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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Jurisprudence générale du royaume en matière civile, commerciale et criminelle : ou Journal des audiences de la Cour de cassation et des Cours royales
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French
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» LA COUR; — Attendu, que la compagnie d'assurances l'Abeille, dans l'instance pendante entre elle, la Compagnie j d'assurances la Nationale, Serres et Possety, invoque sa quâ' ; lité de tiers à rencontre dès autres parties en cause et prétend 1 qu'à ce titre elle a le droit de faire entendre Pissetaz comme témoin, sans qUe celles-ci puissent le reprocher comme ayant donné un certificat sur les faits relatifs au procès, dans les termes de l'art. 283 c. pr. civ.;— Mais attendu qu'une enquête est en principe indivisible ; qu'il s'ensuit, comme conséquence nécessaire, que les reproches dirigés contre un témoin peuvent être proposés par toute partie en cause qu'ils intéressent, sans avoir à se préoccuper de la qualité prétendue dont Iexcipé son adversaire ; qu'ainsi, à cet égard, les conclusions de l'appelante sont niai fondées ; — Attendu, d'un autre côté, que nulle part la loi n'a défini ce qu'on appelle un certificat sur les faits relatifs au procès ; qu'il en résulte pour le juge un pouvoir d'appréciation dont il doit faire usage, en s'inspirant des motifs qui ont guidé le législateur ; que, dans cet ordre d'idées, il n'est pas douteux que la loi n'a pas considéré comme pouvant déposer en toute sincérité et toute indépendance, le témoin qui serait moralement lié par une déclaration écrite antérieure, dans laquelle il relaterait des faits concernant le litige ; qu'ainsi Une déclaration de cette nature, quelle qu'en soit la forme, doit être légalement assimilée au certificat visé par l'art. 283 c. pr. civ.; — Attendu que vainement la Compagnie l'Abeille soutient que la preuve de l'existence de cette déclaration n'est pas rapportée ; que, s'agissant d'une matière où la preuve testimoniale et les présomptions de l'art. 1353 c. civ. Du 9 mai:l-9.0l-.-Cii'de Chambéry.-MM. Helirie, pr.-Raymond, Etôsset fils, Berthet et François DeScotcs, av. (1: et 2) D'après.'l'opinion'.'géoérai^llneritaawSêj;Ià'pàr'ïij$ dans l'intérêt de laquelle un témoin a délivré un certificat n'est point fondée à proposer pour cette ràisôri'lé reproche dé ce téJmoim (Y, Jur. gên:, v* Etiqueté, n" 493 Supplément, eod. »6,,ri° 197; notre Codé de procédure civile annoté, art. 283, n»' 119 et 120; Stipplêmehi à ce code,n°/3702; ; Garsonnet, Traité théorique et pratiqué dé procédure, 2* fâ Éèi^Si'y.'i!jt', tMwiPyi/.^iwî'^oHH'àif»* '"ie t;j^éiti^bfè'çii^é/'yv0',£R^^/«,: ni* J8ff7)/Ma(s il /semble qu« toute autre partie présente à l'enquête est fondée à sé/prèyàioir dé ce fait pour faire écarter la déposition dridittétooin. C'est ce.qriè d,èeidë'VaTre^:/i,ap|iorié.'-..''Éii. ce qui concerné le /caractère obligatoire ou facultatif du reproche, V;''jur. gén,, y? cit., a°* 557 et suiv., Supplément, eod, p", ri** 26Îf et suiv.; Riorii, 28hïarS; 1895J D; p. 96. 2. 177, et la riùle de .M;:cesar-Brtt^/.'/'-/;.'//; ,/, .'.;'/','. '-:.<-./// (3 et 4) Sur ce qu'il faut entendre par certificat et sur les pouI voirs d'appréciation qui appartiennent aux juges à ce sujet, VJur.'"■gén'.'i y° Enquête, n°* 476 et suiv.; Supplément, eod. i'°, ri» 9 188 et suiv.; Riom> 28 mars 1895 précité. (5) Pour qu'il y aitlieu à réproche basé sur la délivrance d'un certificat, il est indispensable qu'il soit justifié d'une déclaration écrite (V. Jur. gén., y Enquête, n° 493 ; Supplément, eod. ..v°, I n?195); mais I' n'est pas nécessaire que cet écrit soit représenté; Il suffit que la preuve soit rapportée, do son existence, et comme ; il s'agit là d'Un simple fait, tous les moyens de preuve sont admissibles pour l'établir. (6) En soumettant aux juges Une question même simplement ; spécieuse, le plaideur ne fait qu'user dé son droit et ne peut, ; en dehors de toute autre faute constatée et dommageable, être condamné à deàdommages-lrit/érêts. Y. Jur. gén., y Responsabilité, n 01 108 et suiv*; Supplément,eod. V, m» 78 et suiv.; Troisième table dés dix années, n°» 54 et suiv. COURS D'APPEL ET TRIBUNAUX. 861 PARIS, 28 nov. 1895. — VENTE DE SUBSTANCES FALSIFIÉES, VINS PLATHÊS, DÉTENTION, MISE EN VENTE, FÛTS, INDICATION DU PLATRAGE, DÉLIT, CARACTÈRES. C'est la mise en vente, et non pas seulement la détention, dans un magasin ou un entrepôt, de Vins plâtrés contenant plus de 2 grammes de sulfate de potasse par litre, qui constitue l'infraction l'infraction et punie par l'art. 3 de la loi du 11 juill. 1891 (1); Et lorsque la mise en vente n'est pas établie, il ne saurait y avoir lieu de relever le délit'résultant du défaut.d'indication en gros caractères du plâtrage sw les fûts renfermant les vins (2).. . ,' .-:,'.-/ (1 et 2) Lés circonstances qui caractérisent et constituent la « mise en vente » prohibée des denrées alimentaires falsifiées ont fait l'objet de décisions en apparence contradictoires. La contradiction ne s'affirme néanmoins qu'en ce qui touche la mise en vente des vins surplâtrés, les solutions restant les mêmes toutes les fois qu'on est en présence d'une denrée alimentaire définitivement et irrémédiablement falsifiée ; l'examen des textes donnera là raison de ces divergences. Les vins peuvent être falsifiés ou avariés et ils tombent alors sous l'application des règles générales de la loi du 27 mars 1851 sur les falsifications des denrées alimentaires. Ce texte, très général, eût suffi à réglementer toutes les espèces si la législation avait présenté, avant 1889, une définition exacte du vin naturel. La loi de 1851 prohibe, en effet, la vente et la mise en vente des denrées adultérées et falsifiées. On a longtemps discuté, non sur la vente qui suppose un contrat parfait et définitif, mais sur les éléments de fait qui constituent « la mise en vente ». On a soutenu que la mise en vente présupposait une sollicitation par le vendeur à l'acheteur à défaut de laquelle le délit de « mise en vente » ne pourrait prendre naissance. Et la jurisprudence n'a pas hésité à considérer que la simple détentiondes marchandises prohibées, dans les magasins de gros ou de détail, ou leurs dépendances, constituait une sollicitation permanente du vendeur vis-à-vis de l'acheteur éventuel, dès l'instant qu'ils étaient ouverts à la clientèle et au public et réunissaient ainsi les caractères de la c mise en vente » prévue et punie par la loi de 1851 (Crim. cass. 12 sept. 1846, D. P. 46. 4. 150 ; 3 févr. 1858, D. P. 58. 1. 230; 9 juill. 1858, D. P. 58. 1. ] 478 ; 31 déc. 1858, D. P. 59. 1. 44; Agen, 17 j'anV. 1855, D. P. < 55. 2.151). ] La nécessité d'une réglementation minutieuse dès vins, qui < se prêtent plus que tout autre denrée à des falsifications variées, 1 a fait édicter les lois des 14 août 1889 el 11 juill. 1891, qui l'une < et l'autre visent la « mise en vente ». i La loi du 14 août 1889 prohibe « l'expédition, la vente et la c mise en vente, sous dénomination de vin, d'un produit autre que i celui de la fermentation des raisins frais »; elle exige, de plus, que les vins de sucre et de raisins secs soient vendus comme tels et à que les fûts qui les renferment en portent la marque en gros p caractères. L'application de ces dispositions a donné lieu à un s arrêt delà cour de Paris en date du 11 févr. 1897 (D. P. 97. I 2. 423), qui, se conformant à la jurisprudence ci-dessus rappep lée, déclare qu'il y a « mise en vente », au sens de la loi de r 1889, quand la marchandise destinée au commerce est disponis ble dans un magasin où les acheteurs peuvent pénétrer, où elle est sous la main du négociant pour la vendre et où, offerte au d public, par son exposition même, elle est à sa portée pour l'av cheter. Par voie de conséquence, cet arrêt oblige le marchand n à observer, dans ses magasins ou leurs dépendances, les prèsti criptions concernant les marques à apposer sur les fûts ou réqi ci pi en t s encore en magasin, car le but de la loi est de prévenir si les fraudes et de prémunir l'acheteur. oi La loi du 11 juill. 1891 (art. 3), à propos des vins plâtrés, a s' répété los mêmes prohibitions pour les vins plâtrés renfermant gi plus de deux grammes de sulfate do potasse par litre : « Il est qi défendu de mettre en vente, de vendre ou de livrer des vins di plâtrés contenant plus de deux grammes de sulfate de potasse pi ou de soude par litre. » la La lecture de cette loi révèle : 1° que les vins plâtrés à plus de deux grammes de sulfate de potasse par litre, dits vins surde plâtrés, se trouvent hors du commerce et ne peuvent faire l'once jet/d'une vente, d'une mise en vente ou d'une livraison, en vc France ; 2» que les vins simplement plâtrés dans les limites inde férieurès à celles qui viennent d'être déterminées peuvent faire téi l'objet des transactions commerciales, à la condition d'être sifie grialés par l'inscription en gros caractères sur les fûts et récico pients par ces mots : «vins plâtrés ». ve Deux arrêts de la cour de Montpellier datant de 1896 ont eu à pe se prononcer sur les caractères de la « mise en vente » au regard I de de la loi de 1891. Le 6 juin 1896 (ibid., p. 209), une poursuite contre un marchand en gros était motivée par ce fait qu'au cours du recensement les employés de la Régie avaient trouvé quelques hectolitres de vin surplâtré dans les magasins, ce qui constituait la « mise en vente » d'après le ministère public. La cour de Montpellier, contredisant la jurisprudence antérieure de la cour de cassation, déclara que le fait par un négociant en gros de tenir dans ses magasins Un Vin surplâtré ne saurait à lui seul équivaloir à la mise en vente exigée par la loi, « le liquide dont il s'agit pouvant être, avant sa sortie des magasins du négociant, soumis à des manipulations ou coupages de nature à en modifier la nature au point de vue du plâtrage ». Enfin, l'arrêt de la cour de Paris rapporté ci-dessus se borne à déclarer, sans en indiquer la raison, que le fait de la détention, par les prévenus dans leurs magasins ou entrepôts, de vins surplâtrés, est inopérant à lui seul pour constituer l'infraction à l'art. 3 de la loi du 11 juill. 1891 ; que, la « mise en vente » n'étant pas établie, il ne saurait non plus y avoir lieu de relever le délit résultant du défaut d'indication en gros caractères dU plâtrage sur les fûts. Ces divers arrêts nous paraissent avoir fait une confusion entre deux situations distinctes. A notre avis, la « mise en vente », la vente et l'expédition du vin plâtré dans les limites de là tolérance légale, ne constituent ni délit, ni contravention; l'infraction ne commence, : pour ces marchandises, que si les récipients qui les,renferment ne portent pas l'indication en gros caractères sur les fûts de leur nature de vins plâtrés. AU contraire, la vente ou la « mise en vente > des vins surplâtrés est prohibée comme s'il s'agissait d'une denrée falsifiée, et, dès lors, la marque en gros Caractères n'a pas à être apposée sur les fûts, dès l'instant que cette formalité ne s'applique qu'aux vins simplement plâtrés dans les proportions permises et qu'elle serait sans efficacité,en pareil cas, pour faire disparaître un délit qui existe par cela que la proportion permise a été dépassée. Quoi qu'il en soit, on ne saurait méconnaître que la jurisprudence des cours d'appel inaugure un traitement de faveur en ce qui concerne les vins surplâtrés à propos de leur « mise en vérité »; la raison en a été indiquée dans l'arrêt de la cour de Montpellier du 6 juin 1896. Les vins falsifiés ou adultérés tombant sous l'application de la loi de 1851, les vins artificiels ou mélangés et vendus ou expédiés et mis en venté comme vins, sans autre détermination (L. 14 août 1889), conservent les uns et les autres leur caractère originaire que rien ne peut leur faire perdre par la suite, ils sont et seront toujours des vins falsifiés. Au contraire, les vins surplâtrés, dans l'état de notre législation, conservent leur caractère de vins naturels, 17eCA»iER. — 2« PARTIE. — 1901. 46 î 362 DEUXIÈME PARTIE. (Bonnet C. Min. publ.). — ARRÊT. ■■'•. LA COUR; — Considérant que le fait de la détention, par Bonnet dans ses magasins ou entrepôts, de vin plâtré, contenant plus de deux grammes de sulfate de potasse par litre, est inopérant à lui seul pour constituer l'infraction à l'art. 3 de la loi du 11 juill. 1891; — Considérant que là mise en vérité, élément essentiel du délit visé par le jugement-dont est appel, ne résulte pas des énonciations du procès-verbal dressé à la date du 17 oct. 1894 par les inspecteurs du Laboratoire, Vachez et Chanel non plus que des documents de la cause; — Considérant, dans ces conditions, qu'il n'échet de relever à l'appui delà prévention l'absence d'indication en gros, caractères du plâtrage, sur les fûts contenant ledit vin, que le présent arrêt déclare n'avoir pas été mis en vente; — Considérant, par suite, que c'est à tort que les premiers juges ont retenu contre Bonnet d'avoir contrevenu aux dispositions de l'art. 3 de la loi du 11 juill. 1891 ; — Par ces motifs, infirme le jugement rendu par la 8e chambre du tribunal correctionnel de la Seine le 3 avr. 1893; — Décharge Bonnet des condamnations lui faisant grief de ce chef;. — Statuant au principal le renvoie des fins de la poursuite sans dépens. Du 28 nov. 189S.-C. de (Paris, ch. corr.-MM. Feuillolèy, pr.-Cabat, subst.. Du même jour (aff. Degroux C. Min. publ.). — C. de Paris, ch. corr.-Arrêt identique. — Mêmes magistrats. — Me Carraby, av. PARIS, 18 févr. 1901. — 1° à 5° PUISSANCE PATERNELLE, ADMINISTRATION LÉGALE, POUVOIRS DU PÈRE, DONATIONS ET LEGS, ACCEPTATION, RENONCIATION, INTÉRÊT MORAL DE L'ENFANT, APPRÉCIATION, ABSENCE DE COLLUSION, RENONCIATION VALABLE. — DONATION, CARACTÈRE, LEGS, RENONCIATION, HÉRITIER, BÉNÉFICE.' Les règles de la tutelle ne sont pas applicables, en général, à l'administration des biens des enfants mineurs que l'art. 389 c. civ. attribue à leur père durant le mariage et, tant que l'union conjugale subsiste, il ne peut y avoir de conseil de famille, à moins d'opposition d'intérêts entre l'enfant et son Père(l); _ En conséquence, le père a capacité pour accomplir seul les actes permis au tuteur avec l'autorisation du conseil de famille, tels que l'acceptation ou la répudiation des successions et legs (2). La renonciation à un legs particulier exempt de charges ne saurait être assimilée à une véritable libéralité de la part du légataire au profit de l'héritier (3). L'acceptation ou le refus, parle père au nom de son enfant mineur, d'une donation ou d'un legs n'est pas seulement déterminée par l'intérêt pécuniaire du mineur gratifié; il y a également à tenir compte de ses intérêts moraux, qui ne sont pas moins respectables et dont le père est le meilleur appréciateur (c. civ. 389,933) (4); Et la renonciation faite par le père rie peut être rétractée sur la demande de l'enfant devenu majeur que si elle a été lé résultat d'une collusion du père avec l'héritier auquel a bénéficié cette renonciation (S). (Demoiselle Cotty C. époux Bretel.) Les époux Bretel ont interjeté appel du jugement rendu par le tribunal civil de Troyes le 23 déc. 1899, rapporté D. P. 1900. 2. 372. La cour de Paris a rendu l'arrêt infirmatif suivant : ARRÊT. LA COUR; — Considérant que, par déclaration faite le 24 oct. 1895 au greffe du tribunal civil de Troyes, Cotty père, agissant en qualité d'administrateur légal des biens de sa fille mineure, Mathilde Cotty, a renoncé au legs particulier de 15,000 fr. que lui avait laissé sa tante, la veuve Dallemagne dècédée le 3 octobre précédent; — Considérant que Mathilde Cotty, devenue majeure, a fait au môme greffe, le * mars 1899, une nouvelle déclaration pour rétracter la renonciation émanée de son père, qu'elle arguait de nullité; qu'elle a.ensuite assigné en délivrance de son legs de 15,000 fr. la femme Bretel, représentant la veuve Dallemagne comme ayant été instituée légataire universelle du fils de cette dernière, Luc Dallemagne, qui était décédé le 8 févr. 1899. après avoir recueilli sa succession ; que le tribunal a admis la demande de la demoiselle Cotty, en se fondant sur ce que la renonciation de Cotty père avait excédé ses pouvoirs d'administrateur légal des biens de sa fille; — Considérant que la femme Bretel a interjeté appel de cette sentence et qu'elle soutient, avec raison, que la thèse juridique qui lui sert de base est erronée; — Considérant que les règles de la tutelle ne sont point applicables, en général, à l'administration des biens des enfants mineurs que l'art. 389 c. civ. attribue à leur père durant le mariage; que tant que l'union conjugale subsiste, il ne peut y avoir de conseil de famille à moins d'une opposition d'intérêts entre l'enfant et son père dont les pouvoirs d'administration seraient momentanément suspendus ; qu'il faut en conclure que le père a capacité pour accomplir seul les actes permis au tuteur avec l'autorisation du conseil de famille, tels que l'acceptation ou la répudiation des successions et des legs; — Considérant que la loi du 27 févr. 1880, relative à l'aliénation des valeurs mobilières appartenant à des mineurs en tutelle, n'a apporté aucune restriction aux droits du père administrateur légal; qu'il est à remarquer qu'à la séance du 26 nov. 1881, le Gouvernement avait présenté à la Chambre, des députés un projet de loi tendant à soumettre à l'autorisation de justice certains actes du père administrateur, et que ce projet de loi fut retiré à la suite de l'avis défavorable émis par la commission chargée de son examen et consigné dans un rapport déposé à la séance du 4 juill. L. VALLAT, Avocat prés la cour d'appel de Montpellier. (i, 2et 3) V. conf. Douai; 22 janv. 1894, D. P. 94. 2. 296, et notre Nouveau Code civil annoté, art. 389, n« 56 et suiv. ; Jur. gén., v° Puissance paternelle et usufruit légal, nn 73 et suiv. ; Supplément, eod. v>, hos 93 et suiv., et v° Minorité-tutelle, n» 25. En ce qui concerne les pouvoirs du tuteur pour l'acceptation et la répudiation des legs faits au mineur et la nécessité dé l'autorisation du conseil de famille, V. Jur. gén., v° Minoritétutelle, n°»495 et 501; Supplément, eod. v°, nos 494 et suiv., et notre Nouveau Code civil annoté, art. 461, n0B 1 et suiv. (4 et 5) V. en note sous le jugement infirmé (Troyes, 23 déc. 1899, D. P. 1900. 2. 372), les considérations tendant à établir, conformément à ce qu'a décidé la cour de Paris, que le refus par le père d'accepter une donation ou un legs dépourvu de charges, fait à son enfant mineur, ne doit pas être considéré comme constituant, de sa part, un acte de disposition à titre gratuit. Bien plutôt qu'une libéralité, qui ne se conçoit pas sans l'intention dé gratifier; animus-dohandi,. cet acte est l'exercice d'un droit dérivarit de là puissance paternelle tout autant que de la fonction d'administrateur légal. Ce droit peut donc être exercé sans contrôle et .l'acte, accompli par le père dans l'intérêt du mineur, n'est soumis à rétractation que si la collusion établie entre le père et celui à qui devait bénéficier la renonciation démontre que cet acte a été accompli, non dans l'intérêt du mineur, mais dans celui de ce tiers. COURS D'APPEL ET TRIBUNAUX. ' 363 à un pareil legs constituait une véritable libéralité de la part du légataire au profit de l'héritier, et que le père n'avait point capacité pour disposer à titre gratuit des biens de son enfant mineur; — Considérant qUe c'est à tort que les premiers juges ont assimilé à une libéralité la renonciation à un legs et qu'ils ont supposé que l'acceptation ou le refus d'une donation ou d'un legs ne devait être déterminé qUe par l'intérêt pécuniaire de la personne gratifiée ; qu'il y a également à tenir compte d'intérêts moraux qui sont non moins respectables et dont le père est le meilleur appréciateur; que c'est en se plaçant à ce point de vue plus élevé qu'on a dû réserver au père de famille le soin de décider s'il convient d'accepter Une libéralité faite à son enfant mineur; — Considérant que, sans doute, l'enfant légataire, devenu majeur, pourrait faire rétracter une renonciation qui aurait été le résultat d'une collusion entre l'héritier et un père indigne; mais qu'il ressort de tous les documents versés aux débats qu'en renonçant au legs particulier fait à sa fille, Cotty, père, n'a pas été inspiré par le désir de favoriser l'héritier, mais par la crainte d'un scandale qUe certaines démarches pouvaient lui faire redouter et qu'il crut sage d'éviter; qu'il a ainsi agi dans la plénitude de ses droits et que la renonciation qu'il a faite ne saurait être invalidée; En ce qui touche l'appel de la dame Girard : —'Considérant que la dame Bretel avait appelé en garantie la dame Girard comme ayant bénéficié pour moitié de la renonciation au legs de 15,000 fr., survenue au cours de la communauté de biens ayant existé entre elle et Luc Dallemagne, son mari, dont elle a été plus tard divorcée, communauté qu'elle avait acceptée ; — Considérant que l'infirmation qui va être prononcée sur l'appel de la dame Bretel aura pour conséquence d'exonérer la dame Girard du recours en garantie contre elle exercé et qu'il échet de faire droit à son appel ; Par cesmotifs, dit que Cotty père puisait dans sa qualité d'administrateur légal des biens de sa fille mineure Mathilde Cotty, le droit de renoncer au legs de 15,000 fr. e Les frais d'une instance doivent être mis à la charge de la à partie demanderesse, alors même qu'elle triompherait dans sa it prétention, si l'action a été engagée dans son intérêt exclusif et isoulevait une question de capacité personnelle dont le défenr défenr ne pouvait se faire jugé (c. pr. civ; 130) (4)/ s -•,... , . ,. a (De Vlassov C. X...) — JUGEMENT. '-.".' r " LE TRIBUNAL; —Attenduque les époux de Vlassov ont » contracté mariage à là mairie de Bucarest (Roumanie), le 16 mai 1888 ; — Que les conditions civiles de cette union ont été réglées suivant contrat reçu (par le chancelier de la légaj tion de France en Roumanie> faisant fonctions de notaire, le 4 mai 1888, enregistré; — Attendu que,par ce contrat,les ful turs époux avaient déclaré se soumettre au régiriie de la sépà-, 5 ration de biens, avec obligation d'emploi des capitaux devant 1 revenir à la future épouse;— Mais attendu que Nicolas de : VlassoY est sujet russe; que la dame de Vlassov, née Fran[ çaise, a acquis par son mariage la nationalité russe, aux termes 1 de l'art. 19 c. civ. français et de l'art. 17 de l'Ukase russe du 6 mars 1864; —Attendu que les époux de VlàssoY ont —d'abord, par acte sous seings privés reçu au consulat de Russie à Paris, le 21 déc. 1894, puis suivant contrat en termes identiques et régulièrement reçu par Ouspensky, notaire à Saint-Pétersbottrg, le 10 janv. 1895, lesdits contrats enregistrés, — arrêté entre eux pour l'avenir de nouvelles conventions matrimoniales ; — Que, par ces contrats, ils ont déclaré : dans l'art. 2, soumettre lés effets civils de leur union et la disposition de leurs biens respectifs quelles qu'en soient là situation, la nature et l'origine, purement et simplement au régime légal tel qu'il est établi parla loi russe; dans l'art. 3, que la dame de Vlassov aurait le droit de disposer sans l'autorisation ni le concours de son mari, de tous ses biens meubles et immeubles ; dans l'art. 5, que la dame de Vlassov ne serait tenue à aucun emploi ni remploi de ses capitaux, ni à aucune inscription à son profit et à aucun dépôt spécial des valeurs au porteur ou nominatives, transmissibles par endos; et enfin, dans l'art. (4) L'art. 130 c. pr. civ. pose en principe que toute partie qui succombe doit être condamnée aux dépens (V. Jur. gén., v» Frais, et dépens, n" 28 et suiv.; Supplément, eod. v, n°« 9 et suiv. et notre Code de procédure civile annoté, art. 130, D» 17 et suiv., I Supplément à ce code, n°» 2051 et suiv.; Troisième table de dix 1 années, eod: v°, n" 4 et suiv. Cependant cette règle, si générale qu'elle soit, comporte des exceptions indiquées Jur. gén;, Sup<plément, v cit., n° 14. L'une d'entre elles vise le cas où la partie plaidant dans son. intérêt, fait des frais qui ne profitent qu'à elle (Garsonnet, Traité théorique et pratique de procédure civile, t. 3, n» 451, p. 198 et suiv.; Rousseau et Laisnèy; Dictionnaire de procédure civile, y Dépens, n 0555 et suiv.; 172 et suiv.) La jurisprudence, spécialement celle du tribunal civil de la Seine, est fixée en ce sens qu'il faut considérer comme engagées dans l'intérêt exclusif du demandeur toutes lesjactions ayant pour but défaire statuer sur la capacité d'une partie. C'est ainsi, par exemple, que les compagnies de chemins de fer ou autres et les agents de change qui, requis par une femme mariée d'accomplir des transferts de titres sans justification d'emploi, s'y refusent, en se fondant sur les dispositions de son contrat de mariage, ne sont jamais condamnés aux dépens, alors même qu'ils succomberaient dans leurs prétentions, à moins que la preuve d'une faute n'ait été rapportée à leur encontre. 364 DEUXIÈME PARTIE. mandée et de remettre à la dame de Vlassov, sur sa seule décharge, les titres au porteur provenant de cette conversion; — Attendu qu'actuellement, diverses sommes attribuées à la dame de Vlassov par un arrêt de, la cour dé Palerme du 2 juin 1899 avec obligation d'en faire emploi conformément aux conditions de son contrat de mariage, ont été remises à X..., agent de change, près la Bourse de Paris ;^-Que/X... ayant acheté avec ces fonds 31 obligations des chemins de fer de l'Ouest afin de les faire immatriculer au nom de la dame de Vlassov, conformément au contrat de mariage, cette dernière s'est opposée à cette opération, prétendant que, d'après les modifications faites audit contrat, elle avait la libre disposition de ses biens ; — Attendu que X... a revendu lesdites obligations, mais qu'il se refuse à remettre les fonds sans que justification lui soit faite de leur emploi; — Attendu que la dame de Vlassov soutient qu'elle a le droit, en raison de la loi russe qui la régit et des conditions modificatives de son contrat de mariage susénoncées, de disposer ainsi qu'elle l'entend des biens meubles et iihmeubles,sans être tenue à aucun emploi et sans qu'aucun agent de change^ ait à surveiller l'emploi de ses capitaux ; —Attendu que l'immutabilité dés conventions matrimoniales édictées par les art. 1-394 et 1395 c. civ. ;est une règle de statut personnel, que cette règle a surtout pour but de protéger les époux contre l'influence que l'un d'eux pourrait exercer sur l'autre pour en obtenir de nouveaux avantages et de maintenir la bonne harmonie entre eux, en écartant toute cause de mésintelligence en ce qui toUche leurs rapports pécuniaires ; mais que cette règle n'est pas applicable aux étrangers, lorsque la loi personnelle, qui les régit même en France, admet, comme la loi russe, la révocation des conventions matrimoniales ; qu'en effet, la loi française n'a pas à protéger, dans leurs rapports pécuniaires, les époux étrangers qui trouvent dans leur loi nationale la protection dont ils peuvent avoir besoin;— Attendu sans douté que les tiers sont aussi intéressés à la règle de l'art. 1393 c. civ. L'accusation d'abus de confiance dirigée contre l'administrateur d'une société permet à celui-ci de réclamer,des dommages-intérêts à celui qui l'a formulée, lorsque, faite avec légèreté et sans doute par animosité personnelle, elle est reconnue ne reposer sur aucun fondement! (2). (Pictet C. Villette et Arensma.) Le tribunal correctionnel de Lille a rendu, le 27 noy. 1898, le jugement suivant : Attendu que Raoul Pictet, ingénieur à Paris, faisant élection de domicile à Lille, rue de Paris, n° 46, a, en qualité d'actionnaire et d'administrateur de la société l'Acétylène, assigné Paul Villette, constructeur à Lille, et Paul Arensma, comptable à Lille, devant le tribunal correctionnel pour abus de confiance au préjudic, de la société ; qu'il inculpe Paul Villette, administrateur délégué de la société : 1» d'avoir fabriqué du matériel pour la société sans qu'il ait été commandé par le conseil d'administration, que les plans en aient été soumis à l'ingénieurconseil ou que les appareils en aient été vérifiés, et de s'être payé directement de ce matériel sans aucune autorisation ni du conseil d'administration, ni do l'assemblée générale; 2° et '6'... (sans intérêt) ; et d'avoir ainsi commis successivement des abus de confiance de 5,000, 10,000 et 1,000 fr.,ou tout au moins, en ce qui concerne le premier chef d'accusation, contrevenu aux dispositions des art. 37 des statuts et 40 de la loi du 24 juill. 1867 sur les sociétés ; qu'il inculpe également Jules Arensma de s'être rendu complice, par ses agissements en qualité de directeur commercial de la société, desdits détournements, en aidant ou assistant sciemment l'auteur des délits dans les faits qui les ont préparés, facilités ou consommés; qu'il demande la restitution des sommes détournées, 100,000 fr. de dommages-intérêts, réduits à 1 fr. par des conclusions d'audience, et la condamnation aux dépens, sans préjudice des peines qu'il plaira au ministère public requérir et au tribunal prononcer à raison des délits susvisés ; Sur le premier chef : — Attendu que sur les fournitures faites par le sieur Villette et s'élevant à la somme de 27,739 fr. 80 cent, •quelques-unes d'une valeur de 8,439 fr. 80 cent, dont 4,500 fr! seulement ont été payés, sont l'objet de critiques de la part de Raoul Pictet, sous prétexte que ces fournitures n'auraient pas été approuvées par l'assemblée générale, que les plans n'en auraient pas été vérifiés, et que le payement en aurait été fait sans autorisation ;— Attendu que Villette aurait ainsi, sinon commis un abus de confiance, tout au moins contrevenu à l'art. 37 des statuts, qui n'est que la reproduction de l'art. (2) V. conf. notre Troisième table de dix années,, y Responsabilité, n 0» 65 et suiv; Req. 13 juin 1895, D. P. 95. 1. 501 ; 25 riov. 1895, D. P. 96. 1. 231. COURS D'APPEL ET TRIBUNAUX. / ."'.'_' 308 obtenir de l'assemblée générale l'autorisation spéciale qui lèvera la prohibition et qui était le plus souvent impossible pour les opérations distinctes et réitérées; que, par suite, les dispositions des art. 37 des statuts et 40 de la loi de 1867, ne sont pas applicables en l'espèce, puisque les fournitures critiquées, faites d'ailleurs au su et au vu du président du conseil, consistent en gazomètres pour lesquels la préférence avait été accordée à Villette à raison de ses bas prix, en gazogènes, en diverses fournitures urgentes et réparations, et constituent des opérations distinctes et réitérées que Villette pouvait faire et régler en argent en sa qualité d'administrateur délégué en vertu des art. 30 et 32 dés statuts; — Attendu qu'au surplus les critiques de Raoul Pictet au point de vuo de la défectuosité des appareils ne Sont, quant à présent, nullement établies ; que, même en cas de défectuosités, ce n'eût pas été à la juridiction correctionnelle que la question eût dû être soumise ; Sur la demande reconventionnelle : — Attendu qUeRaoUl Pictet a agi avec une èxtrêine légèreté et sans doute par animoaité personnelle contre l'ancien administrateur délégué, en Doursuivant Villette et Arensma devant le tribunal correctionnel pour abus de confiance et complicité,: et en leur faisant un procès qui né repose sur aucun fondement, sans avoir procédé à une vérification sérieuse de leurs actes et sans leur avoir demandé ou fait demander par l'intermédiaire d'Obers des explications ; — Attendu que Villette et Arensma réclament des dommages-intérêts pour le préjudice causé ; qu'ils y ont droit; que l'action intentée par eux était de nature à porter atteinte, sinon à leur crédit, au moins à leur honneur et à leur considération;' que le tribunal possède dès à présent des éléments suffisants d'appréciation; — Par ces motifs, acquitte,... et statuant sur la demande reconventionnelle, dit ce procès téméraire et purement vexatoire ; condamne Pictet à payer une somme de 2,000 fr. à Villette et une somme de 1,000 fr. à Arensma à titre de dommages-intérêts pour le préjudice causé. Appel principal par le sieur Pictet. ARRÊT. LÀ COUR ; — Adoptant les motifs dès premiers juges; — Confirme. Du 21 mars 1899.-C. de Douai; ch. corr.-MM. Tellier, f. f. pr.-Raoult, rap.-Chouzy, av. gén.-DUbron et Àllaért,aV. TRIB. CORR. DE LILLE, 15 déc. 1900. — 1° et 2» ESCROQUERIE, VOL, DISTRIBUTEURS AUTOMATIQUES, INTRODUCTION DE . PIÈCES ÉTRANGÈRES. — VOL, CARACTÈRE, DISTRIBUTEUR AUTOMATIQUE, PIÈCE ÉTRANGÈRE, INTRODUCTION. ■■...' Le fait d'introduire dans un appareil de distribution automatique des pièces de monnaie étrangère et de Se procurer ainsi des paquets de bonbons qui n'auraient dû être obtenus qu'en échange de pièces françaises ne comporte pas de rapport direct entre deux personnes, ni, par suite, les manoeuvres frauduleuses indispensables pour qu'il y ait délit d'escroquerie (c. pén. 405) (1); , Mais il constitue l'appréhension frauduleuse de la chose d'autrui entraînant l'application des peines du vol (c. pén. i 379) (2). (Min. publ. C Mailley.)— JUGEMENT. ' . --"','' i LE TRIBUNAL; — Attendu que Mailley Benoit a été poursuivi, à là requête du ministère public, pour s'être, à Roùbàix. ~ et à ToUrcoiftg; en juillet et août 1900j par emploi de manoeuvres frauduleuses, fait rernettrë trèrite-quàtrè paquets de bonc bons au préjudice de la Compagnie des distributeurs automatiques, et d avoir ainsi escroqué une partie de la fortune d'autrui; — Attendu, en fait, qu'il résulte des documents produits ainsi que des débats, que, dans le courant du mois de juillet et d'août 1900, Mailley Benoit, introduisant des pièces de dix centimes de monnaie étrangère, dans les ouvertures à ce destinées des distributeurs automatiques placés dans les gares de Roubaix et de Tourcoing, a obtenu ainsi les remises de trentequatre paquets de bonbons, alors que ces remises n'auraient dû être obtenues qu'en retour d'introductions de pièces de dix centimes de monnaie française; —-Mais attendu que la manoeuvre frauduleuse prévue par l'art. 405 c. ciy> n'appàràlt que comme une allégation mensongère Caractérisée; — Qu'une telle allégation mensongère suppose nécessairement le rapport direct de deux personnes; ^^ Qu'au cas particulier, ce rapport n'existant qu'entre une personne et une chose, le fait relevé à la charge du prévenu ne saurait être considéré comme une escroquerie par emploi de manoeuvres frauduleuses, dans le sens de l'art. 405 précité; —Attendu, toutefois, que les faits établis ci-dessus sont de nature à caractériser l'appréhension frauduleuse de la chose d'autrui, l'introduction d'une pièce de dix centimes de monnaie étrangère dans l'ouverture du distributeur automatique dont s'agit apparaissant comme le moyen de commettre ladite appréhension frauduleuse ;—Que, par suite, il y a lieu de retenir à la charge du prévenu le délit de vol; — Par ces motifs;— Dit que ces faits établis à la charge de Mailley Benoit constituent le délit de vol et non celui d'escroquerie , en conséquence, et par application des art. 379. et 401 c. civ., condamne, Mailley Benoit,à huit jours de prison^ Du 15 déc. 1900.-Trib.corr.de Lille. TRIB. CIV. DE LOURDES* 5 févr. 1901, — 1° JUGEMENT PAR DÉFAUT, DÉFAUT FAUTE bK CONCLURE; OPPOSITION, DÉLAI, EXÉCUTION, SAISIE IMMOBILIÈRE, DÉNONCIATION. — SAISIE IMMOBILIÈRE, COMMANDEMENT: 2*, 3° et 4° SIMPLE MISE EN DEMEURE, JUGEMENT PAR DÉFAUT, SIGNIFICATION DANS LA HUITAINE; 5° JUGEMENT PAR DÉFAUT, CRÉANCIER POURSUIVANT, SAISIE, DÉLAI D'UN MOIS. L'opposition à un jugement par défaut rendu cohtre-ùtie partie qui n'a pas d'avoué ne pouvant être formée(qjùe jusqu'à, l'exécution du jugement, l'opposition n'est piusreéevablè à l'èncohtré d'un jugement par défaut qui à été suivi â>une saisie immobilière ayant fait l'objet d'une dénonciation (c. pr. civ. 158) (3). : Le commandement constitue, non un acte d'exécution, mais «nie simple mise èhdemeure (4); Il en résulté que, en matière de sàuié immobilière, le cpmmàhdemènt peut, et hiêhiei doit être signifié sans attendre l'expiration du délai de huitaine prescrit par l'art. 135 é.pr. ctii..(5); ' ./u'.:,-;-.:/,-/,'; /'"■//'■""'/// Spécialement il peut Pélrè en même temps et par lé même acte que le'jugement par défaut (c. pr. civ. 135) (6). Le créancier poursuivant la saisie immobilière h'g, donc d'autre délai à observer que lé délai d'un mois entre Je commandementet la saisie (c. pr. civ: 674) (7). > (Veiive Abadie;Ci, Âbàdjé ^ostel) , / / / Le 23 oct. 1900, un jugement par défaut du tribunal de Lourdes condamnait M. Bernardi Àb/âdié au p^çri^ent ^une siSmnaé (1 et 2) L'escroquerie ne peut être relevée que lorsque l'appropriation indue d'objets ou valeurs appartenant à autrui est le résultat de manoeuvres frauduleuses (V. Jur, gén., ' Vol el escroquerie, n6s 723 et Suiv.; Supplément, eod. y", n 05 123 et suiv.). Mais que faut-il entendre par manoeuvres frauduleuses ? D'après le jugement ci-dessus rapporté, on rie saurait considérer comme une manoeuvre frauduleuse l'introduction d'une pièce dé monnaie étrangère dans un appareil qui livré automatiquement la marchandise. Le tribunal se fonde sur ce que, dans ce cas; il n'ya pas rapport direct entre deux personnes, mais seulement entre une personne et une chose. Cette considération semblo décisive. L'élément persuasion est, en effet, essentiel en matière d'escroquerie (art. 405 c. pén.),-: et il n'en saurait évidemment être question en présence d'un objet inanimé. 11 y a lieu, d'ailleurs, de remarquer que, même dans le cas de rapport direct entre deux personnes, la simple remise d'une pièce dés monnaie étrangère donnée en payement par Une personne à une autre, n'est pas constitutive ' de l'escroquerie, en dehors dé moyens" pu procédés employés/ pour àbrisér celui auquel on laîrèïriet sur son riiarique de valeur (y;Jur,gén^Sup}r plément, y*cif4 ri» 149); Il y avait doné; dans l'ospécé, deux motifs, au lieu d'un, pôUr écarter l'applicàtiori dés pëiriés dé l'escroquerie (V. Jur. gén., Supplément, t>° c/fc* n° 149). La décision recueillie doit, d'àillèUrs, être approuyée! en tant qu'elle voit dans le fait de PintroductioU,. suivie.....de l'appropriation d'une chose dont celui qui s'en èiripàrè isàit n^t^rpas fourni/^ leur, les éléments caractéristiques dii délit/de vol (V. Jur; gén,, »« cit., n°» 63 et Suiv* ; Supplémèhti eod. PV ri»» 7 et suivi); Pour ce dernier délit, l'intention frauduleuse de s'approprier la chose d'aUtrui suivie de : cette appropriation Suffit, en effet, eri dehors de/toute manoeuvre çaractériséev (3) V. Jur. gén., y» Jugement par défauts, n<" 211 et suiv.; Supplément, eod. *>vnl>*102 et suiv. / ' : / ; (4 à 7) V. conf. Jur* gén., Supplément, y? Venté publique ètmrneubiés,^m; Lyon* 18^ npv.188»* D. ^ 8»; 8* 2l;t; ï^rotsième table des dix années, V Saisie immobilière, n? 80.; > F'0.7V;-%I£^ de 800 fr. Ce jugement lui fut signifié le 9 novembre avec commandement de payer. LE TRIBUNAL; — En ce qui touche l'opposition au jugement : — Attendu, en ce qui touche l'opposition au jugement de défaut, qu'il résulte des dispositions de l'art. 158 c. pr. civ. que l'opposition à un jugement de défaut rendu contre une partie qui n'a pas d'avoué n'est recevable que jusqu'à l'exécution du jugement; — Attendu dans l'espèce que le jugement dont est opposition a été exécuté par la saisie immobilière dont il vient d'être parlé et dont Bernard Abadie a eu connaissance par la dénonciation du 13 déc. 1900, que dès lors, l'opposition audit jugement doit être déclarée irrecevable comme ayant été formée postérieurement au délai imparti par la loi; En ce qui touche l'opposition au commandement : — Attendu que cette opposition est basée sur ce que ledit commandement aurait été fait et la saisie immobilière pratiquée en vio, lation de l'art. 185 c. pr. civ. qui défend d'exécuter un juge( ment dé défaut contre une partie qui n'a pas constitué avoué ; avant l'expiration de la huitaine de la signification à personne , ou à domicile et de l'art. 674 du même code qui édicté qu'une saisie immobilière ne peut être pratiquée que trente jours après le commandement; — Attendu que la solution à donner j à cette difficulté dépend uniquement du point de savoir si le. commandement est ou non un acte d'exécution; — Attendu J que la jurisprudence s'est depuis longtemps définitivement pro/ noncée sur ce point; qu'il résulte de nombreuses décisions qui Ï ont été rendues que le commandement constitue « non un acte , d'exécution, mais bien une simple mise en demeure » ; — Que f s'il en est ainsi, il faut décider que le commandement dont est g opposition a été valablement Signifié en même temps qu'était g signifié le jugement par défaut et par le même acte; que même ,-, il doit toujours être procédé ainsi afin d'éviter au débiteur des ^ frais plus onéreux et frustratoires ;— Attendu, le commandej ment ainsi signifié étant valable, qu'il n'y a plus qu'à se repor0 ter aux prescriptions édictées par l'art. 674 c. pr. ALGER, 7 mars 1900.— 1° et 2° JUGEMENT PAR DÉFAUT, OPPOSITION, EFFETS, ARRÊT DE DÉFAUT-CONGÉ, CONCLUSIONS DE C'< CONFIRMATION, APPEL INCIDENT, RECEVABILITÉ. — APPEL INCISI DENT, INTIMÉ, ARRÊT DE DÉFAUT-CONGÉ, APPELANT, OPPOSITION, ''I L'opposition a pour effet de remettre les parties au même et & semblable état où elles étaient avant l'arrêt de défaut (1); • , En conséquence, l'intimé qui, sur l'opposition formée par Rappelant à l'arrêt de défaut-congé rendu contre lui, a con. clu à la confirmation pure et simple du jugement, est recevable recevable frapper celui-ci d'appel incident (ç. pr. civ.413) (2). al et (Eragne C. Revollier.) ré Le sieur Eragne ayant frappé d'appel devant la cour d'Alger un à ijugement du tribunal civil de Sidi-bel-Àbbès en date du 3 mai i, 1898 le condamnant à payer des dommages-intérêts pour imin tation de marque, a laissé prononcer contre lui, le 18 janv. e 1899, un arrêt confirmatif de défaut-congé. Sur son opposiEt lion à cet arrêt, l'intimé qui s'était borné à conclure à la confirmation de la décision des premiers juges, releva appel incident de celte décision. Sur la contestation soulevée à rencontre de la validité dudit appel incident, la cour d'Alger a statué par l'arrêt suivant : ARRÊT. LA COUR; — Attendu que le sieur Eragne conclut à la nonrecevabilité de l'appel incident sous prétexte que lors de l'arrêt de défaut-congé du 18 janv. 1899, le sieur Revallier a demandé la confirmation pure et simple du jugement déféré; — Or, attendu qu'aux termes des dispositions de l'art. 443 c. pr. civ., l'intimé conserve le droit de relever appel incident en tout état de cause; — Que l'opposition ayant pour effet de remettre les parties au même et semblable état où elles étaient avant l'arrêt de défaut, l'intimé qui a obtenu cet arrêt a incontestablement le droit de reprendre la position qu'il avait avant cette obtention ; — Que l'acquiescement qu'il a donné à la décision des premiers juges est purement conditionnel et cesse lorsque l'appelant, loin de l'accepter, se rend lui-même opposant à l'arrêt de défaut; Au fond :... — (Sans intérêt); Par ces motifs; — Sans s'arrêter à l'opposition relevée par le sieur Eragne envers l'arrêt de défaut du 18 janv. 1899, et ayant aU contraire tel égard que de raison à l'appel incident du sieur Revallier; tout en maintenant l'arrêt de défaut confirmatif du jugement du tribunal civil de Sidi-bel-Abbès du 3 mai 1S98, enregistré, dans toutes ses autres dispositions pour sortir effet; — L'infirme dans la partie qui a condamné le sieur Eragne à payer au sieur Revallier la somme de 50 fr. seulement à titre de dommages-intérêts et ordonné à titre de supplément de dommages-intérêts une seule insertion dans un journal de Sidi-bel-Abbès; — Et statuant à nouveau, condamne le sieur Eragne à payer avec intérêts de droit au sieur Revallier la somme de 500 fr. à titre de dommages-intérêts, et ordonne à titre de supplément de dommages-intérêts, l'insertion par extrait du présent arrêt dans trois journaux de l'Algérie au choix du sieur Revallier sans toutefois que chacun des extraits pût dépasser 25 fr. Du 7 mars 1900.-C. d'Alger.-MM. Ducroux, 1er pr.-Bussière, av. gén.-Meunier et Rey, av. TRIB. CIV. DE LA SEINE, 5 mars 1901. — LOUAGK, BAIL, VOITURE PERSONNELLE DU LOCATAIRE, COUR, ACCÈS, AUTORISATION, AUTOMOBILE, SUBSTITUTION A LA VOITURE ATTELÉE, ABSENCE D'ABUS DE JOUISSANCE. Le locataire qui, aux termes de son bail, « a droit à la circulation dans la cour de l'hôtel loué, avec faculté d'y laisser stationner sa voiture personnelle venant le prendre ou le ramener y» ne porte aucune atteinte aux prérogatives du propriétaire et n'impose pas à celui-ci une charge nouvelle en substituant à une voilure attelée de chevaux une automobile électrique, à vapeur ou à pétrole (3) ; En conséquence, en l'absence d'une défense formelle dans la convention, le locataire peut faire pénétrer librement son automobile sous la porte cochèré et dans la cour de l'hôtel et l'y laisser stationner (4); Et le propriétaire est tenu, sous peine de dommages-intérêts, de donner à son concierge des instructions nécessaires à cet effet (5). (1 et 2) L'opposition a pour effet d'anéantir complètement la décision rendue par défaut (V. Jur. gén.,v° Jugement par défaut, n" 336 et 351; Supplément, eod.V; n» 145; Troisième table des dix années, eod. v°, n°» 137 et 138; Civ; cass. 6 mars 1889> D. P. 90.1. 70-71). L'arrêt rapporté fait ressortir une conséquence pratique intéressante de ce principe. II y a lieu de l'ajouter à la liste de celles qui ont été mentionnées au Supplément (loc. cit.). (3 à S) La décision rapportée soulevait, dans une espèce il est vrai nouvelle tt intéressante, une simple question d'interprétation d'interprétation clauses d'un bail (V. sur les principes qui régissent cette interprétation, Jur. gén., y Louage, n«s 87 et suiy.; Supplément, eod. V, n° 82). Les termes du bail étaient très généraux ; ils autorisaient le preneur à faire pénétrer et séjourner dans la cour de l'immeuble loué sa voiture personnelle; ils devaient, dès lors, s'appliquer à tout ce qui pouvait être considéré comme une voiture, au moment où le bail avait été signé; or, on ne saurait nier qu'au moment où le bail avait été conclu dans l'espèce les automobiles fussent déjà d'un usage répandu, et il : ; COURS D?^P^^ 't r: y;pf:;:f//^;^ ' / ; '■"■■,://.; TO/;/// ■ ■-//V-gef / (Dame de la Ville Le Roulx C.dela Rochefoucauld.) ^v ■'■' JUGEMENT. ' •■'■'■ LE TRIBUNAL; — Attendu que, par exploit en date du 26 mars 1900,1a dame de la Ville Le Roulx a assigné devant le tribunal de la Seine, la dame de la Rochefoucauld et de la Rochefoucauld, en cessation du trouble qu'ils apportent à la jouissance de l'appartement dont elle est locataire dans leur immeuble de la rue de la Boetie, à Paris, en une astreinte de 200 fr. pour chaque nouveau fait dûment constaté dans l'avenir, et en payement de 3.000 fr. dédommages-intérêts ; qu'elle soutient que les défendeurs, en l'empêchant de faire pénétrer son automobile sous la.porte cochère et dans la cour de l'hôtel, méconnaissent leurs obligations envers elles et manquent aux conditions du bail qu'ils lui ont consenti, aucune distinction ne pouvant être faite entre un automobile et la voiture de maître dont elle a été autorisée à se servir ; — Attendu que sa prétention est justifiée ; qu'en vertu de son bail, en date du 13 août 1898, « elle a droit à la circulation dans la cour de l'hôtel, avec faculté d'y laisser stationner sa voiture personnelle venant la prendre ou la ramener » ; que cette clause n'a pas pour objet de limiter le nombre des voitures dont elle pourra se servir ; qu'elle signifie simplement que les voitures à son usage personnel seront seules admises à circuler et à stationner dans la cour à l'exclusion de toutes autres ; que son fils lui-même, bien qu'il habite avec elle, n'est pas autorisé à faire entrer dans l'hôtel des voitures lui appartenant et qu'il n'aura l'accès de la cour que s'il emploie les voitures de sa mère ; — Attendu qu'il résulte des déclarations des parties, entendues en chambre du conseil, que l'automobile électrique, objet de la contestation actuelle, est bien la propriété de la dame de la Ville Le Roulx; que c'est elle qui l'a acheté, qui l'a fait immatriculer à son j nom et qui en acquitte l'impôt; qu'il est donc sa voiture personnelle au même titre que sa voiture attelée ; que la question de fait ainsi posée, il n'est pas douteux que la demanderesse a le droit de faire entrer son automobile dans la cour de l'hôtel où elle est locataire ; qu'à moins de défense formelle exprimée dans les conventions, celui qui a loué un appartement, en se réservant la faculté d'accéder dans la cour de l'immeuble avec sa voiture, peut parfaitement, et sans commettre d'abus, substituer à sa voiture attelée un automobile électrique, à vapeur ou à pétrole; qu'en opérant ce changement, il ne porte aucune I atteinte aux prérogatives du propriétaire et n'impose pas à celui-ci une charge nouvelle ; qu'un automobile n'est pas Un véhicule inélégant et importun, pouvant compromettre là tranquilité et la bonne tenue d'une maison bourgeoise ou d'un hôtel ; que ses inconvénients sont même, au point de vue locatif, moindres que ceux d es voitures à chevaux ; que, dès lors, en employant un automobile, la dame de la Ville Le Roulx n'a point excédé son droit ni créé une aggravation de jouissance ' préjudiciable au propriétaire ; — Attendu que de la Rochefou» cauld objecte que ses chevaux seront effrayés par l'entrée de < l'automobile dans la cour et que des accidents peuvettt se prcn! duire, mais que ses appréhensions, à cet égard, paraissent bien < exagérées;; qu'aujourd'hui, les chevarix de Paris sont familiaI risés avec les automobiles qu'ils rencontrent constamment < dans les rues, sans être pris de peur, des tramways électriques 1
| 17,602 |
3669630_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 201 | 288 |
MEMORANDUM
Miguel Escobar Soto and Consuelo Aldaba Hinojosa, natives and citizens of Mexico, petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals' denial of their motion to reopen based on new evidence, seeking to establish the requisite exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to their four qualifying United States citizen children. In their motion to reopen, petitioners submitted evidence of their children's health problems which were not known at the time of their merits hearing.
Even if we have jurisdiction over the petition for review because the motion to reopen presented a new medical basis for relief, rather than cumulative evidence previously considered when the immigration judge denied the application for cancellation of removal, see Fernandez v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 592, 601 (9th Cir.2006), we conclude that the BIA considered the evidence submitted and acted within its broad discretion in determining that the evidence was insufficient to warrant reopening. See Singh v. INS, 295 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir.2002) (The BIA's denial of a motion to reopen shall be reversed if it is "arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law.").
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3..
| 8,732 |
70a656a5b3cdce7f15a65bc77347bc43
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,007 |
Décret n°2007-253 du 26 février 2007, article 2
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 47 | 78 |
Le directeur de l'institut universitaire de formation des maîtres de l'académie de Limoges exerce les fonctions d'administrateur provisoire de l'institut universitaire de formation des maîtres intégré à l'université de Limoges jusqu'à la nomination du directeur dans les conditions déterminées par l'article L. 713-9 du code de l'éducation.
| 14,507 |
https://github.com/jrdavison/pydrive-gta5/blob/master/pydrive-gta5/keys.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
pydrive-gta5
|
jrdavison
|
Python
|
Code
| 386 | 1,513 |
import time
import ctypes
import win32api as wapi
SendInput = ctypes.windll.user32.SendInput
W = 0x11
A = 0x1E
S = 0x1F
D = 0x20
t_time = 0.09
# C struct redefinitions
PUL = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ulong)
class KeyBdInput(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [("wVk", ctypes.c_ushort),
("wScan", ctypes.c_ushort),
("dwFlags", ctypes.c_ulong),
("time", ctypes.c_ulong),
("dwExtraInfo", PUL)]
class HardwareInput(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [("uMsg", ctypes.c_ulong),
("wParamL", ctypes.c_short),
("wParamH", ctypes.c_ushort)]
class MouseInput(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [("dx", ctypes.c_long),
("dy", ctypes.c_long),
("mouseData", ctypes.c_ulong),
("dwFlags", ctypes.c_ulong),
("time", ctypes.c_ulong),
("dwExtraInfo", PUL)]
class Input_I(ctypes.Union):
_fields_ = [("ki", KeyBdInput),
("mi", MouseInput),
("hi", HardwareInput)]
class Input(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [("type", ctypes.c_ulong),
("ii", Input_I)]
class Keys:
def __init__(self):
self.key_list = []
for c in "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 123456789,.'APS$/\\":
self.key_list.append(c)
def check(self):
keys = []
for key in self.key_list:
if wapi.GetAsyncKeyState(ord(key)):
keys.append(key)
return keys
def keys_to_onehot(self, keys):
output = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
one_index = None
if "W" in keys and "A" in keys: # WA
one_index = 0
elif "W" in keys and "D" in keys: # WD
one_index = 1
elif "S" in keys and "A" in keys: # SA
one_index = 2
elif "S" in keys and "D" in keys: # SD
one_index = 3
elif "W" in keys: # W
one_index = 4
elif "S" in keys: # S
one_index = 5
elif "A" in keys: # A
one_index = 6
elif "D" in keys: # D
one_index = 7
else: # NO KEY PRESSED
one_index = 8
if one_index is not None:
output[one_index] = 1
return output
def execute_input(move_index=-1):
def press_key(hex_code):
extra = ctypes.c_ulong(0)
ii_ = Input_I()
ii_.ki = KeyBdInput(0, hex_code, 0x0008, 0, ctypes.pointer(extra))
x = Input(ctypes.c_ulong(1), ii_)
ctypes.windll.user32.SendInput(1, ctypes.pointer(x), ctypes.sizeof(x))
def release_key(hex_code):
extra = ctypes.c_ulong(0)
ii_ = Input_I()
ii_.ki = KeyBdInput(0, hex_code, 0x0008 | 0x0002, 0, ctypes.pointer(extra))
x = Input(ctypes.c_ulong(1), ii_)
ctypes.windll.user32.SendInput(1, ctypes.pointer(x), ctypes.sizeof(x))
if move_index == 0: # WA
release_key(S)
release_key(D)
press_key(W)
press_key(A)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 1: # WD
release_key(A)
release_key(S)
press_key(W)
press_key(D)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 2: # SA
release_key(W)
release_key(D)
press_key(S)
press_key(A)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 3: # SD
release_key(W)
release_key(A)
press_key(S)
press_key(D)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 4: # W
release_key(A)
release_key(S)
release_key(D)
press_key(W)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 5: # S
release_key(W)
release_key(A)
release_key(D)
press_key(S)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 6: # A
release_key(W)
release_key(S)
release_key(D)
press_key(A)
time.sleep(t_time)
elif move_index == 7: # D
release_key(W)
release_key(A)
release_key(S)
press_key(D)
time.sleep(t_time)
else: # NO KEY PRESSED
release_key(W)
release_key(A)
release_key(S)
release_key(D)
| 10,094 |
1085707_2003_1
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,129 | 9,167 |
Item 1. Business
As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, "we," "us" and "our" refer to Nextel Partners, Inc., "Nextel" refers to Nextel Communications, Inc. (and/or, where appropriate, its subsidiaries), and "Nextel WIP" refers to Nextel WIP Corp., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Nextel.
Overview
We provide fully integrated, wireless digital communications services using the Nextel® brand name in mid-sized and rural markets throughout the United States. We offer four distinct wireless services in a single wireless handset. These services include Nationwide Direct ConnectSM, cellular voice, short messaging and cellular Internet access, which provides users with wireless access to the Internet and an organization's internal databases as well as other applications, including e-mail. We hold licenses for wireless frequencies in markets where over 53 million people, or Pops, live and work. We have constructed and operate a digital mobile network compatible with the digital mobile network constructed and operated by Nextel in targeted portions of these markets, including 13 of the top 100 metropolitan statistical areas and 56 of the top 200 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States ranked by population. Our combined Nextel Digital Wireless Network constitutes one of the largest fully integrated digital wireless communications systems in the United States, currently covering 293 of the top 300 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States. As of December 31, 2003, our portion of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network covered approximately 38 million Pops and we had approximately 1,233,200 digital handsets in service in our markets.
Our relationship with Nextel was created to accelerate the build-out and expand the reach of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network. In January 1999, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Nextel WIP. Nextel, through Nextel WIP, contributed to us cash and licenses for wireless frequencies and granted us the exclusive right to use the Nextel brand name in exchange for ownership in us and our commitment to build out our compatible digital wireless network in selected markets and corridors, in most cases adjacent to operating Nextel markets. As of December 31, 2003, Nextel WIP owned 30.2% of our outstanding common stock and was our largest stockholder. By the end of 2002, we had successfully built all of the markets we were initially required to build under our 1999 agreement with Nextel. Since 1999 we have exercised options to expand our network into additional markets. By June 2003, we had completed the construction of all of these additional markets. Through our affiliation with Nextel our customers have seamless nationwide coverage on the entire Nextel Digital Wireless Network.
Our senior management team has substantial operating experience, with most members averaging over 16 years in the telecommunications industry. Most members of senior management have significant experience working at AT&T Wireless, McCaw Cellular and/or Nextel. Key stockholders, in addition to Nextel WIP, include Madison Dearborn Capital Partners II, L.P. ("Madison Dearborn Partners"), Cascade Investments, LLC, an investment company controlled by William H. Gates III ("Cascade Investments"), Motorola Inc. ("Motorola") and Eagle River Investments, LLC, an investment company controlled by Craig M. McCaw ("Eagle River").
We offer a package of wireless voice and data services under the Nextel brand name targeted primarily to business users. We currently offer the following four services, which are fully integrated and accessible through a single wireless handset:
•digital cellular, including advanced calling features such as speakerphone, conference calling, voicemail, call forwarding and additional line service;
•Direct Connect service, the digital walkie-talkie service that allows customers to instantly connect with business associates, family and friends without placing a phone call;
•short messaging, the service that utilizes the Internet to keep customers connected to clients, colleagues and family with text, numeric and two-way messaging; and
•Nextel Online® services, which provide customers with Internet-ready handsets access to the World Wide Web and web-based applications such as e-mail, address books, calendars and advanced Java™ enabled business applications.
We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in July 1998. Our principal executive offices are located at 4500 Carillon Point, Kirkland, Washington 98033. Our telephone number is (425) 576-3600.
Strategic Alliance with Nextel
Our affiliation with Nextel is an integral part of our business strategy. Under our agreements with Nextel WIP, which are described in more detail below, we enjoy numerous important benefits, including:
•Nextel Brand and Differentiated Marketing Programs. We have the exclusive right to build, operate and provide fully integrated digital wireless communication services using the Motorola-developed integrated Digital Enhanced Network, or iDEN, platform and the Nextel brand name in all of our markets. We benefit from Nextel's national advertising and promotion of its brand.
•Integrated Nationwide Network. Our network is operationally seamless with Nextel's network, enabling our respective customers to utilize the same voice and data services when operating on either company's network.
•Exclusive Roaming Arrangement. We have the exclusive right to provide wireless communication services using the iDEN/800 MHz frequencies to Nextel's customers who roam into our markets. Pursuant to our operating agreements with Nextel WIP, Nextel's subscribers generate revenue for us when they roam into our markets, and we pay Nextel when our subscribers roam into its markets. For the year ended December 31, 2003, we earned $115.9 million in roaming revenues from Nextel customers who utilized our portion of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network.
•Coordinated Infrastructure Development. In exchange for a fee, based on Nextel's cost to provide the service, we have the right to utilize portions of Nextel's network infrastructure, including certain switching facilities and network monitoring systems, until our customer volume makes it advantageous for us to build our own. The operating agreements with Nextel WIP also provide us access to technology improvements resulting from Nextel's research and development.
•Supplier Relationships. Nextel assists us in obtaining substantially the same terms it receives from suppliers of equipment and services. We also have the ability to develop our own relationships with suppliers of our choice.
•National Accounts. Numerous offices and branches of Nextel's national accounts have become our customers when we have launched service in their area.
•International Roaming. We have the ability to either operate under Nextel's international roaming agreements or, under certain circumstances, to require Nextel WIP to provide us with comparable international roaming capabilities under its agreements with international carriers. Accordingly, our customers are able to travel worldwide and still receive the benefits of their Nextel service. For example, in coordination with Nextel, our customers have the ability to roam in the Mexico market area where NII Holdings, Inc. offers iDEN-based services and also in the Canadian market areas where TELUS offers iDEN-based services. Furthermore, by using the i2000plus® handset, a dual mode handset that operates on both the iDEN technology and the GSM 900 MHz standard, our customers receive digital roaming services on iDEN 800 MHz and GSM 900 MHz networks in over 80 countries.
Business Strategy
Our mission is to provide high quality, integrated wireless service that maximizes customer and investor value. To achieve this mission, we strive to build a corporate culture around five guiding principles:
•Strive for 100% employee satisfaction.
•Strive for 100% customer satisfaction.
•Achieve targeted revenue growth with a low cost structure.
•Achieve win-win results through the power of teamwork.
•Work smart while remaining humble.
Our mission statement and guiding principles serve as the bedrock for all of our business strategies. In addition to our relationship with Nextel, we believe the following elements of our business strategy will distinguish our wireless service offerings from those of our competitors and will enable us to compete successfully:
Provide Differentiated Package of Wireless Services. Along with Nextel, we offer fully integrated, wireless communications services-Nationwide Direct Connect, digital cellular, short messaging and Nextel Online-all in a single wireless device with no roaming charges nationwide. We believe this "four-in-one" offering is particularly attractive to business users. We further believe that for customers who desire multiple wireless services, the convenience of combining multiple wireless communications options in a single handset for a single package price with a single billing statement is an important feature that helps distinguish us from many of our competitors. Our Direct Connect service has an over ten-year history of delivering virtually instantaneous communication and is available to over 14 million Nextel and Nextel Partners' customers.
A sizeable portion of business users' communications involves contacting others within the same organization or those within a community of interest (e.g., contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers). We believe that our Nationwide Direct Connect service is especially well suited to address the wireless communications needs of these customers. In 2003, Direct Connect minutes used by our customers comprised approximately 29% of the total minutes used by our customers on our network. We believe our Nationwide Direct Connect service between subscribers with communities of interest provides us with a significant advantage over our competitors who are attempting to launch comparable walkie-talkie services with no established walkie-talkie subscriber base.
Direct Connect allows all of our customers and Nextel's customers to instantly communicate with each other on private one-on-one calls on a nationwide basis or on group calls involving up to 100 customers in the same geographic region, referred to as Group ConnectSM. Nextel has offered the Direct Connect service for over ten years. In its initial stage of development, Direct Connect was limited to customers within a particular fleet within the same geographic area, which in most instances included an entire state and in some cases included multiple states. In 2001, we, along with Nextel, introduced Cross Fleet, which expanded the Direct Connect feature from pre-programmed fleets or accounts within the same geographic area to all customers in the same geographic area unlimited by which account they were on. With Cross Fleet, customers could assemble their own "talk groups" with other customers within their Direct Connect calling area, thereby eliminating the need for an operator to administer these talk groups. In July 2003, we and Nextel completed the rollout of Nationwide Direct Connect, which provides full coast-to-coast availability of the Push to Talk™ feature to all of our customers and all of Nextel's customers across the continental United States and Hawaii.
Deliver Unparalleled Customer Service. In addition to providing our four-in-one service offering, our goal is to differentiate ourselves by delivering the highest quality customer service in the industry,
including low rates of dropped and blocked calls. In 2003, a significant part of our employees' bonus was tied to achieving a targeted level of customer satisfaction as measured in monthly surveys conducted by an outside vendor. We believe that this monetary bonus helped focus our entire company on achieving our customer service business objective, and we intend to provide a similar incentive to our employees in 2004. In addition, to further underscore the importance of customer service and to keep pace with our growing customer base, we broke ground on a 30,000 square-foot expansion of our existing customer call center in Panama City Beach, Florida in January 2004. We anticipate the expansion of our facility will be completed and operational during third quarter 2004. The customer care center in Florida and the customer care center in Las Vegas, Nevada work in tandem to provide seamless customer support and ensure operating efficiencies.
Target Business Customers. We focus on business customers, particularly those customers who employ a mobile workforce. We have initially concentrated our sales efforts on a number of distinct groups of mobile workers, including personnel in the transportation, delivery, real property and facilities management, construction and building trades, landscaping, government, public safety and other service sectors. We have developed disciplined sales training procedures and strategies that are specifically tailored to a business-to-business sales process as opposed to the widespread retail sales strategies used by many of our competitors. In addition, we, along with Nextel, work with third-party vendors to develop unique data applications for our business customers. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of revenues in 2001, 2002 or 2003.
We expect to gradually expand our target customer groups to include additional industry groups. We believe this focus on business customers has resulted in higher monthly average revenue per unit, or ARPU, and lower average monthly service cancellations than industry averages. Our ARPU for the year ended December 31, 2003 was $68 (or $77, including roaming revenues received from Nextel) compared to an industry average of $49 as of June 30, 2003. In addition, the average monthly rate at which our customers canceled service with us, or "churn," was approximately 1.6% for 2003 compared to an industry average of over 2% for 2003. Our ARPU and churn rate equate to lifetime revenue per subscriber, or LRS, of approximately $4,250 for 2003, which we believe is one of the highest in the industry. See "Selected Consolidated Financial Data-Additional Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures (Unaudited)" for more information regarding our use of ARPU and LRS as non-GAAP financial measures.
Maintain a Robust, Reliable Network. Our objective is to maintain a robust and reliable digital wireless network in our markets that covers all key population areas in those markets and operates seamlessly with Nextel's network. We have constructed our portion of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network using the same Motorola-developed iDEN technology used by Nextel. As required, we built and now operate our portion of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network in accordance with Nextel's standards, which enables both companies to achieve a consistent level of service throughout the United States. Our customers have access to digital quality and advanced features whether they are using our or Nextel's portion of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network. This contrasts with the hybrid analog/digital networks of cellular competitors, which do not support all features in the analog-only portions of their networks.
In January 1999 when we executed our agreements with Nextel WIP and obtained our initial financing, we acquired two operational markets in upstate New York and Hawaii. The remainder of our markets had not been fully constructed. By June 2003, we had completed construction and had successfully launched service in all of our markets. As of December 31, 2003, we had 3,606 cell sites fully constructed and operational throughout our markets. To reduce the risk of zoning and other local regulatory delays, construction delays and site acquisition costs, we have located our cell sites on existing transmission towers owned by third parties wherever possible, or, if necessary, on towers constructed or purchased by other contracted third parties. In addition, as of December 31, 2003, we had six offices with switch equipment in service on our network and had successfully switched
approximately 90% of all of our customers' wireless interconnect traffic through these switches. The remaining 10% of our wireless interconnect traffic is routed to switches operated by Nextel in accordance with our switch sharing agreement. Operating our own switches and switching our own traffic have significantly reduced the switch sharing fees we pay to Nextel WIP under our switch sharing agreement. We have seen our monthly average minutes of use grow from 598 minutes per subscriber in 2002 to 680 minutes per subscriber in 2003, an increase of 14%. In addition, our customer base has grown 40% from approximately 877,800 customers as of December 31, 2002 to approximately 1,233,200 customers as of December 31, 2003. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2003, our network provided coverage to approximately 38 million Pops compared to 36 million Pops as of December 31, 2002.
We believe our existing packet data service on the Nextel Digital Wireless Network is robust and far-reaching. We expect technology upgrades to continue to be made to our iDEN digital wireless network in 2004 based on developments being made by Motorola and Nextel. We anticipate that these upgrades will increase our voice capacity for interconnect calls and also increase the data speeds in selected areas of our network.
Maintain Effective Pricing Strategy with Focus on Mid-Sized and Rural Markets. We operate in mid-sized and rural markets which we believe have demographics similar to markets served by Nextel. We believe our targeted customer base in these markets has historically been underserved and thus finds our differentiated service offering very attractive. We believe our focus on high quality, underserved customers, coupled with our differentiated service offering, helps allow us to rapidly increase penetration within our targeted customer base while maintaining an effective pricing strategy.
Although we set our price levels in each of our markets independently of Nextel, we are required to adopt Nextel's overall pricing strategies. We offer pricing options that we believe differentiate our services from those of many of our competitors. Our pricing packages offer our customers simplicity and predictability in their wireless telecommunications billing by combining Direct Connect minutes with a mix of cellular and long-distance minutes. Furthermore, no roaming charges are assessed for mobile telephone services provided to our customers traveling anywhere on our portion or Nextel's portion of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network in the United States. We also offer special pricing plans that allow some customers to aggregate the total number of account minutes for all of their handsets and reallocate the aggregate minutes among those handsets. While we direct our own marketing campaigns in our markets, we benefit from Nextel's national marketing efforts and related advertising campaigns, which are designed to increase awareness of the Nextel brand name and stimulate interest in and demand for Nextel service by stressing its versatility, value, simplicity and quality.
Markets
As of December 31, 2003, we had launched digital wireless service in all of the following markets:
(1)We may, from time to time, reconfigure our markets to take advantage of build-out and management synergies and marketing opportunities. While the actual territories and population estimates may not change, the way we group our markets may increase or decrease the total number of markets. We have calculated total Pops for a given market by utilizing Census 2002 data published by the U.S. Census Bureau, which lists population estimates by county.
In addition to medium-sized and rural markets, our markets include selected corridors along interstate and state highways. While these corridors do not always have large business or residential
populations, we believe that significant revenues will be earned from travelers on the highways located in these markets. Accordingly, the population of a given area may not fully indicate the amount of the revenues that may be generated in such area.
General Business
Revenues. We operate in one reportable segment, wireless services. Our primary sources of revenues are service revenues and equipment revenues, with service revenues constituting approximately 95% of our total revenues in 2003. For more information about our revenues and other financial results, see our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Distribution Channels. Our traditional methods of distribution have been through our direct and indirect sales force. While we will continue to support these approaches, in 2003 we opened 37 new retail stores throughout our markets for a total of 40 retail stores at December 31, 2003. Our first year results from these stores show that they attract high quality customers with a lower acquisition cost than our traditional distribution channels. In addition, our telephone and website sales distribution channels that we implemented in 2002 also allow us to acquire new customers at a relatively low cost of acquisition. For 2003, our low cost distribution channels, including retail locations and telephone and website sales, accounted for approximately 14% of our gross additional new subscribers, which was almost twice the percentage generated by these distribution channels in 2002.
Business Developments
Customer Products and Solutions.
Products. We currently offer a wide variety of phones, with a broad range of features and price points. In order to enhance and expand our product offerings, in October 2003, we and Nextel began selling four next-generation wireless phones manufactured by Motorola-the i730, i530, i305 and i205. These new phones are smaller than their predecessors and provide an advanced, intuitive user interface, storage for up to 600 contacts, assignable ring tones and global position system, or GPS, receivers for E911 (the 911 emergency mobile telephone service) and other location-based services. We believe the i730 is one of the most advanced flip-style, walkie-talkie phones with color display that is currently available. The i730 contains an enhanced color display screen with superior graphics, speakerphone, voice recorder, voice-activated dialing, and Java programs and games. The i730 also contains an intuitive icon-based user interface with seven navigation shortcuts that can be personalized along with the main menu order. The i530 is designed for customers who need a compact and durable walkie-talkie phone. This flip-style phone includes a monochrome screen, vibrating alert and speakerphone and comes in either black or yellow. The i305 is our most durable, rain-resistant next-generation phone designed for customers who use their phone in challenging environments such as field service, construction and individuals with active lifestyles. The i305 is a monolith style, walkie-talkie phone with a monochrome screen and offers vibrating alert and speakerphone. The i205 is our value-oriented phone offered to entry-level business customers as well as consumers. The i205 is an affordable walkie-talkie phone with a monochrome screen and changeable faceplates that provide for different color options.
Moreover, to further improve our differentiated suite of products and services, we also offer a new Nextel/BlackBerry™ handheld device with both voice and data capabilities, the Blackberry 6510. Nextel, Motorola and Research In Motion Limited have jointly developed this product. This personal data assistant (PDA) style handset operates on the Nextel Digital Wireless Network, integrates our "four-in-one" offering and supports Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME™) applications. In July 2003, we enhanced our BlackBerry offering to include email attachment viewing, the ability to search and select email addresses from a company's address book and wireless email reconciliation,
which provides the ability to delete or file an email on the BlackBerry device and have it automatically deleted or filed on the Microsoft Outlook or Lotus Notes email client. We believe this product is an ideal tool for mobile professionals who need instant and constant access to their business email. In addition, it eliminates the need to carry separate PDAs, cellular phones and laptops. This product is currently the only integrated device, or "Smartphone," on the market with Direct Connect capabilities.
Services. In addition to our "four-in-one" offering, we also offer a variety of data applications, including two-way messaging interoperability and instant messaging, as well as additional services such as Nextel Roadside Assistance. We have continued to expand our service offerings. In 2003, we began offering services specifically designed to meet the needs of our Public Safety customers including Talkgroup Scan, Priority Access and Emergency Group Connect. Talkgroup Scan enables customers to listen for communication on multiple talkgroups at one time, which helps provide the interoperable communications required by first responders, protective services and public works customers. Priority Access provides public safety customers with higher queuing in times of network congestion, increasing the likelihood that Nextel Direct Connect and Group Connect calls will be completed. Emergency Group Connect, or EGC, allows subscribers to send an emergency group call to all subscribers in a group with the touch of a button. In addition, EGC provides network resources to subscribers to make an EGC call during times of high network traffic.
In addition, in November 2003, we launched Mobile Locator™, a Web-based solution available through Nextel.com for locating handsets used by field employees for day-to-day business activities and services. It allows managers and dispatchers to easily view the whereabouts of their field employees in real time, using an advanced mapping display on a personal computer.
