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MARCO_6138721
US Economy. The U.S. debt is $19 trillion. Most headlines focus on how much the United States owes China, which is one of the largest foreign owners. What many people don't know is that the Social Security Trust Fund, aka your retirement money, owns most of the national debt.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382281" }
MARCO_3466211
The interest income that the trust funds earn on their bonds, as well as the proceeds the trust funds will receive when their bonds are redeemed, will enable Social Security to keep paying full benefits until 2034. In 2034, the combined trust funds are projected to run out of Treasury bonds to cash in.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382282" }
MARCO_7828169
The 2014 report from the trustees of the Social Security program estimated that the trust fund reserves will run out in 2034. That means Social Security won't be able to pay full retirement benefits starting in 2033.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382282" }
MARCO_8039204
Meanwhile, the safety net is vanishing; in 2040, the Social Security trust fund is due to run out right as many of us hit retirement age. I call my midlife crisis Betty, says a 43-year-old filmmaker in Brooklyn, New York. Betty is on me about being single and broke. Not having money reaches deep into you, and it creates a vicious and pernicious situation.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382305" }
MARCO_8458415
Meanwhile, the safety net is vanishing; in 2040, the Social Security trust fund is due to run out right as many of us hit retirement age. I call my midlife crisis Betty, says a 43-year-old filmmaker in Brooklyn, New York. Betty is on me about being single and broke.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382306" }
MARCO_8535675
Under the current rules, and depending upon future economic growth, the Social Security Trust Fund is projected to be depleted sometime between 2042 and 2052. Once the Trust Fund is depleted, we get to the Unfunded (i.e. $13.6 Trillion) part of our Social Security future.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382306" }
CAR_23436be6ee56bc7a7d7e209465cba89153290617
Since recommendations of the Greenspan Commission were adopted in the early 1980s, Social Security payroll taxes have exceeded benefit payments. In FY2008, Social Security received $180 billion more in payroll taxes and accrued interest than it paid out in benefits. This annual surplus is credited to Social Security trust funds that hold special non-marketable Treasury securities. The Social Security surplus reduces the amount of U.S. Treasury borrowing from the public, as the surplus funds may be used for other government purposes. The total balance of the trust funds was $2.4 trillion in 2008 and is estimated to reach $3.7 trillion by 2016. At that point, payments will exceed payroll tax revenues, resulting in the gradual reduction of the trust funds balance as the securities are redeemed against other types of government revenues. By 2037, according to some estimates, the trust funds will be exhausted. Under current law, Social Security payouts would be reduced by 24% at that time, as only payroll taxes are authorized to cover benefits.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382307" }
CAR_4d8e23fe50edf2b773c193b7307da35b7fa6ad09
Proponents of the current system argue if and when the Trust Fund runs out, there will still be the choice of raising taxes or cutting benefits, or both. Advocates of the current system say that the projected deficits in Social Security are identical to the 'prescription drug benefit' enacted in 2002. They say that demographic and revenue projections might turn out to be too pessimistic—and that the current health of the economy exceeds the assumptions used by the Social Security Administration.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382308" }
CAR_f6f34a9462d715b6575e71499e50bb3559b66f7f
Social Security benefits are paid from a combination of social security payroll taxes paid by current workers and interest income earned by the Social Security Trust Fund. According to the projections of the Social Security Administration, the Trust Fund will continue to show net growth until 2022 because the interest generated by its bonds and the revenue from payroll taxes exceeds the amount needed to pay benefits. After 2022, without increases in Social Security taxes or cuts in benefits, the Fund is projected to decrease each year until being fully exhausted in 2034. At this point, if legislative action is not taken, the benefits would be reduced.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382308" }
MARCO_1281885
And in yearsof a Social Security deficit, the trust fund will beused as the additional source of revenue needed topay benefits to retirees. Under a fully funded system,all benefits paid out to recipients come directly fromthe revenue in the trust fund.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382309" }
CAR_0f4b4230efc1b78d5a11d1ac95652db561930ae6
Peter A. Diamond and Peter R. Orszag proposed in their 2005 book Saving Social Security: A Balanced Approach that Social Security be stabilized by various tax and spend adjustments and gradually ending the process by which the general fund has been borrowing from payroll taxes. This requires increased revenues devoted to Social Security. Their plan, as with several other Social Security stabilization plans, relies on gradually increasing the retirement age, raising the ceiling on which people must pay FICA taxes, and slowly increasing the FICA tax rate to a peak of 15% total from the current 12.4%.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382309" }
CAR_498e338f9af826154207d5fdd949eee00c0db2cd
However, the National Active and Retired Federal Employees Associations said that the chained CPI does not account for seniors citizens' health care costs. Robert Reich, former United States Secretary of Labor under President Clinton, noted that typical seniors spend between 20 and 40 percent of their income on health care, far more than most Americans. 'Besides, Social Security isn't in serious trouble. The Social Security trust fund is flush for at least two decades. If we want to ensure it's there beyond that, there's an easy fix – just lift the ceiling on income subject to Social Security taxes, which is now $113,700.'
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382310" }
CAR_8e4769ae45e0773644230a7faf3356f2ed5cead4
Johnson says Social Security is valuable and is fixable without raising taxes. He wants 'Social Security to reflect today's realities without breaking trust with retirees.' He supports raising the retirement age, multi-pronged means testing for Social Security recipients, and changing the escalator built into Social Security from the wage index to the inflation rate. He wants Congress to investigate privatizing part or all of Social Security with the goal being that the investment of contributions could be self-directed.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382311" }
CAR_ed68c9257eca5b3e269306246103095e158d2b06
The trust funds run surpluses in that the amount paid in by current workers is more than the amount paid out to current beneficiaries. These surpluses are given to the U.S. Treasury (and thus become part of the general federal budget) in exchange for special U.S. government securities, which are deposited into the trust funds. If the trust funds begin running deficits, meaning more in benefits are paid out than contributions paid in, the Social Security Administration is empowered to redeem the securities and use those funds to cover the deficit.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382311" }
CAR_ff9caf25c0a5731da1a74171c545cb94b15da3eb
Economist Alice M. Rivlin summarized major reform proposals in January 2009: 'Fixing Social Security is a relatively easy technical problem. It will take some combination of several much-discussed marginal changes: raising the retirement age gradually in the future (and then indexing it to longevity), raising the cap on the payroll tax, fixing the cost of living adjustment, and modifying the indexing of initial benefits so they grow more slowly for more affluent people. In view of the collapse of market values, no one is likely to argue seriously for diverting existing revenues to private accounts, so the opportunity to craft a compromise is much greater than it was a few years ago. Fixing Social Security would be a confidence building achievement for bi-partisan cooperation and would enhance our reputation for fiscal prudence.'
