types of trash—diapers, fast food containers, and Styrofoam—amounted to less than three percent of the landfill's waste. Rathje found that plastic was 20-24 percent of waste and paper alone was 40 percent of the waste found in landfills. Thirteen percent of this paper waste was from newspapers. Rathje states the irony of this fact in his book. He talks about how newspapers are usually the ones that report things such as waste and pollution and it is these same newspapers clogging the landfills. Rathje discusses the rate of closing landfills and how for every six small landfills closed one large landfill opens. At the time he published his book he predicted that in the next five years 50 percent of the landfills open at the time would close. He determined this from his findings. In an effort for states to prevent their area becoming a large landfill often states ship their trash to other states. States such as Michigan are taking measures to prevent their state from being the landing spot for the nations trash. Michigan has found that in the past years most of their rise in trash rates are because of trash imports from Canada.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382232"
}
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CAR_810c56cc102622313b5a0eb1c5c20586c0344ec6
|
ECOHISPÁNICA has developed and built a MSW Treatment Plant based on a very special autoclaves system called 'Waste Cleaner'. It is the first system able to process Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in continuous mode. The Plant is able to process up to 40.000 tons per year without previous selection, and the system has been internationally patented by ECOHISPÁNICA. The process just applies water steam, pressure, temperature, and some internal movement... In about 20 minutes, the main part of the garbage (organic matter), is converted into a kind of biomass, very clean, that you can touch with your hands, storable, and valid for composting, for gassification, or power generation (the calorific power is about 3.500 kcal/kg). The rest of materials like plastic or metals, are very easy to select once garbage has been processed into the Waste Cleaner. The advantages of this technology are really impressive: It makes possible the goal of zero landfill, the volume of the garbage is reduced more than 80%, the operational costs are significantly reduced, no emissions,the employees work in very clean conditions, it increases a lot the efficiency in respect to other technologies,and is very fast (20 minutes are enough). The Plant of ECOHISPÁNICA is in the city of Rivas Vaciamadrid (Madrid), one of the most prestigious cities in Spain in environment and new technologies. Visits from more than 80 countries have been received in the Plant in the last 2 years. ECOHISPÁNICA is releasing the Waste Cleaner to the world market, and installation of Plants in China, USA, Argentina, Chile, Israel, Brazil, Ghana and Spain is programmed for 2016 and 2017.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382233"
}
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CAR_aecfb0eb2ca430ca80cf99726afc44be2ec06e45
|
The Jundiz recycling plant is located in the Basque Country (autonomous community), particularly in Vitoria-Gasteiz Jundiz Álava. This place is responsible for recycling the city garbage. The trash is converted by a physical-chemical or mechanical process to submit a substance or a product already used to a cycle of total or partial treatment for a commodity or a new product or raw materials from waste, introducing them back into life cycle. This occurs at the prospect of depletion of natural resources, macro economic and eliminate waste efficiently.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382234"
}
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CAR_cfea9e6448377f62ebf07fb0b5e69ed110c7f5cd
|
Disposing trash on Earth mainly comes in three ways: littering, incinerating, and storing in it the many landfills we have around the world. With today’s landfills, there are very constructed contaminate structures. These systems are designed to help keep solid waste from becoming too uncontained and uncontrolled from the environment and the impact it could have on the health of humans. The purpose of having a liner system within a landfill is mainly to isolate everything within the landfill from the environment and protect it from contaminating the contents of the soil and especially the water within the ground. These liners are engineered to create a physical barrier between the garbage within the landfill, the ground, and the environment, in order to separate the liquid contaminate (leachate) so that it can go to a treatment facility. There are different types of these landfill sites for the different types of solid wastes which society creates and leaves behind. There are certain levels of harmfulness in which the different types of trash have; therefore, there are different types of liner systems which are required for these different types of disposal sites. The first type is single liner-systems. These systems usually are put within landfills which mostly hold construction rubble. These landfills are not meant to hold the disposal of harmful liquid wastes such as paint, tar, or any other type of liquid garbage that can easily seep through a single liner system. The second type is double-liner systems. These systems are usually found in municipal solid waste landfills as well all hazardous waste landfills. The first part is constructed to collect the leachate while the second layer is engineered to be a leak-detection system to ensure that no contaminates leak into the ground and contaminate everything.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382234"
}
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CAR_5e36a45e0248be43c733fb2e2deb473fe27b6c82
|
Air pollution is a growing environmental problem in Pakistan, especially in the large metropolises. According to a World Bank report, “Pakistan’s urban air pollution is among the most severe in the world and it engenders significant damages to human health and the economy”. The inefficient use of energy, an increase in the number of vehicle used daily, an increase in unregulated industrial emissions and the burning of garbage and plastic have contributed the most to air pollution in urban areas. According to a recent study, Pakistan's Environment Protection Department claims that the average level of pollution in big cities is approximately four times higher than the World Health Organisation limits. These emissions have detrimental effects, ranging from “respiratory diseases, reduced visibility, loss of vegetation and an effect on the growth of plants.” However one of the greatest contributor to air pollution is industrial activity. The inadequate air emission treatments and lack of regulatory control over industrial activity has contributed to the deterioration of ambient air quality in major cities. In addition, the common practice of burning massive amounts of solid waste, including plastic and rubber, on street corners by the public releases toxic gases, which are extremely harmful for residents in the area.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382235"
}
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CAR_74265b6ad340375b7e5d973bd2fc5acb1f7dbd2f
|