Enhancement of Direct Connect. In July 2003, we and Nextel announced the completion of the rollout of Nationwide Direct Connect. This service provides full coast-to-coast availability of the Push to Talk feature to all of our customers and all of Nextel's customers across the continental United States and Hawaii.
Capital Structure Transactions. Starting fourth quarter of 2002 and continuing through 2003 we opportunistically engaged in the following capital structure and de-leveraging transactions:
Debt Reduction Activity. During the fourth quarter of 2002 and the first quarter of 2003 we issued and exchanged shares of our Class A common stock for certain of our high yield notes. We retired a total of $45.0 million (principal amount at maturity) of our outstanding 11% senior and 14% senior discount notes in exchange for the issuance of approximately 5.1 million shares of Class A common stock. In addition, from May 13, 2003 through June 4, 2003, we purchased approximately $86.1 million (principal amount at maturity) of our 14% senior discount notes for cash in open-market purchases, and from August 5, 2003 through August 19, 2003, we repurchased approximately $22.6 million and $11.1 million (principal amounts at maturity) of our 11% senior notes and 121/2% senior discount notes, respectively, for cash in open-market purchases. On December 1, 2003, we purchased approximately $4.8 million (principal amount at maturity) of our 14% senior discount notes for cash in open-market purchases.
Tender Offer for 14% Notes. On June 11, 2003, we commenced a tender offer and consent solicitation relating to all of our outstanding 14% senior discount notes. From June 11, 2003 through July 11, 2003, we repurchased approximately $392.3 million (principal amount at maturity) of our 14% senior discount notes for cash. On February 12, 2004, we gave notice of our intention to redeem all of our 14% senior discount notes that remained outstanding (approximately $1.8 million (principal amount at maturity)) for a total redemption price of approximately $1.9 million. We anticipate that this redemption will be complete in March 2004.
Convertible Debt Financings. On May 13, 2003, we closed a private placement of $150.0 million of 11/2% convertible senior notes. On June 11, 2003, we closed a private placement of an additional $25.0 million of these notes (increasing total gross proceeds to $175.0 million) pursuant to the exercise of an over-allotment option held by the initial purchasers of these notes. At the option of the holders, the notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 131.9087 shares of our Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which represents a conversion price of $7.58 per share of Class A common stock. On August 6, 2003, we closed an additional private placement of $125.0 million of 11/2% convertible senior notes. At the option of the holders, the notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 78.3085 shares of our Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which represents a conversion price of $12.77 per share of Class A common stock.
High Yield Debt Financing. On June 23, 2003, we closed a private placement of $450.0 million 81/8% senior notes. The proceeds from the offering of those notes were used primarily to fund the purchase of our 14% senior discount notes.
Series B Preferred Stock Redemption. On November 21, 2003, we consummated the redemption of all of the 13,110,000 shares of our outstanding Series B preferred stock held by Nextel WIP for an aggregate redemption price of $38.9 million. Following such redemption, we no longer have any shares of preferred stock outstanding.
Public Equity Offering. On November 19, 2003, we closed a public offering of 33 million shares of our Class A common stock at a price of $10.80 per share. Of that amount, 10 million shares were newly issued shares of our Class A common stock sold by us. The remaining 23 million shares of Class A common stock were sold by DLJ Merchant Banking Partners II, L.P. and certain of its affiliates ("DLJ Merchant Banking"), Madison Dearborn Partners and Motorola. In addition, on November 25, 2003, DLJ Merchant Banking and Madison Dearborn Partners sold in aggregate an additional 1,650,000 shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters.
Credit Facility Refinancing. On December 19, 2003, we announced that our wholly owned subsidiary, Nextel Partners Operating Corp., had refinanced its $475.0 million senior secured credit facility to reduce interest rates and extend maturity dates. The new facility, consisting of a $100.0 million revolving credit facility maturing in November 2009 and a $375.0 million term loan maturing in November 2010, is guaranteed by us and our subsidiaries and is secured by a pledge of all the assets of our subsidiaries. Borrowings under the new credit facility were used to repay borrowings under our previous $475.0 million senior secured credit facility.
Debt Redemption. On December 31, 2003 we completed the redemption of $67.7 million aggregate principal amount at maturity of our 121/2% senior notes due November 15, 2009. The total amount of the redemption, including accrued interest, of $77.2 million was funded with the net proceeds from the public equity offering.
The Nextel WIP Operating Agreements
Our operating agreements with Nextel WIP define the relationship, rights and obligations between Nextel WIP and us. The agreements began on January 29, 1999 and have an initial term of ten years, which may be extended for up to two and a half years. At the end of the initial term, we have the right at our option to extend the agreements for up to four ten-year renewals.
Under these agreements, Nextel WIP is obligated to share with us Nextel's experience in operating iDEN networks by, among other things, granting us access to meetings and coordinating with us on network build-out and enhancements. In addition, Nextel WIP is obligated to provide specified services to us upon request. The most significant services Nextel WIP provides us are:
•use of some of Nextel's switching facilities in exchange for a per-minute fee based on Nextel's national average cost for such service, including financing and depreciation costs;
•monitoring of switches owned by us on a 24-hour per day basis by Nextel's network monitoring center in exchange for a fee based on pro-rata costs;
•use of Nextel's back-office systems in order to support customer activation, billing and customer care for national accounts in exchange for fees based on Nextel's national average cost for such services;
•use of the Nextel brand name and certain trademarks and service marks, and the marketing and advertising materials developed by Nextel, in exchange for a marketing services fee described below;
•access to technology enhancements and improvements; and
•assisting us in contracting with Nextel's suppliers on substantially the same terms as Nextel wherever possible.
To further support us in our efforts, Nextel WIP has also agreed that:
•our marketing service fee, which started accruing in January 2003, will be 0.5% of gross monthly service revenues, excluding roaming revenues, beginning January 1, 2003 until December 31, 2004 and 1.0% of gross monthly service revenues, excluding roaming revenues, thereafter; and
•when a Nextel subscriber roams on our system we receive a certain percentage of the service revenues generated by the roaming subscriber. That percentage was 90% of the service revenues in 2000, 85% in 2001 and 80% in 2002 and thereafter, subject to upward or downward adjustment based on the relative customer satisfaction levels of Nextel and us as measured by a customer satisfaction survey administered on a regular basis by a third-party vendor engaged by Nextel and us.
In addition, the operating agreements require that we adhere to certain key operating requirements, including the following:
•we generally are required to offer the full complement of products and services offered by Nextel in comparable service areas;
•we must abide by Nextel's standard pricing structure-principally home-rate roaming, but we need not charge the same prices as Nextel;
•we must meet minimum network performance and customer care thresholds; and
•we must adhere to standards in other operating areas, such as frequency design, site acquisition, construction, cell site maintenance and marketing and advertising.
Currently, our agreements with Nextel WIP also allow us access to Nextel's switches and switching facilities. Nextel WIP has agreed to cooperate with us to establish a switch facility for our network and to deploy switches in our territory in a manner which best meets the following criteria:
•integration of our cell sites into Nextel's national switching infrastructure;
•shared coverage of Direct Connect service to communities of interest;
•minimized costs to us and to Nextel; and
•maximized quality of service to our customers and to Nextel customers.
These criteria provide for a flexible construction schedule of switches to serve our territory, depending on the existing switches in Nextel's territory and the amount of customer traffic handled by any one switch. We have the option of installing our own switching facilities within our territory. However, our deployment of any switching facility requires coordination with Nextel WIP and may require Nextel WIP's approval. Our agreements with Nextel WIP require us to implement and install appropriate switch elements as the number of our subscribers and cell site levels increases. For example, we will need to establish a location and install switch equipment on our network for every 120,000 subscriber units or a base site controller for every 50 operational cell sites. We believe that we have sufficient funds for these installations under our current business plans. As of December 31, 2003, we had six switches in operation.
Overview of the U.S. Wireless Communications Industry
Mobile wireless communications systems use a variety of radio frequencies to transmit voice and data, and include cellular telephone services, ESMR, PCS and paging. ESMR stands for enhanced specialized mobile radio and is the regulatory term applied to the services, including those provided by the Nextel Digital Wireless Network, that combine wireless telephone service with a dispatch feature and paging. PCS stands for personal communications service and refers to digital wireless telephone service.
Since the first commercial cellular systems became operational in 1983, mobile wireless telecommunications services have grown dramatically as these services have become widely available and increasingly affordable. This growth has been driven by technological advances, changes in consumer preferences and increased availability of spectrum to new operators.
The provision of cellular telephone service began with providers utilizing the 800 MHz band of radio frequency in 1982 when the FCC began issuing two licenses per market throughout the United States. In 1993, the FCC allocated a portion of the radio spectrum, 1850-1990 MHz, for a new wireless communications service commonly known as PCS. The FCC's stated objectives in auctioning bandwidth for PCS were to foster competition among existing cellular carriers, increase availability of wireless services to a broader segment of the public, and bring innovative technology to the U.S. wireless industry. Since 1995, the FCC has conducted auctions in which industry participants have been awarded PCS licenses for designated areas throughout the United States.
The demand for wireless telecommunications has grown rapidly, driven by the increased availability of services, technological advancements, regulatory changes, increased competition and lower prices. According to the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association, the number of wireless subscribers in the United States, including cellular, PCS and ESMR, has grown from approximately 200,000 as of June 30, 1985 to 148.1 million by June 30, 2003, which reflected a penetration rate of approximately 51.3% at that time.
In the U.S. wireless communications industry, there are three mobile wireless telephone services: cellular, ESMR and PCS. Cellular and ESMR services utilize radio spectrum in the 800 MHz band while PCS operates at higher frequencies of 1850 to 1990 MHz. Use of the 800 MHz band gives cellular and ESMR superior ability to penetrate buildings and other physical obstacles and spread or "propagate" through air, thereby reducing infrastructure costs since fewer base radios are needed to cover a given area.
All cellular service transmissions were originally analog-based, although most cellular providers have now overlaid digital systems alongside their analog systems in large markets. Analog cellular technology has the advantage of using a consistent standard nationwide, permitting nationwide roaming using a single-mode, single-band telephone. On the other hand, analog technology has several
disadvantages, including less efficient use of spectrum, which reduces effective call capacity; inconsistent service quality; decreased privacy, security and reliability as compared to digital technologies; and the inability to offer services such as voice mail, call waiting or caller identification.
All PCS services, like ESMR, are all-digital systems that convert voice or data signals into a stream of binary digits that is compressed before transmission, enabling a single radio channel to carry multiple simultaneous signal transmissions. This enhanced capacity, along with improvements in digital signaling, allows digital-based wireless technologies to offer new and enhanced services, and improved voice quality and system flexibility, as compared with analog technologies. Call forwarding, call waiting and greater call privacy are among the enhanced services that digital systems provide. In addition, due to the reduced power consumption of digital telephones, users benefit from an extended battery life.
The FCC has also assigned non-contiguous portions of the 800 MHz band to SMR, which was initially dedicated to analog two-way radio dispatch services. This service only became viable in the mobile wireless telephone market with the introduction in 1993 of ESMR, which applies digital technology to make use of the 800 MHz spectrum band and its superior propagation characteristics to deliver the advantages of a digital wireless mobile telephone system while retaining and significantly enhancing the value of SMR's traditional dispatch feature.
Unlike analog cellular, which has been implemented in a uniform manner across the United States, several mutually incompatible digital technologies are currently in use in the United States. Roaming into different areas often requires multi-mode (analog/digital) and/or multi-band (PCS/cellular) telephones that function at both cellular and PCS frequencies and/or are equipped for more than one type of modulation technology. Time-division technologies, which include global system for mobile communications (or GSM), time division multiple access (or TDMA) and iDEN, break up each transmission channel into time slots that increase effective capacity. Code division multiple access (or CDMA) technology is a spread-spectrum technology that transmits portions of many messages over a broad portion of the available spectrum rather than a single channel. iDEN phones presently operate only in the iDEN mode within SMR frequencies, and therefore cannot roam onto other digital or analog wireless networks.
The Nextel Digital Wireless Network
Nextel deployed a second generation of Motorola's iDEN technology beginning in the third quarter of 1996. The Nextel Digital Wireless Network combines the iDEN technology developed and designed by Motorola with a low-power, multi-site deployment of base radios similar to that used by cellular service that permits us to reuse the same frequency in different cells, increasing our system's effective capacity. We and Nextel currently use iDEN technology throughout our respective portions of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network. iDEN technology is a proprietary format for delivering signals over scattered, non-contiguous SMR frequencies.
The iDEN technology shares the same basic platform as the wireless standards underlying GSM and TDMA. iDEN shares many common components with the GSM technology that has been established as the digital cellular communications standard in Europe and is a variant of the GSM technology that is being deployed by certain cellular and PCS operators in the United States. iDEN differs in a number of significant respects from the GSM or TDMA technology versions being assessed or deployed by many cellular and PCS providers in the United States. The iDEN technology, when utilized for the two-way radio dispatch function, can be significantly more efficient than GSM or TDMA technology formats.
The design of the Nextel Digital Wireless Network is premised on dividing a service area into multiple sites. Each site will contain the base radio connected by landline facilities or a microwave to a computer-controlled switching center. Each cell site provides service on our licensed frequencies to a particular geographic area permitting the customer's telephone to communicate with our network. By
designing our system with multiple cell sites, we are able to reuse the frequency channels many times throughout the same license area by placing our transmitters at low elevation sites and restricting the power of each transmitter to a directed geographic area, which may be less than one mile and up to 30 miles. This process avoids interference, while permitting significantly more customers to use the frequencies allotted to us. This system, combining digital compression technology with the reuse of spectrum throughout our license area, allows us to support more customer calls than would otherwise be the case with analog technologies.
In the case of mobile telephone calls, the switching center controls the automatic transfer of calls from site to site as a customer travels, coordinates calls to and from a customer's telephone and connects calls to the public switched telecommunications network. In the case of two-way dispatch calls, the switching center connects the customer initiating the call directly to the other customer in the case of a private call, and directly to a number of other customers in the case of a group call. Direct Connect dispatch capability allows any member of a mobile team to immediately communicate with the push of a button with another member on private one-to-one calls on a nationwide basis or on group calls with up to 100 other customers within a Direct Connect calling area. This "push-to-talk" feature works like a two-way radio, but in contrast to analog dispatch SMR radios, iDEN technology allows only the person or persons being called to hear the conversation.
Nationwide Direct Connect, together with other enhancements, including call alert, speakerphone capability and short messaging, differentiates our digital service from those of most cellular and PCS providers, and we believe it has been responsible for our strong appeal to business users in mobile occupations, including transportation, delivery, real property and facilities management, construction and building, landscaping, and other service sectors. In addition to its advantages to customers, Direct Connect uses only half the bandwidth that an interconnected call over an iDEN network would use, and this efficient use of spectrum gives the iDEN service provider the opportunity to offer attractive pricing for Direct Connect.
Like Nextel, we have adapted iDEN-based packet data network to enable wireless Internet connectivity and new digital two-way mobile data services, marketed as Nextel Online Services. We completed the rollout of these services in all of our operating markets by the end of 2001. Our customers may elect to access a broad array of content directly from their Internet-ready handsets, such as email, news, weather, travel, sports and leisure information and shopping. In 2003 we made available in our markets certain Nextel Industry Solutions that are currently available in Nextel's markets and included industry-specific applications such as fleet management applications, timesheet programs and customer service assistance applications, all designed to keep customers' businesses functioning smoothly through their mobile workforce.
Combined with Nextel, we have helped build the largest guaranteed all-digital wireless network in the country covering thousands of communities across the United States. We, together with Nextel, currently serve 293 of the top 300 U.S. markets and the major transportation corridors between these markets. Through recent market launches, we and Nextel make service available today in areas of the United States where about 248 million people live or work.
| 14,740 |
https://github.com/leelaser/AtlasSSH/blob/master/PSAtlasDatasetCommands/InvokeGRIDJob.cs
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
AtlasSSH
|
leelaser
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C#
|
Code
| 990 | 2,317 |
using AtlasSSH;
using AtlasWorkFlows.Jobs;
using AtlasWorkFlows.Panda;
using CredentialManagement;
using Nito.AsyncEx.Synchronous;
using Polly;
using PSAtlasDatasetCommands.Utils;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Management.Automation;
namespace PSAtlasDatasetCommands
{
/// <summary>
/// Starts a job and returns a reference to it. If the job has already run, it will
/// return a reference to that previously run job as well.
/// </summary>
[Cmdlet(VerbsLifecycle.Invoke, "GRIDJob")]
public sealed class InvokeGRIDJob : PSCmdlet, IDisposable
{
/// <summary>
/// Get/Set the name of the dataset we are being asked to fetch.
/// </summary>
[Parameter(Mandatory = true, HelpMessage = "Rucio dataset name for job input", ValueFromPipeline = true, Position = 3)]
public string DatasetName { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Get/Set the name fo the job that we will be running.
/// </summary>
[Parameter(Mandatory = true, HelpMessage = "Job name to apply to the dataset", Position = 1)]
public string JobName { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Get/Set the name fo the job that we will be running.
/// </summary>
[Parameter(Mandatory = true, HelpMessage = "Job name to apply to the dataset", Position = 2)]
public int JobVersion { get; set; }
[Parameter(Mandatory = false, HelpMessage = "Job iteration. Defaults to 0, add 1, 2, etc., to re-run same job with slightly different output dataset.")]
public int JobIteration { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Set this switch if you want to wait for the job to show up in panda. This can take a very long time, so it is
/// not recommended.
/// </summary>
[Parameter(HelpMessage = "Wait for the job to be registered in Panda. This can take many minutes. Not recommended that you use this. Will also cause the command to return the panda info object.")]
public SwitchParameter WaitForPandaRegistration { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Debug and see what might happen.
/// </summary>
[Parameter(HelpMessage = "The final submit command will not be issued, but will be written to Host output instead. Everything else will be run.")]
public SwitchParameter WhatIf { get; set; }
[Parameter(HelpMessage = "Defaults to using the local panda task cache")]
public SwitchParameter DoNotUsePandaTaskCache { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Hold onto the connection
/// </summary>
private SSHConnection _connection = null;
/// <summary>
/// Hold onto the grid credentials
/// </summary>
private Credential _gridCredentials = null;
/// <summary>
/// Initialize common command defaults.
/// </summary>
public InvokeGRIDJob()
{
JobIteration = 0;
}
/// <summary>
/// Setup a few things for running. Much of what we need
/// is only lazy initalized.
/// </summary>
protected override void BeginProcessing()
{
// Setup for verbosity if we need it.
var listener = new PSListener(this);
Trace.Listeners.Add(listener);
try
{
// Get the grid credentials
_gridCredentials = new CredentialSet("GRID").Load().FirstOrDefault();
if (_gridCredentials == null)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Please create a generic windows credential with the target 'GRID' with the username as the rucio grid username and the password to be used with voms proxy init");
}
} finally
{
Trace.Listeners.Remove(listener);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Load up the job requested. Fail, obviously, if we can't.
/// </summary>
protected override void ProcessRecord()
{
// Setup for verbosity if we need it.
var listener = new PSListener(this);
Trace.Listeners.Add(listener);
try
{
// Get the job
var job = JobParser.FindJob(JobName, JobVersion);
// Get the expected resulting dataset name. Since this will be a personal
// dataset, we need to get the GRID info.
var originalDatasetName = DatasetName.Trim();
string resultDatasetName = job.ResultingDataSetName(originalDatasetName, _gridCredentials, JobIteration);
// See if there is already a job defined that will produce this
var pandaJob = (resultDatasetName + "/").FindPandaJobWithTaskName(useCacheIfPossible: !DoNotUsePandaTaskCache.IsPresent);
if (pandaJob == null)
{
// Where are we going to be doing the submission on?
var sm = JobParser.GetSubmissionMachine();
// Get the remove environment configured if it needs to be
var firstJob = false;
if (_connection == null)
{
firstJob = true;
_connection = new SSHConnection(sm.MachineName, sm.UserName);
_connection
.Apply(() => DisplayStatus("Setting up ATLAS"))
.setupATLAS(dumpOnly: WhatIf.IsPresent)
.Apply(() => DisplayStatus("Setting up Rucio"))
.setupRucio(_gridCredentials.Username, dumpOnly: WhatIf.IsPresent)
.Apply(() => DisplayStatus("Acquiring GRID credentials"))
.VomsProxyInit("atlas", failNow: () => Stopping, dumpOnly: WhatIf.IsPresent);
}
// Check to see if the original dataset exists. We will use the location known as Local for doing the
// setup, I suppose.
var files = _connection
.Apply(() => DisplayStatus("Checking dataset exists on the GRID"))
.FilelistFromGRID(originalDatasetName, failNow: () => Stopping, dumpOnly: WhatIf.IsPresent);
if (files.Length == 0 && !WhatIf.IsPresent)
{
throw new ArgumentException($"Dataset '{originalDatasetName}' has zero files - won't submit a job against it!");
}
// Submit the job
_connection
.SubmitJobAsync(job, originalDatasetName, resultDatasetName, DisplayStatus, failNow: () => Stopping, sameJobAsLastTime: !firstJob, dumpOnly: WhatIf.IsPresent)
.WaitAndUnwrapException();
// Try to find the job again if requested. The submission can take a very long time to show up in
// big panda, so skip unless requested.
if (WaitForPandaRegistration)
{
var pandJobResult = Policy
.Handle<InvalidOperationException>()
.WaitAndRetryForever(nthRetry => TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
(e, ts) => { WriteWarning($"Failed to find the submitted panda job on bigpanda: {e.Message}. Will wait one minute and try again."); })
.ExecuteAndCapture(() => FindPandaJobForDS(resultDatasetName));
if (pandJobResult.Outcome != OutcomeType.Successful)
{
throw pandJobResult.FinalException;
}
pandaJob = pandJobResult.Result;
}
}
// Return a helper obj that contains the info about this job that can be used by other commands.
if (pandaJob != null)
{
var r = new AtlasPandaTaskID() { ID = pandaJob.jeditaskid, Name = pandaJob.taskname };
using (var pp = listener.PauseListening())
{
WriteObject(r);
}
}
} finally
{
Trace.Listeners.Remove(listener);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Do the panda task lookup. Throw if we can't find the job.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ds"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private PandaTask FindPandaJobForDS(string ds)
{
PandaTask pandaJob = (ds + "/").FindPandaJobWithTaskName();
if (pandaJob == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format("Unknown error - submitted job ({0},{1}) on dataset {2}, but no panda task found!", JobName, JobVersion, DatasetName));
}
return pandaJob;
}
/// <summary>
/// Called to build a status object
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fname"></param>
private void DisplayStatus(string message)
{
var pr = new ProgressRecord(1, $"Submitting {JobName} v{JobVersion} ({DatasetName})", message);
WriteProgress(pr);
}
/// <summary>
/// Clean up as we are getting cleaned up.
/// </summary>
public void Dispose()
{
if (_connection != null)
{
_connection.Dispose();
}
}
}
}
| 26,987 |
US-202117215150-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,304 | 8,926 |
Recognizing left-behind objects in a transportation vehicle
ABSTRACT
Apparatus for recognizing left-behind objects 2 has a sensor device 3 designed to generate sensor signals 4 upon sensing a left-behind object 2, a control unit 5 designed to receive and process the sensor signals 4 and generate control signals 6 in reaction to the processed sensor signals 4, and a warning device 7, designed to receive the control signals 6 and output a warning signal 8 in reaction to the received control signals 6. A module arrangement 13 of individual component units having pairs of LED sensors and emitters may be arranged in a vehicle 14 to scan a storage region.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to application 102020109389.6, filed in the German Patent and Trademark Office on Apr. 3, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
Not Applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a component and a module arrangement for recognizing left-behind objects and a vehicle having such a component or such a module arrangement. In addition, the invention relates to a method for recognizing left-behind objects by means of such a component or such a module arrangement and also a computer program.
It frequently happens that vehicle users forget objects, for example, bags, pieces of clothing, keys, mobile terminals, etc., in the vehicle when leaving the vehicle used by them. This represents a problem in particular for transportation companies, for example, public transit companies, shuttle services, taxi companies, etc., since the forgotten objects have to be stored and managed in order to possibly enable a return to the vehicle user. Moreover, it can happen that forgotten objects are not found by the corresponding transportation company, since, for example other vehicle users have removed the object in the meantime or taken it for themselves. This can in turn have a negative effect on the reputation of the transportation company, since forgotten objects can no longer be given back in such cases.
In addition to inadvertently forgetting objects, intentionally leaving behind is also significant for safety reasons and is also to be prevented.
One approach for avoiding such problems is to take measures meant to prevent leaving behind objects in the utilized vehicle. One example of this is known from patent publication DE102012022318A, which discloses a method and a device for recognizing an object left behind in a vehicle which has been placed in a storage device of the vehicle. A sensor signal for detecting the object is generated by means of a sensor device and is analyzed by a control unit. If a user intentionally leaving the vehicle is sensed, an optical and/or acoustic warning is generated if a sensor signal indicates that a deposited object is present. For example, a light barrier device, a photodetector device, a pressure sensor device, an ultrasonic sensor device, or a device having microswitches can be used as the sensor device.
A similar device is known from U.S. Pat. No. 10,303,961B1, which moreover provides the option of identifying and/or classifying the left-behind objects. International publication WO2018/208315A1 also discloses a similar device, wherein the measurement principle of the sensor device is based on LiDAR (light detection and ranging). A device is described in publication WO2018/203910A1, in which a forgotten object is detected by means of an object sensor, which can be designed, for example as a light barrier, and which activates the interior lighting of the vehicle accordingly upon detection of a left-behind object.
These known methods have the disadvantage that the sensor device is arranged separately and remotely from the device generating the optical and/or acoustic warning. In particular in the case of larger means of transportation, for example buses, this can result in confusion in that a generated warning cannot directly identify a particular left-behind object in the case of multiple left-behind objects and/or the specific location of the left-behind object cannot be uniquely specified by the warning. However, this may be possible by way of complex signal processing methods, which require a correspondingly equipped control unit and therefore cause additional costs and occupy installation space. Moreover, the separate arrangement of sensor device and the device generating the warning makes retrofitting vehicles with these features more difficult.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Against this background, it is an object of the invention to recognize and handle left-behind objects while substantially avoiding the above-mentioned disadvantages. This object is achieved by the subjects of the independent claims. The dependent claims contain embodiment variants of these solutions according to the invention.
The basic concept of the invention is to arrange a sensor device, control unit, and warning device in a common component, for example in the form of a panel, in an arrangement for recognizing objects left behind in a vehicle. The sensor principle is preferably based on the detection of incident light, wherein light is emitted as the warning signal. Such a component can be integrated, for example in a baggage storage region of the vehicle, for example in the foot (floor) region, below seats, baggage compartments, etc., so that light signals in the corresponding baggage storage regions signal to the vehicle user that an object has been left behind. Leaving behind can mean inadvertent forgetting or intentional leaving behind herein.
A first aspect of the invention relates to a component for recognizing left-behind objects. The component includes a sensor device (designed to generate sensor signals upon sensing a left-behind object), a control unit (designed to receive and process the sensor signals and also generate control signals in reaction to the processed sensor signals), and a warning device (designed to receive the control signals and output a warning signal in reaction to the received control signals).
The sensor device, the control unit, and the warning device are arranged jointly in the component, for example entirely or partially enclosed by a housing, so that a compact component is formed. This has the advantage that little installation space is required and existing devices, for example vehicles, can be retrofitted with the component easily, quickly, and cost-effectively. Moreover, the component can be arranged flexibly in various regions of the vehicle due to its compactness. The integrated control makes a connection to existing control devices obsolete and the component can independently fulfill its function.
The component can advantageously help to prevent an object from being left behind, in that the user (e.g., a person who would possibly leave behind an object) is notified of the object by means of the warning signal of the warning device. The main area of application of the proposed component are vehicles, in particular public means of transportation. The invention has a particularly advantageous effect in this case, since objects are frequently forgotten in vehicles which, except for private vehicles, would otherwise have to be associated with their owner and given back in a complex procedure or possibly even represent a safety risk and require security guards to be alarmed.
The component can nonetheless also be used in combination with other devices, for example in combination with interior furnishings or seating areas of assembly rooms, theaters, railway stations, hotels, etc., e.g., at locations at which objects can be left behind. Finally, a use in private households is also possible, for example, to be able to prevent forgetting a key, a purse, a mobile telephone, etc.
The sensor device of the component is designed to generate a sensor signal and transmit it to the control unit if the sensor device detects a left-behind object. Various detection methods are usable for this purpose, wherein a light-based detection method is preferred, since such a method is implementable easily and harmlessly and moreover offers the option of linking the function of the sensor device with the function of the warning device in the form of the output of a light signal.
The control unit receives the sensor signals of the sensor device. For this purpose, control unit and sensor device are in an operational connection for signaling. The received sensor signals are subsequently processed based on instructions or a software code programmed in the control unit corresponding to one or more routines. Control signals are generated here in reaction to the processed sensor signals, which are output at the warning device as the actuator, for which purpose the warning device also has a signaling operational connection to the control unit.
The control unit can be implemented in hardware and/or software and can be physically formed in one or multiple parts.
The warning device receives the control signals and outputs a warning signal in reaction to the received control signals. The warning signal can be, for example of optical, acoustic, and/or haptic nature. An optical signal is preferred, since it can be projected specifically for the user, as compared to an acoustic signal, and moreover often is the least annoying, since a light signal as an optical signal can be integrated into existing lights with respect to the visual aspect.
In addition, the option can exist of outputting control signals to a human-machine interface, for example a display device, which shows a displayed output in reaction to the received control signals. For example, a pictogram representing the object can be displayed on a display. The user can thus advantageously also be made aware of the left-behind object by means of the human-machine interface.
According to various embodiment variants, the sensor device can include a photodetection device and/or the warning device can be designed as a light signal device.
A photodetection device can be understood as a device having an electronic component which converts light using the photoelectric effect into an electrical signal or displays an electrical resistance dependent on the incident radiation. The term light comprises both visible light and also infrared light and ultraviolet radiation. The light to be detected can, for example, originate from the ambient light or can be emitted by the warning device.
The photodetection device can be designed, for example, as a photodiode, e.g., as an electrical component which converts light into an electrical current or changes an electrical resistance in dependence on the light incidence. If the photodiode is arranged in such a way that a left-behind object changes the light incident on the photodiode, for example by reflection, absorption, or transmission, the presence of a left-behind object can be concluded by evaluating the electrical current or the resistance.
A light signal device can be understood as a device which outputs a light signal, in particular a light signal visible to humans, in dependence on a control signal.
The light-based functional principle of the sensor device and/or warning device may be practically implemented easily and cost-effectively and does not represent a hazard to the user or installation personnel. If the warning device is designed as a light signal device, there is moreover the possibility of using the light signal device as the light source for the light to be analyzed by the photodetection device after interaction with the left-behind object. For this purpose, the light signal device and the photodetection device can preferably be arranged in a common plane. For example, a panel can be equipped alternately with light signal devices and photodetection devices.
The photodetection device and/or the light signal device can preferably include light-emitting diodes.
Light-emitting diodes as the light source of the light signal device are distinguished by a low power consumption and a long service life. Moreover, an optical integration into existing lights is possible, since other light sources often also include light-emitting diodes.
Alternatively or additionally, the photodetection device can also include light-emitting diodes. Light-emitting diodes can act as photodiodes in this case. This offers the possibility of being able to use structurally equivalent light-emitting diodes for the light signal device and the photodetection device, which simplifies the production of the component and makes it cost-effective.
In one embodiment, the same light-emitting diode can be used both as a light-emitting diode of the photodetection device and also as a light-emitting diode of the light signal device, wherein the light-emitting diode can alternately be used for detection or for signal generation. In other words, a light-emitting diode which was previously used for emitting light can be used in the next step for detection, e.g., for measuring a photocurrent, or vice versa.
With multiple light-emitting diodes, the detection can therefore “travel” or “scan” over the component if the individual light-emitting diodes can be activated separately from one another in order to either emit light or measure the photocurrent which is induced by an adjacent light-emitting diode. If such a “traveling” detection is now carried out at a high sampling frequency, for example a sampling frequency of 1 kHz, objects which partially cover the surface of the component can be detected. Sampling using the photovoltaic effect can moreover take place at such a high frequency that the method is not visible to the user.
The use of the same light-emitting diode both as a light-emitting diode of the photodetection device and also as a light-emitting diode of the light signal device enables small dimensioning of the component, so that it is also usable in regions having constricted space conditions. Moreover, the production costs are reduced.
Furthermore, light-emitting diodes in the RGB colors can preferably be used, e.g., light-emitting diodes which can emit red, green, and blue light or can receive red, green, and blue light for photodetection.
In the case of the light signal device, this offers the possibility of adapting the color of the light signal or deliberately using it in a contrasting color, for example with respect to the surroundings, further light sources, etc.
If the photodetection device includes light-emitting diodes in the RGB colors, properties of the object, for example its color, can thus be detected by means of color-resolved light detection.
According to further embodiment variants, the warning device can be designed to output a signal that can be influenced by the left-behind object and is detectable by the sensor device.
Thus, for example, a light signal output by the warning device can be detected after interaction with the left-behind object by a sensor device including a photodetection device. A separate signal source for the signal to be detected by the sensor device can advantageously be omitted.
A warning device equipped with light-emitting diodes in the RGB colors for the purpose of individualizing the warning signal, as described above, can be used for the purpose of emitting light signals in different colors, which are detected by the sensor device after interacting with the left-behind object. For example, individual colors can be switched on and off in rapid chronological sequence, whereby more accurate items of information can be obtained about the left-behind object.
Furthermore, there is the possibility that the signal to be output by the warning device has a characteristic pattern. In the case of a light signal, characteristic patterns can be used to help to differentiate reflections of the left-behind object from reflections of the ambient light, i.e., for example sunlight, light of a street light, etc. Noise caused by the environment of the signal to be detected by the sensor device can thus be reduced. In this way, the left-behind object can be detected more reliably. Erroneous warning signal outputs can be avoided.
According to further embodiment variants, the component includes multiple sensor devices and/or warning devices.
For example, sensor devices and/or warning devices can be arranged adjacent to one another in pairs in rows, in particular in one plane, for example in the form of a panel.
If there are multiple sensor devices and/or warning devices, either each combination of sensor device and warning device, for example each pair made up of sensor device and warning device, can be associated with a control unit or a common control unit can be provided for all sensor devices and warning devices.
The arrangement of multiple sensor devices and/or warning devices advantageously enables a spatial coverage as needed of the region to be monitored with respect to left-behind objects. Moreover, a size of the object can be concluded with multiple sensor devices.
According to further embodiment variants, the processing of the sensor signals can comprise identifying the object.
Identification means that one or more individual properties of the object, for example shape, size, material, etc. are recognized. In other words, the identification of the object can comprise ascertaining the color and/or size of the object. A classification according to type of the object, for example key, handbag, piece of clothing, etc., is also possible.
The identification of the object is based on corresponding different sensor signals. For example, the color of the object can be ascertained in that the wavelength of the light reflected from the object and detected by the sensor device is evaluated or a wavelength-dependent sensor signal is generated.
If the sensor device is designed as a photodetection device, in particular as a light-emitting diode, the recombination of photons in the band which is characteristic for each wavelength can be used for color analysis.
The size of the object can be ascertained in that sensor signals of multiple sensor devices are evaluated. The size can result, for example from the distances of the sensor devices, whose physical variable to be detected, for example light intensity, is influenced by the object.
There is the possibility of using methods of artificial intelligence for identification, in particular for classification. For example, patterns determined by means of artificial neural networks in the sensor signals, for example a specific combination of color and shape of the object, can be recognized and these can be assigned to a class of objects.
According to various embodiment variants, the control unit can be designed to generate different control signals in dependence on the identified object. In this case, the warning device can be designed to output different warning signals in dependence on the different control signals.
For example, the warning device can output a light signal of different color and/or a different acoustic signal in dependence on color, size, type, etc. of the object.
This enables the user to obtain information about the color, size, type, etc. of the object directly.
According to various embodiment variants, the control unit can be designed to establish a trigger event, wherein the control signals are only generated if a trigger event is established.
This has the result that the warning device only receives a control signal and accordingly outputs a warning signal if a trigger event is established. Possible trigger events can be opening a door, for example of the vehicle or of the assembly room, or a change of a seat-occupancy sensor signal. The presence of a trigger event can also be established by means of a sensor device, which transmits a corresponding sensor signal to the control unit.
The linking of the output of the warning signal to the presence of a trigger event advantageously has the result that warning signals are only output if leaving behind the object is actually to be expected. Excessively frequent warning signals, which can result in confusion and nonobservance, inter alia, can thus be avoided.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a module arrangement for recognizing left-behind objects, wherein the module arrangement includes multiple modularly arranged components according to the above description.
In other words, each component can be designed in the form of a module, wherein individual modules are assembled into the module arrangement. Therefore, the advantages mentioned above with reference to the component are accordingly linked with the module arrangement. For example, a module can comprise three rows of sensor and warning devices arranged in pairs. The components of the module arrangement can advantageously be arranged in a common plane and can form, for example, a closed surface.
The module arrangement offers the possibility of equipping areas of different dimensions with the described system for recognizing left-behind objects. For example, the floor region of a foot well or of baggage storage compartments can be equipped with the module arrangement. An expansion of any already provided components is also enabled easily, quickly, and cost-effectively. Moreover, the module arrangement offers the advantage of providing a common power supply device for the individual components, so that structural space and costs can be saved.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a vehicle having a component or a module arrangement according to the above description.
The above statements for explaining the component and the module arrangement are therefore also used to describe the proposed vehicle. The advantages mentioned above with reference to the component and the module arrangement are correspondingly linked to the vehicle.
A vehicle can be understood as any mobile means of transportation, e.g., both a land vehicle and also a water or air vehicle, for example a passenger vehicle, independently of its type of drive. The vehicle can also be designed as a partially or fully autonomous vehicle. In particular, the vehicle can be a public means of transportation.
The proposed component or the proposed arrangement has a particularly advantageous effect in conjunction with a vehicle, since objects are frequently left behind in vehicles, so that there is a particularly significant need in vehicles to avoid such leaving behind.
The component or the module arrangement can preferably be arranged in a foot well or a baggage storage compartment of the vehicle, since objects are frequently left behind in these regions and the advantages of the invention therefore particularly come to bear.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for recognizing left-behind objects by means of a component or a module arrangement according to the above description. The method includes: generating sensor signals upon sensing of a left-behind object by means of the sensor device, receiving and processing the sensor signals by means of the control unit, generating control signals in reaction to the processed sensor signals by means of the control unit, and receiving the control signals and outputting a warning signal in reaction to the received control signals by means of the warning device.
The advantages of the proposed component and the proposed module arrangement can also be achieved by the method. All statements with respect to the proposed component and the proposed module arrangement may be transferred similarly to the method. The method can be executed in particular in a vehicle.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a computer program which comprises commands that cause a component. circuitry, or a module arrangement according to the above description to execute an above-described method.
A computer program can be understood as a program code storable on a suitable medium and/or retrievable via a suitable medium. Any medium suitable for storing software, for example a nonvolatile memory installed in a control device, a DVD, a USB stick, a flash card, or the like can be used to store the program code. The retrieval of the program code can take place, for example via the Internet or an intranet or via another suitable wireless or wired network.
The advantages of the component or the module arrangement and the method are correspondingly linked to the computer program. The statements with respect to the component or the module arrangement and the method may be transferred similarly to the computer program.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a computer-readable medium on which the computer program is stored.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary component.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary method.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary module arrangement.
FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary vehicle.
FIGS. 5a and 5b are schematic illustrations which graph the dependence of the amperage detected by means of the sensor device in relation to time.
FIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c show schematic illustrations of color detection in objects having surfaces of different colors.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 schematically shows an exemplary component 1 for recognizing left-behind objects 2 (FIGS. 4 and 6). The component 1 includes a housing 15, in which a sensor device 3, a control unit 5, and a warning device 7 are arranged. The component can be installed, for example in a vehicle 14 (FIG. 4), for example in a foot well or a baggage storage compartment of the vehicle 14, in order to prevent objects 2 from being left behind in this region. For this purpose, a warning signal 8 is output as soon as a left-behind object 2 has been detected. By means of the warning signal 8, a user, for example a passenger, is notified of the left-behind object 2 and can take it with him again. In addition to the owner of the object 2, further persons can also be made aware of a left-behind object 2, so that in case of an intentionally left-behind object 2, for example security guards can be alarmed.
The sensor device 3 includes a photodetection device 9, by means of which sensor signals 4 are generated upon sensing a left-behind object 2. For this purpose, the photodetection device 9 can include light-emitting diodes 10 in the RGB colors, which act as photodiodes and by means of which received light radiation or photons can be converted into electrical signals. In that the light radiation interacted upon the presence of a left-behind object 2, the presence of the object 2 and possibly further properties of the object 2 can be concluded by analysis of the light radiation.
For example, there is the possibility of ascertaining the color of the object 2. This is because the color of the received light radiation can be ascertained by the induced generation of photons in bands characteristic for each wavelength, upon which charge carriers move from the valence band into the conduction band. Photons having higher energy can cause generation in all bandgaps of the light-emitting diodes 10, while photons of lower energy can only effectuate generation in certain bandgaps.
Utilizing this effect, the color of the reflected radiation received by the light-emitting diode 10 and thus the color of the object can be ascertained. For this purpose, the current flow of each light-emitting diode 10, e.g., each color is measured, which is dependent on the intensity of the radiation of the corresponding wavelength, which is in turn influenced by interaction with the object 2, for example by reflection on the surface of the object 2.
The control unit 5 is designed to receive and process sensor signals 4 of the sensor device 3. The result of this signal processing is the generation of control signals 6, which are output at the warning device 7. The processing of the sensor signals 4 comprises identifying the left-behind object 2, so that different control signals 6 are generated in dependence on the identified object 2.
To identify the object 2, the sensor signals 4 of the light-emitting diodes 10 are individually evaluated in the RGB colors, so that the color of the object 2 can be ascertained. Moreover, the size and shape of the object 2 can also be ascertained in that the sensor signals 4 are evaluated in a spatially resolved manner. Moreover, a pattern recognition algorithm can be implemented in the control unit 5, so that the object 2 can be classified on the basis of its color, size, and shape. For example, it can be ascertained whether the object 2 is a piece of clothing, a handbag, a set of keys, etc. The pattern recognition algorithm can be trained, for example using methods of artificial intelligence.
The control unit 5 is additionally designed to be able to establish the presence of a trigger event 12. The trigger event 12 can be, for example the opening of a door or a signal of a seat (e.g., weight) sensor which indicates vacating of the seat. The trigger event 12 is used for estimating the probability that an object 2 was left behind. For example, if the seat of a vehicle, for example a public means of transportation, is left, while the object 2 still remains in the region monitored by means of the sensor device 3, it can be presumed it is being left behind. The control unit 5 therefore checks the presence of a trigger event 12 and generates or outputs the control signal 6 only if a trigger event 12 is also present.
The control signal 6 is output at the warning device 7, which in turn outputs a warning signal 8 in reaction to the received control signal 6. The output warning signal 8 indicates that an object 2 was left behind. The warning device 7 is capable of outputting different warning signals 8 in dependence on the identified object 2, in that different warning signals 8 are output based on the different control signals 6 generated by the control unit 5 in dependence on the identity or type of identified object 2.
The warning device 7 of the exemplary embodiment can be designed as a light signal device and includes light-emitting diodes 10 in the RGB colors. A light signal can therefore be output as the warning signal 8. In addition to the function of outputting warning signals 8, the warning device 7 is also used as an active source to output an interrogation signal 11 which can be influenced by the left-behind object 2 and is detectable by the sensor device 3. This is also a light signal. In other words, the warning device 7 is used at the same time as a source of the light radiation which is detected by the sensor device 3.
In the exemplary embodiment, the warning device 8 is designed to output red, green, and blue light by means of the light-emitting diodes 10 in the RGB colors, wherein in each case only one color or any combination of the colors is omitted. Moreover, there is the possibility of providing the detectable signal 11 with a characteristic pattern (e.g., modulation). For example, the individual colors can be switched on and off in rapid chronological sequence.
FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of an exemplary method. The method can be carried out, for example using the component 1 described with reference to FIG. 1.
After the start of the method, it is checked in step S1 whether a trigger event 12 is present. If no trigger event is present, the method is ended. Otherwise, the method continues to step S2.
In step S2, it is checked by means of the sensor device 3 whether a left-behind object 2 is present. For this purpose, an interrogation signal 11 which is output by the warning device 7 and is detectable by the sensor device 3, for example a light signal, can be detected after interaction with the object 2. The interrogation signal 11 can be output by the warning device continuously, at specific time intervals, or only under certain conditions, for example if the presence of a trigger event 12 was established in step S1.
If no left-behind object is detected, the method goes back to step S1. Otherwise, the method continues to step S3. Corresponding sensor signals 4 are generated in step S3.
In following step S4, the sensor signals 4 are received by the control unit 5 and processed in step S5. The processing can comprise identifying the object 2. In step S6, control signals 6 are generated based on the processed sensor signals 4.
The control signals 6 are received in step S7 by the warning device 7, which outputs warning signals 8 based on the received control signals 6 in step S8. The warning signals 8 can differ from one another in dependence on the identity of the object 2. The method is thus ended.
FIG. 3 shows an exemplary module arrangement 13 in a schematic illustration in a top view. The module arrangement 13 includes multiple component units 1, a total of six component units 1 being joined as a module 13 in the illustration of FIG. 3, wherein the component units 1 are arranged modularly side-by-side in a plane in two rows and three columns to form an array of component units. Any arrangement in a differing number of rows or columns is also possible, of course. Adding further components 1 or leaving out components 1 is also possible.
Each component 1 is constructed identically and has identical dimensions. A substantially square footprint enables a flexible arrangement in rows and columns. Each component includes three sensor devices 3 and three warning (e.g., emitting) devices 7, which are each arranged side-by-side in pairs in such a way that a warning device 7 follows a sensor device 3. This enables a uniform distribution of the sensor devices 3 and the warning devices 7.
An area, for example an area in a foot well or in a baggage storage compartment, can be lined using module arrangement 13, so that this area can be monitored with regard to left-behind objects 2. By providing multiple sensor devices 3 and warning devices 7, the size and/or shape of a left-behind object 2 can advantageously be ascertained in that the sensor signals 4 of the sensor devices 3 are evaluated in consideration of their position.
FIG. 4 shows a vehicle 14 in an exemplary embodiment in a side view. The vehicle 14 can be, for example a public means of transportation, for example a bus, train, taxi, etc. and has multiple vehicle seats 16, of which one vehicle seat 16 is shown in FIG. 4. A baggage storage region 17 is located below the vehicle seat 16, in which objects 2 can be placed.
The floor of the baggage storage compartment 17 is equipped with a module arrangement 13, which can be designed, for example corresponding to the module arrangement 13 described with reference to FIG. 3. The module arrangement 13 includes multiple modularly arranged components 1, using which left-behind objects 2 can be recognized. Reference is made to the explanations with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the precise functionality.
If a user rises from the vehicle seat 16 (e.g., a trigger event), this can be established by means of a seat sensor (not shown). If an object 2 was left behind in the baggage storage region 17, the warning device 7 generates projected light as a warning signal 8, which can be perceived by the user and notifies him of the left-behind object 2. The possibility exists here of generating projected light of different colors in order to make the warning signal 8 different from ambient lighting and/or to indicate the type of the object 2. For example, red light can be generated for pieces of clothing, orange light for handbags, blue light for keys, etc.
In the exemplary embodiment, the warning device 7 is arranged in such a way that broadly projected light is generated as the warning signal 8, which radiates in and around the foot region. In other words, the module arrangement 13 need not be visible upon proper use of the vehicle seat 16 since the light can be seen indirectly.
Alternatively to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a module arrangement 13 can additionally or alternatively be arranged in an upper baggage storage region (not shown) which is located in the roof region of the vehicle 14. In this case, in case of a left-behind object 2, indirect light can brighten the vehicle roof in this region.
The module arrangement 13 arranged in the vehicle 14 helps the vehicle passengers not to leave behind objects 2 in the vehicle 14 in that the passengers are made aware of potentially left-behind objects 2 by means of a warning signal 8. If the vehicle 14 is a public means of transportation or another vehicle 14 which is provided by a provider to other persons, for example in the context of car sharing, the effort for returning left-behind objects can be reduced. The satisfaction level of the vehicle passengers can moreover be improved.
FIGS. 5a and 5b show time curves of the signal intensity (e.g., amperage) which can be sensed as the sensor signal 4 by means of the sensor device 3 for each color. The time curve which results upon detection of ambient light is shown in FIG. 5a . A constant amperage is detected over the entire observed time period.
FIG. 5b shows the amperage signal which results upon superposition of the ambient light with light of further light sources, for example light-emitting diodes of the warning device 7, which is output as the detectable interrogation signal 11. In this case, red and green light was emitted, wherein the light sources were switched on and off at regular time intervals, so that the step profile shown for the colors red and green in FIG. 5b results.
The respective amperage differences ΔI_g and ΔI_r are proportional to the number of detected photons, the energy of which corresponds to the respective bandgap or is higher. For example, if green light reaches the sensor device 3, which includes photodiodes for blue, green, and red light, a rise of the amperage can be observed in the photodiodes for green and red light, since the energy required for generation in the photodiode for green light is also sufficient for generation in the photodiode for red light, but not for generation in the photodiode for blue light, since its bandgap is greater than the bandgap of the photodiodes for green and red light.
FIG. 6a shows the color detection of an object 2 having white surface in a schematic illustration. Red, blue, and green light is emitted by the warning device 7 as the detectable signal 11 by means of light-emitting diodes 10. This light is evenly reflected from the white surface of the object 2. The reflected light is detected in a color-resolved manner by photodiodes of the sensor device 3 sensitive for red, green, and blue light, which are designed as light-emitting diodes. A uniform pattern for all colors and an increase of the amperage for all three colors are to be observed in the oscillograph 18. The white color of the surface of the object 2 can be concluded therefrom.
FIG. 6b shows a further color detection of an object 2 having white surface in a schematic illustration. Exclusively red light is emitted by the warning device 7 as the detectable signal 11 by means of light-emitting diodes 10. This light is reflected from the white surface of the object 2. The reflected light is detected by photodiodes of the sensor device 3 sensitive to red, green, and blue light, which are designed as light-emitting diodes, wherein an increase of the amperage is only observed in the photodiode sensitive to red light, since the energy of the red reflected light is only sufficient to skip over the bandgap of the photodiode sensitive to red light. The corresponding curve of the amperage is again recognizable in the oscillograph 18.
FIG. 6c shows the color detection of an object 2 having blue surface in a schematic illustration. Red, blue, and green light, i.e., white light in total, is emitted by the warning device 7 as the detectable signal 11 by means of light-emitting diodes 10. Of this light, only blue light is reflected from the blue surface of the object 2. The reflected blue light is detected by photodiodes of the sensor device 3 sensitive to red, green, and blue light, which are designed as light-emitting diodes. Only an increase of the amperage for all three photodiodes is to be observed here, since the energy of the blue reflected light is sufficient to skip over the bandgap of all three photodiodes. The corresponding curve of the amperage is again recognizable in the oscillograph 18. The blue color of the surface of the object 2 can be concluded therefrom.
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for recognizing a left-behind object in a vehicle, comprising: an array of component units arranged side-by-side, wherein each component unit comprises a plurality of side-by-side pairs of a sensor device and an emitting device, wherein the emitting devices of the array are configured to project output signals which can be influenced by the left-behind object and return to the sensor devices of the array, and wherein the sensor devices generate sensor signals according to detection of the returned signals; and a control unit coupled to receive the sensor signals and to process the sensor signals in order to generate control signals identifying the left-behind object, wherein the control signals are output to the emitting devices to project a warning signal as an indication of the presence of the left-behind object.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor devices are each comprised of a photodetection device and wherein the emitting devices are each comprised of a light emitter.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the photodetection devices and the light emitters are comprised of respective light-emitting diodes.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the light-emitting diodes are adapted to detect and emit light in RGB colors.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein emitting devices of the array are configured to project the output signals using a predetermined pattern, including a variable intensity of the RGB colors.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the control unit uses pattern recognition to determine an identity of the left-behind object, and wherein the control unit adjusts the control signals according to the determined identity of the left-behind object in order to project different warning signals corresponding to the determined identity.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a trigger sensor configured to detect a trigger event indicating a vehicle occupant exiting the vehicle; wherein the control unit is coupled to the trigger sensor, and wherein the control signals are only generated when a trigger event has been detected.
8. A method for recognizing a left-behind object in a vehicle, comprising the steps of: arranging an array of side-by-side component units at a storage region in the vehicle, wherein each component unit comprises a plurality of side-by-side pairs of a sensor device and an emitting device; projecting interrogation signals from the emitting devices of the array to the storage region which can be influenced by the left-behind object, so that the interrogation signals reflect as return signals to the sensor devices of the array; detecting the return signals with the sensor devices to generate sensor signals; processing the sensor signals in order to generate control signals identifying the left-behind object; and outputting the control signals to the emitting devices to project a warning signal as an indication of the presence of the left-behind object.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the sensor devices are each comprised of a photodetection device and wherein the emitting devices are each comprised of a light emitter.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the photodetection devices and the light emitters are comprised of respective light-emitting diodes.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the light-emitting diodes are adapted to detect and emit light in RGB colors.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein emitting devices of the array are configured to project the output signals using a predetermined pattern, including a variable intensity of the RGB colors, and wherein the method further comprises the step of: using pattern recognition to determine an identity of the left-behind object.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of: adjusting the control signals according to the determined identity of the left-behind object in order to project different warning signals corresponding to the determined identity.
14. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of: detecting a trigger event indicating a vehicle occupant exiting the vehicle; wherein the control signals are only generated when a trigger event has been detected..
| 34,000 |
https://github.com/karol-sw/FXPHelper/blob/master/tests/test_conversion.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
FXPHelper
|
karol-sw
|
Python
|
Code
| 87 | 400 |
import unittest
from fxphelper import *
C_TEST_PRECISION = 5
class TestConversion(unittest.TestCase):
def test_conv_unsigned_int(self):
x = 3
y = FXPQNumber(0,5,0, float_value = x)
self.assertAlmostEqual(y.to_float(), x, C_TEST_PRECISION)
def test_conv_signed_int(self):
x = -3
y = FXPQNumber(1,5,0, float_value = x)
self.assertAlmostEqual(y.to_float(), x, C_TEST_PRECISION)
def test_conv_unsigned_float(self):
x = 3.2
y = FXPQNumber(0,4,17, float_value = x)
self.assertAlmostEqual(y.to_float(), x, C_TEST_PRECISION)
def test_conv_signed_float(self):
x = -3.2
y = FXPQNumber(1,4,17, float_value = x)
self.assertAlmostEqual(y.to_float(), x, C_TEST_PRECISION)
def test_conv_cpl_signed_float(self):
x = complex(-3.2, 1.7)
y = FXPQComplex(1,4,17, complex_value = x)
self.assertAlmostEqual(y.to_complex(), x, C_TEST_PRECISION)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
| 20,066 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%9E
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Варапаіў
|
https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Варапаіў&action=history
|
Belarusian
|
Spoken
| 15 | 62 |
Варапаіў () — вёска ў Вышгарадскім раёне Кіеўскай вобласці Украіны.
Галерэя
Населеныя пункты Вышгарадскага раёна
| 30,942 |
https://github.com/ocliuziyang/i-sign/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/Admin/Api/ApiController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
i-sign
|
ocliuziyang
|
PHP
|
Code
| 323 | 1,265 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Admin\Api;
use App\Models\User;
use Cyvelnet\Laravel5Fractal\Facades\Fractal;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Response;
use League\Fractal\Pagination\PagerfantaPaginatorAdapter;
class ApiController extends Controller
{
private $state = 200;
/**
* 未登录，禁止访问
*/
const CODE_UN_AUTHENTICATION = 'FORBIDDEN_UN_AUTHENTICATION';
/**
* 未授权
*/
const CODE_UNAUTHORIZED = 'USER_UNAUTHORIZED';
/*
* 未知请求
*/
const CODE_UN_KNOW_REQUEST = 'UN_KNOW_REQUEST';
/*
* 失败
*/
const CODE_ERROR = 'ERROR';
public function __construct()
{
$this->middleware('auth.admin');
}
/**
* @return mixed
*/
public function getState()
{
return $this->state;
}
/**
* @param mixed $state
* @return $this
*/
public function setState($state)
{
$this->state = $state;
return $this;
}
/**
* @param $data
* @param $transformer
* @param array $includes
* @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
*/
public function responseJsonWithData($data, $transformer, $includes=[])
{
if (!\Auth::user()) {
//未登录
return $this->responseWithUnAuthentication();
} elseif (\Auth::user()->role_level != 9) {
//未授权
return $this->responseWithUnauthorized();
} elseif ($data instanceof Model) {
//请求单个模型
return $this->responseWithItem($data, $transformer, $includes);
} elseif ($data instanceof Collection || $data instanceof PagerfantaPaginatorAdapter) {
//请求模型集合
return $this->responseWithCollection($data, $transformer, $includes);
} else {
//未知请求
return $this->errorInternetError();
}
}
public function errorInternetError($message = 'Internet error!')
{
return $this->setState(500)->responseWithError($message, self::CODE_UN_KNOW_REQUEST);
}
/**
* @param $data
* @param $transformer
* @param array $includes
* @return \Cyvelnet\Laravel5Fractal\Adapters\ScopeDataAdapter|\Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\ResponseFactory|\Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
* @internal param null $resourceKey
*/
protected function responseWithItem($data, $transformer, $includes = [])
{
return Fractal::includes($includes)->item($data, $transformer)->responseJson();
}
protected function responseWithCollection($data, $transformer, $includes = []) {
return Fractal::includes($includes)->collection($data, $transformer)->responseJson();
}
/**
* @param string $msg
* @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
*/
public function responseWithUnAuthentication($msg = '未登录,请登录之后再试')
{
return $this->setState('403')->responseWithError($msg , static::CODE_UN_AUTHENTICATION);
}
/**
* @param string $msg
* @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
*/
public function responseWithUnauthorized($msg = '未授权，请联系管理员之后再试') {
return $this->setState('401')->responseWithError($msg , static::CODE_UNAUTHORIZED);
}
/**
* @param $message
* @param $errorCode
* @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
*/
public function responseWithError($message, $errorCode = self::CODE_ERROR) {
return $this->responseWithArray([
'error' => [
'code' => $errorCode,
'http_code' => $this->state,
'message' => $message
]
]);
}
/**
* @param array $array
* @param array $header
* @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
*/
protected function responseWithArray(array $array, array $header=[]) {
return Response::json($array, $this->state, $header);
}
}
| 21,003 |
https://github.com/booooohdan/wt_versus/blob/master/lib/screens/feedback_screen.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
wt_versus
|
booooohdan
|
Dart
|
Code
| 683 | 2,693 |
import 'dart:io';
import 'package:device_info_plus/device_info_plus.dart';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/services.dart';
import 'package:flutter_gen/gen_l10n/app_localizations.dart';
import 'package:font_awesome_flutter/font_awesome_flutter.dart';
import 'package:in_app_review/in_app_review.dart';
import 'package:package_info_plus/package_info_plus.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';
import 'package:share_plus/share_plus.dart';
import 'package:url_launcher/url_launcher.dart';
import 'package:wt_versus/providers/apple_signin_provider.dart';
import '../providers/google_signin_provider.dart';
import '../utilities/constants.dart';
class FeedbackScreen extends StatefulWidget {
const FeedbackScreen({Key? key}) : super(key: key);
@override
State<FeedbackScreen> createState() => _FeedbackScreenState();
}
class _FeedbackScreenState extends State<FeedbackScreen> {
final InAppReview inAppReview = InAppReview.instance;
String? appName;
String? version;
String? buildNumber;
String? deviceName;
String? deviceOs;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
getPackageInfo();
getDeviceInfo();
}
Future<void> getPackageInfo() async {
final packageInfo = await PackageInfo.fromPlatform();
appName = packageInfo.appName;
version = packageInfo.version;
buildNumber = packageInfo.buildNumber;
setState(() {});
}
Future<void> getDeviceInfo() async {
final DeviceInfoPlugin deviceInfoPlugin = DeviceInfoPlugin();
if (Platform.isAndroid) {
final deviceInfo = await deviceInfoPlugin.androidInfo;
deviceName = '${deviceInfo.brand} ${deviceInfo.model}';
deviceOs = 'Android ${deviceInfo.version.release}';
} else if (Platform.isIOS) {
final deviceInfo = await deviceInfoPlugin.iosInfo;
deviceName = '${deviceInfo.name}';
deviceOs = 'iOS ${deviceInfo.systemVersion}';
}
setState(() {});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
final localizations = AppLocalizations.of(context)!;
final screenSize = MediaQuery.of(context).size;
double tabletScreenWidth = screenSize.width - 40;
if (screenSize.width > 600) {
tabletScreenWidth = 600;
}
return SafeArea(
child: Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: Text(localizations.feedback),
actions: [
Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 13, horizontal: 16),
child: Directionality(
textDirection: TextDirection.rtl,
child: ElevatedButton.icon(
label: Text(
localizations.logout,
style: const TextStyle(color: kTextGreyColor),
),
icon: const Icon(
Icons.logout,
size: 20,
color: kTextGreyColor,
),
onPressed: () {
if (Platform.isAndroid) {
context.read<GoogleSignInProvider>().googleLogOut();
}
if (Platform.isIOS) {
context.read<AppleSignInProvider>().signOutWithApple();
}
},
style: ElevatedButton.styleFrom(primary: kLightGreyColor, splashFactory: NoSplash.splashFactory),
),
),
),
],
),
body: Column(
children: [
Expanded(
flex: 3,
child: Align(
alignment: Alignment.bottomCenter,
child: GestureDetector(
onDoubleTap: () => showDialog(
context: context,
builder: (context) => AlertDialog(
title: const Text('Debug info'),
content: Column(
mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
children: [
const Text('App data', style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold)),
const Divider(),
Text('App Name: $appName'),
Text('Version: $version'),
Text('Build Number: $buildNumber'),
const Divider(),
const Text('Device data', style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold)),
const Divider(),
Text('Device Name: $deviceName'),
Text('Device OS: $deviceOs'),
],
),
actions: [
TextButton(
onPressed: () {
Clipboard.setData(ClipboardData(
text:
'App Name: $appName | Version: $version | Build Number: $buildNumber | Device Name: $deviceName | Device OS: $deviceOs'));
Navigator.of(context).pop();
ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
const SnackBar(
content: Text('Copied to clipboard'),
),
);
},
child: const Text('Copy'),
),
],
)),
child: Image.asset(
'assets/icons/icon.png',
width: 144,
),
),
),
),
Expanded(
flex: 2,
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: [
Text(
'${localizations.version} $version',
style: roboto12greySemiBold,
),
const SizedBox(height: 16),
Container(
padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 0, horizontal: 40),
width: tabletScreenWidth,
child: Text(
localizations.versus_description,
style: roboto12blackMedium,
textAlign: TextAlign.center,
),
)
],
),
),
Expanded(
flex: 3,
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
children: [
SizedBox(
width: tabletScreenWidth,
height: 50,
child: ElevatedButton.icon(
//context: context,
icon: const FaIcon(FontAwesomeIcons.github),
label: Text(localizations.github),
onPressed: () async {
const url = 'https://github.com/booooohdan/flutter_wt_versus/issues';
if (await canLaunch(url)) {
await launch(url);
} else {
ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
const SnackBar(
content: Text('Could not launch $url'),
),
);
}
},
),
),
Container(
width: tabletScreenWidth,
child: Row(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround,
children: [
SizedBox(
width: tabletScreenWidth / 3 - 10,
height: 50,
child: ElevatedButton.icon(
icon: const Icon(Icons.star_border, color: kBlackColor),
label: Text(localizations.rate, style: roboto12blackMedium),
style: ElevatedButton.styleFrom(
primary: kButtonGreyColor,
),
onPressed: () async {
if (await inAppReview.isAvailable()) {
inAppReview.requestReview();
} else {
inAppReview.openStoreListing(appStoreId: '1616758564');
}
},
),
),
SizedBox(
width: tabletScreenWidth / 3 - 10,
height: 50,
child: ElevatedButton.icon(
icon: const Icon(Icons.share_outlined, color: kBlackColor),
label: Text(localizations.share, style: roboto12blackMedium),
style: ElevatedButton.styleFrom(
primary: kButtonGreyColor,
),
onPressed: () {
var url = '';
if (Platform.isAndroid) {
url = 'https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.wave.wtversus';
} else if (Platform.isIOS) {
url = 'https://apps.apple.com/ru/app/thunder-versus/id1616758564';
}
Share.share('Check this cool comparison app for War Thunder: $url');
},
),
),
SizedBox(
width: tabletScreenWidth / 3 - 10,
height: 50,
child: ElevatedButton.icon(
icon: const Icon(Icons.email_outlined, color: kBlackColor),
label: Text(localizations.email, style: roboto12blackMedium),
style: ElevatedButton.styleFrom(
primary: kButtonGreyColor,
),
onPressed: () {
showDialog(
context: context,
builder: (context) => AlertDialog(
title: Text(localizations.warning),
content: Text(localizations.email_description),
actions: [
TextButton(
onPressed: () => Navigator.of(context).pop(),
child: Text(localizations.got_it),
)
],
),
);
},
),
),
],
),
),
ElevatedButton.icon(
icon: const Icon(Icons.policy_outlined, color: kTextGreyColor),
label: Text(localizations.privacy, style: roboto14greyMedium),
style: ElevatedButton.styleFrom(
primary: Colors.white,
),
onPressed: () async {
String url = '';
if (Platform.isAndroid) {
url = 'https://pages.flycricket.io/war-thunder-versus/privacy.html';
} else if (Platform.isIOS) {
url = 'https://pages.flycricket.io/thunder-versus/privacy.html';
}
if (await canLaunch(url)) {
await launch(url);
} else {
ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
SnackBar(
content: Text('Could not launch $url'),
),
);
}
},
),
],
),
),
],
),
),
);
}
}
| 23,115 |
https://github.com/mhvuze/Ryujinx/blob/master/Ryujinx.Input/Motion/CemuHook/Protocol/ControllerInfo.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LGPL-3.0-only, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,021 |
Ryujinx
|
mhvuze
|
C#
|
Code
| 43 | 154 |
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
namespace Ryujinx.Input.Motion.CemuHook.Protocol
{
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
public struct ControllerInfoResponse
{
public SharedResponse Shared;
private byte _zero;
}
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
public struct ControllerInfoRequest
{
public MessageType Type;
public int PortsCount;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst = 4)]
public byte[] PortIndices;
}
}
| 44,457 |
https://github.com/jzwood/the-blockchain-buddies-market/blob/master/src/assets/_getSprites.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
the-blockchain-buddies-market
|
jzwood
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 24 | 61 |
import druidImagePath from '../assets/druid.png'
import romanImagePath from '../assets/roman.png'
/*
* as more assets are created import them here
* */
export default [romanImagePath, druidImagePath]
| 32,998 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20875750
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
David Nehme, Shai, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14167, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1714410, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2648831, oMiD
|
English
|
Spoken
| 907 | 1,611 |
Weird result of CPLEX "cplexmilp" function in MATLAB
According to my previous question, I want to optimize an objective function using binary integer linear programming (all of variables are binary) as follows:
Minimize f = (c1*x1) + (c2*x2) + MAX((c3*x3),(c4*x4)) + (c5*x5)
Subject to: some equality and inequality constraints
For MAX operator, I used auxiliary variable x6 and added x6>=(c3*x3) and x6>=(c4*x4) constraints to the problem so the problem turn into:
Minimize f = (c1*x1) + (c2*x2) + x6 + (c5*x5), with added constraints.
I used CPLEX API for MATLAB to optimize the objective function.
Because all of variables are binary except one ((x6) which is continuous) and coefficients have double values, the problem turn into mixed integer linear programming so I used cplexmilp function with this configuration:
Variable types: ctype='BBBBBC' ( B:Binary, C:Continuous)
Lower Bounds: lb=[0 0 0 0 0 0]
Upper Bounds: ub=[0 0 0 0 0 inf]
Function Call:
[fval] = cplexmilp(f, Aineq, bineq, Aeq, beq,[],[],[],lb,ub,ctype)
but sometimes in the results I see x3 and x4 have continuous values(between 0 and 1) and x3+x4=1.
So my questions are:
Can any one tell me what's wrong with x3 and x4?
Is there a solution for not using auxiliary variable and solving this optimization problem with cplexbilp ?
Thanks in advance
[UPDATE]:
One parts of my code had logical errors which I fixed them, now in all cases which x3 and x4 are not binary we have x3*(1-x3)< 10^(-5), x4*(1-x4)< 10^(-5) and x3+x4=1, so @David Nehme were right (according to his useful comment), but my second question still remains here!
what values are you getting for x3 and x4? How far are they away from 0 or 1?
@DavidNehme, I edited my question, short answer to your question is x3 and x4 are always between 0 and 1 and x3+x4=1.
To be more precise, are x3 * (1-x3) and x4 * (1-x4) less than 10^-5?. CPLEX has a tolerance for what it considers to be an integer.
@DavidNehme, some times yes, but I saw cases that x3=0.28 and x4=0.72. Thanks for attention.
@oMiD What is your f? it seems like x3 and x4 are confused with x6.
@oMiD can you post your entire problem, constraints and all so one may be able to reproduce your results?
@shai, I defined f in the post, in the result we expect to see 0 or 1 values for x1,x2,x3,x4,x5 and x6=max(c3x3+c4x4).
@shai, the problem size is very large but I try to make it small enough to represent here!
David's solution shows you why your formulation has become linearized but non-binary. You could also try printing out the problem in LP or MPS format to see all the resulting constraints.
You asked about a formulation that continues to be purely binary. Here's one way to do that:
Transforming this to a purely binary formulation
Here's a way to keep the problem with Max() also binary. It involves additional aux. variables, but it is relatively straight-forward once you apply the standard if-then IP tricks.
First, let's list out the four possible cases in a simple table, and see what values the max() term can take. These cases are mutually exclusive.
x3 | x4 | max (c3.x4, c4.x3)
-------------------------------
0 | 0 | 0
1 | 0 | c3
0 | 1 | c4
1 | 1 | max(c3, c4) - a constant
Now, let C34 be the max(c3, c4). Note that C34 is a number, not a variable in the problem. We need this for the new Objective function.
Introducing new binary variables
For each of the four cases above, let's introduce an auxiliary BINARY variable. For clarity, call them y0, y3, y4, y34.
Only one of the cases in the table above can hold, so we add:
y0 + y3 + y4 + y34 = 1
yi are BINARY
Now, all that remains is to add linking constraints that ensure:
If x3=0 AND x4=0 then y0=1
If x3=1 AND x4=0 then y3=1
If x3=0 AND x4=1 then y4=1
If x3=1 AND x4=1 then y34=1
We can ensure that by adding a pair of linear constraints for each of the conditions above.
2 y0 <= (1- x3) + (1 -x4)
(1-x3) + (1-x4) <= y0 + 1
2 y3 <= x3 + (1-x4)
x3+(1-x4) <= y3 + 1
2 y4 <= x4 + (1-x3)
x4+(1-x3) <= y4 + 1
2 y34 <= x3 + x4
x3+x4 <= y34 + 1
The new objective function now becomes:
Minimize f = (c1*x1) + (c2*x2) + (c5*x5) + 0*Y0 + C3*Y3 + C4*Y4 + C34*Y34
Notice that we don't have the Max() term anymore in the objective function. And all x and y variables are binary. All your original constraints plus the new ones above (8+1 = 9 of them) should be included. Once you do that, you can use cplexbilp because it is a pure BILP problem.
Hope that helps.
In your case, the auxiliary variable x6 is needed because the "MAX" function is not linear (it has a discontinuous gradient where c3*x3 == c4*x4). By adding the additional variable and constraints you are creating a linear version of the problem with a solution that is equivalent to your original nonlinear problem. The trade-off is that if c3 or c4 have a value other than 0 or 1, then your problem is not a pure binary problem. That is a very good trade-off, especially if you are using a good MIP solver.