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382312" }
CAR_22f895f4e5ec232212f61ad953e022e274c52a6a
The CBO projected in 2010 that an increase in payroll taxes ranging from 1.6%–2.1% of the payroll tax base, equivalent to 0.6%–0.8% of GDP, would be necessary to put the Social Security program in fiscal balance for the next 75 years. In other words, raising the payroll tax rate to about 14.4% during 2009 (from the current 12.4%) or cutting benefits by 13.3% would address the program's budgetary concerns indefinitely; these amounts increase to around 16% and 24% if no changes are made until 2037. The value of unfunded obligations under Social Security during FY 2009 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years. Projections of Social Security's solvency are sensitive to assumptions about rates of economic growth and demographic changes.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382312" }
CAR_acade4b8bfb4bbf8c2481bfed435653eca6d347e
In 2007, the Social Security Trustees suggested that either the payroll tax could increase to 16.41 percent in 2041 and steadily increased to 17.60 percent in 2081 or a cut in benefits by 25 percent in 2041 and steadily increased to an overall cut of 30 percent in 2081.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382313" }
CAR_c5c1523b14b651b69eb59acb643ba61153672486
The number of U.S. workers per retiree was 5.1 in 1960; this declined to 3.0 in 2009 and is projected to decline to 2.1 by 2030. The number of Social Security program recipients is expected to increase from 44 million in 2010 to 73 million in 2030. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years. The Social Security Administration projects that an increase in payroll taxes equivalent to 1.9% of the payroll tax base or 0.7% of GDP would be necessary to put the Social Security program in fiscal balance for the next 75 years. Over an infinite time horizon, these shortfalls average 3.4% of the payroll tax base and 1.2% of GDP.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382313" }
CAR_e5b525f8679f8c1bed961f5b34e2271e3725cd85
Expert panels across the political spectrum have argued for a combination of revenue increases and expense reductions to reduce the budget deficit and future debt increases. However, the nature and balance of these measures varies considerably. Economist Bruce Bartlett wrote in 2009 that without benefit cuts in Medicare and Social Security, federal taxes would have to increase by 8.1% of GDP now and forever to cover estimated program shortfalls, while avoiding debt increases. The 30-year historical average federal tax receipts are 18.4% of GDP, so this would represent a substantial increase in tax receipts as a share of GDP relative to historical levels in the United States. However, such an increase would still leave tax revenues relative to GDP substantially lower than other developed nations like France and Germany (see: List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP).
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382314" }
MARCO_1107164
If we keep the cap, the ceiling, on taxable earnings where it is $113,700 in 2013 we need to raise the payroll tax rate from 12.4 percent to 16.4 percent immediately and permanently to make Social Security solvent, assuming we do nothing else.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382315" }
CAR_1543e810e31ad80b08f252ae8d6182c3c529da0f
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (Regulation (EU) 2016/679) is a Regulation by which the European Parliament, the Council and the European Commission intend to strengthen and unify data protection for individuals within the European Union (EU). It also addresses export of personal data outside the EU. The primary objectives of the GDPR are to give citizens back the control of their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU. When the GDPR takes effect it will replace the data protection directive (officially Directive 95/46/EC) from 1995. Perhaps confusingly for some, there is a new directive as well as a new regulation; it will apply to police procedures, which will continue to vary from one Member State to the other.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382315" }
CAR_f9a402f7ded5504c6e87b4e3a8ce871db97f1bf1
The proposed new EU data protection regime extends the scope of the EU data protection law to all foreign companies processing data of EU residents. It provides for a harmonization of the data protection regulations throughout the EU, thereby making it easier for non-European companies to comply with these regulations; however, this comes at the cost of a strict data protection compliance regime with severe penalties of up to 4% of worldwide turnover.' The Parliament's version contains increased fines up to 5%. After trilogue negotiations between the European Parliament, the European Commission and the Council of Ministers, there is general consensus on the wording of the GDPR and also the financial penalties for non-compliance.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382316" }
MARCO_1109620
In May 2018, a European privacy law, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), is due to take effect. The GDPR imposes new rules on companies, government agencies, non-profits, and other organizations that offer goods and services to people in the European Union (EU), or that collect and analyze data tied to EU residents.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382316" }
MARCO_4334930
For the economics term, see Gross regional domestic product. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (Regulation (EU) 2016/679) is a regulation by which the European Parliament, the European Council and the European Commission intend to strengthen and unify data protection for all individuals within the European Union (EU). It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382317" }
MARCO_6880924
Spiceworks Originals. On May 25, 2018, the European Union (EU) will implement the general data protection regulation (GDPR) and the E-Privacy regulation, two new data privacy laws that set stronger rules around how businesses collect and protect EU customer data.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382318" }
MARCO_1312919
A new right to data portability. One of the responses of the GDPR to the so-called Big Data trend is the creation of a new right to data portability that aims to increase user choice of online services. format_quoteWhere feasible, the controller may even be required to transmit the data directly to a competitor.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382318" }
MARCO_4334934
Top 10 operational impacts of the GDPR: Part 8 - Pseudonymization. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is set to replace the Data Protection Directive 95/46/ec effective May 25, 2018. The GDPR is directly applicable in each member state and will lead to a greater degree of data protection harmonization across EU nations.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382319" }
MARCO_8090944
what is gdpr? The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was adopted by the EU in April 2016 and will replace the current EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. The GDPR introduces new obligations to data processors and data controllers, including those based outside the EU.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382319" }
MARCO_8112914
The GDPR expands the privacy rights of EU individuals and places new obligations on all organizations that market, track, or handle EU personal data. Salesforce is committed to helping our customers comply with the GDPR through our robust privacy and security protections. See how Salesforce embraces GDPR regulations.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382320" }
MARCO_995083
This regulation is called the EU General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR, and is aimed at guiding and regulating the way companies across the world will handle their customers' personal information and creating strengthened and unified data protection for all individuals within the EU.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382320" }
CAR_4b135f2d5b57633ae3f8a35e00a49ec60263093d
In the digital information era, where social networks are increasingly used for sharing, communicating and entertaining, citizens' fundamental rights can be at risk. The creation of accounts that reveal data and personal information may lead to a violation of the right to intimacy, privacy, image and honour. The risk is caused by the user's lack of knowledge regarding the terms and conditions of social networks, and the possible uses of the information by third parties.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382321" }
CAR_5cc1cc0fb541686e5f6d045f1866e6f4fa354dcd
Solutions to privacy in cloud computing include policy and legislation as well as end users' choices for how data is stored. The cloud service provider needs to establish clear and relevant policies that describe how the data of each cloud user will be accessed and used. Cloud service users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access. Cryptographic encryption mechanisms are certainly the best options. In addition, authentication and integrity protection mechanisms ensure that data only goes where the customer wants it to go and it is not modified in transit.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382322" }
CAR_801645c8124f50e61922ae98ff83eeaafcedbe82
Social networking sites offer greater security risks to personal electronic information because sensitive, private or confidential information such as personal identifiers are routinely used to create public profiles. Many websites give options to suppress the amount of personal information revealed through the customisation of privacy settings. However privacy settings can reset if changes to the website occur.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382322" }
CAR_bd95fbb04802baff2a1d66b68fad8b480278fe53
The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue that may be delaying its adoption. Physical control of the Private Cloud equipment is more secure than having the equipment off site and under someone else's control. Physical control and the ability to visually inspect data links and access ports is required in order to ensure data links are not compromised. Issues barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part to the private and public sectors' unease surrounding the external management of security-based services. It is the very nature of cloud computing-based services, private or public, that promote external management of provided services. This delivers great incentive to cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services. Security issues have been categorised into sensitive data access, data segregation, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery, accountability, malicious insiders, management console security, account control, and multi-tenancy issues. Solutions to various cloud security issues vary, from cryptography, particularly public key infrastructure (PKI), to use of multiple cloud providers, standardisation of APIs, and improving virtual machine support and legal support.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382323" }
MARCO_8810548
He says that any personal information can become sensitive information and the massive influx of personal data into social networks is creating a perfect storm for advanced, accessible technology to drive into the data cloud and emerge with our privacy in shambles.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382323" }
CAR_97f7cfe35b34daa2491dc8454e571e87cbee51a0
The regulation applies if the data controller or processor (organization) or the data subject (person) is based in the EU. Furthermore (and unlike the current Directive) the Regulation also applies to organizations based outside the European Union if they process personal data of EU residents. The regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data for national security activities or law enforcement ('competent authorities for the purposes of prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties'). According to the European Commission 'personal data is any information relating to an individual, whether it relates to his or her private, professional or public life. It can be anything from a name, a photo, an email address, bank details, posts on social networking websites, medical information, or a computer’s IP address.'