Since the mid-1990s, the Camorra has taken over the handling of refuse disposal in the region of Campania, with disastrous results for the environment and the health of the general population. Heavy metals, industrial waste, chemicals and household garbage are frequently mixed together, then dumped near roads and burnt to avoid detection, leading to severe soil and air pollution.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382236"
}
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CAR_c0cbea86b81eaf49d979d15dfccb423dfc138db5
|
The rapid urbanization greatly increased the demand for informal waste collecting services, as cities lacked the infrastructure and resources to collect the totality of wastes generated by their inhabitants. Despite spending 30–50% of operation budgets on waste management, developing world cities today collect only 50–80% of refuse generated by inhabitants. Residents and businesses often resort to burning garbage or disposing of it streets, rivers, vacant lots, and open dumps. This is a source of air, land, and water pollution that threatens human health and the environment. Informal waste collectors help mitigate this harm by collecting recyclable materials by foot or in pushcarts, tricycles, donkey carts, horse carts, and pickup trucks.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382236"
}
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MARCO_1489681
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Open burning of plastic waste is simply dangerous to your health and the health of the environment. Plastic such as PVC (polyvinylchloride) is common in such things as bottles and jugs, plastic packaging and blister packs, etc. When these are burnt in the house, carbon monoxide, dioxins and furans are released into your air. Whilst carbon monoxide is a pretty well known poison, dioxins and furans are not.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382237"
}
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MARCO_6015326
|
Burning household waste is a serious threat to public health and the environment. Toxic chemicals, including dioxins, are produced when household waste is burned. One household burn barrel emits more dioxin than a municipal waste incinerator serving thousands of homes.Burning of debris can cause another problem ...urning household waste is a serious threat to public health and the environment. Toxic chemicals, including dioxins, are produced when household waste is burned. One household burn barrel emits more dioxin than a municipal waste incinerator serving thousands of homes. Burning of debris can cause another problem ...
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382237"
}
|
CAR_801459d2dba4fdfa7be76c211210166faa721f9e
|
A landfill compaction vehicle has two main functions: to spread the waste evenly in layers over the landfill, and to compact waste to reduce its volume and help stabilize the landfill. Proper waste compacting includes the process of using a steel wheeled/drum landfill compactor to shred, tear and press together various items in the waste stream so they consume a minimal volume of landfill airspace. The higher the compaction rate, the more trash the landfill can receive and store. This will also reduce landslides, cave-ins and minimize the risk of explosions of landfill gas (see landfill gas migration).
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382238"
}
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CAR_8818f9dd0bf6807b049ea5840b7cf2400f1eafae
|
Clean-up of waste is done by clean-up crews around the property. It is trucked to the main facilities to be processed and packaged. At its height there were more than 600 truckloads a day. Since clean-up began, more than 12,000,000 miles have been logged. Processing is done by compacting waste and hazardous materials to make sure no air pockets remain. After adding support to the waste by adding cement blocks so the area will not sag, a temporary cap is placed over the waste until a permanent cap seals all the waste off from the site.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382238"
}
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CAR_ceaa49bdec39db2a76a6a8528e70a6830433f8d8
|
Waste compaction is the process of compacting waste, reducing it in size. Garbage compactors and waste collection vehicles compress waste so that more of it can be stored in the same space. Waste is compacted again, more thoroughly, at the landfill to conserve valuable airspace and to extend the landfill's life span. A side effect of this is that important items, like evidence in a crime, may be difficult to recover from the garbage. Due to reduced oxygenation, biodegradation of organic waste is also slowed.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382239"
}
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CAR_fac684b0152d40909caf222f6c87f945d622b23b
|
There are many actions along the recycling supply chain that can influence and affect the material quality of recyclate. It begins with the waste producers who place non-target and non-recyclable wastes in recycling collection. This can affect the quality of final recyclate streams or require further efforts to discard those materials at later stages in the recycling process. The different collection systems can result in different levels of contamination. Depending on which materials are collected together, extra effort is required to sort this material back into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final product. Transportation and the compaction of materials can make it more difficult to separate material back into separate waste streams. Sorting facilities are not one hundred per cent effective in separating materials, despite improvements in technology and quality recyclate which can see a loss in recyclate quality. The storage of materials outside where the product can become wet can cause problems for re-processors. Reprocessing facilities may require further sorting steps to further reduce the amount of non-target and non-recyclable material. Each action along the recycling path plays a part in the quality of recyclate.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382240"
}
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MARCO_6015322
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Introduction. It is illegal to burn household or garden waste at home or in your garden. Burning waste is not only a nuisance to neighbours, it can release many harmful chemicals into the air you breathe. Modern day waste has many toxic chemicals in it.Paper waste may contain synthetic materials, preservatives and even plastics.Disposable nappies contain gels, bleaches, plastics.urning waste is not only a nuisance to neighbours, it can release many harmful chemicals into the air you breathe. Modern day waste has many toxic chemicals in it. Paper waste may contain synthetic materials, preservatives and even plastics.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382240"
}
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CAR_7194524984a31208fd50fa77d57682e08b8dc543
|
The recycled water is sourced from the Bolivar Sewage Treatment plant approximately 8 km away and then has stormwater added to it from the Salisbury wetlands before it is treated to Class A standard recycled water for use on gardens, reserves and connected to the toilet of each residence in Mawson Lakes. SA Water provides a comprehensive audit of homes within the area to ensure that cross connection between the recycled water and drinking water does not occur. Guidelines for the use of recycled water are published by the South Australian Environment Protection Authority (EPA).