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Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen
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Steht es denn so über allen Zweifel fest, dass Madeleine wirklich Moliere's Geliebte gewesen, oder lassen sich nicht viel- mehr einige Thatsachen anführen, die uns wenigstens daran zu zweifeln gestatten? Aus den zeitgenössischen Quellen lässt sich nur soviel mit Sicherheit entnehmen, dass Moliere aus Liebe zu einer Bejart bewogen sei, die Bühne zu betreten, und wenn die zeitgenös- sischen Quellen auch annehmen, dass diese Bejart Madeleine gewesen, so ist die Ungenauigkeit gerade dieser Quellen zu be- kannt, als dass nicht ein Zweifel an ihre .Richtigkeit gestattet wäre. Von einer Quelle — Tallemant des Reaux — wissen wir genau, dass sie sich in der Person getäuscht, indem sie Madeleine mit Moliere's späterer Frau Armande verwechselt, und ausserdem wissen wir heutzutage genau, dass, als Moliere die Bekanntschaft der Familie Bejart machte, neben Madeleine auch ihre jüngere Schwester Genevieve bei der Truppe war, welche aber bis auf BefFara allen Biographen Moliere's voll- ständig unbekannt geblieben ist. Erwägt man nun, dass, als Moliere die Familie Bejart kennen lernte, Genevieve 19 Som- mer zählte, Madeleine dagegen 27 Jahre alt war, dass Made- leine, wie sie selbst charakteristisch geäussert, nur Grafen und Barone ihres näheren Umgangs würdigte, sich also gewiss wenig zu dem äusserlich kaum einnehmenden und in dürftigen Verhältnissen lebenden Moliere hingezogen gefühlt haben wird, *> Seines Eracbtens wird Moliere's reiner Charakter nicht dadurch be- fleckt, dass er, dem Drange seines Herzens folgend, zur Gattin die Tochter derjenigen i/rau nahm, die 15 Jahre vorher seine Geliebte gewesen war (I). S. Paul Lindau : Moliere, S. 40. Digitized b Moliere -Studien. 175 • so lässt sich annehmen, dass Madeleine um so weniger Nei- gung gehabt haben kann, mit Moliere in ein Liebeeverhältniss zu treten, als es gerade in die Zeit fiel, wo sie die Rück- kehr ihres Geliebten, des Grafen von Modena, und die Heirath mit ihm erhoffte, ihr also das Anknüpfen eines öffentlichen Ver- hältnisses mit Moliere, einem Mitgliede ihrer Truppe, gewiss nicht wünschenswerth erscheinen konnte. Diese Annahme gewinnt an Wahrscheinlichkeit und dient zugleich zur Illustration der Ungenauigkeit der zeitgenössischen Quellen, als dieselben wiederum übereinstimmend melden, dass von Seiten Madeleine's der Ehe Moliere's mit Armande Hinder- nisse entgegengestellt seien, während auch hier nur das richtig ist, dass Schwierigkeiten erhoben worden sind , welche aber aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach nicht von Madeleine, sondern von Genevieve erhoben wurden. Denn dass sie von Madeleine nicht erhoben werden konnten, folgt schon daraus, dass sie so- wohl den bürgerlichen Ehecontract mit unterzeichnet, wie auch der einen Monat später folgenden kirchlichen Trauung bei- wohnte; ferner dass sie unzweifelhaft diejenige war, welche Armande in so reicher Weise augstattete. Dürfen wir hier be- stimmt annehmen, dass die Zeitgenossen Madeleine mit Ge- nevieve verwechselt haben, so dürfen wir vielleicht auch auf den ersten Fall diesen Rückschlues wagen; denn war sie die Geliebte Moliere's, so war nichts natürlicher, als dass seine Heirath sie schmerzlich berühren musste, und hiermit stimmt auch überein, dass sie allein von allen Verwandten sowohl von der bürgerlichen wie von der kirchlichen Trauung fern blieb, ja dass sie alle Bewerbungen um ihre Hand ausschlug und erst, als Moliere 6ich verheirathet hatte, in ihrem 40. Jahre eine Ehe einging. Spricht also Manches dafür, dass aus den Berichten der Zeitgenossen nur soviel feststeht, dass Moliere sich in eine Bejart verliebt habe, so ist auch die Möglichkeit, dass dies Genevieve gewesen sei, nicht gänzlich ausgeschlossen. Wäre dies wirklich der Fall , so würde damit das Ver- letzende, welches in der Heirath Moliere's mit Armande Bejart, der Tochter Madeleine's, liegt, hinwegfallen ; und bei der Ehr- lichkeit des Charakters und der Lauterkeit der Gesinnungen, Digitized by Google 17G Molicre- Studien. welche den Dichter sonst auszeichneten, Factoren, die wir in dieser ganzen Frage noch gar nicht in Betracht gezogen haben, Iä88t sich annehmen, dass, indem Moliere Armande zum Weibe nahm, er einen Schritt that, der der Reinheit und Lauterkeit, die ihn in den übrigen Handlungen seines Lebens auszeichneten, in keiner Weise Eintrag thut. Dresden. Dr. Scheffler, Priv.-Doc. f. franz. Spr. u. Lit. a. K. Polytechnikum. uiquizea Dy Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. • Von Hermann Isaac. IV. 18. (CXLII.) Dieses Sonett hat mit dem 6. (CXLIII.) denselben Gegen- stand; es ist gewisserinassen eine Erläuterung desselben, inso- fern es die beiden zu Grunde liegende Situation deutlich aus- malt. — Die Geliebte hat sich von dem Dichter abgewandt; um nun ihre Erkaltung zu entschuldigen, beruft sie sich auf die Ungesetzlichkeit ihres beiderseitigen Verhältnisses, während sie doch, nach des Dichters Ansicht, darauf ausgeht, ein neues, gleich ungesetzliches wiederanzuknüpfen. Der Dichter bringt der Geliebten zum Bewusstsein, dnss sie nicht das Recht habe, ihn einer Sünde zu zeihen, die sie selbst begangen hat und weiter begehen will. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wird nun wieder und diesmal in der unzweideutigsten Weise auf ihren beider- seitigen Ehebruch angespielt (Vers 7. 8). Damit lehnt es sich dann inhaltlich an S. 11 (CL1I) an, von dem es durch den weniger leidenschaftlichen Ton verschieden ist. Es ist, wie Dieses, Eins der persönlichsten und unschmackhaftesten Sonette und dürfte mit ihm wohl nach Lösung des Verhältnisses oder kurz vorher verfasst sein. In unserer Auffassung wollen wir uns nicht zu peinlich an den 'Wortlaut halten und nicht etwa glauben, dass ein im Archiv f. n. Sprechen. LXI. 12 Digitized by Google 178 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. überquellenden Gefühl des Augenblicke ausgesprochener Wunsch die thatsächliche und ernstliche Absicht des Dichters gewesen wäre, deren Verwirklichung er angestrebt. Wir wollen nicht sagen: Shakspere bittet seine bisherige Geliebte, die einen Andern in ihre Netze zu ziehen sucht, nebenbei auch ihm ihre Gunst zu Theil werden zu lassen. Wir wollen Das für unmöglich halten, so lange wir nicht gezwungen sind, es zu glauben, so lange eine mildere und edlere Auf- fassung möglich ist. Wir wollen daher lieber annehmen, dass er dieses Sonett wie das 6. (CXLUI.) in einem schwachen Augenblicke, als das Bild des verführerischen Weibes ihm leb- haft vor die Seele trat, und 6eine alte Liebe zu ihr besonders mächtig wurde, hinwarf, ohne dass er darum die Gefühle, welche ihm die momentane Stimmung eingab, zur Richtschnur seines Handelns gemacht hätte. Es ist nicht recht einzusehen, weshalb Bodenstedt 6 (CXLIII) und 18 (CXLII) nicht zusammen stehen lässt, wie sie es in der Quarto und auch bei neueren Ordnern, z. B. Massey , thun. Es ist durchgängige Sitte der Sonett - Ordner, die inhaltlich zusammengehörigen Sonette zusammenzustellen, wie sich Das aus meiner Sammlung stofflich übereinstimmender Sonette (Bd. LX, pg. 34 des Archivs) ergiebt. Es ist ja auch vollkommen natürlich, dass ein Dichter, der einen und den- selben Gedanken in mehreren Sonetten behandelt, sie nicht in grösseren Zwischenräumen gedichtet haben wird. Bei der geringen Harmlosigkeit dieses Sonetts kann man den Bemühungen H. Brown's eine gewisse lächelnde Aner- kennung nicht versagen, dessen kindliche Seele und für Ent- deckung von Allegorien so glücklich beanlagtes Auffassungs- vermögen auch hier den Dichter in vollkommenster Reinheit bestehen lässt. Nach ihm haben die Lippen der Geliebten „disgraced their scarlet hue by seducing the friend , who is married to his (Shakspere's) Muse .... Though the poet knows the mistress virtuoüs, he proves her not so, since she detains, like a thief, — v. 13 — the friend froni the Muse's garden, aud prevents the flowers of fancy springing from her beds to the beloved's honour." Digitized by LjOQQle Zu den Sonetten Shakspere'a. 179 Auch hier ist es mit Rücksicht auf Mass ey 's Hypothese interessant, an das 14. Sonett Sidney's zu erinnern, das wirklich an Lady Rieh gerichtet wurde. Die Situation ist die- selbe, sie weist seine Bewerbungen als sündig zurück: saying that Desire Doth plunge my wel-form'd soule even in the raire Of sinfull thoughts, which do in ruin end. Darauf erwidert der Dichter: If that be sin which in fixt hearts doth breed A loathing of all loose unchastitie, Then love is sin, and let nie sinfull be. Der Ton ist, wie wir sehen, merklich verschieden. Beide Auffassungen, sowohl die allegorische H. Brown's, wie die dramatische Massey's, können wenig überzeugen; aber ich muss offen bekennen, dass sie bei solchen Sonetten, wie Dieses, mir doch noch mehr Wahrscheinlichkeit für sich zu haben scheinen als die fictive. Ich weiss in der That nicht, wie man erklären will , dass Shakspere eine der unwürdigsten Situationen sich ausgedacht und sie nicht in einem, sondern in einer ganzen Reihe von Gedichten behandelt haben sollte — und nicht Das allein: dass er auch noch in diese seltsame poetische Erfindung ohne Scheu Beziehungen verflochten haben sollte, die seine Leser nothwendig auf seine eigne Person an- wenden mussten. Man darf doch eben nicht vergessen, dass, wenn mit diesen Sonetten eine ähnlich objective Dichtung, wie mit „Venus and Adonis u und „Lucrece", von ihm beabsichtigt wurde, Das doch nur mit dem Hinblick auf ihre Veröffentlichung geschehen konnte. Im Einzelnen muss ich hier wieder gegen die extravagante Auffassung einiger Verse protestiren, die sich in der gelesensten Uebersetzung findet. Bei Bodenstedt lauten V. 5—10: (Ich bin nicht tadelnswerth — ) Und wenn — nicht tadelnswerth durch Deinen Mund, Der seiner Lippen Scharlachschmuck entweiht So oft als meiner, durch manch' falschen Bund Gelockert fremden Ehbunds Heiligkeit. 12* Digitiz 180 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. Ich liebe so erlaubt Dich wie Du jene, Die Du verbuhlt von ihrer Pflicht entferntest. Diese Verse erwecken den Eindruck, als ob sowohl der Dichter wie seine Geliebte sich aus der Störung fremder Ehen ein Geschäft gemacht hätten. Das ist ein arges Missverständ- niss, das darauf beruht, dass Bodenstedt V. 6 — 8 mit V. 9. 10 in einen inneren Zusammenhang gebracht hat, den sie nach dem Texte keineswegs zu haben brauchen und auch sicher- lich nicht haben. In sämmtlichen übrigen Uebersetzungen, welche die Stelle wörtlicher wiedergeben, ist die Möglichkeit dieser Auffassung ferngehalten. Shakspere sagt: Or, if it do, not from those lips of thine, That have profan'd their scarlet Ornaments*) Andseal'd false bondsoflove as oft as mine**), Robb'd o t h e r 8 ' beds' revenues of their rents. *) Malone citirt zu diesem Verse aus Edward III. (1596): when she grew pale, Iiis cheeks put on their scarlet Ornaments. **) Dasselbe Bild finriet sich recht häufig, besonders in den früheren Dichtungen. So bezeichnet Polonius Hamlet's Liebesschwüre als: ßreatbing like sanctilied and pious bonds The better to beguile. H. I, 3, 130. O, ten times faster Venus' pigeons fly To seal love's bonds new made, tban they are wont To keep obliged faith unforfeited M. V. II, 6, 5. Pure lips, sweet seals in my soft lips imprinted, Whnt bargain may I make, still to be sealing? To seil myself, I can be well contented, So thou wilt buy, and pay, and use good dealing; Whicb purchase if thou make, for fear of slips Set thy seal-manual on my wax-red lips. V. A. 511. Upon thy cheek lay I this zealous kiss As seal to this indenture of my love. (Oestreich zu Arthur, Sohn des Richard Löwenherz.) K. J. II, 19. and lips, O you The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss A dateless bargain to engrossing death. (Romeo im Grabgewölbe.) Ro. V, 3, 113. Go to, a bargain made: seal it, seal it; 1*11 be the witness. (Pandarus nach den gegenseitigen Liebesver- Tr. Cr. III, 2, 200. Sicherungen des Troilus und der Cressida.) And seal the bargain with a holy kiss (Julia zu Proteus.) T. G. II, 2, 7. „Küsse" werden ferner „Siegel" genannt Per. II, 5, 85; 2 H. VI, III, 2, 343; 3 H. VI, V, 7, 28; T. 8h. III, 2, 123; M. f. M. IV, 1, 5. Digitized by Google Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 181 Be it lawfui I love thee, as thou lov'st thoee Whom thine eyes woo, as mine importnne thee. Der Sinn ist Dieser: Deine und meine Lippen haben zusammen manchen ungesetzlichen oder unehrlichen Liebes- Contract (false bonds of love) unterzeichnet, der die Zinsen (revenues of rents) eines geschuldeten Capitals, d. h. die ehe- liche Liebe und Treue, resp. die Früchte derselben als Zinsen für die eingegangene eheliche Verbindlichkeit — nicht den rechtmässigen Besitzern desselben — unseren beiderseitigen Ehegenossen — zuwies, sondern unberechtigten Dritten — Dir und mir — und Jene also ihres pflichtmässigen Einkommens beraubte*). Wahrscheinlich ist dieser Irrthum veranlasst worden durch die Worte „as thou lov'st those" im folgenden Verse, hiermit sind aber doch gewiss nicht wirkliche Liebesverhältnisse, sondern nur die Liebeleien, Koketterien der Geliebten bezeichnet, wenn auch der Dichter vielleicht ein ganz bestimmtes Verhält- niss im Sinne gehabt hat. Ich glaube, nicht bloss für die persönliche, sondern auch für die fictive Auffassung ist eine vorsichtige Erklärung solcher Sonette geboten: denn je unreinlicher die Gegenstände sind, *) Besondere Schwierigkeiten hat der 8. Vers gemacht. Die Quarto giebt ihn: Robb'd others' beds revenues of their rents. Ihr folgten die älteren Herausgeber, wie Malone, und nach ihm Collier (Works of W. Shakespeare. London, J842— 44, Vol. VIII) und Hazlitt (Supplementary Works of W. Shakespeare. London, 1865). Sie nehmen nach „rob" ein doppeltes Accusativ-Object an („others' beds" und „revenues of their rents"). Da indessen diese Construction nirgend sonst bei Sbakspere vorkommt (s. Sbakspere-Lexicon), so apostrophirte Knipht „beds'", welche Lesart die hervorragendsten neueren Ausgaben, Cambridge, Globe-Edd., Dyce, Delius aeeeptirten. Dadurch ist aber eine Erklärung der Stelle be- günstigt worden , die keineswegs unantastbar ist. Nach Delius und dem fehakspere-Lexicon, die Beide die gewöhnliche Construction von „rob* (ein Accusativ-Object „other»' beds' revenues" und ein Genitiv- Objcct „of their rents") vor sich zu haben glauben, müsste man übersetzen „du hast das Einkommen fremder Betten ihrer Zinsen beraubt". Wie ist das zu ver- stehen? Zinsen und Einkommen sind doch Eins: das Einkommen besteht in den Zinsen entweder eines materiellen oder eines Arbeits - Capitals. — Deshalb muss man meines Erachtens „revenues of their rents" als einen Begriff fassin und mit Lachmann durch „Zinsertrag" übersetzen. Störend ist allerdings auch hier noch das „their", man würde „revenues of rents" erwarten. Zwei ältere Conjecturen „beds, revenues" (Sewell) und „bed- revenues" (Capell MS.) haben keinen Anklang gefunden. 4 182 Zu den Sonetten Shakspcre's. die der Dichter fingirt, desto weniger rein muss auch seine Phantasie zu einer bestimmten Zeit gewesen sein*). Bodenstedts und Gildemeister's Uebesetzungen sind beide recht gelungen ; da die letztere indessen auch fehler- los ist, so ist sie vorzuziehen. 9 19. (LXXV.) Der Inhalt dieses Gedichtes lässt sich in dem einen Worte „Liebe" zusammenfassen. Es ist als Liebes-Sonett ein unüber- treffliches Muster seiner Gattung und ebenbürtig dem Besten, was über dieses unerschöpfliche, ewige Thema je gesungen worden ist. Hätte Goethe die natürliche, nackte Schönheit seines Volksliedchens „Freudvoll und leidvoll" mit dem prächtigen Sonetten-Gewande bedeckt, es müsste sich ungefähr so ausge- nommen haben, wie dieses Shakspere'sche Gedicht. Es ist darin, wie in jeder echten Lyrik, nichts Seltenes, Gesuchtes, es ist das alte Thema von „dem lieben leide", das schon unser Altmeister in der Liebeskunst, Gottfried von Strass- burg, so erschöpfend behandelt hat. Und ganz besonders passen auf dieses Sonett Shakspere's eigene Worte, die man als Motto der überwiegenden Mehrzahl seiner lyrischen Producte vor- setzen könnte: Was ist so arm an Neuheit mein Gedicht, Statt wechselnd nach der Mode sich zu schmücken ? Warum versuch ich's wie die Andern nicht Prunkvoll, gespreizt und neu mich auszudrücken? Mein Bestes neu in alte Worte bring' ich, Stets wiedergebend, was schon längst gegeben, Denn wie der Sonne Auf- und Untergang, Alt und doch täglich neu ist mein Gesang. 81. (LXXVL) *) Das Vers 11 und 12 gebrauchte Bild von der Mitleids-- Pflanze" findet sich auch bei Wvatt (Kd. Nott, pg. 82, Odes) : Do you, my tears, also So wet her barren heart, That pity there may grow And cruelty depart. Am Schönsten sind die Verse übersetzt von Jordan: Das Mitleid lass in deinem Herzen spriessen, Dann pflückst du selber einst des Mitleids Frucht. Digitized by Google Zu den Sonetten Shakepere's. 183 Nach Massey ist dieses Sonett an Miss Vernon gerichtet in jener Zeit, als Southampton von der Azoren - Expedition zurückgekehrt und zur Versöhnung gestimmt ist (s. die einlei- tende Abhandlung). Er stimmt also mit Kreyssig, Boden- stedt, sowie mit jenem englischen Anonymus*) darin über- ein, dass wir hier ein Liebe6- und kein Freundschafts - Sonett vor uns haben. Es bedarf wohl auch kaum der allerdings recht treffenden Bemerkung Massey's, dass das Zeitalter der Königin Elisabeth kein männerstehlendes **) gewesen sei, um — wenn überhaupt eine bestimmte Person — eine Frau als Adressatin anzunehmen. Der ganze Ton würde, wie bei S. 12 (CXXXVII), für ein Freundschafts-Sonett von unangenehmer Zärtlichkeit ***) sein , und es wäre ja geradezu thöricht, ohne jede zwingende Veranlassung uns dieses herrlichen Liebes-Sonetts zu berauben. Der Interpretation bieten folgende Verse Schwierigkeiten: For the peace of you I hold such strife. Malone meint, „peace" sei nur des Gegensatzes wegen zu „strife" da, eigentlich müsste man „for the price" oder „for the sake of you" erwarten. Delius und Kreyssig schliessen sich ihm an. Dieser Auffassung gegenüber, nach der Shakspere ein Wort, das an und für sich keinen Sinn giebt, dennoch ge- braucht haben soll, um eine Antithese zu Stande zu bringen, findet Massey (pg. 450 f.) gerade in dem „peace" eine sehr ausdrucksvolle Beziehung auf das Verhältniss zwischen South- ampton und Miss Vernon. Der Sinn soll dann sein, dass Southampton seine Liebesqualen nur erduldet, um ihren Frieden zu wahren , der also wohl von der Königin bedroht erscheint, wenn seine Liebe sich offen zeigen sollte. Diese recht hübsche *) Sonnets of Shakspere rearranged etc. London 1859. **) Doubting the filching age will steal his treasure. ***) Man könnte hier einwerfen, dass auch in den offenkundigen Freund- schafts-Sonetten eine Zärtlichkeit vorkommt, wie sie in unserer Zeit Männern gegenüber unerhört sein würde. Das ist nicht zu bestreiten. Indessen giebt es doch einen natürlichen Unterschied zwischen der Zärtlichkeit dem Freunde und der der Geliebten gegenüber, der in der Art, wie die Sinn- lichkeit daran betheiligt ist, liegt. Die eingehendere Begründung dieses Unterschiedes gehört in die Behandlung der Freundschafts -Sonette. Hier muss der Hinweis genügen, dass in den als Liebesgedichte aufgestellten So- netten Nichts enthalten sei, was den Aeu&serungen dieser Art von Liebe widerspreche. Digitized by Google I$4 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. Erklärung ist nun aber doch nicht bloss auf jenes Verhältniss anwendbar, sondern auf jedes andere, das sich nicht frei zeigen darf; sei es dass Shakspere selbst der Liebhaber ist — zu welcher Annahme kein kritisch ausreichender Grund vorliegt, wenn auch die Wärme des Tones und die unmittelbar aus der Fülle des Herzens strömende Poesie des Gedichtes sie nahe legt — oder dass er dichterisch objectiv die qualvolle Seligkeit einer im Verborgenen blühenden Liebe schildert. Danach hätte denn Bodenstedt Recht, wenn er übersetzt: Um deine Ruh' ist in mir Kampf und Schwanken. Noch eine andere Auffassung wird durch die Worte „peace" und „strife" an die Hand gegeben. Man könnte an den Liebes- krieg denken, von dem bei Petrarca*) und Spenser**) so häufig, und auch bei allen übrigen Sonettisten, die Rede ist. Dieser Krieg wird gefuhrt zwischen dem Liebhaber und der Geliebten, so lange die Letztere seinen Bewerbungen noch nicht nachgegeben hat ; der Friede zwischen Beiden wird abgeschlossen durch die Erhörung des Werbenden. Andererseits bezeichnet Krieg auch die inneren Kämpfe und Schmerzen, die ein nicht erhörter Liebhaber auszustehen hat. In diesem Sinne könnte es hier gebraucht sein: „Um zum Frieden mit Dir zu gelangen, führen meine Gefühle einen solchen Krieg..."***) Schwierig- keiten macht hier das „peace of you", eine Art von objectivem Genitiv, für die ich weder im Shakspere- Lexicon, noch bei Abbot (Shakespearian Grammar), Mätzner oder Koch ein wei- teres Beispiel habe auffinden können. — Gegen diese Auffas- sung Hesse sich ferner geltend machen, dass das Gedicht durch dieses abgeschmackte und abgebrauchte Bild an Schönheit nicht gewänne. *) Th. I, Son. 26. 65. 71. 89. 90. 91. 99. 166; Ballade 6. **) Amoretti, Son. 10. 11. 12. 14. 57. Eine besonders lebhafte alle- gorische Schilderung dieses Liebeskrieges in einem bis ins Einzelne aus- geführten Schlachtenbilde finden wir in einer Ode von Lord Vaux' „The Assault of Cupid upon the Fort, where the Lover's heart lay wounded, and how he was taken" (Ellis, Specimens of Early English Poets IT, 82). ***) Das Shakspere -Lexicon giebt als Erklärung von „peace: state of reconciliation." „Um Ruh' mit dir muss ich den Kampf beginnen", heisst der Vers in der recht gewandten Uebersetzung der Sonette von B. Tschisch- witz (Halle 1870). Digitized by Google Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 185 7. Now counting best to be with you alone, Then better'd that the world may see my pleasure. Delius erklärt dieses better'd; „Dann fühle ich mich da- durch in einer günstigeren Lage, dass." Hierbei hat „better" eine ganz eigenthümliche Bedeutung, während es sonst ent- weder „besser machen" oder „übertreffen" heisst (s. Shakspere- Lexicon); es wird „counting myself" für „counting" ergänzt und „that" mit „dadurch dass" übersetzt. Nicht so ge- zwungen ist die Erklärung des Shakspere-Lexicons : es ergänzt nur „counting" und übersetzt „better'd" mit „improved" oder „surpassed", also „counting this best bettered"*). Auch hier würde „that" einen Instrumentalsatz einleiten, ein Gebrauch, der dem causalen (= because) zwar nahe kommt, aber sich sonst schwer nachweisen lassen wird (vergl. Abbot und Shak- spere-Lexicon unter „that"). Dem scheint auch das Hilfsverbum „may" zu widersprechen, dass am Natürlichsten hier doch den- selben Wunschsatz bezeichnet, den wir in V. 7 in verkürzter Form als Infinitiv finden. Jede Schwierigkeit der Construction würde gehoben sein, wenn wir — und ich glaube, wir thäten dem Gedichte einen Gefallen damit — statt „better'd" einfach „better" lesen wollten**). Vergleich Shakspere's mit Vorgängern und Zeit- genossen. Es dürfte wenige lyrische Dichter geben, die nicht einmal von den süssen Qualen der Liebe gesungen hätten, wenn sie auch nicht Alle diesem Gegenstande ein besonderes Gedicht gewidmet haben. Gerade bei den italienischen und englischen Sonettisten aber finden wir eine Anzahl Gedichte, die speciell dieses Thema behandeln. Ein Vergleich zwischen ihren Lei- *) Wie V. A. 78: „her best is better'd." Vergl. auch S. CXIX: „better is by evil still made better", und S. XCI: „All these I better in one general best". **) Der Vergleich der im Herzen gehegten Liebe oder des geliebten Gegenstandes mit einem Schatze, der vor Dieben bewahrt werden muss, ist häufig bei Shakspere: S. 48. 20. 29. 52. 87. 126; V. A. 1022; T. Sh. I, 2, 118; II, 32; 2 Ii. VI, III, 2, S82, L. 17; M. W. III, 4, 17; AU's W. IT, 5, 84; Oth. II, 1, 88; III, 3, 173. — Die Antithese des Vers 13 findet sich auch V. A. 544: die Lippen der Venus „surfeit, and complain on drouth". 18C Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's, stungen und Der Shaksperc's ist daher vielleicht nicht uninter- essant und jedenfalls wichtig Air seine Würdigung als lyrischer Dichter. Wir werden in diesem, wie in allen ähnlichen Fällen wahrnehmen, das 8 Shakspere auch als Lyriker auf einsamer Höhe steht. Hören wir zunächst, wie der älteste bedeutende italienische Dichter, Dante, den Kampf der Empfindungen in verliebten Herzen poetisch gestaltet*); Wie oft ich wein' und lach' in einem Tage, Ich jauchz' und traurig bin, lässt sich nicht zählen. Verlässt sie mich, so fühl' ich mich entseelen, Kaum weiss ich, wie ich meinen Gram dann trage. Kehrt sie zurück, so schweigt jedwede Klage, Ich sing' und juble, kann mein Glück nicht hehlen ; Doch bald ist sie beeilt sich fortzustehlen, Worauf ich laut in Thränen wieder klage. So ist der Zwiespalt über mich gekommen, Dass längst der Schlaf von meinen Nächten wich, Und meinen Tagen ist die Ruh* genommen. Amor! erbarme meiner Qualen dich! Gib Tod, gib Leben ! — Beides ist willkommen, Doch dieses Schwanken, es vernichtet mich. Obgleich die Reflexion, aus der die lyrischen Producte Dante's, nach seinem eigenen Bekenntniss in der „Vita nuova", hervorzugehen pflegten, in diesem Gedichte weniger offenkundig zu Tage tritt, verspüren wir doch auch hier denselben kalten Hauch, der uns aus der überwiegenden Mehrzahl seiner Sonette entgegenweht. Es ist jedenfalls kein Gedicht von besonderem poetischen Werth. Wenden wir uns zu Petrarca, so sind wir genöthigt folgende Expectoration über dieses Thema zu verzeichnen (Th. I, Son. 90): Mich floh der Friede, floh die Kraft zum Kriege; Ich lodre, bin ein Eis, frohlock' und bange; Lieg' tief im Staub, wenn himmelhoch ich fliege, Und fasse nichts, wenn ich das All umfange. *) Lyrische Gedichte, übersetzt und erklärt von K. L. Kannegiesser und K. Witte (Th. 1, Son. 49). Ausgew. Bibliothek der Classiker des Aus- landes. Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1842. Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 187 Sie löst und schliesst das Band nicht, dran ich liege; Will mich nicht freund, noch frei vom Fesselzwange; Nicht tödtet Liebe, schont nicht nach dem Siege, Lässt leben nicht, noch fliehen aus dem Drange. Ohn' Auge seh ich, schrei mit stummem Munde; Nach Rettung ruf ich, ach, und will mich morden, In fremder Lieb', in eignem Hass entglommen. Ich lache weinend, schwelg* an Qual und Wunde: Tod ist und Leben gleiche Pein mir worden ; Herrin, dahin bin ich durch dich gekommen. Wir sehen, es ist kein Gedicht — es sind 14 fünffüssigc gereimte Jamben, ausgefüllt mit 17 Antithesen*). — Dass ein Dichter, wie Petrarca, den Widerstreit liebender Gefühle nicht tief empfunden haben, dass es nicht auch ein poetischer Drang gewesen sein könnte, der ihn zu der Schöpfung dieses Ge- dichtes getrieben: wird Niemand behaupten wollen, der seine, verhältnissmässig allerdings nicht sehr zahlreichen, guten Lei- stungen kennt. Dieses Mal aber, als er an die Gestaltung seiner Empfindungen ging, haben ihn seine provencalischen Vorbilder so vollkommen beherrscht, ist sein Kop' t f so vor- wiegend in Anspruch genommen gewesen von dem Streben, in antithetisch-künstelnder Form das Menschenmögliche zu leisten, dass die tiefe, warme Empfindung, die das Hauptagens bei lyrischen Compositionen sein sollte, zurückgedrängt oder vielmehr — eben in der Form — untergegangen ist. Und so ist ein Gedicht entstanden, das als Künstelei ausserordentlich, als Kunstwerk werthlos ist. Es ist kein Wunder, dass die jugendliche englische Muse des 16. Jahrhunderts, die bei der italienischen in die Schule *) Man vergleiche mit diesem Sonett das, was Romeo über die Liebe sagt: Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O any thing, of nothing first create! O heavy ligntness! senous vanity! Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I. that feel no love in this. Ro. I, 1, 182. Es ist wohl kennzeichnend für das gegenseitige Alters- Vcrhaltniss dieses Drnnins (in erster Redaction) auf der einen und Lovb's Labours Lost und Sonett L\XV auf der andern Seite, wenn Shakspere in dem ersteren noch ganz in der italienischen Manier befangen erscheint, wahrend er sie in dein letzteren verspottet und in diesem Sonett sich darüber erhebt. Digitized by Google 188 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. ging, Allee auf Treu* und Glauben als echt hinnahm, was Jene darfiir ausgab. So hat Wyatt dieses Sonett schön genug gefunden, um es ins Englische zu übersetzen. („I find no peace, and all my war is done." Nott. pg. 9.)*) Er hat dann in zwei weiteren Oden dasselbe Thema mit selbstständiger Geschmack- losigkeit behandelt („Such hap, as I am happened in", pg. 171 „To cause accord or to agree", pg. 79). Bei der Leetüre seiner Gedichte drängt sich uns das Gefühl auf, dass er Weniges aus poetischem Drange gedichtet habe, sehr Vieles aber aus kind- licher Freude an der Form**), oder, genauer ausgedrückt, an der Ausfüllung einer poetischen Form, einer Freude ähnlich der, welche Kinder beim Mosaikspiel empfinden. Er wird, ein mun- teres Waldvöglein, nicht müde, 6eine drei Tönchen — Liebes- freude, Liebesschmerz, harmlose Fröhlichkeit — in immer neuer Modulation hervorzuschmettern ; stimmt aber doch nie einen herzhaften, vollen Gesang an. — Drayton hat ebenfalls eine Stilübung im Antithesenspiel über dieses Thema angefertigt, die man eine freie Nachbildung des Petrarca'schen Sonetts nennen kann. Das Sonett (LX11) ist den Raum nicht werth, den es einnehmen würde ; es genüge die Versicherung, dass es in sammtlichen 14 Zeilen Alles leistet, was der hoffnungsvolle Anfang verspricht: „When first I ended, then 1 first began." Ebenso poetisch werthlos sind die Ge- dichte von Gascoigne (Ed. Hazlitt, I. Flowers, pg. 40) und Th. Lodge (Phillis 1593, Sonn. 24. 35). Dagegen ist es interessant, Spenser's Leistung zu be- trachten. My hungry eyes, thoagh greedy covetize Still to behold the object of their paine, *) Von den 82 Sonetten Wyatt's sind 18 ücbersetzungen von Pe- trarca. Die Auswahl ist bezeichnend für die geringe Geschmacksbildung des Dichters. **) Auf dieselbe Weise werden auch viele Producte grösserer Dichter entstanden sein. So behauptet Hazlitt auch von Shakspere, dass er in seinen Gedichten V. A. und L. noch vollständig in der Form befangen ist (Charactcrs of Shakspere's Plays, pg. 243). Und von seinen Sonetten wer- den wir auch Einige als reine Form-Studien betrachten dürfen, ohne damit seinem Dichterruhme Eintrag zu thun, der ja auf diesem Gebiete gerade in der beispiellos vollendeten Ueberwindung dieser höchst schwierigen Form beruht. Zu den Sonetten ShakspereV. 189 With no contentment can themselves suffice ; But, having, pine ; and, having not, complaine. For lacking it, they cannot lyfe sustayne; And, having it, they gaze on it the more ; In their amazement lyke Narcissus vaine, Whose eyes him starv'd ; so plenty makes me poore. Yet are mine eyes so filled with the störe Of that faire sight, that nothing eise they brooke, But lothe the things which they did like before, And can no more endure on them to looke. All this worlds glory seemeth vayne to me, And all their showes but shadowes, saving she. Man hat Spenser mehrfach von den englischen Sonettisten Shakspere am Nächsten gestellt ; es kann sich dabei nur um die erotischen Sonette handeln , denn von der Gedanken-Lyrik der späteren Sonette Shakspere's finden wir bei Spenser keine Spur. Ich möchte Dem gegenüber behaupten, dass Spenser als Sonettdichter ebenso viel unter Shakspere steht, wie dieses Sonett unter dem entsprechenden Shakspere's. Wer empfindet wohl beim Lesen des Shakspere'schcn Gedichtes, dass diese frischen, tiefen, herrlichen Liebeskläuge in einer Form compo- nirt sind, die dem überquellenden Gefühl, dem nach freier, vollendeter Gestaltung ringenden Gedanken überall Dämme und Schranken entgegensetzt ? Es ist uns vielmehr, als wäre jeder Vers mehr, der dem Dichter zu Gebote gestanden hätte, Zuviel gewesen: so vollständig sind wir von den wenigen Zeilen zu- frieden gestellt, so abgerundet und erfüllt sind Form und Aus- druck. Spenser's Sonette machen dagegen, so wie dieses, einen gedrückten, kärglichen Eindruck, sie erwärmen nicht. Und ich glaube, Das kommt daher, dass ihm die Form zu eng erscheint, um in ihr die Fülle seines vorzugsweise epischen Talents aus- strömen zulassen: er kann nicht Alles sagen, was er möchte, er sagt deshalb zu Wenig, und dieses Wenige mit zu vielen Worten. Durch diese Verlegenheit erklärt es sich zum Theil vielleicht auch, dass er mit einer gewissen philiströsen Gewissenhaftigkeit die hergebrachten geschmacklosen Formalitäten beobachtet, und besonders in weitschweifigen, vielfarbigen, hyperbolischen Ver- gleichen excellirt. — Kurz: wir können sagen, Shakspere be- herrscht die Form mit souveräner Kraft, sie reicht ihm für die 190 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. höchsten Wirkungen aus; Spenser wird von ihr beherrscht*). — Sidney dagegen kommt Shakepere in vielen Liebes - Sonetten recht nahe : dasselbe frisch und frei sich ergiessende Gefühl, derselbe leichte Fluss der Verse, dieselbe knappe Fülle des Ausdrucks erwecken im Leser dasselbe Wohlgefühl **). Zu bedauern ist es, dass Michelangelo in seinen un- sterblichen Liebes-Sonetten dieses Thema nicht behandelt hat, ein Vergleich zwischen ihm und Shakspere auf diesem Gebiete würde vom höchsten Interesse sein. Wir würden vielleicht auch hier eine Aehnlichkeit in Form und Inhalt entdeckt haben, wie sie sich in anderen, besonders den gedankenvollen Sonetten zeigt, und die um so frappanter ist, als Shakspere höchst wahr- scheinlich keine poetische Leistung dieses ihm so verwandten Riesengeistes gekannt hat***), so nahe er ihm zeitlich auch stand. Die Uebersetzung Bodenstedts ist eine glänzende Leistung, ein beredtes Zeugniss für die liebevolle Hingebung, mit der die ganze Sammlung durchweg gearbeitet ist. Man könnte sagen, Bodenstedt hat das Shakspere'sche Sonett in deutsche Musik übertragen. Wir überzeugen uns hier, dass die deutsche Sprache, meisterhaft behandelt, einen Zauber des Klanges ent- falten kann, wie ihn das heutige Englisch mit seinen unbe- stimmten und vorwiegend dunkeln Vocallauten nie erreichen wird. Wenn wir diesen melodiösen Eindruck auf seine Ur- sachen zurückführen wollen, so entdecken wir sie in dem ge- schmackvollen Wechsel von hellen und dunklen Vocalen mit Bevorzugung der ersteren, in der gänzlichen Vermeidung con- sonantischer Härten, in der glatt und ruhig fliessenden Rhyth- mik. Dazu kommt der Adel, die Durchsichtigkeit des Aus- drucks, um dieses Sonett zu einer Perle lyrischer Dichtung zu machen. — Von besonderer Schönheit ist der Schluss, er klingt voller, mächtiger als bei Shakspere. Bodenstedt ahmt hier mit *) Damit soll nicht behauptet werden, dass ihm kein Sonett recht gelungen sei: aber es sind das eben verhältnissmaasig wenige, wie 13. 19. 56. 58. 62. 63. 65. 68. 69. 70. 73. 81. 88. **) Man vergleiche die Sonette (Astrophe and Stella) 14. 16. 23. 31. 33. 34. 37. 39. 40. 41. 42. 45. 47. 48. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 73. 74. 79. 81. 8C. 87. 89. 90. 92. 93. 99. 100. 109. 110; (SideraJ 5. 6. •**) Michelangelo starb zwei Monate vor der GeWt Shakspere's; die erste Ausgabe seiner Dichtungen erschien aber erst 1623 in Florenz. Digitized by Google Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 191 dem sicheren Gefühl eines geborenen Dichters eine Freiheit der englischen Prosodie nach, die am Anfange der Verse und nach der Cäsur gestattet ist, indem er für zwei Jamben einen Phyr- rhichius und einen Spondäus setzt: Bald überglücklich, bald elend unsäglich. 20. (CXLVII.) Man könnte versucht sein, dieses Gedicht als eine objective Leistung in der Liebes -Lyrik zu betrachten, die einen den Dichtern jener Zeit sehr geläufigen Gedanken zum Gegenstande hat: den Gedanken, dass die Liebe eine Krankheit der Seele ist, neben der die Vernunft nicht bestehen kann. Wir begegnen diesem Gedanken bei früheren und zeitgenössischen englischen und italienischen Dichtern häufig*), und bei Shakespere selbst *) So sagt Petrarca im „Triumph der Liebe" (3. Gesang, Vers 106): Mein Auge hing an ihrer Züge Strahlen; So schlürft ein Lechzender mit krankem Munde, Was, süss dem Gaumen, schaffet innere Qualen. In den Epist. poet. I, 7 nennt er die Liebe eine „schleichende Krankheit der Seele", die ihn, bis zum Tode abgezehrt, aus der Nähe der Geliebten treibt. Kaum aber hat er das Gebiet der theuren Stadt wieder betreten, als ihn „die rasende Krankheit aufs Neue befällt« (G. Körting, Petrarca's Leben und Werke [Leipzig 1878], pg. 689 ffX — Boccaccio in seinem Leben Dante's äussert sich mit Bezug auf des Letztern Verlangen nach dem Anblick Beatricens in ähnlicher Weise: ,0 Wahnwitz der Liebenden! Wer anders, als sie, könnte wähnen, durch Hinzufügung neuen Reisigs die Flamme zu mindern." — Bei Michelangelo (Ueber- setzung von Herrn. Harrys) heisst es im 86, Sonett: Vernunft bejammert mich und mein Beginnen, Indess ich süsse Liebesträume nähre, Und warnet mich und schilt mein thöricht Sinnen, Und spricht also: „Du denkst vielleicht, Dir wäre Aus dieser Flamme Leben zu gewinnen, Du seist der Phönix, den sie nicht verzehre?" Vergl. ferner Son. 76. — Ein zwölfzeiliges Sonett Giordano Bruno's hat dasselbe Thema, wie das Shakspere'sche. (S. die früher schon erwähnte Abhandlung von König, Shakspere- Jahrbuch XI, pg. 136.) Acbnliche Aeusserungen über die Liebe sind auch bei englischen Dichtern nicht selten, so in Lodge (Phillis, S. 26), Gascoigne (I Flowers, pg. 38), Willoby (Ellis II, 375), Daniel (Ellis II, 324) und unbekannten Verfasser (EllislI, 105. 106. 399). — Besonders interessant ist das 41. Sonett von Drayton, das in der Londoner Ausgabe von 1748 „Love's Lunacy" überschrieben ist und lebhaft an das Shakspere'sche erinnert. Es mag zugleich als Probe seiner erträglicheren Leistungen auf diesem Gebiete folgen: Wby do I speak of joy, or write of love, When my heart is the very den of horror, Digitized by Google 192 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. kehrt er besonders in den früheren Dichtungen nicht selten wieder*). Wenn wir jedoch sehen, wie die tiefe, finstere Leiden- schaft des Dichters in wuchtigen Worten durch die Einkleidung des Bildes hindurchbricht (V. 9 — 12), und wenn hier wieder in unzweideutiger Weise die „dark Iady" gekennzeichnet wird (V. 13. 14), so müssen wir es doch mit Kreyssig zu den persönlichen Bekenntnissen des Dichters rechnen, zumal ein anderes Sonett (CXIX) unverkennbar auf die in diesem Ge- dichte geschilderte Krankheit hinweist. Wir unterschreiben auch vollständig die Worte Masscy's (pg. 329), mit denen er den Eindruck der Petnbroke-Sonette schildert: „The story is grimly real; the nature and strength of passion are prominent as a wreetler's muscles: the sonnets differ from the others as dark from day." In Bezug auf Wort-Interpretation ist wenig zu bemerken. My thoughts and my discourse as madmen's are, At random from the truth vainly express'd. heisst: „Meine Gedanken äussern sich ohne Zweck und Ziel, entfernt von der Wahrheit, unvernünftig" (s. Shakspere-Lexicon). — Der Sinn des 9. Verses: Past eure I am, now reason is past care**) When in my soul the pains of hell I prove With all its torments and infernal terror? What should I say, wbat yet remains to do? My brain is dry with weeping all too long, My shjhs be spent in utt' ring of my woe. And Iwant words wherewith to teil my wrong. But still distracted in love's lunaey And bedlam-like thus ruving in my grief, Now rail upon her hair, then on her eye; Now call her goddess, then I call her thief: Now I deny her, then I do confess her Now do I curse her, then again I bless her. *) „ Fever" nennt er die Liebeskrankheit auch in Son. CXIX u. L. L. IV, 3, 95. — Von dem Verlangen Kranker, und speciell Liebeskranker nach Dingen, die ihnen schädlich sind, ist die Rede Cor. I, I, 181; M. f. M. I, 2, 132. — Eine Gegenüberstellung von Liebe und Vernunft findet Statt M. N. D. III, 1, 147; Tr. Cr. III, 2, 163; M. W. II, 1, 4; L. C. 162; W. T. IV, 4, 492. **) Vergl. L. L. V, 2, 28. — past eure is still past care. Nach M a 1 o n e eine sprichwörtliche Redensart. Sie wird als solche in einer 1632 erschienenen Schrift (Holland's Leaguer) bezeichnet. Digitized by GooqI Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 193 ist: „Nun bin ich unheilbar, da die Vernunft ohne Sorge um mich ist, d. h. mich aufgegeben hat." Die beste Uebersetzung dieses Sonettes scheint mir Jor- dan geliefert zu haben. Die Bodenstedt 'sehe lässt formell Nichts zu wünschen übrig, nur finden wir in ihr nicht das Shakspere'sche Gedicht mit seinen starken, leidenschaftlichen Ausdrücken wieder; sie zeigt uns vielmehr den abgeblassten Schemen eines Sonettes, wie es die vorhergegangene Ueberlegung, die gegenstandlose Fiction erzeugen könnte. Ein Vergleich des Originals mit dieser Uebersetzung erläutert daher sehr hübsch den Unterschied zwischen unmittelbarer und Reflexions - Lyrik. Shakspere und Plato. Dieses Gedicht bietet eine passende Gelegenheit, um zum ersten Male die merkwürdige Uebereinstimmung der in den So- netten vorkommenden Anschauungen von der Liebe mit den platonischen Li ebes theorien zu constatiren. Shakspere nennt die Liebe einen Wahnsinn : auch im Phädrus ist sie eine ftayia, freilich eine solche, durch die uns die höchsten Güter zu Theil werden (Cap. 22); es wird von dem durch Liebe wahnsinnig gemachten Liebhaber gesprochen (rot; oV iquiia vt'vxog (f tiov, Cap. 33); es wird auch die Ursache der verliebten „Wuth und Raserei" angegeben (Cap. 32). — Bei Shakspere entzieht die Liebe den Menschen der Herrschaft der Ver- nunft: in der Rede des Lysias heisst es: „Sie (die Liebhaber) gestehen selbst ein, mehr krank als bei Verstände zu sein, und zu wissen , dass sie schlecht bei Verstände seien , aber sich nicht beherrschen zu können (Phädrus, Cap. 6)*). Socrates bezeichnet in seiner im Sinne des Lysias gehaltenen Rede die Liebe als eine „Begierde, welche ohne Vernunft das nach dem Rechten strebende Urtheil beherrscht und zum Genüsse der Schönheit getrieben wird" (Cap. 15); der Liebende ist ihm n vn uvuyxijs uvörjag« (Cap. 18). An die ersten Verse des Sonetts *) Kai yaf> avioi vftohoyovai vooeiv fiallov 77 aa><pQOVtii\ v.ai eiSevai im xaxiüg y Qoroiotv, aXV ov St'raofrat avTiüv x^arelv. — Es braucht wohl nicht bemerkt zu werden, dass heir überall von der Liebe zu schönen Jünglingen die Rede ist. Archiv f. n. Sprachen. l.Xl. 13 Digitized by OooqIc 194 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. erinnern die Worte „dem Kranken ist alles nicht Widerstre- bende angenehm" (Cap. 15). So können wir auch die Symptome der Liebe in Gegen- wart des geliebten Gegenstandes, wie sie Son. 7 (XXIII) dar- stellt und die in der Unfähigkeit, seiner selbst Herr zu bleiben, bestehen, über Petrarca*) hinaus bis zu Plato verfolgen. Als Dante Beatrice zum ersten Male erblickte, „begann" — so erzählt er selbst in der Vita nuova (Cap. 1) — „der Geist des Lebens, der in der verborgensten Kammer des Herzens wohnt, so heftig zu zittern, dass er in den kleinsten Pulsen sich schreck- lich offenbarte". Ein ander Mal, als er Bcatrice in einer Ge- sellschaft trifft, verliert er das Bewusstsein und muss von einem Freunde fortgeführt werden (Cap. 10). In dem Sonett des 12. Capitels heisst es : Doch wie mein Aug' ich heb' und auf euch hefte, Erbebt das Herz mir, wie wenn Berge beben, Die Pulse stocken, es entflieht die Seele. Im Sonett des 16. Capitels: Die Herrin trägt im Blick der Liebe Leben, Drum adelt sie, nach wem ihr Auge siehet. Nach ihr strebt Alles, wann des Wegs sie ziehet, Und wen sie grüsst, dem muss das Herz erbeben. Erblasst senkt er den Blick; das sünd'ge Streben Und wag des Fehls in ihm, erseufzt; es fliehet Vor ihr so Stolz als Zorn **). Bei Plato finden wir dieselben Aeusserungen der Liebe; er erklärt sie aus der Erinnerung der Seele an das , was sie einst in ihrer göttlichen Heimat von dem Urschönen schaute (Phädrus, Cap. 30), eine Erinnerung, die nur Wenigen ge- blieben ist. Wenn Einer von Diesen ein „gottähnliches Antlitz *) Vergl. die Parallelstellen zu jenem Sonett. **) Interessant ist es, dasa die Artikel XV und XVI des Codex Amoris von ähnlichen Erscheinungen bei Liebemlen sprechen: „Omnis consuevit amans in coamantis aspectu pallescere." — „In repentina coa- mantis visione cor tremescit amantis." — Dieser zum Theil erhaltene Codex ist nach Demogeot (Hist. de la Litt, franc., pg. 140) eine Schrift, deren Ursprung die Sage von König Artus herleitet; nach Simpson (Philosophy of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Lond. 1868) von einem gewissen Andreas, Kaplan Tnnocena des Vierten (1243—54), verfasst. Er kann mit seinen 31 Artikeln als das Gesetzbuch der provencalischen Liebeshöfe betrachtet werden. Digitized by Google Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 195 sieht, welches die Schönheit vollkommen nachbildet, oder das Idealbild eines Körpers, so schaudert er zuerst" — wie vor einem Mysterium — „und es überkommt ihn Etwas von den damaligen Aengsten, dann verehrt er Jenes schauend wie einen Gott" (Cap. 32). An einer andern Stelle (Cap. 34. 35) stellt er die Aufregung eines vom ?(mü$ ovQÜvtog ergriffenen in einem Bilde als Seelenkampf dar: Beim Anblick menschlicher Schönheit empört sich die böse, sinnliche Begierde und wird besiegt und gedemü- thigt von jenem göttlichen Triebe, der in der Körperschönheit eine Offenbarung höchster Vollkommenheit erkennt und als heilig verehrt. Ein offenbar platonischer Gedanke liegt auch dem 3. Sonett (P. P. VIII) zu Grunde, in welchem der Dichter seine Liebe zu der musikkundigen Geliebten dadurch motivirt, dass sie Beide einen Gott verehren. Nach Plato's Phädrus (Cap. 33) sucht Jeder auf Erden die Liebe eines solchen Wesens, das mit ihm in jenem früheren Leben demselben Gotte folgte. Es kann meine Absicht nicht sein, eine eingehende Ent- wicklung der Verhältnisse zu geben, welche eine solche Ueber- einstimmung in den Anschauungen dieser beiden grossen Gei- ster möglich machten — eine solche Entwickelung würde eine recht gründliche Kenntniss der Geschichte der Philosophie und specicll der mit der platonischen Weltanschauung in Zusammen- hang stehenden philosophischen und poetischen Producte der Renaissance verlangen. Einige Einzelheiten aber, wie sie meine keineswegs tieferen Studien und zufälligen Beobachtungen auf diesem Gebiete in meinen Bereich gebracht haben, möchte ich ohne jede Präteusion der Nachsicht des Lesers unterbreiten. Durch Plotin, der mit den Neuplatonikern ein besonderes Gewicht auf das Symposion legt*), wird die griechische Philo- sophie innerhalb des ganzen römischen Gebiets verbreitet**). Die platonischen Gedanken werden durch die von ihnen direct beeinflussten Kirchenväter dem Mittelalter überliefert, in dem sie kein selbstafändiges , bewusstes Dasein führen , sondern durch die ihnen innewohnende Kraft in dem Denken und Em- *) H. v. Stein, Geschichte des Platonismus, II, 327. **) v. Stein II, 334. 13* Digitized by OooQie 196 Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. pfinden der Menschen ihnen meist unbewusst, latent weiter leben. Kann man daher von einem eigentlichen platonischen Studium im Laufe des Mittelalters nicht — wie von einem aristotelischen — sprechen, so ist doch einerseits Plato den derzeitigen Schriftstellern im Allgemeinen nicht vollständig un- bekannt, andrerseits lassen sich in ihnen zahlreiche, zum Theil unbewusste Anklänge an ihn nachweisen*). Derartige Reminiscenzen finden sich in Dante mehrfach**). Witte meint in seinem Commentar zu den Canzonen des „Con- vito", dass das platonische „Symposion" zu diesem Titel die Veranlassung gegeben habe. «Der Philosoph" ist ihm in dieser Schrift zwar Aristoteles, aber er erwähnt Plato, z. B. Buch II, Cap. 5, in Bezug auf seine Ideenlehre. Eigenthümlich ist das Verhältniss Petrarca' s zu Plato: es ist eine rein platonische Liebe gewesen, die er zu ihm ge- hegt hat. In allen seinen Aeusserungen über ihn spricht sich die höchste Begeisterung aus, er nennt ihn den Ersten aller Philosophen. Er weiss sich in Besitz von Verschiedenen seiner Schriften zu setzen, er thut Schritte zur Erlernung des Grie- chischen, aber — thatsächlich ist es ihm nie gelungen, auch nur ein Sterbenswörtchen von den Gedanken seines vergötterten Plato zu entziffern ***). Dennoch finden sich auch bei ihm, wie ja mehrere in dieser Arbeit angezogene Parallelstellen darthun, Anklänge an die platonische Liebesphilosophie, die besonders zahlreich in den „Triumphen" sindf). Im 15. Jahrhundert erlebt die platonische Philosophie eine glänzende Nachblüthe auf italienischem Boden. Auf Anregung des Griechen Plethon (1439 in Italien) wird bald nach 1450 von Cosmo von Medici die platonische Akademie in Flo- renz gegründet. Marsilius Ficinus, der bedeutendste Pla- toniker jener Zeit, übersetzt Plato's Werke in'a Lateinische, zunächst für den Privatgebrauch Lorenzo's von Medici. Diese Uebersetzung wird noch vor 1490 gedruckt. Mit der •) v. Stein III, 67—101. **) v. Stein III, 97 ff. **•) Vergl. v. Stein (III, 119) und Körting a. a. O. t) Sie wurden übrigens noch vor Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts in's Eng- lische übersetzt von Parker Lord Morley und blieben lange eine Lieblings- Lectüre der gebildeten Kreise. Zu den Sonetten Shakspere's. 197 Vertreibung der Mediceer (1494) hört zwar die Akademie auf zu bestehen*); ihre Nachwirkungen erstrecken sich aber über das ganze IG. Jahrhundert, in welchem die platonischen Ideen den höchsten Gehalt des gebildeten Denkens ausmachen. Vom Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts an entstehen zahlreiche poetische und philosophische Producte, die entweder von der platonischen Philosophie angeregt, oder doch von ihr durchdrungen sind.
| 44,301 |
https://github.com/categorille/zellij/blob/master/src/common/install.rs
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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zellij
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categorille
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Rust
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Code
| 22 | 89 |
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! asset_map {
($($path:literal),+) => {
{
let mut assets = std::collections::HashMap::new();
$(
assets.insert($path, include_bytes!(concat!("../assets/", $path)).to_vec());
)+
assets
}
}
}
| 2,575 |
US-202318154856-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,023 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,137 | 8,087 |
Injection molded article and method for producing same
ABSTRACT
An injection molded article is provided with: a flat molded resin body that has a flat rectangular parallelepiped shape and is formed from an injection molded resin; and a base sheet affixed to the surface of the molded resin body. The base sheet has formed therein a first conductive layer on a first surface and a through hole passing through from the first surface to a second surface. The through hole is filled with a conductive material, and a second conductive layer is formed so as to be electrically connected with the first conductive layer via the conductive material with which the through hole is filled. In addition, a sealing material is formed on the first conductive layer so as to cover the through hole. The molded resin body is fixed together with the first surface side of the base sheet so as to cover the sealing material.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation application of International Application number PCT/JP2021/036239, filed on Sep. 30, 2021, which claims the priority benefit of Japan Patent Application No. 2020-171152, filed on Oct. 9, 2020. The entirety of each of the above-mentioned patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an injection molded article including a base sheet having a conductive layer and a through hole and a method for producing the same.
BACKGROUND ART
There is an injection molded article in which a base sheet having a conductive layer formed on both surfaces is fixed to the surface. Each conductive layer is electrically connected via a conductive material filled into a through hole that penetrates the base sheet. For example Patent Literature 1 discloses a printed wiring board molded product in which a base sheet having circuit patterns formed on both surfaces is integrated with a molded resin. Each circuit pattern is electrically connected with a copper plating layer formed in a through hole that penetrates the base sheet. In the printed wiring board molded product, in order to prevent conduction of the through hole part from being damaged due to heat and a resin pressure during resin injection, a cover film is formed on the surface of the base sheet adhered to the injected resin.
CITATION LIST Patent Literature
- Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H7-142817
SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem
Since the above conventional printed wiring board molded product uses a cover film, it cannot be partially formed only on the through hole involved in conduction between both surfaces of the substrate, and it is thus only possible to form a cover film over the entire surface of the base sheet. In addition, when forming is performed, there is another layer on a cover film and between the cover film and the base sheet, bubbles and wrinkles may occur in that layer, and it may not be applied to a 3D-shaped molded product.
The present invention has been made in order to address the above problem, and an objective of the present invention is to inhibit a flow of a conductive material filled into a through hole due to heat and a resin pressure during resin injection and prevent disconnection between conductive layers without using a cover film that covers the entire surface of a base sheet.
Solution to Problem
In order to achieve the above objective, a first invention provides an injection molded article including a base sheet in which a first conductive layer is formed on a first surface and a second conductive layer electrically connected to the first conductive layer is formed on a second surface via a conductive material filled into a through hole that penetrates from the first surface to the second surface, a sealing material that is formed on at least the first conductive layer so that it covers the through hole, and a molded resin body that is formed on the base sheet so that it covers the sealing material and composed of an injection molded resin.
A second invention provides the injection molded article in the first invention in which the sealing material protrudes toward the through hole.
With such a configuration, since the injection molded resin makes it difficult for the conductive material in the through hole to flow, it is possible to prevent disconnection between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer.
A third invention provides the injection molded article in the first invention or the second invention in which the sealing material is formed to straddle over the first surface of the base sheet from above the first conductive layer.
With such a configuration, since the sealing material is fixed to the base sheet in addition to the first conductive layer, the injection molded resin can make it difficult for the sealing material to flow.
A fourth invention provides the injection molded article in any invention of the first to third inventions in which the sealing material is composed of the same material as the conductive material.
With such a configuration, since the sealing material entering the through hole becomes a conductive material, it is possible to more reliably prevent the resistance value of a conduction part between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer from increasing.
A fifth invention provides the injection molded article in any invention of the first to fourth inventions further including a flexible printed wiring board fixed for electrical connection with a conductive adhesive, wherein the second conductive layer is the conductive adhesive.
With such a configuration, since it is not necessary to provide a terminal for connection to the flexible printed wiring board, the amount of the material of the injection molded article can be reduced and the configuration can be simplified.
A sixth invention provides the injection molded article in any invention of the first to fourth inventions further including a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material.
With such a configuration, even in a touch panel in which a routing wiring is extracted from the first surface to the second surface through the through hole, since the injection molded resin makes it difficult for the conductive material in the through hole to flow, it is possible to prevent disconnection between the first routing wiring and the second routing wiring.
A seventh invention provides a method for producing an injection molded article, including a process in which a base sheet in which a first conductive layer is formed on a first surface, a second conductive layer electrically connected to the first conductive layer is formed on a second surface via a conductive material filled into a through hole that penetrates from the first surface to the second surface, and a sealing material is formed on at least the first conductive layer so that it covers the through hole is arranged in a cavity of an injection molding mold so that the second surface is in contact with a cavity surface; a process in which a molten resin is injected and filled into the cavity so that the conductive material does not flow; and a process in which the molten resin is cooled and solidified, and the base sheet is fixed to the surface of a molded resin body at the same time when the molded resin body is formed.
With such a configuration, since the sealing material inhibits the molten resin entering the through hole, it is possible to produce an injection molded article in which the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are electrically connected.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain an injection molded article in which disconnection between a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer is prevented.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an injection molded article according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a part A of the injection molded article shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the part A of the injection molded article shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a base sheet used for the injection molded article according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a part B of a base sheet shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the part B of the base sheet shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 shows schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a process of producing the injection molded article shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a part C corresponding to FIG. 5 , which shows a modified example of the base sheet of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a part C corresponding to FIG. 6 , which shows a modified example of the base sheet of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a base sheet used for an injection molded article according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a base sheet used for an injection molded article according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Next, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
With reference to FIG. 1 , an injection molded article 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention has a flat rectangular parallelepiped shape, and includes a flat molded resin body 11 composed of an injection molded resin and a base sheet 40 fixed to the surface of the molded resin body 11. In the base sheet 40, a strip-shaped first conductive layer 44 that laterally extends on a first surface 41 and a through hole 43 that penetrates from the first surface 41 to a second surface 42 are formed. The through hole 43 is filled with a conductive material, and a strip-shaped second conductive layer 45 that laterally extends is formed on the second surface 42 so that it is electrically connected to the first conductive layer 44 via the filled conductive material. In addition, a sealing material 46 is formed on the first conductive layer 44 so that it covers the through hole 43. Here, covering the through hole 43 includes not only completely covering the through hole 43 with the sealing material 46 but also partially covering the through hole 43 with the sealing material 46 with a part of the through hole 43 exposed. The molded resin body 11 is fixed to the side of the first surface 41 of the base sheet 40 so that it covers the sealing material 46.
In other words, the base sheet 40 includes the through hole 43 that penetrates from the first surface 41 to the second surface 42 and filled with a conductive material, the first conductive layer 44 formed on the first surface 41 at a position overlapping at least the opening of the through hole 43 in a plan view, the sealing material 46 formed on the first conductive layer 44 at a position overlapping at least the opening of the through hole 43 in a plan view, and the second conductive layer 45 formed at a position overlapping at least the opening of the through hole 43 in a plan view so that it is electrically connected to the first conductive layer 44 with the conductive material filled into the through hole 43, and the injection molded article 10 has the molded resin body 11 on the first surface of the base sheet 40.
The “conductive material filled into a through hole” used in the present invention is not limited to the conductive material completely filled into the through hole 43 but may indicate that a conductive material may be formed only on the wall surface of the through hole 43 and the inside of the through hole 43 may be hollow as long as a first conductive material 44 and a second conductive material 45 can be electrically connected. Even if the inside of the through hole 43 is hollow, since the sealing material 46 can protect the conductive material in the through hole 43 from an injection pressure when the molded resin body 11 is formed, it is possible to prevent disconnection between the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45. However, it is preferable that the inside of the through hole 43 be completely filled with a conductive material because then the conductive material is less likely to be extruded due to the injection pressure.
A detailed shape of the sealing material 46 will be described with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a part A indicated by a dashed line in FIG. 1. The sealing material 46 protrudes from above the first conductive layer 44 toward the through hole 43 due to the injection pressure when the molded resin body 11 is formed and a part of the sealing material 46 enters the through hole 43. In the first conductive layer 44, a hole through which the sealing material 46 penetrates is open, but the first conductive layer 44 and the conductive material in the through hole 43 are in contact with each other so that the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 are not disconnected. FIG. 3 is a plan view of an enlarged part A when viewed from the side of the first surface 41 of the base sheet 40. Here, the molded resin body 11 is omitted, and the through hole 43 hidden by the sealing material 46 and the second conductive layer 45 formed on the side of the second surface 42 are indicated by dashed lines. The first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 have a circular shape above the through hole 43 so that they cover the opening of the through hole 43, the first conductive layer 44 extends from the through hole 43 to the left side, and the second conductive layer 45 extends from the through hole 43 in a direction opposite to the right side in a strip shape. The area of the opening of the through hole 43 and the areas of bottoms of the first conductive layer 44 and the sealing material 46 above the opening of the through hole are in the order of the through hole 43< the sealing material 46< the first conductive layer 44, and when the sealing material 46 having a size at which the opening of the through hole 43 can be covered is simply formed, it can protect against the injection pressure when the molded product 11 is formed. In addition, the area of the bottom of the sealing material 46 is preferably 1.2 to 2 times the area of the opening of the through hole 43. The first conductive layer 44 is, for example, an electrode or wiring of a touch panel, a heater, a thermistor, an LED, and an antenna for transmission and reception of wireless communication, and the second conductive layer 45 is formed to extract an electrical signal of the first conductive layer 44 from the first surface 41 to the second surface 42 through the through hole 43. When the base sheet 40 having the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 is integrated with the molded resin body 11, it can be used as a housing having functions of a touch panel, a heater, a thermistor, an LED, and an antenna for transmission and reception of wireless communication corresponding to the function of the first conductive layer 44. The second conductive layer 45 is extracted to the outside of the injection molded article 10 by a terminal (not shown) and is connected to a control board that controls functions such as a touch panel, a heater, a thermistor, an LED, and an antenna for transmission and reception of wireless communication. The terminal is, for example, a flexible printed wiring board (FPC) or a contact pin. The contact pin is, for example, a cylindrical member made of a conductive material. When a control board having a contact pin is arranged below the second conductive layer 45, and the contact pin is fixed to the second conductive layer 45 via a conductive adhesive, the second conductive layer 45 and the control board can be connected.
The base sheet 40 is, for example, a thermoplastic resin such as a polypropylene resin, a polyethylene resin, a polyamide resin, an acrylic resin, an olefin resin, an epoxy resin, a polyimide resin, a thermoplastic polyurethane, a silicone resin, a polyester resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a polycarbonate resin, and an ABS resin or a laminate thereof. In addition, the thickness of the base sheet 40 is preferably, for example, 12 μm to 200 μm. If the base sheet 40 has a thickness of 12 μm or more, the thickness is excellent for handling properties, and if the thickness is 200 μm or less, the base sheet 40 has favorable flexibility due to appropriate rigidity.
The materials constituting the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 and the conductive material filled into the through hole 43 include, for example, metals such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, and lead, metal oxides such as ITO, ZnO, IGO, IGZO, and CuO, conductive polymers such as polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS), and carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene. The materials described above may be used as pastes or nanofibers. Among these materials, particularly, a silver paste is preferably used. Since the silver paste has a property of being easily extended, disconnection is unlikely even if the base sheet 40 is deformed when handled. In addition, the same material or different materials may be used for the first conductive layer 44, the second conductive layer 45 and the conductive material filled into the through hole 43.
The thickness of the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 is preferably, for example, 1 μm to 15 μm. If the thickness of the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 is 1 μm or more, disconnection is unlikely, and if the thickness is 15 μm or less, flexibility becomes favorable and disconnection is unlikely even if the base sheet 40 is deformed when handled.
The material constituting the sealing material 46 that is selected from among the materials exemplified for the first conductive layer 44, the second conductive layer 45 and the conductive material filled into the through hole 43 can be used. Among these materials, it is preferable to use the same material as the conductive material filled into the through hole 43. If the same material as the conductive material filled into the through hole 43 is used, since the sealing material 46 entering the sealing material 46 becomes a conductive material, it is possible to more reliably prevent the resistance value of a conduction part between the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer from increasing. In addition, a spreadable conductive polymer (those exemplified for the first conductive layer, carbon ink, etc.) can be used. In addition, the sealing material 46 may be formed using a resin material. Examples of resin materials include a UV curing resin and a 2-liquid curing resin. An acrylate-based or epoxy-based resin can be used as the UV curing resin. In addition, the 2-liquid curing resin includes polyurethane-based, silicon-based, epoxy-based, and acrylic-based resins.
The thickness of the sealing material 46 is preferably 2 μm to 500 μm. If the thickness is 2 μm or more, the conductive material filled into the through hole 43 can be more effectively protected against the injection pressure when the molded resin body 11 is formed, and if the thickness is 500 μm or less, the sealing material 46 has a size at which the conductive material filled into the through hole 43 can be prevented from flowing while reducing waste of the material forming the sealing material 46. The sealing material 46 can be formed over the first conductive layer 44 using, for example, a dispenser.
The molded resin body 11 is made of, for example, a general-purpose resin such as a polystyrene resin, a polyolefin resin, an ABS resin, an AS resin, and an AN resin, a general-purpose engineering resin such as a polycarbonate resin, an acrylic resin, and thermoplastic polyurethane, and a super engineering resin such as a polyimide resin and a liquid crystal polyester resin. In addition, a composite resin to which a reinforcing material such as glass fibers and inorganic fillers is added can be used. The thickness of the molded resin body 11 is not particularly limited, and is selected according to the thickness of the housing of the product to be produced.
Next, with reference to FIG. 4 , the base sheet 40 before the molded resin body 11 is fixed is the same as the base sheet 40 that is fixed to the molded resin body 11 of the injection molded article 10 shown in FIG. 1 , except for the shape of the sealing material 46. In addition, the molded resin body 11 to be formed by injection and molding is indicated by a two-dot dashed line. A detailed shape of the sealing material 46 will be described with reference to FIG. 5 . FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a part B indicated by a dashed line in FIG. 4 . Unlike the shape of the sealing material 46 after injection and molding shown in FIG. 2 , the sealing material 46 is formed on the first conductive layer 44 in a hemispherical shape that is convex on the side opposite to the through hole 43. In a procedure of forming and fixing the molded resin body 11 on the side of the first surface 41 of the base sheet 40 by injection and molding, as shown in FIG. 2 , the injection pressure deforms the sealing material 46 into a shape protruding toward the through hole 43. FIG. 6 is a plan view of an enlarged part B when viewed from the side of the first surface 41 of the base sheet 40, and the positional relationship of the first conductive layer 44, the second conductive layer 45, and the sealing material 46 is the same as the positional relationship shown in FIG. 3 after being fixed to the molded resin body 11.
Next, a method for producing the injection molded article 10 will be described.
The base sheet 40 in which, on the first surface 41, via the first conductive layer 44, the through hole 43 that penetrates from the first surface 41 to the second surface 42, and the conductive material filled into the through hole 43, the second conductive layer 45 electrically connected to the first conductive layer 44 is formed on the second surface 42, and the sealing material 46 is formed on the first conductive layer 44 so that it covers the through hole 43 is prepared.
Next, with reference to FIG. 7(a), an injection molding mold including a first mold 80 in which a resin injection port 82 is formed and a second mold 81 in which a concave part is formed is prepared, and the second surface 42 of the base sheet 40 is arranged in contact with the second mold 81. Next, with reference to FIG. 7(b), the first mold 80 and the second mold 81 are closed. A space formed by closing the first mold 80 and the second mold 81 is called a cavity 83, and the surface of the second mold 81 forming the cavity 83 is called a cavity surface 84. The base sheet 40 is arranged on the cavity surface 84 in contact with the second surface. Next, a molten resin is injected into the cavity 83 from the injection port 82 of the first mold 80. In this case, the sealing material 46 formed on the first conductive layer 44 of the base sheet 40 inhibits a flow of the conductive material in the through hole 43 due to the injection pressure of the molten resin, and the sealing material 46 protrudes toward the through hole 43. Next, the molded resin body 11 is formed by cooling the molten resin until it solidifies.
In the procedure of solidifying the molten resin and forming the molded resin body 11, the base sheet 40 is fixed to the surface of the molded resin body 11. Next, with reference to FIG. 7(c), the injection molding mold is open, the injection molded article 10 is extracted using an extraction arm (not shown), and thereby the injection molded article 10 is obtained.
Accordingly, in the injection molded article 10 produced as described above, since the sealing material 46 inhibits the molten resin entering the through hole 43, the molten resin makes it difficult for the conductive material filled into the through hole 43 to flow, and the injection molded article in which the first conductive layer 44 and the second conductive layer 45 are electrically connected can be produced.
Next, modified examples of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, focusing on points different from the previous embodiments.
An injection molded article 10A which is a modified example of the present invention can be obtained using the same material and same production method as those of the injection molded article 10 shown in the previous embodiment. On the other hand, the formation position of a sealing material 46A of a base sheet 40A used for the injection molded article 10A is different. FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a part C showing the periphery of the through hole of the base sheet 40A used for the injection molded article 10A and is a view corresponding to FIG. 5 . FIG. 9 is a plan view of the part C, and is a view corresponding to FIG. 6 . Modified examples will be described with reference to these drawings.
With reference to FIG. 8 , a through hole 43A, a first conductive layer 44A, and a second conductive layer 45A formed in a base sheet 10A are formed in the same manner as in a base sheet 10 according to the first embodiment. The sealing material 46A is formed on at least the first conductive layer 44A so that it covers the through hole 43A like the base sheet 10 according to the first embodiment, but is additionally formed over a first surface 41A of the base sheet 10A from above the first conductive layer 44A. With reference to FIG. 9 , the area of the opening of the through hole 43A and the areas of the bottoms of the first conductive layer 44A and the sealing material 46A above the opening of the through hole 43A are in the order of the through hole 43A< the first conductive layer 44A< the sealing material 46A, and the sealing material 46A can protect the through hole 43A. With such a configuration, when the base sheet 10A is placed in the injection molding mold and an injection molded resin is injected onto the first surface 41A to form a molded resin body 11A, since the sealing material 46A is also fixed to the first surface 41A of the base sheet 40A in addition to the first conductive layer 44A, the injection molded resin can make it difficult for the sealing material 46A to flow.
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, focusing on points different from the previous embodiment.
With reference to FIG. 10 , an injection molded article 20 is the same as the injection molded article 10 shown in the first embodiment in that it has a flat rectangular parallelepiped shape, a first surface 51 of a base sheet 50 is fixed to a molded resin body 21 indicated by a two-dot dashed line, and the method for producing the injection molded article 20 is the same, but a second conductive layer 55 formed on a second surface 52 of the base sheet 50 is different. On the first surface 51 of the base sheet 50, a first conductive layer 54 is formed on a through hole 53 that penetrates from the first surface to the second surface, and a sealing material 56 is formed on the first conductive layer 54 so that it covers the through hole 53. The through hole 53 is filled with a conductive material. A conductive adhesive 57 is formed on the second surface 52 of the base sheet 50 so that it is electrically connected to a second conductive layer 54 via the conductive material of the through hole 53, and the conductive adhesive 57 is the second conductive layer 55. In addition, a flexible printed wiring board 58 is fixed so that it is electrically connected to the conductive adhesive 57. The flexible printed wiring board 58 is bent downward and connected to a control board (not shown).
When the base sheet 50 is placed in the injection molding mold and the molded resin body 21 is formed on the first surface 51, the injection molded article 20 can be obtained. With such a configuration, since it is not necessary to provide a terminal for connection to the flexible printed wiring board 58, the amount of the material of the injection molded article 20 can be reduced and the configuration can be simplified.
Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, focusing on points different from the previous embodiment. An injection molded article 30 is the same as the injection molded article 10 shown in the first embodiment in that it has a flat rectangular parallelepiped shape, a first surface 61 of a base sheet 60 is fixed to a molded resin body 31 indicated by a two-dot dashed line, and the method for producing the injection molded article 30 is the same, but a first conductive layer 64 formed on the first surface 61 of the base sheet 60 and a second conductive layer 65 formed on a second surface 62 are different. In addition, the injection molded article 30 can be used as a touch panel.
With reference to FIG. 11 , a through hole 63 is formed in the base sheet 60, a conductive material is filled into the through hole 63, and at a position at which the through hole 63 is not formed on the first surface 61 of the base sheet 60, a strip-shaped first detection electrode 71 that laterally extends is formed. In FIG. 11 , only one first detection electrode 71 is shown, but actually, a plurality of first detection electrodes 71 are formed parallel to each other so that they laterally extend in the front-rear direction with respect to the cross section of the base sheet 60. On the second surface 62, at positions at which the through hole 63 is not formed, a plurality of second detection electrodes 72 that extend forward and backward are formed parallel to each other, which are perpendicular to the plurality of first detection electrodes 71. In addition, a first routing wiring 73 is formed so that it covers the through hole 63 from above at least a part of the first detection electrode 71 over the first surface 61 of the base sheet 60 and thus it is electrically connected to the first detection electrode 71. The first routing wiring 73 is the first conductive layer 64. In addition, a second routing wiring 74 is formed on the second surface 62 so that it is electrically connected to the first routing wiring 73 via the conductive material in the through hole 63 so as to extract the first routing wiring 73 to the second surface 62. The second routing wiring 74 is the second conductive layer 65. A signal indicating the touch input position detected by the first detection electrode 71 is transmitted through the first routing wiring 73, and is extracted to the second surface 62 via the conductive material filled into the through hole 63 and transmitted to the second routing wiring 74. A signal indicating the touch input position detected by the second detection electrode 72 is transmitted through a routing wiring for the second detection electrode 72 (not shown). The second routing wiring 74 and the routing wiring for the second detection electrode 72 (not shown) are extracted to the outside of the injection molded article 30 by terminals (not shown) and connected to the control board. When the base sheet 60 is placed in the injection molding mold and the molded resin body 31 is formed on the first surface 61, the injection molded article 30 can be obtained. With such a configuration, even in a touch panel in which a routing wiring is extracted from the first surface to the second surface through the through hole 63, since the injection molded resin makes it difficult for the conductive material in the through hole 63 to flow, it is possible to prevent disconnection between the first routing wiring 73 and the second routing wiring 74.
The first routing wiring 73 and the second routing wiring 74 are made of, for example, metals such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, and lead, metal oxides such as ITO, ZnO, IGO, IGZO, and CuO, conductive polymers such as polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS), and carbon materials such as carbon nanotube, graphite, and graphene.
The thickness of the first routing wiring 73 and the second routing wiring 74 is preferably, for example, 1 μm to 15 μm. If the thickness of the first routing wiring 73 and the second routing wiring 74 is 1 μm or more, disconnection is unlikely, and if the thickness is 15 μm or less, flexibility becomes favorable and disconnection is unlikely even if the base sheet 60 is deformed when handled.
Here, in the above embodiments, the injection molded body is flat, the surface to which the base sheet is fixed is a flat surface, but the base sheet may be fixed to the curved surface. In the base sheet used in the present invention, a cover film for protection from the injection pressure of the molded resin is not used, and when the base sheet is formed into a 3D shape, it is not necessary to consider the occurrence of bubbles or wrinkles in the cover film or the layer between the base sheet and the cover film, and thus it is easy to apply an injection molded body having a curved fixing surface.
In addition, in the above embodiments, the first conductive layer, the sealing material, and the second conductive layer are formed on the base sheet, but a protective film may be additionally formed on the second surface of the base sheet. The process of arranging the second surface of the base sheet in contact with the cavity surface includes bringing the second surface of the base sheet into contact with the cavity surface via the protective film.
In addition, in the above embodiments, one through hole is formed in the base sheet, but the number of through holes is not limited to one, and a plurality of through holes may be formed.
In addition, in the above embodiments, the sealing material protrudes toward the through hole and enters the through hole, but it is sufficient that the sealing material inhibit a flow of the conductive material filled into a through hole due to the injection pressure of the molded resin, and a shape in which the upper part of the sealing material is recessed without entering the through hole or a hemispherical shape before the molded resin is injected without recessing the upper part of the sealing material may be used.
In addition, while the configuration in which the first conductive layer has an open hole through which the sealing material penetrates has been described in the above embodiments, a shape in which the first conductive layer is recessed toward the through hole due to the pressure of the sealing material pressed with the injection pressure of the molded resin may be used instead of making the hole open in the first conductive layer.
In addition, in the above embodiments, the first surface of the base sheet and the molded resin body are directly fixed, but the adhesive layer may be formed on the first surface of the base sheet, and the base sheet may be fixed to the molded resin body via the adhesive layer.
In addition, while the configuration in which the entire surface of the base sheet is fixed to the molded resin body has been described in the above embodiments, the base sheet may have a surface that does not adhere to the molded resin body or the base sheet may extend to the outside of the molded resin body. In addition, the second conductive layer may be extended to the outside of the molded resin body together with the base sheet, and may be connected to the control board at the part of the second conductive layer that is extended to the outside from the molded resin body.
What is claimed is:
1. An injection molded article, comprising: a base sheet in which a first conductive layer is formed on a first surface and a second conductive layer electrically connected to the first conductive layer is formed on a second surface via a conductive material completely filled into a through hole that penetrates from the first surface to the second surface; a sealing material that is formed on at least the first conductive layer so that it covers the through hole; a molded resin body that is formed on the base sheet so that it covers the sealing material and composed of an injection molded resin; and a flexible printed wiring board fixed for electrical connection with a conductive adhesive, wherein the second conductive layer is the conductive adhesive, wherein the injection molded resin does not enter the through hole, and the injection molded resin is a thermoplastic resin.
2. The injection molded article according to claim 1, wherein the sealing material protrudes toward the through hole.
3. The injection molded article according to claim 1, wherein the sealing material is formed to straddle over the first surface of the base sheet from above the first conductive layer.
4. The injection molded article according to claim 1, wherein the sealing material is composed of the same material as the conductive material.
5. The injection molded article according to claim 1, further comprising a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material.