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382324" }
MARCO_1109618
GDPR defines personal data as any information relating to an already identified individual or that can identify an individual either directly or indirectly. Does that help? Sam: Not completely, so is a person's name considered personal information? Nigel: Yes. Sam: Great, can you give me the rest of the list?
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382324" }
MARCO_1109622
Personal data, in the context of GDPR, covers a much wider range of information that can include social media posts, photographs, lifestyle preferences and transaction histories. And now, thanks to the German Pirate Party, even IP addresses. In other words, all PII is personal data but not all personal data is PII. Building a successful GDPR compliance program will require marketers and IT architects to move beyond the narrow scope of PII to consider the full range of personal data as defined by the EU. Or yer might find yerself keelhauled by a court, matey. This is the first in a series of occasional blog posts exploring key concepts behind GDPR.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382325" }
MARCO_4281435
What is a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA)? A PIA is a tool used to assess the privacy impact and risks to the personally identifiable information (PII) stored, used, and exchanged by information systems. A PIA evaluates privacy implications when information systems are created, when existing systems are significantly modified, or new technology is purchased.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382326" }
MARCO_4334929
Commentary: Definitions in general. As set out in this Chapter, many of the core definitions that organisations may already be familiar with under the Directive are unchanged under the GDPR. For example, anything that is treated as personal data under the Directive is still treated as personal data under the GDPR.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382326" }
CAR_6c47eb74e459d7c83ccda62959ea9c64c255e4bc
Since early 2012, the European Union has been working on a General Data Protection Regulation to replace the Data Protection Directive and harmonise data protection and privacy law. On 20 October 2013, a committee at the European Parliament backed the measure, which, if it is enacted, could require American companies to seek clearance from European officials before complying with United States warrants seeking private data. The vote is part of efforts in Europe to shield citizens from online surveillance in the wake of revelations about a far-reaching spying program by the U.S. National Security Agency. European Union justice and rights commissioner Viviane Reding said 'The question has arisen whether the large-scale collection and processing of personal information under US surveillance programmes is necessary and proportionate to meet the interests of national security.' The EU is also asking the US for changes to US legislation to match the legal redress offered in Europe; American citizens in Europe can go to the courts if they feel their rights are infringed but Europeans without right of residence in America cannot. When the EU / US arrangement to implement International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles were struck down by the European Court of Justice, a new framework for transatlantic data flows, called the 'EU-US Privacy Shield', was adopted in July 2016.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382327" }
CAR_7d2ea6ae66a2a7a0b6d7d5d317054da39bb61a9a
In 1995 the European Union adopted the European Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC) to regulate the processing of personal data. This is now considered a component of human rights law. The new European Proposal for General Data Protection Regulation provides protection and exemption for companies listed as 'media' companies, like newspapers and other journalistic work. However, Google purposely opted out of being classified as a 'media' company and so is not protected. Judges in the European Union ruled that because the international corporation, Google, is a collector and processor of data it should be classified as a 'data controller' under the meaning of the EU data protection directive. These 'data controllers' are required under EU law to remove data that is 'inadequate, irrelevant, or no longer relevant', making this directive of global importance.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382327" }
CAR_c245a3f333f8a0b6cc2bf7ec9f63867677e35812
Because of this, in theory the transfer of personal information from the EU to the US is prohibited when equivalent privacy protection is not in place in the US. American companies that would work with EU data must comply with the Safe Harbour framework. The core principles of data protected are limited collection, consent of the subject, accuracy, integrity, security, subject right of review and deletion. As a result, customers of international organizations such as Amazon and eBay in the EU have the ability to review and delete information, while Americans do not. In the United States the equivalent guiding philosophy is the Code of Fair Information Practice (FIP).