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382241"
}
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CAR_8791cb0fd32f3880c5af42d4a82c851319e1f3ca
|
The treated water from both stormwater and wastewater sources is stored and recycled for use throughout the Olympic site in water features, irrigation, toilet flushing and fire fighting capacities.Through the use of WSUD technology, the WRAMS scheme has resulted in the conservation of 850 million litres (ML) of water annually, a potential 50% reduction in annual potable water consumption within the Olympic site, as well as the annual diversion of approximately 550 ML of sewage normally discharged through ocean outfalls. As part of the long-term sustainability focus of the 'Sydney Olympic Park Master Plan 2030', the Sydney Olympic Park Authority (SOPA) has identified key best practice environmental sustainability approaches to include, the connection to recycled water and effective water demand management practices, maintenance and extension of recycled water systems to new streets as required, and maintenance and extension of the existing stormwater system that recycles water, promotes infiltration to sub soil, filters pollutants and sediments, and minimises loads on adjoining waterways.<ref name = 'ref23'>Sydney Olympic Park Authority 2011, Sydney Olympic Park Master Plan 2030, Sydney Olympic Park Authority, viewed 20 September 2011,
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382241"
}
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CAR_af7f7c65c7f9cc61089860661a12d6242feaf593
|
As an ISO 14001 certified Company, the company installed waste water recovery facility to treat, recycle and reuse the entire quantity of sewage and process effluents, thereby achieving zero liquid effluent discharge. It has also implemented a rain water harvesting system and sewage treatment plant at its township. The treated sewage water is used for gardening purpose. Continuing with its green initiative, the company planted an additional 5000 saplings in the green belt area in its factory in Mangalore in 2010.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382242"
}
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CAR_fbd1b9374b1a19749f6bd8bfb42123aa549dd683
|
Working as a member of the Carollo Engineers design team, Johanson helped create a new water treatment facility. By overlaying art, public access, sewage treatment, habitat restorations, and agriculture, she embedded major urban infrastructure within living nature. Her design has been credited with 're-inventing art and reforming civil engineering'. The project includes natural systems to treat sewage, allowing millions of gallons of water to be reused. Johanson used the form of the endangered Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse to create the shapes of the polishing ponds, which contain islands that direct the flow of water and provide nesting habitat for birds. Other plantings support local wildlife. An additional area of tidal wetlands was acquired for the park and wildlife sanctuary. This multi-purpose landscape provides more than of walking trails for educational programs, nature study and tourism. Petaluma Wetlands Park coincides with a $150 million sewage treatment facility, while also serving as a highly visible model for converting sewage into recycled water, which is stored in a deep reservoir at the end of the 'mouse's tail'.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382243"
}
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CAR_ff8406281f5e0212ee5fd93a2c41bc5fb208e7a0
|
The recycling of treated municipal wastewater has become a significant part of California's water supply. The different water agencies in California were recycling over as of 2009, the date of the last survey. Some of the many uses for recycled water are: golf course irrigation 7%, landscape irrigation 17%, agricultural irrigation 37%, commercial reuse of water 7%, industrial uses 7%, geothermal energy production 1%, seawater intrusion barrier via fresh water injections 7%, groundwater recharge by well injection and flotation ponds 12%, recreational impoundments 4%, and natural wetland systems/restoration 4%. The stated goal is the recycling of of treated municipal wastewater.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382243"
}
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CAR_07b1097159ab90adf479cf9be54f1c1b06fda1a9
|
For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered. Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382244"
}
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CAR_80c7bfc97b4df8401cf14f17a7b2b9c305a73aa2
|
San Francisco's Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance also contributes to the San Francisco Climate Action Plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Most greenhouse gases attributed to waste are the result of energy consumed in lifecycle stages upstream from the landfill (materials extraction, pre-manufacture, manufacture, and transport), not from the landfill itself. In 2001, San Francisco’s actions to divert materials from Altamont landfill into recycled products reduced greenhouse gas emissions from these upstream lifecycle stages by the equivalent of 768,000 tons of carbon dioxide, vs. manufacturing these same products from virgin materials. This shift away from virgin materials represents a 75-80% savings in net greenhouse gas emissions for paper, glass, copper, and steel, and a 97.5% savings for aluminum. The recycling of paper has an additional carbon sequestration effect through forest conservation. Diversion of organic material into composting also reduces greenhouse emissions, since applying compost as a soil amendment helps to sequester carbon. In this vein, San Francisco’s mandatory recycling and composting ordinance supports the city’s 2002 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Resolution to reduce emissions to 20% less than 1990 levels by no later than 2012.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382244"
}
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CAR_87556ca98a6fc337777bfb56f7e52d9ab691f3d0
|
Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation in order to extract the maximum benefits from products, delay the consumption of virgin resources, and reduce the amount of waste generated. Resource recovery differs from the management of waste by using life-cycle analysis (LCA) to offer alternatives to landfill disposal of discarded materials. A number of studies on municipal solid waste (MSW) have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured alternatives to landfill disposal.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382245"
}
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CAR_b3a675a0179130bd7b5d2f8e8a374acff8c8e469
|
Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries, Canada, New Zealand and many other parts of the developed world in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialised trucks. This is often associated with curb-side waste segregation. In rural areas waste may need to be taken to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal facility.In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from the home or commercial premises by vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in Europe and North America.Pyrolysis is used for disposal of some wastes including tires, a process that can produce recovered fuels, steel and heat. In some cases tires can provide the feedstock for cement manufacture. Such systems are used in USA, California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, the United Kingdom and in Israel. The RESEM pyrolysis plant that has been operational at Texas USA since December 2011, and processes up to 60 tons per day.In some jurisdictions unsegregated waste is collected at the curb-side or from waste transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into bio-gas and soil conditioner.In San Francisco, the local government established its Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in support of its goal of zero waste by 2020, requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the curbside 'Fantastic 3' bin system – blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for landfill-bound materials – provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The City's 'Pay-As-You-Throw' system charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other discards. The City's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the City to achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America. Other businesses such as Waste Industries use a variety of colors to distinguish between trash and recycling cans.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382245"