6. The injection molded article according to claim 2, wherein the sealing material is formed to straddle over the first surface of the base sheet from above the first conductive layer.
7. The injection molded article according to claim 2, wherein the sealing material is composed of the same material as the conductive material.
8. The injection molded article according to claim 3, wherein the sealing material is composed of the same material as the conductive material.
9. The injection molded article according to claim 2, further comprising a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material.
10. The injection molded article according to claim 3, further comprising a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material.
11. The injection molded article according to claim 4, further comprising a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material.
12. The injection molded article according to claim 6, further comprising a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material.
13. The injection molded article according to claim 7, further comprising a first detection electrode that is electrically connected to the first conductive layer, detects a touch input position, and is formed on the first surface, wherein the first conductive layer is a first routing wiring through which a signal detected by the first detection electrode is transmitted, and wherein the second conductive layer is a second routing wiring through which the signal transmitted from the first routing wiring is additionally transmitted via the conductive material..
| 10,992 |
https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxPY/blob/master/tests/test_observable/test_defaultifempty.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
RxPY
|
ReactiveX
|
Python
|
Code
| 173 | 719 |
import unittest
from typing import Optional
from reactivex import Observable
from reactivex import operators as ops
from reactivex.testing import ReactiveTest, TestScheduler
on_next = ReactiveTest.on_next
on_completed = ReactiveTest.on_completed
on_error = ReactiveTest.on_error
subscribe = ReactiveTest.subscribe
subscribed = ReactiveTest.subscribed
disposed = ReactiveTest.disposed
created = ReactiveTest.created
class RxException(Exception):
pass
class TestDistinctUntilChanged(unittest.TestCase):
def test_default_if_empty_non_empty1(self):
scheduler = TestScheduler()
xs = scheduler.create_hot_observable(
on_next(280, 42),
on_next(360, 43),
on_completed(420),
)
def create() -> Observable[Optional[int]]:
return xs.pipe(ops.default_if_empty())
results = scheduler.start(create)
assert results.messages == [
on_next(280, 42),
on_next(360, 43),
on_completed(420),
]
assert xs.subscriptions == [subscribe(200, 420)]
def test_default_if_empty_non_empty2(self):
scheduler = TestScheduler()
xs = scheduler.create_hot_observable(
on_next(280, 42), on_next(360, 43), on_completed(420)
)
def create():
return xs.pipe(ops.default_if_empty(-1))
results = scheduler.start(create)
assert results.messages == [
on_next(280, 42),
on_next(360, 43),
on_completed(420),
]
assert xs.subscriptions == [subscribe(200, 420)]
def test_default_if_empty_empty1(self):
scheduler = TestScheduler()
xs = scheduler.create_hot_observable(on_completed(420))
def create():
return xs.pipe(ops.default_if_empty(None))
results = scheduler.start(create)
assert results.messages == [on_next(420, None), on_completed(420)]
assert xs.subscriptions == [subscribe(200, 420)]
def test_default_if_empty_empty2(self):
scheduler = TestScheduler()
xs = scheduler.create_hot_observable(on_completed(420))
def create():
return xs.pipe(ops.default_if_empty(-1))
results = scheduler.start(create)
assert results.messages == [on_next(420, -1), on_completed(420)]
assert xs.subscriptions == [subscribe(200, 420)]
| 7,192 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucophora%20hangzhouensis
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Leucophora hangzhouensis
|
https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucophora hangzhouensis&action=history
|
Romanian
|
Spoken
| 31 | 71 |
Leucophora hangzhouensis este o specie de muște din genul Leucophora, familia Anthomyiidae, descrisă de Fan în anul 1988. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Leucophora hangzhouensis nu are subspecii cunoscute.
Referințe
Leucophora
| 19,677 |
https://github.com/Incoding-Software/Incoding-Framework/blob/master/src/Incoding/MvcContrib/Primitive/HtmlType.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
Incoding-Framework
|
Incoding-Software
|
C#
|
Code
| 26 | 124 |
namespace Incoding.MvcContrib
{
#region << Using >>
using System.ComponentModel;
#endregion
public enum HtmlType
{
[Description("text/html")]
TextHtml,
[Description("text/xml")]
TextXml,
[Description("text/javascript")]
TextJavaScript,
[Description("text/css")]
TextCss,
[Description("text/template")]
TextTemplate,
}
}
| 5,871 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%20%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Близькосхідний похід монголів
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Близькосхідний похід монголів&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 1,576 | 5,322 |
Близькосхідний похід монголів під командуванням Хулагу (1256–1260) — один із найбільших завойовницьких походів монгольської армії, спрямований проти іранських ісмаїлітів-нізаритів, халіфату Аббасидів, сирійських Айюбідів та мамлюків Єгипту; оскільки значну роль у діях проти близькосхідних мусульман відіграли центральноазійські християни-несторіани, деякими істориками (Рене Груссе, Георгій Вернадський, Лев Гумільов) названий Жовтим хрестовим походом.
Підготовка до походу
Мунке, якого було проголошено каганом Монгольської держави 1251 року, ухвалив рішення продовжити війни проти імперії Сун та не підкорених держав Близького Сходу. Одним із приводів для близькосхідного походу послужила скарга, подана Мунке жителями Казвіна й гірських районів Персії на збитки, яких їм завдавали ісмаїліти-нізарити (відомі на Заході як асасини, а на Сході — як мульхіди, тобто єретики). Відповідно до Рашид ад-Діна, «оскільки багато хто з тих, хто шукав правосуддя на несправедливість єретиків, передали себе на [його] найшляхетніший розгляд, Менгу-каан у рік бика відрядив до областей таджиків проти єретиків свого [молодшого] брата Хулагу-хана».
На ісмаїлітів і багдадського халіфа скаржився хану й монгольський воєначальник Байджу, який базувався у північному Ірані.
Мунке наказав Хулагу зруйнувати гірські фортеці ісмаїлітів, підкорити лурів і курдів, завоювати володіння халіфа, якщо той не виявить покірності.
Чисельність військ
Джувейні, а слідом за ним і Рашид ад-Дін, повідомляли, що кожен улус мав поставити до армії Хулагу по дві особи з кожного десятку воїнів. Проте це могло бути лише мовним зворотом, що означав «дуже велике військо», оскільки такий же вислів зустрічається у Джувейні 1246 року, коли Гуюк відряджав Ілджидая на війну проти ісмаїлітів.
Анонімний автор твору Шаджарат аль-атрак (XV століття) писав, що Мунке надав Хулагу одну п'яту всіх придатних до служби монголів, і це склало 120 тисяч чоловік. Му‛ін ад-Дін Натанзі повідомляв, що Хулагу виступив з Монголії в супроводі 70 тисяч чоловік.
За свідченням ченця Магакії (Григора Акнерці), вірменського історика XIII століття, чисельність військ Хулагу сягала 70 тисяч: «прийшли зі сходу… сім ханських синів, кожен із туманом вершників, а туман означає 10 000».
Сучасні дослідники намагаються розрахувати чисельність армії Хулагу, виходячи з кількості згадуваних у джерелах воєначальників — 15-17 чоловік. Якщо кожен воєначальник — темник, то в монгольському війську мало бути 150—170 тисяч чоловік. Однак тумен лише теоретично включав 10 тисяч воїнів; реальна чисельність могла бути меншою.
До армії були приписані китайські інженери для обслуговування камене-, стріло- та вогнеметних машин; чисельність китайців оцінюється по-різному, від тисячі до чотирьох.
Окрім військ Байджу під верховне командування Хулагу переходили війська Даїр-багадура, розміщені в Кашмірі. На шляху прямування армії була проведена ретельна підготовка: через річки перекинуто мости, відремонтовано дороги; племена, які кочували на території, якою мала рухатись армія, були зігнані зі своїх місць; заготовлено величезні склади продовольства й фуражу.
Участь християн
Хулагу симпатизував буддистам, але в цілому використовував прибічників різних релігій у своїх політичних цілях. Однак його старша дружина, впливова Докуз-хатун, була християнкою та покровителькою християн. Найман Кітбука був несторіанином. Зрештою, до союзу з монголами вступив цар Малої Вірменії Хетум I, який зміг залучити до союзу з монголами антіохійського князя Боемунда, видавши за нього заміж свою дочку.
Виступ військ
Хулагу залишив Монголію в жовтні 1253 року, але рухався украй повільно. 1254 року він був в Алмалику й Улуг-Іві у правительки Чагатайського улусу Ергене-хатун, а у вересні 1255 року його приймав поблизу Самарканда монгольський намісник Мавераннахра Мас'уд-бек, син Махмуда Ялавача. Таке неспішне просування було пов'язано з протидією глави Улусу Джучі Бату, який не бажав пускати імперську армію за Амудар'ю, територію за якою розглядав як сферу впливу Джучидів. Не останню роль відігравала позиція Берке, брата Бату, який заявив:
{{Цитата|Ми возвели Менгукана, і чим він нам віддячив за це? Тим, що відплачує нам злом проти наших друзів, порушує наші угоди… та домагається володінь халіфа, мого союзника… В цьому є дещо гидке»}}
Мунке не бажав сваритись із Бату, тому до смерті останнього (1255/1256) рішучого наступу не було. Тим не менше, ще в серпні 1252 року з Монголії виступив авангард під командуванням Кіт-Буга-нойона чисельністю 12 тисяч, який з березня 1253 року діяв проти ісмаїлітів у Кухистані, тримаючи в облозі фортецю Гірдекух.
Розгром нізаритів
У січні 1256 року Хулагу, поповнивши свою армію джучидськими підрозділами, наданими Сартаком, форсував Амудар'ю та взяв в облогу нізаритські фортеці в Кухістані (Ельбурс). Не покладаючись лише на військову силу, Хулагу почав і дипломатичний наступ, зажадавши від імама низаритів Рукн-ад Діна Хуршаха капітуляції. Серед ісмаїлітів існувала промонгольська партія, до якої належали відомий перський вчений Насір ад-Дін ат-Тусі й лікар Муваффік ад-Доуле, дід Рашид ад-Діна, знаменитого міністра держави Хулагуїдів. Під впливом цієї партії Хуршах погодився здати фортеці в обмін на збереження життя й володінь. Однак, лишень Хулагу відчув, що Хуршах намагається виграти час і затягує перемовини, він почав штурм фортеці Меймундіз, де перебував імам. Зрештою, Хуршах був змушений здатись. Хулагу відрядив його до Монголії, до Мунке, який мав вирішити долю Хуршаха. Дорогою, в Середній Азії, 9 березня 1257 року Рукн ад-дін Хуршах, вірогідно, за таємним наказом Мунке, був убитий. У той же час, Насір ад-дін ат-Тусі став радником та особистим астрологом Хулагу.
Більшість ісмаїлітських фортець у Кухістані здалась без бою упродовж року та були зруйновані. Лише небагато, в тому числі й знаменитий Аламут, що капітулював 15 грудня 1256 року, чинили незначний спротив. Складніше за всіх довелось монголам під час облоги Гірдекуха, яка тривала роки.
Історик Джувейні, який служив Хулагу, ознайомився з багатим книгосховищем Аламута. Рукопис «Сергузашт-і сейїдна»'', присвячений життю Хасана ібн Саббаха, була використана Джувейні у власному творі.
Завоювання Багдада
Покінчивши з нізаритами, Хулагу зажадав покірності від багдадського халіфа аль-Мустасіма. Халіф, самовпевнено відкинувши ультиматум монгольського командувача, не мав, однак, сил, щоб йому протистояти. Серед сановників, які оточували халіфа, не було єдності з приводу заходів, яких необхідно були вжити для оборони країни. До того ж аль-Мустасім відмовився сплатити найманому війську гроші, й воно було розпущено.
Польова армія Аббасидів під командуванням Фатх ад-діна ібн Керра зазнала поразки на березі Тигру від військ Байджу. На початку 1258 року Хулагу, Байджу та Кіт-Буга завершили оточення Багдада. Спочатку до справи стали знаряддя облоги, а потім розпочався штурм. До середини лютого місто опинилось в руках монголів. У побитті жителів були помилувані християни (на прохання несторіанки Докуз-хатун, старшої дружини Хулагу) та євреї, яких монголи розглядали як своїх союзників, оскільки за халіфів вони зазнавали утисків. Ал-Мустасім, який здався у полон, за наказом Хулагу був змушений показати таємні скарбниці Аббасидських правителів, а потім, 20 лютого, був страчений.
У той же період нойон Урукту був відряджений для взяття міста Ірбіль. Його правитель Тадж ад-Дін ібн Салайя підкорився монголам, проте курди, що захищали фортецю, здаватись відмовились. Тривала облога успіху не принесла. Тільки літня спека змусила курдів залишити Ірбіль, і його зайняв союзник монголів Бадр ад-Дін Лулу, атабек Мосула.
Сирійська кампанія
Після завоювання Багдада Хулагу розташувався в околицях Мараги у Східному Азербайджані. В серпні 1258 року він приймав там мусульманських володарів, які прибули висловити покірність, зокрема, Бадр ад-Діна Лулу, атабека Са'да з Фарсу, братів Ізз ад-Діна Кей-Кавуса II та Рукн ад-Діна Килич-Арслана IV з Конійського султанату. Бадр ад-Дін Лулу відрядив свого сина Саліха на службу Хулагу.
12 вересня 1259 року армія Хулагу виступила на захід. В авангарді йшли сили Кітбукі, на правому крилі — Байджу й Шиктур, на лівому — Сунджак, центром командував сам Хулагу. Монголи зайняли Ахлат, розгромили в сусідніх горах курдів. Саліх був відряджений на завоювання Аміда (нині — Діярбакир), а Хулагу захопив Едесу. Потім було взято Нісібін і Харран.
Монголи перетнули Євфрат та закликали намісника Халеба аль-Муаззама Туран-шаха здати місто. У відповідь на відмову 18 січня 1260 року вони взяли в облогу Халеб. В облозі брали участь і війська християнських союзників Хулагу — Хетума Вірменського, і Боемунда Антіохійського. Місто було зайнято за тиждень, проте цитадель трималась до 14 (за іншими відомостями до 26) лютого. Після її взяття монголи влаштували різню, яка припинилась за шість днів за наказом Хулагу. Із захисників цитаделі живим залишили тільки одного вірменського золотих справ майстра. Хетум спалив мечеть Халеба, зберігши яковітську церкву. Хулагу повернув вірменському царю деякі області та замки, відняті у нього халебськими правителями. Боемунд отримав халебські землі, що перебували в руках мусульман з часів Салах ад-Діна.
31 січня Айюбідський султан ан-Насір Юсуф, дізнавшись про падіння Халеба, відступив із військом з Дамаска до Гази. Дамаск здався монголам без бою, та 14 лютого (за іншими відомостями — 1 березня) Кітбука вступив до міста, призначивши там монгольського управляючого.
Дії корпусу Кітбукі
Після отримання звісток про смерть великого хана Мунке Хулагу з основною частиною армії відступив до Закавказзя (червень 1260 року). Кітбуку залишились порівняно невеликі сили (10—20 тисяч чи навіть 10—12 тисяч,включаючи підкріплення від союзних вірменів та грузинів). Хулагу залишив свого воєначальника з таким нечисленним військом, мабуть, невірно оцінивши сили своїх противників у Єгипті; можливо, він був введений в оману інформацією, отриманою від захоплених в Сирії полонених. З іншого боку, Хулагу був змушений забрати левову частку війська, вірогідно, розуміючи, що невдовзі після смерті Мунке неминуче спалахне конфлікт із Джучидами за спірні території в Закавказзі. Кітбуку було доручено зберегти вже завойоване (інформація Бейбарса аль-Мансурі). За відомостями Ібн аль-Аміда, він мав також уважно стежити за франками прибережних хрестоносних держав. Сам Хулагу у своєму листі Людовіку Французькому (1262) повідомляв, що Кітбуку було наказано підкорити фортеці ісмаїлітів у північній Сирії.
Кітбука продовжив завоювання з Сирії на південь — до Палестини, захопивши Баальбек, аль-Субейба й Аджлун, монголи увійшли до Самарії та жорстоко розправились із Айюбідським гарнізоном Наблуса. Далі монгольські загони безперешкодно зайняли Газу, Айюбідський султан ан-Насір Юсуф потрапив у полон та був висланий до Хулагу, монгольські гарнізони чисельністю 1000 чоловік були розміщені в Газі й Наблусі. Назустріч Кітбуку вирушила армія єгипетських мамлюків під командуванням Кутуза та Бейбарса. 3 вересня 1260 року в битві при Айн-Джалуті монгольське військо зазнало поразки. Кітбука потрапив у полон і був страчений.
Примітки
Джерела
Війни Монголії
Історія Близького Сходу
Хрестові походи
Середньовічний Азербайджан
Середньовічна Вірменія
Середньовічна Грузія
Середньовічний Ізраїль
Середньовічний Ірак
Середньовічний Іран
Середньовічний Ліван
Середньовічна Палестина
Середньовічна Сирія
Середньовічна Туреччина
Середньовічний Туркменістан
1256 в Азії
1260 в Азії
Держава Хулагуїдів
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MURDER An ARISTOCRAT Mignon O. Eberhart "If you accept Emmeline's statement that no one approached the house during the afternoon as exculpating Dave, you’ve got to accept it for me," said Allen coolly. "And if you accept it as conclusive proof that Dave’s was not near the house that afternoon, then why all this talk of protecting Dave from suspicion? No matter how many times he tried to kill Bayard, if he wasn’t near the house at the time when Bayard was actually murdered, then he couldn’t have killed him." Which was true enough, of course. That was one of their most trying inconsistencies; they accepted Emmeline’s statement, which released Dave from suspicion, and at the same time in their hearts they firmly believed that he had murdered Bayard. They wanted it proved, and they didn’t want it proved. They wanted, I thought somewhat shrewdly to myself, to establish Dave’s guilt as a belief, for that released the rest of them from that grisly suspicion; yet it was not to be established as a fact so conclusively and formally proved that it made their brother a murderer, Janice’s husband a murderer. A Thatcher can do no wrong: That was their standing ground. They would thrust the ugliness of the affair deep down into their consciousness and hide it; gradually they would begin to speak to Dave gently, with tenderness. Subtly the non-existent burglar would be reinstated. Before many years had passed, it would be an accepted family fiction that Bayard had been killed by a marauding burglar and that Dave had died of an illness. Most families maintain certain fictions: That would be one of the Thatchers’. “You are trying to divert our interest, Allen,” said Hilary. “Clever of you, but suppose you do some telling of the truth yourself. Didn’t you threaten to kill Bayard? The very night Dave shot him in the shoulder?” “So it was you walking so conveniently in the shadows of the shrubbery that night.” "Were you taking an after-dinner stroll?" "Never mind what I was doing. I heard you tell Bayard you’d kill him. You didn’t make any secret about it. You were telling the world. Emmeline in the kitchen above you could have heard it all if she wasn’t deaf." I resisted an impulse to say Florrie had heard them, and Evelyn said in a stricken way: "Allen, you didn’t threaten to kill Bayard! You didn’t!" "Why, yes," said Allen calmly. "Yes, I threatened to kill him. He had taken a paper — that was mine. And I’m not sure I wouldn’t have kept my word if someone else hadn't got him first." I saw Adela’s bleak blue eyes go swiftly to Allen as if she were thinking, "What is this? What does this mean? Does it threaten us? How shall we meet this?" "Allen, Allen, you must not talk like that." Evelyn’s brown face looked suddenly thin and sharp with anxiety, and her blue eyes were dark and full of fear. She went to her brother and put her hand on his arm. "You don’t really mean that, Allen. It’s just your hot temper. All of us disliked Bayard. It was his own fault; he was everything that is despicable. And there was scarcely one of us who did not have some reason to wish him out of the way. His very presence goaded us. But you didn’t really mean that you would kill him." It seemed to me that they were launching upon another mass of conversation that might get nowhere at all. I said dryly: "Dead Turtle’s Heart Responded to Adrenalin Appointment. Vs. — UP*— People Appointment are watching the hearth at the hearth at a dead turtle. The turtle was a monster, a fact that on the James river, near the tracks of the James River Railroad, the heart was removed and placed in a store window after the head had been severed. After 13 hours, the heart action decreased perceptible. A physician made a direct action of adrenaline, and within a few minutes, "The point is, are we to accept Emmeline's statement that no one entered the house from the back? If we do, that excludes Dave and Mr. Carick from suspicion, no matter what either of them felt for Bayard." Hilary looked petulantly at me. "The nurse is right," he said grudgingly. "We can’t seem to talk of this matter without letting our own feelings and fears distract us from the logical trend of inquiry. It doesn’t matter what we feel to be the solution of this trouble or who we feel to have murdered Bayard. We must stick to the plain facts of the matter. And just now the thing is to consider who could have come into the house and shot Bayard during those few moments after Janice left him and Adela found him dead. Could a burglar or some intruder have got into the house unobserved? Could Higby have killed him during that time? Could Emmeline have done so? And I think she could and possibly did." "Hilary," murmured Adela in an expostulatory way, and Hilary continued without looking at her: "Or could Dave or Allen have returned to the house at that time unobserved? No, Allen, I’m not trying to blame you. But those are the facts of the matter." I felt the first shade of approval for Hilary that I had yet experienced. At the same time, it seemed to me that there was a certain alacrity about his willingness to pursue the matter now that Adela’s unexpected confession had automatically removed Hilary himself from possible suspicion. "The farther we go, the more difficult it becomes," Evelyn said in a hopeless way that was unusual with her. “None of those questions can be answered. It all depends upon whether or not Higby and Emmeline are telling the truth, and I don’t know what infallible test we can make of that. Oh, why can’t we just drop the whole thing? There isn’t any proof. There never can be any proof. We have done everything we can do. If Dave somehow got past Emmeline into the house and killed Bayard, I, for one, don’t want to know it. Don’t want it proved.” “Dave didn’t kill Bayard before 3 o’clock,” said Allen definitely. “He was with me until then. And—” he fumbled in his pocket and drew out the paper on which he had made a sort of chart the previous afternoon. “According to Miss Keate it was exactly 3 o’clock when Adela left the house after having found Bayard dead and made her hurried efforts to make it look like robbery. What Adela has told us has upset all our previous calculations. We shall have to rearrange everything to discover the time of Bayard’s death. Florrie left the house at 2:30; Janice possibly 10 minutes later. Two forty, then. Adela left at 3. What time was it, Adela, when you found Bayard dead?” “I don’t know exactly. But it would have taken at least 15 minutes to do what I had to do. One thinks rapidly in an emergency; still, it takes a few moments to recover from the shock and outline a sort of plan. But Janice had been out of the house and gone at least 5 or 10 minutes before I came downstairs. And five minutes would be long enough for anyone to kill Bayard.” “But, Adela,” said Allen more gently, “don’t you see that while five minutes might be long enough for some member of the family who knew his way about the place 9 minutes the vital organ was ticking loudly once more. Soviet Facet Trouble In Donetz Coal Batin Moscow —(UP) — "Punish those who even smell of sabotage," is the message Stalin, Russia's iron dictator, has sent to a special commission, which had been trying to create better working conditions and raise production in the Donets basin, the Soviet's largest coal mining district. To take the gun from Janice’s desk and shoot Bayard and escape, it couldn’t possibly give time enough for an intruder. And we all know it was Dave’s revolver. I need have felt no sympathy for Adela. She was more than a match for Allen. She said with unruffled dignity and a sincerity that was inescapable, so that I did not in the least doubt her story: “My dear Allen, I have told now the exact truth. You may make of it what you will. If anyone wishes to believe that I committed a murder he may do so. But I shall be glad that, I have been the means of clearing Dave’s name. Of proving that he did not kill Bayard.” “You’ve proved nothing,” said Hilary rather cruelly. “Dave is dead. Don’t look at me like that, Adela. That margin of time is too small. Five minutes more or less is not enough. Our watches might not have coincided. Allen might have been mistaken about the time when he and Dave separated.” “Hilary, I refuse to listen. You are determined to make it appear that Dave killed Bayard and then killed himself.” “Now, Adela, wait. The thing I’m trying to show is that this inquiry is hopeless. We can’t prove anything conclusively. But if we don’t settle on something we’ll spend the rest of our lives wondering. Suspecting each other. Not sure. And since Dave was obviously a suicide and we know he had tried once to kill Bayard, why not—" "But you aren't at all sure he was a suicide," I said wearily, wishing I had never seen these baffling, inconsistent, illogical Thatchers with their pride and their selfishness and their undeniable courage. "You aren't even sure he was not murdered, too. Where did he get the verdict that killed him?" CHAPTER XIX It was just at that moment that Dr. Bouligny opened the door to the long room and entered, pausing in a worried fashion, for I suppose our very attitudes gave him some warning of the suspense the moment held. Then he advanced toward Adela. His face looked old and very tired, there were pouches under his eyes, and his cheeks and heavy chin were flabby. "Good morning, good morning," he said with an obvious and not very successful attempt at a professional cheery greeting. "How are you this morning, Adela?" Almost visibly she thrust aside any hidden reference to her grief over Dave's death; it was as if she were reserving her sorrow. "You are in good time, Daniel," she said. "The nurse has just hinted that Dave, too, was murdered." Dr. Bouligny gave a sharp look from under his bushy eyebrows. “Dave murdered!” he said in surprise. “Oh, no, Miss Keate. There is no question of that. Dave was a personal addict. I have proved that beyond a doubt, Adela and Janice have known it for some time. I don’t know whether or not he took an overdose intentionally but I do know that no one could have given it to him without his knowledge. Florrie’s mistake came from ignorance; she knew nothing of personal, and besides, was under the firm conviction that she was taking some kind of aspirin. It was an entirely different matter with Dave, as you can readily understand. The dose he took yesterday was his own doing. There’s no doubt of that. But, of course, I can’t say that it was with suicidal intent. I wish I had told me of Dave’s—illness.” “I wish I had, Daniel,” said Adela sadly, but she returned resolutely to me. “Does that answer your question, Miss Keate?” Well, it did in a measure; the situation there admittedly has gone from bad to worse. The Soviet press reports that conditions are so deplorable that thousands of workers and technicians have left for other places. After more than half of the engineers and technical men had gone, the commissariat for labor issued orders to all organizations to return to the Donbas all specialists formerly employed in mines, or who had attended a mining technical school. The men affected by this order showed great energy that is, I agreed. With Dr. Bouligny and had agreed from the beginning. But that was not all of my question. “In part,” I said with dignity. “But where did he get the verbal?” Artia looked blankly at me, and Janice said slowly: “I suppose he must have got it from Bayard.” “But if Bayard was with holding a supply of verbal when they quarreled, and Dave needed it so badly that he was ready to kill Bayard for tantalizing him by not giving him the drug, why, Dave must have had none then. And I am sure Bayard and Dave were together only once, from the time I arrived until Bayard was found dead. And that one time was at the lunch table the afternoon Bayard was killed.” Allen said immediately, “But you were not with Bayard ever moment of the time, Miss Keate.” “His door was locked when I left him alone.” Hilary made an impatient gesture. “We are running up against something else we can’t possibly prove. But what became of the verbal in the box Florrie had?” “Evelyn took it,” said Dr. Bouligny: “Where is it, Evelyn?” “I don’t know,” said Evelyn. “I didn’t like to speak of it after Dave had died of personal. You see, I don’t know what happened to it.” “What do you mean?” said Adela crisply. “Do try to speak plainly, Evelyn. I don’t understand you. Do you mean you had in your possession the remaining personal tablets from the box Florrie had?” “Why, yes,” said Evelyn. “I saw the box lying there on the table by Florrie’s bed, I thought that was a poor place for it. So I took it and left it on the dressing table in my room. But it—” she seemed to speak with an effort and avoided Hilary’s look—“it disappeared that night. Sunday night. And I don’t know who took it. I suppose it must have been Dave.” “Why on earth didn’t you tell me about that, Evelyn!” exploded Hilary. “Well,” said Evelyn, glancing at Allen as if for support, “I didn’t think it was the thing to do. I guessed, of course, that someone must take the drug habitually or it wouldn’t have been in the house. But I thought it would only make matters worse to try to discover who had taken it from my room and why. Things are bad enough,” said Evelyn rather miserably, “as they were.” “Now we’ll never know,” said Hilary impatiently. “You should have told me about it sooner, Evelyn. We’ll just have to suppose that Dave found the verbal and took it. That's as near as we can come to it, and it must be the truth. I don’t think anyone will accuse Evelyn of inducing Dave to swallow the overdose of verbal—” He paused, rather in the fashion, half threatening, half suggestive, that a minister pauses when he says if anyone has a just objection to a marriage will he “speak now or forever hold his peace.” Then he continued, “As Dan says, Dave must have taken the overdose himself. By his own hand, couldn’t be any other way. We know he must have been out of the drug when he shot Bayard the first time, and that he certainly had it when he died. And that a rather large supply of verbal disappeared from Evelyn’s dressing table last Sunday. And that we have scarcely seen Dave during these four days. Those facts, put together, seem to me conclusive. I’m in favor of letting the whole thing drop. Now, let Miss Keate go,” concluded Hilary, forgetting discretion just for an instant, “and drop the whole matter.” (TO BE CONTINUED) Many in evading it and few were mobilized. Saddle Hones Stage Comeback in Missouri Macon. Mo. — (UP) — Saddle horses are coming back into their own, according to an old-time auctioneer, Col. P. M. Oroes of Kansas City. "Not so long ago I had a sale with the Inraea averaging 600 a head," he said. "They are regaining their popularity." CROSSWORD "TEASER" (by W'Mun Newspaper Union.) Horizontal, 1—March 4—Young goat, 1—Deeply rogues, 1—Organ of head, 15— Dull, apple person, 16— Purchasing, 16— Exclamation of regret, 15— Pastime, 15—A quick pall, 38—Having been restored, 15—Small room, 4— Flab eggs, 85—Turf, 2—Girl’s nickname, 20—Long period of time, 3—One who follows up, 5—Boy’s first name, 84—Old horse, 5—To pull with force, 6—Hit, 30—University official, 42— Prevaricate, 43— Deromea fattened, 43—Boy’s name, 46— Distress signal, 47— Mixture of earth and water, 48— Unclosed (poetic), 50—Shoemaker's tool (pi.) 32—Yellow, 54—Belonging to a person, 55—Impressed, 60—Flesh, 1—Nickname of martyred President, 82—A weight, vertical, 1—God of love, 1—Short sleep, 4— To know (Scotch) 5—Englishman's salutation (two word) 1—Prelecting piece of wood. 8—Drier 0—Happening 10— A firm motive 11— Face bone 12— Mansion 14— Big 15— To earn Mirage That Heralded Coming of Rescue Ship Mirage has more than once played a striking part in human affairs—as, for example, when it caused the suspension of battle on the plains of Mesopotamia during the World War, but surely it has never staged a more dramatic performance than it did in January, 1913, off the shore of McMurdo Sound, in the Antarctic, where the surviving members of Scott's expedition were anxiously awaiting the return of their ship, the Terra Nova, that was to take them back to civilization. “About noon of January 17," writes H. G. I’onting, the expedition photographer, “I was sweeping the north with the glass, when sudden ly the masts of a ship came into the field of view. For a moment I could scarcely believe ray eyes; but there could be no doubt about it. They % &u.-y£ci*ic[ id a. cf CI+H, /JaaaZ tfcu, J 'Or&rf' > ^flf% U/£tM* if"C*n*&o ~£o Cord,* PPcu>{ z£/t> tfotiM&rf&lo. C'&rt&i G/l£*uf~ fol&d — PuJ~ ctiity / CLu/(J? A/f/ Cutru£cf ~t£\4ru) uJj ArtP' /UuJ £o~-c£? AakX^ tvdAttCf'£n. -To^yt^cu rn cjfirC -&£m. HOUte if~ Act UdOAO Cuftcf J/ cdiLsaip urt£H/ '*uru/'. EASIER washday* — cleaner, whiter clothes— that's what FeU- Naptha Soap can mean to you, too. It brings you extra help—good golden soap and pUnty of naptha working together to speed away dirt in jig time. change to FELS-NAPTHA 17—Parted with 11—flint {art to face with 21—Christmas carol 23—Prefix meaning hr meant of ed through 28—Author of “The Inferno” 27— Acquire 28— Belonging to an eaatern uit> rerslty 29— A drill 81—Domestic animal 83—Cup 86— 1'orelble stroke 87— Passageway 38—Darkened 89—To make amends 46—Middays 41—Metal stamp 44—Chafe with friction 46—Carpenter's tool 40—Latin or French for “Is" 51— Thick slice of anything 52— To Initiate 53— ilrl’s name 54— Upon 56—To be In debt 58—Rodent The solution will nppear In next Issue. Solution of Last Week's Puzzle. rarjH sari a oanti mum aaa Han naaa hbhh H00 U ULHIHBvHB a-aaSfr'jBjja ntaiam iSi amna were the masts of a barque; but pre senting an extraordinary appearance, for ttiey towered unnaturally high above the skyline. “Then I saw that what I was look ing at was but a mirage. The real ship was hull-down below the hori zon, and only the masts were visible. Above them a mirage of the entire vessel, hull and all, appeared inverted; and over this first reflection there was a second image of the ship, upright. It was the upper image that I had seen first. “It was a remarkable illusion; but the Terra Nova was undoubtedly there—about thirty miles away.”—Calvin Frazer in Taylor-Tycos, Rochester. Churches’ Good Work All the churches have myriad institutions for doing good. Investigate and you will find that they do it.
| 7,240 |
https://github.com/5GApp/snappi-trex/blob/master/examples/snappi_example5.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
snappi-trex
|
5GApp
|
Python
|
Code
| 377 | 1,487 |
import sys, os
import dotenv
dotenv.load_dotenv()
TREX_PATH = os.getenv('TREXPATH')
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(TREX_PATH))
import snappi
def hello_snappi():
# create a new API instance where host points to controller
# api = snappi_trex.snappi_api.Api() # Use local copy of snappi_trex
api = snappi.api(ext='trex') # Use installed package of snappi_trex
# and an empty traffic configuration to be pushed to controller later on
cfg = api.config()
# add two ports where location points to traffic-engine (aka ports)
p1, p2 = (
cfg.ports
.port(name='p1', location='localhost:5555')
.port(name='p2', location='localhost:5556')
)
# add layer 1 property to configure same speed on both ports
ly = cfg.layer1.layer1(name='ly')[-1]
ly.port_names = [p1.name, p2.name]
ly.speed = ly.SPEED_1_GBPS
# enable packet capture on both ports
cp = cfg.captures.capture(name='cp')[-1]
cp.port_names = [p1.name, p2.name]
# add two traffic flows
f1, f2 = cfg.flows.flow(name='flow p1->p2').flow(name='flow p2->p1')
# and assign source and destination ports for each
f1.tx_rx.port.tx_name, f1.tx_rx.port.rx_name = p1.name, p2.name
f2.tx_rx.port.tx_name, f2.tx_rx.port.rx_name = p2.name, p1.name
# configure packet size, rate and duration for both flows
f1.size.fixed = 128
f2.size.fixed = 256
for f in cfg.flows:
# send 1000 packets and stop
f.duration.fixed_packets.packets = 1000
# send 1000 packets per second
f.rate.pps = 1000
# configure packet with Ethernet, IPv4 and UDP headers for both flows
eth1, arp1 = f1.packet.ethernet().arp()
eth2, ip1, udp2 = f2.packet.ethernet().ipv4().udp()
# set source and destination MAC addresses
eth2.src.value, eth2.dst.value = '00:AA:00:00:00:AA', '12:34:56:78:9A:BC'
eth1.src.increment.start = '10:AA:BB:CC:DD:EE'
eth1.src.increment.step = '00:00:00:00:00:02'
eth1.src.increment.count = 1000
eth2.src.values = ['11:22:33:44:55:66', '22:22:22:22:22:22']
eth1.dst.decrement.start = '10:AA:00:00:04:00'
eth1.dst.decrement.step = '00:00:00:00:00:04'
eth1.dst.decrement.count = 1000
# set source and destination IPv4 addresses
ip1.src.increment.start = '11.0.0.1'
ip1.src.increment.step = '0.0.0.2'
ip1.src.increment.count = 1000
ip1.dst.decrement.start = '12.0.0.0'
ip1.dst.decrement.step = '0.0.0.4'
ip1.dst.decrement.count = 1000
# set incrementing port numbers as source UDP ports
arp1.hardware_type.increment.start = 30000
arp1.hardware_type.increment.step = 256
arp1.hardware_type.increment.count = 255
arp1.sender_hardware_addr.increment.start = 'AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF'
arp1.sender_hardware_addr.increment.step = '00:01:00:01:00:00'
arp1.sender_hardware_addr.increment.count = 15
arp1.sender_protocol_addr.decrement.start = '192.168.0.1'
arp1.sender_protocol_addr.decrement.step = '0.0.25.134'
arp1.sender_protocol_addr.decrement.count = 15
udp2.src_port.increment.start = 20000
udp2.src_port.increment.step = 512
udp2.src_port.increment.count = 127
# assign list of port numbers as destination UDP ports
print('Pushing traffic configuration ...')
print(cfg.serialize())
api.set_config(cfg)
print('Starting packet capture on all configured ports ...')
cs = api.capture_state()
cs.state = cs.START
api.set_capture_state(cs)
print('Starting transmit on all configured flows ...')
ts = api.transmit_state()
ts.state = ts.START
api.set_transmit_state(ts)
api.wait_on_traffic([0,1])
print('capturing...')
req = api.capture_request()
req.port_name = 'p2'
# with open('tests/data/pcap/arp/arp1_p2.pcap', 'wb') as f:
# f.write(api.get_capture(req).getvalue())
if __name__ == '__main__':
hello_snappi()
| 16,859 |
https://github.com/ralfw/exercises_in_programming_problem_solving/blob/master/sudoku/sudoku/tests/Acceptance_tests.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
exercises_in_programming_problem_solving
|
ralfw
|
C#
|
Code
| 127 | 678 |
using Xunit;
namespace sudoku.tests
{
public class Acceptance_tests
{
[Fact]
public void Puzzle2()
{
var puzzle = new[,] {
{0,0, 3,0},
{3,0, 0,2},
{0,1, 0,0},
{4,0, 0,1}
};
var result = SudokuSolver.Solve(puzzle);
Assert.True(SolutionChecker.Check(result));
}
[Fact]
public void Puzzle3()
{
var puzzle = new[,] {
{0,0,0, 2,6,0, 7,0,1},
{6,8,0, 0,7,0, 0,9,0},
{1,9,0, 0,0,4, 5,0,0},
{8,2,0, 1,0,0, 0,4,0},
{0,0,4, 6,0,2, 9,0,0},
{0,5,0, 0,0,3, 0,2,8},
{0,0,9, 3,0,0, 0,7,4},
{0,4,0, 0,5,0, 0,3,6},
{7,0,3, 0,1,8, 0,0,0}
};
var result = SudokuSolver.Solve(puzzle);
Assert.True(SolutionChecker.Check(result));
}
[Fact]
public void Puzzle3_2()
{
// Source: http://www.7sudoku.com/very-difficult
var puzzle = new[,] {
{0,1,0, 0,0,9, 0,7,4},
{7,0,0, 0,3,0, 0,0,0},
{0,4,0, 7,2,0, 3,0,1},
{0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,9},
{0,6,7, 0,0,0, 2,1,0},
{5,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0},
{4,0,2, 0,7,1, 0,6,0},
{0,0,0, 0,4,0, 0,0,3},
{3,5,0, 6,0,0, 0,2,0}
};
var result = SudokuSolver.Solve(puzzle);
Assert.True(SolutionChecker.Check(result));
}
}
}
| 49,086 |
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%20%28%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%202005%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
أسود (فيلم 2005)
|
https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=أسود (فيلم 2005)&action=history
|
Arabic
|
Spoken
| 513 | 1,652 |
بلاك هو فيلم دراما باللغة الهندية والإنكليزية من إخراج يانجاي ليلا بهنسالي. نجومه رانيي موخرجي و أميتاب باتشان مع شيرناز باتيل ودريتيمان شاترجي في أدوار مساعدة. يروي الفيلم قصة ميشيل مكنالي (موخرجي) المرأة الصماء العمياء، وعلاقتها بمعلّمها ديبراج ساهي (باتشان)، معاقر مسن أُصيب لاحقًا بمرض ألزهايمر.
أعلن بهنسالي في 2003 عن مشروعه الجديد بعنوان بلاك. جاءت فكرته أولاً عندما التقى بأطفال معاقين جسديًا في أثناء تصوير الفيلم الموسيقي كاموشي أواخر عام 1990. القصة مستوحاة من حياة الناشطة الأمريكية هيلين كيلر وسيرتها الذاتية عام 1903، بعنوان قصة حياتي. كان المخطط بدايةً لصنع فيلم رومانسي آخر، لكن اختار أن يتناول قضية الصم والعمى. كتب السيناريو الخاص بالفيلم بهنسالي، وبهفاني لير وبراكلش كاباديا، وهما من كتبا الحوار أيضًا بالإنكليزية والهندية، على التوالي. التصوير السينمائي لرافي كاندران واستغرق 100 يوم، باستخدام أسلوب التصوير السينمائي من فيلم كاجاز كه فول عام 1959، جرى التصوير بين يناير وأبريل 2004، في شيملا وفيلم سيتي. كان أمونغ كومار مصمم الإنتاج، في حين كان شام كوشال مدير العمل. واجه التصوير قضايا قانونية بعد حرق مجموعاته في فيلم سيتي، وازدياد الميزانية الأولية للفيلم. بعد إنتهاء التصوير، تولت المونتاج بيلا سيجال. والموسيقى المصاحبة والموسيقى الأساسية لمونتي شارما وميشيل دانا على التوالي.
بميزانية نحو 2.8 مليون دولار أمريكي، أطلق فيلم بلاك في السينما في 4 فبراير 2005. وبلغت مجموع إيراداته 5.7 مليون دولار أمريكي، عُد ناجحًا تجاريًا، بل صُنف من أعلى الأفلام الهندية ربحًا. تلقى الفيلم إشادة نقدية على نطاق واسع، إذ أثنى النقاد على القصة والإخراج والتمثيل. فاز الفيلم بالعديد من الجوائز، متضمنةً 11 جائزة من فيلم فير، العدد الأكبر في تلك المناسبة، و3 من جوائز الفيلم الوطني، وهي أفضل فيلم هندي، وأفضل ممثل لباتشان، وأفضل تصميم أزياء لسابيساشي موكرجي. صدرت نسخة تركية سنة 2013.
الحبكة
يدور الفلم حول ميشيل التي فقدت بصرها وسمعها بسبب مرض أصابها في صغرها. تكبر وتصاب بإحباط وخيبة أمل ما يجعلها طفلة عنيفة لا يمكن السيطرة عليها. يحاول والداها بول وكاثرين السيطرة عليها حتى يدخل ديبراج، معلم معاقر مسن، حياتهم. يأخذ ديبراج على عاتقه تكوين شخصية ميشيل لتصبح شخصًا يمكنه التواصل والتعبير. يستخدم طرقًا قاسية يعترض عليها الأب في البداية، ويأمره بالمغادرة. يبقى ديبراج مع ميشل بينما والدها بعيد في رحلة عمل، يعلم ميشيل كلمات قليلة وسلوكيات أفضل. لكنه يستعد للمغادرة عند عودة الأب. قبل مغادرته مباشرة، يشعر ديبراج بالإحباط عندما يرى ميشيل تعود للوقاحة. ومن بعد يرميها في نافورة ماء، يدفعها ذلك أن تتعلم دروس ديبراج. وأخيرًا تفهم ما هو الماء، ما جعلها تدرك والديها، ونطق أول المقاطع من الكلمات الصغيرة، أقنع ذلك والديها باستمرار ديبراج معلمًا لها. بعد سنوات، أصبحت ميشيل امرأةً معبرة قادرة على الرقص والغناء بتمكن. تحصل على القبول لمتابعة درجة البكالوريوس بمساعدة ديبراج. تنتقل من منزلها وتعيش مع ديبراج. على مدى عامين مقبلين، تكافح لتحصل على شهادتها، سنة بعد أخرى، لكنها تحافظ على روحها وتعتمد على ديبراج لتفسير المواد، ويساعدها المدير على الدراسة برايل.
المراجع
أفلام إنتاج 2005
أفلام باللغة الهندية
أفلام باللغة الهندية أعيد إنتاجها في لغات أخرى
أفلام باللغة الهندية في عقد 2000
أفلام سيرة ذاتية درامية هندية
أفلام عن الأشخاص الصم
أفلام عن الإعاقة
أفلام عن مكفوفين في الهند
أفلام مصورة في مومباي
أفلام مصورة في هيماجل برديش
أفلام من إخراج سانجاي ليلا بهنسالي
أفلام هندية
أفلام هندية عن مرض آلزهايمر
| 20,396 |
bpt6k64811676_4
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Les Femmes parisiennes, ou Le furet de société. Tome 2
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 5,512 | 8,682 |
Des saules pleureurs, plantés le long de la rivière, réunissaient leurs branches recourbées, empêchant les rayons du soleil de pénétrer jusques dans ses eaux, et formaient une voûte, sous laquelle les habitants du lieu allaient se promener ; cette maison appartenait au père de madame Desrocher; c'est là que toute la famille passait la belle saison, loin d'un monde frivole et des erreurs du siècle. Madame Desrocher, un livre à la main, aimait en respirant le frais, à se livrer aux douces impressions que ces lieux faisaient naître. Tantôt elle goûtait les plaisirs de la pêche, un autre fois le dessinait. Ces diverses occupations, lui avaient pris quelque mois, et c'était toujours avec un charme nouveau qu'elle s'y livrait, quand un jour, jour à jamais terrible ! madame Desrocher se promenait seule sous cette voûte enchanteresse ; lorsque ses yeux furent frappés de l'aspect d'un jeune homme endormi. Surprise, elle s'arrête, puis elle veut fuir, mais pourquoi ? ne serait-ce pas faire croire qu'elle redoute les hommes, qu'elle craint leur empire ? Au lieu de s'éloigner, madame Desrocher s'approcha du beau dormeur; un livre était à ses côtés, la curiosité, si naturelle à son sexe, la porta à prendre le livre : que de choses il lui apprit. D'abord le nom du jeune homme, il se nommait Derbal ; c'était le fils d'un riche propriétaire de Boussy Saint Antoine, gens fort respectables, et qui avaient gâté leur fils, comme monsieur et madame Desrocher, avaient gâté madame leur fille. Ensuite ce livre lui prouva que Derbal détestait les femmes, comme elle détestait les hommes; et cela par plusieurs notes qu'il avait écrites en marge. Quelle douce sympathie. Elle allait poursuivre; mais Derbal fit un mouvement, il se réveilla, et voyant une femme près de lui, il ramassa son livre, que madame Desrocher avait eu la prudence de remettre à la même place, le relève, la salue presque sans la regarder, saute dans une petite nacelle, traversa la rivière, et se sauva. On a beau ne pas estimer les hommes, dédaigner leur hommage, on aime malgré cela, qu'ils se souviennent qu'ils doivent tout aux femmes. Madame Desrocher fut extrêmement piquée de la conduite de Derbal. Le lendemain, le surlendemain, elle retourna dans le même lieu; mais Derbal n'y parut pas. Il y avait à-peu-près une semaine d'écoulée, depuis l'apparition de Derbal, lorsque, poussée par un mauvais génie, madame Desrocher, trouva un petit cahier à peu de distance de la place où elle avait vu son sauvage voisin endormi: elle le prit, et lut en telle, ce titre assez singulier: Est-ce aux femmes se plaindre des hommes ou aux hommes de la fourberie des femmes? Ah! ah! s'écria madame Desrocher, l'apostrophe est un peu malhonnête. elle alla s'asseoir sur un banc, et voir si le manuscrit répondait au titre. Par malheur les douze premières pages étaient arrachées, la treizième à moitié déchirée, ainsi l'ouvrage était sans suite, et ne présentait aucun sens. Voici donc le peu qu'elle reçut. Page 13. Hortense, Hortense! pour prix du service que je vous avais rendu, l'hymen allait m'assurer un bonheur éternel; ma fortune allait vous enrichir, trop heureux. Page 17. De quelle horreur ne fus-je pas saisi, quand je fus convaincu de la trame affreuse que l'ingrate avait ourdzie elle-même; mais une femme peut-elle à ce point pousser la perfidie? L'autorité paternelle n'avait pas commandé à son cœur, c'était elle qui la première avait sourri à mes vœux. Réclamer son amour, quand je lui avais sauvé la vie, eut été exiger le prix de mon action. Hortense m'avait offert sa tendresse, je devais la croire sincère. Comme elle m'a trompé! O femmes! femmes, sous un dehors timide, vous cachez la dissimulation et la cruauté, vous ne nous souriez que pour distraire notre attention, et nous assassiner plus sûrement. La bassesse de ton âme m'est connue, odieuse Hortense. Un autre plus riche que moi a acheté ta main, l'hymen va vous unir ; mais il est un Dieu! il me reste le courage et mon épée, non pour te disputer un rival que tu trompes, mais pour venger mon honneur outragé, ma confiance trahie, et Monval. Et quoi, me dit Monval, cette Hortense? Ah! fuyons là, mon cher D**, fuyons, abandonnons-là à son ingratitude, nous l'aurons assez punie. Je l'aimais autant que vous, peut-être comme vous j'étais fier de l'unir à ma destinée, et si un jour elle... Depuis, je traîne mon existence et mon ennui, je sens qu'il n'est de vrai bonheur que celui que l'on tient d'une amie, mais où la trouver? La coquetterie, le luxe, la dissipation, l'orgueil, ont remplacé chez les femmes, cette pudeur, cette sensibilité, cette douceur, cette aménité, qui les rendaient l'idole de nos cœurs. Femmes, femmes, quand il vous faut si peu de chose pour être adorables, devez-vous faire de si grands efforts pour vous rendre ridicules. Cette lecture fit naître mille réflexions à madame Desrocher ; il est bien permis à celui qui souffre de se plaindre. Voilà donc la cause de la misère de Derbal, car tout annonçait que cet opuscule était son histoire. À quelques jours de là elle le vit, mais de l'autre côté de la rivière; un trouble qu'elle ne peut définir l'agita à sa vue. Il se promenait un livre à la main; son chien, seul compagnon de ses peines, le suivait. En apercevant madame Desrocher, il se mit à japper et se jettant à l'eau, il fut en un instant près d'elle, elle poussa un cri. Derbal leva la tête, et appela Fidelio, mais le drôle, quoiqu'attaché à son maître, n'avait pas comme lui les femmes en horreur, ils se laissaient caresser par madame Desrocher, et accepta sans cérémonie, un macaron qu'elle avait dans sa poche; les caresses qu'elle donna à Fidelio, lui valurent un remercîment de Derbal ; c'était la première fois qu'elle entendait sa voix, et les doux accents firent vibrer les cordes de son cœur. Une politesse en méritait une autre ; madame Desrocher répondit sur le même ton, et voilà la conversation engagée, mais elle était vague et froide; la rivière séparait les deux causeurs. Cependant, elle eut un tel attrait pour madame Desrocher, qu'elle la vit cesser à regret par le départ de Derbal; il lui fit un profond salut, et s'éloigna. Fidelio lui lécha la main, agita sa queue en signe de reconnaissance, et traversa la rivière pour rejoindre son maître ; restée seule, plus seule qu'avant ce court entretien, madame Desrocher, regagna la maison. L'ennui était sur son front, l'agitation dans son âme, son cœur était oppressé ; elle se surprit même, le dirai-je, elle se surprit retournant vers la place qu'elle venait de quitter. Mais soudain, le réveil de la fierté la rendit à elle-même, et pour se punir d'un moment de faiblesse, elle jura sur la vague tranquille, de revenir le lendemain, et de converser avec Derbal, une demie-journée s'ils le fallait pour prouver que ses sentiments n'étaient pas changés. Fatal serment ! madame Desrocher y fut fidèle, mais Derbal ne vint pas. Plus agitée que la veille, et croyant que cela venait du dépit, elle remit au lendemain l'épreuve de son courage ; elle passa le reste de la journée assez maussadement. Mais Dieu sait ce qui troubla son sommeil. Presque courroucée contre Derbal, dont l'image l'avait poursuivie pendant la nuit, elle se leva, se vêtit d'un négligé charmant, et alla au rendez-vous qu'elle s'était donné. Derbal y était; mais plus rapproché que l'avant-veille, monté sur sa nacelle, il suivait le courant ; il aborda bientôt du côté de madame Desrocher. A cet aspect, son sein se gonfla, son courroux s'enfuit, elle avait cherché le combat et son lâche cœur le refusait ; quelle honte ! mais quel parti prendre, la retraite devint impossible : fâtale présomption. Enfin madame Desrocher, redevint mademoiselle Stéphanie. Derbal avait la connaissance des femmes ; la conduite de Stéphanie lui avait dévoilé ce qui se passait dans son cœur. Trop généreux pour profiter de cet avantage, il prouva dans cette circonstance : Qu'un héros est plus grand, au sein de la victoire, Que quand il joint la clémence aux lauriers de la gloire. Ayant vu à quelque distance Stéphanie arrêtée, il alla à sa rencontre, lui fit un salut. Qu'il était différent du premier; quelle grâce, quelle aisance à s'énoncer; la musique, la peinture, les plaisirs de la campagne, les dons renaissants et toujours sublimes de la nature, formèrent le premier chapitre de l'entretien, le second, oh le second, ne fut pas moins intéressant. On a si vite fait connaissance à la campagne. Mais personne n'ayant été témoin de cet entretien, on n'a pas su au juste ce qui s'en était suivi : l'on donna pour certain, que Stéphanie n'a pas manqué de ce rendre tous les jours dans le même lieu. Derbal mit la même exactitude; enfin, au bout de quelques semaines, on en vint à la confiance, de la confiance aux aveux. Le père et la mère de Stéphanie, tombèrent de leur hauteur quand ils surent où les choses en étaient. Grand Dieu! Quoi, ma fille, le parti est sortable. Mais d'après ce que nous devions espérer pour vous, tous ces raisonnements étaient hors de saison. Stéphanie n'avait jamais été contrariée, elle ne voulut pas souffrir d'observations. Ses parents virent qu'elle avait la tête montée. On l'unit à Derbal. sans bruit, sans cérémonie. Ainsi elle partit demoiselle de Paris, elle y revint dame. Il ne faut pas une si longue absence pour changer l'état d'une demoiselle. Cette affaire avait été menée si promptement que toute la ville en fut surprise. Mais l'étonnement de Stéphanie fut bien plus grand, quand elle sut que Derbal n'avait tenu cette conduite que pour s'en faire aimer. Quoi, dit-elle à son époux, cette Hortense dont j'ai vu le nom dans un petit cahier. — Ne te fâche pas lui répondit Derbal, elle n'a pas existé pour moi. Mais il en est mille à Paris, qui pensent comme celle que ma plume a créée. — Ainsi j'ai été ta dupe. — Non, mais j'ai voulu te prouver que la présomption peut perdre une fille. À ton âge, ma chère, vouloir affecter des sentiments indignes de tant de grâces, c'est forcer la nature, c'est violer ses droits : heureuses filles qui comme toi n'achèteront l'expérience que par quelques ridicules. Stéphanie sut apprécier la force des raisonnements de son époux. Piquée d'abord d'avoir été jouée elle vit bientôt dans ce que Derbal avait fait, la preuve de son amour, elle lui pardonna, l'aima; on dit même qu'abjurant ses anciennes prétentions à l'esprit, elle est devenue bonne mère de famille; si cela est, répétons avec Derbal : heureuse la femme qui ne paye que de quelques ridicules l'expérience qu'elle acquiert; mais plus heureux encore l'amant qui comme Derbal, parviendra à se faire aimer, car il est plus qu'imprudent de courir le hasard avec une femme d'esprit. LETTRE XXV. De Forlis à madame Dufard. Est-il heureux ? Mariage, Fête, Surprise, petite Mystification. Harrassé, fatigué de plaisirs, ébloui des attraits, des diamants, des feux d'artifices dont mes yeux sont frappés depuis huit jours. Il faut avoir mon cœur et mon courage, madame, pour vous écrire. La lettre de Sombreuil, que je trouvai à mon arrivée à Paris, était tellement pressante, que je ne me reposai que quelques heures; je partis de suite, et j'arrivai au château de mademoiselle de Sainville; impatient de la connaître, impatient d'embrasser un ami tel que Sombreuil, et de voir sa flamme couronnée, je fus reçu en frère, et traité comme tel. L'approche du mariage n'avait pas changé Sombreuil; sa future était au-dessus du portrait qu'il m'en avait fait, et je vis que son caractère, son esprit, ses grâces, justifiaient l'amour, aussi prompt qu'excessif qu'elle avait inspiré à mon ami. À peine remis de la lassitude d'une longue route, il fallut s'occuper des fêtes et divertissements qui devaient embellir cette touchante cérémonie; nommé à l'unanimité directeur en chef, ordonnateur général, garçon d'honneur de la nocse. Je ne sus auquel entendre pendant une semaine. Composé des chansons, des proverbes, distribuer les rôles, les faire répéter, dresser un théâtre, dessiner, et faire construire les salles de bals et de festins; désigner l'emplacement des feux d'artifice, savoir, dans nos répartitions, flatter l'amour-propre des uns, la sotte vanité des autres; présenter les talents de celle-ci, la grâce de celle-là, utiliser la gaucherie de madame telle; concilier les grandes prétentions de ces petits esprits, les coudre à nos intérêts, s'assurer d'avance qu'il n'y aura ni maladie subite, ni d'orgueil blessé au moment de l'exécution; enfin, rendre dépendants les uns des autres tous les braves gens, en faisant accroire à chacun en particulier, que c'est lui qui mène tout, tel a été mon premier soin, et le succès a surpassé mon attente. Jamais je n'ai joui d'un spectacle aussi magnifique que celui qu'offrait cette réunion. Plus de deux cents invitations avaient été faites. Au nombre des femmes charmantes, des toilettes extraordinaires, du luxe qui se faisaient remarquer, Caroline Dartimont, Clara Delcourt, se distinguaient encore des autres femmes, par l'effrayante richesse de leur mise; pour la belle Zelma, elle fixa tous les yeux, captiva tous les cœurs par la simplicité de son ajustement. Vous trouverez peut-être étrange que Sombreuil avait réuni ces dames dans un moment où il avait intérêt à écarter les souvenirs du passé, mais deux motifs lui ont fait faire cette démarche; le premier pour prouver que les astres de Paris ne peuvent effacer celui sous lequel il va vivre désormais. Ce sont ses propres paroles; le second était pour convaincre sa jeune épouse de la sincérité de ses sentiments; il avait peut-être une arrière-pensée, c'est ce que j'ignore, ce que je ne voudrais pas savoir; mais une surprise à laquelle nous étions loin de nous attendre, ajouta aux charmes de ce beau jour. En ma qualité d'ordonnateur, je demandai la veille à nos époux, la liste des personnes invitées au dîner, ils me la remirent; le nombre était de cent dix; mais Ernestine me dit en riant, je vous préviens monsieur l'intendant qu'il vous manque cinq noms, que je n'ai pas cru devoir vous donner, en conséquence, je vous prie d'ordonner que l'on place cent quatorze couverts, un des quatre sera à ma gauche, et les trois autres près de monsieur. Nous étions tous à table; les quatre places étaient vides; soudain l'épouse de Sombreuil, fait signe à un laquais, et nous voyons paraître l'intéressante Adèle, avec ses quatre enfants. Sa mise simple et convenable à son état, fait un si grand contraste avec celle de nos élégantes, que chacun se regarde en silence. Aussitôt Adèle élevant le plus jeune de ses enfants, place une couronne sur la tête de Sombreuil. Cette action augmenta encore l'étonnement de toute l'assemblée; mais, Ernestine expliqua simplement la conduite d'Adèle dans ses malheurs, et celle de Sombreuil. Ainsi, continue-t-elle, cette réunion a un triple motif; j'espère, messieurs, et vous mesdames, que vous daignerez applaudir au noble procédé de mon époux, et à la vertu d'Adèle, qui ne s'est pas démentie un seul instant. A ces mots elle courut à elle, l'embrassa et la fit asseoir à ses côtés : je vous jure madame, que cet impromptu, valait cent fois mieux que toutes les scènes que j'avais composées pour le soir. Tous les yeux étaient portés sur Adèle, et je gage que plusieurs de nos dames ne comprirent rien à l'enthousiasme que madame Sombreuil avait pour Adèle; mais moi, j'en ai fort bien pénétré le sens, et la satisfaction qu'éprouvait Ernestine, les doux noms qu'elle prodiguait à Adèle pendant tout le dîner, me convainquirent qu'elle avait voulu donner une leçon à toutes ces dames. C'était pour cette raison que m'avait invité Adèle à venir avec ses enfants. Une femme de chambre seule était dans la confidence; le secret fut si bien gardé, que nous ne nous doutâmes de rien, moi et Sombreuil. Zelma fut la seule de toute la compagnie qui fit plus de caresses à Adèle; Cara fut un peu piquée de ce qu'on l'avait admise à la table; pour Caroline, elle se pinça les lèvres; Sombreuil le fit remarquer à son épouse; ce fut le commencement de la petite vengeance qu'il veut tirer de la veuve de Dartimont. Le reste du jour a été consacré aux jeux de toute espèce que j'ai ordonné; tout le monde a été aussi surpris qu'enchanté, de la magnificence des nouveaux mariés; depuis quatre jours, les fêtes durent, nous sommes tous sur les dents. Je soupire après l'instant qui nous rendra à nous-même, et surtout après celui où je pourrai vous réitérer de vive voix, l'assurance des sentiments. Etc. Etc. Etc. LETTRE XXVI. Au Public, conclusion.. Comme il est plus que certain, qu'il ne me sera pas permis de correspondre directement avec vous, cher public, j'ai cru devoir vous adresser la présente par la voie de l'impression. Voilà bien Sombreuil uni à la plus jolie créature que la nature ait formée, vous en êtes assuré; mais il y a plusieurs personnages sur lesquels on n'a pas prononcé, il est donc de mon devoir de remplir cette lacune et pour ce, j'ai pris les renseignements que je m'empresse de vous donner. Lettre six, tome premier. Madama. Debrion, sa persévérance à composer, à compiler est admirable, les presses gémissent de son extrême fécondité, le public s'en plaint, elle seule en rit. L'aimable demoiselle est toujours restée fille. Même lettre. Sophie Durillage a terminé depuis quelques mois, avec son cimélien; le mariage a ratifié les sentiments de ce couple, qui vit en parfaite harmonie depuis ce moment. Il ne faut s'étonner de rien : Il n'est qu'un pas du mal au bien. Quant à madame Bobiliard, toujours toujours, elle est toujours la même : c'est-à-dire étourdie et triste, dissipée et jeune malgré ses quarante-cinq ans. Mais cher public, d'un saint respect, ne pouvant me défendre, hélas ! je pense au destin d'Eliza. Elle n'est plus : à l'amant qu'elle aima, l'amour, en pleurs, a réuni sa cendre. Son respectable père, sans consolation dans sa vieillesse, déplorant les excès de ses maux, altéré d'une perte aussi sensible, a gravé d'une main tremblante, sur le tombeau d'Eliza, ces vers, que lui a dicté la nature : Elle n'est plus, celle que je regrette. Mes vœux, mes pleurs, hélas ! sont trop tardés. Quand, d'Élise, ma pensée inquiète, Veut, à mon cœur, rappeler les vertus, Eu frémissant, soudain l'Écho répète : "Elle n'est plus Caroline et Clara n'ont pu se connaître à fond, sans médire l'une de l'autre; leurs premières contestations amusèrent Sombreuil, il voulut les raccommoder, du moins en apparence, mais la vivacité de ces deux femmes, Ne leur permit pas d'entrer dans aucun arrangement : elles continuèrent. Les choses en vinrent au point que Caroline, avec un ton d'autorité, dit un jour à Sombreuil, qu'il fallait qu'il optât entre elle ou Clara. Le parti est embarrassant, lui répondit-il; liés depuis notre enfance, il me sera pénible de rompre avec vous; d'un autre côté, Clara est si franche, si spirituelle, qu'on doit lui pardonner sa causticité, et j'avoue que je préfère l'ennemi qui me critique en face, à l'ami qui me déchire en arrière; j'entends reprit Caroline, vous me fermez votre porte. — Ah ! madame, quelle horrible pensée! — ce qu'on me dit ne m'en impose pas; je me retire. — Vous voyez, madame, que c'est vous. — Il suffit. Elle sortit furieuse, et, depuis, le monde entier est devenu le confident des torts qu'elle reproche à Sombreuil. L'âge et l'expérience n'ont point pu arrêter la tête de Clara; sa franchise s'accroît avec le temps, elle la porte si loin qu'il faut connaître ses qualités, pour lui passer ces défauts. Zelma affermie dans les sentiments qui sont nés à la suite de son aventure, est la seule qui soit restée à Sombreuil et à son épouse; ils ne forment plus qu'une maison; plaisirs, fortune, tout est commun entre eux; ce commerce aussi pur qu'agréable est le plus bel éloge que l'on puisse faire de Zelma et d'Ernestine. Madame de Fabrice, et Victor son époux, se sont jetés à corps perdu dans la réforme, il n'y a plus moyen de les en arracher. Adèle est à son sixième enfant; quoique d'un rang inférieur à celui d'Ernestine, elle est toujours reçue chez Sombreuil, comme une amie. La vertu et la boulé vivent si bien ensemble! J'apprends avec une incroyable surprise, le suicide de l'amant de madame Dufard. Dix années de constance lui ayant ôté tout espoir, il a mis un terme à ses souffrances. On dit que madame Dufard a donné une larme au souvenir de ce malheureux, et continue de s'amuser aux dépens de ses concitoyennes; c'est une excellente femme! Voilà, cher public, tout ce que j'ai recueilli sur les femmes célèbres dont les lettres me sont tombées entre les mains; si quelques nouveaux faits venaient à ma connaissance, je m'empresserai de vous les communiquer, tout fois ils seront dignes de vous. AVIS AU LECTEUR. L'un à l'obscurité condamné par le sort, visite incognito parfois le sombre bord. L'autre avec plus d'éclat abandonnant la terre, laisse un nom qui survit à sa triste poussière. L'un, enfin, disparaît, ignorant, ignoré; l'autre, de ses travaux, meurt étant entouré. Cette vérité est tellement incontestable, qu'au moment où je me disposais à livrer ce recueil de lettres à mon imprimeur, je reçus les deux pièces ci-jointes; le comique de l'une, les profondes observations de l'autre, m'ont déterminé à les insérer. Ai-je bien fait? ai-je eu tort? lisez. Lettre de monsieur Duleger, premier danseur du bal des grâces, à mademoiselle Diaphane, première aide de madame Coquet, modiste, rue du Coeur-Volant. Est-il vrai, ma brillante amie, que vous me faites faire un pas en arrière dans vos affections ? Cette fâcheuse et altérante nouvelle m'a été apportée hier au moment où je valsais, mon cœur en a perdu de suite l'à-plomb, et le battement fut si terrible, qu'il m'a été impossible d'exécuter un entrechat que je me proposais. Quoi, lorsque vous formez d'aussi belles chaînes, vous avez pu perdre la mesure de mes sentiments ; vous me croyez infidèle, ô! charmante Diaphane, chassez des pensées injustes, rappelez-vous que je n'ai jamais cherché qu'à vous enlacer. Je n'ai jamais balancé à vous nommer la belle des belles ; quand mademoiselle Gavotte a voulu faire la poule, comment ai-je répondu ? par un glissé, une pirouette et un dos-à-dos. Vous ne pouvez pas dire que j'ai fait le cavalier seul en avant, encore moins l'avant-deux ; un tour de main. Je ne me le rappelle pas, d'après une conduite aussi bien cadencée, vous m'avez fait une semblable figure. Dans les chassés-croissés, mon ardeur, vous ne craignez pas cruelle, de faire un peu battu. Loin de vous la poussette ; le moulinet ne convient pas un amant qui n'a jamais perdu l'équilibre, et qui n'a pas un seul pas à se reprocher. Au nom de Terpsichore, dont vous êtes la sœur ; rendez à l'amour son ancienne attitude. Faites-moi réponse par le même commissionnaire, et dites lui qu'il ne fasse qu'un pas de basque, de la rue du Cœur-Volant à celle des Moineaux ; afin que je connaisse plutôt la position que je dois prendre, et que je sache enfin sur quel pied danser. L'OPTIQUE PARISIENNE, ou LE PHYSIONOTRACE. Un soir que je promenais mes pas incertains sur les boulevards neufs, je m'arrêtai à l'aspect d'un groupe qui s'était formé sur le bord du bassin de la Villette; une mouche qui vole, deux chiens qui se battent, un serin échappé de sa cage, un cheval qui se noie; en voilà plus qu'il n'en faut pour distraire toute la population d'un quartier, aussi traite-t-on les Parisiens de badauds. Sans être de Paris, j'en ai les goûts, je n'en rougis pas ; musarder est un si grand plaisir pour moi, que je restai un jour, une heure entière, un rasoir à la main et la barbe à moitié coupée, occupé à regarder deux chats qui se pelotaient sur le toit de ma maison. On voit par là, que cédant à mon goût naturel, je ne puis passer devant le groupe, sans demander qu'est-ce qu'il y a là ? Mais, je sus bien surpris, quand au lieu d'un de ces événements ordinaires et multipliés dans les rues, de voir qu'il ne s'agissait que d'une optique. Cet objet était indigne de moi; j'allais m'éloigner, mais le pauvre diable qui avait compté sur la pièce de dix centimes que devait lui procurer ma curiosité, et voyant son espoir trompé, se mit à vanter son spectacle avec un tel talent, que je détournai involontairement la tête, il remarqua mon mouvement et redoubla d'effort ; je fis un pas rétrograde, son éloquence augmente encore; enfin me voilà sur le banc, le rideau pardessus l'épaule, et cela en disant : que l'homme est curieux et bête. Je ne fus pas longtemps à être détrompé ; soit que cet homme ait vu à ma mise que je n'étais pas un habitué, soit qu'il ait voulu mériter la confiance que j'avais eue dans son annonce, soit que guidé par cet amour propre qui nous porte à nous croire supérieurs à nos voisins, cet homme, dis-je, fit mouvoir ses tableaux avec une telle dextérité, il mit une telle emphase dans ses discours, que je me crus un instant au milieu d'une compagnie littéraire; mon attention se porta incontinent sur les divers objets qui passaient devant mes yeux. PREMIER TABLEAU. Messieurs, mesdames, (j'étais seul, n'importe), ceci vous représente une des principales places de la capitale, à la droite, vous apercevez un magasin de modes, vingt demoiselles sont occupées à divers travaux ; la première lit une lettre que vient de lui remettre ce petit commissionnaire, cette lettre est celle d'un jeune homme qui lui demande un rendez-vous pour le soir; il est accordé. La seconde demoiselle lit une anecdote scandaleuse, et par cette lecture, elle forme plutôt son cœur à la corruption qu'elle n'apprend à faire des bonnets. Toutes les autres demoiselles écoutent une de leur compagne qui chante une chanson obscène. La maîtresse de la maison se reconnaît à son regard hardi; un élégant du jour, lui apporte une rose pour elle, des pastilles pour sa petite fille, des gimblettes pour Favori, son chien. Tout en faisant son cadeau il baisse la main de la dame, dont le mari est sur la porte qui observe, en silence, ce qui se passe dehors : (le nigaud ferait mieux d'observer ce que l'on fait chez lui). Sur le côté gauche, vous voyez une belle maison; le portier joue aux cartes avec sa femme, et ne voit pas un voleur qui sort avec un paquet qu'il a dérobé à un locataire. Entré-sol. C'est une charmante demoiselle que consolent deux frères, qui, quoique rivaux, n'en sont pas moins amis. Ces deux frères prodiguent l'or à cette aimable enfant, et peur qu'elle n'en manque pas, ils ont escompté leurs effets à trente pour cent. Jadis cette opération eût été regardée comme une banqueroute, aujourd'hui cela s'appelle arranger ses affaires. Au premier. C'est le maître de la maison; il rédige deux plans de faillites pour deux jeunes commerçants de ses amis; il ne leur prend pour ce travail que vingt-cinq pour cent à prendre sur le bénéfice clair que produit cette affaire. Au second. C'est l'épouse de ce Duhautcour. Elle forme aux usages du monde un jeune homme de province qui vient à Paris; perdre son air emprunté, et dépenser quarante mille francs de rentes, qu'il tient de son père. Au troisième. Les deux demoiselles de la maison, pendant que leur mère forme le jeune provincial, elles reçoivent des leçons de leur maître à danser; elles n'ont pas aucune idée de la religion dans laquelle elles sont nées, mais elles dansent très bien; leur mémoire est garnie des noms des acteurs, actrices, danseurs et danseuses de Paris, optimé. Regardez, messieurs, ces nombreux personnages qui garnissent la place, l'un fuit des créanciers importuns, cet autre poursuit un débiteur qui lui a renouvelé six fois ses effets, et qui l'a ruiné sous le prétexte de le servir; celui-ci, va de porte en porte, offrir un crédit qu'il n'a pas; cet homme, habillé de noir, court défendre une cause qu'il a déjà perdue trois fois; ce géant, a l'air pensif, projette de désunir deux époux, pour profiter de la rupture. Cet hypocrite, au maintien composé, au regard bénin, vient de tromper une innocente qui le croyait un saint. Vous voyez cet imbécile à la bouche béante, à la démarche lourde, il passe toute sa matinée à recueillir les mille bêtises qui se débitent à l'heure à Paris, et comme il confond aisément et les faits, et les temps, et les choses et les mots, si vous vous trouvez avec lui un soir, dans un cercle, il vous dira : malheureux, comme il pleuvait hier, j'allais voir l'opéra nouveau, et je suis allé en revenant jouer ma partie de boston, chez monsieur tel. Crac. DEUXIÈME TABLEAU. Ceci vous représente, messieurs et dames, la bibliothèque d'un ancien amateur. Vingt compilateurs entourés d'in-8° d'in-quarto, etc. compulsent et arrangent à leur gré les chefs-d'œuvre du goût. Les deux premiers, émules de Favart, retournent ses couplets, changent ses idées, mettent ses jolies vers en prose, transforment sa prose naïve en vers satiriques et hérissés de pointes. Grâces au peu qu'ils mettent du leur dans un ouvrage, la gaieté franche est remplacée par ses équivoques grossières, la simplicité par la trivialité, l'épigramme, fine et spirituelle, par des personnalités, et ces messieurs, soit défaut de goût, soit par la grande précipitation qu'ils mettent à copier leurs larcins, ces messieurs, dis-je, confondent le comique avec le burlesque, et assimilent le talent de Collé, à la farce Taconet; mais la pièce est reçue d'avance, vingt cabaleurs doivent la faire prendre; ecce modus. Cet homme, grand et sec, est un auteur tragique; Corneille, Rotrou, et même Hardy, sont mis par lui à contribution; veut-il composer une pièce, il prendle roi dans Rotrou, la princesse dans Corneille, etc., etc., etc.; l'ouvrage est fait, c'est un Phénix, mais à son grand désespoir, il voit qu'il n'a fait qu'un mélodrame au lieu d'une tragédie; aussi, au moment de la catastrophe, cet auteur, comme l'a dit Gilbert, va, tombant de chute en chute, gagner dix à douze mille francs par an aux boulevards. Plus loin, vous voyez une douzaine de chansonniers; après avoir brillé dans les petites affiches, ils veulent prendre un plus noble essor; ils tiennent les œuvres de Pannard, de Vadé, ils ne les quitteront pas qu'ils ne les aient défigurées. Sur le côté opposé, un auteur de poèmes épiques, tout lui convient, ils font main basse sur tous les hémistiches, les vers entiers; il s'habille à la fripperie; on voit que son habit n'a pas été fait pour lui. Ce ci-devant jeune homme, est un romancier; il travaillait jadis pour le théâtre, mais comme il a en portefeuille une tragédie et une comédie en cinq actes, un grand opéra et six opéra comiques, quinze vaudevilles et huit Jocrisses, vingt-deux mélodrames et dix-sept pantomimes refusés, il attend que le bon goût renaisse, pour faire accepter cette nombreuse famille, et compose, pour se distraire, des romans anecdotiques à cinquante centimes la feuille. Ces petits Fygemées, qui se montrent à la porte, sont des aspirants à la scène, mais ils ne peuvent y parvenir, qu'avec l'assentiment des auteurs en pied. Ils attendent, dans un éloignement respectueux, qu'il plaise aux matadors de les faire recevoir à l'ombre de leurs noms. Crac. TROISIÈME TABLEAU. Ceci vous représente, messieurs et dames, un jardin public. Il est dit heures du soir; voyez cette mère imprudente; pendant qu'elle écoute les propos galants d'un vieux corrupteur, sa fille fait une connaissance! Ici, deux jeunes époux nouvellement arrivés de leur province, sont ébahis des belles choses qu'ils voient. Là, c'est une courtisane qui provoque le vice et le crime. Où court tout ce monde ? Il suit un joueur qui vient de perdre au jeu l'argent que lui avait confié une honnête famille. Suivez-le un peu, il arrive près de la Seine, il s'y jette : c'est la règle. Vous voyez cet escamoteur, quelle subtilité. Eh bien! la moitié de ses auditeurs lui en remontreraient. Voilà messieurs l'image de la vie. Là, c'est l'opulence sous les dehors de la médiocrité ; à côté, la misère sous les livrées de la richesse. Ici la sottise au jargon tranchant ; plus loin, le génie qui se dérobe à tous les regards, et qui rit de la suffisance du sot. Là, c'est une marchande, probe et honnête, mais qui ne voulant pas prêter à rire à ses dépens, affiche l'indécence des Laïs, et par son costume, s'assimile à ces effrontées que l'on voit, le mouchoir à la main, porter un œil hardi sur les hommes qui passent de vanté. Plus loin, c'est une rusée Syrène qui affecte le maintien modeste et le ton pudique, afin de mieux tromper les imprudents qui la suivent. Enfin, messieurs, tout frappe dans ce superbe tableau qui a fait l'admiration de tous les vrais connaisseurs. S'il a su vous plaire, faites-en part à vos amis et à vos connaissances. FIN.
| 4,160 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczelina%20za%20Okr%C4%99tem%20I
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Szczelina za Okrętem I
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szczelina za Okrętem I&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 109 | 292 |
Szczelina za Okrętem I – jaskinia, a właściwie schronisko, w Dolinie Kościeliskiej w Tatrach Zachodnich. Wejście do niej położone jest w Organach, w żlebie opadającym z Okrętu, w pobliżu Szczeliny za Okrętem II, na wysokości 1109 m n.p.m. Długość jaskini wynosi 13,5 metrów, a jej deniwelacja 3,5 metra.