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382328" }
CAR_f16e6067f3feb50c5c6e49aa9531fbb5047a5916
The regulatory differences on the right to be forgotten along with numerous other data protection rights have shaped discussions and negotiations on trans-Atlantic data privacy regulations. A case in point is the EU and the United States' endeavors to develop the Safe Harbor agreement, a data transfer pact that enables the transfer of data between the EU and US companies in a manner consistent with the EU's data protection schemes. Article 25 of the Data Protection Directive articulates that cross-border transfer of data can take place only if the 'third country in question ensures an adequate level of protection,' meaning that the country meets the EU's minimum standards of data protection. The standards include, among many provisions, a component that protects the right to 'opt out' of further processing or transmission of personal data, under the assumption that data may not be further processed in ways inconsistent with the intent for which they were collected. Given the inconsistencies between the EU and the United States on numerous digital privacy regulations, including the right to be forgotten, Article 25 poses a threat to trans-Atlantic data flows. Therefore, the EU and the United States entered into negotiations to mediate the differences through the Safe Harbor agreement, which as a result of debate and discussion between the two parties, requires companies to provide individuals with the choice or opportunity to 'opt out' and afford other protections.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382328" }
MARCO_8216375
This means that if any EU or non-EU company wants to stay in business, as controller or processor, it will have to implement the necessary controls to ensure that they comply with the EU GDPR, because the fines can be applied to both controllers and processors.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382329" }
CAR_0095043b2a45b7cfb74b5b62090ba002a4b8628b
Privacy activists and researchers have noted that the sharing of images on social networks may compromise the privacy of people depicted in them. Further, most current social networks afford their users little control over content that they did not post themselves. In its privacy policy, Facebook states that any information posted using its service, including images, may be used to display relevant ads to its users. Facebook utilizes automatic facial recognition software that can automatically recognize the face of another Facebook user in new photos, and suggest that the user be tagged in the photo. A Ghent University study found that employers commonly search for prosepective employees on Facebook, and may decide whether or not to grant an interview based on the person's profile picture.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382330" }
CAR_1cd5ff24ac7c2e3f4201e3d976164340cb5822b0
Social networking sites vary in the levels of privacy offered. For some social networking sites like Facebook, providing real names and other personal information is encouraged by the site(onto a page known as a ‘Profile‘). This information usually consists of birth date, current address, and telephone number(s). Some sites also allow users to provide more information about themselves such as interests, hobbies, favorite books or films, and even relationship status. However, there are other social network sites, such as Match.com, where most people prefer to be anonymous. Thus, linking users to their real identity can sometimes be rather difficult. Nevertheless, individuals can sometimes be identified with face re-identification. Studies have been done on two major social networking sites, and it is found that by overlapping 15% of the similar photographs, profile pictures with similar pictures over multiple sites can be matched to identify the users.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382330" }
CAR_25387db808afa7bd455e54d7f7622239a553afe9
Privacy on social networking sites can be undermined by many factors. For example, users may disclose personal information, sites may not take adequate steps to protect user privacy, and third parties frequently use information posted on social networks for a variety of purposes. 'For the Net generation, social networking sites have become the preferred forum for social interactions, from posturing and role playing to simply sounding off. However, because such forums are relatively easy to access, posted content can be reviewed by anyone with an interest in the users' personal information'. The UK government has plans to monitor traffic on social networks. As well, schemes similar to e-mail jamming have been proposed for networks such as Twitter and Facebook. These would involve 'friending' and 'following' large numbers of random people to thwart attempts at network analysis. Privacy concerns have been found to differ between users according to gender and personality. Women are less likely to publish information that reveals methods of contacting them. Personality measures openness, extraversion, and conscientiousness were found to positively affect the willingness to disclose data, while neuroticism decreases the willingness to disclose personal information.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382331" }
CAR_7bf8e5ba0ede41788e45496b46b21abc6632b0a7
Social networking sites try to get users to use their real names, interests, and locations, rather than pseudonyms. These website's leaders believe this makes the social networking experience more engaging for users. On the other hand, uploaded photographs or unguarded statements can be identified to an individual, who may regret this exposure. Employers, schools, parents, and other relatives may be influenced by aspects of social networking profiles, such as text posts or digital photos, that the posting individual did not intend for these audiences. On-line bullies may make use of personal information to harass or stalk users. Modern social networking websites allow fine grained control of the privacy settings for each individual posting, but these can be complex and not easy to find or use, especially for beginners. Photographs and videos posted onto websites have caused particular problems, as they can add a person's face to an on-line profile. With modern and potential facial recognition technology, it may then be possible to relate that face with other, previously anonymous, images, events and scenarios that have been imaged elsewhere. Because of image caching, mirroring and copying, it is difficult to remove an image from the World Wide Web.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382331" }
CAR_b95c63a9b9057b9853cc4e5fb938989f513bbd2d
For example, e-mails can be encrypted (via S/MIME or PGP) and anonymizing proxies or anonymizing networks like I2P and Tor can be used to prevent the internet service providers from knowing which sites one visits and with whom one communicates. Covert collection of personally identifiable information has been identified as a primary concern by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Although some privacy advocates recommend the deletion of original and third-party HTTP cookies, Anthony Miyazaki, marketing professor at Florida International University and privacy scholar, warns that the 'elimination of third-party cookie use by Web sites can be circumvented by cooperative strategies with third parties in which information is transferred after the Web site's use of original domain cookies.' As of December 2010, the Federal Trade Commission is reviewing policy regarding this issue as it relates to behavioral advertising.Another aspect of privacy on the Internet relates to online social networking. Several online social network sites (OSNs) are among the top 10 most visited websites globally. A review and evaluation of scholarly work regarding the current state of the value of individuals' privacy of online social networking show the following results: 'first, adults seem to be more concerned about potential privacy threats than younger users; second, policy makers should be alarmed by a large part of users who underestimate risks of their information privacy on OSNs; third, in the case of using OSNs and its services, traditional one-dimensional privacy approaches fall short'. This is exacerbated by the research indicating that personal traits such as sexual orientation, race, religious and political views, personality, or intelligence can be inferred based on the wide variety of digital footprint, such as samples of text, browsing logs, or Facebook Likes.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382332" }
CAR_3fbc02ea03323aa337d279c9078b5aecab5de7d7
Friendica was cited in January 2012 by Infoshop News as an 'alternative to Google+ and Facebook' to be used on the Occupy Nigeria movement. In January 2012 Free Software Foundation Europe's blog cited Friendica as a reasonable alternative to centralized and controlled social networks such as Facebook or Google+. Biblical Notes writer J. Randal Matheny described Friendica in January 2012 as 'One social networking option flying under the radar until recently deserves consideration as an already stable platform with a wide range of options, applications, plug-ins, and possibilities for opening up the Internet.' In February 2012, the German computer magazine c't wrote: 'Friendica demonstrates how decentralized social networks can become widely accepted.' Another German publication, the professional magazine t3n listed Friendica as a Facebook rival in an online article in March 2012 about Facebook alternatives. It compared Friendica with similar social networks like Diaspora and identi.ca. MSN Tech & Gadgets contributor Emma Boyes wrote about Friendica in May 2012: 'why you'll love it: you can use it to access all the other social networks and get recommendations of new friends and groups to join. Friendica is open source and decentralised. There's no corporation behind it and there are extensive privacy settings. You can choose from a variety of user interfaces and it boasts some cool features - for instance, being able to key in a list of your interests and use the 'profile match' feature to recommend other users who share them with you. A word of warning, though, the site is not as user-friendly as the others on this list, so it may be this one is one for the geeks.'
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382333" }
CAR_6bca7c398960273b4182833a4b820348ce35d009
Social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. Privacy concerns with social networking services is a subset of data privacy, involving the right of mandating personal privacy concerning storing, re-purposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via the Internet. Social network security and privacy issues result from the astronomical amounts of information these sites process each day. Features that invite users to participate in—messages, invitations, photos, open platform applications and other applications are often the venues for others to gain access to a user's private information. In addition, the technologies needed to deal with user’s information may intrude their privacy. More specifically, In the case of Facebook. Adrienne Felt, a Ph.D. candidate at Berkeley, made small headlines last year when she exposed a potentially devastating hole in the framework of Facebook's third-party application programming interface (API). It made it easier for people to lose their privacy. Felt and her co-researchers found that third-party platform applications on Facebook are provided with far more user information than it is needed. This potential privacy breach is actually built into the systematic framework of Facebook. Unfortunately, the flaws render the system to be almost indefensible. 'The question for social networks is resolving the difference between mistakes in implementation and what the design of the application platform is intended to allow,' said David Evans, Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the University of Virginia. Moreover, there is also the question of who should be held responsible for the lack of user privacy? According to Evan, the answer to the question is not likely to be found, because a better regulated API would be required for Facebook 'to break a lot of applications, [especially when] a lot of companies are trying to make money off [these] applications.' Felt agrees with her conclusion, because 'there are marketing businesses built on top of the idea that third parties can get access to data and user information on Facebook.'