}
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MARCO_7408832
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Paper is compostable and recyclable. Composing and recycling are two environmentally sound methods of handling waste. Using either approach to waste management keeps materials out of landfills and minimizes your environmental impact.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382246"
}
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CAR_7a264f3642906c62492e38449fa0c998fd709510
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The terminology used in the bioplastics sector is sometimes misleading. Most in the industry use the term bioplastic to mean a plastic produced from a biological source. All (bio- and petroleum-based) plastics are technically biodegradable, meaning they can be degraded by microbes under suitable conditions. However, many degrade so slowly that they are considered non-biodegradable. Some petrochemical-based plastics are considered biodegradable, and may be used as an additive to improve the performance of commercial bioplastics. Non-biodegradable bioplastics are referred to as durable. The biodegradability of bioplastics depends on temperature, polymer stability, and available oxygen content. The European standard EN13432, published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines how quickly and to what extent a plastic must be degraded under the tightly controlled and aggressive conditions (at or above 140 °F) of an industrial composting unit for it to be considered biodegradable. This standard is recognized in many countries, including all of Europe, Japan and the US. However, it applies only to industrial composting units and does not set out a standard for home composting. Most bioplastics (e.g. PH) only biodegrade quickly in industrial composting units. These materials do not biodegrade quickly in ordinary compost piles or in the soil/water. Starch-based bioplastics are an exception, and will biodegrade in normal composting conditions.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382246"
}
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CAR_e7dbf2edd0c825a2047aa86fa44aca3d6503e721
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OXO-biodegradable plastic degrades in the presence of oxygen, and the process is accelerated by UV and heat. It can be recycled during its useful life with normal plastic.It is not designed to be compostable in industrial composting facilities according to ASTM D6400 or EN13432, but it can be composted in an in-vessel process.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382247"
}
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CAR_edc8c9017deb08f279deb000a803f46db112c5d5
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Biodegradable plastics break down (degrade) upon exposure to sunlight (e.g., ultra-violet radiation), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasion, and in some instances, rodent, pest, or insect attack are also included as forms of biodegradation or environmental degradation. Some modes of degradation require that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas other modes will only be effective if certain conditions exist in landfill or composting systems. Starch powder has been mixed with plastic as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does not lead to complete breakdown of the plastic. Some researchers have actually genetically engineered bacteria that synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, but this material, such as Biopol, is expensive at present. Companies have made biodegradable additives to enhance the biodegradation of plastics.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382248"
}
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MARCO_6170128
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Biodegradable Plastics. Biodegradable plastic is plastic that decomposes naturally in the environment. This is achieved when microorganisms in the environment metabolize and break down the structure of biodegradable plastic. The end result is one which is less harmful to the environment than traditional plastics.ith biodegradable plastic, you get a substance made from natural sources that does not contain these chemical fillers, and does not pose the same risk to the environment. The process of making biodegradable plastics begins with the melting down of all the materials.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382248"
}
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MARCO_952696
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Biodegradable Plastics. Biodegradable plastic is plastic that decomposes naturally in the environment. This is achieved when microorganisms in the environment metabolize and break down the structure of biodegradable plastic. The end result is one which is less harmful to the environment than traditional plastics.Biodegradable plastics can be composed of bio-plastics, which are plastics made from renewable raw materials. There are normally two forms of biodegradable plastic, injection molded and solid.raditional plastic is made with chemical fillers that can be harmful to the environment when released when the plastic is melted down. With biodegradable plastic, you get a substance made from natural sources that does not contain these chemical fillers, and does not pose the same risk to the environment.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382249"
}
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CAR_1d5c9fefc722e92b9e3e7d68cc81e21aa1c41e08
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Oxo-biodegradable plastic bags have the same strength as ordinary plastic and cost very little extra. They will degrade then biodegrade if they get into the open environment, but they can be recycled if collected during their useful life. They are designed so that they will not degrade deep in landfill and will not therefore generate methane. Oxo-biodegradable plastic does not degrade quickly in low temperature 'windrow' composting, but it is suitable for 'in-vessel' composting at the higher temperatures required by the animal by-products regulations. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is bio-assimilated by the same bacteria and fungi, which transform natural material such as twigs and leaves to cell biomass, like lignocellulosic materials. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is designed to degrade initially by a process which includes both photo-oxidation and thermo-oxidation, so it can degrade in the dark. Resin identification code 7 is applicable to biodegradable plastics.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382249"
}
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CAR_641ec0834bb860a7ec1e8d647bce91a4bd9377c6
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Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics exist: Bioplastics, whose components are derived from renewable raw materials, and plastics made from petrochemicals containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382250"
}
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MARCO_3970850
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Plastic material composed mainly of polymers. Biodegradable plastics plastics that will fully decompose to carbon dioxide, methane, water, biomass and inorganic compounds under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and the action of living organisms.Plastics are typically composed of artificial synthetic polymers.aterials. The susceptibility of a polymer or a plastic. material to biodegradation depends exclusively. on the chemical structure of the polymer. For this. reason, whether the polymer is made of. renewable resources (biomass) or non-renewable (fossil) resources is irrelevant to bio-. degradability.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382251"
}
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MARCO_2038040