Opis jaskini
Jaskinię stanowi duża, podłużna sala, do której prowadzi obszerny otwór wejściowy. Odchodzą z niej dwa krótkie ciągi: 1-metrowy korytarzyk i niewielka nyża.
Przyroda
W jaskini brak jest nacieków. Ściany są suche, rosną na nich mchy, trawy, porosty i glony.
Historia odkryć
Jaskinię odkryli Stefan Zwoliński i Jerzy Zahorski w październiku 1933 roku.
Przypisy
Jaskinie polskich Tatr
Jaskinie Tatr Zachodnich
| 23,543 |
https://github.com/igoreksiz/NetOffice/blob/master/Source/VBIDE/DispatchInterfaces/_VBProject.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
NetOffice
|
igoreksiz
|
C#
|
Code
| 146 | 531 |
using System;
using NetRuntimeSystem = System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using NetOffice.Attributes;
namespace NetOffice.VBIDEApi
{
/// <summary>
/// DispatchInterface _VBProject
/// SupportByVersion VBIDE, 12,14,5.3
/// </summary>
[SupportByVersion("VBIDE", 12, 14, 5.3)]
[EntityType(EntityType.IsDispatchInterface), BaseType]
[TypeId("EEE00915-E393-11D1-BB03-00C04FB6C4A6")]
[CoClassSource(typeof(NetOffice.VBIDEApi.VBProject))]
public interface _VBProject : _VBProject_Old
{
#region Properties
/// <summary>
/// SupportByVersion VBIDE 12, 14, 5.3
/// Get
/// </summary>
[SupportByVersion("VBIDE", 12, 14, 5.3)]
NetOffice.VBIDEApi.Enums.vbext_ProjectType Type { get; }
/// <summary>
/// SupportByVersion VBIDE 12, 14, 5.3
/// Get
/// </summary>
[SupportByVersion("VBIDE", 12, 14, 5.3)]
string FileName { get; }
/// <summary>
/// SupportByVersion VBIDE 12, 14, 5.3
/// Get/Set
/// </summary>
[SupportByVersion("VBIDE", 12, 14, 5.3)]
string BuildFileName { get; }
#endregion
#region Methods
/// <summary>
/// SupportByVersion VBIDE 12, 14, 5.3
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fileName">string fileName</param>
[SupportByVersion("VBIDE", 12, 14, 5.3)]
void SaveAs(string fileName);
/// <summary>
/// SupportByVersion VBIDE 12, 14, 5.3
/// </summary>
[SupportByVersion("VBIDE", 12, 14, 5.3)]
void MakeCompiledFile();
#endregion
}
}
| 27,506 |
https://github.com/panoramicdata/Cisco.DnaCenter.Api/blob/master/Cisco.DnaCenter.Api/Interfaces/IIssues.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Cisco.DnaCenter.Api
|
panoramicdata
|
C#
|
Code
| 126 | 329 |
using Cisco.DnaCenter.Api.Data;
using Refit;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Cisco.DnaCenter.Api.Interfaces
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a collection of functions to interact with the API endpoints
/// </summary>
public interface IIssues
{
/// <summary>
/// Get Issue Enrichment Details
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Enriches a given network issue context (an issue id or end user???s Mac Address) with details about the issue(s), impacted hosts and suggested actions for remediation
/// </remarks>
/// <param name="entity_type">Issue enrichment details can be fetched based on either Issue ID or Client MAC address. This parameter value must either be issue_id/mac_address</param>
/// <param name="entity_value">Contains the actual value for the entity type that has been defined</param>
/// <returns>Task of GetIssueEnrichmentDetailsResponse</returns>
[Get("/dna/intent/api/v1/issue-enrichment-details")]
Task<GetIssueEnrichmentDetailsResponse> GetAsync(
string entity_type,
string entity_value,
CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
}
}
| 17,513 |
https://github.com/yosrikchaou/tayara-annonce/blob/master/src/tayara/AnnonceBundle/Controller/ListeAnnonceController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
tayara-annonce
|
yosrikchaou
|
PHP
|
Code
| 226 | 867 |
<?php
/*
* To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
* To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/
namespace tayara\AnnonceBundle\Controller;
use tayara\AnnonceBundle\Entity\Annonce;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Method;
use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;
/**
* Annonce controller.
*
* @Route("listannonce")
*/
class ListeAnnonceController extends Controller {
/**
* Lists all annonce entities.
*
* @Route("/", name="listannonce_index")
* @Method("GET")
*/
public function indexAction() {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$annonces = $em->getRepository('tayaraAnnonceBundle:Annonce')->
findBy(array("valide" => "2"), array('date' => 'desc'));
//calculer nombre des anonces
$nbAnnonce = $em->getRepository('tayaraAnnonceBundle:Annonce')->nbAnoonce();
//calculer nombre des annonces vehicule
$nbV = $em->getRepository('tayaraAnnonceBundle:Annonce')->nbVehicule();
//calculer nombre des annonces immobilier
$nbIm = $em->getRepository('tayaraAnnonceBundle:Annonce')->nbImmobilier();
return $this->render('annonce/listAnnonce.html.twig', array(
'annonces' => $annonces, 'stat' => $nbAnnonce, 'nbv' => $nbV, 'nbIm' => $nbIm,
));
}
/**
* Lists all annonce entities.
*
* @Route("/vehicule", name="listVehicule_index")
* @Method("GET")
*/
public function indexVehiculeAction() {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$annonces = $em->getRepository('tayaraAnnonceBundle:Annonce')->findBy(array('categorie' => '1'), array('date' => 'desc'));
return $this->render('annonce/listVehicule.html.twig', array(
'annonces' => $annonces,
));
}
/**
* Lists all annonce entities.
*
* @Route("/immobilier", name="listimmobilier_index")
* @Method("GET")
*/
public function indexImmobilierAction() {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$annonces = $em->getRepository('tayaraAnnonceBundle:Annonce')->findBy(array('categorie' => '2'), array('date' => 'desc'));
return $this->render('annonce/listImmobilier.html.twig', array(
'annonces' => $annonces,
));
}
/**
* Finds and displays a annonce entity.
*
* @Route("/{id}", name="listannonce_show")
* @Method("GET")
*/
public function showAction(Annonce $annonce) {
return $this->render('annonce/listAnnonceshow.html.twig', array(
'annonce' => $annonce,
));
}
}
| 25,412 |
12460990_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 36 | 70 |
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Kitsap County, No. 14-1-00543-0, Jennifer A. Irvine Forbes, J., entered July 21, 2014 .Affirmed by unpublished opinion per Sutton, J., concurred in by Worswick and Lee, JJ..
| 25,627 |
5640149_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 309 | 451 |
Deen, Presiding Judge,
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. In affirming the trial court’s award of a directed verdict for appellee, the majority holds that Ms. Hagans’ testimony regarding the truck’s after-collision value was non-probative because the basis for her opinion that the truck was then worth $5,000 was not stated. The majority apparently overlooks Ms. Hagans’ testimony that her extensive comparison shopping prior to purchasing the truck familiarized her with the values of similar trucks in undamaged condition, and that on this basis she was of the opinion that in the year since the truck’s purchase it had depreciated from the $11,000 value represented by the purchase price to $9,000; and the further fact that the actual damages alleged in the complaint were in the amount of $4,066.13, with the insurer paying $3,900 in compensation. It would seem obvious that Ms. Hagans arrived at the $5,000 figure by subtracting the approximately $4,000 in actual damages from the $9,000 value which, on the basis of her comparison-shopping experience, she had assigned to the truck after one year of depreciation but before it was damaged. This would seem sufficient to fulfill the requirements of Reed v. Piper, 145 Ga. App. 75 (243 SE2d 257) (1978) and Toney v. Johns, 153 Ga. App. 880 (267 SE2d 298) (1980), as well as those of OCGA § 24-9-66 (Code Ann. § 38-1709), and would provide the support (although not in tangible form) required by Nail v. Hiers, 116 Ga. App. 522 (157 SE2d 771) (1967). The jury could and should have been allowed to use this evidence in the light of their general knowledge and experience, which they possess in common with the rest of mankind, in their deliberation to a verdict.
For this reason, I respectfully dissent. I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge McMurray joins in this dissent.
| 14,772 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000095605105 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000095605105 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?iiif=kfz|185910.0|0611|1|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000095605105_2
|
Europeana
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Klagenfurter Zeitung
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 904 | 1,757 |
Theater - Na chricht. Montag, den 43. Zum 4859, zweite große Vorstellung der ersten Gladiatoren, Cqnilibri- sten- und National-Täuzer-Gesell- schast aus dem kais. Circus zu St. Peters burg, unter der Direktion des GregorCzolik. Anfang um 8 Uhr. ^ Gutes, ausgezeichnetes " wild von Morgen, den 12. Juni l859 au, bei Unter ^eichnetem ausgeschenkt. Joseph Steiner, Brauer !n Stein. Haus - Verkauf Das HauS .^uk Conscripr.Nr. in der ober» Postgasse zu Völlermarkt ist zu v<> kaufen. Dasselbe ist soiniseici^ aeleaen, t?at im Erdgeschoß« 2 Zimmer, ein? gemeinschaftliche »ad eine separaieHauS^nche. Daselbst be findn, sich vi<! Gewölbe, zu jeder Verwendung geeignet, und nebst deni-Il^n noch 2 tleineie il>> Vordause. Zu emein der eisteieu Gewölbe führt eine Gasseiithme, st auch vo»> ZiiüNv'r aus eine Thür, und übel dieß noch Z THüleu zu den 3 anderen Gewölbe»; ober dem Zim mer und einen, Gewölbe ist eine verschüesibare Kammer mir einem Eilrichboden, llnterird>sch dehnt sich ein geräu- migei Keller auS. Lei diesem Hause befindet sich ein großer s,,w'ölbrer <Z>talI zur Unterbringung sür tS bi»2l» Pierre, und ober demselben gewährt die Gerreidescheuer für 6 Drescher bequemen Raum, wo neben n»d über der Dreschtenne sich die Futter - Behalinisse Ausbreiten, tlnfern bieses Steile» stehen 5 Schiveinstalle, und ne be» ersterem ist eine geräumige überdeckte Holzlage an gebtachl, Ueber^ieß gehö t zu diesem Hause ei», nahe I Joch messender Ackergrund, ein großer Wnizgarten und nebenan ein Schweinzwinger, Sämmriiche Lokal!- täte-! dieses Hauses sind bis auf ein Zimmer gewölbt, und befinden sich im besten Banzustande; die Ziegelda^ chung ist mit Feueimauern geschützt. Die Einfahrt sührt vo>n Hause in den geräumige» Hof und von da in die Stallung. Weg,» der besonders günstigen Lage und ihrer vielen und ausgedehnten Räumlichkeiten wegen, ist diese Behausung für jede spekulative Unternehmung vortrefflich geeignet; auch sind bisher 3 Gewer be, näm- lich ein reales Schneider - Gewerbe, ,Ine Bäckerei und ein Vikiualie»handei am Hause betneben worden. Der Kaufpreis dieses HauseS sammt Garten und Grund stück ist 355<0 il. Oest. Währ , wovon 2000 fl. auf der Realität, piim» loeo versichert, liegen bleiben können. Kauflustig? belieben sich bei Hrn. Joh. Auf mui h, bürgei! Gaiigeber in der untern Postgasse zu Völker-- niarki, z» melden. Verstorbene zu Klagensurt. I i» k. k. allgemeine» Krankenhause. Den «i. Juni 1859. Franziska Harsch, JustitutSarme, alt 57 Jahre. am Zehefiebei'. — A1!arhiaS Piber, Taglöhnev, e.lc 56 Jahie, am Zehrfieber. — Ma thias Geaf, Hauimerarbeiter, alt 27 Iah e, an der Bruüwafsn suchc. — Den 7. Juni. Anton Glanzer, Zimaie>>na»n, alt 32 Jahre, am B>a»d. J>n k. k. M i l i t ä r - S pi ta l e. Den 9. Juni. Joseph Äochl, Gemeiner vom ZeugS - Artillerie» Koni- mand.', a't 28 Jihre. am Gedärmbraud. DcAi" Allen Exemplaren der heuti gen Zeitung liegt eine ausführ liche Anzeige über die große mit sehr vielen Bildern ge- s944> ziert« Heiligen-Legende von A. Werfer und Steck bei. Der Preis eines Heftes, deren im Ganzen 24 erscheinen werden, ist nur 38 Nenkrenzer. MZ» Allen Exemplaren der heuti gen Zeitung liegen von der karnt. Handels- nnd Ge werbe lamm er vier Proto- kolls-Auszüge bei. !iÄimi»Mitionü - AMMgung der ndem wir zur Pränumeration auf das, mit I. Juli beginnende neue Seme ster der „Klagenfurter Zeitung" einladen, glauben wir nicht ohne Berechtigung es aussprecheu zu dürfen, daß die öffentliche Meinung ihr Urtheil über das Streben der Redaktion des amtlichen Blattes — in den Berichten aus der politischen Welt und vom Kriegsschauplatz das, aus authentischen Quellen geschöpfte Neueste zu bringen, sowie in Besprechung der )) politischen Tages - Geschichte möglichst vollständig zu sein —l) -mii-^»nMmmiger Anerkennung festgestellt hat. Der an der Spitze der „Klagen- furter Zeitung» fortlaufende Leit, Artikel — „Politische Uebersicht" — stellt die politischen Fragen des Tages zusammen, informirt eingehend über wichtigere Momente des vorliegenden Materials und bietet in seinen populären Raisonnements die Auhaltspunkte für ein übersichtliches Urtheil über die politi sche Weltlage im Allgemeinen, so wie über die specielle Stellung Oesterreichs zu den übrigen Europäischen Staaten. -— Wie natürlich koneentrirt sich gegen» wärtig das öffentliche Interesse in der Theilnahme an den Ereignissen in Italien, wohin alle Blicke mit der gespanntesten Erwartung gerichtet sind. Ein poli tisches Organ hat in erster Linie die Aufgabe, diese gerechtfertigte Theilnahme zu befriedigen. Die „Klagenfurter Zeitung" bringt daher — um den an sie zu stellenden Forderungen gerecht zu werden,—^fortlaufend die neuesten, derRedak-j, tion eigends zugehenden telegraphischen -Original-Depeschen vom Kriegsschauplatz mit einer Beschleunigung, welche jeder Mittheilung derselben an unsere Leser aus anderen Blättern um wenigstens vier und zwanzig Stunden vorauseilt; und während die „Politische Uebersicht" den leiten den Faden der politischen Tages - Geschichte bietet, werden im „Feuilleton" zusammenhängend die kriegerischen Ereignisse, nach den in den Telegrammen und Berichten vorliegenden Daten, zusammengestellt und in ihren interessanten Ein« zelnheiten von authentischen Korrespondenzen geschildert. —> Auf diese Mittel ge stützt, durch gut informirte Korrespondenten aus Wien und aus allen bedeuten deren Städten der Oesterreichischen Monarchie über die hervorragenden Ereignisse des industriellen, wissenschaftlichen und Kommunal - Lebens fortlaufend unter richtet, von der Redaktion mit Fleiß und Umsicht geleitet, sucht die „Klagen« furter Zeitung" einen würdigen Platz unter den politischen Organen der Kron länder zu behaupten und ihren Lesern durch schnelle und authentische Berichte über das Neueste die Lektüre jedes anderen Journals ersparlich zu machen. Es versteht sich von selbst, daß trotz der überwiegenden Bedeutung und Fülle der Berichte vom Kriegsschauplatz, auch die specifischen Interessen Kärntens, fo wie die Rubriken „Handel, Gewerbe :c.", „Nekrologie" und „Kleine Tages«Chronik" nach wie vor ihre entsprechende Vertretung finden. 1859. erlüg Är „Mgeckrdr.
| 28,547 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67377553
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
12944qwerty, Adam Guy, Ben the Coder, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11177720, https://stackoverflow.com/users/15826486, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20585541
|
English
|
Spoken
| 176 | 232 |
is there a way to make a bot say the name of who joined a vc with text to speech?
how could this be done? I'm trying to make a bot that says the names of people who join a voice chat (usually a lot of people are in vc) so I wouldn't have to check/ask.
You want to make it say it with audio? Or printed or sent?
I wanna make it with audio.
Audio in the VC or on your PC?
Audio in the VC
What have you attempted in doing this? The docs give clear examples of this. You can implement the tts library with the voice_clients of discordpy to do this.
Oh, thanks, I didn't really try anything.
Here is a bot that does this KITT Bot
Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers in the help center.
| 4,653 |
TheFourthCrusade_9
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,896 |
The fourth crusade
|
Munro, Dana C. (Dana Carleton), 1866-1933
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,897 | 10,896 |
West Raynton, 1364. It is reported by the inquisition upon which Hugh Urkyll has placed himself, viz. on the oath of, etc. (8 names) that the said Hugh is a nativus f of the lord prior and that his father and grandfather were considered as nativi of the said lord prior. And moreover this same Hugh made his fealty here in court just as pertains to a nativus. It is reported by the same inquisition that John Wydow- son is a nativus of the lord and of like condition, etc. ; and besides this, etc. has made his fealty etc. It is ordained and enjoined on all * In 1364, Bonageus, a Florentine, was moneyer for the king of Scotland. This was probably the same man. He might have been in 1358 minter for the Bishop of Durham. By 1364 he is recorded as having left his holdings at Pittington. + That is, a bondman of the lord born on the manor. The word is used not in contrast with villanus, but as a more exact term, laying stress on his servile status, at a period when many men in the social position of villeins were no longer personally unfree. It is here evidently a term of opprobrium, as well as an indication of sub- jection to the burdens of serfdom. The official who holds the court seems to depre- cate any rousing of the resentment of the villein tenants by its open use. 26 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. who were on the foresaid inquisition that each of them hold what was said among them as a secret, under penalty of payment of 4od. by the one who is found guilty. It is enjoined on all the tenants of that vill and the vill of East Raynton that no one of them call any one of those vills " nativus 99 of the lord, under penalty of payment of 20s. by the one who is found guilty. Billingham, 1364. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that none of them grind his grain outside of the domain so long as the mill of the lord prior is able to grind, under penalty of 20s. Coupon, 1365. It is reported by the jury that Thomas son of Rich- ard of Billingham staying at Melsonby and acting as common herdman there, is a nativus of the lord. Newton Bewley, 1 365. From John of Baumburg for his transgression aganst Adam of Marton, in calling hm false, perjured, and a rustic ; to the loss of the same Adam of Marton 4od., penalty 13d. Mid-Merrington, 1365. From Richard, son of Thomas, because he has not recalled his son from school * before the feast of St. Michael as enjoined upon him at the last Halmote, penalty 4od. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that none of them insult the pounder while fulfilling his duty, nor swear at him. West Raynton, 1365. A day is given to all the tenants of the vill to make a law that neither they nor their wives nor their servants shall cut down anything within the woods, nor carry anything green away from the woods ; each of them at the next court six-handed. Coupon, 1365. From Agnes Postell and Alice of Belasis, for break- ing the assize of ale, i2d. From Alice of Belasis, for bad ale, and moreover because the ale which she sent to the Terrar was of no strength, as was proved in court, 2s. Ackley, 1365. It is ordained by common consent that no one per- mit colts, calves, young steers or any other animals within the field in which grain is sowed until the grain is cut and carried off, under pen- alty of half a mark. Fery, 1365. It is ordained by common consent that Robert Todd should keep his sheep from feeding on the grain of his neighbors and on the cowpasture, under penalty of 4od. ; and moreover that each tenant keep his pigs, cows, horses, and other animals from feeding on * Doubtless a villein who was violating the law by endeavoring to have his son trained to be a priest; see at Ackley, below. MANOR COURT ROLLS. 27 the grain or treading it, and that the cottagers should keep their cattle within the common pasture, under the penalty foresaid. Ackley, 1366. It is required of John, son of Thomas of Chilton, living at Coites that he recall his son from the schools before the feast of the Purification of the Virgin next. West Merrington, 1367. It is enjoined on all the tenants of the vill that each of them cause to be plowed the outer parts of the field and then the inner parts, so that none of them .... * loss on account of lack of plowing. Billingham, 1368. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that none of them cut the balks before the next court. Coupon, 1368. John Pulter and Robert Fauks were elected ale- tasters, and were sworn. Newton Bewley, 1368. From Alice, servant of Adam of Marton, for leyr, f 6d. From Thomas, servant of the same for drawing his knife to strike John Smith, penalty 4od., by grace 1 2d. Wallsend, 1368. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that each of them come on the summons of the reeve to discuss the com- mon business touching the profit of the vill. Hesylden, 1368. From Robert, son and heir of John son of Matilda, as a heriot for 1 messuage and 20 acres of land which he holds freely, for homage, and fealty and service of 4od. and a heriot, viz. the best beast; 15s., and nothing for relief. Monkton, 1369. Robert Jackson, nativus of the lord, made his fealty to the lord at Jarrow, Thursday next after the feast of St. Luke the Evangelist, in the 69th year. Heworths, 1370. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that they have the common forge and the common oven repaired. East Raynton, 1370. From Margaret daughter of Robert Wright for merchet, pledge, Alice, her mother, 2s. Fery, 1370. From Margaret Ferywoman for leyr, 6d. From Adam Graundorge for his transgression made against Robert Letany by killing his cow to the loss of 7s. 3d. A day is given to the same Adam to make his law against Richard, son of Peter, that he has not broken the leg of his cow. At the next court, with six hands. He has not found a pledge. Therefore let the said Richard recover against him. * Manuscript illegible. t Leyr was a fine imposed upon women who had been guilty of incontinence. 28 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. From Adam Graundorge for i cow of Richard, son of Peter, killed, to the loss of ios., penalty 3d. Wallsend, 1370. It is ordained by common consent that each tenant should come to the making of the hay of the common meadow when they shall be warned, under penalty of losing their part and even under penalty of heavy fine. Harton, 1370. An inquisition was taken here Tuesday, the day after St. Simon's and St. Jude's day, A. D. 1370, before lord John of Heminburg, Terrar, and lord Thomas Surtays, Steward, for inquiring of what condition Adam Diotson and Roger Waid are, on the oath of John Wallas, 80 years old, Thomas Page, Richard of Hertlaw, John Dogeson, John Gray, John, son of Adam of Southwyk, Thomas, son of Alan, and John Reid. Who say on their oath that a certain John Ward, grandfather of the aforesaid Roger Ward, and John Ward, father of the same Roger, were of old held to be nativi of the lord Prior, and never did they hear the contrary till this day. And they say that a certain Thomas Maymond, grandfather of the aforesaid Adam, and John, father of the aforesaid Roger, were brothers by the same father and mother, and they say that the aforesaid Adam and Roger are of the same servile condition as their ancestors were and never did they hear the contrary. East Raynton, 1370. Lease of the manor. John Freman, Robert of Coldingham, Elias Pater-Noster, and Thomas Gibson have taken the demesne lands with their buildings, to have and to hold for the term of 15 years, paying yearly at the treasury 8 marks, and to the Terrar half a mark, commencing payment at the feast of Pentecost, A. D. '71. And they found 54 acres of one cultivation ; and they will manure 10 acres in each year. And they will return the buildings and land in proper condition because they so received them. Pledges, each of the other, and others of the vill who work part of it on lease from John Freman and his said companions. And they will grind the grain from the said demesnes at the mill of the Prior in the same way as it is ground from the lands of the other tenants. Mid-Merrington, 137 1. It is enjoined on all the cotters and laborers that they work with the farmer of the manor for suitable wages. Newton-Bewley, 137 1. William Raynald was elected to the office of reeve, and was sworn. .Billing! hip. t ? ~ ■ F r.f -> r /'- 7 • :1^n. Robert, son of Eustace F;i ■ Digi ; zedby Gb6gl^ (1 rnme here ° n MANOR COURT ROLLS. 29 Thursday, the feast of Pope Clement, A. D. '74, in the presence of lord John of Beryngton, Terrar, Alan of Billingham, John of Elvet, Hugh of Corbrigg, and several other tenants of Billingham, Wolveston, Newton, and Coupon, and swore, touching the sacred gospels, that he will be under the jurisdiction of the lord Prior and Convent of Durham and their officers, in his body and his goods, and that he will not remove himself from their land, etc. Southwyk, 1374. From Robert Smith because he would not sit down at the command of the Steward. Robert Smith took one holding which was last in the tenure of William, son of Henry, to have and hold for the term of his life, paying yearly for all things, viz. for services and other different things, 30s. East Merrington, 1367. It is reported by the oath of (fourteen names) in the presence of lord Robert of Wallworth, prior, and many others that Robert, son of Nicolas, who now is called Tomson is free and of free condition and free status, and not a nativus of the said lord Prior. Ackley, 1376. John Tailor has come and taken 12 acres of land with the meadow pertaining to the said 12 acres of land, lately in the tenure of William Ibbi and leased by the said William to the said John with the license of the prior ; to have and hold for the term of his life ; paying annually 12s. Fine 3s. Hesilden, 1376. It is ordained by common consent that all things collected within the field, as well as herbage, be carried openly through the middle of the vill and not behind the gardens, in secret. It is enjoined upon all the women of the vill that they restrain their tongues and that they do not quarrel nor swear at any one. Dalton, 1376. From Joanna, wife of William Smith, for merchet 1 2d. From Margaret, servant of the former, for leyr with two men, 1 2d. From the wife of John Dawson, for breaking the assize of ale 6d. Wolveston, 1376. William May, nativus of the lord has taken 30 acres of land with the crop; viz., 5 acres of wheat, price per acre 10s., 3 acres of peas and beans and 4 acres of oats, price per acre 5s. The same William held these before and on account of his incapacity they were seized into the hand of the lord ; to have and to hold at the will of the lord, paying the ancient rent. Billingham, 1378. It is ordained by common consent that at the blowing of the horn of the Reaper, they should come for the gathering of the peas, and when he blows his horn again they all withdraw from Digitized by V^OOQlC 30 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. the said peas, under penalty of 6d. ; and moreover that no one collect except in his own place, unless he is poor. West Ray n ton, 1378. A day is given to that vill that they inquire and present whether John Hunting and Cecilia his wife beat Margaret the widow or not, at the next court, under penalty of half a mark. From John Hunting because he did not close his front, so that his ani- mals trampled and destroyed the cabbages cf Margaret the widow. Billingham, 1379. It is ordained by common consent that no one in the time of harvest should have in the day time more than one horse in the grain, for carrying his food, and that at night he should remove the said horse from the grain, under penalty of 46. ; and similarly that no one carry off the grain of another, under the same penalty. Monkton, 1379. It is enjoined upon Thomas Lame that he cause to be rebuilt before the feast of St. Michael, a barn which was burned in his tenure, under penalty of 40s. Pittyngton, 1379. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that they heat up the oven, each one of them when his turn shall come, under penalty of paying i2d. East Merrington, 1381. It is ordained by common consent that each tenant should keep the animals when his turn comes, and for the day in which he has their custody, he should respond and give satis- faction for injuries made in the grain or herbage to the one or ones who have had the losses, under penalty of paying 4d. Fery, 1383. It is enjoined upon all the tenants of the vill that they should have boundary marks, under penalty of half a mark, and more- over that they should pay the common shepherd his wages, and that they should not speak ill to the said shepherd, under penalty of 4od. IV. THE MANOR HOUSE AT CHINGFORD, ESSEX, A. D. 1265. Hist. Mss. Commission Reports 9. 1. pp. 35-6. The manor of Chingford was granted by the Chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, in 1265, to their Treasurer, Robert le Moyne. In the description of the manor and its contents the receipt of which he acknowledged, the following descrip- tion of the manor buildings is given. He received also a sufficient and handsome hall well ceiled with oak. On the western side is a suitable bed, on the ground, a stone chimney, a wardrobe and a certain other small chamber ; at the eastern end is a pantry and a buttery. Between the hall and the chapel is a side- THE MANUMISSION OF A VILLEIN. 31 room. There is a decent chapel covered with tiles, a portable altar, and a small cross. In the hall are four tables on trestles. There are likewise a good kitchen well covered with tiles, with a furnace and ovens, one large, the other small, for cakes, two tables, and alongside the kitchen a small house for baking. Also a new granary covered with oak shingles, and a building in which the dairy is contained, though it is divided. Likewise a chamber suited for clergymen and a necessary chamber. Also a hen-house. These are within the inner gate. Likewise outside of that gate are an old house for the servants, a good stable, long and divided, and to the east of the principal building, beyond the smaller stable, a solar for the use of the servants. Also a building in which is contained a bed ; also two barns, one for wheat and one for oats. These buildings are enclosed with a moat, a wall, and a hedge. Also beyond the middle gate is a good barn, and a stable for cows and another for oxen, these old and ruinous. Also beyond the outer gate is a pigstye. To all the faithful of Christ to whom the present writing shall come, Richard by the divine permission abbot of Peterborough and the con- vent of the same place, eternal greeting in the Lord. Let all know that we have manumitted and liberated from all yoke of servitude William, the son of Richard of Wythington whom previously we have held as our born bondman, with his whole progeny and all his chattels, so that neither we nor our successors shall be able to require or exact any right or claim in the said William, his progeny, or his chattels. But the same William with his whole progeny and all his chattels will remain free and quit and without disturbance, exaction, or any claim on the part of us or our successors by reason of any servitude, forever. We will moreover and concede that he and his heirs shall hold the messuages, land, rents and meadows in Wythington which his ancestors held from us and our predecessors, by giving and performing the fine which is called merchet for giving his daughter in marriage and tallage from year to year according to our will — that he shall have and hold these for the future from us and our successors freely, quietly, peacefully, and hereditarily, by paying thence to us and our successors V. MANUMISSION OF A VILLEIN. Dugdale's Monasticon, I, 394. 3* TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. yearly 40s. sterling, at the four terms of the year, namely ; at St. John the Baptist's day, 10s., at Michaelmas, 10s., at Christmas, 10s., and at Easter, 10s., for all service, exaction, custom, and secular demand; saving to us nevertheless attendance at our court of Castre every three weeks, wardship and relief, and outside service of our lord the king, when they shall happen. And if it shall happen that the said William or his heirs shall die at any time without an heir, the said messuage, land, rents, and meadows with their appurtenances shall return fully and completely to us and our successors. Nor will it be allowed to the said William or his heirs the said messuage, land, rents, meadows, or any part of them to give, sell, alienate, mortgage, or in any way encumber by which the said messuage, land, rents, and meadows should not return to us and our successors in the form declared above. But if this should occur later their deed shall be declared null and what is thus alienated shall come to us and our successors. In testi- mony of which duplicate seals are appended to this writing, formed as a chirograph, for the sake of greater security. These being witnesses, etc. Given at Borough, for the love of lord Robert of good memory, once abbot, our predecessor and maternal uncle of the said William, and at the instance of the good man brother Hugh of Mutton, relative of the said abbot Robert; A. D. 1278, on the eve of Pentecost. An admirable bibliography of manorial documents is given in Miss F. G. Daven- port's " Classified list of Printed Original Materials for English Manorial and Agra- rian History," prepared under the supervision of Prof. W. J. Ashley of Harvard University, and published by that University as Radcliffe College Monographs, No. 6. Numerous references are also given in Ashley's English Economic History, Vol, h pp. 3-5- Translations and Reprints FROM TBB ORIGINAL SOURCES OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. TABLE OF CONTENTS. FAOB L Early Consciousness op the Abuses in the Church. 1. The Revelation of Golias tbe Bisshoppe a 2. Walther von der Vogelweide on the Pope 5 3. From Raimond de Cornet 5 II. Heresy and the Inquisition (XIII.-XIV. Centuries). 1. Tale of Heresy from Luke of Tuy 8 2. Description of the Albigenses .... 9 3. Petrarch's account of certain Averroists 10 4. Edict of Frederick II. (1231) 12 5. Extracts from the Sachsenspiegel and Schwabenspiegel relating to Heresy. 14 6. Edicts of Saint Louis 15 , 7. Formulae of the Inquisition 16 8. Thomas Aquinas on the Treatment of Heresy 17 HX Church and State. 1. The Bull Unam Sanctam (1302) 20 2. The Bull Clericis Laicos (1296) 23 3. The Imperial Law Licet Juris (1338) 25 IV. The Council of Constance and its Antecedents. 1. A Letter of Petrarch on the Papal Court at Avignon . . 27 2. Extract from Dietrich Vrie's History of the Council of Constance 28 3. Extract from the "Downfall of the Church" by Cl£- manges 29 4. The Decrees " Sacrosancta " and "Frequens" of the Council of Constance 31 5* List of Abuses drawn up at Constance 32 V. Bibliographical Notice Digitized by GooQle 33 2 TRANSITIONS AND REPRINTS. I. EARLY CONSCIOUSNESS OF ABUSES IN THE CHURCH. Those who study the Protestant Revolt sometimes forget that it was not left for Luther first to point out the abuses in the Church. The verses given below show how general was the discontent with the conduct of the ecclesiastical officials and how out- spoken the criticism of them from the pope down, which may be found in the popular literary productions of England, France, and Germany in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries. ( 1 ) The first extracts are from a poem not improbably composed by a very clever churchman, Walter Mape or Mapes, who was a member of the literary circle which Henry II. of England gathered about him. It is but one of a great number of Latin poems originating at the same period, " remarkable chiefly for pungency of satire or sprightliness of composition." They were the work of university men, and show us that the Church never succeeded in checking, at least among the educated, the most open and scornful strictures upon the clergy. The poet is represented as caught up into heaven, where he sees visions suggested by the Apocalypse of St. John. The translation here given is one made under Eliza- beth or a little later. (2) The second extract is by a celebrated German poet who was probably some- what younger than his contemporary, Mapes, and wrote at the very end of the twelfth or the opening of the thirteenth century. (3) The last example of acrid criticism comes from France, and belongs to a period a hundred or more years later than the first two. The author was Raimon de Cornet. From the Latin poems attributed to Walter Mapes, edited by Thomas Wright, Camden Society's Publications, London, 1841, pp. 271 sqq. [After a burst of thunder a " goodlie personage " appears and bids the poet " Marke well and undirstand."] And when he had thus done he did bringe out a booke, Whiche booke had titles seven, and seven sealles sealled well, And withe a stedfast eye badde me therein to looke, And se therbie what I to all the world should tell. Of bisshopes' life and trade, this book hathe right good skill, As by the sealles thereof more plainlie dothe appeare, For in the inner part is hidd all that is ill, But to the outeward shewe all godlie thinges appeare. Anon a certaine power there was that opened cleare The formost chapter's seale, and then I did espie Foure beasts, whose shape eche one unlike to other were, But nothinge yet at all in gesture contrarie. 1. THE REVELATION OF GOLIAS THE BISSHOPPE. EARLY CONSCIOUSNESS OF ABUSES IN THE CHURCH. The first of theise four beasts a lion semde to be, The secund like a caulfe, the third an eagle stout, The fourthe was like a man ; and they had wings to flie, And full of eyen they were, and turnd like wheeles about. And when unclosed was the first sealles knotte anon, And I perused well the chapter thorough cleare, And aftir that I bent my whole sight thereupon, Whereof the title was as here it may appeare. The lion is the Pope, that useth to devoure, And laiethe his bookes to pledge and thirsteth aftir gold, And dothe regard the marke, but sainct Marke dishonor, And while he sailes alofte on coyne takes anker holde. And to the Bisshoppe in the caulfe that we did se, For he dothe runne before in pasture, feild, and fenne, And gnawes and chewes on that where he list best to be, And thus he filles himselfe with goodes of other men. Th' Archdeacon is likewise the egell that dothe flie, A robber rightlie cald, and sees a-farre his praie, And aftir it with speed dothe follow by and by, And so by theft and spoile he leades his life awaie. The Deane is he that hathe the face and shape of man, Withe fraude, desceipt, and ftuile fraught full as he may be, And yet dothe hide and cloke the same as he best can, Undir pretence and shewe of plaine simplicitie. And theis have winges to flye, eche one of these said foure, Because they flye abrode, and lie about affaires, And they have eyes eche one, because that everye houre They looke about for gaine, and all that may be theires. Then boisterous wyndes arosxi, and earthequakes by and by And there was harde a voice of thunder from above, That sounded Ephata, which woorde dothe signifie An openinge, and anon the fifthe seale did remove. 4 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. When I the chapter sawe I reade the preface than, And there the life and trades of priestes I marked well, Which doe dishonor God, that all thinges first beganne, Whiles for one penyes gaine the Trinitie they sell. Full filthelie the priest dothe service celebrate Withe voyce, and breathes on God his suifet's belchinge cheere; And hathe twoo Latin names, but not bothe of one rate, Sacerdos is the one, the other's Presbiter. He cannot brooke as well Sacerdos name by right, For by the other name men ought to call him more, When he gives holie thinges then he Sacerdos hight, But Presbiter when he hathe drunck well thrise before. He is more bolde to synne, because he heares in Lent The people's greivous crymes, and all their synnes at large, And all the faultes for whiche they ought for to be shent, And thus he countes his owne to be of smallest charge. ****** [The doings of abbots and monks are next revealed to the poet. J And when the Abbat dothe amonge his bretheren suppe, Then tossed are the cuppes with quaffinge to and froe, And then with bothe his handes the wine he holdeth uppe, And with a thunderinge voice these woides he doth out blowe : " O how muche glorious is the lordes lamp so bright, The cuppe in strong man's hande, that makes men druncke I meanc O Baccus, god of wyne ! our covent guyde aright, Withe fruict of Daviddes stocke to wash us thoroughlie cleane." And aftir this the cuppe he takethe from the breade, And cryes alowde, " Ho ! sires, can yow as well as I Drincke this cuppe in his kind that I lift to my heade?" They answer, " Yea, we can," then goe to by and by. ****** Then of a moncke a right demoniacke is made, And everie moncke dothe chatte and jangle with his brother, As popingaye or pie, the which are taught this trade, By filling of their gorge, to speake one to an other. Digitized by Google EARLY CONSCIOUSNESS OF ABUSES IN THE CHURCH. 5 Their order to transgresse, thei have but small remorce, By fraude and perjurie, by missreport and spite, By gredines of mynde, withholdinge thinges by force, By filling of their pawnches, and fleshlie fowle delight. Wurse than a moncke there is no feende nor sprite in hell, Nothinge as covetuouse nor more straunge to be knowen, For yf yow give him ought, he maie possesse it well, But if you aske him ought, then nothinge is his owne. 2. WALTER VON DER VOGELWEIDE ON THE PRACTICES OF THE POPES. Mr. Henry C. Lea's version, in his " History of the Inquisition," Vol. I., pp. 54-55. St. Peter's chair is filled to-day as well As when 'twas fouled by Gerbert's sorcery * ; For he consigned himself alone to hell, While this pope thither drags all Christentie. Why are the chastisements of Heaven delayed? How long wilt thou in slumber lie, O Lord? Thy work is hindered and thy word gainsaid, Thy treasurer steals the wealth that thou hast stored. Thy ministers rob here and murder there, And o'er thy sheep a wolf has shepherd's care. 3. RAEMON DE CORNET'S DESCRIPTION OF THE ABUSES IN THE CHURCH. Mr. Lea's version, in his " History of the Inquisition," Vol. I., pp. 55-56. I see the pope his sacred trust betray, For while the rich his grace can gain alway, His favors from the poor are aye withholden. He strives to gather wealth as best he may, Forcing Christ's people blindly to obey, So that he may repose in garments golden. The vilest traffickers in souls are all His chapmen, and for gold a prebend's stall He'll sell them, or an abbacy or mitre. And to us he sends clowns and tramps who crawl Vending his pardon briefs from cot to hall — • The famous scholar and friend of kings and emperors, Gerbert, became pope in 999, assuming the name Sylvester II. His learning caused him to be suspected of sorcery. Digitized by 6 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. Letters and pardons worthy of the writer, Which leaves our pokes, if not our souls, the lighter. No better is each honored cardinal. From early morning's dawn to evening's fall, Their time is passed in eagerly contriving To drive some bargain foul with each and all. So if you feel a want, or great or small, Or if for some preferment you are striving, The more you please to give the more 'twill bring, Be it a purple cap or bishop's ring. And it need ne'er in any way alarm you That you are ignorant of everything To which a minister of Christ should cling, You will have revenue enough to warm you — And, bear in mind, the lesser gifts won't harm you. Our bishops, too, are plunged in similar sin, For pitilessly they flay the very skin From all their priests who chance to have fat livings. For gold their seal official you can win To any writ, no matter what's therein. Sure God alone can make them stop their thievings. Twere hard, in full, their evil works to tell, As when, for a few pence, they greedily sell The tonsure to some mountebank or jester, Whereby the temporal courts are wronged as well, For then these tonsured rogues they cannot quell, Howe'er their scampish doings may us pester, While round the church still growing evils fester. Then as for all the priests and minor clerks, There are, God knows, too many of them whose works And daily life belie their daily teaching. Scarce better are they than so many Turks, Though they, no doubt, may be well taught — it irks Me not to own the fulness of their teaching — For, learned or ignorant, they're ever bent To make a traffic of each sacrament, The Mass's holy sacrifice included ; HERESY AND THE INQUISITION, XIII. AND XIV. CENTURIES. 7 And when they shrive an honest penitent, Who will not bribe, his penance they augment, For honesty should never be obtruded — But this, by sinners fair, is easily eluded. Tis true the monks and friars make ample show Of rules austere which they all undergo, But this the vainest is of all pretences. In sooth, they live full twice as well, we know, As e'er they did at home; despite their vow, And all their mock parade of abstinences. No jollier life than theirs can be, indeed ; And specially the begging friars exceed, Whose frock grants license as abroad they wander. These motives 'tis which to the Orders lead So many worthless men, in sorest need Of pelf, which on their vices they may squander, And then, the frock protects them in their plunder. II. HERESY AND THE INQUISITION, XIII. AND XIV. CENTURIES. Nothing is more difficult for the student in our tolerant, if not indifferent age, than to understand the universal and deeply rooted horror of heresy which prevailed not only during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, but down, at least, to the eighteenth century. Heresy was treason against an institution which was regarded by practically the whole body of the people, both learned and unlearned, as not only essential to the salvation of the soul but as a necessary bulwark of all order and civilization. Frank criticism of the abuses of the Church has prevailed among the more conscientious and cultivated classes from the first. But it must be remembered that a consciousness of the wickedness of the individual officers of the Church, includ- ing even the pope himself, did not constitute heresy, any more than a criticism of the administration of a corrupt municipal " ring " constitutes a repudiation of government altogether. Many still hold that the "incendiary" propaganda of an anarchist should be checked. So it was generally agreed that the treason of a Wycliff or a Huss against God and His holy church on earth should be met by the prompt execu- tion of the offender. The following documents show how cordially the temporal rulers co-operated with the church in the detection and punishment of what was looked upon as the most horrible of all crimes. The legislation here given covered the greater part of western Europe, and was drawn up under the auspices of its most 8 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. enlightened rulers. The simple monk,* the theologian, the monarch, the finished scholar like Petrarch, all express the same horror of this offense. I. THE BODY OF A BURNT HERETIC TURNS INTO TOADS. Lucae Tudensis Episcopi De Altera Vita, lib. III., chap. 15, in Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Fatrum (Ed. Coloniae Agrippinae, 1618): vol. xiii., p 283. Latin. From the lips of the same brother Elias, a venerable man, I learned that when certain heretics were scattering the virulent seeds of error in parts of Burgundy, both the Preaching Friars and the Minorites drew the two-edged sword of God's word against these same heretics, opposing them valiantly until they were finally taken by the magistrate of the district. He sent them to the fiery stake as they merited, in order that these workers of iniquity should peiish with their wicked- ness as a wholesome lesson to others. Quantities of wood having been supplied in plenty to feed the flames, suddenly a toad of wonderful size, which is sometimes called crapaldus, appeared, and without being driven betook itself of its own accord into the midst of the flames. One of the heretics, who was reported to be their bishop, had fallen on his back in the fire. The toad took his place on this man's face and in the sight of all ate out the heretic's tongue. By the next day his whole body, except his bones, had been turned into disgusting toads, which could not be counted for their great number. The in- habitants, seeing the miracle, glorified God and praised Him in His servants, the preaching monks, because the Lord had, in His mercy, delivered them from the horror of such pollution. God omnipotent surely wished to show through the most unseemly and filthiest of animals, how foul and infamous are the teachings of heretics, so that all might thereafter carefully shun the heretic, as they would the poisonous toad. Just as among four-footed creatures the toad is held the foulest, so the teachings of the heretic are more debased and filthy than those of any other religious sect. The blindness of heresy justifies the perfidy of the Jews. Its pollution makes the madness of the Mohammedans a pure thing in contrast. The licentiousness of the heretics would leave Sodorn and Gomorrah stainless. What is held most enormous in crime, becomes most holy, when compared with the shame and ignominy of heresy. Thus, Dear Christian, flee this un- speakable evil, in comparison with which all other crimes are as tiifles. * See a diverting tale by Csesar Heisterbach to illustrate this in Translations and Reprints, Vol. II., No. 4, " Monastic Tales," pp. 9 sq. HERESY AND THE INQUISITION, XIII. AND XIV. CENTURIES. 9 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ALBIGENSES. B. Guidonis, Pratica Inquisitionis Heretice Pravitatis, Pars V., Chap. I., Sec. 4. Latin. It would take too long to describe in detail the manner in which these same Manichean heretics preach, and teach their followers, but it must be briefly considered here. In the first place they usually say of themselves that they are good Christians, who do not swear, or lie, or speak evil of others ; that they do not kill any man or animal nor any thing having the breath of life, and that they hold the faith of the Lord Jesus Christ and His Gospel as Christ and His Apostles taught. They assert that they occupy the place of the apostles, and that on account of the above mentioned things those of the Roman Church, namely, the prelates, clerks and monks, persecute them, especially the Inquisitors of Heresy, and call them heretics, although they are good men and good Christians, and that they are persecuted just as Christ and his apostles were by the Pharisees. They moreover talk to the laity of the evil lives of clerks and the pre- lates of the Roman Church, pointing out and setting forth their pride, cupidity, avarice and uncleanness of life and such other evils as they know. They invoke with their own interpretation and according to their abilities the authority of the Gospels and the Epistles against the condition of the prelates, churchmen and monks, whom they call Phari- sees and false prophets, who say but do not. Then they attack and vituperate, one after the other, all the sacra- ments of the church, especially the sacrament of the Eucharist, saying that it cannot contain the body of Christ, for had this been as great as the largest mountain Christians would have consumed it entirely before this. They assert that the host comes from straw, that it passes through the tails of horses, to wit, when the flour is cleaned by a sieve [of horse hair]. That moreover it passes through the body and comes to a vile end which, they say, could not happen if God were in it. Of baptism, they assert that water is material and corrupt- ible, and is therefore the creation of the Evil Power and cannot sanctify the soul, but that the churchmen sell this water out of avarice, just as they sell earth for the burial of the dead, and oil to the sick when they anoint them, and as they sell the confession of sins as made to the priests. Hence, they claim that confession made to the priests of the Roman Church is useless, and that, since the priests may be sinners, Digitized by IO TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. they can not loose nor bind, and being unclean themselves, cannot make another clean. They assert, moreover, that the Cross of Christ should not be adored or venerated, because, as they urge, no one would venerate or adore the gallows upon which a father, relative or friend had been hung. They urge farther that they who adore the cross ought for similar reasons to worship all thorns and lances, because as Christ's body was on the cross during the passion so was the crown of thorns on his head and the soldier's lance in his side. They pro- claim many other scandalous things in regard to the sacraments. They, moreover, read from the Gospels and the Epistles in the vulgar tongue, applying and expounding them in their favor and against the condition of the Roman Church in a manner which it would take too long to desciibe in detail, but all that relates to this subject may be read more fully in the books they have written and infected, and may be learned from the confessions of such of their followers as have been converted.* Opera Omnia (Basle, 1581), Epistolae rerum senilium, Lib. V., III. Latin. How are we to deal with another monstrous kind of pedant who wears a religious garb, but is most profane in heart and conduct, he who would have us believe that Ambrose, Augustine and Jerome were ignoramuses, for all their wordy treatises? I do not know the origin of these new theologians, who do not spare the great teachers and will soon cease to respect the Apostles and the Gospel itself. They will soon turn their impudent tongues even against Christ, unless He whose cause is at stake interferes to curb the raging beasts. For it has already become a well established habit with these fellows to express their scorn by a mute gesture or by some impious observation whenever revered names or sacred subjects are mentioned. "Augustine," they will say for example, " saw much, but understood little." Nor do they speak less insultingly of other great men. Recently one of these philosophers of the modern stamp happened to be in my library. He did not, it is true, wear the habit of a church- man, but, as we know, the real Christian is known by his belief. He was one of those who think that they live in vain unless they are con- * The reader will find a most interesting extract from the Archives of the Inquisition at Carcassonne in Lea's " Inquisition Appendix to Vol. I., where the reasons are given which were customarily advanced by the Albigenses (Cathari) for attributing the Old Testament to the inspiration of the Evil Principle. 3. PETRARCH S DESCRIPTION OF THE AVERROISTS. HERESY AND THE INQUISITION, XIII. AND XIV. CENTURIES. II stantly snarling at Christ or his divine teachings. When I cited some passage or other from the Holy Scriptures, he exploded with wrath, and with his face, naturally ugly, still further disfigured by anger and con- tempt, he exclaimed, " You are welcome to your two-penny church fathers ; as for me, I know the man for me to follow, for I know him whom I have believed." * " But," I replied, " you use the words of the Apostle ; would that you would take them to heart !" " Your Apostle," he answered, " was a sower of words and a lunatic." " You reply like a good philosopher," I said. " The first accusation was brought against him by other philosophers and the second to his face, by Festus, governor of Syria. He did indeed sow the word with such success that, cultivated by the beneficent plow of his successors, and watered by the holy blood of the martyrs, it has borne such an abundant harvest of faith as all may behold." At this he burst forth into a sickening roar of laughter. " Well, be a good Christian ! f as for me I put no faith in all that stuff. Your Paul and your Augustine and all the rest of the crowd you preach about, were a set of babblers. If you could but digest Averroes you would quickly see how far superior he was to these empty-headed fellows." I was very angry, I must confess, and could scarcely keep from striking his filthy, blasphemous mouth. " It is the old feud between me and the heretics of your class. You may go," I cried, " — you and your heresy, never to return." With this I plucked him by the gown and, with a want of ceremony less in consonance with my habits than his own, hurried him out of the house. There are thousands of instances of this kind where nothing will prevail — neither the majesty of the Christian name, nor the reverence for Christ himself, whom the angels fall down and worship, though weak and depraved mortals may insult Him ; not even the fear of punish- ment or the armed inquisitors of heresy. Prison and stake are alike impotent to restrain the impudence of ignorance and the audacity of heresy. Such are the times, my friend, upon which we have fallen ; such is the period in which we live and are already growing old. Such are the judges against whom I have so often inveighed, who are innocent of knowledge or virtue, and yet harbor the most exalted opinion of them- * II. Timothy i., 12. t Luther reports that one who ldoked with disapprobation upon the vices of the churchmen was called " Bon Christian " in Italy. 12 TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. selves. Not content with losing the works of the ancients, they must attack their ability and their ashes. They rejoice in their ignorance, as if what they did not know were not worth knowing. They give full reign to their unlicensed and conceited spirits and freely introduce among us new authors and outlandish teachings. 4. FROM THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE KINGDOM OF SICILY. Historia diplomatica Frederici Secundi, ed. Huiliard-Breholles, Tom. IV., Part I.» pp. 5, sq. Latin. TITLE I. B. Concerning Heretics and Patarins. The heretics endeavor to rend the seamless garment of our Lord, and in accordance with their vicious name, which means division, they would destroy the unity of that same indivisible faith. They would withdraw the sheep from Peter's guardianship, to which they were entrusted by the Good Shepherd. They are ravening wolves within, but feign a love for the flock, until they shall have crept into the Lord's fold. They are bad angels, sons of perversity, appointed by the father of lies and deception to mislead the simple minded. They are serpents who deceive the doves. Like serpents they creep stealthily abroad ; with honeyed sweetness they vomit forth their virus. While they pretend to offer life-giving food, they strike with their tail, and prepare a deadly draught, as with some dire poison. These sects do not assume the old names, lest they should be recognized, but, what is perhaps more heinous, not content like the Arians, who took their name from Arius, or the Nestorians, from Nestorius, and others of the same class, they must imitate the example of the martyrs who suffered death for the catholic faith. They call themselves Patarins, as if they, too, were sufferers.* These same wretched Patarins, who refuse to accept the holy belief in the eternal Trinity, combine three offences in their wickedness. They offend God, their neighbor and themselves, — God, since they refuse to place their faith in Him or recognize His Son ; their fellow-men since they deceive them by offering them the seductions of a perverse heresy under the form of spiritual nurture. Against themselves they rage even more fiercely, • The name, which seems here to be derived from patior, to suffer, appears to have been given to the Milanese Cathari, because they lived among the rag-pickers or *ari. Cf. Lea's " History of the Inquisition," I., 114.
| 37,611 |
https://github.com/exrin/exrin/blob/master/Exrin/Exrin.Framework/Abstraction/IDialogOptions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
exrin
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exrin
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C#
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Code
| 39 | 82 |
namespace Exrin.Abstraction
{
public interface IDialogOptions
{
string Title { get; set; }
string Message { get; set; }
bool Result { get; set; }
string OkButtonText { get; set; }
string CancelButtonText { get; set; }
}
}
| 3,247 |
https://github.com/AndrewMitev/Telerik-Academy/blob/master/ModuleTwo/ASP.NET-Web-Forms-master/Exam/2016-YouTube-Playlists/YoutubeSystem/YoutubeSystem.Services/CategoryServices.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
Telerik-Academy
|
AndrewMitev
|
C#
|
Code
| 45 | 159 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using YoutubeSystem.Data.Repositories;
using YoutubeSystem.Models;
using YoutubeSystem.Services.Contracts;
namespace YoutubeSystem.Services
{
public class CategoryServices : ICategoryServices
{
private IRepository<Category> categories;
public CategoryServices(IRepository<Category> categories)
{
this.categories = categories;
}
public IQueryable<Category> GetAll()
{
return this.categories.All();
}
}
}
| 49,986 |
US-34222306-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,106 | 9,052 |
Image pickup apparatus, camera main body thereof and interchangeable lens
ABSTRACT
The present invention provides a camera system which is provided with signal processing control means for changing the filter characteristic of parallel vibration signal processing means in conformity with the output signal of rotation vibration signal processing means and thereby can photograph an image suffering little from blur even during macro-photographing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image pickup apparatus which corrects hand shake to thereby improve the accuracy of a picked-up image, the camera main body thereof and an interchangeable lens.
Particularly it relates to an image pickup apparatus which achieves an improvement in correcting performance for hand shake, the camera main body thereof and an interchangeable lens.
2. Related Background Art
In the present day cameras, operations important to photographing such as exposure determination and focusing are all automated and the possibility that even a person unskilled in camera operation causes failure in photographing has become very rare.
Also, recently, a system for preventing a hand shake applied to a camera has also been studied, and factors inducing a photographer's error in photographing has become almost null.
An image stabilizer system for preventing hand shake will be briefly described here.
The hand shake of a camera during photographing is usually a vibration of a frequency of 1 Hz to 10 Hz. To enable a photograph free of image blur to be taken even if such a hand shake is present at the point of time of exposure, it is necessary to detect the vibration of the camera due to the hand shake, and displace a correction lens in a plane orthogonal to the optical axis thereof in conformity with the result of this detection (optical image stabilizer system).
That is, to take a photograph free of image blur even if the vibration of the camera occurs, firstly, it becomes necessary to accurately detect the vibration of the camera, and secondly, to correct a change in the optical axis due to a hand shake.
The correction of image blur is effected by detecting the vibration of the camera by an angular velocity sensor or the like, and driving a correcting optical apparatus for making the photographing optical axis eccentric on the basis of the detected information of the vibration of the camera (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H07-218967).
Also, in order to improve the accuracy of the correction of image blur during close-up photographing in which the photographing distance is short, there has been proposed an apparatus which carries an acceleration sensor and an angular velocity sensor thereon, and detects not only rotation vibration, but also parallel vibration and corrects the both vibrations (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H03-46642).
Also, when the acceleration sensor is used, there may occur an error arising from the detection of parallel vibration due to the influence of gravity acceleration. Therefore, there has also been proposed an apparatus which calculates the coordinate conversion matrix of a stationary coordinates system and a camera coordinates system from the signal of a six-axis sensor (the acceleration of XYZ axes and an angular velocity about each axis), and eliminates the influence of the gravity acceleration (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H09-80523).
In a case where as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H09-80523, the six-axis sensor is used to effect posture calculation and effect the elimination of the gravity acceleration component of the acceleration sensor, the construction becomes complicated.
It results in the necessity of the larger scale and increased cost of the system, and a high-speed calculation processing system.
As a method of cutting a DC component caused by the gravity, there is a method of inserting a high-pass filter to thereby cut a DC component.
Here, description will specifically be made of the influence on which the detection of parallel vibration the gravity acceleration has.
In a state as shown, for example, in FIG. 9A the accompanying drawings wherein a conventional camera is leveled at a regular position, an acceleration sensor 92 outputs a signal corresponding to the gravity acceleration G.
When parallel vibration is to be detected, this gravity acceleration component is cut by a high-pass filter (HPF) and integration is effected twice (two integrations), whereby parallel vibration displacement can be calculated.
However, when as shown in FIG. 9B of the accompanying drawings, the camera is inclined at an angle α from the regular position, the gravity acceleration component of the acceleration sensor 92 changes from G to G cos α.
This amount of change is also cut by the HPF, but the HPF has the characteristic that it must detect a hand shake component and therefore, it is necessary to set the cut-off frequency to a low level (e.g. 0.05 Hz).
Accordingly, in the conventional camera, when a DC component caused by gravity acceleration has changed, a long time is required until the amount of change is completely cut and an output signal becomes stable. As the result, the accuracy of the correction of image blur may be lowered.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
So, it is the object of the present invention to provide an image pickup apparatus and a lens-interchangeable camera system which quickly effect the stabilization of a parallel vibration detection signal during a framing change, and which are also effective for vibration correction during macro-photographing.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is characterized in that the filter characteristic of the signal processing of parallel vibration detecting means (e.g. an acceleration sensor) is changed in conformity with the output signal of rotation vibration detecting means (e.g. an angular velocity sensor).
Thereby, any change in the gravity acceleration component of the acceleration sensor due to a change in framing can be quickly eliminated, and the stabilization of the parallel vibration detection signal can be effected quickly. As the result, accurate image blur correction can be accomplished.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompany drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the construction of a camera system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the signal processing of parallel vibration detecting means and rotation vibration detecting means in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of parallel vibration and rotation vibration in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the operation of a camera main body in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the operation of an interchangeable lens in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the operation of the interchangeable lens in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing an image blur correcting operation in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing the image blur correcting operation in the system of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 9A and 9B are views for illustrating the influence of a gravity acceleration received by an acceleration sensor in the system of Prior Art and the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram showing a specific example of a high-pass filter in the system of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Some preferred embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
First Embodiment
FIG. 1 shows a camera system comprising a camera main body 1 and an interchangeable lens 2.
A photographing light beam from an object to be photographed passes through the photo-taking optical system of the interchangeable lens 2, and a part thereof is reflected by the quick return main mirror 3 of the camera main body 1 of which the central portion provides a half mirror during the preparation for photographing.
Thereafter, the light beam becomes an erect image in a penta-prism 4, and a photographer can confirm it as an object image through an optical viewfinder (OVF) 5.
Also, the reference numeral 6 designates a photometry circuit which measures the illuminance on the surface of a focusing plate, not shown, and inputs the result of the measurement to a camera system control MPU 7.
On the basis of the result of the aforementioned measurement, photographing conditions such as an exposure time and an aperture are determined by the camera system control MPU 7.
A photometry sensor in the photometry circuit 6 is divided into a plurality of areas, and can obtain the result of photometry by each area.
The reference numeral 8 denotes a sub-mirror which is disposed on the back of the quick return main mirror 3.
The sub-mirror 8 performs the function of causing the light beam passed through the half mirror surface of the quick return main mirror 3 to be incident on distance measuring means 9.
The distance measuring means 9 photoelectrically converts and signal-processes the incident light beam and inputs it to the camera system control MPU 7.
When the photographing operation is entered, the quick return main mirror 3 and the sub-mirror 8 are retracted to the penta-prism 4 side.
A focal plane shutter 10 is driven by a shutter driving circuit 11, and the photographing light beam is imaged on the surface of an image pickup portion (CCD or CMOS) 12. Then, the photographed optical image is photoelectrically converted into an image pickup signal.
Also, the reference numeral 13 designates a timing generator which controls the accumulating operation, reading-out operation, resetting operation, etc. of the image pickup portion 12.
The reference numeral 14 denotes a CDS circuit (dual correlation sampling circuit) which reduces the accumulated charge noise of the image pickup portion 12, the reference numeral 15 designates a gain control circuit which amplifies the image pickup signal, and the reference numeral 16 denotes an A/D converter which converts the amplified image pickup signal from an analog signal to a digital signal.
The reference numeral 17 designates an image signal processing circuit which effects filter processing, color conversion processing, gamma processing, etc. on digitized image data.
The signal-processed image signal is stored into a buffer memory 18, is displayed on an LCD 19, and is recorded on a detachably mountable memory card 20.
An operation portion 21 includes switches for effecting the setting of the photographing mode of the camera, the setting of a recorded image file size, and release and photographing.
The camera system control MPU 7 is for controlling the above-described operations of the camera main body 1.
It mutually communicates with a lens MPU 24 through an interface circuit 22 on the camera main body 1 side and an interface circuit 23 on the interchangeable lens 2 side.
It transmits a focus drive command, and transmits and receives data such as the operating states and optical information of the interiors of the camera main body 1 and the interchangeable lens 2.
A focusing lens 25, a zoom lens 26, an image blur correcting lens 27 and an aperture 28 are disposed as portions of the photo-taking optical system in the interchangeable lens 2.
The focusing lens 25 is driven by a control signal from the lens MPU 24 through a focus control circuit 29 and a focusing lens driving motor 30.
In the focus control circuit 28, there are included, besides a focusing lens driving circuit, a focus encoder which outputs a zone pattern signal and a pulse signal conforming to the movement of the focusing lens, etc. The object distance can be detected by this focus encoder.
The zoom lens 26 is moved by the photographer operating a zoom operation ring, not shown.
The zoom encoder 31 outputs a zone pattern signal conforming to the movement of the zoom lens.
The lens MPU 24 reads the signals from the focus encoder and a zoom encoder 31, and reads out photographed image magnification data stored in advance by a combination of the object distance and the focal length, whereby a photographed image magnification is obtained.
The image blur correcting lens 27 is driven through an image blur correction control circuit 32 and a linear motor 33.
The vibration signals of an angular velocity sensor 35 for detecting rotation vibration and an acceleration sensor 37 for detecting parallel vibration are signal-processed by signal processing circuits 36 and 38, respectively.
The signal-processed vibration signals are inputted to the lens MPU 24.
A correcting lens drive target signal is calculated by the lens MPU 24, a correcting lens position signal outputted from a correcting lens encoder 34 is fed back, and a driving signal is outputted to the image blur correction control circuit 32. In this manner, image blur correction is effected.
The aperture 28 is driven by a control signal from the lens MPU 24 through an aperture control circuit 39 and a stepping motor 40.
Here, the detailed processing from after the signals of the angular velocity sensor 35 and the acceleration sensor 37 have been signal-processed by the lens MPU 24 through the signal processing circuits 36 and 38 until rotation vibration and parallel vibration are obtained will be described with reference to the block diagram of FIG. 2.
The output signal of the acceleration sensor 37 includes therein a parallel vibration acceleration component, a gravity acceleration component by the posture of the camera, and a gravity acceleration change component by rotation vibration.
The gravity acceleration component by the posture of the camera and an offset component are eliminated by an analog high-pass filter 41, and a predetermined times (K1) of signal amplification is effected by an amplifying circuit 42.
Thereafter, the aforementioned output signal is A/D-converted into a digital signal by an A/D converter 43 in the lens MPU 24.
Then, processing by a digital high-pass filter 44 is effected, whereafter the gravity acceleration change component by the rotation vibration calculated from an angular displacement signal which will be described later is eliminated, and a parallel vibration acceleration component is extracted. Thereafter, integration processing is effected twice by integrators 45 and 46, whereby a parallel vibration displacement signal S is obtained.
Also, the output signal of the angular velocity sensor 35 has its offset component eliminated by an analog high-pass filter 47. Thereafter, a predetermined times (K2) of signal amplification is effected by an amplifying circuit 49, and the aforementioned output signal is A/D-converted into a digital signal by an A/D converter 49 in the lens MPU 24.
Then, signal processing by a digital high-pass filter 50 and an integrator 51 is effected, and a rotation vibration angular displacement signal θ is obtained.
Also, this rotation vibration angular displacement signal θ is multiplied by a gain K3 to thereby calculate the gravity acceleration change component by the rotation vibration, and it is subtracted from the output of the high-pass filter 44, as previously described, to thereby eliminate the gravity acceleration change component by the rotation vibration.
However, the gravity acceleration change component eliminated here is only an gravity acceleration change caused by the rotation vibration.
Accordingly, a DC-like gravity acceleration change by the change of framing (change in the posture of the camera) is eliminated by the high-pass filter 44.
FIG. 3 is a view for illuminating the parallel vibration and the rotation vibration. For simplification, only the vibrations in a longitudinal direction are shown.
In FIG. 3, when the photo-taking optical system is moved from a line A to a line B by the photographer's hand shake, the distance Yp between a line D passing through the front side principal point C of the photo-taking optical system and parallel to the line A becomes parallel vibration.
Also, the angle formed by and between the line B and the line D becomes rotation vibration.
The image blur displacement Ysp on the imaging plane by the parallel vibration Yp is as follows: Ysp=Yp·β (expression 1) where β is the photographed image magnification.
If the acceleration sensor 37 for parallel vibration detection is disposed near the front side principal point, the calculation of the parallel vibration Yp can be more simplified.
Also, the image blur displacement Yrp on the imaging plane by the rotation vibration θp is as follows: Yrp=f(1+β)tan θp, (expression 2) where f is the focal length, and the term (1+β) is a term representative of an apparent change in the focal length by the focusing of a whole pay-away type lens. In the case of a partial pay-away type lens, it follows a correction expression inherent to each lens.
The rotation vibration and the parallel vibration are detected, and the image blur correcting lens 27 is driven so as to negate the above-mentioned image blur, whereby even during close-up photographing in which the photographing distance is short, the accuracy of image blur correction can be improved.
The photographing operation of the camera main body 1 side (camera system MPU 7) will now be described with reference to a flow chart shown in FIG. 4.
When on the camera main body 1 side, a main switch is rendered on, the operation starts from a step 100.
(Step 100) Whether a release switch in the operation portion 21 of the camera main body 1 has been half-depressed (SW1ON) is judged.
If it is half-depressed, advance is made to a step 101, and if it is not half-depressed, advance is made to a step 120, and the processing here is terminated.
(Step 101) Camera-lens status communication is effected with the lens MPU 24 through the interface circuits 22 and 23.
Here, the status of the camera (the status SW1ON of the release switch, the photographing mode, shutter speed, etc.) is transmitted to the lens, and the status of the lens (the focal length, the status of the aperture, the driven state of the focusing lens, etc.) is received.
While in the flow chart of the present embodiment, this camera-lens status communication is shown about its main portions only, it is effected at any time when the status of the camera has changed, or when the camera desires to confirm the status of the lens.
(Step 102) Since the release switch has been half-depressed (SW1ON), distance measurement is effected by the distance measuring means 9, and a focusing lens drive amount for focusing the lens on the object to be photographed is calculated.
(Step 103) The focusing lens drive amount is transmitted to the interchangeable lens 2. This data is transmitted, for example, as the drive target pulse amount of the focus encoder.
(Step 104) When the focusing lens drive is terminated, distance measurement is performed again.
(Step 105) Whether the lens is within the depth of in-focus is judged, and if it is within the depth of in-focus, advance is made to a step 106.
(Step 106) Since the lens is within the depth of in-focus, the display of the in-focus is effected. This is done by turning on an LED in the optical viewfinder 5 of the camera main body 1, or producing a sound.
(Step 107) The result of photometry (brightness) from the photometry circuit 6 is obtained to thereby calculate the exposure time Tv and the aperture value (the amount of aperture driving).
(Step 108) Whether the release switch in the operation portion 21 of the camera main body 1 has been fully depressed (SW2ON) is judged. When it has been fully depressed, advance is made to a step 109.
(Step 109) The quick return main mirror 3 is upped. At this time, the sub-mirror 8 is also driven to the penta-prism 4 side together with the main mirror 3.
(Step 110) The amount of aperture driving obtained at the step 107 is transmitted to the interchangeable lens 2 to thereby perform the driving of the aperture 28.
(Step 111) A leading curtain is driven.
(Step 112) The object image is exposed to the image pickup portion 12 and charges are accumulated.
(Step 113) When the exposure time has elapsed, a trailing curtain is driven to thereby terminate the exposure.
(Step 114) Charge transfer (reading-out) from the image pickup portion 12 is performed.
(Step 115) The read-out photographed image signal is converted into digital data via the CDS circuit 14, the gain control circuit 15 and the A/D converter 16, and is preserved in the buffer memory 18.
(Step 116) An aperture opening command is transmitted to the interchangeable lens 2 to thereby open the aperture 28.
(Step 117) The quick return main mirror 3 and the sub-mirror 8 are downed.
(Step 118) Image correcting processes such as gamma correction and a compressing process are performed.
(Step 119) The image data subjected to the image correcting processes is displayed on the LCD 19 and also is recorded on the memory card 20, and a series of operations until photographing are ended.
The operation of the interchangeable lens 2 side (lens MPU 24) will now be described with reference to flow charts shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7.
When the lens is mounted on the camera, serial communication is done from the camera to the lens, and the operation is started from the step 200 of FIG. 5.
(Step 200) Initial setting for lens control and image blur correction control is performed.
(Step 201) The detection of the status of the switches, not shown, and the detection of the position of the zoom focus are performed.
The switches are, for example, a changeover switch for auto focusing and manual focusing, an ON/OFF switch having an image blur correcting function, etc.
(Step 202) Whether there has been a focus drive command from the camera is judged. If the focus drive command has been received, advance is made to a step 203, and if it has not been received, advance is made to a step 207.
(Step 203) In the focus drive command communication from the camera, the target drive amount (pulse number) of the focusing lens is also transmitted and therefore, the pulse number of the focus encoder in the focus control circuit 29 is detected to thereby perform focus drive control so as to drive the focusing lens by a target pulse number.
(Step 204) Whether the target pulse number P has been reached is judged. If the target has been reached, advance is made to a step 205, and if the target has not been reached, advance is made to a step 206.
(Step 205) Since the target pulse number has been reached, the driving of the focusing lens is stopped.
(Step 206) Since the target pulse number has not been reached, the speed setting of the focusing lens driving motor 29 is performed in conformity with the remaining drive pulse number. As the remaining drive pulse number becomes smaller, the speed of the motor 29 is attenuated.
(Step 207) If at the step 201, the OFF of the image blur correcting function ON/OFF switch has been detected, the image blur correcting lens 26 is locked about the optical axis thereof.
If the ON has been detected and the release switch SW1ON of the camera has been detected by the camera-lens status communication, the lock is released (unlocked) to thereby bring about a state in which the image blur correcting operation can be performed.
(Step 208) Whether a command for stopping the whole drive (stopping the whole drive of the actuator in the lens) has been received from the camera is judged.
If no operation is performed on the camera side, this command for stopping the whole drive is transmitted from the camera in a while.
(Step 209) Whole drive stopping control is performed. Here, the whole actuator drive is stopped to thereby bring a microcomputer into a sleeping (stopped) state.
Electric power supply to the image blur correcting device is also stopped.
Thereafter, when some operation is performed on the camera side, the camera sends communication to the lens to thereby release the sleeping state.
If during these operations, there is a demand for serial communication interruption and image blur correction control interruption by the communication from the camera, those interruption processes are performed.
As regards the serial communication interruption process, the decoding of communication data is effected and in conformity with the result of the decoding, lens processing such as, for example, aperture driving and focusing lens driving is performed.
By the decoding of the communication data, SW1ON, SW2ON, the shutter speed, the kind of the camera, etc. can also be discriminated.
Also, the image blur correction interruption is timer interruption occurring at each predetermined cycle, and image blur correction control in a pitch direction (longitudinal direction) and a yaw direction (lateral direction) is effected.
First, the serial communication interruption will be described with reference to the flow chart of FIG. 6.
When it receives the communication from the camera, the lens MPU 24 starts an operation from a step 300.
At the step 300, it analyzes a command from the camera, and diverges to processing conforming to each command.
At a step 301, it receives a focus drive command and therefore, at a step 302, it executes the setting of the speed of the focusing lens driving motor 30 in conformity with a target drive pulse number, and starts focusing lens drive.
At a step 303, it receives an aperture drive command and therefore, drives the aperture 28 on the basis of the transmitted aperture drive data.
At a step 304, it sets the driving pattern of the stepping motor 40, and outputs the set driving pattern to the stepping motor 40 through the aperture control circuit 39 to thereby drive the aperture 28.
At a step 305, it receives camera-lens status communication and therefore, at step 306, it transmits the focal length information, IS operation state, etc. of the lens to the camera. Also, it receives the status of the camera (such as the status of the release switch, the photographing mode and the shutter speed).
At a step 307, it receives other commands, and at a step 308, it performs processes such as the focus sensitivity data communication of the lens, and lens optical data communication.
The image blur correction interruption will now be described with reference to the flow chart of FIG. 7.
When the image blur correction interruption occurs during the main operation of the lens, the lens MPU 24 starts the control of the image blur correction from the step 400 of FIG. 7.
(Step 400) It A/D-converts an output signal obtained by the signal of the angular velocity sensor 35 being processed by the signal processing circuit 36 (the high-pass filter 47 and the amplifying process 48 in FIG. 2).
(Step 401) It performs high-pass filter calculation (the high-pass filter 50 in FIG. 2) to cut a low-frequency component. For a predetermined time from the start of the calculation, it performs the changeover of the time constant of the high-pass filter, and also performs an operation for quickly stabilizing the signal. The result of this calculation is stored in a RAM area, not shown, set by ANGLE_VY in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 402) It performs integration calculation with the result of the calculation by the high-pass filter 50 as an input.
This result is angular displacement data, and is stored in a RAM area, not shown, set by ANGLE_HY in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 403) It A/D-converts an output signal obtained by the signal of the acceleration sensor 37 being processed by the signal processing circuit 38 (the high-pass filter 41 and the amplifying process 42 in FIG. 2).