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382333" }
CAR_75c414321bcd116debde9985a0859b0656387186
Social networking currently provides more information and features than original function of allowing individuals to connect with their peers. Social networking sites have a large amount of data and records from billions of people, and construct recommendations used by enterprises, small business, and individuals. 'Facebook has its own recommendation system in place. The service allows its 500 million members to click a button to indicate what news articles, companies and celebrities they 'like', and it shares data about those preferences with its Web partners. When a Facebook user visits a Web site like Yelp or TripAdvisor, they are shown reviews from friends before they get to those from strangers.' Companies also use social networking to investigate candidates and employees. The results obtained from a potential employee's immediate social network are often more relevant, significant, and factual than what the candidate presents about themselves during an interview. Therefore, it is necessary to manage how you want to be perceived on your social network. There are several ways that perception management can help.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382334" }
CAR_8cbdbf235687fd9fae5a1e61d8ed4c27ad9f0405
People with only a casual concern for Internet privacy need not achieve total anonymity. Internet users may protect their privacy through controlled disclosure of personal information. The revelation of IP addresses, non-personally-identifiable profiling, and similar information might become acceptable trade-offs for the convenience that users could otherwise lose using the workarounds needed to suppress such details rigorously. On the other hand, some people desire much stronger privacy. In that case, they may try to achieve Internet anonymity to ensure privacy — use of the Internet without giving any third parties the ability to link the Internet activities to personally-identifiable information of the Internet user. In order to keep their information private, people need to be careful with what they submit to and look at online. When filling out forms and buying merchandise, that becomes tracked and because the information was not private, companies are now sending Internet users spam and advertising on similar products.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382334" }
CAR_8dc3c361cec5fc6f5993e2dc1bf4856986b0fc52
Many social networks provide an online environment for people to communicate and exchange personal information for dating purposes. Intentions can vary from looking for a one time date, short-term relationships, and long-term relationships. Most of these social networks, just like online dating services, require users to give out certain pieces of information. This usually includes a user's age, gender, location, interests, and perhaps a picture. Releasing very personal information is usually discouraged for safety reasons. This allows other users to search or be searched by some sort of criteria, but at the same time people can maintain a degree of anonymity similar to most online dating services. Online dating sites are similar to social networks in the sense that users create profiles to meet and communicate with others, but their activities on such sites are for the sole purpose of finding a person of interest to date. Social networks do not necessarily have to be for dating; many users simply use it for keeping in touch with friends, and colleagues.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382335" }
CAR_41c1df107b7027b04b3a96e0cadcecd0f34021df
A byproduct of social media addiction is a syndrome known as fear of missing out, or FOMO. This syndrome occurs through a user's repetitive and obsessive status-checking of 'friend' status updates and posts related to social events or celebrations resulting in a feeling of being 'left out'. There is a converse, polar-opposite reaction called 'fear of being missed' (FOBM), which involves an obsessive need to provide constant status updates on one's own personal, day-to-day life, movements, travel, events, etc. unable to 'un-plug'.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382335" }
CAR_43ff1c0a9af250ae161870ea580dfb139e76f7b1
Recent studies have shown a connection between online social media such as Facebook use to addictive behaviors, emotion regulation, impulse control, and substance abuse. Results from a survey of university undergraduates showed that almost 10% met criteria for what investigators describe as 'disordered social networking use.' Respondents who met criteria for 'Facebook addiction' also reported statistically significant symptoms commonly linked to addiction, such as tolerance (increased Facebook use over time), withdrawal (irritability when unable to access Facebook), and cravings to access the site, she added. 'Our findings suggest that there may be shared mechanisms underlying both substance and behavioral addictions,' Hormes added.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382336" }
CAR_a78a2f41b72eda46b9b17eee5420eca6232cdb55
Social network addiction is a dependence of people by connection, updating and control of their and their friends social network page. The correlation between the social network use and a decreasing of offline social relationships is a complex issue, depending not only from the time spent on them but also from the motivation in using them. For some people in fact, the only important thing is to have a lot of friends in the network regardless if they are offline or only virtual; this is particularly true for teenagers as a reinforcement of egos. Sometimes teenagers use social networks to show their idealized image to the others. They generally start using social networks to improve face-to-face relationships. However, some of them use these tools as a showcase creating an idealized image to be accepted by groups and to reach a big number of friends. They spend a reduced time for face-to-face relationships, passing instead at least six hours per day on social networks. However, other studies claim that people are using social networks to communicate their real personality and not to promote their idealized identity.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382337" }
CAR_cfc17a5422c98785d8da6e22bff60a8a66596b0c
A more recent addiction that is being looked into is Internet addiction (also known as pathological Internet use). This addiction has become more prevalent in younger generations as computer technologies advance. When people suffer from internet addiction they are unable to control their use of the Internet. This can lead to psychological, social, school and work difficulties. Those addicted to the internet may be drawn to social networking sites, online games or other sites. Symptoms of this addiction include the following: mood changes, excessive time spent online, perceived social control while online, and withdrawal when away from the computer.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382337" }
MARCO_4630517
Social anxiety and the need for social assurance are also associated with problematic use of Facebook to the point where Facebook use can become an addiction[3], and has even been shown to activate the same brain areas as addictive drugs such as cocaine[4]!