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Although field corn is used mostly to create other products, sweet corn can be used as well. Plastics are manufactured from both types of corn to replace petroleum-based products.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382251"
}
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MARCO_3013497
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PLA stands for Polylactic acid and is made from corn starch. Lactic acid is made from Dextrose by fermentation. made from corn starch, and corn starch is made from carbon dioxide and water. PLA can be formed into a variety of products. Corn plastic products look and feel like traditional petroleum-based plastic, but they are biodegradable and compostable.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382252"
}
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MARCO_406173
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PLA stands for polylactic acid and is a resin made from corn starch. PLA is used to make clear compostable containers and PLA lining is used in cups and containers as an impermeable liner. PLA is biodegradable, and fully compostable. It uses 65 percent less energy to produce than conventional oil-based plastics and generates 68 percent fewer greenhouse gasses and contains no toxins.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382252"
}
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MARCO_4541386
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Pros and Cons of the Corn-based Plastic PLA. PLA is carbon neutral and burns clean, but has a host of unsolved problems. Social Sciences. Polylactic acid (PLA), a plastic substitute made from fermented plant starch (usually corn) is quickly becoming a popular alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382253"
}
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MARCO_5064265
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WHAT IS PLA?What is PLA?PLA stands for Polylactic acid and is made from corn starch. Lactic acid is made from Dextrose by fermentation. Dextrose is made from corn starch, and corn starch is made from carbon dioxide and water. PLA can be formed into a variety of products.Corn plastic products look and feel like traditional petroleum-based plastic, but they are biodegradable and compostable. Regular plastic is made from petroleum that is pollutant and have toxins; while PLA is from derived from corn based resin, which is non-toxic and renewable resource. 2 Regular plastic takes approximately 400 years to degrade, leaving toxicity in the environment.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382253"
}
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MARCO_3105368
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How Much Does a Burger King Franchise Cost? Franchise Fees is a flat $50,000 and the total investment could be as low as $300,000 making Burger King a much more affordable option than most in its class. Burger King's franchisee training is geared to provide you with the skills to help build a successful business in this extremely competitive marketplace.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382254"
}
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MARCO_4332521
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What is the cost of a UK Burger King franchise? Depending on the type of restaurant and investment model, a UK Burger King franchise can cost between £250k and £800k. How long is a Burger King UK Franchise Agreement? A Burger King Franchise Agreement in the UK generally lasts for 20 years.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382255"
}
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MARCO_4332522
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What are the ongoing fees for a Burger King franchise in the UK? An initial fee of US$40,000 per restaurant is payable for a UK Burger King Franchise. The ongoing fees for a Burger King franchise in the UK are 5% of total sales plus an additional 5% of total sales towards a national marketing fund.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382255"
}
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MARCO_4332524
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The minimum financial requirement to own a Burger King franchise is $1.5 million total net worth. The cash liquidity portion of the net worth should be at least $500,000. In some types of franchise transactions, the minimum financial requirements might be significantly higher.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382256"
}
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MARCO_655622
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Burger King Business Opportunities: Other Information. Burger King franchise owners are required to have a net worth of $1,500,000, with $500,000 available in liquid assets. Franchise contracts last for 20 years, and are renewable after that period.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382256"
}
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MARCO_4332525
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The total financial cost of opening a franchise can range between $1.2 million and $2.2 million, depending on location, building size and any updates or upgrades that need to be completed. The initial franchise fee for a Burger King is $50,000, which must be paid prior to the opening date of the location. Once the restaurant opens for business, a monthly royalty fee of 4.5 percent of gross sales is required by the parent company.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382257"
}
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MARCO_4117903
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In fact, Burger King charges its franchisees 4.5% of sales in addition to a $50,000 franchise fee, and Dunkin' Donuts has its franchisees cough up 5.9% of sales each year in addition to a franchise fee that can range anywhere from $40,000 to $80,000, depending upon the location.ere's how it works: Each and every year, franchisees must pay the franchise a fee equivalent to 12.5% of sales. It also means that no matter how successful you are as a business owner and how innovative you are at driving revenue, you'll always have two partners: Uncle Sam and company headquarters.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382257"
}
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MARCO_7510547
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Costs and Fees to Incorporate in Illinois. The state filing fee to incorporate in Illinois is $125.00, plus the initial franchise tax of at least $25.00. It typically takes 7-10 business days for Illinois business registration.Expedited filings, which require an additional fee, typically take 24 hours.he state filing fee to incorporate in Illinois is $125.00, plus the initial franchise tax of at least $25.00. It typically takes 7-10 business days for Illinois business registration. Expedited filings, which require an additional fee, typically take 24 hours.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382258"
}
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MARCO_8436282
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In fact, Burger King charges its franchisees 4.5% of sales in addition to a $50,000 franchise fee, and Dunkin' Donuts has its franchisees cough up 5.9% of sales each year in addition to a franchise fee that can range anywhere from $40,000 to $80,000, depending upon the location.fter 20 years, assuming the company agrees to renew the contract, another $45,000 franchise fee is charged. The total monetary layout to open a McDonald's franchise can range anywhere from $500,000 to $1.6 million. The real kicker, however, is the ongoing royalty fee.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382259"
}
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MARCO_1144167
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3 Express Personnel Services Franchise Owner Salaries. Express Personnel Services Franchise Owners earn $105,000 annually, or $50 per hour, which is 55% higher than the national average for all Franchise Owners at $60,000 annually and 53% higher than the national salary average for all working Americans.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382259"
}
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MARCO_1942345