(Step 404) It performs high-pass filter calculation (the high-pass filter 44 in FIG. 2) to cut a low-frequency component. This high-pass filter calculation is the high-pass filter characteristic of a cut-off frequency DHFC set at a step 409 or a step 411 which will be described later. Also, for a predetermined time from the start of the calculation, it performs the changeover of the time constant of the high-pass filter, and also performs an operation for quickly stabilizing the signal. The result of this calculation is stored in a RAM area, not shown, set by SHIFT_AC1Y in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 405) A result obtained by multiplying the angular displacement data ANGLE_HY obtained at the step 402 by a gain K3 is subtracted from SHIFT_ACIY, to thereby eliminate an gravity acceleration change caused by the rotation vibration. The result of this calculation is parallel vibration speed data, and is stored in a RAM area, not shown, set by SHIFT-AC2Y in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 406) It performs integration calculation twice with SHIFT_AC2Y as an input. The result of this calculation is parallel vibration displacement data, and is stored in a RAM area, not shown, set by SHIFT-HY in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 407) Whether the high-pass filter calculation result ANGLE_VY of the step 401 is greater than a predetermined value CNST_VY is judged. If it is greater than the predetermined value CNST_VY, it is judged that the framing has been changed, and advance is made to a step 408.
(Step 408) At the step 407, the high-pass filter calculation result ANGLE_VY is greater than the predetermined value CNST_VY and therefore, it is judged that the framing has been changed, and the cut-off frequency HFC of the high-pass filter 41 is set to a high frequency side HFC_H.
(Step 409) The cut-off frequency DHFC of the high-pass filter 44 in FIG. 2 is set to a high frequency side DHFC_H. Thereby, the cut-off frequency DHFC of the high-pass filter calculation at the step 404 in the next image blur correction interruption becomes the characteristic of the high frequency side DHFC_H.
(Step 410) At the step 407, the high-pass filter calculation result ANGLE_VY is smaller than the predetermined value CNST_VY and therefore, the cut-off frequency HFC of the high-pass filter 41 is set to an ordinary frequency HFC_DF (lower frequency side than HFC_H).
If in the last image blur correction interruption, the cut-off frequency HFC was HFC_H, it is judged that the change of the framing has ended, and there is assumed the operation of returning HFC_H to the ordinary frequency HFC_DF.
(Step 411) The cut-off frequency DHFC of the high-pass filter 44 in FIG. 2 is set to an ordinary frequency DHFC_DF (lower frequency side than DHFC_H).
Thereby, the cut-off frequency DHFC of the high-pass filter calculation at the step 404 in the next image blur correction interruption becomes the characteristic of the ordinary frequency DHFC_DF.
Here, the change of the cut-off frequency of the analog high-pass filter 41 will be specifically described.
The analog high-pass filter 41, if it is a circuit shown, for example, in FIG. 10, can effect the change of the cut-off frequency thereof by an analog switch ASW1 being ON/OFF-controlled by the output port, not shown, of the lens MPU 24.
When the cut-off frequency HFC is set to a high frequency side HFC_H, the analog switch ASW1 is rendered ON, and when it is set to the ordinary frequency HFC_DF, the analog switch ASW1 is rendered OFF.
(Step 412) The amount of eccentricity of the image blur correcting lens 27 for correcting the image blur due to the rotation vibration angular displacement ANGLE_HY and the parallel vibration displacement SHIFT_HY is changed by the focus position and the zoom position and therefore, the adjustment thereof is effected.
Specifically, eccentricity amount adjustment data K for correcting the rotation vibration angular displacement ANGLE_HY and eccentricity amount adjustment data L for correcting the parallel vibration displacement SHIFT_HY, from the signals of the zoom encoder 31 and the focus encoder, are read out from table data, and are converted into correcting lens drive data.
The result of the calculation is stored in a RAM area, not shown, set by SFTDRV in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 413) The signal of the correcting lens encoder 34 which detects the amount of eccentricity of the image blur correcting lens 27 is A/D-converted, and the result of the A/D conversion is stored in a RAM area set VY SFTPST in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 414) Feedback calculation (SFTDRV_SFTPST) is effected. The result of the calculation is stored in a RAM area set by SFT_DT in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 415) A loop gain LPG_DT is multiplied by the calculation result SFT_D of the step 414.
The result of the calculation is stored in a RAM area set by SFT_PWM in the lens MPU 24.
(Step 416) Phase correction calculation is performed to make a stable control system.
(Step 417) The result of the calculation at the step 416 is outputted as PWM to the port of the lens MPU 24, and the image blur correction interruption is completed.
The output is inputted to the driver circuit in the IS control circuit 32, and the image blur correcting lens 27 is driven by the linear motor 33, whereby the correction of image blur is performed.
As described above, when at the step 407 to the step 411 in FIG. 7, the rotation vibration angular velocity signal assumes a predetermined value or greater, the interchangeable lens 2 heightens the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter of the acceleration sensor signal processing portion for parallel vibration detection.
Thereby, any change in the gravity acceleration component of the acceleration sensor by the change of the framing can be quickly eliminated and the stabilization of the parallel vibration detection signal can be quickly accomplished and as the result, accurate image blur correction can be performed.
While in the present embodiment, the level of the angular velocity signal which is the reference for changing over the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter for the acceleration sensor signal processing is set to one, it is possible to set a plurality of levels and change over them to thereby effect finer image blur correction control.
Also, while in the present embodiment, the level of the rotation vibration signal which is the reference for changing over the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter for the acceleration sensor signal processing is used as the level of the angular velocity signal, use may be made of the level of an angular displacement signal.
Second Embodiment
A second embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail. The construction of this embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and need not be described.
In the second embodiment, when the photographed image magnification β is smaller than a predetermined value, the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter for the acceleration sensor signal processing is not changed.
When β is a predetermined value or greater, the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter of the acceleration sensor signal processing portion for parallel vibration detection is heightened in conformity with the level of the rotation vibration angular velocity signal.
The operation of the interchangeable lens 2 side will now be described with reference to a flow chart shown in FIG. 8.
The operation of main portions are shown at steps 501 to 503, and the operations of the other portions are similar to those in the first embodiment and therefore, are given the same step numbers are those in the first embodiment and need not be described.
(Step 501) Prestored photographed image magnification data β is read out from the signals of the focus encoder and the zoom encoder 31, and whether the photographed image magnification β is 0.3 time or greater is judged.
If β is 0.3 time or greater, advance is made to a step 407, and if not so, advance is made to a step 502.
(Step 502) At the step 501, the photographed image magnification β was smaller than 0.3 time and therefore, the cut-off frequency HFC of the high-pass filter 41 (FIG. 2) is set to HFC_M (higher frequency side than HFC_D).
If the photographed image magnification is small, the influence on the photographed image the parallel vibration has becomes small and therefore, it is better to reduce the characteristic of a low frequency and cut the fluctuation of a signal of the low frequency.
(Step 503) The cut-off frequency DHFC of the high-pass filter 44 in FIG. 2 is set to DHFC_M (higher frequency side than DHFC_DF).
If the photographed image magnification is small, the influence on the photographed image the parallel vibration has becomes small and therefore, it is better to reduce the characteristic of the low frequency and cut the fluctuation of a signal of the low frequency.
As described above, when at the step 501 to the step 503 and the step 407 to the step 411 in FIG. 8, the photographed image magnification β is smaller than the predetermined value, the interchangeable lens 2 does not change the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter for the acceleration sensor signal processing.
When β is the predetermined value or greater, the cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter of the acceleration sensor signal processing portion for parallel vibration detection is heightened in conformity with the level of the rotation vibration angular velocity signal.
By doing so, even in the case of a photographed image magnification at which parallel vibration is liable to have influence on the photographed image, it is possible to quickly eliminate any change in the gravity acceleration component of the acceleration sensor due to the change of the framing, and quickly accomplish the stabilization of the parallel vibration detection signal.
As the result, accurate image blur correction can be performed.
While in the present embodiment, the photographed image magnification is calculated from the focal length (zoom position) and the object distance (focus position). In the case of a single-focus lens, an operation similar to that described above may be performed in conformity with the object distance.
Also, while in the above-described embodiments, there has been shown an example in which an acceleration sensor is applied as the parallel vibration detecting means, the image pickup element of the camera main body may be applied.
Also, while in the above-described embodiments, there has been shown an example in which when the rotation vibration angular velocity signal has assumed a predetermined value or greater, the cut-off frequencies of both of the analog high-pass filter and digital high-pass filter of the acceleration sensor signal processing portion for parallel vibration detection are heightened, one of the cut-off frequencies may be changed.
Also, while in the above-described embodiments, there has been shown an example in which the present invention is applied to the interchangeable lens of a digital single lens reflex camera system, the present invention may also be applied to a silver salt camera, a compact camera, a video camera or the like.
As many apparently widely different embodiments of the present invention can be made without departing from the sprit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiment thereof except as defined in the appended claims.
This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-019976 filed Jan. 27, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
1. An optical apparatus having: parallel vibration detecting means for detecting vibration in a direction parallel or perpendicular to the optical axis of an image pickup optical system; rotation vibration detecting means for detecting rotation vibration about the optical axis of the image pickup optical system or about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis; parallel vibration signal processing means for filter-processing the output signal of said parallel vibration detecting means; rotation vibration signal processing means for filter-processing the output signal of said rotation vibration detecting means; and signal processing control means for changing the filter characteristic of said parallel vibration signal processing means in conformity with the output signal of said rotation vibration signal processing means.
2. An optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said signal processing control means changes the filter characteristic of said parallel vibration signal processing means when the output signal of said rotation vibration detecting means assumes a predetermined value or greater.
3. An optical apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said signal processing control means changes the cut-off frequency of the filter characteristic of said parallel vibration processing means to a high frequency side when the output signal of said rotation vibration detecting means assumes the predetermined value or greater.
4. An optical apparatus according to claim 1, further having photographed image magnification detecting means for detecting a photographed image magnification, and wherein said signal processing control means further changes the filter characteristic of said parallel vibration signal processing means in conformity with the result of detection by said photographed image magnification detecting means.
5. An optical apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said signal processing control means changes the filter characteristic of said parallel vibration signal processing means when the result of detection by said photographed image magnification detecting means is a predetermined magnification or greater, and the output signal of said rotation vibration detecting means assumes a predetermined value or greater.
6. An optical apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said signal processing control means changes the cut-off frequency of the filter characteristic of said parallel vibration signal processing means to a high frequency side when the result of detection by said photographed image magnification detecting means is a predetermined magnification or greater, and the output signal of said rotation vibration detecting means assumes the predetermined value or greater.
7. An optical apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said photographed image magnification detecting means detects a photographed image magnification on the basis of the information of at least one of an object distance and a focal length.
8. An optical apparatus according to claim 1, further having image blur correcting means for driving a lens on the basis of the output signal of said parallel vibration signal processing means and the output signal of said rotation vibration signal processing means to thereby correct image blur.
9. An optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said parallel vibration detecting means is an acceleration sensor.
10. An optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said rotation vibration detecting means is an angular velocity sensor.
11. An optical apparatus according to claim 1, which includes an interchangeable lens and a camera main body on which the interchangeable lens is detachably mountable.
12. An optical apparatus according to claim 4, further having image blur correcting means for driving a lens on the basis of the output signal of said parallel vibration signal processing means and the output signal of said rotation vibration signal processing means to thereby correct image blur..
| 33,367 |
https://github.com/danielhelfand/console/blob/master/frontend/packages/dev-console/src/components/source-to-image/SourceToImagePage.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
console
|
danielhelfand
|
TSX
|
Code
| 105 | 376 |
import * as React from 'react';
import Helmet from 'react-helmet';
import { RouteComponentProps } from 'react-router-dom';
import { Firehose } from '@console/internal/components/utils';
import BuildSource from './SourceToImage';
export type SourceToImagePage = RouteComponentProps<{
imagestream: string;
'imagestream-ns': string;
'preselected-ns': string;
}>;
export const SourceToImagePage: React.FC<SourceToImagePage> = ({ match }) => {
const title = 'Create Source-to-Image Application';
const {
imagestream: imageStreamName,
'imagestream-ns': imageStreamNamespace,
'preselected-ns': preselectedNamespace,
} = match.params;
const resources = [
{
kind: 'ImageStream',
name: imageStreamName,
namespace: imageStreamNamespace,
isList: false,
prop: 'obj',
},
];
return (
<React.Fragment>
<Helmet>
<title>{title}</title>
</Helmet>
<div className="co-m-pane__body">
<h1 className="co-m-pane__heading">{title}</h1>
<Firehose resources={resources}>
<BuildSource preselectedNamespace={preselectedNamespace} />
</Firehose>
</div>
</React.Fragment>
);
};
export default SourceToImagePage;
| 11,925 |
https://github.com/yuri0x7c1/uxcrm/blob/master/uxcrm-common/src/main/java/com/github/yuri0x7c1/uxcrm/common/ui/search/component/SearchFieldOption.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
uxcrm
|
yuri0x7c1
|
Java
|
Code
| 20 | 131 |
package com.github.yuri0x7c1.uxcrm.common.ui.search.component;
import com.github.yuri0x7c1.uxcrm.common.find.util.FindUtil;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
@AllArgsConstructor
public enum SearchFieldOption {
EQUALS(FindUtil.OPTION_EQUALS),
CONTAINS(FindUtil.OPTION_CONTAINS);
@Getter
private String optionName;
}
| 48,088 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78136392
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ulanenweg
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 170 | 493 |
Ulanenweg
Innerortsstraße in Ulm (Donau), Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland
Ulanenweg ist ein(e) Innerortsstraße
Ulanenweg liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Ulm
Ulanenweg Staat Deutschland
Ulanenweg Straßenschlüssel 07488, Katalog Straßenverzeichnis von Ulm
Ulanenweg geographische Koordinaten
Ulanenweg Postleitzahl 89077
Ulanenweg Commons-Kategorie Ulanenweg (Ulm)
Ulanenweg Bild Ulanenweg - Ulm.jpg
Ulanenweg benannt nach Ulan
Ulanenweg
street in Ulm (Donau), Germany
Ulanenweg instance of street
Ulanenweg located in the administrative territorial entity Ulm
Ulanenweg country Germany
Ulanenweg street key 07488, catalog Streets in Ulm
Ulanenweg coordinate location
Ulanenweg postal code 89077
Ulanenweg Commons category Ulanenweg (Ulm)
Ulanenweg image Ulanenweg - Ulm.jpg
Ulanenweg named after uhlan
Ulanenweg
straat in Ulm, Duitsland
Ulanenweg is een straat
Ulanenweg gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Ulm
Ulanenweg land Duitsland
Ulanenweg identificatiecode voor straat 07488
Ulanenweg geografische locatie
Ulanenweg postcode 89077
Ulanenweg Commonscategorie Ulanenweg (Ulm)
Ulanenweg afbeelding Ulanenweg - Ulm.jpg
Ulanenweg vernoemd naar ulaan
Ulanenweg
Ulanenweg sampla de sráid
Ulanenweg lonnaithe sa limistéar riaracháin Ulm
Ulanenweg tír an Ghearmáin
Ulanenweg comhordanáidí geografacha
Ulanenweg cód poist 89077
Ulanenweg catagóir Commons Ulanenweg (Ulm)
Ulanenweg íomhá Ulanenweg - Ulm.jpg
| 25,377 |
lifeartcharacti02hudsuoft_15
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,872 |
Shakespeare, his life, art and characters; with an historical sketch of the origin and growth of the drama in England
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,338 | 9,423 |
Shakespeare's great, earnest, delicate mind seems to have been specially charmed with those forms of mental disease in which the intellect is kindled into preternatural illumina tion and expression. We have many instances of this; as in old Timon's terrible eloquence of invective ; in Macbeth's guilt-inspired raptures of meditation ; in Lear's heart-with ering imprecations ; and most of all in Hamlet's profound HAMLET'S) MADNESS. 275 moralizing, his tempestuous strains of self-reproach, and his over-wrought consciousness of 4' thoughts that wander through eternity." I have sometimes thought that an in stinct of genius may have put the Poet upon these frequent displays of mental exorbitancy, because the normal work ings of the human mind did not afford scope enough for the full discharge of his own colossal and " thousaud-souled " intellectuality. My own idea, then, is, that, in order to make this play emphatically a tragedy of thought, tlie Poet's method was, to conceive a man great, perhaps equally so, in all the ele ments of character, mental, moral, and practical ; and then to place him in such circumstances and bring such influ ences to work upon him, that all his greatness should be made to take on the form of thought. And with a swift intuitive perception of the laws of mind, which the ripest science can hardly overtake, he seems to have known just what kind and degree of mental disturbance or disease would naturally operate to produce such an irregular and exorbitant grandeur of intellectual manifestation. To return for a moment to the particular question of Hamlet's madness. Why should he feign to be mad? How can he further, or hope to further, his end by assum ing such a part? It does not help him onward at all; it rather hinders him ; the natural effect of his conduct being to arouse suspicions in the King's mind, to put him on the alert, and to make him guard himself with redoubled vigi lance. Let us see how it is. The Ghost enjoins upon Hamlet two things ; first, " Re venge this foul and most unnatural murder " ; second, " Howsoever thou pursuest this act, taint not thy mind." Thus time and manner are left to Hamlet's own judgment ; only he must not, he must not corrupt himself with any wicked or dishonorable course of action. He is solemnly warned against pursuing revenge by any methods involving self-defilement ; aud is to proceed as ever bearing in mind that 276 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. " Him, only him the shield of Jove defends, Whose means are fair and spotless as his ends." He might take off Claudius as secretly, and in some such way, as Claudius has taken off his father ; but this would be to stain himself with the most abominable guilt and baseness. Whatsoever he does, he must be ready to avow it in the face of all Denmark, and to stand responsible for it. Come what may, he must, he can, use no arts but manly arts. Observe, then, what a dreadful dilemma he is placed in : he must punish, it is his most sacred duty to punish, a crime which it is not possible for him to prove, and which must not be punished till it has been proved. His strong, clear head instantly takes in the whole truth of his situation ; comprehends at a glance the entire case in all its points and bearings. All this may well fill him, as indeed it does, with the most excruciating and inevitable agony ; and, while he thus lives in torture, his mighty suf fering, even because he is so strong, arouses all his facul ties, and permits not a particle of the intellectual man to be lost. Thus, from the time of his interview with the Ghost, all is changed with Hamlet ; all, both without and within : henceforth he lives in quite another world, and is himself quite another man. All his old aims and aspirations are to be sternly renounced and thrust aside : life can have no more joys for him : his whole future must be cast in a new shape. All the duties upon which his thoughts have been hitherto centred are now merged in the one sacred, all- absorbing task enjoined upon him as from Heaven itself. Now so great, so sudden, so agonizing a change within cannot but work some corresponding change without: it will naturally and even necessarily register itself in his manner and behaviour: while he is so different, how is it possible he should appear the same ? And he himself evi dently foresees that this change will cause him to be re garded as beside himself, as out of his right mind ; 'especially as he cannot disclose the reason of it, and must, by all HIS ALLEGED DEFECT OF WILL. 277 means, keep the cause of that change, or even any whisper of it, from reaching the King or the Court. A behaviour so strange, so odd, so unaccountable, must needs appear to others to have sprung from a stroke of madness. All this he clearly forecasts, as indeed he well may. And he desires, apparently, that his action may be so construed : he lets his '• antic disposition " have free course ; and rather studies than otherwise to sustain and strengthen the impu tation of madness, by his conduct. If any see fit to call this feigning, so be it : the question is not worth wrangling about. "To this degree," says Professor Werder, "to this degree, which is relative!}' slight, he makes believe, he plays the madman. But, because it is essentially his truth, the effect of his real suffering, of his shattered being, to which his mind gives vent, so far as it can without betray ing his secret ; because it is his torture, his rage, his cry of woe, his agony, thus outwardl}' expressed ; therefore this playing of his is not merely feigning, and because not merely, therefore not feigning at all, in the strict sense of the word." Our hero is not indeed master of the situation ; but he understands the situation, which is just what most of his critics have not done ; and he is not master of it, simply because, as things stand, such mastery is quite beyond the power of any man, without help from above. The critics in question insist upon it, that the one thing which Hamlet ought to do, and which he would do, if he had any real backbone of executive energy, is, to strike the avenging blow with instant dispatch, on the first opportunity. Such an opportunity he has. But to do thus would be both a crime and a blunder, and a blunder even more than a crime. How shall he justify such a deed to the world ? how vindicate himself from the very crime which he must allege against the King? For, as he cannot subpoena the Ghost, the evidence on which he is to act is available only in the court of his own conscience. To serve any good end, the deed must so stand to the public 278 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. eye as it does to his own ; else he will be in effect setting an example of murder, not of justice. And the CROWN will seem to be his real motive, dut}r but a pretence. Can a man of his ' ' large discourse looking before and after " be expected to act thus ? We, to be sure, long impatiently to have the crowned murderer get his deserts, because the whole truth of his guilt is known to us ; but the people of Denmark, Hamlet's social and political world, know nothing of it whatever, and can never be convinced of it, should he proceed in that way. For the Ghost's disclosures were made to his ear alone ; nobody else heard a word of them. And is it to be supposed that the Ghost's tale will be received on his sole word ? that, too, in behalf of an act by which he has cut away the only obstacle between himself and the throne? The very alleging of such grounds will be regarded as, if possible, a worse crime than that in defence of which they are alleged. To the Danish people Hamlet will needs him self appear to be just what he charges Claudius with being. Claudius is their lawful King ; they are his loyal subjects : they will not suffer their chosen ruler to be assassinated with impunity ; they will hold themselves bound to wreak upon Hamlet the very vengeance which he claims to have wreaked upon Claudius. Unless he summon the Ghost into court as a witness, every man will set him down either as a raving maniac, to be held in chains, or else as a monstrous liar and villain, who has murdered at once his uncle, his mother's husband, and his King ; and then has trumped up a ghost-story in order at the same time to shield himself and to blacken his victim ! Most assuredly, therefore, the deed which the critics in question so loucll}7 call for is the very thing of all others which Hamlet ought not to do, which he must not do ; which, moreover, he cannot do, for the simple reason that he is armed with such manifold strength ; because he is strong in reason, in judgment, in right feeling, in conscience, in circumspection, in prudence, in self-control, as well as in HIS ALLEGED DEFECT OF WILL. 279 hand, in courage, in passion, in filial reverence, and in a just abhorrence of the King's guilt. That he does not deal the avenging stroke at once, — than which nothing were easier for him, were he not just the strong-willed man that he is ; were he a mere roll of explosive, impotent passion, like Laertes ; — this the critics aforesaid ascribe, some to constitutional or habitual procrastination, others to an in tellectual activity so disproportionate as to quench what little force of will he may have. Against all this, I make bold to affirm that, if Hamlet has any one attribute in larger measure than another, it is that very power which these critics accuse him of lacking. They, forsooth, see no strength of will in him, because, while he has this, he has also the other parts of manhood equally strong. Now the main peculiarity, the most distinctive feature of Hamlet's case is, that, from the inevitable, press ing, exigent circumstances of his position, — circumstances quite beyond his mastery, quite beyond all mere human mastery, — his strength of will has, and must have, its high est exercise, its supreme outcome, in self-restraint and self- control ; an indwelling power laying the strong hand of law upon him, and causing him to respect the clear, consenting counsels of reason, of prudence, of justice, and conscience, — counsels which his quick, powerful, well-poised intellect perfectly understands. And the act which the critics re quire of him, so far from evincing strength of will, would do just the reverse ; it would evince nothing but the impotence of a blind, headlong, furious passion, — a transport of rage so violent as to take away all that responsibility which everybody understands to adhere to a truly voluntary act. In other words, it would be an act not so much of executive energy as of destructive fury. Hamlet, to be sure, is not always in the same mood ; it would be strange indeed if he were : he appears in very dif ferent moods at sundry times. He is a man of deep and strong feelings ; his sensibilities are quick and keen. But he is also quick and strong in understanding, or in the 280 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. "large discourse looking before and after." Now his feelings are ever goading him on to the instant stroke of revenge ; nothing else can satisfy them : they are bidding him throw consequences to the winds ; and would have him act just as Laertes talks: "To Hell, allegiance! vows, to the blackest devil ! conscience and grace to the profoundest pit ! To this point I stand, — that both the worlds I give to negligence, let come what comes ; only I'll be revenged most throughly for my father." Meanwhile his judgment keeps holding him back, as it certainly should. Hence there springs up a fierce, tugging, agonized conflict between these two parts of his inner man ; and his feelings become terribly insurgent and clamorous. Sometimes, especially in his soliloquies, his feelings seem to get the upper hand of him ; he takes part with them, and goes to pleading their cause most vehemently, against his higher self ; seek ing to ease, or to appease, his dreadful heart-agony with overwrought strains of self-reproach, and with hopes of speedy satisfaction. All this is profoundly natural ; and many of us, perhaps all of us, can readily interpret it from our own experience. In action, however, Hamlet stands firm and true to his higher self : here, judgment keeps the upper hand ; and though he cannot silence his insurgent feelings, yet, in his strength of will, he can and does over rule them. While the heart is boiling- hot within him, and almost ready to burst its case, still his head, though full of power, and though all alive within, remains, generally, cool ; his passion never but once swamping him into an oblivion of the strong objective considerations which I have already remarked. Hamlet, as before observed, is called upon to revenge a crime which is altogether improved, and which, from the nature of the case, is utterly unprovable, except from the criminal's own mouth : apart from this source, he has not, and cannot get, a particle of evidence available for impress ing upon the world wherein he lives a judicial or even a WHY HE DOES NOT STIUKE THE KING. 281 moral conviction of the King's guilt. This is just the car dinal point in Hamlet's case. So that, matters standing thus, killing Claudius would be not so much a punishment of the guilty as a murder of the proof. As the only possi ble evidence is to come from Claudius himself, Claudius must by all means be kept alive, till he can be made his own accuser, and a witness against himself ; or rather, till either his conscience shall drive him to "• proclaim his malefac- tions," or else his guilt, to barricade its safety, shall thrust him upon other crimes so monstrous and so evident, that all shall see him as he is, and acknowledge his punishment just. Meanwhile, Hamlet must, above all things, refrain from the avenging stroke ; must strain his utmost powers, if need be, to that end. That he does thus hold himself back from the deed to which his burning passion for justice and his righteous thirst of vengeance are continually urging him, — in all this I must still think he displays an almost superhuman degree of that very thing which he is alleged to be without. The critics indeed talk just as if it were a matter lying solely between Hamlet and Claudius ; just as if the people of Denmark had nothing to say, no rights involved, no con cern, in the question. Hamlet does not see it so ; and he would discover a pitch of egotism literally inhuman, if he did. Every lover of his kind naturally desires, both in life and in death, the good opinion of his kind. This is partly because such opinion is an indispensable condition of his serving them. And so Hamlet has a just, a benev olent, and an honourable concern as to what the world may think of him : he craves, as every good man must crave, to have his name sweet in the mouths, his memory fragrant and precious in the hearts, of his countrymen. How he feels on this point, is touchingly shown in his dying mo ments, when he wrenches the cup of poison from Horatio's hand, and appeals at once to his strong love and his great sorrow : 282 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. " 0 God, Horatio ! what a wounded name, Things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me! If ever thou didst hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story." Thus the hero's hands are inextricably tied, — tied, not through any defect, nor through any excess, in himself ; not tlnxmgh any infirmity of will or courage or resolution, but from the insurmountable difficulties of his situation. It is not, it is not, that an intellectual impetuosity, or a redun dancy of thought, cripples or in any way retards his power of action ; but that the utter impossibility of acting, without covering himself, in all human account, with the guilt of parricide and regicide, prodigiously stimulates and quickens his powers of thought, and keeps his splendid intellect in an incessant transport of exercise. And so the very plan of the drama, as I understand it, is to crush all the intel lectual fragrance out of him, between a necessity and an impossibility of acting. The tremendous problem, the ter rible dilemma which he has to grapple with, is one that Providence alone can solve, as Providence does solve it at the last. As if on purpose to warn and guard us against imputing Hamlet's delay to the cause alleged, the Poet takes care to provide us with ample means for a different judgment ; showing him, again and again, to be abundantly energetic and prompt in action whenever the way is clear before him. So it is in his resolution to meet and address the Ghost ; in his breaking away from the hands of friendship when the Ghost beckons him to follow ; in his devising and execut ing the scheme for making the King's u occulted guilt un kennel itself " ; and especially in his action on shipboard, when he sends the King's agents to the fate they have prepared for himself. In these cases, as in various others also, he discovers any thing but a defect of active energy : WHY THE POET DOES NOT MAKE HIM STRIKE. 283 his mental powers range themselves under the leading of a most vigorous and steady will. And his conduct appears, moreover, strictly normal, and not spasmodic or excep tional ; I mean, it is clearly the result of character, not of disease. Thus much for the reasons of Hamlet's course, as these are personal to himself. But the Poet had other reasons of his own, indispensable reasons of art, for not making Hamlet act as the critics would have him. Shakespeare portrays many great criminals, men, and women too, who for a while ride in triumph over virtue wronged, perse cuted, crushed. And he always brings them to punish ment, so far as this world can punish them. But he never in a single instance does this till their crimes are laid open to the world, so that all about them recognize the justice of their fate, and are righteously glad at what befalls them, lu all this Shakespeare is profoundly, religiously true to the essential order and law of all right tragic representa tion. For our moral nature, as tuned in sympathy with its Source, reaps a deep, solemn, awful joy from such vindica tions of the Divine law. Now the very nature and idea of a proper tragic revenge or retribution require that the guilty be not put to death, till their guilt has been proved ; and so proved, that the killing of them shall be manifestly a righteous act, — shall stand to the heart and conscience of mankind as an act ol solemn and awful justice. To such a revenge, — the only revenge that Hamlet can execute or ought to execute ; the only revenge, too, consistent with the genius of the work ; — to such a revenge, punishment is necessary ; to punish ment, justice is necessary ; to justice, the vindication of it in the eyes, not merely of the theatre, but of those among whom the action takes place. So that, if Shakespeare had made Hamlet kill Claudius a moment earlier than he does, he would have violated the whole moral law of his art, — that 284 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. law whose " seat is the bosom of God, her voice the har mony of the world." And in that case the tragic actionT instead of being, to the persons concerned, in any proper sense a righteous procedure, instead of appealing to their high and sacred sympathies with justice, would be a mere stroke of brutal violence, or, at the best, an act of low, savage, personal revenge ; such an act as would inevitably array their sympathies with justice against the avenger of crime, and enlist them in behalf of the criminal. Thus the proper music of the work would be utterly untuned, and for the terrible of tragic art would be substituted the horrible of untragic bungling. This were to write tragedies for the coarse theatrical sense, for the vulgar apprehension of the crowd before the curtain, and not for the inner courts of the human soul ! All through the first two Acts of the play, and until late in the second scene of the third Act, Hamlet more or less doubts the honesty of the Ghost. The old belief in ghosts held, among other things, that evil spirits sometimes walked abroad, in the likeness of deceased persons, to scare or tempt the living. To this point Halliwell quotes an apt passage from Willet's Hexapla in Exodum, 1608: "The devils do counterfeit the spirits and souls of the dead ; by this means the Devil more strongly deceiveth, seeing men are ready to hear their parents and friends departed." Hamlet apprehends the possibility of its being so in this case. He therefore craves some direct and decisive confir mation of the Ghost's tale from the King's conscience. When the advent of the Players is announced, he instantly catches at the chance, thus offered, of testing the question, and the possibility, if the Ghost's tale be true, of unmask ing Claudius, and of forcing or surprising him into a con fession. Nothing could evince more sagacity in planning, or more swiftness in executing, than the action he takes in pursuance of this thought : CATCHING THE KTNG'3 CONSCIENCE. 285 " I've heard That guilty creatures sitting at a play Have by the very cunning of the scene Been struck so to the soul, that presently They have proclaim'd their malefactions ; For murder, though it have no tongue, will speak With most miraculous organ. I'll have these players Play something like the murder of my father Before mine uncle: I'll observe his looks ; I'll tent him to the quick : if he but blench, I know my course. The spirit that I have seen May be the Devil : and the Devil hath power T' assume a pleasing shape ; yea, and perhaps, Out of my weakness and my melancholy, — As he is very potent with such spirits, — Abuses me to damn me. I'll have grounds More relative than this: the play's the thing Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King." The scheme, I need not say, succeeds. The King's behaviour in the interlude fully authenticates to Hamlet, perhaps also to Horatio, the Ghost's tale. Hamlet now knoics that Claudius is indeed guilty. And Claudius also, as Hamlet well understands, knows that he knows it. But the evidence thus caught, however assuring to Hamlet, is nowise available for the ends of social or even dramatic justice. The Ghost's tale is still just as impossible to be proved to the mind and heart of Denmark, as it was before. But this advantage has been gained, that Claudius must now do one of two things : he must either repent and con fess, or else he must try to secure himself by further meas ures : an attitude merely passive or defensive will no longer do. If he does not repent, there is henceforth a mortal duel between him and Hamlet : one, or the other, or both, of them must go down. As Hamlet lives but to avenge the murder, he must neither die himself nor let the King die, till that work is done. Force he has a hand to repel ; fraud he has a mind to scent out, to detect, to defeat ; and Claudius must get up very early, and be very busy when up, to out-craft him. 286 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. The result of the interlude excites Hamlet to the utter most : his faculties, his sensibilities are all wrought up to their highest tension. All on fire, as he is, he may well say, " Now could I drink hot blood, And do such bitter business as the day Would quake to look on." In this state of mind he comes upon Claudius while in the act of praying. Now he has a fair chance, now, in his white-heat of rage, to deal the avenging blow : the self- convicted fratricide is there, alone, before him, and is com pletely at his mercy. All through his frame the blood is boiling : still his reason tells him that such a hit will be a fatal miss, and will irretrievably lose him his cause. His judgment, his prudence, his self-control are assailed and pressed by such an overwhelming stress and energy of passion, that they are all but forced to give way : so mighty is the impulse of revenge within him, that even his iron strength of will can hardly withstand it : and, to brace his judgment against his passion, he has to summon up a counterpoising passion in aid of his judgment. Even his inexpressible hatred of the King is itself called in, to help him through the potent temptation, and to keep him from striking the King. This, I take it, is the meaning of the dreadful reasons and motives which he raves out for spar ing Claudius. He will take him while in the act of com mitting such sins as will make sure the perdition of his soul. In all this, it seems to me, the providence of the drama is using one of Hamlet's maddest fits, to foreshadow the far deeper, fouler, more damning sins amidst which this execrable wretch ultimately falls. Now that Hamlet is, beyond all peradventure, certified of the King's guilt, the next thing for him to do is, to come to a full and perfect understanding with his mother. He must see her by herself. He must search her breast to the bottom, he must "turn her eyes into her very soul," HOW THE KEVENGE IS BROUGHT ABOUT. 287 with his burning eloquence of indignation, of shame, of reproof, of remonstrance, of expostulation : he must arouse the better feelings of the woman and the mother in her heart, and through these, if possible, must redeem her from the blasting curse of her present position : above all, he must know from her directly, either through her words or her manner, whether she was any way conspiraut in the murder of his father ; and he must also let her know, with an emphasis not to be resisted, both his opinion of Claudius and how matters are standing between Claudius and himself. While he is on the point of doing this ; while, with his soul agitated to its innermost depths, he is talking with her ; while he is standing in the room and beside the bed in which himself was born, and which she has so shockingly dishonoured ; Polonius, on a sudden, raises an outcry behind the hangings : Hamlet, supposing the voice to be the King's, is surprised, snatched, swept quite away from himself with a whirlwind gust of passion : instantly, with the speed of lightning, out leaps his sword from the scabbard, as of its own accord, and kills the old intriguer. By this instant lapse of self-control, Hamlet has lost his lead in the game, and given Claudius a great advantage over him ; which advantage, however, Claudius will so use as to open a clear way for the final triumph of Hamlet's cause, though at a fearful cost of life, his own among the rest. Claudius is now to assume the offensive, and is so to carry it as to achieve his own ruin. For, indeed, his guilt is of such a kind, and is so placed, that it can have its proper retribution only through a process of further development. A dreadful safety indeed ! But he will prove far unequal to the sharp exigency in which he will involve himself. Too bad to repent, and too secure in his badness to be reached by human avengement, there is, nevertheless, a Hand which he cannot elude. That Hand is to work his punishment through the springs of his own 288 SHAKESPEARE'S CHAKACTEKS. inoral constitution. Hamlet's piercing, unsleeping eye, now sharpened to its keenest edge, is to be upon him, to penetrate his secretest designs, to trace him through his 'darkest windings, as his evil genius. His guilt is to en tangle him, by an inward law, in a series of diabolical machinations ; remorse is to disconcert his judgment, and put him to desperate shifts. Thus his first, most secret, unprovable crime is to goad him on, from within, to per petrating other crimes, — crimes so open and manifest as to stand in no need of proof ; and he is to go out of the world in such a transport of wickedness, lying, poisoning, murdering, that kthis heels shall kick at Heaven," sure enough. Such is the stern, awful, inexorable moral logic of this mighty drama. And its great wisdom lies in nothing more than in the fact, the order, arid the method of the hero's being made to serve as the unconscious organ or instrument of the providential retribution. He himself, indeed, is con sciously doing the best that can be done in his situation. Meanwhile the Nemesis of the play is working out the result through him, without his knowing it, without his suspecting it. Not till the hand of death is alreadjr upon him, does it become possible for him to strike. Now, at length, the seals are opened ; now, for the first time, his hands are untied, his passion, his avenging impulse, his will are set free. All this he sees instantly just as it is : instantly, cew- sciously, he deals the stroke for which his Divine Helper has secretly prepared the way. He himself falls indeed, but falls as a pure and spotless victim, to feed the sacri ficial fire of immortal hopes and aspirations in the human breast ; so falls as to leave upon us the hallowed sense, that " flights of Angels sing him to his rest." I must not dismiss the hero without adverting briefly to one or two other points. — Many people, I suspect, shape their opinions and feelings about Hamlet quite too much from what Hamlet, in some of his soliloquies, says against HAMLET'S SELF-DISPARAGEMENT. 289 himself. In this, they seem to me to take him at his word just there where his word is least to be taken. For, surely, thus to turn his solitary self-commuuings, his thinkings- aloud, against him, is not fan*. Instead of so taking him at his word, we ought to see him better than he then sees himself, and rather, with our calmer and juster vision, to step between him and his morbid self-accusings ; to judge him and to maintain his cause upon reasons which he is himself too unselfish, too right-hearted, too noble in mind, to accord their due weight in his thinkings. This holds especially in regard to his soliloquy beginning, "O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I ! " where he surges through a long course of railing and storming at himself, bitterly charging himself with faults and vices which his whole con duct most certainly and most clearly acquits him of. The truth is, Hamlet is suffering dreadfully : shame, indignation, grief, sympathy with his father's purgatorial pains, detestation, horror, at the triumphant murderer, a consuming, holy thirst of vengeance, impossible, as things stand, to be attained, — all these are crowding and press ing his soul together ; and his intolerable anguish, instead of easing itself by blaming, by resenting, by deploring his miserable lot, seeks such relief as it can by arraigning him self before himself, as deserving a lot far worse. He thus revenges upon himself, as it were, the inexorable cruelty of his position. All this is what some of the Poet's critics cannot or will not see ; and Hamlet appears to them cold, hard-hearted, indifferent, because they are themselves either so hard or so locked up in their self-applauding critical perspicacity 290 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. as to have no ear, no sense for his mute agony. And so they take him at his word! not perceiving that what he says to himself against himself are just the things he would be sure not to say, if they were really true ; while the things which he does not say are so true, and so unutterably crushing in their truth, that he must be saying something else. Because he "has that within which passeth show," therefore what he does show is taken as a just index and exponent of what he has within. This brings me to one of the most peculiar and most interesting features in the delineation of Hamlet. — In his intellectual powers, attainments, resources, Hamlet is highly self-conscious, though not at all touched with conceit. In his moral instincts, sentiments, principles, in his beautiful train of manly virtues, his courage, his honour, his rever ence, his tenderness, his sense of truth and right, his human-heartedness, his generosity, his self-restraint, his self-sacrifice, — in these he is nobly unconscious ; and rather shows his full, deep possession of them by a modest sense, or fear, of his being deficient in them : for these things are apt to be most on the tongue where they are least in the heart. Hence, in part, the singular vein of pathos that permeates the delineation. That pathos is altogether un demonstrative, silent ; a deep undercurrent, hardly ever rising to the surface, so as to be directly visible, but kept down by its own weight. Hamlet, as 1 said before, suffers, suffers dreadfully ; but he makes no sign, at least none when his suffering is greatest ; or, if any at all, so very slight, as to be scarce heard amidst the louder noises of the play ; as in what he says to Horatio, near the close • "Thou wouldst not think how ill all's here about my heart ; but it is no matter : it is but foolery ; but it is such a kind of gain-giving as would perhaps trouble a woman." Thus his suffering is not made audible to the sense : it is speech less, indeed unspeakable, and left for the inner eye, the intelligent heart, the sympathizing magnet within, to infer. PATHOS OF HIS SITTATION. 291 Such is the unspoken pathos of Hamlet's situation, — a pathos so deep, so pure, so refined, so soul-moving, if we have hut the eye to see it, that I know not where else we shall find its like. Let us see, for a moment, to recur to a topic already discussed, — let us see how it is with him. If he could but forget the real nature of his task ; if he could give free course to his mighty impulse of justice ; then he might indeed have at least a respite to the torture that is wringing him. But, because his reason is so strong is to stay his hand, therefore he has to suffer such pain, ^the pain of a most powerful will engaged in a mortal struggle against the insurgent forces of passion goading him onward. To quote again from Professor Werder : 4* To smite down the King, to sacrifice his own life by the blow, in order to be quit of his task at once, that were the easiest, the happiest thing for him ; but he iritis to fulfil it, to fulfil it faithfully. What he rails at as ' pigeon- liver'd,' when the mortal nature, impatient of pain, weary of suffering, cries out in him, — all this is enduring courage, the courage of reason, springing from reverence for a holy duty, and from devotion thereto." But, harsh and bitter as is his lot, Hamlet never com plains of it, hardly breathes an audible sigh over it : nay, he will not. if he can help it, let either himself or others see it : heroically he bears it, heroically he hides it. Of self-pity, of self -com passion, he discovers not the slightest symptom ; and, so far from saying or doing any thing to stir pity or compassion in others, he is ever trying, though trying spontaneously and unconsciously, to disguise his inward state both from others and from himself ; — from himself in high strains of self-accusation ; from his true friends in smiles of benevolence, or in fine play of intellect ; from his foes and his false friends in caustic, frolicsome banter, and in pointed, stinging remonstrance or reproof. Even when his anguish is shrieking within him, he knits his lips down tight over it, and strangles the utterance. For, 292 SHAKESPEARE'S CHARACTERS. indeed, to his mind, it is not of the slightest consequence how much he suffers in this world, so he does his duty, his whole duty, and nothing but that ; and he is so all- intent upon that as to have no time, no heart, for self- commiseration. Now this utter oblivion of self in his vast, incommunicable sorrow is to me just the most pathetic thing in Shakespeare ; though, to be sure, the pathos is much less pronounced than in other cases : but I deem it all the better for that. It is partly to relieve or divert off his sense of woe that his mind is so continually " voyaging through strange seas of thought ' ' ; sometimes in outpourings of statesman like wisdom, such as would add to the fame of a Burke or a Webster ; sometimes in profound moralizing on life and death, on duty and immortality, such as would give a richer bloom to the laurels of a Cicero, a Marcus Aurelius, a Jeremy Taylor, or a Sir Thomas Browne ; sometimes in well-seasoned discourse on the player's art and on the right virtues of literary style, such as " shames the schools ' ' ; now in flashes of wit more than Attic ; now in jets of humour the freshest, the raciest, the mellowest, the most suggestive, ever delivered. All this, to be sure, Hamlet does not himself say ; no ! nor does the Poet say it for him in words ; but the Poet says it through the ineffable dramatic logic of the play, — says it by a speaking silence, a mute eloquence, far more powerful and penetrating than words. It is the " austere and solid sweetness" of a great, strong, delicate soul per fectly self-contained. The sensitive rectitude which I have ascribed to Hamlet may seem inconsistent with his doings in the matter of the substituted commission. He does indeed discover no par ticular squeamislmess of conscience in that matter. He knows, or at least fully believes, that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz are privy and consenting to the hideous mach ination against himself : THE SUBSTITUTED COMMISSION. 293 " Why, man, they did make love to this employment ; They are not near my conscience ; their defeat Does by their own insinuation grow." Nor can I see any good reason why his moral sense, even granting it to be as deep and delicate as I have supposed, should stick at thus letting such a diabolical scheme "• fall on the inventors' heads." It is noticeable that Horatio, in the talk he has with Hamlet on that subject, v. 2, seems to regret or deplore the fate of the King's two agents in crime. He may well think it rather hard. And it is natural enough to suppose that Hamlet, on learning the horrid purpose of his voyage, may have been surprised out of his equanimity, and transported into an act of indis criminate vengeance. But, in fact, the instant effect of the discovery is, to kindle all his powers of thought into the highest activity. It appears, indeed, that the two agents were not fully in the secret of their commission, else they would have turned back to Denmark, after the separa tion of Hamlet from them. But then, for aught Hamlet knows, they may have had other reasons for continuing the voyage ; they may have been charged with other messages to England. It is to be noted also, that, at the time, Hamlet was expecting to go to England with them ; and it has been suggested that, had he done so, he would have arrested the effect of the substituted commission. But I prefer the view taken by Professor Werder : " As surely as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern deliver their let ter, his head falls. That letter, then, they must not be allowed to deliver ; they must deliver a different one. as surely was to be expected, put Hamlet to death? No, there is no expedient possible, no evasion, no choice between thus and otherwise. He must sacrifice them, and even without allowing them time to confess, — must do this even. For, if only they are allowed time for confession, after they are seized and made sensi ble of their position, there is no foreseeing what turn things may take for him." It may indeed be said that all this is but to the effect, that Hamlet deems himself justified in resolving, or at all events does resolve, to make sure work, whether the sufferers be or be not really deserving of the fate to which his action sends them. And to this it may be replied that, in those dark complications of crime, Hamlet has no time to weigh nicely the possibilities or likelihoods of innocence on the part of the King's agents ; and that he has a perfect right to use whatever fitting and effective means of self- defence the situation puts in his power. It is moreover quite certain that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are at least the willing tools of Claudius, caring nothing for the moral complexion of their service, so they may have the honour and the profit of serving him. So that here, again, I may fitly quote Professor Werder : " The baseness of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is their ruin : they promenade, so to speak, in the sphere of a fate which in volves damnation, without scenting or wishing to scent the sul phur. Where such a king bears rule, his servants are always exposed to the very worst that can befall ; and at any moment their ruin may come through circumstances and causes from which nothing may seem more remote than the catastrophe.
| 1,566 |
https://github.com/professionalsC/Oyster/blob/master/src/ApplicationCore/BaseUrlConfiguration.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Oyster
|
professionalsC
|
C#
|
Code
| 37 | 93 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Oyster.ApplicationCore;
public class BaseUrlConfiguration
{
public const string CONFIG_NAME = "baseUrls";
public string ApiBase { get; set; }
public string WebBase { get; set; }
}
| 44,268 |
sn97063183_1940-10-16_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,940 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,214 | 5,852 |
Stretch Your Dollar by Shopping From The Daily Classifieds Classified Advertising THE DAILY PRESS, YPSILANTI, MICHIGAN CLASSIFIED RATES Daily line per line for consecutive insertions are as follows: Three days 10c Six days 10c Transient ads will be received by telephone, and must be paid for before hour of insertion Advertising ordered for irregular insertion takes single time rates. No ad taken for less than cost of three lines. Count five words to every line Rate for yearly advertising upon request Polisher reserves the right to edit or reject any classified copy will not be responsible for more than one incorrect insertion. Call 470, ask for ad taker. Business Services Business services offered FURNACES—and furnace repairs new and used. 18 E. Cruse St Expert—Trying, finishing, refinishing, Talk, etc. JUST KIDS YOUNGSTER 'SYOUNS MAN— I'M ASMAMED OF YOU — PONY. WORRIED BECAUSE ME I'LL SMERLOCK STEBBINS NOT FINDING \ v v\ N HAVEN'T TVIE HASN'T POUND "THE J /GO IN OUT WHO SENT TVIE MONEY ID THE \Nx v wY' THEN-’WHO V SLIGHTEST PERSON WHO IS < l TALK TO K FEENEYS 1 COULD SOLVE A CASE \\\ VV\V (15 SENDING THE B \ \ IDEA FOUI Y - \ 1 / FKUX THE CAT V c°" A ) =. r " SURE I'D BE GLA.D TO.' BUT TwECL.THiBg g IVStO PSaPcgATfc ISO ALL YOU Vg ( TEH.EW " - \ DON'T TELL SOUL.' IT'S A SECRET /) / CRIMINALS (N TOWN NXMEO TQf.TCU *V» OOT TO OOTO QET /CAN YA GIMME \ 7 \ BAKCUTE AND SKiNMV FLINT PUT IHt J ------ ■ J\ \ A SCOOP 13 JUST L i/Mh A MOT TIP ON A ) '' Y POLICE CANT LOCATE THEM/ ' !!-, \ FIND 'EM JW vF : : ‘--j '. , , ' l ' " BRICK BRADFORD ETTA KETT IT SAVS -• IP YOU WANT S _ Z AW FOraSET IT/ITS ! [~J |T S DOCTO2 if VJtU-.WMATS 7We MATTER 1 U-J TViM LGTTEO. ' TO STAY HEALTHY-STOP wuflT "1 ONLY SOME CCANK.. «, DOOCSEU., ! [ P|O.PUSHE(2, YOU-TOO MUCH |TOM A O2W«. DAW J MHI' Von that war , WHAL, ! irvZ7, ; ",| j VyTfntf < S S rT^lwwwa? - > ? > L -S_i NC re onsb , Plane paint - - CAN SCARE \fa A v Bfl - _v r listen .you old i. ' «■ |,i; totve police i ********3fc muggs McGinnis Loo*|T TMST CLOCK Y ah s^o? WE'UNS VYILL HSV VWHAT 600D WiLU > Te' C_-=A?I CNES WAY =;r £» EG&ZACkLY B'JT AH RECKON \ O? w.O OUC^S.PA 1 : K V'SPS-TTIY DOWN A Duck ON TM'TABLE / THET DO WHEM 4 AU’VE PIGGEBED OUTAWAY TO fcOM- ' 1 A COUPLE OP THEM DUOCS ARE BOUNP j WMV DON'T yA A 3BACE Qc DUCK T'NIQMT/TMEVRB <> YOU'RE NOT THEiE PL'Sii the SAVE RESULT ’THOUT EX- A, TO OET TANGLED UP IN f/Y BALLOON 1 ■. ,-:7. , ■. .. ' f INSPECTOR WADE TAKE HIM TO [YES, INSPECTOR/"! U 1 PE CERTAINLY GETTING 1 f I FOUND A CLUtll \ ' —", J ' -:.* , n ni„ , |,,', i>.wr n, ‘ 7 Business Services Business Set vices Offersd ROOKING —New applied or old r«- paired. Ghauan Roofing O Ph J2i-M, fin 'T< >RB—repairs, remodels. Electric Motor Shop. 10 S. High- _ _ JR Business Services Business Services Business Services Offered GROCERIES MAKING—Afternoon and evening of any kind. Also Help Wanted—Female EXPERT: experienced in chambermaid, clean and good worker. White, 25 to 30 years old. For more information, contact WHITE WOMAN for housework. capable of caring for child, good homes, stay nights. Reckless, Phone 1-1. They're Something more than ordinary, too, and tads, truly powerful. Merchandise, Household furniture, Radiant lighting, Heater, very good condition. Excellent $23 K M., FURNACE, bolts and steel repairs. Buy grates and fire lots for sale. We wave you money. East Side furniture shop, 324 K. Michigan Ave. Phone 172? Wearing Apparel, SKITS for men, women, and children. Very reasonable. Phone 13. Farm Products, Equipment, FLOWING, disking, yards graded well, rotted manure, general repairs. 14 Cliff Hutton, 1010 K. Cross St. Phone 41. TEN YEARS' EXPERIENCE and corn fodder, Bill L. Willis, Mi. Merchandise, Musical Equipment, MUSICAL INSTITUTIONS, etc. Special attention to detail, including fine selection of used ones, Kart y*e Music Box, 284 Pearl R. AN'S $50 to $100. Moves, etc. "Kirg i»xl2 linoleum, ft :*5 Y..ng* 3 K Orvvsa I'h 4*2 SM \I.l, I*l ANO pi:* tlv Hr 1 low • term* |1.50 w.*«kl> <•>; L. M'ch'gfHM V one 47" Mercant’s Specials H >T MATKK m ATKIH'i,, f..*$ net cheap furnace oil Family Radio Shoppe 10* \N M h R,S I.AIMK KARA MTY- umh.*r! > ew, f.» Rebuilt leaners. I'* *S ar.'l up Better Homes Appliance S top I N Waanlngton I.AR.iiFSI* STOKK **f lightolter fix t -4 *4 flo >r..-.d?.«' • l.in»p* l • vv-■ e-t on. »*p Hr *» it H. ine< Auclian. e P i't N Mm' mgt o*i. By William Ritt and Clarence Gray Bv Paul Robinson By Wally Biahop Bv Edgar Wallace Merchandise Merchants Specials TRAI'K IN ■ your old piano on any 10-Tument I xtremelv large all*w an e . u ,t new conaole. Gnnnetl Rio* ;i(t \\ Mlclilgen WATKINS UPRCIAL »1 OS. .11 .*» unitnent and 5 >* m« ntbol camphor ointment 4 ns y t*roa* Rh 311 W GtilN'tJ T * Rl'lUi?—Your new Ininis mbj bt. k f*>r i e -amed<*wn pay ment Moorman * Rhone 1? NO HI NTING SHINS li for fl ‘>o 7 f* r .'*Uc, for 25c or e.»« !i at 411 \\. t'roea or the l'allv I'rea* Office GKWINK Rt »* ’All' i.NTAS hgg Koal I" 5 » per ton. term* Reever A I.revei '.ts Ann St Rhone 1321. Busineae and Office equipment TYRrtVUITKKS all make*, aold. i epa.Ued, Sporting Goode RtH; GUNS ammunition nnd hunt-, ing a« f‘**oriea >«•«' Wier Broa. Spi rt Shop : s Washington st Legal Notices rm&L ADMINISTRATION ACCOUNT No i»»•>;.a STATK OK Mil’ll IGAN. 1 !.r Pin hate t'ourt for t ie v’ounty of Waah ten* w At h of *aid t’ourt. held at tin Rtf l ate <»jfire in the Kity of Ann Aib i. in nald t'ounty, on the 24tli »1 \ v .*f S. pt. inber a lv 15R» Present. Hon Ja> t». Pray, Judge of Rrobate In tin* Matter «'f l •» F*atate of Mary E Bedell, Deceased. Are: !n A Rdell. Kx*« foi of *.»ld estate 1.«\1n,: filed In sivtd Kourt hi* Unul .* lmlniet rat ton account, and hi* petition praying f«»r the allowance theieof and I*l the aaalgninent and d.lHlributu»n of t e residue of said eat.its. It is Ordered. That the 25th day of October Al». 1541*. at ten o'clock In t *e foren«K>n. at said Rrobato office, b,- *inl la iiereuy ui»j*olnt*"l for » \nni ining and allowing said a count and .tearing said p* tit ion. It In I'urtl ,-r «'idv ed, That public n< t 1 * e therefore be glveti by publb a- U”\\_ . f .ii . t Hus o* lrr, f*»r thro Nil V >l' wei'B t I'eY>oUS' in ’Urrd day of hear.ng, in the Ypsllanll l»ailv Press, a newspaper printed am! circulated In said Kounty .lav G. Rray, I idgc **f Rrobate A true copy. Ret tha Jet'ter. I'eputy Itrglater • f Rrobate. A, i \ First A Final Aocount of Bpeoial Admlnletmtor, and Flret A Final Account of Baecntor No STATK '»K MR’HIGAN, The Pro bate « nrt for t e < >unty «*f Wash tenaw. At a ness bn of aald Kourt, held nt tho Rrobatr t *t fb •• In the Ktly of Ann Arbor. Hi haul ‘ ounty, "n t e 24th day of September A I>. 1 310. Prevent, lion. Jay O. Pray. Judge of Probate In the Matter «f »' e KMate of Ft ancea Max, Daceaaed J«.Tn 'T-rr.' pavmg ftf-H *«t aaUl Kourt iila flret and final account Sped 11 . Admlnlat rat«»r. and Me flint ,nnd final account ..f KxcrutAr. m«l hie pdTTlbn playing f*H t .a allow an t.iereof and for the andgn mei.t and distribution of the realdua of enid ehtate It Ih Ordered, That the 24th day of October A I* I'JR». at ten o’clock in ti e forenoon, at aald Rrobate office, hr and 1m hereby appointed for exam ining ami allowing aald account* and hearing e lid petition. It 1m Further ordered. That public notice thereof bo given l*y publb a non of a copy of thla older, for three HiK’-'fv* Iv o veelta previmiH t* fail day of hearlr \ Ir* toe VoilhMj I •;gif v Rre h. a newspaper printed and <ir < Mated In •i >d • ’'Minty .lav (I Rt.iy. Judge of Rrobate A true « o;.v Her the Jetter. lfeputy i Regleter «*f Rrobate Adv 3-101 A.. Bv Ad Carter final AD^rerirrmATitf* ACCOUJTT No 3 0 I*3 STATI; OP MICHIGAN, The- J'ro l,«tp I'ciurt for t ie <' u nty of \Va« i tenaw | At »t '■<•'* l«m *>f «nld t'ourt. held nt tt. |'m,t.utv *•f fi <• in the < 'l» y *.f Ann Art*»r in a.ild * * inly, on t|,«j 25th j dav of S« j>t*-n»U;r A J». 1010. l*r»-K» nt Mon. fn > <i. Fray, Judga 1 >,f I'rob.it* 1 Jn • t,♦* Matter *f t ** K*«taf« of final* C Davis. Dacaaaad. Luna Mamllt*»n, Adimnl-t: ator «>f -aid having filed In Raid «»-urt j in r final administration i" ■ oun*. end | ,*r petition praying f*»r the Allow ir,< o thereof and for t'i* AMtirntnont nnd *l l**lll notion of tlia renldu* of said estate It la Ordered. That the 21th day of o toh. r A l> UNO. at ten *»Vb.« k in • ic !• rsriomi. at Haul Probate « >ffl« e, r.« and la hereby appointed f<,r exam ining a/id allowing an Id account and hearing paid petition It in 1 i.ithcr Ordfrfd. That public notice t nrw,f Kiven '>y pnMi*«- tp.n of a *f. .y of thl* ord* *. f« r t t *<• • , - , , w • < orov !*• < to an id Iny «ts 1 11 •.»r 111 k, in t *» Ypal) »n»l I»a it y Pie a neiA apa per printed and Circulated Ui -aid ‘*'un!y Jay *i Pray, Judg. of Probat# \ true *o; I < 1 1 1 1 a Jetter. Jopjty Register of Probate Adv KM* ’ OKDCR APPOirnjO TIME FOR HEA RIMO CLAIMS STATK OF MP MIMAS Tie pro laid * ■ urt f’>r i: i) i "in’ *■ f W.n.’i* | Jer.aw At n aesaP nos end <V • rt. held at the proba• e Offl «* Jrt t*. • • itv of Ann 1 Arlx»r. In in* e»ld «’*oint.y. on trie 2tth div of September A !' !t i° I 'resent, Mon .1 . y •*, I'm, Ji Ik*' of Probate In 'l* Matter of 1 l-.Ht.itf if R««Uf E Da via. Deceased. It nr « .ms to t■ «> *'•> jrt t. M toe j time for pre.-ent »t .ori *<f dtlnif MKalovt said • tale a .owld he limited. ' a» (J tint a time and pla< ehe «• ir»• - *d in re I\ e, examine and adjonf all j • la m* Rnd rjerpandl HKalr.et eaid <\ f - re a el l,y and bef*-:« l aid • ourt Ii i Ordered *! a' < reditora of i aald de'-«-aaed are required to present tier *I i r:i t•» *<i j and <■,ll • t ut. va ld | Iff,bate • tftf e on . r >•« f.. -the Zth dv . f No.em -er A 1* 1>4») at ten o c|(,, k In t . forenoon, e.ild tin. and pi - * t*e’f,« neieby nppointed f*.r the exarnir.tt »>n and adjustment *»f ell f airne arid demand* RRHlnat eald d* ea^ed It It Further Ordered.public ; notice thereof irlver, t»y p’jbli*a tP.n of a ( o.v off ) . order f.., t . . e - > w* f .i »o sai l day of hearinir. In * e Ypall>r*tt I»a 11 > I'm- » a newspaper printed and * if dated In eal 1 » - inty Jay »; Pray. Judfe of probate. Ad v VI"*; ANNUAL ACCOUNTI OF GUARDIA V No 2F.2 10. STATK OP MK MIG AS T e p hate t'oiirt f r> r t e «'uinty of Was - At n ses-ion of aai*l t",,i,ri. I e.d at th- Pr« ». .te t»' f.r ..in t «• **t t v ~f At n Art<or. In said »*ounty. on ♦ e Hth day • ' »pt. tr.t.er A 1 > M‘M* Prefer.*, lb r . Jay «i Pr»>, J iduc* of Probate p Matter ' t e r.-tri'e of Wallace H Suite, Incompetent. C 4 »» \ W*bty. haviAl ti ed in j %fid « » :rr e Ann-., ;• mta ' r; rd.r of • « 1 * -'ate. and ; • pe• t. praying for t.e ellowan* e It t‘ Ordered TANARUS» at t! *•. itb dav «.f •’ e foier'uOTi., t,ao| Pro h.i! e *if fire. * . • |.• a, r.*e 1f r ♦•aan»- Ir.inv and eliowinf aald ac- *. inS! notice t :»-r*of b- elven by publ a- I » nos a < *y of tMa older f«,r three .•o';*** v. fti-kn - revlo ia to Mid d.,v f riT In the V ynll.• 11 11 |>‘,ly pre- a ne.vapar.er printed and imulcted in -aid * • mfy Jav O pre». J. Ur f Prohat t *- » •• \ Pe •ha Jettef, deputy A-lv l-1011. I PAGE SEVEN Merchandise band and Gravel rka pmkhlks for hrivkwayh K 11.1.1 \ S iIKAV I.L K'IMRA.s y Ts 1 \ p*»i n«7i in.) toll charge) Cl N UK RS—<3 Ravel SAND— pebblee, ro* k*. manure, blare dirt General trucking. Call Julius Zahn, T144F1! Miscellaneous KOI l MHI A HOYS IN KYRKK--'electric train, tooth in excellent condition. 24 S Normal MIN WOOLEN WANT VIM? -Stimulant, tonic in Ostrick tablets pep up bodies is king Vitamin HI, lion, Calcium, Phosphorous. 3.Sr. el.e today only -'yc. First packages XHtlatn*-*,-r maker refunds low price Kail write Cunningham and all other good drug stores. Wanted To Buy U AMT i ■ ~*T fld T*L’an —need —ferwt* ture Private sales anytime. In7 Rennlmau Ave. Plymouth. Harry K K ihinMon, auctioneer. FOR COMMENITY AIN’T anything you have for sale. Milford Oeburn. Amt. 6'J6 Sweet, 13.71 -M. For Sale Real Estate Houses WANT A MOM I. OF YOL’R OWN?' 1500 JiuWN buy* \Vc*t Side home, nearly new. with fire place, bed room, built-in bath and Hhower on flr*t floor. 2 bed room* and lava tory on aecond. 2 • »r garage, paved at rcet' KAST SlDK—flve rooms and bath. 2 cur garage, large lot, all for S2ASO. b ROOM RI'NOAIiOW - all large rooms, fire place, hath with a bow er, breakfast nook, new atoker, 2 car gat age. shade, well located, f i3OO, ts rma 94 AKRKS —without bldga , other ex » . lletit timber, «*n Cherry Hill Rd. only $3500 with $70«» down payment. LARK.K CORNKR LOT -West Side, with many large ahade freer one of the most desirable lota In the city, cash or term*. FOR RKNT -5 rooms, one floor heat *4 apt-, S4O. newly defiorattd. flrat floor, f» rooms, heated. $45; nhely furnlslie 1 home of k room*, nun* parlor. 2 car nr, s.*io. 2- family, with lower up* $25. and upper apt. 1 HUMAN A ORKKNSTREKT IV I* n. Washington, Tel 1137 INSI’KAMT: 1 ire, Kxtended Cov eiMK**. Rent ln“ Automobile. In o.bl Hu** -t4,.-k cornpanie*. reduced rate* for fll » < a-.* rate* S3OO DOWN • ro* *mF * l »t , furnace 7 car gar age. large lot, near I <>rd plant LOT BARGAINS WASHTENAW. 57 x 135 $2.5 W c 1 Li)SS •8T iqjd v so x 135 225 Nda « W Ci UJS* .'. UO .... I*s WALLACK HhVD, 60 ft 273 KARL K. Fill-KM AN Rib Thsaid Rhone 4.211 INSKRANCK -of all kinds In honor nhle H»o» k Kornpanlea Lota LOTH $773 Eligible for FIfA Fin ancing. L’all William**, Realtor. Homes, Rhone 104$ Buainese Property GOING HEALTH at 701 W. Cross St. Lease and fixtures. H ROOM -use at R 1 L, Engl. Ht, exchange equity for smaller property. Might as soon as A. It. DeGroat, Rh. 2070 For Rent Real Estate HOUSE, FIVE ROOMS, all modern, close in. $15 month. 51 S. Huron. HUM; and ball, not water heat for sale or for sale - of - Corner Crickland and Maplewood Apartment FURNISHED rooms for three and four rooms, apartment. Inquire -0€ N. Washington. STORAGE for rent, 4 rooms, first or partly. Klee Stove & Hefl. Adult, $20 on N. WANTED - furnished refrigera loan IT -0 week Kudwlg’e Service Midi at Mallard TWO ROOM APT nicely furnished. Peat. Kif i. llv included Washing privileges 7CF, |*'ord , FIFTH SIMILIATE five rooms, bath, etc. RefrU r if.nlng <>t u tier ■.1 Included 4 H Adame, iI N1 llt N I H II iI» —. pleasant four ro n» ;i '. 'Pnlr if h it 2 bed rooming iri'i Ut,:, \\ <’r*.aa Ks. • I Till’l l. ROOM furnished apart ner.', electric r- 'r v r;it’'.n suite • f r*rorn- 710 Michigan Rooms rrp.Ms ill I* - MH 1 - win bad Hr and t't>ed i i’ Naonable 111 rial Urd Wanted To Rent FOP I flit FIVE I'.'i' iM MOPSK I net of V;. P.nH J-f fen 1 I 117 F. - - r»rr Real Estate Brokers Brokerage Cards It F. AI. KSIATP •* • r err. n«.rinot Itoae K Mower. 103 W Michigan. Financial Wanted To Borrow We offer a wide range of insurance services, including fire, theft, and other insurance services. Our team of experienced professionals is equipped to handle all your insurance needs. For those interested in insurance, we offer a range of services including fire, theft, and other insurance services. Our team of experienced professionals is equipped to handle all your insurance needs. In addition to insurance services, we also offer a range of services such as fire, theft, and other insurance services. Our team of experienced professionals is equipped to handle all your insurance needs. For those interested in insurance, we offer a range of services including fire, theft, and other insurance services. Our team of experienced professionals is equipped to handle all your insurance needs. We understand the importance of a reliable and efficient service to our clients, and we are committed to providing our clients with the best possible service. Whether you need insurance, insurance, or insurance services, we are here to help. Thank you for choosing us. We look forward to serving you and helping you find the perfect insurance for your needs. O' radl > c.rntn.n tator who hilled himself as The lynh". took his own life with an overdose of drugs. STATUE TO BE UNVEILED Detroit, Oct. 16— AP Pr. Gabriel Richard, co-founder of Michigan in 1817, will be memorialized today with unveiling of a statue in Gabriel Richard Park. Leonard P Jnnzwirth of the Michigan State College faculty is the sculptor.
| 37,554 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Костівська сільська рада
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Костівська сільська рада&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 110 | 375 |
Ко́стівська сільська́ ра́да — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця та орган місцевого самоврядування в Валківському районі Харківської області. Адміністративний центр — село Костів.
Загальні відомості
Костівська сільська рада утворена в 1921 році.
Територія ради: 32,03 км²
Населення ради: 605 осіб (станом на 2001 рік)
Населені пункти
Сільській раді підпорядковані населені пункти:
с. Костів
с. Гузівка
с. Колодківка
с. Семківка
Склад ради
Рада складається з 12 депутатів та голови.