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382338" }
CAR_2b197f6f5f324bdcf294e8723d6eaaf6666b5b9f
In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media, after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin. Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown, resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, and Eric Garner in New York City. Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election. The originators of the hashtag and call to action, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, expanded their project into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016. The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382338" }
CAR_6a6e081e7c4a04bcc492cb9ba9afa14b28f02a70
In 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Alicia Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles, but operate without a central structure or hierarchy. Alicia Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in 'policing who is and who is not part of the movement.' Currently, there are at least 30 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., England, Canada, Australia, and Ghana.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382339" }
CAR_a82037ed2447237c2c6a351837bfc386b3b7f4b1
In the summer of 2013, after George Zimmerman's acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi. Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through 'Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity' (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers. They began to question how they were going to respond to what they saw as the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled 'A Love Note to Black People' in which she said: 'Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter'. Cullors replied: '#BlackLivesMatter'. Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382340" }
CAR_c337bd9008ecdd55a8ce2f72e8504d3fbfa713e9
In response to the shooting of Trayvon Martin, the Black Lives Matter movement began in 2013, and rapidly expanded in response to subsequent shooting incidents, such as the shooting of Michael Brown. In response to that shooting, protests were held around the country in 2014, most notably in Ferguson, Missouri.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382340" }
MARCO_801480
Black Lives Matter is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people. BLM regularly holds protests speaking out against police killings of black people, and broader issues such as racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system. In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquitt
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382341" }
CAR_13dc65331f11fb62f340167578ad33e191288a5e
The journalist continued working on the Trayvon Martin case when she started working for NBC News. Trayvon Martin is a 17-year-old African American teenager who was fatally shot by George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida. The neighborhood watch volunteer called Sanford police to report Martin, who he said appeared 'suspicious.' Moments later, there was an altercation between the two individuals in which Zimmerman shot Martin, killing him. A national debate about racial profiling and stand your ground laws ensued, and the governor of Florida appointed a task force to examine the state's laws.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382341" }
CAR_2be8f82bc9f5be2c938e5167c8eb6aa4c629e2c2
The following is a timeline of the events surrounding the death of teenager Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012, in Sanford, Florida. Martin was shot and killed by neighborhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman during a physical altercation. Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder in April 2012, and found not guilty on July 13, 2013.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382342" }
CAR_4e358ef6ab22fb0e27d744fd0669d2335d9c4f46
Trayvon Benjamin Martin (February 5, 1995 – February 26, 2012) was an African American from Miami Gardens, Florida, who, at 17 years old, was fatally shot by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida. Martin, who was serving a school suspension, had gone with his father on a visit to his father's fiancée at her townhouse at The Retreat at Twin Lakes in Sanford. On the evening of February 26, Martin went to a convenience store and purchased candy and a canned drink. As Martin returned from the store, he walked through a neighborhood that had been victimized by robberies several times that year. Zimmerman, a member of the community watch, spotted him and called the Sanford Police to report him for suspicious behavior. Moments later, there was an altercation between the two individuals in which Zimmerman shot Martin in the chest. Zimmerman, who was injured in the altercation, was not charged at the time of the shooting by the Sanford Police, who said that there was no evidence to refute his claim of self-defense and that Florida's stand your ground law prohibited law-enforcement officials from arresting or charging him. After national media focused on the tragedy, Zimmerman was eventually charged and tried in Martin's death. A jury acquitted Zimmerman of second-degree murder and manslaughter in July 2013.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382343" }
CAR_57e5a8929167383588dabcf16cf37e2e77768f74
On February 26, 2012, Zimmerman fatally shot 17-year-old African American high school student Trayvon Martin in The Retreat at Twin Lakes community in Sanford, Florida. Zimmerman was the neighborhood watch coordinator for the gated community where Martin was temporarily staying and where the shooting took place. The Twin Lakes Neighborhood Watch program was not registered with the National Neighborhood Watch Program, but was administered by the local police department. Following an earlier call from Zimmerman, police arrived within two minutes of a gunshot during an altercation in which Zimmerman fatally shot Martin, who did not possess any weapons. Zimmerman was subsequently taken into custody, treated for head injuries, then questioned for five hours. The police chief said that Zimmerman was released because there was no evidence to refute Zimmerman's claim of having acted in self-defense, and that under Florida's Stand Your Ground statute, the police were prohibited by law from making an arrest. The police chief also said that Zimmerman had had a right to defend himself with lethal force. As news of the case spread, thousands of protesters across the United States called for Zimmerman's arrest and a full investigation. Six weeks after the shooting, amid widespread, intense, and in some cases misleading media coverage, Zimmerman was charged with murder by a special prosecutor appointed by Governor Rick Scott.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382343" }
CAR_e4750815a6d6caa9998aca6ba12587138eb48751
On 26 February 2012, Trayvon Martin, an unarmed 17-year-old boy who had been visiting his father in a gated community in Sanford, was walking back from a nearby store. A civilian neighborhood watch captain, 28-year-old George Zimmerman, called Sanford Police from his truck to report Martin's behavior as suspicious. During the call Zimmerman left his vehicle to follow Martin and later there was a fight. Martin was shot by Zimmerman during this fight, ending it. The incident led to protests against the Sanford Police Department and national and international attention in the media, with race an issue in the case as Martin was Black and Zimmerman is a mixed-race Hispanic. On 22 March 2012, Florida Governor Rick Scott appointed a special prosecutor, Angela Corey, to take over the investigation.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382344" }
CAR_5f2e1f844d7f272307c7b6280038ef4d6f1ee61d
In Florida, a task force examining the law heard testimony that the law is 'confusing'. Those testifying to the task force include Buddy Jacobs, a lawyer representing the Florida Prosecuting Attorney's Association. Jacobs recommended the law's repeal, feeling that modifying the law would not fix its problems. Florida governor Rick Scott plans his own investigation into the law. In a July 16, 2013 speech in the wake of the jury verdict acquitting George Zimmerman of charges stemming from the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, Attorney General Eric Holder criticized stand-your-ground laws as 'senselessly expand[ing] the concept of self-defense and sow[ing] dangerous conflict in our neighborhoods.' The defendant, George Zimmerman, claims he was restrained at the time of the shooting, thus allowing no option for retreat and making 'stand your ground' irrelevant to the case. Florida's legislature is currently considering a bill that would allow people to show a gun or fire a warning shot during a confrontation without drawing a lengthy prison sentence.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382344" }
CAR_a901bfc9388c8f69f0c402c356bb01d1a9f34138
In February 2012, Today aired a story package that included an edited version of a 9-1-1 call made by George Zimmerman minutes prior to his confrontation with Trayvon Martin that resulted in the unarmed Florida teenager being shot and killed, which (as described in a Washington Post article criticizing the editing of the tape) had the effect of 'readily paint[ing] Zimmerman as a racial profiler'. In the edited recording, Zimmerman (who claimed he shot Martin in self defense; a grand jury later acquitted him on murder charges while on trial in August 2013) is heard saying, 'This guy looks like he's up to no good. He looks black.' A portion of the tape in which Zimmerman was describing Martin to the 911 operator was removed in its broadcast version; in the unedited version, Zimmerman said, 'This guy looks like he's up to no good. Or he's on drugs or something. It's raining and he's just walking around, looking about.' The operator then asked, 'OK, and this guy – is he black, white or Hispanic?', to which Zimmerman answered, 'He looks black.'