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Fast food franchise owners usually either pay themselves a salary or claim their business income as a profit. In either case, they earned average incomes of $47,000 as of 2013, according to the job site Indeed.ncome by Region. In 2013, average incomes for fast food franchise owners varied somewhat among the four U.S. regions. In the South, they earned the highest incomes of $56,000 in Washington, D.C., and the lowest of $40,000 in Louisiana, according to Indeed.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382260"
}
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MARCO_6303900
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General Income. According to The Franchise Investigator website, the median annual income of a franchise owner was between $75,000 and $125,000 in 2010. The website claims that 30 percent of franchise owners earn more than $150,000 per year.otential franchise owners research different franchisors to learn how much money they can make before they purchase a franchise.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382260"
}
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MARCO_6712032
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For a number of reasons, they cannot tell a possible future franchise owner how much they can make. According to The Franchise Investigator website, the median annual income of a franchise owner was between $75,000 and $125,000 in 2010. The website claims that 30 percent of franchise owners earn more than $150,000 per year.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382261"
}
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MARCO_6844612
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According to job resource website SimplyHired.com, the average income for a franchise owner in the United States is $128,000. It's worth noting again that this income is not usually a salary as defined in other jobs. Rather, that income represents profit from operating the franchise business as a whole.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382262"
}
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CAR_6961b6fa0fe78457425ddaa5e836f23b9701f839
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There is also risk for the people that are buying the franchises; failure rates are higher for franchise businesses than independent business startups.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382262"
}
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CAR_6dcdcb4c938cf396075d717db9fcf9896ecb1666
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Failure rates of restaurants is commonly thought to be high. Recent studies have mitigated some of those assumptions, but still show three-year failure rates of all restaurants to be about 61.4%, and that franchise restaurants fare slightly better than independently owned locations.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382263"
}
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MARCO_464564
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This gives the franchisee the benefits of a pre-sold customer base which would ordinarily takes years to establish. A franchise increases your chances of business success because you are associating with proven products and methods.Franchises may offer consumers the attraction of a certain level of quality and consistency because it is mandated by the franchise agreement.he franchisee is not completely independent. Franchisees are required to operate their businesses according to the procedures and restrictions set forth by the franchisor in the franchisee agreement. These restrictions usually include the products or services which can be offered, pricing and geographic territory.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382263"
}
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MARCO_464570
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There are many advantages of being a franchise. The first advantage is that the people who are buying the franchise have a rather high chance of success. This is because when ¦ you are buying it you are buying an established company that has already being successful from other owners of the franchise.Another advantage is that you have traing and management back up and you do not need any previous experience. Also the products have been provided for you.Also as a franchise owner you are your own boss so you choose your hours that you work and have your own ideas. As a franchise, the investment risk may be lower and it is harder to fail.nother advantage is that you have traing and management back up and you do not need any previous experience. Also the products have been provided for you. Also as a franchise owner you are your own boss so you choose your hours that you work and have your own ideas.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382264"
}
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MARCO_977718
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The franchisor has taken the time to develop a business template, which is then rolled out from location to location. If you are looking to use your managerial skills, and won't feel cramped if you can't put your own ideas into play, this may be the ideal form of business for you. Franchising offers many advantages. With a good franchise, the formula has been proven, and the kinks should have been worked out the system. Potential customers will probably be familiar with the name or brand of the franchise. For example, consider a popular coffee shop franchise.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382264"
}
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CAR_009d9fb62ae3e378d570ed4824cf2b4d2b2b3560
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The majority of Burger King restaurants, approximately 90%, are privately held franchises. In North America Burger King Corporation is responsible for licensing operators and administering of stores. Internationally the company often pairs with other parties to operate locations or it will outright sell the operational and administrative rights to a franchisee which is given the designation of master franchise for the territory. The master franchise will then be expected to sub-license new stores, provide training support and ensure operational standards are maintained. In exchange for the oversight responsibilities, the master franchise will receive administrative and advertising support from Burger King Corporation to ensure a common marketing scheme. The 3G Capital ownership group announced in April 2011 that it would begin divesting itself of many corporate owned locations with the intent to increase the number of privately held restaurants to 95%.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382265"
}
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CAR_2e673c796d28f82186a586fee95278bfae86cf49
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While Burger King has had operations in Central and South America for several years, they were under the auspices of different companies. In December 2012, Burger King entered into a new agreement with Beboca Ltd., a franchisee in Panama and Costa Rica. The new agreement establishes a new entity, BK Centro America (BKCA), that will be the new master franchise for Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama; BKCA will responsible for the overseeing of development of Burger King in these countries. Additionally, BKCA will provide logistics support, advertising and purchasing assistance not only those countries, but others in Burger King's Latin American and Caribbean development area.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382266"
}
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CAR_5bd476831fc7ecee2c3354f5efbea6e0a4389fa8
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Rudzewicz and MacShara applied jointly to Burger King's district office in Birmingham, Michigan in the fall of 1978. The application was forwarded to Burger King's office in Miami, Florida and the parties reached a preliminary agreement to take the franchise for an existing Burger King location in the Drayton Plains area of Waterford Charter Township, Michigan in February 1979. MacShara attended the prescribed management courses at Burger King University in Miami in order to learn to operate a Burger King franchise. The partners purchased $165,000 in restaurant equipment from Davmor Industries, a Burger King corporate division located in Miami.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382266"