Голова ради: Пивоварова Тетяна Анатоліївна
Секретар ради: Бутко Наталія Олексіївана
Керівний склад попередніх скликань
Примітка: таблиця складена за даними сайту Верховної Ради України
Депутати
За результатами місцевих виборів 2015 року депутатами ради стали:
За суб'єктами висування
За округами
Примітки та джерела
Адміністративний устрій Валківського району
| 38,860 |
https://github.com/kzahedi/YARS/blob/master/src/yars/configuration/data/DataSignals.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
YARS
|
kzahedi
|
C
|
Code
| 50 | 203 |
#ifndef __DATA_SIGNALS_H__
#define __DATA_SIGNALS_H__
#include "DataSignal.h"
#include "DataNode.h"
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
# define YARS_STRING_SIGNALS_LIST (char*)"signals"
# define YARS_STRING_SIGNALS_LIST_DEFINITION (char*)"signals_definition"
class DataSignals : public DataNode, public std::vector<DataSignal*>
{
public:
DataSignals(DataNode *parent);
virtual ~DataSignals() { };
void add(DataParseElement *element);
static void createXsd(XsdSpecification *spec);
DataSignals* copy();
private:
};
#endif // __DATA_SIGNALS_H__
| 25,407 |
sometimeinireland00londiala_5
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,874 |
Some time in Ireland
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,387 | 9,580 |
friends staying in the house, who will amuse themselves in criticising the Irish costumes." " I always observe," said my mother, " that extra- ordinary expenses are like a certain class of troubles — they press on us at the same time in an aggravating sort of way. There's the rent of this house ; then we must have Lord George Burchester to stay with us during the election, besides keeping open house for his friends. And now there is this expense of a visit to the Castle." " I say, mamma," said Nora, coming to the point at once, " had I not better write to Mrs Murray, in Dublin, to send patterns of silks and transparent materials ? " " Goodness, Nora, what will your father say ? " " I am sure papa would not wish his daughter to disgrace him ; and, remember, it is the first year of my coming out." Just at this moment my father entered, and my mother remarked to him — " Here is Nora wanting to have dresses from Dublin." " You know, papa," said Nora deprecatingly, " we are going into quite a different society, and if I am not properly dressed what remarks I shall be subjected » to. My father set Nora down at once ; " "Worse remarks will he made if we try to vie with people who can count off a thousand to each hundred of our income." BEHIND THE SCENES. 131 " But, papa," pleaded Nora, " somehow in a room, how it is managed I cannot tell, but people do resemble each other in their dress. " " Not in their diamonds," sighed my mother, whose special grievance it was that her father-in-law had gambled away the family jewels — a charge which my father always hastily escaped from, never resenting it further than by a " Tut, tut," under his breath. He could be sufficiently roused by some piece of arrogant pretension on Nora's part to place her in her proper position, yet he had not the strength of will nor the energy of character to keep her there. He had shown a resolute opposition to any member of his family ap- pearing at the windows of his own house and thus giving countenance to the liberal candidate, yet he made no opposition to their joining his presumed sup- porters at the windows of other houses; and when he heard Nora and Eveleen maintain that Mr Leslie Sturt took particular notice of them when his carriage came to a standstill beneath the window they occupied, he made no remark. As to women's dresses, however, he would have nothing to do with that, — let the mother manage that ; and taking up the newspaper he was soon absorbed in the pompous description of Mr Leslie Start's public entry into the town. As soon as the time came for his being due at the committee-room and he had left the house, the 132 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. wrangling between my mother and Nora recom- menced. " I have made up my mind, Mamma," said Nora peremptorily, "to stay at home, if I cannot have dresses from Mrs Murray." From her knowledge of her husband's character she was sure that any further appeal to him would only be met by, — " Cannot you arrange matters better than by driving the girl to act like a simpleton, and make herself and her family appear ridiculous ? " Besides, she was proud of Nora's beauty, and there were certain vague ideas floating in her brain of the pos- sibility of the fresh, fascinating, unsophisticated Irish girl (Nora unsophisticated ! ! !) making an impres- sion on the heart of some blase English nobleman, or of some commoner of ancient lineage and large landed possessions. No, it would never do to spoil Nora's prospects ; nevertheless, she would show a little fight first. " There is a large bill already owing to Mrs Dermott (the Landford dressmaker) ; when she hears that Mrs Murray is furnishing you with dresses, she will be sure to press for immediate payment." " If she does, she must wait, that's all." " But / must have a couple of dresses from her, and you know how she will pester me about you." " 0 yes, I know ; " and (mimicking Mrs Dermott), BEHIND THE SCENES. 133 ' I have such sweet gauzy materials, Ma'am, quite the thing for young ladies' wear, Ma'am.' Really, if that is all you have to face, Mamma, it is not so very much after all," saucily remarked Nora. "It is a great deal to me, however, though you make little of my feelings." " 0 Mamma, have you not been cultivating my feel- ings ever since I was a small child by telling me that a girl had far better never appear in society unless she was well dressed ? and now you turn upon me when I ask you to allow me to order a few dresses from Mrs Murray for a visit which may never come in my way again." This plausible reason seemed a sort of loophole for my mother to escape from the unpleasant reflection that Nora had flouted her and carried her point against her, so she agreed to her writing 'to Mrs Murray for patterns and prices, but added, — " Yes, it will be your only opportunity, so make the most of it; for whatever may be the result of the election, as soon as it is over, the Landford family will take flight to England, and leave Terenmore Castle to be occupied as before by Mr Morgan Sullivan." Looking back through the long vista of past years, a painful remembrance is forced on me of this and similar domestic episodes, of the excited feelings about trifles, of the heated altercations about unim- 134 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. portant matters, and the frequent mortifying conces- sions my mother had to make to a selfish and exacting daughter. Alas, poor human nature ! With the exception of my sister Nora who since that time has had to face terrible sorrow and suffering, and of the Lady Constance Burchester — doomed to the living death of mental decay, all the actors in the busy scene I am describing have found their habita- tion in the grave, and in the language of the patriarch " have said to Corruption, thou art my father ; and to the Worm, thou art my mother and my sister." CHAPTER THE SIXTH. TERENMORE CASTLE. " Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo Dulce loquentem." Hor. Od. i., 22. THERE was an expression of mingled satisfaction and relief on the faces of mother and daughter upon their return to the hired house at Landford after the three days' visit to Terenmore Castle. My father was in excellent spirits. For years he had been on terms of close intimacy with the Marquis of Landford. During the morning hours he had been closeted with him in his private room discussing the steps to be taken against the coming election. The Marquis candidly acknowledged that the loss of this seat would be the knell of his political importance, and would be fol- lowed by the defection of other constituencies which had hitherto been under his control. The Liberal party were quite alive to the value of the stakes they were playing for, and were straining every nerve to annihilate the Landford influence in the County. 136 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. " Rochford," said the Marquis ruefully, " I shall lose my influence with the Ministry when I can no longer command some five or six votes in the Com- mons. Just look at this pile of letters containing requests for things possible and impossible, — for com- missions without purchase for raw youths, promotions for those who have seen no service, government livings for unheard-of curates, and appointments from the judges' ermine down to the exciseman's gauge. One comfort however, — if they unseat George, there will be an end of these pestering applications." My mother's impression of the visit was not so favourable as my father's. " Though no one could have been more attentive than the Marchioness," she remarked, " yet the evident solicitude of her manners betrayed the effort of an imposed duty." To any one with a less keen insight into character than my mother had, her ladyship would have appeared as a perfect model of high-bred unstudied demeanour. It was not her overacting her part that gave an unreal air to her intercourse with her guests, for she was naturally a simple-minded woman, she was a good wife and mother, and she worked with heartiness and energy to promote the popularity of the family ; but it was the tone of her high-born English guests, who — being only uninterested spectators of the political game which was being played out — could not be expected TERENMORE CASTLE. 137 to wind themselves up to any particular interest in Irish families whom they had neither known nor heard of, and whom they considered as & distinct species from themselves. After contributing a certain amount of general talk, they considered that they had done all that politeness to their hostess required, and drifted off to the discussion of their own affairs, — and the Marchioness too often drifted off with them. There being no other young lady visitor, Nora was taken at once by the Marchioness and introduced to Lady Constance, — " I expect you to become great friends, my dears," gracefully conveying the idea that it would be for her daughter's advantage to have such a companion as Miss Rochford. 138 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. As it was time to dress for dinner directly after such a cordial introduction, the advances towards the proposed intimacy had to be postponed. Nora pos- sessed the requisite qualities for adapting herself to those among whom she was thrown, when either taste or self-interest called forth her powers of pleasing. She passed through, the ordeal of dinner with much ease and self-possession. The Marchioness sent her in with her nephew, Colonel de Lisle Arbuthnot, of the Life Guards. Though he was a spendthrift, a gamester, and dissipated in his habits, he was — when in the companionship of a lively and pretty girl, and in the enjoyment of a good dinner and good wines — indisputably fascinating. His amusing small-talk, droll anecdotes, cynical and sarcastic remarks, had the effect of drawing out Nora and making her appear to the best advantage : she never was deficient in smart repartee and quick rejoinder, and now her coming -and -going blushes, her expressive dimples, and her pearly teeth, gave additional grace to all she said. She was quite as much at her ease during that interval which is sometimes spoken of as pleasant and sometimes as Purgatory — that interval, namely, during which the ladies are left to their own resources in the drawing-room before being joined by the gentlemen. Had none of them spoken to her, she would have put TERENMORE CASTLE. 139 it down to envy, being fully conscious in her own mind that she was not one to be overlooked or treated with indifference. French Modistes had not then usurped the position of arbiters of taste, elegance, and fashion. Nora's equipment — fresh from the hands of Mrs Murray — was very nearly on a par with that of Lady Constance. Indeed, what the London-made dress gained in superior finish, the Dublin one gained in freshness. Lady Constance had worn hers at many a party during a season in Town, while Nora's had been put on for the first time. It was a satisfaction, too, to feel that her tulle dress had been trimmed with French blonde, and not with vulgar imitation — as it would have been had it been turned out by Mrs Dermott, the Landford dressmaker. Though her voice was neither powerful nor well cultivated, Nora sang with expression and feeling, wisely confining herself to ballads. Italian bravuras were only for practice, and for giving flexibility to her vocal organs, — these she never attempted in public. Satisfied with the effect produced by her singing one of her national melodies, she did not attempt to vie with Lady Constance's elaborate vocalisation of " Una voce," by acceding to Colonel De Lile Arbuthnot's request that she would sing some Italian song — as " he was sure she would sing it divinely." 140 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. She did — for the time — make an impression on the blastf Lifeguardsman, — according to her own account. The next morning, on going down before any of the rest of the family into the drawing-room, my mother and Nora heard voices in the adjoining conservatory, of which the door was open : " There is something wonderfully fascinating about this petite piquante Irish girl," said one voice, which Nora instantly detected as that of her Lifeguardsman, — and then it went on to hum — " And given the saint one rosy smile, She ne'er had left his lonely isle." " 0, hang it, Dick," said the other voice, " you are not going to make yourself out to be a saint." " Her saint must have been a muff and an idiot. She gave me more than one rosy smile. And how she acted the lines ! Such glances from her brilliant black eyes ! " " When you leave this lonely isle, you may perhaps carry off the little syren with you." " She is a regular bud of beauty, and I should be proud of introducing her to the most fastidious of my family ; but unfortunately I am not a marrying man, unless I got a pot of money ; and as to an Irish girl with a " dot/' she is about as TERENMOKE CASTLE. 141 likely to meet with as a sea-serpent when cruising in a yacht." There is no telling what further revelations mother and daughter might not have been made privy to, had not the breakfast bell rung, and several of the family entered together into the room. CHAPTER THE SEVENTH. IMPOLITIC CONFIDENCES. " And, all Hibernian though she be, As civilised, strange to say, as we." Moore. AN intimacy was soon established between Lady Con- stance and Nora. Had the Marquis and Marchioness foreseen the possibility of their daughter making a confidante of my sister, and confiding family secrets to her, they would neither have proposed nor counte- nanced the intimacy. There was an elderly French woman, who had been the governess, and was now the companion, of Lady Constance ; and as " Miladi " had expressed her wish that the young ladies should become great friends, and as Madame did not understand but very little English, she could have no reason to suspect that her young charge's communications with her new friend would be of any kind different from that between the Marchioness and Mrs Rochford. Lady Constance was not disposed to pass the greater part of the morning in displaying her accomplishments, IMPOLITIC CONFIDENCES. 143 which were of far more than average standard. She wanted to talk to a girl of her own age, who could sympathise with her. Her lady-like instincts re- strained her from rushing at once into her family and special grievances, which she would long to confide to her companion ; and so she opened the conversation with some personal preliminaries. " How very effectively you sang that national air, last evening, Miss Rochford." " If I could sing as you do, Lady Constance, I would throw aside all my simple lays." " Yet with your simple lays (as you call them), you won over such a fastidious man as my cousin De Lisle. Why, I heard him this morning before breakfast humming over and over again in the conservatory, ' And given the saint one rosy smile, She ne'er had left his lonely isle.' I suppose, Miss Rochford, you have heard Pasta sing ' Una voce ? ' " " I have never heard her, Lady Constance." " You have heard Sontag ? " "No, Lady Constance." " You astonish me, Miss Rochford ; I should never have set you down for a Puritan." " I am no Puritan, Lady Constance, but as neither 144 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. Pasta nor Sontag has visited Landford, I have had no opportunity." " Why, have you never been in London ? " " No, nor ever crossed the Irish Channel, nor visited the Lake of Killarney, nor the Giant's Causeway, nor the Wilds of Connemara." Lady Constance clapped her pretty hands in astonishment ; " I never thought " — and she stopped. " Never thought what, Lady Constance ?" " 0, 1 never could have taken you for a — a — a wild Irish girl." Nora reddened with anger, but restrained the savage retort which rose to her lips. " I have heard, Lady Constance, that the English consider themselves the civilisers of the native Irish. Nevertheless, permit me to assure you that there are many Irish ladies and gentlemen who would not disgrace England, though they know no other land than their own." " I am sure I can quite believe it," Lady Constance replied heartily, looking Nora all over admiringly, thus gracefully and unconsciously escaping out of the little blunder which she had unconsciously made. " How I wish," she went on, " that this horrid election was over. Mamma is urging papa to return to our place in the very day it is decided, but papa will make no promise." IMPOLITIC CONFIDENCES. 145 " Would it not have an ungracious appearance, such a hurried departure ? " " So papa says ; it would look ungrateful if Uncle George wins, and revengeful if he loses." " If I were the owner of such a castle and domain as Terenmore, I should delight in spending the greater part of the year in it." Nora had yet to learn that places and people .are not always as they appear outwardly. " No ; you would not, Miss Rochford, if you were to change places with me." " Lady Constance," said Nora in astonishment ; " what can you possibly want that you have not got here ? A grand house and extensive grounds, car- riages and riding-horses at command, and any amount of visitors you please." " The castle is spacious, no doubt, but it is dreary and uncomfortable and miserably furnished. Mamma says that for the short time we have to remain in it, it would be folly to spend money in furniture and decoration, as it would only be for the benefit of Mr Morgan Sullivan and his friends. And as to a party in the house — a regular list made out, visitors coming and going, a constant succession of guests such as we have at Idleworth Park, is quite out of the question. Here we can have only the odds and ends of society — guests of necessity, not inclination ; not but there are K 146 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. charming exceptions," and Lady Constance smiled meaningly on Nora. " Besides, it is not safe for mamma to drive, papa has had such threatening letters. I delight in a good gallop and companions to enjoy it with me ; but I have no one but my cousin De Lisle, and he will not ride with me, as he says the roads are ruin to the horses' legs and fatal to their riders' necks." " What are you taking my name in vain for ? " said the person spoken of, stepping in through the open window, glad of the excuse which the sound of his name gave him for killing the time which hung so heavy on his hands, by a flirtation with Nora, which he knew could have no further result than the amuse- ment of the hour. " I was just telling Miss Rochford your opinion of our roads." " Execrable. I wish Terenmore was built on a small island, Miss Rochford ; it would be so romantic to see you steer your bark up to the very castle walls." " And be ordered off by the chaplain," said Nora laughing. " Not, by heavens, if I knew it. Was there never a creek or cove for your maid to have steered into for the night ? And in the morning when the old gentle- man was taking his constitutional she might have seized the opportunity of shooting right in front of IMPOLITIC CONFIDENCES. 147 him, and then, — giving him one rosy smile, she ne'er had left his lonely isle." ' ' His wife might not like such an arrangement," said Lady Constance, who was no hagiologist. " Wife ! why he was a monk, a saint," exclaimed Nora. " I am glad," said the Colonel, " for the honour and chivalry of England that St Senanus was not an Englishman." " And I am glad," said Nora, " for the self-denying saintliness of Ireland, that he was an Irishman." After the conclusion of the visit, its incidents were freely discussed in our family circle. All had not been sunshine, and the shadows were quite as much talked over as the lights. Nevertheless, when visitors poured in upon us, not one of them would have suspected, from the conventional description which they heard, that there had been a single cloud during the whole visit — " Everything so charming, the Marquis so courteous and benevolent, the Marchioness so unaffected and so interested in all relating to Ireland and the Irish ; and as to Lady Constance, though she had been the reigning belle of the London season, she was perfectly happy and contented at Terenmore." Such varnished pictures are the shameless shams of society ; it is little short of putting in circulation 148 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. debased coin. Who does not know by painful ex- perience the dulness and heaviness of many a country- house visit, the wearisome tediousness of most dinner parties, the physical discomfort and mental irritation of the crowded staircases and dancing-room at a fashionable ball ? CHAPTER THE EIGHTH. PARTY SPIRIT RUNS HIGH. How the viragos of Landford disagreed with Colonel Grainger, and how he disagreed with them in toto. WERE a future Virgil to conduct a future Dante* through the Inferno, and describe the several circles of punishment allotted to the several classes of sinners, would he not have to point out to his com- panion one special circle appointed for contested-elec- tion-sinners ? Bribery and corruption, lying and drunkenness, low cunning and loud cursing, the passions of hatred and revenge lashed into furious outbreaks by political excitement, would surely doom both tempters and tempted to pains and penalties not inferior to those depicted by the Florentine poet. The Liberal party had high hopes of carrying the election for the county of Landford. They were sup- ported by the whole force of the Roman Catholic priesthood ; Dublin Castle gave no uncertain sound, — the Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Anglesea, openly siding 150 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. I with them, and his sons enrolling themselves as mem- bers of " The Catholic Association." Still the Tories were not disheartened. Most of the country gentry were with them, and they were slow to believe that the tenantry could turn against their landlords when they came to the poll. They were up and doing as well as their opponents. Their agents watched every opportunity of circumventing the Romish priests and their emissaries ; they hung out liberal promises for such tenants as voted for Lord George Burchester ; they hinted at eviction, demand of full payment of arrears, and no more ' running gales/ for such as voted against him. It was well known, that if the tenants were true to their landlords, Mr Leslie Sturt would not have a leg to stand on. The small farmers and the forty-shilling freeholders had not an easy time of it. There were some who had made up their minds but would give no sign, generally men of brutal force and determined will ; though they were under suspicion and surveillance, yet after a time were left unmolested : " Did they not belong to a clan ? had they not powerful frames, and heavy fists, and bludgeons which would smash to smithereens those who meddled with them." Others, who had succumbed to the spiritual power of their Church against their will, were perhaps the noisiest in blurting out " they warnt the boys to go PARTY SPIRIT RUNS HIGH. 151 agin their priests and their counthry ; " things went very smooth with them, " barring the threats of the cursed Tory agint ;" and they had no fears before their eyes of being nagged by the women at the priest's instigation, or of the interruption of the blaz- ing turf-fire, the hot potatoes, the savoury red herring, and the butter milk ; and if they did get a little the worse for the drop, it was not flung in their faces. It was far otherwise with the vacillators, or, as they were called, the skulkers or slieveens. Poor souls ! many did not know their own minds ; and many had not the courage to fly in the face of their landlords, when they looked round the ' four walls of the cabins which had sheltered their fathers, and on the old mother crouching beside the embers, and on the wife whom, years ago, they had brought to live and end her days — where the old crone was then ending hers — and where the children had been born and reared, or else had died and been waked : — " Were they to be driven to go agin their landlords, who could turn them adrift without a roof to shelter them, and without food or clothing to keep body and soul together ? " Yet, on the other hand, it was very hard to meet wjth only scowls and black looks from the women who had been set on by the priests, — to have their food thrown down before them as if they were dogs, cold 152 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. potatoes and sour milk, and a running accompaniment of threats and curses if they went against their Church and Country. Almost facing our house in Landford was a pastry- cook's— or, as it was called, a cake-shop — kept by Mrs M'Cann. The jam-tarts and apple-puffs are deli- cious remembrances of my youthful days. Since then I have often revelled in the refined and artistic patis- serie of Gunter of Berkeley Square, Guer of the Rue de Rivoli, of Donay of Florence, and Sempronij of Naples, — yet Mrs M'Gann's jam-tarts and apple-puffs have never been effaced from my remembrance. The shop had a great reputation, and was the rendezvous and the afternoon lounge of the idle fashionable men. There most of the gossip was manufactured, and all the events of the town and neighbourhood were discussed. Mrs M'Cann, in her brown silk dress and mob-cap — her elbows on the counter — was always to be found at her post in the afternoon. She was a general favourite, and was privileged to share in any conversation that was going on, in which she was quite competent to take her part, being familiar with the concerns of her cus- tomers who consisted of all the principal families. She was a politician ; but, having a steady eye to the main chance, she was too shrewd to injure her business by offensively obtruding her opinions. She was a PARTY SPIRIT RUNS HIGH. 153 devoted adherent to her Church. Why, was not one of her nephews a coadjutor to Father O'Flaherty ? and was not another in training for the priesthood at Maynooth — all at her expense ? and was she not on friendly terms even with the very bishop himself ? The marriage of a niece, to whom she had given " a tidy bit of money," took place shortly before the election. We watched the bridal procession from our windows. The bride was conveyed to the chapel in a sedan chair, followed by jaunting cars and jingles con- taining the family and friends. The wedding supper, as we heard from some who were present, was magni- ficently got up. The Bishop honoured it with his presence, and was honoured in return by large sums deposited in the plate which was handed round, all the guests being expected to contribute towards the fee required for the holy sacrament of marriage. " No wonder," my father remarked, " the priests prefer the free-will liberality of their flocks to the paltry endowments which the State would bestow." It was evident to those whose political creed was influenced by self-interest that Tory ascendancy was on the wane, and they prepared to trim their sails and be guided by coming events which were already cast- ing their shadows before. " The Duke might overcome the scruples of the King, and drill the Cabinet into passing the Einan- 154 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. cipation Bill," they argued ; " he might explain to their conviction, that among the provisions of the Bill there were quite sufficient safeguards against any injury to the Constitution ; he might persuade them that the country would be quieted, and that no further demand would be made upon the Imperial Government ; " but they knew well enough that the Country would not be quieted ; that the Bill, once passed, would only be the opening of the door to further demands, — and that Roman Catholic members would soon be returned who would never cease their agitation, both within and without Parliament, until these further demands were conceded. Long and warm were the discussions which were carried on in Mrs M'Cann's shop between the Tories and the Trimmers ; and it was a wonder, considering how high party politics ran, that neither bones were broken nor blood shed on these occasions. Mrs M'Cann had always a word of encouragement for the Trimmers whenever the other party were not within hearing distance. It happened, however, that on one occasion my father overheard her saying, " Look at what Dublin Castle is doing for you ; it won't be long before, with a little more of the like help, the Irish foxes will exterminate the English foxes " ; and he startled her by at once coming down on her : "I tell you what it PARTY SPIRIT RUNS HIGH. 155 is, Mrs M'Cann, your priests are the huntsmen, and it is they who are setting the ignorant peasantry to run to earth the good old Tory foxes." Morning after morning the Radical newspaper was filled with the most inflammatory articles, as well as with the lowest and most scurrilous personal allusions : there was not a scandal, with or without foundation, which was not raked up and grossly exaggerated. The whole interest of the contest lay entirely between Lord George Burchester and Mr Leslie Sturt. It had been arranged that the seat of the other member, Mr Bryan Mansell, was not to be disturbed. He was an elderly and universally respected man, who had represented the County for many years ; latterly his opinions had veered towards the Liberal side, and it was suspected that he would vote for Catholic Eman- cipation. All the second votes of the Liberal, as well as of the Tory party, were to be given to him. The writs were out. The election was approach- ing. Lord George, Colonel Grainger, and John Bur- nard, Esq., became our guests. The day after their arrival was the Nomination. The proposing and seconding of Lord George Burchester were performed by pantomimic dumb-show. Mr Leslie Sturt's pro- poser and seconder had a fair hearing, the other party not being strong enough to retaliate by drowning their voices in choruses of yells, hisses, and groans. 156 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. The election lasted a fortnight; and as there was but one polling-place for the whole county, it may well be imagined what a pandemonium Landford became. All the county gentry crowded into the town ; the private houses, the inns, and such lodgings as were to be had, were literally crammed. The public-houses drove a roaring trade ; they and every crazy tenement harboured the voters who came from a distant part of the County. Lord George had to be guarded all the way from our door to the hustings by a body of police. A large party of his friends formed a lane for the protection for the more aged and timid of his voters on their way to the poll, without which they would have been exposed to the violence of the mob, who not only threatened but meant mischief. Whenever a Tory voter came in sight there was, on a given signal, a rush to hustle, knock down, and trample on him, and when the assailants were foiled in the attempt they took it out in curses and threats. It was hardly possible for a country gentleman to mount his horse and ride to the town to record his vote, without being stopped on the road by a band of patriot Pats ; and, if he escaped being treated to a taste of the shillelagh, his horse's head would be turned, and he would be ordered to "go home and look afther his wife and childer PARTY SPIRIT RUNS HIGH. 157 till he lamed better manners than to vote against his counthry." Both organization and brute force were called in play by each party. Agents for each side were engaged who were most skilled in the art of evading detection and conviction for bribery. Conveyances were provided for bringing the voters from their distant homes. Parties were told off for escorting them on the journey, and setting them down at the doors of the public-houses or other abodes which had been hired for their reception, where they were sup- plied with food and unlimited drink, and were watched day and night against any attempts at assault or abduction. We used to observe the outside cars closely packed with live cargoes of Tory voters, most of them wearing a dogged scowling expression on their faces, very few of them having that jaunty devil-may-care air which is so common to the small-acred farmers. Running behind and beside the cars were yelling screeching mobs of women and spalpeens, who did not always confine themselves to curses and execrations, but used mud and dirt to give force and point to their words. In the square fronting our house the police force was drilled every morning. The words of command would sound strange to English ears. For instance : — 158 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. Officer. " Tention, boys. When I say ' dhra,' don't dhra ; When I say ' surdes ' (swords), don't dhra, But when I say ' dhra surdes,' then dhra surdes." The soldiers, though strictly confined to barracks, were still kept in readiness to march immediately to any point to which they might be summoned by the mayor or chief magistrate. Their orders were, that if the rioters refused to disperse after the Riot Act was read, they should fire blank charges in the first place. It was very questionable whether such a pro- ceeding did not encourage rather than discourage the mob, as an idea of personal invulnerability was raised, which led to renewed acts of violence ; and when at last the extreme measure of firing bullets had to be resorted to, many who had only been brought together by curiosity were killed or wounded, while the ring- leaders escaped. Prominent on these occasions were the women, who in language and behaviour were worse than the men. One day, on his way to the hustings, Colonel Grainger found himself surrounded by a troop of female furies. He was well known as the proposer of Lord George Burchester on the nomination day, and easily dis- tinguishable by his great height and size. Instantly he became the object of loud cursing and obscene epithets. One vigaro was particularly active PARTY SPIRIT RUNS HIGH. 159 in hounding on her comrades. She spat in his face, and called on the others to do the same. In a minute he was covered with defilement. In elbowing his way out of the throng, he brought his iron-heeled boot with full force down upon the virago's naked foot. The howl of agony she raised caused a diversion in his favour, and he extricated himself without much exer- tion from a position which might have been one of danger. " Served her right, the she-devil," as he said when he rejoined us. " She has cost me a suit of clothes." CHAPTER THE NINTH. WE ESCAPE WITH OUR LIVES. " Hi motus animorum atque hcec certamina tanta Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescent." Virgil, Georg. iv. 86. " Yet all these dreadful deeds — this deadly fray — A cast of scattered dust will soon allay." Dry den's Translation. " These risings of [rebellious] spirits, and such [street] fights as these, quelled by the discharge of a little [gun] powder, will be set at rest." — Prose Translation. DURING the progress of the election our house used to be thronged with visitors of all sorts to hear the numbers polled, of which notice was sent to us every hour. From three till six o'clock the great muster took place of our friends, especially of young men from the Country, and of officers from the barracks who, happily for the young ladies, were not confined to quarters like their men. Nora alone had been regularly introduced. Eveleen was supposed to be in the school-room. But Eveleen could not or would not understand why, having been WE ESCAPE WITH OUR LIVES. 161 allowed to join in all the gaieties last summer at Dunless, the same liberty should not be granted to her at Landford. " My dear," replied my mother, when Eveleen appealed to her, " it was quite a different matter when we were at the sea-side." " I cannot see how, Mamma." " You do not comprehend these things, Eveleen. The amusements you entered into at Dunless did not stamp you as being ' out ; ' but here in Landford, if you are to be in the drawing-room, receiving visitors and dressed like Nora, it would be a positive dis- advantage to you, as in a few years — should you not be married in the meantime — it will be said, ' 0, Eveleen Rochford, let me see, I remember she was grown up and introduced in the year of the great election for Landford County.' " "It is not balls I want to go to, Mamma ; I know well enough that it is her first ball which fixes a girl's age." " Other events do the same. All the girls born in '98 have even now the 'soubriquet of 'rebellion birds.' Some mothers were silly enough to have their daughters named Horatia on account of their being born on the day of the victory of Trafalgar ; there was never any dispute about their age — were they not ' Trafalgar girls ? ' Besides, Nora is always at me ; L 1G2 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. she says I am not doing fairly by her in allowing you to come so forward as I do." " And am I to be confined to the school-room, dressed like a school girl, and to hang down my head and shut my eyes and not open my lips when I am addressed by the young men who walked and danced with me, and were so kind to me when we played our round games at Dunless ? " " You should remember. Eveleen, that you are not seventeen." " I shall be at the end of this month ; and I don't see why I am to be hid away merely to please Norah. But, Mamma, have you ordered my dress and bonnet at Mrs Dermott's ? " " Yes, my dear." " And what have you chosen ? " " Mrs Dermott advised a blue muslin, and a straw bonnet trimmed with white ribbon, as the proper thing for you, as you were not out." " And what for Nora ? " " I had my own design for her which she readily fell in with — lavender silk for the dress, and pink watered silk for something between a hat and a bonnet." Eveleen was a most lovely girl. Her beauty was of the Saxon type, which she inherited from her grandmother, who was an Englishwoman and a cele- WE ESCAPE WITH OUR LIVES. 1C3 brated beauty. Her figure was tall lithe and pliant, her head small and well-placed on her shoulders, her complexion fair with a tinge of colour, her features delicately classical, her eyes blue, her hair light and worn in the fashion of those days, rippling over her forehead and descending in ringletty cascades down her shoulders. Nora was small, with a well-rounded figure ; her hands and feet were models, her eyes and hair were black, her complexion clear and pale. The sisters were contrasts to each other, but Eveleen was far the lovelier of the two. Eveleen rejoiced in her beauty. It was her great occupation how to set it off to the best advantage, so as to obtain for it its full value of notice and admira- tion. Conscious of her charms, without a particle of shyness or diffidence, full of life and spirits, and crav- ing for attention, you might just as well expect a young race-horse, which has once tasted the excite- ment of a race, to keep from fretting, fuming, and chafing within view of the race-course, as Eveleen — after experiencing the delights of society at Dunless and being now in the very centre of the sights and sounds of gaiety — to settle down calmly and con- tentedly within the four walls of a schoolroom, with only younger sisters and a governess for companions. So she took counsel with herself how she could be 164 SOME TIME IN IRELAND. placed on a par with Nora — so far as being dressed like her and admitted to the drawing-room receptions. In regard to equality of dress she must call in another to her aid — and to that other she speedily betook herself. My father had a maiden sister, a lady of inde- pendent means, who resided in the town of Landford. She was warmly attached to her brother, and she liked my mother in the usual sister-in-law style. She disliked Nora, who was pert and flippant : Eveleen, who was her god-daughter, she both loved and was proud of: of the rest of the family she was fairly fond. " Aunt Evie " (as we called her), like most single ladies who live alone, was well pleased to be told all that was going on. It was to " Aunt Evie " to whom Eveleen looked for help in her dilemma, and hastened to call on her. She was crafty enough not to let out the real motive of her visit ; so she began to tell all the latest news about the Election, — how the leaders of the Tory party had a sort of East-wind look, as if things were going wrong, — how her mamma was worried at so many meals at irregular hours, — how the servants were turning runty and inclined to be disorderly, for it was no easy matter to keep them in good humour while trying to keep down inordinate waste, — and how Lord George's valet was the plague of the house, WE ESCAPE WITH OUR LIVES. 165 always in every one's way, and full of airs which the servants were beginning to copy.
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iContinued from last week) SYNOPSIS outPTFIt I-With his grandfather, ..li Kamaev MtlhoUanJ la eniciilng me Vu, fa. ace" In me mime in* old gentleman, a veteran of * ,-lvii ear, t.idea ois to impress the *.„tei With the signineanca of the on lonltici, ana many ye*.a aUerea. ,1 ' t,0v »as to rememoer tils words with lining vividness. rHAlTKR 11—In the schoolroom, a 1 „ cars afterward, Ramsey was not j -imauisi.ed for remarkable ability. I 7 7s two pronounced dislikes woru ,u ineto ami Recitations " In sharp L,:,w lo Ramseys naokwai dness is " .remedy of nitie Dot a locum, a i.oiy whom I" hia bitterness he de in.Mtes "ieschar * fen" CHAPTER III —In high edited, where and liora are ilassma es, Ramsey itltines 10 feel ihat ibe gut delights to mfe.it her superiority, amt the vindlc enees he geiistats* heoomes alarming. Immatlng in ms resoiuti. ii that some j he would shjvv" Iter. CHAPTErt IV. With Wesley Bender, Kiitiisey was ain upon fair terms belore the win hud ruu its course; Hie two were ijjlibors huiI, moreover, were drawn jollier by a community of interests ilch made their reconciliation « ne isiiy. Kanisey ployed the guitar and ekley played tha mundoliii. All III feeling between them tlieil ill the first duet of spring, yet the lit,ng they made luid no charm to nihe tlie savage brenst of Itaniaey leneter tlie Tenehers i’et finite into ; thoughts. He day-drenuted n iliou inJ ways of puttfher in Iter pluce. It was unable to carry out any of the signs, and had but a cobwebby satisfaction in maintaining discomfiture for which remained imaginary. "This is just once," he said to Fred Mitchell. "This is just once. Just once, just give me one nice to show that girl what she is. I guess if I ever get the right she'll find out what's the unit with her, for once in her life, maybe. Thus it's not to be talked about, understood and appreciated in the circle, all male, that I'm today was coming. "You'll see!" Mitchell. "The time will come when the girl will wish she'd moved out of her class! This you wait!" The great opportunity might have arrived if it had been the only thing that had been achieved by the "vigorous" divergent years of school attendance. The phrases by means of which letters and principal dogged the lines of their unarmed auditors. But still he was far from being the only one driven head of misfortune that seemed in the schoolroom, and, in fact, lived a double life, exhibiting in the midst of school hours a remarkable example of "secondary personality"—the retiring nothing and incapable. Laughter; blue eyed, fairly robust, It anything but dumb- he was never Ness without endowment or a tin hi At great eimtigk lo get him distiuc-, tt. He tried for the high school venue, and "tried for" the nine, but experts were not long in explaining him from either of these commissions, and he had to content himself with changing instead of getting well. He was by no means of an athletic, or enough of anything that he put for Yocum in her place, so he and the great opportunity were still waiting in May, at the end of the second year of high school, then the loss, now the "10 A." revert to an old fashion and decided to remain itself with a wood and picnics. The tennis faker in the other; and the two spent the rest of the day, except for the luncheon interval, solemnly drifting along the banks or ground on a shoal. Now and then Albert would row a few strokes, and at almost any time when the populated shore glanced toward them, Sadie would be seen photographing Albert, or Albert would be seen photographing Sadie, but the tennis racket remained an enigma. They were sixteen, and had been “engaged" more than two years. In the borders of the little meadow of baskets, there had been deposited two black shapes, which remained undisturbed throughout the day, and a dosed mandolin case and a dosed mandolin case, no doubt containing each its proper instrument. So far as any use of these went, they seemed to be of the same leisure class to which Sadie's tennis racket belonged, for when one of the teachers suggested music, the musicians proved shy. Wesley Dander said they hadn't learned to play anything much and, besides, he had a couple of broken strings he didn't know as he could fix up; and Linney said guessed it seemed kind of too hot to play much. Joining friends, they organized a contest in marksmanship, the target being a walking can which they assailed with pebbles; and after that they "skipped" Mai stoics upon the surface of the "at vent to join a group gathered about Willis Darker and Helen Krussemeyer. No fish had been caught, a lack of luck crossly attributed by the fishermen to the noise made by constant advice on the part of their neighbors. Messrs. Millard, Header, and the other rock throwers came up shouting, and were all received. "For heaven's sake," began Krus. Meyer demanded, "Can't you shut up? Here we just first got the girls to keep their mouths shut a minute and I almost had a big pickerel or something on my hook, and here you got to up and yell so he chases himself away! "For Heaven's Sakes," Heinie Krusemeyer Demanded, "Can't You Shut Up?" Why can't nobody slum a little sense sometimes when they'd on clit to? A fish isn't coin to hit when he can't even hear himself think! Anybody ought to know that fish." But the new arrivals hooted. "Fish!" Ramsey vociferated. "I'll bet a hundred dollars there hasn't been even a minute in this creek for the last sixty years!" "There is, too!" said Heinie, bitterly. "But I wouldn't be surprised there wouldn't be no longer if you got to keep up this noise, if you'd shut up just a minute you could see yourself there's fish here." Ramsey leaned forth over the edge of the overhanging bank, a dirt precipice five feet above the water, and peered into the indeterminable depths below. The pool had been stirred, partly by the inexpert poking of the fishermen and partly by small clods and bits of dirt dislodged from above by the feet of the audience. The water, consequently, was lifted beautifully and revealed its secrets. Recently, nevertheless, certain dim lights had been observed to move within it, and were still there. Ramsey failed to see them at first. “Where's any ole fish?” he inquired, scornfully. "Look!'* whispered the cirl who stood nearest to Ramsey, She point ed. “There's one. Iticht down there by Willis’ hook. Don't you see him?" Ramsey was Impressed enough to whisper. “Is there? I don't see him. 1 can't—" The girl enme'eloaer to him and. Hie [ better to show him. leaned out over j tlie edre of the hank and, for safety In maintaining her balance, rested her left hand upon Ills shoulder while she pointed with her light. Thereupon 1 something happened to Ramsey. This touch upon Ids shoulder wns almost nothing, anti he had never taken the 1I,PJ' gathered upon the sandy hanks ii creek In (he blue shade of big, h'liy harked sycamores, with a dane F sky on top of everything and gold W (twinkle over the water. Hither ' napkin-covered baskets were "nglii from the wagons and ussem- | d In the shade, where they np- ! »r**'l as an attractive little meadow j «lihe napery, and gnve both aur-| * ni|d pleasure to commiinliles of i '« ami to other original settlers of j t neighborhood. •rruni thla nucleus or headquartera Mm picnic, various expeditious set I ntl up and down the creek and I fmigli ihe wood* that bordered It. I r" **"vlel| hoy fishermen established ttnaelves upon a hank up-stream, i Mi hooks and lines thought fully | M,sl" 'v|th them, and poles which j fashioned front young saplings. *>_ look mussels from the shallows.) f nidi, nmi having gone to all this "'r declined to share with friends energetic aud provident the per-1 *,HS and pleasures secured to till.ej roe AL'.'t Paxton wns one per-ou pd Mis enterprise. Having vis l' 7 some days before, he had his exclusive use throughout 1 ' "riUi"n of the picnic an old row l,*‘l""*lng to a shanty squatter; ! *" "lp ""*? rowboat within a inlle . H"d A«>»rt had his own uses 1 i„ '.. "H* 'h* class lover and, ii' ko ■ '''king the three chaperon .J:'' f,‘r * row,” in, excursion uli l"' Hll,n" "M.nules, he dls .»««• Clews stepped I -'Mr.lmat, a .pocket camera iu one j MlghTeSt Tiileres't In Mllln TtuSn Tto whom that small warm hand belonged), though she was the class beauty, and i long established In the office. Now, all at once, a peculiar hii<1 heretofore en tirely unfamiliar sensation suddenly became important Ut the upper part of his chest. For a moment he held his breath, an Involuntary action—he seemed to be standing in a shower of flowers. “Don't you see It, Maiysey?” Milla whispered. "Its a great big one. Why, it isust be as long as—as your shoe! Look!" Itamsey saw nothing but the thick round curl on Milla's shoulder, That curl was shot with dazzling fibers of. sunshine, lie soerued to be trembling. “I don’t see it," he murmured huskily, afraid that she might remove her hand. “I can’t see any fish, Milla.” She leaned farther out over the bank. “Why, there, goosie!” she whispered. “Might there,” “I can’t see it.” She leaned still further, bending down to point. “Why, right there,” At this moment she removed her hand from his shoulder, though unwillingly. She clutched at him, in fact, but without avail. She had been too amiable. A loud shriek was uttered by throats able to vocalize, just then, than Milla's, for in her great surprise she said nothing whatever—the shriek came from the other girls as Milla left the crest of the cliff overhanging bank and almost horizontally disappeared into the brown water. There was a tumultuous splash, and then of Milla's must and her well-known household there was nothing visible in the superficial world, nor upon the surface of that creek. The verdant was total. “Save her!” Several girls afterward admitted having used this expression, and little Miss Floy Williams, the youngest and smallest member of the class, was unable to deny that she had said, “Oh, God!” Nothing could have been more natural, and the matter need not have been brought before her with such intense e and frequency, during the two remaining years of her undergraduate career. Itamsey was one of those who heard this exclamation, but so famous, and perhaps it was what roused him to heroism. He dived from the bank, headlong, and the strange thought in his mind was “I guess this’ll show Dora Yocum!” He should have been thinking of Milla, of course, at such a time, particularly after the little enchantment just laid upon him by Milla's touch and Milla's curls; and he knew well enough that Miss Yocum was not among the spectators. She was half a mile away, as it happened, gathering botanical specimens with one of the teachers—which was her idea of what to do at a picnic! Itamsey struck the water hard, and in the same instant struck something else harder. Wesley Bender's bundle of hooks had given him no such shock as he received now, and if the effects had not been of short, just there, the top of his coming headlight had declined the strain. He stunned, choking, staggering, he seemed to forget the fact; And yet it's mild to get his eyes a little cleared of water. He fumbled himself wavering, face to face. She had risen up out of the pool and stood knee deep, like a lovely drenched figure in a fountain. She had risen up out of the pool and stood knee deep, like a lovely drenched figure in a fountain. Upon the bank above them, Willis Parker was jumping up and down, gesturing and shouting fiercely. "Now I guess you're satisfied, our Hailing is spoiled! Why isn't you listen me? I told you it wasn't more than three feet deep! I and Helene waded all over this creek getting our bait. You're a pretty sight!" Milla he spoke unwittingly the literal truth. Even with her hair thus wild and sodden, Milla rose from her immersion blushing and prettier than ever; and she was prettiest of all when she stretched out her hand helplessly to Kumsey and he led her up out of the waters. They had plenty of assistance to scramble to the top of the bank, and there Milla was surrounded and borne away with a great elm and tumult. Kumsey sat upon the grass in the sun, rubbed his head, and experimented with his neck in so if it would "work." The sunshine was strong and hot; in half an hour he and his chillies were dry—or at least "dry enough," as he said, and except for some soreness of head and neck, and the general "ruin" of his apparel, he saw to be in all ways much as usual, when shouts and whistlings summoned all the party to luncheon at the rendezvous. The change that made him different was invisible. "Yet something must have been seen, for everyone appeared to take it for granted that he was to sit next to Milla at the pastoral meal. She herself understood it, evidently, for She drew in her puckered skirts and without any words made a place for him beside her as he did, affecting to whistle and keeping his eyes on the foliage overhead. He still looked upward, even in the act of sitting down. “Squirrel or something," he said feebly, as if in explanation. “Where?” Milla asked. “Up there on a branch.” He accepted a plate from her (she had provided herself with an extra one), but he did not look at it or alter. He continued to keep his eyes aloft, he said, “Because he imagined that all of the class were looking at him and Milla, and he felt unable to meet such publicity, it was to him as if the whole United States had been scandalized to alienation by this act of his going to sit beside Milla; he gazed upward so long that his eyes became sensitive under the strain. He began to think “I can't make out whether it's a squirrel or just some leaves that kind of got fixed like one," he said. "I can't make out yet which it is, but I guess when there's a breeze, if it's a squirrel he'll probably jump around some then, if he's alive or anything.” It had begun to seem that his eyes must remain fixed in that upward stare forever; he wanted to bring them down, but could not face the glare of the world. But finally the blightness of the sky between the leaves settled matters for him; he sneezed, wept, and for a little moment again faced the fellow men. No one was looking at him; everybody except Milla had other places to do. He lingered upon involuntarily, he smiled a spell of coughing for a while. There was no necessity. "I must have been wrong," he mumbled thickly. “What about Hamsey?” “About it's being a squirrel.” With infinite timidity, he turned his head and encountered a gaze so soft, so hallowed, that it disconcerted him, and he dropped a "drumstick" of fried chicken, well dotted with aids, from his plate. Scarlet he picked it up. Instead, he did not eat it. For the first time in his life, he felt that eating fried chicken held in the fingers was not to be thought of. He replaced the “drumstick” upon his plate and allowed it to remain there untouched, in spite of a great hunger for it. Having looked down, he now found difficulty in looking up, but gazed steadily at his plate, and into the tilted circle of vision came a delicate and rosy fingers, hearing a gift. "There," she said in a motherly little voice, "it's a tomato in my mouth and I made it myself. I want you to eat it, Hamsey." His own fingers approached tremulousness as he accepted the thick sand which from her and conveyed it to his mouth. A moment later his soul, like a spurt of imaginary dressing, had caught a catastrophe in the scene of which occupied no insignificant area of his right cheek, which was the check-townish. His groped wretchedly for his handkerchief, chief but could not find. It would have been less sudden death would have been relief; he was sure that after such protestable death, it would never have anything more to do with him. He was ruined. In his anguish, he felt a paper napkin pressed gently into his hand; a soft voice said in his ear, "Wipe it off with this, Paluhey, Nobody's nolle inc." So this incredibly charitable creature was still able to lie his friend, even seeing him mentally unbalanced! Then, marveling, he did as she told him, that he avoided all further risks. He sighed his first sigh of inevitability, had a chill or so along the spine, and at intervals his brow was bedewed. Within his averted eyes there dwelled the Mills Must who sat beside him, an iridescent, fragile creature who had become angelic. He spent the rest of the day during helplessly about her; wherever she went, he was there, as near as possible, but of no deliberate volition of his own. Something seemed to be in her, and Miss was nothing but the one she seldom looked at. He seldom looked at her directly, for longer than an instant, and then rarely still did he speak to her except as a reply. What few remarks he ventured upon his own initiative and all concerned the audience, which he commended repeatedly in a weak voice, as “kind of pretty," though once he said he guessed there might be things in the track of a log on which they sat; and he became so immoderately personal as to declare that if the bugs had to get on anybody, he'll rather they got on him than on Miss. She said that was “just perfectly lovely” of him, asked where he got his sweet nature, and in other ways encouraged him to continue the revelation, but somehow was unable to get forward with it, though he opened and closed his mouth a great many times in the effort to do so. At five o'clock, everybody was summoned again to the rendezvous for a ceremony preliminary to departure; the class found itself in a large circle, standing, and sang "The Star Spangled Banner." Ordinarily, on such an open air and out-of-school occasion, Hines would have joined the chorus uproariously with the utmost hilarity of which his vocal apparatus was capable; and most of the other boys expressed their humor by drowning out the serious efforts of the girls; but he sang feebly, not much more than humming through his teeth. Standing beside Mills, he was incapable of his former liegiments and his voice was in a sad, paralyzed condition, like the rest of him. Opposite him, across the circle, Hines stood a little in advance of those near her, for of course she led the singing. Her clear and earnest voice was distinguishable from all others, and though she did not dance, she was not so much in evidence. The concert was a success, and the school, the teachers, and for the public, thus officially concluded; and the picnickers, carrying their baskets and faded wreaths. In the midst of the town, and other souvenirs and burdens, moved toward the high "express wagons" which were to take them back into the town. Hamsey got his guitar case, and turned to the village. “Well—g'b.V." “Why, no," said Milla "Anyway, not yet. You can go back in the same wagon with me. It's going to stop at the school and let us all get there and then you could walk home with me if you felt like it." “Well—well. I'd be perfectly willing," Lumsley said. "Only I heard we all had to go back in whatever wagon we came out in, and I didn't come in the same one with you, so—” Milla laughed and leaned toward him a little. "I already intended to that," she said confidentially. “I asked Johnnie Klske, that came out in my wagon, to go back in yours, so that makes room for you." “Well—then I guess I could do it," he said, confidentially, "unless it’s too heavy when you already got your guitar cast to carry. Kamsay." This thoughtfulness of hers almost overcame him; she seemed divine. "I—I'll be glad to carry the basket, too," he faltered. “It isn't worth anything much." "Well, let's hurry, so’s we can get places together." Then, as she maneuvered him through the little crowd about the wagon, with a soft push this way and a gentle pull that. and hurried him up the improvised steps and found a place where there was room for them both to Nit, Lumsey had another breathless sensation heretofore unknown to him. He found himself taken under a dove like protectorship; a wonderful, inexpressible feeling seemed to have become his proprietor. "Isn't this just perfectly lovely?" she said cosily, close to his car. He swallowed, but found no words, for he had no thoughts; he was only an incoherent tumult. This was his first love. "Isn't it, it's a fit spy?" she urged. The cozy voice had just the hint of a reproach. "Don't you think it's just perfectly lovely, Ramsey?" "Yes, in." (To be continued) Harlingford Finns to Resume Hark at Soon as he Recovers Philip Gardner, the fireman who was injured in the train wreck at Currie's Crossing, was found on March 11, has returned to his home in Waterville after receiving medical attention at Kennebec Valley Hospital for several days. Mr. Gardner is a native of Matawan. He came to reside in Waterville at 17 Prospect Street about 17 years ago. He had previously lived in Gardiner where he was married to Mr. Gardner. VICK HOPPERS Vick Hophronia Ricker. They are the parents of two children, Norman, age five years, and Carl, age two. Mr. Gardner has a brother, Edward, whose exact location is not known and a sister. Miss Arahclle Gardner is in Bradley. Mr. Gardner participated in the train wreck at Madison about two years, but received no injuries. He plans to return to his work on the railroad as soon as he has completely recovered from it. It is injuries. Jackman Man Is Granted Commission The Maine Industrial Accident Commission has rendered a decision in the case of Adolph Chamberlain of Jackman versus the Kellogg Lumber Company and the Lumber Mutual Casualty Company, insurers, awarding compensation. The petitioner alleged permanent impairment to the usefulness of his right eye caused by an injury received Dec. 13, 1921. The decision states that after a careful examination of the injured eye by the commission and the evidence presented, it was agreed that Mr. Chamberlain has suffered a permanent impairment to the usefulness of his eye amounting to 75 percent. For the relief of Orphans of Masons, Gingham, Me., March 26. Word has been received here that Edgar Nodine, a resident of Pleasantville, N.Y., who is connected with the High Twelve summer camps here, contemplates building a camp at Rowe pond for the benefit of the orphans of Masons. It is understood that the new camp is near the site of the High Twelve camps. This is the first instance in Maine of a retreat for dependents of this fraternity. In the investigation, the investigation into the cause of the death of engineer Charles A. Ireland and Mr. Ireland received injuries which resulted in his death a short time after, on Sunday last while trying out a racing engine which had been driven through the shops and was being driven out on the road. Skowhegan branch, being put into service on the road. The hearing began at 10 o'clock and listened until 12:30 when it was adjourned until 3:30 on account of the funeral of Mr. Ireland which occurred at 2 o'clock. Testimony was introduced showing that the engine in question, which was passenger engine No. 402, was being tried out and between here and Skowhegan and as tin-turntable at Skowhegan was not large enough to turn the big machine, it was running pack to Waterville back wards. It left the iron about five miles this side of Skowhegan and Mr. Rarkman said that there are generally two reasons for an engine leaving the iron either at Skowhegan or to the equipment. Also, the rate of speed at which the engine was being driven was much hearing on the case. Several witnesses were heard, some of them being railroad men, whose names are withheld from publication due to the railroad men gave it as their opinion that the engine was going 20 miles an hour while others stayed from 25 to 30 miles. Fireman Philip Gardner, who was on the operating engine at the time of the accident, is still in the hospital at Skowhegan and his testimony will be taken later. Among the witnesses were three passengers, who live near the crossing, one of these was Joseph K. Cloutier, Edward A. Tessier, and Edward F. Kurd, who lives the time from the crossing. Mr. Gardner is still in the cab of the engine where he was riding. Mr. Ireland is still in the cab of the engine where he was riding. In the midst of tumult, but unable to escape, the crowd were summoned. Several years ago, the engine, both interior and exterior, were introduced into the city at the hearing. The photographs were made by Ralph W. Atkins of this city, who went to the scene of the wreck Tuesday morning to take the photographs for the railroad company. The hearing lasted till 5:30 o'clock. Yaimiel Perham Tinlchatii (licit at His home on Spear Hill Anson. Wednesday night of last week at 8:45. On Sunday, March 12, while he was returning from the morning services at the Congregational Church in Madison, he slipped on the ice and it was first thought that he had broken his Ship but further examination proved that the bones had become lodged together. The following Sunday he was stricken with pneumonia which caused his death. He was born in Afison, March 7, 1811 and was 72 years old when he died. His parents were Samuel Wood and Catherine Hotigh the first settlers of Anson, S. P. Perham Tinkham had always lived in Anson, except a few years passed in California. He was twice married, his first wife having been Miss Alice Nevens who died December 22, 1811. His second marriage was to Mrs. Smith of Bingham, who survives. He was a member of the Congregational church. The deceased was one of eleven children, namely: Amanda, who died September 12, 1840; Amanda Boardman Tinkham who died September 22, 1842; Amanda Boardman Tinkham who died September 18, 1842; Amanda Mentor Luce wife of Joseph M. Lice who died June 18, 1842. Kmma, who married Joseph Filchow of Califormia; S. Perkins, just now deceased; Lulu Rinsmore Tinkham, of Portland; Hollie C. wife, of Edwin A. Lea, of Yarmouth; Ida L., who (Belinda) of Anson. He has five children. C. C. Tinkham of Pasadena, Cal., and Tinkham of Humboldt, Mr. Perkins, and Mrs. Fail, of Bingham and Mrs. Harold Sterling of Pasadena, Cal. Funeral services were held Friday afternoon with Rev. C. H. Auchincliff officiating. Mortimer Hull well lost Mortimer Paid well, Foss passed away at his home in Anson Saturday. Mr. Foss was born in England March 18, 1857, the youngest son of James and Sarah I. Williams. Foss, On June 1, 1857, Mr. Foss was united in marriage to Fannie P. Atwood of Concord. To this union, four children were born. Inez Ann and Dover, of Anson, Mary, and Dorothy, were of Loren Sunborn of Skowhegall. Mr. Foss' early life was spent on a farm in Concord. Later, he moved to New Port land and about twenty two years ago, he took up his residence in Madison. He was employed by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., until a few months ago, when he was obliged to go up work because of ill health. He was a member of Old Point Lodge of Masons, and was an unusually industrious man and was much admired and respected by all who knew him. He was a quiet, unassuming disposition, and a devoted husband and father. The many beautiful fatal tribute were silent testimonials of the love and esteem in which he was held. I wish to thank the Odd Fellows Lodge of Athens and my friends for recently bestowed upon me a marked kindness by liberal showers of post cards and kindly greetings. Timothy Pike. Cornville, Maine, March 11, 1857. The Independent-Keporter. Some: Set County's leading newspaper, is for sale at all news stands. Celebrate the event in the City of New York Mrs. Mary Oberlin Laney, a native of Canada, died on Saturday, July 11th, at her residence in New York City. She was known for her excellent health and attends the funeral. Mrs. Mary Laney, a native of New York, died on Saturday, July 11th, at her residence in New York City. She was a devoted wife and mother, and was a devoted wife and mother. She was a devoted wife and mother, and was a devoted wife and mother. Mrs. Mary Laney, a native of New York, died on Saturday, July 11th, at her residence in New York City. She was a devoted wife and mother, and was a devoted wife and mother. She was a devoted wife and mother, and was a devoted wife and mother. The late Mrs. J.F. Williams, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, officiated at the services. The service was held on Tuesday afternoon at two o'clock from the Williams residence, 22 Mt. Pleasant Avenue. Rev. Herbert L. Nichole, pastor of the Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church, officiated. The delegation from Sunbeam Chapter, O.E.S., and the Russell Relief Corps attended. The many beautiful flowers testified to the esteem in which the deceased was held, but the sympathy extended to the bereavement. Mrs. Williams was so years old, March 1st, and was before her marriage, Miss Isabelle Judkins, daughter of John and Sarah. Judkins of Allen- She was married to Mr. Williams, years ago the last day of last December by Rev. Mr. Randall, then pastor of the Methodist church. The wedded life of the couple has been spent in Skowhegan and Mrs. Williams was actively interested in many years she served as treasurer of Sunset Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star and was a member of the General Relief Corps. She was also a former member of the Town Improvement Society and attended the Centenary Methodist Episcopal church. Of the immediate family, Mrs. Williams is survived by her husband, well known in local Masonic circles, a daughter, Mr. D. W. Webber of Auburn, a grandson, Walter W. Webber of Merlin, N.H., a twin sister, Mrs. Arabelle Judkins Jones of Minneapolis, Minn., two other sisters, Mrs. Freck Marker of Athens, and Mrs. Abide Hines of Carroll, Iowa, and a brother, Leroy Judkins of Spencer, Mass. Real estate transfers during the past week have been recorded at the Somerset Library of Deeds office. Madison, Ida M. Briggs of Farmington to Dan. It Robbins, land; Lewis K. Thompson to Charles Huff, land; John F. Tardiff to Frank N. Merrill, land; and Richard A. Christophier; St. George G. Grant, land with holdings of St. George Tardiff to Amedeo Christophier, land. Skowing, Fred A. Wood to George M. Nash, land on the south side of the road, James Dreuks to Logi, land with buildings. J. Kroof to Roger Brook, land with buildings. James H. Brooks to John Walker, land with buildings. E. Small to Arthur S. Grant, land with buildings. E. Small to Arthur S. Grant, land with buildings. Fairfield W. Gray to William W. Nye, land. Jackman Frank H. Hidden of Portland to H. H. Haec, land. Moose River to Joseph P. Hanson, land on the easterly side of the road from New Portland to North Anson. North Anson F. M. Heath of Bangor to Farley Tohey, land with buildings. Solomon K. Lawrence to Fred Runicott, land. E. Bunting to Alton L. Line to Joseph K. Lawrence, land with buildings. Bingham L. Tuscan to Ivlw in C. Tuscan land. St. Albans Albert Ward to W. F. Richards, land. Anson Frederick M. Messer. To Philip (1. Ingalls land on the south side of the county road. I wish to thank my many friends and neighbors for their kind assistance and expressions of sympathy in my recent bereavement. Also for the many beautiful floral offerings sent by my friends and the old degree of the Flange and the Odd Fellows. Mrs. Amy Packard Skowhegan, Me. March 20, 1922 I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to relatives, neighbors, and friends, who have been so kind to us, living in the late bereavement. Mr. George Frost Mr. John W. Briggs Mr. Leo W. Hill Mr. Munmouth, Maine, March 30, 1933.
| 29,860 |
https://github.com/MilovanTomasevic/OOP-JAVA/blob/master/src/kol/OOP_kolokvijum_2015/oop06_kol2015/funkcijeSinusoida/Funkcija.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
OOP-JAVA
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MilovanTomasevic
|
Java
|
Code
| 40 | 102 |
package funkcijeSinusoida;
public abstract class Funkcija {
private double x;
public Funkcija(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
public double getX() {
return x;
}
public void setX(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
public abstract double vrednost() ;
}
| 33,561 |
sn83045604_1893-06-11_1_11_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 4,757 | 9,068 |
IcBTY AT TACOMA. This was the Great of the Week. PTR CLUB HOUSE OPENING. Tacoma, June 10. The 5 will a wedding cease to interest man and particularly woman kind? It is featured not until the wonder is much further along in the path of time than at present. There is to the generality of women a peculiar charm about a marriage ceremony, and it will probably always continue. The most important event of the week was the wedding of Miss Orifs and Dr. G. C. Wagner. Tonight in the opening of the Yacht Club house for the season with a dance in the club house. It really here, although it may be amazingly here, although it may be the weather is not very "summer" at present, one's thoughts naturally are very much at present, hops and other "warm fervent times." The first hop will be held at the Tacoma, and these will continue throughout the summer. Wednesday evening the wedding of Dr. G. C. Wagner took applause on the Congregational church, WEDNESDAY evening at 8 o'clock. The church was included of the bridal and groom. The ceremony was performed by the groom and groom. The bridal procession was formed. The aisle to the singing of wedlock by some of the members of the class. The best man was Mr. W. S. Spaulding and the ushers were: Mr. E. G. 25, Dr. Van Meter, Mr. T. W. Enos, Mr. A. D. Wright, Dr. G. The bridesmaids, who wore carriages of pink roses, and Miss Lucy Griggs, Miss Phillips, of Kappa; Miss Haisen Woodruff, Miss Mita Calkins. The maid of honor, Griggs, sister of the bride, was in white over light green. S) bride, dressed in white satin, SgR foi lowed with her father, jjlhtlb* feremony there was a reception |lti home of the bride's father. The )MltWs» decorated with palms, smilax, fMBa. ate. The bride and groom re- HMlrith the bridesmaids in the library. mention room were the musicians, throughout the evening, and flytfc dancing began. The piazza was MHatf With canvas, there were rugs on jpflkar and pleasant seats to attract the jljy <«■>■ er or for those who wished for ahjUnstufn. The piazza was decorated P>fcr"» and palms. Dr. and Mrs. Wag- Sir left >*fore 11 o'clock amid a shower of pw. when conveyed the messages of good ■A from their friends. After most of pa gamin had left, a few stayed to have ■■■kir* dancing before all took their ■grture Among those present at the Bptioi; were: Mr. and Mrs. C. W. ■p. Mr. and Mrs. Watson, Mr. fIS Mr. P. V. frisr, Miss Lit flfc Mr. and Mrs. Charles Milliken, flß<teorg<- Browne, Miss Hall. Miss Nora M Mi'<» Alice Hall, Mr. and Mrs. J. M. ■Wow. Miss Ferris, Mr. and Mrs. James ppm. Mr. and Mrs. James Best, Miss ■Dfaner. Miss Mitchell, Miss Holt, Miss Mfcode Holt, Mr. W. E. Best, Mr. T. IpUorth, Mr. Meara, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Mr, M- and Mrs. Franklin B. Fane, ft and Mrs. Norton. Mr. and Mrs. J. A. fmk. \i Menry Hewitt, Miss Hewitt, fc and Mrs. J. C. Brockenbrough, jr., %an 1 Mix J. M. Muller, Miss Paddock, pi l»o»fn, Mr. Will Bowen, Mr. and Geuij* Osgood. Mr. and Mrs. L li. Mr. and Mrs. Frank Case. Miss SMI. Mr. W. P. Prichard, Mr. J. U B. Mason, Mr. Morton Kamsdell, Mr. W. 4 Bternlwrg, Mr. Harrison Foster, Mr. *i. Rice. Mr. H. D. Thomas, jr.. Miss sklppir, M m Seymour, Miss Derickson, it. W. A H ill, Mr. F. S. Bull, Miss An ■•on, M". Phil Anderson, Mr. Jack An- Vfeaon, M' HeffeMinger, Mr. Sjir.ro Pal ft*. Mr. Kr »nk K. Ciark, Mr. l.ynu Pal ■w, Mr* W. li. Foster, Mr. and Mrs. lb uuil Ms } mour. the bridal party had supper in the din* 111 room. ti<e doors being shut tx?twe<-n fttt and the other rooms. The tabio wa» h the shape of a heart, hems covered »W» pink. <* ;th thin white material o*« r tat It wat decorated with ribbon an t MM. At ea, h place waa a card U| on ifcth were painted the name and date, labridet ii tide were presented with card bound >n silver. Owl < tub Haapltatity. AMightfal dinner and reception was jNaby t ; *s Owl Olnb on Saturday even fc|for' M. * kliti-hal, of Montclair, N. J. ; fcaiinne-. t*t which fourtaen wera pres [•i was »*ryed about 7 o'clock. The fckls «a» d rated with Mowers and each rnkmi at - - - a boutonntara or a bunch itfftaeaat a-or her place, whichever the •■•ttigul ' Those present at the din- Mrs. I. W. Anderson, Miaa Mf Jackson, Mr. K. lliiksf, ♦taAnde . i, M.m Anna tirigrs. Miaa tingy, Mr. o M. Mitchal, Mr. Wal *loveda«. Mm* I'.siley. Misa Seymour. T. K M vine, Mr. 1 I*. J. Kranaloli, pr. Nfr. K. i i. The invitations for the [fcttption «, j or v shortly alter pal time tl s ;u«'*ls began to arrive. The ig* w 'rom .» '*} to 10 H After iy h^w* :a<»remained to dance. Dur.ng B* »veni» > t i r» :rt>, unents were served SBung thi-*e *.tr. t -nt at the reception were Mkl. \\. ,\r Mi» .Mitchell, Mr. lillKiklifi Mr. and Mrs. Franklin It. t-iUe, Mr iieorge lane, M.ss -5 r an,l Mrs Meit-urn l»a>>v. ®"*»de.i. Mr r. K Maclaina. Mr. W. |***«. M and Mrs. J. M Mil'er, Mr. J * \»;iton, M*. anj Mr» HP*"® M -« Holbrook, M;«s fg" H™*- », Mr } >. ii{eo!i. Mr. KI. K'. 1 Ha-'ker. M»s Auna Wa er I ovelay. Mr, w "J'*' A -ni; , r l;.i i.uv M-as Sevmoiir, m, .r, Mr. he.ler, Mr. I. WJPwth. \ I*. j. Kransioii. Mr S. Mr*. J a:U-*S Mr. \<. j \ nders n. Mr. ■Waa Rar-ia •;« , Mr. A Wriflik ®e««-( iir>a fur Mr. tlarr. i * r " 1 * (riven on Thur*! fv-r t?ie Uev Mr. *».thr r.t a , .. , OJ M t ukt .. 3 cf4 , m . h % • !,, at. | „uh V we-, ao .l ° n ' Pr 41 a > was ar 22**' '• nk with teawk t ih« tr<» and <»••*«- were " KrvsokenN ugh ar.d J. Itest j re\i«ied si this IT- A» y!; • tt-,-** who ,erv« 1 were: Jr'*' Miss Halt. Mv» i.ertruie M.»s Kni'iu Town sen i, « «*. Mra. J. M. Milter J>r«e*ut wera: Ih« E«v. *r Pfrstoa Herr. Mr. a»d Mr*. L. B. Rtyi. Mr. Bremen. Judge and Mm Stalcup r ßev. Mr, N. C Lacey. til* Rev. Mr. Kaasetl, 'Mr. J. M. Miliar Mi* flock, m]m Kidder. Mm Mart hi Kidder,-dev. Mr * Kidder. Mr*. Mayaard, Mr. R*4wrt Mayrjard. Mr. H. G. Mavnard, TbocrHa, Mrs. C. W. Sermoor, Mtaa fetmour. Mfies Jessie Seymour, Mr*. \aa Mi*, pilard, Miaa OUard. Miaa Waits. 1; Ir. Cjrriie Pierce, Mr. Darnell, Rev. Mrjland itjn Appi**ata, Dr. Mr*. Iserrey KhiipoL Miaa Madeline Pfeilpot. Mies ifabei Phiipot, Mra. Ker ahaw. Kiss Kerihsw, Miaa Mabel Ker shaw. fr. Leavenworth Kershaw. Miss Hall, Jtfm Nora {Hall, Mr. and Mr*. Hall, M:es Ar|y Hall, pr*. H. H. Hoit, Mra. Macbontild. Miaj MacDonaid. Miaa Flora MarDoridd, Mr. land Mra. Stephen Hol brx»*. ftsa Hojbrcok. Mtaa Ethel Hol- Vrook, fin Miaa Evana, Mr. E L Halsted? the Rsv. Mr. Alexander, Mra. &acnue. JVi.Aeaop, Mr. and Mra. (.'heater T borne, "Mr, Mr. W. P. Pritrh •rd. Walt* Turrell, Mra. Bowea. Miaa Bilgham. j !■%* «»j*Ml CralaatM. Laat |Tat>nr via the Firat Methodist church jia high achooi graduating exer c;aee *<ra "Tle.di The claaa numbered thirteer* bat D(|s« of the gr ad a a tea die p ayed day uneajineaa on account of their number* The programme: M £ Orrhaatra ' r * T#r J {— _B*v. F. B. cneriactoe Mui<-«j«igii seaipl March"...G. A. Veaxia, ir ' Taehooi. banee Htt iur" _ •* Henry lisrUboru <i*rretaoa LJaaeon'* Masterpiece" ... — \ —Oliver Wendall Hoiaaa - k>isa*etb Mary flatt. Eaeey—''Oevetopajat of the Novel" •••••■, ... |... Patience Tbtresa O'Hara Mme—'fdtTry Jain". Cbariea Vtaceat I I School. Bec.taJ|.*«i-"A Batfeiat ot Flowers" i .... v • • Jaa»laEunice WtlllaaM Eaaay-- rta Aer».vJ the fair tag ' ... ......1 Loon Frank Holmes Esay-Toi Lore's Vita Dasmeida Pimdt M »a»..*... Orcbaatra JUciUU.„»--The little flaw" Bryant * K.sab»ih AlloaTrultt. Eaay—' #. marie*. a?, free Country" —* •' John Andrew Hoaber KeCiUU»i—HalacU ;* from "Enoch Arden". -... AllradTaanysoa i Ann ; Nacbtabeim. Eaaay—' fieehaates ' „ - V,Anon Siegfried Kalanborn Moilc-Vgad Haaau" J. Coneoae 1. i School Eaaey—*♦ boraau at'Laaa Waldea". -I rldaund Cbala I'ud llcomba Kacitat «|»—-fne Km 1 Ka<* Salactad i Elily Marie Hyde. I«itf-' r h« Hutuc* ot Bi.aAcapeare" 4.... Maude iaabal Purlnton Mw»ie-'Wa, MXt|» ia>la'Cbarlaa Vincent J.hebooL I'reaenton.on of Mnaie.5 4 orihestra R«t. W. F. Harpar *laa4«aa -Choral Concert. Mra. f; Vincent. 1 Brown. Mra. J. Shum wajr.jlua Bengal and Prof. Oeiachi<Vsl were at the concert given evening by the A Tiedean Choral Society in the First Methodist Church. The program: Forty-second part music, Mendelssohn Mr. J. Dooley, Mrs. J. Vinni, Mrs. Nell K. Claypool, Bassett The Thirty-third Choir; Trubner Mete chorus. Adjournment 614 II >n<l|- from seventh Co evrto \ I Rode Cbr., Oeleehlsg. Fash Ufa nhsdcsul Evening, on Wete Are \%>u Going to My l r -i diroU t rrsiti Mall *, i ) C * W'coU Katnenot?atr.ji» Ruhtnateln "Gar »Mr* 14. 1. uatea; piano, Miss Pauline beam i fa) Hitter (*>) K-mv Holiauder X Ladies' Chorus. "Inflammations" Rossini o*.o Ly Mrs. J. Vincent Browne Ferns flowers were used in decorating the church. Mr. Harian J. Cosine directed for concert. Mrs. M. E. Gates Was the accompanist. , ("aat'ia and Hops. Tacomf hotel tyminer concerts snd hops will be ir%ugurstfJ nest week. Mr. H. C. Bowers, announces the pro grammerf tlorn S on 11 to 11 .V. Kvcam<f>>.r«ri3ou) s to iu, Saturdays and Su;nl*J««|f|'U<l. J ( <>:»'t>rt .i •lininc room Saturdays during din aer hour*. |( w u> a' Inlo:ma i ( 4uj» la A every Saturday evea- Ins. V to > ull urwA hopa Ji.ne 15, July 11, August 10, September V The mtfic will fie under the direction of the >|>aniih Studfnta. Kefreshments will l>« eerved "ti connection with the full dress hops. 11 v-ae ho){« have been enjoyed dur ing past s'xiisoiis. 4-specially by Tacoma so ciety i<e >j*e. ami in a general way by *in!>>rs frs>n and Portland. This season Mr'Boeef* will endeavor to make hops a fcAiure *if Tacoma society enjoy ment. 1 : | Chat. Mr i'. W. i»»raouj was in Seattle thta week Mrs. Z*D:*«aie »|it lor the Last on Sun Jay Digiit. * ; * Mr. I. F.) Rsdee, of Monteaaao, was here T ilea.!af. f i Mr. an.l aJ. 1 1. C. Barber were In Seattle tht* weak. •> Miaa 1 «•. of :ympla. has been ataylnx at Urn. (Mgp t Wr« < li' i'.a:>ri|k.a and ton are visitinc In W a.ia Ma .ai Mra 1 Mi aut ika t-ine Kaat to be abeeat hvtrai *«ti' X Mr \ l "/r t »a'rams fcete from Portiaad luoaaajr esefr.uz | Mr an l faryi Ely, of Niagara Falls, Were hat* t.Vl* >. - I \ U - e I'l.i* B .rke. o( Svatl * r« 4 tn-a -iar Pr. K. P. »F .aut family have taken a collate al - 4 a»-v fi for Ida aumiaer. Mr. «. I. Vainn '■ >t tha K*»i on Thnraday, an<i eipx is mpj n away at«out two montha Mr. Mr. J i'. K>ihlmano a!i<t Mr r. i- »iia i a were here from Seattle 1 huratia* i Mr. N#w* | >a W.lsen. of waa married *• to Miaa J«tinle Panel, at B cat ler lia. Mr*. ,-ar»!i f « "J'.o is atMatninr eaali4at«s «•. i . \ > • i ,■ * s»Kiaary M s4tn..»i*a to Mr. and Urj Joh \ t'<>en*r. of Il«rtan, la. are tt>v it uest» <>' fir »ij L VTI. \ tru* M-aistr. iL« t r »,>n In-law si.il dangler Th* t. rU" T >o«-,«tT will give • reeep tlon t«» g*»;a «♦><! wii. cn > n Thursday evening, mUvn aon># t,*"«a oj wiil &• jiro v.»l« J for trs : ;. < th**i«v*B'* »n.»>eri of the < borwl Roeietr wi.l t« glvee£ tita t the Kust rreabfterUb rtaft <- Mr « fc. i..-&er:a w... SJ aut aa orgeat?* i lierdaat the Conveattoa of the #f. r.jt. I . r»rt«a»l. PI T tu.r»KJoo«J 10I— [Special.]-- The past week has b£i« a«moet who' r devoted to the WesterJ Washington W. «T. t*. convention, which has been in session for 9 o'clock a.m. Tuesday to 11 o'clock p.m. Thursday. It was said by those present at both sessions last year and the year through, the attendance was much larger. Which might be seen in the railroad facilities of the city. There were fifty-two voters at the convention, which were thrown out as being furnished by the convention, there were plenty, and the convention was served to the audience each day in the afternoon. Many of the delegates, including Mrs. K. A. Miller, Mrs. H. Wallis, Mrs. Etta Jones, Mrs. Etta Jones, and Mrs. Everett. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Sunday, June 11, 1993. Morgan, Seattle; Mrs. Wade, Mrs. Lacey, Shockey, Whatcom; Mrs. Pierce, Whatcom; Mrs. Nellie Jones, Kant; Mrs. Dimmons: Mrs. Whitney, Puy Mauie Graves, Centralia; Mrs. Adams U nrub, McMinnville, Or. The Point Defiance electric car was taken at Seven teenth Street, and after a ride of three nights the home was reached within the blocks, which is a very pretty, neat street. The lady managers were present to greet the party, and after an inspection of the home lunch was served in the dining room, after which a service was held in the private parlor, conducted by Mrs. M. A. Shaffer, Mrs. Rockwell presided at the organ; Mrs. Mattie Graves, of Centralia, offered a fervent prayer; Mrs. Crouch spoke in a most pleasing and earnest manner to all present and especially to the inmates, concluding with prayer. After a Scripture promise, the text from each present, the meeting closed with the W.C.T.U. benediction. A number of ladies paid the Tacoma W.C.T.U. a visit, which convened at 2:30, returning on the 4:10 train. Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt left on the 9:37 train Friday for Montezuma. Praying fee is much benefited in many ways from the visit of so many women who are afflicted with a secret and loving spirit. Rev. David Utter delivered a lecture last evening in the Unitarian church on Utah, Mormons, etc. On June 21, afternoon and evening, Mr. and Mrs. Ezra M. Meeker will throw open their home and grounds for a lawn fete to be conducted by the Ladies' Literary Society for the benefit of the free circulating library. Rev. George B. Gray spent last Sabbath in Victoria. Rev. Mr. Davenport, of Sumner, addressed the Presbyterian congregation last Sunday morning. Mr. and Mrs. George W. Edgerton spent several days on the beach this week. Mr. W. E. Jacobs, of Ashland, Or., arrived in Puyall Up and will remain a week visiting relatives and friends. Mr. Fred Rice, attorney-at-law from South Bend, has been this week looking over Puyallup with a view to locating. The children's day exercises at the First Baptist church will be tomorrow at 11 o'clock a.m. Mrs. C. H. Skinner, of Everett, is visiting her sons, Mr. Homer N. Skinner and Mr. Charles H. Skinner, and friends in Puyallup. Mr. Charles H. Skinner has been in Oregon the past week, but returned today. Mr. George M. Avery has returned to Puyallup. Mrs. M. A. Avery started for the East over the Northern Pacific railroad last Thursday evening, to be gone several months. Mrs. L. W. Hill and Mr. Irving Hill intend starting East over the Canadian Pacific Monday evening. Mrs. Hill will remain East all summer. Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Smith arrived home Wednesday evening from a three months' visit East. CITIZEN SOCIAL NEWS. Interesting Ceremonies of the School of Music. Citizens, June 10.— [Special.]—The important event of the past week in social circles has been the closing exercises of the Centralia School of Music, of which Mrs. D. H. B. Swasey is the director. The exercises opened Monday evening with a concert by the school, in which a brilliant programme of twenty-one numbers was carried out, showing great proficiency on the part of the pupils. Tuesday evening was devoted to a piano recital by Miss Blanche Ellsbury, the accomplished daughter of Col. George H. Ellsbury, assisted by the Matinee and Miss Lucy Pekard, Miss Mary Miller, Miss Lucille Ulmore. Miss Annie St. John and Miss Kate Martin. The programme was very choice, and included several numbers by Miss E. Isbury which were executed in the most brilliant manner, calling forth the enthusiastic applause of the large audience. Friday occurred the exercises of the graduating class at the First Baptist church. The interior of the church was most beautifully decorated with evergreens, plants, and flowers, presenting the appearance of an immense bouquet. The programme waa confined to the grad uates, with the exception of the last num ber. which waa "Farewell," by the class, and was as follows: Owrtuw ritnoKpltlU Kuay **o4iliu«s 01 Music" Annie Mare'.te hl John llano aolo—"Caprice Eti-airnnl" Moukowaai Mary liowaa Millar. Voeal aolo-—"Ah FerfliJo" Beethoven Kate Rather Martin. Piano aoloe- Fantasia Thalber* riano aoioa ((hf -o t<] folks at Homa'.l'araoiia Mi** hva t uriine UUtuore. E«*ay — l "KU'or* of Music" .Miss MIU?r I'iauo eel o—Op 43 Li«*t Mlh ft. John. Vocal solo—"Maiirka". Atditi Mi»a Martin Piano sa'ns- "Tbe Krl King**.. LlfSt lianoso.os )fb/ Treißlo • Ciottachalk l.ucy ( i*riua Packard, t'taae son*—'Farewell" The audience tha iao»t fashionable and eelect ever seen in Centra'ia and en tirely till?J the auditorium of the large church. Just before the last numtxr was riven, Mr. (». W. tiaunce on behalf ot Mrs. Swasey presented the rraduates, Eva Lur lme tinmore, Mary Howes Miller, Lucy ('carina Packard, Annie Merette St. John, ot the piano course, and Kate Esther Mar t n, of the vocal culture course, with cer tificates of their proficiency in music. The floral offerings of the graduates were very numerous and consisted of the choicest flowers. Ttiey entirely covered a lar<e table, and presented a cotip d' trU rarely witncsaed. The people of Centraiia nat uraliy feel proud of tha high position the city ss attaining aa an art center under the auspices of tirace seminary, ana feel that much credit is due Mra. Swasey for her untiring efforts in behilt of musical cul ture. loruL Lire or svekkit. * tail of the I*l nn»»n Other EtfoU - I'fNOßtl. June 10.—The event of the week in a social war was the visit of the Pioneers Association on Wednesday. Although their time was limited to a few hours, the schedule for their entertainment was so well planned that Mr. Kittinger, who had the part in charge, that time was afforded to inspect the industries and to enjoy the lunch at the Hotel Moot. Casto, the hospitality being extended by the Everett Land Company. From the expressions made by the ladies and gentlemen of the party, they were thoroughly delighted with the trip and the treatment received. Everett Volunteer Fire company No. 3, has issued invitations for a ball to be given on the first floor on the second floor on the second floor. Good music and a fine time are anticipated. Committees have been appointed as follows: On arrangements and floor, H. L. Grady, William Nifo, W. B. Allen, J. Van Nard, A. C. Caddagan, F. L. Bratton, A. F. Heide; decoration committee, C. Campbell, E. Patterson, Ed. Haines, Hubert Owens, John Catlin, William A. M. Foel, W. C. Dunning. The program included a concert by the society, the ladies of the Congregational church, and a dance by the ladies of the Congregational church. Regional church in attendance to give a dinner on the Fourth of July. Preparations are underway by the Association for a large picnic on the Fourth of July on what is known as the Baraett farm. Mrs. Getchell and Mrs. Booth, of Snohomish, have been visiting Mrs. Zuatasana in arranging to give a musical recital the latter part of this month. Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Griffin left on Wednesday for a visit to their old home at Big Rapids, Mich. Mr. and Mrs. George L. Hutchings and daughter spent Tuesday in Seattle. General Manager Steward, of the paper mill, has returned from a trip to St. Louis. Superintendent Weir, of the Monte Cristo mines, expects to leave for that region in a few days. Mr. C. W. Caddaran left on Wednesday for Silverton. Mr. William Whitfield, of Snohomish, one of the pioneers of this county, was in Everett on Tuesday. Mr. A. Thompson, of Tacoma, was in Everett this week. Mr. K. S. Fisher arrived from Omaha this week and expects to remain in Everett. Mr. E. M. Crocken and his mother have arrived here to make this city their home. Mr. S. Fiesham, of Port Townsend, has been spending a few days here. Rev. D. G. MacKinnon left this week for North Yakima, carrying the good wishes of many friends. Mr. Theodore W. Haven, formerly of the city staff of the New York Tribune, has been in Everett for a few days. Mr. Karl Heitman, of Tacoma, was a visitor in Everett this week. Mr. Edwin Lincoln Reicbenbach has come to Everett to remain with his father, Col. Charles Reicbenbach. The wife and family of Mr. Thomas Howarth, treasurer of the The paper mill, arrived in the city this week from England. It is needless to say that the family had a joyful reunion. Mr. Howarth's sister, Miss Adah Howarth, and Mrs. E. Butterworth were also of the party. They sailed from England on the 11th of May, remaining for a time to visit Mrs. Howarth's brother at Lowell, Mass. Mrs. O. V. Harris and daughter returned from Tacoma on Tuesday. Mr. W. M. Davis had as his guests this week Capt. Holmes, of the steamer Umatilla, Chief Engineer Lacey, and Capt. De Wolf, a friend of Capt. Holmes. The party enjoyed a visit to the barge works and other places of interest. Mr. W. W. Gamble, of Everett, and Miss Clara Stenger, of Fairhaven, were married on Wednesday. The Young People's Social Club of Trinity Parish, gave a pleasant party in Guild hall on Wednesday evening. About fifty guests were present. Mr. A. B. Banks, D.D., pastor of the Baptist church, was given a surprise party on Monday evening. It was his birthday, and the day previous was the birthday of his wife. A New Enterprise. A branch of the Dairymen's Union of California is being established in Seattle, with D. G. Tamasini as manager. The Dairymen's Union is composed of leading dairymen of California. The Seattle branch of the union is located in the Frink & Headman block, South Second street, near Jackson. I. Sartori, one of the directors, is here establishing the branch. Drain Goods Sale. All wool storm serges $2.80, salt, English wool cord $2.45, Henrietta cashmere $2 suit, Manchester diagonals and English cashmere $1.60 suit, American cashmere suit. Every purchaser will receive a perfect fitting pattern cut from actual tailor measurement free of charge. Max G. Oppenheimer, Second and Spring. All readers lead to Chicago. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway leads the van. Excursion rates to the World's Fair. Call at the Paget Sound Savings bank and have their system explained. It is the best. Eastern dailies, periodicals and playing cards. Sutton & Allain, 104 South Second. All disorders caused by a bilious state of the system can be cured by using Carter's Little Liver Pills. No pain, gripping or discomfort attending their use. Try them. AMUSEMENTS. SEATTLE THEATER. Cor. Third and Cherry St. Jens W. Ham H. left at the theater, FRIDAY AND SATURDAY NIGHT, JUNE 1 AND 17. MUSIC AND MUSICAL MERCHANT, R. K. company of Musical Music. Their Grand PROGRAMME OF MUSICAL GAMES. Popular Prices—$1, $2, $3, $4, $5, and $6. Seats on sale at the theater box office SEATTLE THEATER THE RAGAN ILLUSTRATED LECTURES. First session of the season will be held at the theater. The lecture by the "Herald" "Herald" - "Motionless torrents" Mient cataracts To the Paris - "Make sure there is the gate" Invitation lecture; no tickets sold. Crossing Jess SM - LOXDOX: OLD A.M. SEW." "Shake up, sir, and the sun is shining." Where has pleasure such a field - Thou soft flowing Avon, by thy silver stream So rich, to be troubled, so well supplied. Of things more than mortal swest Shakespeare "Oepiw w.ul l (1 remain." - Carte E. Jenny - RAMBLINGS IN ROME." (Wottia arenum. sarr ca. Here St. Peter's dome (Jf** SO-"OLIMPSE OF SCOTLAND" Sells over eternal Rome. "Fair Sirens dear as lift to me Vas, Utta and soiema."—Whittles (Are thy majestic hills."—Kobens (Whittles) Ah, 50 Superb Illustrations will be presented during the event POPULAR PRICES-Reserved seats, 25c, 60c and 75c. Seats on sale at the office on the week In addition mM iy*Q mjjn ITPN (CORNER OF THIRD AND MADISON STREETS Our Own Excellent Dramatic Co. Week Commencing Monday, June 12th Miller's celebrated Double Drama in five acts, a satire "THE DANITES" Milton, Serenade, and the grandest comedy of Prof. Educated Pianos, Violins, Monkeys and Dogs. WITHER PIANO AND PIANO TWO HATS Starting at the theater, the theater will be open for the season. Corner of Second, and James Sts. OUR STOCK IS NOW AT ITS BEST Our style, workmanship, and values we are unequalled. A few quotations in leaders given KNIT— COMBINATION SUITS. UNDERWEAR i pe,*r eh ~ *■» «• Fine Egyptian Cotton, low neck, no kneo length, $i —-—= su it, . French Lisle Thread, high neck, no ankle length* fo-fi per suit | \ French Lisle Thread, low neck, no sleeves, knee length sjtvso French Lisle Thread, silk finish, high neck, longsleeves, length, $1.75 per suit l Silk and Lisle, extra quality, low neck, no sleeres, knee tengttn j $2.50 per suit / We have an elegant line of Pure Silk st ssr4&s* and>s&£o \ per suit //\ —UNDERYESTS //>v\ Egyptian Cotton, low neck, no sleeves, 10c to^s&eacl* / / X \ \ Lisle Thread, silk finish, all styles (special), 50c eaclw /// /\ \ ) Silk and Lisle, low neck, no sleeves (special), 65c each, XXX // * pttrc Sllk » l° w neck, no sleeves, in flesh and aeam f 'si L ac etch \ / Immense stock of- CHILDREN'S WEAK, Special reductions in FANCY PARASOLS, HENRY'S ICE CREAM TuilU, ItnwWnr, Uasi ui CtosUts Orders to any amount from on* quart to one hundred gallons tilled at short notice and shipped to all parts of ths sou&d. Tuttl Frutti, Plstacbi* Nat Cream and Neapolitan Bricks. Ices, all flavors, to order at short notice. Delivered to aU parts of tha city. imn Kl CKIAI i» Ifl CUAI Sill Largest Pari ere la the City. 009 Second St. Telephone 22f1. RIDING SCHOOL We have opened a school for Instruction la Bicycle riding ia Cliisens' Market building. Spa rtuvs fr>r ledie*. Appsy at oor stor* ><> e aaents CnlumWa Bicycles and Indiana Bicycle Co. Teia phoaa Syx SEATTLE CYCLE CO., tigfa. BUYERS 9 GrTJXDE Tk« limn Of houlM h«r« fiv«n ar« m r*T«r*n«a fbr th« b«l|«At of uarobMta and other* out of tba city, and mrm botun of kuo\ru roUability. WINSHIP BROS. N. B. THEDINGA & Co. GROCERS. Xtw St or*! Kr«th Clo«d«! ■ Sit Caaatrclal II "1 Haj£w*re, Stotes, Tinware. WIHWHW. Squtr*-L*Umw SM'fr l*«wftoaUkl«f Oaadi. S T s£?l£!&" At " fy =3 Q COLOR DODGERS WATERHOUSE * BEACH. ~jV AW fJ I*!*""" ' General Insurance Agents. TT*r^V < lr?rr ****—'' ~ r PABBORN. 207 Cherry »m 1 ■ i-u t iHtttfli Amu * mano at Hanford & Stewart! j R** ■naiaaaari f M—tat* d ■wclii \ Q!oM> iMllnlw. BOrtrlr ' GENERAL INSURANCE, 1 **cufe ■»»«««. riofcaar Bloat *aatua. Wwk. '•!« fmt Ik Talaykaaa «». i ■: ft*- il« *T 111 WESTKHMANFACTURING. FIREWORKS Wwtamaa Ir— _ Wkalnala aal Katall. Will nui All kinds of Lager* u< Mill r«o;a maa- DlkSnrtd. H«p Wmi at, n«u YnJm w., iazaak C.O. Box at Top of Top, 64th Street, San Francisco. BARBER'S PERFECT MILL, (WANT A RETAIL) Mil. NUTS if#.. for, L A M TATTON? Try a Water "Ad." Datanla near. Grand, rioar, r«4 (_] —»»— TIB POST • I!tT*LLI0ENCE Taraiiy ata.. Buar'a wharf Taiapboaa!«• ft. «xj~i~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n~n
| 47,584 |
https://github.com/robbytaylor/boom-core/blob/master/src/BoomCMS/Listeners/ResetFailedLogins.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
boom-core
|
robbytaylor
|
PHP
|
Code
| 23 | 119 |
<?php
namespace BoomCMS\Listeners;
use BoomCMS\Events\Auth\SuccessfulLogin;
use BoomCMS\Support\Facades\Person;
class ResetFailedLogins
{
public function handle(SuccessfulLogin $event)
{
$person = $event->getPerson();
$person->setLastFailedLogin(null);
$person->setFailedLogins(0);
Person::save($person);
}
}
| 26,246 |
<urn:uuid:f425d424-5a0a-49e3-b2e0-3e5af28be7e4>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://francearchives.gouv.fr/facomponent/d6ccde9c74354e6e4e131c4c62176d452919da37
|
francearchives.gouv.fr
|
Haitian Creole (Latin script)
|
Spoken
| 38 | 84 |
Document d'archives : PREMIER MINISTRECorrespondance activeLETTRES
Costa de Beauregard, Olivier
Air France, Société nationale des chemins de fer français
Archives nationalesCabinet d'Edouard Balladur, Premier ministre. Dossiers d'Olivier Costa de Beauregard, conseiller technique pour l’équipement et le logement (1993-1995)
| 14,664 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix%20du%20combattant%20volontaire%20de%20la%20R%C3%A9sistance
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 509 | 720 |
La croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance est une décoration française créée après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Comme pour la croix du combattant, ce sont les titulaires d'une carte spécifique qui sont autorisés à porter cette décoration. Il s'agit de la carte du combattant volontaire de la Résistance, dite « carte verte » en raison de sa couleur.