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382345" }
MARCO_3730990
George Zimmerman auctioning off gun used to kill Trayvon Martin. George Zimmerman is trying to sell the gun he killed unarmed teenager Trayvon Martin with. Zimmerman shot Martin in 2012, but was later acquitted on the basis of self-defense. Mark Strassmann has more.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382345" }
MARCO_7271492
But Martin family lawyer Benjamin Crump told Fox the sale was offensive, outrageous and insulting. Trayvon Martin was walking home from a shop in Sanford, Florida, in February 2012 when there was an altercation with Mr Zimmerman. Mr Zimmerman said he had fired in self-defence. He was charged and acquitted of second-degree murder and manslaughter.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382346" }
MARCO_8226396
Juror B37 spoke exclusively to CNN's Anderson Cooper 360 about the case She says Zimmerman wanted to do good but went overboard George Zimmerman didn't do anything unlawful and was justified in shooting 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, according to one of the jurors who acquitted Zimmerman.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382347" }
CAR_19f421b1bf2cb68674981330095b3dcc99c64a20
Initially, reports of what happened next differed widely among sources and witnesses, particularly with regards to whether Brown was coming towards Wilson when the shots were actually fired. At noon on , Wilson drove up to Brown and Johnson as they were walking in the middle of Canfield Drive and ordered them to move off the street. Wilson continued driving past the two men, but then backed up and stopped close to them. A struggle took place between Brown and Wilson after the former reached through the window of the police SUV, a Chevrolet Tahoe. Wilson's gun was fired twice during the struggle from inside the vehicle, with one bullet hitting Brown's right hand. Brown and Johnson fled and Johnson hid behind a car. Wilson got out of the vehicle and pursued Brown. At some point, Wilson fired his gun again, while facing Brown, and hit him with at least 6 shots. Brown was unarmed and died on the street. Less than 90 seconds passed from the time Wilson encountered Brown to the time of Brown's death.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382347" }
CAR_1ff9792a3cf2460d34414d536128ca8b1ff7518b
On August 9, 2014, Michael Brown, an unarmed teenager, was fatally shot by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson while on duty. Chief of Police Tom Jackson claimed in a news conference that Brown had been a suspect in a 'strong-arm' robbery, but later stated that the robbery was not connected to Officer Wilson's interaction with Brown. The later Department of Justice investigation later described Officer Wilson as having heard the description of the robbery and suspect before he encountered Brown, although Office Wilson could not recount the specifics of what he heard.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382348" }
CAR_20519ef92079133d7fcb36d2530673f2f0c823ab
In August 2014, Darren Wilson, a white police officer of Ferguson, Missouri shot and killed Michael Brown, an 18-year-old unarmed black man who had robbed a nearby convenience store fifteen minutes earlier. While a grand jury investigation found that Wilson had acted in self-defense after Brown attacked him on two separate occasions, locals hostile to the police claimed that Brown had been gunned down while surrendering. Racial tensions in Ferguson between the mainly black population and mainly white police force led to both peaceful protests and riots, and several buildings were looted and set on fire. In response, the Ferguson Police Department deployed military-grade riot gear and riot control weaponry to disperse crowds and maintain order. Further protests erupted after the death of Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black resident of Staten Island, New York who died after being put in a nineteen-second long chokehold by NYPD officer Daniel Pantaleo while resisting arrest. Garner was being investigated by the NYPD under suspicion of illegally selling cigarettes. Pantaleo's acquittal by a grand jury in December led to nationwide protests by a movement which came to call itself Black Lives Matter.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382348" }
CAR_d8cf5c06b2c3fe05377b3cf61aeb7edf3ebbf2ae
The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was created after the police shooting of Michael Brown and the grand jury's decision to not indict Darren Wilson, the white Ferguson police officer that shot Brown, on November 24, 2015. Witnesses claimed that Brown had his hands up and was surrendering when Wilson fatally shot him. However, this information was not credible and led to the jury's decision. Hands up, don't shoot is a slogan used by the Black Lives Matter movement and was used during protests after the ruling. The slogan was supported by members of the St. Louis Rams
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382349" }
MARCO_8137345
The shooting of Michael Brown occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, a northern suburb of St. Louis. Brown, an 18-year-old African American, was a suspect in a strong-arm robbery of a convenience store. Brown was fatally shot by Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old police officer in an encounter that took place a short distance away from the convenience store, several minutes after officer Wilson received a radio alert which included a description of a suspect. Brown was accompanied by his friend Dorian Johnson. The report and video were part of a packet that included information about the shooting afterward. The report containing frames of the surveillance footage showed Brown grabbing a box of cigarillos, followed by an apparent struggle or confrontation between Brown and a store clerk. The statutory deadline in the Sunshine Law, Missouri's equivalent of the federal Freedom of Information Act, was the cited reason for the release following requests by St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Judicial Watch and others.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382350" }
CAR_141d08b57dc5b2d9b79e3bbd6cd25915b63bdc4e
Along with community organizers and friends Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi, Cullors founded Black Lives Matter. The three started the movement because of frustration over George Zimmerman's acquittal in the shooting of Trayvon Martin. Cullors wrote the hashtag to corroborate Garza's use of the phrase in making a Facebook post about the Martin case. Cullors further described her impetus for pushing for African American rights as stemming from her 19-year-old brother being 'brutalized' during imprisonment Los Angeles County jails.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382350" }
CAR_39e50999bbebc37805477fd2cd71b833c2379fea
Garza, with Opal Tometi and Patrisse Cullors, birthed the Black Lives Matters movement. Garza is credited with inspiring the slogan when, after the July 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman, she posted on Facebook: 'Black people. I love you. I love us. Our lives matter, Black Lives Matter' which Cullors then shared with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. Garza's organization Black Lives Matter was spurred on by the deaths of black people by police in recent media and racial disparities within the U.S. criminal justice system. She was also struck by the similarities of Trayvon Martin to her younger brother, feeling that it could have been him killed instead. Garza led the 2015 Freedom Ride to Ferguson, organized by Cullors and Darnell Moore that launched the building of BlackLivesMatter chapters across the United States. Garza self-identifies as a queer woman, and her spouse is biracial and transgender; Garza draws on all of these experiences in her organizing and activism.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382351" }
CAR_78184fddcaa4dc1ce1b9a1a27d964e5fbbd63bd9
Black Lives Matter, a campaign against violence and systemic racism towards African Americans, has been influenced strongly by Social Media Activism with leaders, hashtags, and policy proposals brought forward because of Social Media. The hashtag #blacklivesmatter was created in 2013 by Patrice Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi after the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the murder in Florida of seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled 'A Love Note to Black People' in which she said: 'Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter.” Once the hashtag was formed, it has been a rallying cry for various organizing efforts across the country centered on Black lives.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382351" }
MARCO_6399948
Garza wrote the words Black Lives Matter on social media, and Cullors followed with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. Later that day, they decided to start a movement, on the streets and online.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382352" }
CAR_4bb54e1efe57c9e5fd97856cb3c38c50d8451668