}
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CAR_ab0c7becd3ede18cfacdb5011b323d1241ba869a
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As the franchisor for the brand, Burger King Holdings has several obligations and responsibilities; the company designs and deploys corporate training systems while overseeing brand standards such as building design and appearance. The company also develops new products and deploys them after presenting them to its franchises for approval per a 2010 agreement between itself and the franchise ownership groups. Burger King has limited approval over franchise operations such as minimum hours of operation and promotional pricing. Additionally Burger King designates approved vendors and distributors while ensuring safety standards at the productions facilities of its vendors.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382267"
}
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CAR_561f6a89cc9c4d925c66c3a139a073ed850c6626
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After the 1934 Congressional elections, which gave Roosevelt large majorities in both houses, his administration drafted a fresh surge of New Deal legislation. The most important program of 1935, and perhaps the New Deal as a whole, was the Social Security Act, drafted by Frances Perkins. It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions (Social Security), unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present. The United States had been the only modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security, though a handful of states had old age insurance laws. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund; he said, 'We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal, moral, and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits. With those taxes in there, no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program.' Compared with the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. But for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged, the temporarily unemployed, dependent children and the handicapped.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382267"
}
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CAR_edfc23da710b89d10c413ec4a2e1c772cd7fe843
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With few exceptions, all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number. Indeed, nearly all working (and many non-working) residents since Social Security's 1935 inception have had a Social Security number because it is required to do a wide range of things, e.g. paying the IRS and getting a job.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382268"
}
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MARCO_4731017
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During the Social Security program's start-up period between January 1937 and December 1939, the SSA only made one-time, lump-sum payments. According to SSA historians, Ernest Ackerman was the first recipient of Social Security benefits -- 17 cents, paid to him in January 1937. The first person to receive monthly benefits was Ida May Fuller from Vermont, who retired in November 1939 and started collecting benefits in January 1940 at age 65. In the three years that Fuller worked under the program, she contributed a total of $24.75.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382269"
}
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MARCO_5163945
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the act established an independent social security board ssb the very first social security number was issued to john d sweeney jr of new rochelle new york the lowest number ever issued was 001 01 0001 to grace dorothy owen of concord new hampshire monthly benefits did not start until 1942n 1953 the federal security agency was abolished and the social security administration became part of the department of health education and welfare the 1950s also saw important changes to the program benefit levels were increased for the first time by 77 % to provide greater assistance to retired americans
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382269"
}
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MARCO_7574264
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A: The term was first used in the U.S. by Abraham Epstein in connection with his group, the American Association for Social Security. Originally, the Social Security Act of 1935 was named the Economic Security Act, but this title was changed during Congressional consideration of the bill.: The first Social Security cards were issued starting in 1936, they did not have this legend. Beginning with the sixth design version of the card, issued starting in 1946, SSA added a legend to the bottom of the card reading FOR SOCIAL SECURITY PURPOSES -- NOT FOR IDENTIFICATION..
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382270"
}
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CAR_9672e7077b764c0ad64e1c103c4e304a2c733653
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SSA's coverage under the Social Security Acts originally extended to nearly all workers in the continental U.S. and the territories of Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands below the age of 65. All workers in interstate commerce and industry were required to enter the program, except railroad, state and local government workers. In 1939, the age restriction for entering Social Security was eliminated.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382270"
}
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CAR_d02e742439dd1cab543b53e069bf3593753e6567
|
The social security card is a card issued by the Social Security Administration containing a person's Social Security number (SSN). Although it is not mandatory, in modern practice parents almost universally file for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child. In the absence of a national identity card (and concordant national identity number), the Social Security number has become the de facto national identifier for a large variety of purposes, both governmental and non-governmental.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382271"
}
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MARCO_1843594
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In 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act. This new federal legislature started the collecting of taxes in 1937. Since then, working citizens across the United States began paying into social security in order to have a form of guaranteed income once they reached retirement age. The Social Security Act was initially meant to be a form of basic retirement for working individuals. However, in 1939, an amendment was made to the act that allowed spouses and/or children to begin receiving social security survivor benefits if a parent or spouse was deceased and qualified for social security income.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382272"
}
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MARCO_2356519
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How does Social Security work? Social Security works by pooling mandatory contributions from workers into a large pot and then paying out benefits to those who are eligible for them. When you work, you pay into the system by having a portion of your earnings taxed and earmarked for Social Security. For 2017, the maximum taxable earnings limit is $127,200. Later on, when you become eligible for benefits, you get to collect them instead of paying for the benefits of others.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382272"
}
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MARCO_6393602
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Over the years, the law changed. Most employees have Social Security protection, because. their states have special agreements with the Social Security. Administration. They're called Section 218 agreements. . Congress passed a law in July 1991 extending Social. Security on a mandatory basis to most state and local. employees not covered by an agreement or a Social Security. equivalent public pension system. Except for workers specifically excluded by law, employees. hired after March 31, 1986, also have Medicare protection. State and local governments may also get Medicare.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382273"