On May 26, 2016, Louisiana was the first state to add police officers and firefighters to their state hate crime statute, when Governor John Bel Edwards signed an amendment from the legislature into law. This amendment was added, in part, as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, which seeks to end police brutality against black people, with some advocates of the amendment using the slogan 'Blue Lives Matter'. Since the inception of Black Lives Matter, critics have found some of the movement's rhetoric anti-police, with the author of the amendment, Lance Harris, stating some 'were employing a deliberate campaign to terrorize our officers'. Despite the killing of a Texas sheriff in 2015 and the killings of two NYPD officers in the previous year, in response to the death of Eric Garner and the shooting of Michael Brown, there was little to no data suggesting hate crimes against law enforcement were a common problem when the bill was passed. A little less than two months after the amendment was passed, Baton Rouge was in the national spotlight after the Baton Rouge Police killing of Alton Sterling by two white police officers. This sparked protests in Baton Rouge, resulting in hundreds of arrests and increased racial tension nationally. In the week during those protests, five police officers were killed in Dallas, and the week after the protests, three more officers were killed in Baton Rouge. Both perpetrators were killed and the motives behind both shootings were responses to the recent police killings by police officers of black men.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382352" }
CAR_c6e03044b5ca8bcf2c4432eeb62f70a3eeb9446b
Blue Lives Matter is a pro-police movement in the United States. It was started after the killings of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu in Brooklyn, New York, on December 20, 2014, after they were ambushed in their patrol car. Blue Lives Matter was formed in reaction to the Black Lives Matter movement, which seeks to end police brutality against the African American community.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382353" }
CAR_f2da34917069ad2bbae12daa7ac05d65f8cd75d8
White Lives Matter is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the Southern Poverty Law Center added 'White Lives Matter' to its list of hate groups. The group has also been active in England.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382354" }
MARCO_3467165
There have been many reactions to the Black Lives Matter movement. The U.S. population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. The phrase All Lives Matter sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of Black Lives Matter. Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382354" }
MARCO_368660
The phrase All Lives Matter sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of Black Lives Matter. Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382355" }
CAR_2345384f42eeeb4759038f6d0c156d0b1da793e0
The internet facilitates the spread of the message 'All Lives Matter' as a response to the Black Lives Matter hashtag as well as the 'Blue Lives Matter' hashtag as a response to Beyonce's halftime performance speaking out against police brutality.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382355" }
CAR_43e0c0e6f6f4d77836651a869bbbfb753efcd21c
Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag [[Blue Lives Matter|#BlueLivesMatter]] was created by supporters of the police. Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police movement in the United States. It expanded after the killings of American police officers.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382356" }
CAR_5594aa99a66752ecce02511a065ddb5401afc841
On December 20, 2014, in the wake of the killings of officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu, a group of law enforcement officers formed Blue Lives Matter to counter media reports that they perceived to be anti-police. Blue Lives Matter is made up of active and retired law enforcement officers. The current national spokesman for Blue Lives Matter is retired Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Lieutenant Randy Sutton.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382357" }
CAR_65b02ac0d89169b8b53eede76bc3c523f8158121
Originating in New York City in December 2014, Blue Lives Matter NYC is an organization and current nationwide movement that was created to help law enforcement officers and their families during their times of need. Sergeant Joey Imperatrice along with Officers Chris Brinkley and Carlos Delgado felt 'compelled to show support for their brothers and sisters in blue' and handed out bracelets that stated Blue Lives Matter. They decided to create an organization which became the non-profit Blue Lives Matter NYC. This BLM organization's mission is to raise awareness and encourage public aid for the needs of police officers, to help police officers assist one another, and to provide a police officer's family with comfort and support as they go through hard times. This campaign is designed to raise both awareness and money for the families in need. In order to increase awareness nationwide, over three hundred billboards have been posted with the slogan 'Blue Lives Matter'. Many of these billboards are also accompanied by the hashtag #thankublu, a hashtag many individuals use to show their support for police officers.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382357" }
CAR_01c1c4a6ca3020e529b9c624879846af00b115ca
Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of brutal attacks by the police force, such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) rally. In the events, party leader Morgan Tsvangirai and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police. Edward Chikombo, a journalist who sent images of the beatings to foreign media, was abducted and murdered a few days later. After his release, Morgan Tsvangirai told the BBC that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms, knees and back, and that he lost a significant amount of blood. The police action was strongly condemned by the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, the European Union and the United States. While noting that the activists had suffered injuries, but not mentioning the cause of them, the Zimbabwean government-controlled daily newspaper The Herald claimed the police had intervened after demonstrators 'ran amok looting shops, destroying property, mugging civilians, and assaulting police officers and innocent members of the public'. The newspaper also argued that the opposition had been 'wilfully violating the ban on political rallies'.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382358" }
CAR_836727a54d92759fcf19efeb2a2c93640bc1d005
On , two NYPD officers were shot and killed in their police car in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, posted days earlier on Instagram his intention to kill police officers in response to the killings of Brown and Eric Garner. The suspect, who had a long criminal record and had shot his girlfriend in the stomach a few hours earlier, entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382358" }
CAR_b20ad3e4e0f645c73af0affb4ecf1a5aaea70e68
On December 20, two NYPD officers were killed in an ambush in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, 'declared his intention on his Instagram account to kill police officers as retribution for the recent police killings of Michael Brown and Eric Garner'. The suspect, who has a long criminal record, then entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382361" }
CAR_01cf49132210b1df85be3446759a39d77c3649cd
Black Lives Matter, an activist movement that was formed to campaign against racism and what its members consider police brutality against African Americans, has contributed to a revitalization and re-examining of the Black Feminist movement. The movement itself was started by three black women, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, and has been viewed as a Black Feminist Movement first rather than as a part of the larger feminist movement. Black Lives Matter largely accepts the intersectionality of women of color, and how interlocking systems of oppression work against African American women in particular. The movement has also been critical of White Feminism as only focusing on the oppression of Women and not looking at how intersectionalities of class, race, and culture have been harming marginalized groups. According to academic scholar Angela Davis, “Black Women face a triple oppression” of racism, classism, and sexism and Black Lives Matter has been a largely grassroots movement focused on including intersectional voices. Activism of Black Feminists in Black Lives Matter include the protests of political candidates such as Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, and Hillary Clinton and hashtags such as #oscarssowhite, and #sayhername.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382362" }
CAR_74f2b35e0be096f0fdfc83cb0dbc87fa79aa1894
Black Lives Matter incorporates those traditionally on the margins of black freedom movements. The organization's website, for instance, states that Black Lives Matter is 'a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes' and, embracing intersectionality, that 'Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum.' All three founders of the Black Lives Matter movement are women, and Garza and Cullors identify as queer. The founders believe that their backgrounds have paved the way for Black Lives Matter to be an intersectional movement. Several hashtags such as #BlackWomenMatter, #BlackGirlsMatter, #BlackQueerLivesMatter, and #BlackTransLivesMatter have surfaced on the BLM website and throughout social media networks. Marcia Chatelain, associate professor of history at Georgetown University, has praised BLM for allowing 'young, queer women [to] play a central role' in the movement.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382362" }
CAR_fe4b60ab9f541b095c83a482a53dd52b5f18bd78
Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people. BLM regularly holds protests against police killings of black people and broader issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and perceived racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382363" }
MARCO_2779464
A presidential candidate wants to push brown immigrants out of the country. An entire Black Lives Matter movement takes hold over the issue of police profiling and inequality a reflection of how America is once again in the grips of a profound struggle over race.
{ "last_modified_datetime": "2024-04-12T16:39:48.382363" }