}
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CAR_ff5f47f029402255a70f5ea10d6c579ece0c07c2
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The first Social Security office opened in Austin, Texas, on October 14, 1936 Social Security taxes were first collected in January 1937, along with the first one-time, lump-sum payments. The first person to receive monthly retirement benefits was Ida May Fuller of Brattleboro, Vermont. Her first check, dated January 31, 1940 was in the amount of US$22.54.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382273"
}
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MARCO_1281883
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The first person to receive a monthly Social Security retirement benefit, Ida May Fuller of Ludlow, Vermont, earned quite a return on her tax dollars. Fuller paid $24.75 in payroll taxes, which is used to fund Social Security, over three years while working as a legal secretary. She retired at age 65 in November 1939. On Jan. 31, 1940, she received her first Social Security check of $22.54.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382274"
}
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MARCO_4471177
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According to the Social Security Administration, the first social security taxes were collected in 1937, and the first regular payments were made to a retired woman named Ida Mae Fuller in 1940. Fuller received $22.40 monthly. OASDI paid a total of $35 million in benefits in 1940. By 2008, total social security payments rose to more than $500 billion yearly, according to the SSA. How much do you get? To receive social security, a worker must have worked at least 10 years, or collected 40 credits in the program's credit system, according to the SSA. Workers receive a credit for every $1,120 they earn, up to 4 credits per year.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382274"
}
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MARCO_46259
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Q12: Who was the first person to get Social Security benefits? A: A fellow named Ernest Ackerman got a payment for 17 cents in January 1937. This was a one-time, lump-sum pay-out--which was the only form of benefits paid during the start-up period January 1937 through December 1939.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382275"
}
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MARCO_4856687
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A limited form of the Social Security program began as a measure to implement social insurance during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent.n 1937, 1938, and 1939, she paid a total of $24.75 into the Social Security System. Her first check was for $22.54. After her second check, Fuller already had received more than she contributed over the three-year period. She lived to be 100, and she collected a total of $22,888.92.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382276"
}
|
CAR_5d3dd3bef1093801659f4a99f53812493e8f4681
|
Along with strong backing from traditional Democrats and liberals, Clinton was able to garner the support of moderates who appreciated his centrist 'New Democrat' policies, which steered away from the expansion of government services of the New Deal and Great Society and allowed him to 'triangulate', taking away many of the Republicans' top issues. One example of such compromises was welfare reform legislation signed into law in 1996. The new law required welfare recipients to work as a condition of benefits and imposed limits on how long individuals may receive payments, but did allow states to exempt 20% of their caseloads from the time limits. Clinton also pursued tough federal anti-crime measures, steering more federal dollars toward the war on drugs, and calling for the hiring of 100,000 new police officers. Compromise came with difficulty, though, as the parties failed to agree on a budget, causing the federal government to shut down in late 1995 into early 1996. By the end of his administration, the federal government had experienced the country's longest economic expansion and produced a budget surplus. The first year of the budget surplus was also the first year since 1969 in which the federal government did not borrow from the Social Security Trust Fund.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382276"
}
|
CAR_994a1672ba9d98458e8598543469c88da71c5211
|
The accumulated surpluses are invested in special non-marketable Treasury securities (treasuries) issued by the U.S. government, which are deposited in the Social Security Trust Fund. At the end of 2009, the Trust Fund stood at $2.5 trillion. The $2.5 trillion amount owed by the federal government to the Social Security Trust Fund is also a component of the U.S. National Debt, which stood at $15.7 trillion as of May 2012. By 2019, the government is expected to have borrowed nearly $3.8 trillion against the Social Security Trust Fund.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382277"
}
|
CAR_f9c1a9a4d755f48b2e00b8f6a1d448e3e6f09142
|
However, the funds from loans made have been spent along with other revenues in the general funds in satisfying annual budgets. At some point, however, absent any change in the law, the Social Security Administration will finance payment of benefits through the net redemption of the assets in the Trust Fund. Because those assets consist solely of U.S. government securities, their redemption will represent a call on the federal government's general fund, which for decades has been borrowing the Trust Fund's surplus and applying it to its expenses to partially satisfy budget deficits. To finance such a projected call on the general fund, some combination of increasing taxes, cutting other government spending or programs, selling government assets, or borrowing would be required.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382277"
}
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MARCO_3466213
|
Today, the federal government automatically puts all of the money that should be set aside for the Social Security Trust Fund into the General Fund. Raiding the Social Security Trust Fund was a precedent set in 1968 by another progressive president, Lyndon B. Johnson, to help pay for the Vietnam War. To date, the federal government has borrowed over $2 trillion from the Social Security Trust Fund to spend on other programs.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382278"
}
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MARCO_3472175
|
The Social Security Amendments of 1983 laid the foundation for 30-years of federal embezzlement of Social Security money in order to use the money to pay for wars, tax cuts and other government programs. The payroll tax hike of 1983 generated a total of $2.7 trillion in surplus Social Security revenue.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382278"
}
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MARCO_2717409
|
Updated August 15, 2017. The U.S. debt is $19.8 trillion. Most headlines focus on how much the United States owes China, one of the largest foreign owners. What many people don't know is that the Social Security Trust Fund, aka your retirement money, owns most of the national debt.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382279"
}
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MARCO_3099200
|
So - how much does the US government owe the Social Security Trust Fund? Let's look to the most recent Monthly Statement of the Public Debt of the United States (courtesy of TreasuryDirect.gov, *.pdf) to get the answer. So, that's almost $2.6 trillion for the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance trust fund, plus an additional $140 billion or so for the Disability Insurance trust fund.
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{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382280"
}
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MARCO_3569073
|
The U.S. debt is more than $19 trillion. Most headlines focus on how much the U.S. owes China, which is one of the largest foreign owners. Fewer people know that the Social Security Trust Fund, aka your retirement money, owns most of the national debt.
|
{
"last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382280"
}
|
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