Histoire
La détermination et la reconnaissance de la qualité de combattant volontaire de la Résistance sont initialement définis par la loi du . Cette loi dispose, dans son article 3, que les combattants dont la qualité aura été reconnue auront droit d'une part à la délivrance d'une carte attestant de leur qualité d'autre part au port d'une médaille commémorative, suivant des modalités fixées par un règlement d'administration publique publié dans les trois mois . Aucun décret d'application ni règlement d'administration publique ne semble avoir été publié avant que ce texte initial soit modifié par une nouvelle loi du , définissant des conditions nettement élargies pour accéder au statut de combattant volontaire de la Résistance . La possibilité d'attribution d'une médaille y est à nouveau inscrite mais il faut attendre une loi du pour que tout titulaire de la carte ait automatiquement le droit de porter la médaille commémorative .
Pour accéder au statut de combattant volontaire, recevoir une carte attestant de cette qualité et être autorisé à porter cette décoration, il faut avoir appartenu pendant trois mois au moins, avant le , dans une zone occupée par l'ennemi, soit aux Forces françaises de l'intérieur (FFI) soit aux forces françaises combattantes ou à une organisation de résistance homologuée.
Ce statut est également attribuable aux membres des Forces françaises libres (FFL) ayant servi trois mois au moins dans une unité combattante, ce qui permet d'en élargir le bénéfice, sous certaines conditions de preuve, aux évadés de France .
Le Code des pensions militaires d'invalidité et des victimes de guerre en vigueur au traite également dans sa partie réglementaire à l'article R352-1 de la Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance.
Si cette décoration peut dans certaines conditions s’assimiler à un titre de guerre lors de l’étude des dossiers de candidature à l’un des ordres nationaux — Légion d’honneur et ordre du Mérite — ainsi qu’à la Médaille militaire, elle n’en possède toutefois pas la nature. Ce point a été précisé et éclairci en 1993 dans une réponse du ministère de la Défense à la suite d'une question écrite de Pierre Mauroy, alors sénateur :
Caractéristiques
Le ruban d'une largeur de et de couleur noire, avec à chaque extrémité une bande rouge, est traversé verticalement de quatre bandes vertes dont deux placées au milieu, les deux autres vers le bord. La médaille est une croix en bronze doré de , avec d'un côté une croix de Lorraine en relief et de l'autre l'inscription « COMBATTANT VOLONTAIRE RESISTANCE ».
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Décorations militaires
Rubans des décorations militaires et civiles françaises
Lien externe
Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance, sur un site traitant des décorations militaires et civiles françaises
| 25,616 |
https://github.com/wligang/avatars/blob/master/avatar-api/src/main/java/com/wlgdo/avatar/dubbo/response/Result.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
avatars
|
wligang
|
Java
|
Code
| 372 | 1,191 |
package com.wlgdo.avatar.dubbo.response;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.io.StringWriter;
/**
* Author: Ligang.Wang[wlgchun@l63.com]
* Date: 2019/5/17 23:13
*/
public class Result<T> implements Serializable {
/**
* 接口调用成功，不需要返回对象
*/
public static <T> Result<T> newSuccess() {
Result<T> result = new Result<>();
return result;
}
/**
* 接口调用成功，有返回对象
*/
public static <T> Result<T> newSuccess(T object) {
Result<T> result = new Result<>();
result.setObject(object);
return result;
}
/**
* 接口调用失败，有错误码和描述，没有返回对象
*/
public static <T> Result<T> newFailure(int code, String message) {
Result<T> result = new Result<>();
result.setCode(code != 0 ? code : -1);
result.setMessage(message);
return result;
}
/**
* 接口调用失败，有错误字符串码和描述，没有返回对象
*/
public static <T> Result<T> newFailure(String error, String message) {
Result<T> result = new Result<>();
result.setCode(-1);
result.setError(error);
result.setMessage(message);
return result;
}
/**
* 转换或复制错误结果
*/
public static <T> Result<T> newFailure(Result<?> failure) {
Result<T> result = new Result<>();
result.setCode(failure.getCode() != 0 ? failure.getCode() : -1);
result.setError(failure.getError());
result.setMessage(failure.getMessage());
result.setException(failure.getException());
return result;
}
/**
* 接口调用失败，返回异常信息
*/
public static <T> Result<T> newException(Exception e) {
Result<T> result = new Result<>();
result.setCode(-1);
result.setException(e);
result.setMessage(e.getMessage());
return result;
}
private int code;
private T object;
private String error;
private String message;
private Exception exception;
/**
* 判断返回结果是否成功
*/
public boolean success() {
return code == 0;
}
/**
* 判断返回结果是否有结果对象
*/
public boolean hasObject() {
return code == 0 && object != null;
}
/**
* 判断返回结果是否有异常
*/
public boolean hasException() {
return exception != null;
}
public int getCode() {
return code;
}
public void setCode(int code) {
this.code = code;
}
public T getObject() {
return object;
}
public void setObject(T object) {
this.object = object;
}
public String getError() {
return error;
}
public void setError(String error) {
this.error = error;
}
public String getMessage() {
return message;
}
public void setMessage(String message) {
this.message = message;
}
public Exception getException() {
return exception;
}
public void setException(Exception exception) {
this.exception = exception;
}
public String toString() {
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("Result");
if (object != null) result.append("<" + object.getClass().getSimpleName() + ">");
result.append(": {code=" + code);
if (object != null) result.append(", object=" + object);
if (error != null) result.append(", error=" + error);
if (message != null) result.append(", message=" + message);
if (exception != null) {
StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
exception.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(stringWriter));
result.append(", exception=" + stringWriter.toString());
}
result.append(" }");
return result.toString();
}
}
| 13,855 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4744254
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
American Journal of Medical Genetics
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 3,817 | 6,771 |
American Journal of Medical Genetics
scientific journal
American Journal of Medical Genetics has part(s) American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics has part(s) American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics has part(s) American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics publisher Wiley
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, subject named as American journal of medical genetics. Part A, distribution format printed matter
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, subject named as American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), distribution format online publication
American Journal of Medical Genetics instance of scientific journal
American Journal of Medical Genetics instance of medical journal
American Journal of Medical Genetics instance of academic journal
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISO 4 abbreviation Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics inception 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics language of work or name English
American Journal of Medical Genetics UniProt journal ID 0077
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM Unique ID 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC control number 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenCitations bibliographic resource ID 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics JUFO ID 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics title
American Journal of Medical Genetics title
American Journal of Medical Genetics end time 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics official website
American Journal of Medical Genetics official website http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics official website http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics country of origin United States of America
American Journal of Medical Genetics main subject human genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP journal ID 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP journal ID 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics Crossref journal ID 35379
American Journal of Medical Genetics Scilit journal ID 893
American Journal of Medical Genetics indexed in bibliographic review Science Citation Index Expanded
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase ID /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex ID V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex ID S180901878, subject named as American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex ID S4210224978, subject named as American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics Mir@bel journal ID 20729
American Journal of Medical Genetics
videnskabeligt tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics har del American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics udgiver John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, subjekt anført som American journal of medical genetics. Part A, distribution tryksag
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, subjekt anført som American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), distribution Internet-baseret værk
American Journal of Medical Genetics tilfælde af videnskabeligt tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics tilfælde af lægevidenskabeligt tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics tilfælde af akademisk tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISO 4 forkortelse Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics etablerings- / skabelsesdato 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics værkets sprog engelsk
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-ID 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenCitations bibliografisk resurse-ID 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics JUFO ID 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics sluttidspunkt 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiel hjemmeside
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiel hjemmeside http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiel hjemmeside http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics oprindelsesland USA
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase-ID /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics
wissenschaftliche Fachzeitschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics besteht aus American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics Verlag John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, genannt als American journal of medical genetics. Part A, Materialart/Vertriebsweg Druckerzeugnis
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, genannt als American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), Materialart/Vertriebsweg Online-Publikation
American Journal of Medical Genetics ist ein(e) wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ist ein(e) medizinische Zeitschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ist ein(e) akademische Zeitschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISO-4-Abkürzung Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics Datum der Gründung, Erstellung, Entstehung, Erbauung 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics Sprache des Werks, Namens oder Begriffes Englisch
American Journal of Medical Genetics UniProt Zeitschriften-ID 0077
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-ID 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC-Kennung 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenCitations-Kennung 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics JUFO ID 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics Titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics Titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics Endzeitpunkt 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics offizielle Website
American Journal of Medical Genetics offizielle Website http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics offizielle Website http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics Ursprungsland Vereinigte Staaten
American Journal of Medical Genetics zentrales Thema Humangenetik
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP-Zeitschriften-ID 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP-Zeitschriften-ID 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics Crossref Zeitschriften-ID 35379
American Journal of Medical Genetics Scilit-Journal-ID 893
American Journal of Medical Genetics katalogisiert in der bibliographischen Übersicht Science Citation Index Expanded
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase-Kennung /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-Kennung V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-Kennung S180901878, genannt als American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-Kennung S4210224978, genannt als American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics stovnan 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-ID 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics tittul
American Journal of Medical Genetics tittul
American Journal of Medical Genetics til 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics almenn heimasíða
American Journal of Medical Genetics almenn heimasíða http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics almenn heimasíða http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics upprunaland Sameindu Statirnir
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics
revue scientifique
American Journal of Medical Genetics comprend American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics comprend American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics comprend American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics publié par Wiley
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, sous le nom American journal of medical genetics. Part A, format de distribution imprimé
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, sous le nom American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), format de distribution publication en ligne
American Journal of Medical Genetics nature de l’élément revue scientifique
American Journal of Medical Genetics nature de l’élément revue médicale
American Journal of Medical Genetics nature de l’élément revue académique
American Journal of Medical Genetics abréviation ISO 4 Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics date de fondation ou de création 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics langue de l'œuvre, du nom ou du terme anglais
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant UniProt d'une revue 0077
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant NLM Catalog 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant OCLC 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant OpenCitations d'une ressource 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant Julkaisufoorumi 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics titre
American Journal of Medical Genetics titre
American Journal of Medical Genetics date de fin 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics site officiel
American Journal of Medical Genetics site officiel http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics site officiel http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics pays d'origine États-Unis
American Journal of Medical Genetics sujet ou thème principal génétique humaine
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant Archivio Collettivo Nazionale dei Periodici 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant Archivio Collettivo Nazionale dei Periodici 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant CrossRef d'un journal 35379
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant Scilit d'une revue 893
American Journal of Medical Genetics indexé dans la revue bibliographique Science Citation Index Expanded
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant Freebase /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant OpenAlex V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant OpenAlex S180901878, sous le nom American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant OpenAlex S4210224978, sous le nom American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics identifiant Mir@bel d'une revue 20729
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics útgefandi John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics stofndagsetning 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics tungumál verks enska
American Journal of Medical Genetics titill
American Journal of Medical Genetics titill
American Journal of Medical Genetics lokadagsetning 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics opinber vefsíða
American Journal of Medical Genetics opinber vefsíða http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics opinber vefsíða http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase auðkenni /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-ID 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics har bestanddel American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics utgiver John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, oppført som American journal of medical genetics. Part A, distribusjonsmåte trykksak
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, oppført som American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), distribusjonsmåte online-publikasjon
American Journal of Medical Genetics forekomst av vitenskapelig tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics forekomst av medisinsk fagtidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics forekomst av akademisk tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISO 4-forkortelse Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics dato for etablering, fremstilling e.l. 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics verkets språk engelsk
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-ID 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC-nummer 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenCitations bibliografisk ressurs-ID 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics tittel
American Journal of Medical Genetics tittel
American Journal of Medical Genetics sluttdato 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics offisielt nettsted
American Journal of Medical Genetics offisielt nettsted http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics offisielt nettsted http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics opphavsland USA
American Journal of Medical Genetics hovedtema human genetikk
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP tidsskrifts-ID 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP tidsskrifts-ID 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics indeksert i bibliografisk database Science Citation Index Expande
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase-ID /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-ID V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-ID S180901878, oppført som American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-ID S4210224978, oppført som American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics Mir@bel journal ID 20729
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics sett saman av American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics utgjevar John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, oppført som American journal of medical genetics. Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, oppført som American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online)
American Journal of Medical Genetics førekomst av vitskapleg tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics førekomst av medisinsk tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics førekomst av akademisk tidsskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics skipingstidspunkt 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics språk på verket engelsk
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-id 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics JUFO-id 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics tittel
American Journal of Medical Genetics tittel
American Journal of Medical Genetics sluttidspunkt 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics offisiell nettstad
American Journal of Medical Genetics offisiell nettstad http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics offisiell nettstad http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics opphavsland USA
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase-identifikator /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics har del(ar) American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics utgivare John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, omnämnd som American journal of medical genetics. Part A, utgivningsformat trycksaker
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, omnämnd som American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), utgivningsformat internetpublikation
American Journal of Medical Genetics instans av vetenskaplig tidskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics instans av medicinsk tidskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics instans av akademisk tidskrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISO 4-förkortning Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics datum för grundande eller skapande 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics verkets eller namnets språk engelska
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC-kontrollnummer 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenCitations-ID 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics Publikationsforum-ID 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics slutdatum 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiell webbplats
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiell webbplats http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiell webbplats http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics ursprungsland USA
American Journal of Medical Genetics huvudtema humangenetik
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase-ID /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-ID V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-ID S180901878, omnämnd som American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-ID S4210224978, omnämnd som American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics formáu por American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics formáu por American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics formáu por American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, apaez como American journal of medical genetics. Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, apaez como American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online)
American Journal of Medical Genetics instancia de revista científica
American Journal of Medical Genetics data de creación o fundación 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics llingua de la obra o nome inglés
American Journal of Medical Genetics títulu
American Journal of Medical Genetics títulu
American Journal of Medical Genetics data de fin 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics sitiu web oficial
American Journal of Medical Genetics sitiu web oficial http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics sitiu web oficial http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics país d'orixe Estaos Xuníos
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador en Freebase /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics
wetenschappelijk tijdschrift van John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics omvat deel American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics omvat deel American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics omvat deel American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics uitgeverij John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, genoemd als American journal of medical genetics. Part A, uitgavevorm drukwerk
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, genoemd als American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), uitgavevorm online publicatie
American Journal of Medical Genetics is een wetenschappelijk tijdschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics is een geneeskundig tijdschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics is een academisch tijdschrift
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISO 4-code of afkorting Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics datum van oprichting of creatie 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics taal van werk of naam Engels
American Journal of Medical Genetics UniProt-identificatiecode voor academisch tijdschrift 0077
American Journal of Medical Genetics NLM-identificatiecode 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics OCLC-identificatiecode 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenCitations-identificatiecode 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics JUFO-identificatiecode 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics titel
American Journal of Medical Genetics einddatum 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiële website
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiële website http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics officiële website http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics land van herkomst Verenigde Staten van Amerika
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP-identificatiecode voor academisch tijdschrift 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics ACNP-identificatiecode voor academisch tijdschrift 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics Crossref-identificatiecode voor academisch tijdschrift 35379
American Journal of Medical Genetics Scilit-identificatiecode voor wetenschappelijk tijdschrift 893
American Journal of Medical Genetics geïndexeerd in bibliografisch overzicht Science Citation Index Expanded
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Freebase-identificatiecode /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-identificatiecode V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-identificatiecode S180901878, genoemd als American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics OpenAlex-identificatiecode S4210224978, genoemd als American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics Mir@bel-identificatiecode voor academisch tijdschrift 20729
American Journal of Medical Genetics
revista científica
American Journal of Medical Genetics compuesto por American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics compuesto por American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics compuesto por American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics editorial John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, registrado como American journal of medical genetics. Part A, distribución impreso
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, registrado como American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), distribución publicación en línea
American Journal of Medical Genetics instancia de revista científica
American Journal of Medical Genetics instancia de revista médica
American Journal of Medical Genetics instancia de revista académica
American Journal of Medical Genetics abreviatura ISO 4 Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics fecha de fundación o creación 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics idioma de la obra o del nombre inglés
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador NLM 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador OCLC 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador OpenCitations de recurso bibliográfico 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador JUFO 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics título
American Journal of Medical Genetics título
American Journal of Medical Genetics fecha de fin 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics página web oficial
American Journal of Medical Genetics página web oficial http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics página web oficial http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics país de origen Estados Unidos
American Journal of Medical Genetics tema principal de la obra genética humana
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador ACNP 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador ACNP 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics indexado en la base de datos bibliográfica Science Citation Index Expanded
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics Identificador Freebase /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador Open Alex V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador Open Alex S180901878, registrado como American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificador Open Alex S4210224978, registrado como American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics Mir@bel journal ID 20729
American Journal of Medical Genetics
rivista scientifica
American Journal of Medical Genetics consiste di American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics consiste di American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics consiste di American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics editore John Wiley & Sons
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, soggetto indicato come American journal of medical genetics. Part A, distribuzione testo a stampa
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, soggetto indicato come American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), distribuzione pubblicazione online
American Journal of Medical Genetics istanza di rivista scientifica
American Journal of Medical Genetics istanza di rivista di medicina
American Journal of Medical Genetics istanza di rivista accademica
American Journal of Medical Genetics abbreviazione ISO 4 Am. J. Med. Genet.
American Journal of Medical Genetics data di fondazione o creazione 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics lingua dell'opera o del nome inglese
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo UniProt di una rivista 0077
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo NLM 7708900
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo OCLC 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo OpenCitations di una risorsa bibliografica 21655
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo JUFO 50904
American Journal of Medical Genetics titolo
American Journal of Medical Genetics titolo
American Journal of Medical Genetics data di fine 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics sito web ufficiale
American Journal of Medical Genetics sito web ufficiale http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics sito web ufficiale http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics paese di origine Stati Uniti d'America
American Journal of Medical Genetics argomento principale genetica umana
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo ACNP di un periodico 2338772
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo ACNP di un periodico 2336128
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo Crossref di una rivista 35379
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo Scilit di una rivista 893
American Journal of Medical Genetics indicizzato nello strumento bibliografico Science Citation Index Expanded
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo Freebase /m/04n5r_p
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo OpenAlex V175757500
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo OpenAlex S180901878, soggetto indicato come American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo OpenAlex S4210224978, soggetto indicato come American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics identificativo Mir@bel di una rivista 20729
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Medical Genetics foilsitheoir Wiley
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4825, luaite mar American journal of medical genetics. Part A, formáid dáilte ábhar clóite
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN 1552-4833, luaite mar American journal of medical genetics. Part A (Online), formáid dáilte foilseachán ar líne
American Journal of Medical Genetics sampla de irisleabhar eolaíochta
American Journal of Medical Genetics sampla de irisleabhar leighis
American Journal of Medical Genetics sampla de irisleabhar léannta
American Journal of Medical Genetics dáta a bunaíodh 1977
American Journal of Medical Genetics teanga an tsaothair nó an ainm Béarla
American Journal of Medical Genetics uimhir OCLC 03372843
American Journal of Medical Genetics teideal
American Journal of Medical Genetics teideal
American Journal of Medical Genetics am deiridh 2002
American Journal of Medical Genetics suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil
American Journal of Medical Genetics suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4833
American Journal of Medical Genetics suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/33129
American Journal of Medical Genetics tír bhunaidh Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
American Journal of Medical Genetics príomhábhar Géinitic daonra
American Journal of Medical Genetics ISSN-L 1552-4825
| 14,335 |
https://github.com/WanWT/recommend-system/blob/master/backend/src/main/java/fun/nya/backend/facade/impl/UserManagerImpl.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
recommend-system
|
WanWT
|
Java
|
Code
| 86 | 344 |
package fun.nya.backend.facade.impl;
import fun.nya.backend.dao.MovieRecommendRepository;
import fun.nya.backend.dao.UserRatingRepository;
import fun.nya.backend.facade.UserManager;
import fun.nya.backend.util.result.Result;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {
@Autowired
private UserRatingRepository userRatingRepository;
@Autowired
private MovieRecommendRepository movieRecommendRepository;
@Override
public Result checkUser(int userID) {
Result result = new Result();
if(!userRatingRepository.getLastestUserRatingsByUserID(userID, 1).isEmpty()) {
return result;
}
else {
result.setError("");
}
return result;
}
@Override
public Result updateMovieRating(int userID, int movieID, double rating) {
Result result = new Result();
if(userRatingRepository.updateUserRating(userID, movieID, rating) && movieRecommendRepository.removeRecommendMovie(userID, movieID)) {
return result;
}
else {
result.setError("");
}
return result;
}
}
| 25,119 |
https://github.com/scalqa/scalqa/blob/master/core/src/scalqa/gen/able/Empty.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
scalqa
|
scalqa
|
Scala
|
Code
| 92 | 229 |
package scalqa; package gen; package able
trait Empty:
def isEmpty: Boolean
object Empty:
extension(inline x: Empty)
inline def nonEmpty: Boolean = !x.isEmpty
/*___________________________________________________________________________
__________ ____ __ ______ ____
/ __/ ___// _ | / / / __ / / _ | Scala Quick API
__\ \/ /___/ __ |/ /__/ /_/ /_/ __ | (c) 2021, Scalqa.org Inc
/_____/\____/_/ |_/____/\______/_/ |_| github.com/scalqa
___________________________________________________________________________*/
/**
@trait Empty ->
@def isEmpty -> Empty check
Returns true if instance is empty.
@def nonEmpty -> Not empty check
Returns true if instance is not empty.
*/
| 23,751 |
https://github.com/mutagatifu/kwiyandikisha_all/blob/master/kwiyandikishaDash/allFac.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
kwiyandikisha_all
|
mutagatifu
|
PHP
|
Code
| 201 | 1,158 |
<?php
include './includes/header.php';
?>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="faculities">
<div class="header">
<center><h2 class="pageheader-title">ALL FACULITIES</h2></center>
</div>
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="myfac">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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| 22,333 |
collectioncompl05frangoog_46
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,834 |
Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, publiée sur les éditions officielles du Louvre; de l'Imprimerie nationale, par Baudouin; et du Bulletin des lois; (de 1788 à 1830 inclusivement
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France
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,108 | 15,351 |
Les militaires admis daos les eompagnies seront tenus d'y servir jusqu'à Teipiratioa de leur engagement primitif ; dans aucun casi iU n^y pourront rester moins de deux ans* 64. Xes premiers maîtres, maîtres et se ' ciMkd maîtres, ne seront admis à contracter dVngagemens qu'autant qu'ils auront l'apti* ' tude nécessaire, et qu'ils réuniront les con ' naissances exigées par les réglemens. < A cet effet, ils seront examinés par une I c^mission composée : I Du majorgénéral , du commandant.en pre I mier, et du commandât en second de la di } vision. ^ Le ministre de là marine autorisera, s*il y î a lieu,' l'admission de ces officiers-pàariniers sur un état de proposition conforme au mo « dèle n» 3, qui lui sera soumis par le préfet i maritime. t 65. Les militaires congédiés des troupes i d*aTtiRerie de la marine qui voudront pren r dre du service dans lés compagnies perma nentes, conserveront le grade qu'ils ont ac f quis à la mer par des services antérieurs. h A cet effet, ils se présenteront devant le commandant de ladiv^ion, pour obtenir un t certificat d^cceptation, et contracteront en suite leur engagement devant l'officier de l'é ( tat civil, dans les formes voulues par la loi. 1 Ces dispositions seront également appli* cables aux marins provenant du recrutement i et aux enrôlés toiontaires qui n'appartien t nent point à l'inscription. * 66. tes enrôlés volontaires cpiî n'auront ' ' pas navigue, et qui ne rempliront pas les ! conditions déterminées pour etrft définitive* ! ment inscrits, seront admis en qualité d'ap i prentis marins. ' ' 67. Lorsqueles engagemens volontaires se I ront suspendus, aucune demande d'admission I ne ]^ur^a être présentée à l'approbation du i ministre de la marine. . ' ' ! 63. Les enrôlés non inscrits recevront, pour se rendre à leur destination^i^ne feuille , de route et les frais de conduite alloués par Ifî tarif a? 6, annexé à la»pré^ênte„ ordon nance. ' . ' . • 69. Les hommes appelés -en vertu de îa )(A du recrutement, §insi que les enrôlés «et les admis temporaires, seront vjsités, à leur arri vée et avant rincorporation ou l'admission, par une commission dont fera partie le (jii rurgi^n-majo^ delà dWîsion. Ceux qui n'au ront pas été reconnus propres au service se» ront examines de nouveau par le conseil de — 11 OCTOB&B i836. 4^5 santé; ^ d'après i<e rapport ifiù lui en sera fait, le préfet maritine piîmoncen défioiti vemenl. Les enrôlés volontaires non admis seront immédiatement renvdyés daifc leurs foyers, et les hommes provenant du recrutement se ront mis à la disposition desr autorités du dé partement de la guerre, fi'état des uns et des autres sera adressé au ministre de la marine, avec la décision inotivée du conseil de santé et du préfet maritime* Les nommes qiii se pr^leutcront pour être admis seront plaeés «H^Hi^iiiaBce à la «otn pegnie provisoire, jusqu'à' ee qu'il ait été pro noàcé sur leur sort. • ^ Les enrôlés voloa^ir^•t tes hommes {pro venant du recputement, admis au service, siéront immédiatement portés fur la taatriciÉle de la division. I Les inscrits maritime^ iidslfl tempertire ment seront portés senteoient sur le oontrèle général à terre et sifr 1<I rôles d'équipage à bord. ^ Après l'incorporation, les iMnnes^qui se ront devenus implores ait service pourront être réformés, sur la'delnand^ qui en sera faite au ministre^ a la suite de l'inspeelion trimestrifllle (isséejt»r le maior (énérd. 70. A l'èxpiratien de leur teaips de ser* vice, les hommes provenant du recrutement ou de l'em^lément^ volontaire recevront des congés absolus. -, Quant anx marins' qm auraient des engage mens volontaires dans les équipages de ligne, il ne dçvra leur être délivré, àl'expiration de leur engagement, quo des certificats de con gédiement constatant le temps de service quHls auroàt Tait Su corps, et portant la men tio'ii de leur renvoi au quartier d'inscription auquel ils appartiennent. Toutefois les hommes embarqués aur des bâtimens qui sd «trouveraient en coiu^ de campagne né devroat être libérés qu'au re* tour dei^ditsb^timens dans un port dé France; mais, à dater du terme de leur engagement, ils auront drJit à la badte>paie journalière déterminée par le tarif n« 6, annexé à la pré sente ordonnance. Les marins congédiés provenant; soit du recrutement, soit de l'enrôlement volontaire, qui se livreHïntàla navigation ou à la pêche msffitime, ne pourront être requis pour le ser vice des bâtimens de l'Etat que dans le cas dé guerre nmritime, ou, en temps de paix, lorsque les tours de rôle seront épuisé3. Avant d'immatriculer les hommes qui, %y^nt achevé leu^ teinpsde service, voudront continuer le métier de la mer, les commis saires des quartiers leur donneront connais sance des lois qui régissent l'inscription ma ritime, des conditions qu'elle impose et des avantages qui y sont attachés. 436 (OUIS-FHILIPPB f, La dédtrilion de ohaqiie homme sera si gnée par lui, on, ett ta ^rteenoe, par le com missaire 4a quartier où il sera immatricnlé. TiT*i V/U. Casernemeiit. ^ 7C. Les mkriiy ,des divisions seront logés dans les casernes d^ ports, ou sur des bâti mens disposés à cçt efret 79.. U sera pourvu au c«semement parVad* ministration des pofti^, conformément aux réglemens en viguMir. Les effets de^coudMge, eonsistant en un hamac à dolible fond, un^ikialelas et une cou vertîne, setonX fournis à charge d'inventai re, ainsi que lei bancs, tables et planches à pain. ^ Suivant les porti et les loèatttés, les préfets maritimes pourront,kur lademande des corn mandans de division, fiire délivrer, pendant les mob les plusrigouVeux de lliiver, une se conde couvertikei chaque marin. L'éclairage des casernes sera entretenu par les soins de Tadministràtion des ports. Les préfets maritimes ^ détermineront le noihbre de becs de lu(pière i établir dansL ^aque ca 73. Le eonsèîl d'admiijtfstri^oïkde la divi sion sera diargé de tous les effets du caser nement 74* L*officîerde casernement séracespon sable, envers le conseil ^administration de la division, des effets qui lui auredt été con fiés. . • ♦ 75. Les capitaines des coVipagn^B^ feront responsables, envertf Toflipier de easeme ment, de tous les ôbjet^.mis iTleur disposi tion; ils tiendront un eompte courant dè^ces objeU, modèle n* 4, sur lequel 11||*inà£Aront leurs recettes et leurs dépenses,'aù fuc^tàn^e snre Qu'elles seront effectué^, et ils ^tkfout soin d'établir, après ehaqifè jopéAtion 2lè ce genre, la situation de leuf çonipa|nier ^ 76. Il sera tenn^ ds(^~l«8 divewes direc tions et au magasin général ,.' des registrei particuliers des fournitures d'effets de caser nement. . * L'ofûcier chargé de ce détail jUéndra, de son côté, un registre d'inventaire qui^er^ di visé en trois parties. La premièi^ constatera let recettes d après les duplicata des billets de demande; la seconde, les dépenses Justi fiées par les duplicata des billets de remises faites dans les divers magasins onpardesm-c^ cès-verbaox réguliers; la troisième présàté rala balance au demies jour de chaque tri mestre, et indiquera l'emplacement des ef^ts de casernement. Ce registre, confonhe ^n modèle n» 5, sera arrête par le conseil d'ad ministration de la division, aux mêmes épo ques iiue toutes les autres parties de la comp tabiliô. *^ tl OCTOl&K lS3S. 77. Les commandans des divisions etks commissaires aux revues feront, de concert, tons les trimestres, et plus firéquemtoeat iH y a lieu, une inspection descaseraes. Ib t'ai sureront de Tétat des effets de casenement, et ils ordonneront toutes les mesures néoei' saires pour la conservation desdits effetL 78. Les effets de casernement qu'il sera nécessaire de renouveler seront rempU dans les formes ordinaires. En cas de dèg^radation ou d'usure ptni turée desdits effets, les detnandesenreinpla* cernent devront être soumises au visa docoa missaire généralyct à l'approbation da préfet maritime. ^ Dans ce cas, l'état des effets sera cootité par la commission chargée d'eumûner les objets remis en magasin, et le prœès-vediil qui en sera dressé sera transmis an préfet maritime, afin qa'il en fasse supporter le < paiement par qui de droit. 71^ A l'époque derembarquementdeteoiD pagnies, il sera fait par les capitaines, con curremment avec le commissaire aux reyo» et l'officier chargé du casernement, un infeo* taire des effets de casernement laissés parles comnagnies. Cet inventaire indiquera le de gré d'usure de chaque objet ; et le procès verba^ qui en sera dressé fera connaître â tous les moyens de conservation ont été fris pendant qu ils étaient en service. En cas <ie déçra4ation, il sera statué par le préfet >»• ritime, conformément à ce qui est présenta l'article précédent. Lorsque l'officier de casernement aivare çu les objets portés sur ledit inventaire, il en donnera* décharge aux capitaines sur 1« compte courant qu'ils doivent tenir. TiVBi IX. Armement et éqnipeiiieBt 80. L!drjyement des marins des divisions est cofQp|Osii d'un fusil avec sa baïonnette; et leui* équipement, d'un^ceintucon en bofoc, ave(; giberne et porte-baïonnette, le tout con forme aux' môdel^ adopté^. Les prvmiërs-maitres porteront Vépée; » mliitres,le sabre et un ceinturon noir; I*^*'' cOnds-maitres et f|uartier&>maitres porteponi le sabre aveelé çeii^lurdn d'uQifordMr: leso^ • e^ les anti^ enîba|^aerôn£^«veo ces m^ Le» tanibbut9<majors en' petfte'l*™'^ 1^ ■waicîétts serom^mi^s (IJb lamèmëi'i'' niei^ ^eieç maîtres; ' • t^ i . t.e$'COtt|Mgnie9embah{ueronlsânsf9i*'^ •an^Jgllj^rfe. ^ ^■ . j ,'-^, le^vmes nécessaires aux Hl*"****îï!S founri^s en bon état par i^ldirtJblibn/ianU' krie, conformément an téglcniHpy'f^ f arrêté pour l'armement dà "' guerre. LÔUIS-PHUIPPK !«• -^ 8i. Les dispositions prescrites 911 titre VUI de la présente or^nnanoe, en ce qui con cerne les formes de la comptabilité, ainsi ^ue la responsabilité du conseil d'administration delà division) de Toffiicier du casernement et des capitaines de compagnie , sont entière ment applicables au détail de rarmemeni et de l'équipement , sans préjudice des disposi^ tions des réglemens spéciaux sur les armes portatives. Les registres relatifi à ce détail seront con« formes aux modèles n^' 6 et 7. TiTBK X. Habillement. 8a. Les officiers-mariniers et marins des rompaenies permanentes seront pourvus des effets d habillement désignés au tableau n« 1 1 annexé à la présente ordonnance. La nomenclature de ces effets sera portée à la connaissance des marins, par les soms des commissaires de leurs quartieirs respectifs, au moment où ils seront levés pour le ser vice. Lors de leitr arrivée dans les divisions , et tant qu'ils ne fercmt partie que des compa gnies de dépôts et provisoires , les marins ne recevront que les effets reconnus indispensa bles à une tenue régulière. La composition de ce sac provisoire sera déterminée par le préfet maritime, sur la proposition du conseil d'administration de la division. 83. Les effets, d^babillement seront con formes aux modèles arrêtés par le ministre de la marine. Les premiers-maîtres , les capitaines d'ar mes de I'* et de 2« classe, et les maîtres ^ porteront un babit de la même forme que ce lui de la petite tenue des officiers, avec des pattes en drap rouge au collet et des ancres de même couleur au bas de l'habit. Les premiers-maîtres et les capitaines (^'ar mes de i'« classe porteront les épaulettes d'adjùdant-sous-officier en soie et or. Les maîtres, les capitaines, d'armes de %• classe et tambours-majors porteront detix galons en or appliqués sur la inanche. Les seconds-maîtres et les capitaines d'ar mes de 39 cUsse porteront un seul galon en or. Les fourriers de i'« classe porteront les marques distinctives desergent-fourrrer; les fourriers de 2*. et 3* classes porteront les fa Ions de caporal-fourrier. Les quârtiers-msdtres et tambours-maîtres porteront deux galons en laine jaune. Les matelots qtû jouiront d'un supplément à la mer, à titre de quartiers-maîtres provi soires, chefs de hune, gabiers, chefs de pièce, chargeurs et timoniers sondeurs, auront pour marque dlstinctive un simple galon en faine jaune appliqué sur la manche : ils continue Il OCTOB&E i836. 437 ront de le porter après le débarqnemuil de l'équipaee. Les omciers-m^rinieiçs et marins qui ont droit à la haute-paie journalière d'ancienneté seront distmgués-par des chevrons en or ou en laine rouge, suivant leur grade. 84. A l'arrivée des hommes dans les divi sions, les effets dontib seront pourvus seront visités , et ceux qui serftot juges susceptiUcs de faire partie de la comjy>siltion du sac en treront en dédoc(ion de ce que le magasin aurait à fournir. Les demandes d'effets nécessaires pour comr pléter les sacs seront dressées par les capi taines des compagnies, e^bnse conformera, pour la délivrance de ces effets» à ce que pres crit l'article 1x1. Toutefois ces demj^mdes ne pourront avoir lieu que lorsqu'il aura été satbiait aux dispo sitions prescrites par l'article 69. 85. Les remplacemens des effets auront lieu au fureta mesure des besoins: toutefois, et pendant le séjour à t'erre des marins, U cause du ' remplacement avanf le terme de durée assigné au tableau w 11 sera consta tée ; si c^ remplacemens sont le f ésultat de la négligence ou de l'inconduite, le rembourse laent aura lièuainsi qu'il est prescrit par les di$* positions de l^rt. 14a jusqu à entier paiement, sans préjudice des peines encourues par les marins aux termes de l'article 6 de la loi du 1 5 juillet 18^9» &. il moins de nécessité absolue, il ne sera délivré d'effets d'aucune espèce dans le courant des six derniers mois que les hommes devront passer au service.  Iji mer, et à la fin des campapes, toute délivrance d'effet^ sera propol^tionnée aux sommes acquises. ^ Les marins proposés it>ur la retraite lors « des revues générales d'inspection seront con sidérés comm ayant at^teiut le terme de leurs services , ^, dès ^je moment, ils ne recevront plus d^n'ets d'hdbillement , à moins qu'il n'y ait urgence ou qu'iU n'en fassent la demande, et dans le Cas seulement ou la portion de solde qui l^ur serait due pourrait en acquit teiria valeurr 87. Le reinboursement des effets d'habil lement aura lic^i ati moyen de retenues exer cées sûr la solde des marins. A terf e comme à la mer, la retenue pour les hommes présens sera, par jour, de ^ua ' rànte jcentimes, et de vingt-cinq centimes pour les mousses; et, pour les'absens, de la totalité de la soldé de congé ou d'hôpilaJ, lorsque celle-ci Sera inférieure à ladite re tenue. A terre, lé compte d'habillement sera ar rêté par trimestre ou au moment de l'embar quement, d'après des feuilles de décomptes conformes au modèle n*> 8; et lorsque les re tenues excéderont le moulant de la dette des 43S LOUlS-PfilUPPB 1«'. iBariiMH le siirpliM leur sera immédiateaicnt payé d'après les itaU namératifii et nmmiuh tili confomes^aui modèles n*' p et lo. A k mer, le compte dlubillemest sera arrêté à la fin de Tannée, si le bâtiment reste armé , ou à Tépoque du débarqiiement défi* nitif des marins, quel qn'en soit le motif; nmè If» kommet ne poorront recevoir la to taKlé do leor décompte qu'aittant que la ro ten«e qu'ils aoront^nUe aura suffi pour ac quitter eompléINaent leurs de^es; et, dans le cas où il en serait autrement , oo imputerait to«t de soite, svr ce qui leufrefient, n valeur des effets qv'ils n'auraient pas encore rem bourses. ' «. 8S. Les marins congédiés ^ur quelque cause que ce soit emporteront tous les effets dont ils seront pourvus, «^ils en ont acquitté la valeuf. Si, au contraire, ils sont redevables envers l^Stat, ils remettront à la division la capote y le paletot et le pantalon de drap qui leur auront été déliviis le plus récemment, eu tons autres effets qui n'aurai^t pas été portés ou qui pourraient encore être coosidérés comme neufss pour que la vaîeur que ces ef fets rewésenteront enU'e en déduetion de leur débet; et lorsque ce débet s^ra inférieur à l'estimation de ces efTets réunis v ils ne ver seront en magasin yie ceux qui seront né cessaires pour couvrir leur dette«.Toute dette au-dessous d'un franc ne donnera point lieu à reprise. La valeur des effets susmentionnée sera appréciée par une commission nommée par le commandant de la' division , à laquelle as sistera le coqiroissaire aux revues; ellasera composée de Tofficier ^'habillement, d'un lieutenant de frégatç çt d'un maître ou d'un I premier^maitre ap^rtenant à la*division. Le procès-verbal des 6|)érations de cette com mission, dressé en double expédition, servira à établir le montant des sommes qui devront être déduites du débet des marins et à satis faire aux dispositions de l^rtide 87. 89. Tout marin congédié par mesure géné rale avant d'avoir accompli deux années He service, sera dégrevé de la moitié de la somme dont il resterait débiteur après la remise des effets qu'il doit laisser à la division et la ce tenue de son décompte fiual de solde.' Cette disposition ne pourra être appliquée aux ma rini qiii se trouveront dans le cas prévu par l'article 85. Quant au marin mort au service de l'E tat, le surplus de son débet, déduction faîte du produit de sa solde et des valeurs prove nant de la vente de soq sac, restera à Ta charge de l'Etat. 90. Les effets remis en déduction de la dette des marins congédiés seront reçus dam les magasins de la division, et seront ultéricu — II OCTOBRE lS36* rement dâivréi pour le temps qu'il leur nite à fiiire. — % devront , autant que possible, être utilisés à terre, après avoir sobifS^ilji lieu, les réparations convenables. Ils serwt • donnée de préférence aux hommes ayant d^ toamé ou vendu knrt effets, et à ceux aox ^pM^ il ne r«9tera que peu de temps de ler vioe à faire. ' 01 . Lorsqu'un marin débiteur aura été on gédié par suite de blessures ou à cause (Fur finiiit& contractées au service, qui lercnde&t incapable de naviguer, il emportera tous ki effets dont il sera pourvu ; il sera opéré sur sa solde acquise la retenue rcglemeniaire,et il lui sera fait remise du surplus de sa dette, 92. Les états nominatifs iodi^nt lesson* mes doi^tles marins auront été dégrevés co vertu des dispositions des articles 88 , 89 et 9c de la présente ordonnance, seront anoexés. aux revues de liquidation qui doivent être adressées «u miuistre. La reprise des sommes dont les marins resteront définitivement débiteurs sera faite ultérieurement par voie d'apostille dans leurs quartiers respectifs. Les états nominatifs des marins débiteun seront immédiatement 'adressés au ministre par les soins àt& préfets maritimes. 93. Les fournitures des étoffes et autres ob jets confectionnés hors des magasins des di visions nécessaires à l'habillement des manu seront faites en vertu de marchés génértw passés suivant les formes en usage dans le service de la marine. . 94. n sera procédé à la recette des fouBB* tures par la commission ordinaire du port, 1 laquelle seront adjoints le commandant 01 premier ou le commandant en second de '1 di vision.rofûcier d'habillement et uncapitaioe de ronpagnie désigné par le préfet maritine» Le commissaire aux revues assistera à cette commission. Les objets^ ainsi reçus pour le service des équipages de ligne, et qui ne seraient |i« imméduteffiem délivrés^ seront marqoésd on timl»re participer , et emmagasinés par ^ soins et soaila responsabilité du garde-oig*' sia général. ^5. Les certificats de recette des éjofie»«l des objets confectionnés livrés par les f oiu^ nisseurs et destinés au service des équiptr* de ligue , seront expédiés par le garde-Dagi' sin général et vérifiés par le commissaire itf approvisionnemens. Ces pièces seront sotfi' %tè au visa du conraissaire général de iai*' rine. 96. }aes étoffes, toiles et autres objets dlif billement seront délivrés par le garde-maga sin général sur des demandes en doidile ex pédition faites par le conseil d'administri tion de la Jivision, et visées par le commis saire .lux revues. 97« Lft tptêlie de ces ofajéli $îft faite fêt une 6eaunia8ioii eompcttée de rottdet chiffe dô rhabilleiiMBt» et de devx offièleri de If di^kion déiignèt ptr le major généMit. Cette cûmaâimaà s'aislirera cfoe lel ob^àu livrée sont cmprekliâ du tknbré prtteent è Vartiele 94*et»lori^B'ellea«rtr«eo»iitl(f(^il# sont de Mime quaUtéi eUeraéteilera CH dMI« DMit récépiwé an m du billet de deiMfld«i Daaateeae oè ks<^eU 9e«er«ieiftdéléri#* rés d«pili» livr ndanMdn an Mf^ft gMnrt» la commission en informera le commissiNV aux àfptûfhkmèetismm^ qvâ, tiftH ttt «lè nien c«irtradietoire de la ooniiiiiiM oHH« ualre du Bort^ hxtt ion rap^rt ait eoi saire générai de la marine^ qù ek 1 ceés{>te att fHlet Mnrkfoiet le prdfet en inferaMTà li ishiietfe. ni I/étst â«)liùé à fftire èoim«ftr« léf b«k sbitÈê et lés fesiDim^ do tH4|lfMltt dliàbmé* nîefit sèfli f édl^é ffr té tÔftiëH d*achniiris»rf£ lion de la division, conforfhéiftëftt âtt fttotfètft n^ it. Lé gafdé-MagUsSA inéï(Metâ, èshi m état, leâ fkofehi (fie |MSsède lé M4^a«h»^« néral pour satisfaire aux besoins de h dm sion , et il te ftdtimcttfa *ti fM âvt tori^ls satfe fénérsl. Ledit état Éttn àâftsié tmi H s|X tiiois atf mintstf^ pttt lé préfet MftHfme. t^. Le garde^tnaga^ général tiéttdra ttft ettwghlrenwtit p&fttetïliff âtn fdûftrttttfW faites à la division. ido. L*i9fBder â'itibiltéAeitt tiendra tfôis regTttm dei feéetfêS «t des dffi^sés, en i« coofomiant, pont In élMfés « fotfrfiittfréf, aô mtfdèle n"" t^, pocff les c^ets tànfêcùù»^ liés oenf«^ ftù modelé n* i3, et pduf f« ef fets arforf tnt fMllpf t fah'e, au «odèlé ii« 14. An tin dé éhaqtre trha<»(f 6 » les reâMMi de cet offieief àerom térifiés et af fêté» pfi* le comurissAifé at(x rcmzes. fot. Ijê fffrdé'lnfgasin ^tiértn fera cOf^' naître « à la lin de chaque trimertrê, àtr cow* missaire aux revues, le montant dé KMf^ fé9 fotn-oHilfef qttj aui^t été filHéS h U dithîdn, afin im et dêt-der ptii<rs« ell fiitté îtbprtfs* ûm atm la rem^i générale de ceÉi^aMtité. los. Tdus les efMs dlriHEdlleilféAt déitîné^ ant Ètâsitu dé» éq«fpagc« de figfl<f «efdfN coiiféetloittiéflf pat* les soiàs dtf tms^t êtâ* utîinstr&tioti de la dfiwioft. lA oot^ attrsi Hett éhiM lef ^tlei^ de lit division, ef sOtt II «ctfteffllnieé dé réfUdéf lOy, 1^9 effets édlRéiîtklitSél^séfOVt Mtt* mil à rexttnéfi dMtfné oôttttibsiott éOmpOséé dtteoflMMiKlBaef de trois «fiicMft^ i^mi p#e Bi»r-oNdlre de ki dfviaiot» «i»t qt^ d*tw expert, ai la eoMssiM Juger léoiMÉr» d'en appeler»». Lê-^MMRàesaèré aux revwi iieiiC^nf Ir eette — u octOBUi i8:i6. • 4^ Le nMfltré^tainéiir sera r«tp6iMdrtt déa mtf^ffQtmt; La rteette dea t§htê aéra eonalalée par ma |>rocé»-verbal 4 modèle u* t^f doaa le aoar tier»m«itra-treiorier tieu^ Ha earegiatpo m«it# ^io4. Le montant éeà faf>ia «I eeki dot réparations des effets réintégrés en aBBMfai safoftt payés m m9fém dt m»>dm wpidjÉi par lé ooiamiiaàir« tm, ravMii â«r U de< mailde el le eértifical a Tapptti da oowtil d^administratiMi d« la dâvisÎML I4» ^aartiat • mattre-iréiorlrr fera rdaeUe et dépeoio im montant desdiu safanoats aw 1# tefiitaèd* caisse ^t sur son ionriMd. ^Officier d'habiiliADepa iadiquara, imrto regMire ii« t3/ mcntKiBiié à Tarlide 100» te qootité et Tespèce d^eHelt dont la raaaîso lad aura été faite par k maitre-tailleur« et è 11 fin de «iMnie trioMstre il sera établi tme ba lanee , qui fera euamaUH te qiianlité d'effna con^lioAoés neu^ ejûiiattl e0eoff# daoa tea nagatins de la djyinoa^ io5^ il terré, le prte de ta lialn^eMyf» iiea repvraiMBa crv cnvif #■ aei vie# aéra lap* porté par te» ««nitir^ strr H» lawailia qgi leur rMMM è ptjeTf ^ tel eapkiiMés de* euBipa / ^BfSs fcifaiiieroifi dil^ctettiftl eettd defNWMi iOo« iJfê ffHft Sjreefvtif^ ffVvféf pâ^ lé Êa* nHtre leroM é^âcleififênt ^tflvis pour léiéM^ sàJhIbftItfflS dCÈ iMétèi; et U pttt éei ta' çot» dé ^a<|^ (MTftré de rRatiilMeiit mm réglé par le ministre, d^ H tHitAhë h pfOff étfnkmê «ttt Uâèttîide nm et k tttA des f 0^. I^r^diié trê$ matrjtff dtfrmit llWflMié lé départ dé léuf bMthéftf , (joe Ifttff AMnce ftrrt été constatée par f»tpéf fédértl fait sdfM iosféffi il «éfft flBdt iflfteorffmf dte tetrps «fi«», Modèle tt*» fft. Ce» «f as, éOttifté ftffsi f eut <!fes tftaftits ab* aena»délirtatpr««i*«»tft9éi éovr» decam ptfgHé^ dérrwK éf r« vAidn» en nmê fMih ake ft iMrd dft ï>é(i«Niit, éam te^délti da de«x mois/ Le ifKMMa#t dé te téflté séTtf apÉ* tiUc au compte des acbéiiWiri "él le proaès*» varbal détrtétfé l^OMilé dan» te {dm bref délai M céMnésM^é km féttt^f eft dodbte expédittett éf ftÊf if9i(Si êiffèmifi. Cfi« ^à pwsM et» erëdilf p lea propriétairei det sf es vapdus et en déWe# te éQsnpie des aebiteurs# i0étf LofNitlé Im amiIm i|td iilrtfttt wêK^ cpié te départ de te# téijiiéfti sig f idiÉlé ^f et jéîfuM ptaoéai ééfllui'HiàÉiuiil ftfl dia^ liiMf dé PsT^telé $9f diMs ttoé éiilipa|nte de dépdt, Ié»r «MM tilértelll iempfrtéa te#r .Mfftéétf coflipté. Lt ttftfldilé dé tenr soldé dIspéMfMt' aéré «fteeiée au piAmuéK dé eoMe detléf dédésttek ftiKé du pf^dtfiC dé te «iiNédéteiir séé^ terflcfcH aéré eûMlk Toutefois , si ces marins étaient ftlIÉI i terre péT «fl^e de f^c« tttaieVK, Il éni lira 44» LOUIS-PHUiiPPB ic^ r^ndu compté an ministre, qui statuera «ur k retenue gui devra être exercée à leur ^ard* i>09. Les saes t^es marins morts à terre se ront, par les soins fie la division et sous fins peetion du oomoûs^re aux revues, vendus en Tente publique après un délai de trois mois, si dana cet fetenralle ils nV)nt pas élé tédamés. s Les sacs des marins qui auront déserté de la division sei^nt vendus dans le même délai. Dans "tous les cas, le, produit des ventes' sera versé à la caisse des gens de mer pour le com[ite de qui de droit, après toutefois l'ex tinction des dettes reconnues. xio. Lorsque des marins auront été con damnés à une peine quelconque qui les éloi gnera de leur corps pondant plus de six mo$s, letrs sacs^se^nt .vendus et leur décompte réglé. III. Lés demandes d'effets d^habillement seront faites en double e|pédition, sur des états nominatifs cOnfbrmes aux modèles n"'i7, pour les effets neufs, et x8 p^ur ceux ayant un temps à faire; ^les seront dressées par les capitaines des compagnies, et soumisea an visa au coounandan| de la division. &eyétués de ces formalisés, elles seront remises au quartier -înaîkretrésorier, qui fournira en-^h&nge ui^ billet de délivrance, modèle n<> 19; ledit billet comprendra en masse la quantité et Tespèce des effets à four nir, et Tofficier d'habillemeht en fera immé diatement Ifi délivrance. Cet officier inscrira numériquement, date {tar date et par espèce, sur un journal con brme aux modèles n'^'ao et ai, les effets compris dans chaque état de demande. Les distributions d'effçtsleroat ensuite totalisées, sur le journal., par trimestre et par cmnpa guie , et les totaux reportés sur les registres n«' i3 et 14» afin (l*en établir la balance. lia. Des^états nomiifatifs semblables à ceux dont la l'édaetion est prescrite par l'ar ticle préiâédent serviront, à terre comme à la mer, àla délivrance des effets parles capi taines de coid^gnia Il sera fiiit inscription sur les livres de com pagnie et sur fës livrets des marins, dea four nitures faites pour effets d'habillement.. 1x3. Les sommes dues par les marins pour fournitures d'effets d'habillement seront apos tillées, au fiir et à mesure des délivrances , et récajpitulées à la fin de chaque trimestre sur un état ou bordereau conforme au modèle n*" aa, destiné à constater les imputations sur les feuilles d'habillemimt, modèle n<> 8. • U sera donné connaissance au commissaire aux revues de toutes les Tournitures de ce genre, par l'envoi du duplicata de la de mande, revêtu du visa du quartier-maitre Irésorier. .rx4, Ua cours de campagne, les effets cm — II OCTOB&B i836. barques en aj^provisionneinent deprévoy^e seront délibérés sur un état nominatif, modâe n« 17. Cet état, dressé par le capitaine de U compagnie et approuve par l'officier com mandant, sera remis au commis d'adimim* tration secrétaire du conseil, qui, après avoir fait délivrer les effets, portera les totaux sur le compte courant sommaire d'habillement ouvert en tête de chaque rôle d'équipage, et qui servira à inscrire, date par date, la quan tité d'effets reçus et délivrés depuis ^ar■^ ment. Le secrétaire du conseil fera immédiate ment imputation , au compte particulier de chaque marin, sur le rôle d'équipage, du montant de la fourniture. ^i5. Les conseils d'administration des bâ timens adresseront tous les trois mois, au commissaire aux revues , un état nominatif, modèle n» a3, indiquant les livraisons faites sur les effets embarqués en approvisionne ment de prévoyance. En cours de campagne, cet état sera trans mis par primata et duplicata, et par voitt différentes, X 16. Au moyen des états indiqués aux ar ticles 1x3 et 1x5, le commissaire aux revues sera tenu de faire immédiatement, sur les rô les et contrôles, l'impHtation au compte indi viduel, de la valeur des effets qui aifl^ont été fournis aux hommes, afin d'en assurer le ren boursement. X 17. A là fin de chaque trimestre, il sera fait par le commissaire aux revues, en pré sence du conseil d'admiuistration de la m* siou, une vérification particulière do^compte d'habillemeqt. Ce commissaire comparera les dépenses faites par le magasin général, àb charge de la division, avec les receltes de l'officier d'habillement. Il vérifiera ensuite la balance ^ntre les dépenses et les recettes en effets confectionnés, et il s'assurera que les quantités allouées par les tarifs n'ont pas été outrepassées. Il vérifiera également la recette et la dé pense en effets du maga^ de la division. XI 8. A la fin de chaque année, le coniefl d'administration de la division et le commis' saire aux révues procéderont au recensemeof des magasins, et le résultat en sera jconsUté par un procès-verbal, qui sera soumis à l'exa men du conseil d'administration du porte! adressé au ministre par le préfet maritime. ^ 119.' Chaque bâtiment recevra un appron* sionnement de prévoyance d'efifets d'babiO^ ment destiné à pourvoir aux remplacemeiii. L'importance de cet approvisionnemenl sera déterminée par le préfet maritime, soi* vaut la nature et la durée des campagnes, et conformément au tarif n^ 12. Les demanaes en seront faites par le conseil d'adminisin tion du bâtiment , sur un état modèle Q° >4' LOUIS' PHILIPPE !«'. Il sera déposé à bord un )ocal conveo^le pour remplacement et la conservation des-^ dits effets. lies efets d'habillement seront visités an moins une fois par mois, en présence de VoCficier chargé du détail et du secrétaire du conseil. Le résultat de cette yisite, constaté par un procès-verbal , sera j^nscrit sur les journaux de bord et sur te rôle d*équipage* Le commandant et le second du b«iment seront particulièrement responsables de la conservation de ces effets , sauf les cas de force majeure, dûment constatés. iao. L*ofûcier d'habillement inscrira ces fournitures, leur prix et leur valeur totale, sur un livret remis à cet effet au secrétaire du conseil;, et qui sera conforme au modèle n° a5, et le cotiseil de bord sera débité im médiatement de la valeqr desdites founrî tures. Leas effets d'approvisionnement de pré-, voyance seront considérés comme des dé penses définitives ^^r la division , qui en portera le montant à son crédit dans la reyne générale de la liquidation. xai. Les effets délivrés pendant le séjour des bâtimens sur la rade et pris dans Tappror visionnement de prévoyance, seront rempla cés sur des demandes^ numériques conformes au modèle n? %i faites par les conseils de bord, en raison des besoins du service. lorsque les bâtimens n'auront pas à bord d'approvisionnement de prévoyance, le com» plément des sacs aura lieu également sur des demandes numériques conformes au modèle On se conformera à ce que prescrivent les articles i r!2 et 1 14 pour la délivrance et rins« cription des effets. 133. Les envois d'effets aux bâtimens en , cours de^ campagne seront constatés par un^ commission composée de deux officiers dési gnés par le conseil d'administration delà di vision, du commissaire aux revues et d'un pu de deux officiers de la majorité générale. Cette commission fera procéder; en sa pré sence, à remballage ou à rencaissement des >dits effets. Jiors de la remise de ces effets |iu4}âtiment qui les aura demandés, Iji recette en sera faite par le conseil d'administration du bord, ep présence d'un officier délégué par le capitaine du bâtiment qui les aura transportés : il sera dressé de cette remise un proces-verbal indi quant l'état des J)allots et les quantités d'ef fets reçus. 123. Lorsqu'il s'agira de cessions d'effets d'une division à une autre , on se conformera aux dispositions du premier paragraphe de l'article précédent ; mais, à l'arrivée dèsdits effets à leur destination» le capitaine d'habil Icment , deux officiers de la division nomnr'és «* 11 OCTOBRE 18S6. 441 par le major-général et le eomimssure aux re^ vues, procéderont à l'ouverture des cuisses et ballots. Ils constateront le nombre -et Tétai des effets reçus. 124* A la mer, dans les colonies firançaises et en pays étrangers, les commandans pour ront, en cas de nécessité, tpérer des cessions d'effets d'habillement, dans les formes en usage pour les versemens de bâtiment à bâti ment Les états de cessions, modèle n* a6, in diqueront le prix de chaque effet et la videur totale du versement. Il sera fait mention de ces opérations sur les livrets d'habillement des deux bâtimens. Les états de cessions seront envoyés en dou ble expédition au 'commissaire aux revues du port qui compte de la dépense du bâti ment quia opéré le versement Celui-ci en gardera une et enverra l'antre au commis saire aux revues du port auquel appartient le bâtiment qui a reçu les effets. Les conseils d'administration seront respon sables des pertes que l'inscription des prix fautifs aux états de cessions pourrait taire tourner au détonent du trésor. ia5. Lorsque des eCfetl^ délivrés à des ma rins embarqués seront perdus ou détruits ^ par suite d'évènemens de force m'ajeure , le conseil d'administration, sur le rapport du capitaine de la compagnie, dressera un nro cès"verbal constatant leur nombre et teiir valeur, ainsi que les causes qui en auront déterminé la perte. . ^ Ce procès-verbal sera envoyé aux commis saires aux revues, pour être soumis au mi nistre de la marine par l'intermédiaire du préfet maritime. Si l'événement consigné dans ledit procès verbal est de nature à justifier la perte, et s'il demeure constant que tous les moyens praticables ont été employés pour la préve nir, les marins recevront de nô^iyeaux effets, et lei;ir compte, ainsi quelaVevue de liquida tion , seront crédités , à titre de dégrèvement, • d'une somme équivalent à la valeur des ef« fets perdus, valeur que Ton appréciera, dans le procès-verbal, d'après la durée qui leur* restait à faire. xa6. Au désarmement des bâtimens, les effets d'approvisionnement qui n'auront pas été délivrés seront versés au miagaSin de la division , qui en donnera décharge. Si ces effets se trouvent avariés en tout ou > en partie « ils seront soumis, avec un, procès» verbal dressé par le conseil d'administration du bord , et indiquant les causes de détà-io-' ration, à l'examen d'une commission compo sée du commandant de la division, du com missaire aux revues et de Tofficier d'habille ment. Cette commission, après avoir entendu l'officier chargé du détail et le commis d'ad ministration du bâiiment, évaluera, dans un 4i^ LOUf9-PÉlLIPP£ I*. • ppMèi»ireriMd, inodèle ft* «9 « là d^Matkm qtttkidiitt ftnrMt MttfClrté, et m^ rftdrti» 8flHiilifvéCétairiUtt«, cj^til lé trtnMiflttni « avec tes propret observations et le ptùfikê* verbal dràise à bord « au niiiiittre ée la na rine, pour qu'il aeit sUM mt le reMbom^ senent.parottidedreit, dé laj»enerés«^ tani de la déterioratien daadiu enail Ces dispositioas aent appUcablet ai» effele fl'babUUNDeat dent ht ieniaili d'adariitlatta* tien def bàtiiaeoiqin se tienveraielit tw lei rades de France croiraient devoir fnre ta reeiise ett aMfasiafpour éiriter une cemplèle déterioratien pendant k eattpiyM; aMM le remise de ces efiets dans les megitini de la division n'aura lien qoe d'après iMoHsalioft du préfet maritiaie. TiTBK XI. Sotde. 19^ La solde des ofllciers, offtders ma riuiers, marins et sitfntiaiéraifM; les sap plémeiH, iademiiifés et allocations de toute nature, seroat payés d'après les fliations éta blies par les tarifo annêlés à la présente or donnance. taS. Totts les ] iaeor|Mfèi^i,aux teraMi des ré^eineas milHaires, eontraclê reat deeréèagegeaieni, Obtiendront lesbaft* tei-pal» ééteraûoéei par le tarif n* 6w ta^. lorsmtlt s'agira de détennioer tes droits des offidefs-attHmers et marins â ta. betfCe-psrfe d^tndemieté, Il sera tenu compte aux admis temporaires, comme eut fûcorp(F réf , des services I fBtAe antérieurs k îeur ap pel ou à lettr engftgemeftf. Four obfetrir cette baatepflie, les marius compteront leurs services dcrims rige de sei£e aas, et les militaires ae raruiëe de terre qak ^enf^eroat dans le$ divisions, te«9 lem^ terviees pontérleurs i rftge de dix^ huit afis. tes services des ouvriers inscrits seront comotés de ta ménie matdère que ceux des nmiiff, pour étabïïr leurs droits k fa boute* paie, tSo. les oflleiersaâfriniers et marins jocritsant de ta hedte-p.ire jom^nafïèfe, qui seront faits prisonniers de guerre, seront rap pelas, i hn» reteur en FruMe, de ladite 1— topait, poortmrt le te«p» de lewei^^ vitéySurtMélaleoaCRnBeaaaMèète 9* 2^ Ce rappel awa Nev d'epvèe le membre de càeerafl^ aeMrie à Hmumm aa mêmtm eu ttaétipim II* fliéme rappel aura lies fur on éier, n* 29^ à Vé^ird ées effteteri-Mirl» rme qai, ayaat dea A'eiU à la , a«feal laidsMeieel MOidttfi ke pîèeee'imiâeaElives; nuis ettfe aMMafieii «f •wte ko* être aecoréée ^k dater ât leur eraièffe adeûssien au service. Iierappelsera teuiours fait par ks sdiM 11 OCTOBRE 1 836. an bAthbeitt du de là ditisien qui adÉilait trera le narin ati meineat oli il pf^itiba U justification de sa dema^e. La dépénM MMrldlt «ttf lé bàtinèftt^ ai l'hemne ta, eitd»arqtié « et itf r ht divl»îto» f^ estdftttimie(»<lijb^êl terr«« itm égaie à ta tpédaUté d'etereke ni à respèéê éê stfptiee. ^ tête JAsa mtÊim inefttpdrés 4 jpi It «l> niiife attfa âceutviêf Mit de§ eetiÉêi wm# rifa^ tu fBtetir éei oiHpigitM I a<Hf de* «Mh géideeDiilraleto«iiee, du tioat afialiM* fth 8onneUes,etlfltt«rtasqttiMro«t «averj^eft ctftifé de leftieim p» ttesufe d'admînilCA tiofi . rectffroat ta Aonioa de lolde indiquée par le» taHfs Joitité à le présente ordoimeftcê. Le rappel de (ïelte portion de Mldeiw leur sera fait qu'à leor reiitrèe eu eorps. Ijes marias qui auraient ebtenu de* eMfèt comme soutiens de famille n'auront droit I auetÉe espèee «eselde peidfiHk émèa de leur absenee» ^_^ LeAproleAj^tlefts de eMt^és fCftWt Iftii^tlflv sâM solde. x3a. Les marins qui, sans fliotifîl vdebles, n'aoïMmt pAi féjoimx à retpirstieft de leur confé, sereiit prlvéi de leur solde é'alKeaeg, saas pré|udl«e des peaffuMet qui eereot es er* cèeseMtreein,ti leur ab»e»ee tfe pti^am§a ao'delà des tetoies preidriti p«r le» fé|k mens. lîl A terre, tes officiers poofrdat délé guer à leurs famittes ou à des tiers k mtfldé au plus de leurs appotntemenâ, et, & le 0er, jusqu'à coucurrettce des quatre cinquiéitiei. Toutefois les délégations faites par dei of ficiers à' des tiers ne pdurrontiètre admises que d'après Tantorisation du préfet màritiolé, et elles ne seront payées, en cours de ctm pegne,q«|èsarknièftUitt des lOflKiiee ec cpiiee& Les offieiers«nMriakrs et mateMe ta treis ekascB poorteal déléi^mp k tiers de li«r aeUe isiégrale, tofft k îffrf, soit èk mer. Cette faclihé s'est «eeordée à eei dend*s qu^ea kveat de koi^ fcmen» ou dekmv e»> fans , de leurs frères ou sœurs , ou dk kan aaeeadaBtb ha détégetioai des.offtek» et nraeioe ean berqués ne pourront être payées ^piepaf ïat peeta qpà eoaaptent âét bMimeM, et elki serealtomeun étabHeesar FintécriÉâlê à$ la soTde «et nrarsns, seos tfveir égMréeffi meuvenefl» d'Mfitaax qu'As pcterrMkt Iteir éprouvés. i^. DettB k cas Oit ki offick^v mftriiifers ef ttanos désignés à f«rtick ci-dessus, an« rakar dftptru na^ stiHe de sinistres _ leurs parens et allié» délégataires reeevroflt pendant un an les portions de solde cnn kur atiroAtétê déléguées, torsque les bèâmens LOUIS-PHILIPPE |C^ — Il OCTOB&E iS^. sur lesquels «es oCficiers-marimers et meiins étaient embarqués avaient une destinatioQ pour les mers d^Burope; peiidant dâux eM« pour leslieux situés hors à Europe et sur V4^ ùmû^ue; pendant trois ans^ pour les parages situés au-delà dueap dâ Hom et du eop ^ Bomnô'Sspérancc. z35. Lorsque les officiers*mariniers et amp rins qui se trouveront dans le cas prévu par Tartide précédent n'auront point fait de dé légation! leurs femmes et leurs enkns reoe vront, par les soins du commissaire aux re* vues, des seeou» équivalant à la portion de solde que ees officiers-mariniers ou marins auraient été eutorisés à déléguer , et la durée de ces secours sera réglée conformément au principe établi dans ledit article. z36. Lorsque des marins, célibataires ou veufs sans emaus, se trouveront dans la si tuation prévue par Varticle 1 35 .leurs pareas ascendans auront droit à une iuaemaUé ég^ à deux mois de la solde des marins dont ils sont appelés à recueiUir lliéritage. x37. Indépcaaidamment de leur solde, les officiers mariniers et marins des divisions re cevront, pendant leur séjour à terre» une ration de vivres de journalier, sans via, qui sera fournie des magasins de la marine. i38. A terre, la solde et les hautes-paies seront acquittées par mois, i terme échu. zSg. Le paiement de la solde s'opérera sur des états d'^effectif, modèle n<> 40, qui seront soumit à la yériâeatiou et au visa du com missaire aux revaes. z4o. A terre, les états de paiement seront ordminancés au nom du conseil d'adminis trMion de la division, qui en recevra le mon tant. A cet effet, il sera établi une caisse à trois cleft, où seront renfermées toutes les sommes remues par le conseil d'iidministration. Ladite cause aéra déposée chez le commandant de la division. Des trois defs de la caisse , l'une restera entre les mains du commandant, président du eenseil d'adoMnistration ; l'antre sera re mise au commandant en second , la troisième au qnaflier-maltre-trésorier. 141. Le paiement de la solde et des ^ di verses allocations qui s'y rattachent sera ré gularisé par trimestre. t4*. iM remise des sommô dlM|oées par lea avariasse fera dans les qainae |oan qui suivront chaque trimestre, par les soins et soM la responsab^ité du oomiilbsaire aux revues. 143. Les dettes aatériaures 4 kt dernière admissioB au service , les dégâts eosMuis dans les casernes, la perte eu la dégradation des effetad'habiUoBMnt, lars«pi'ils areiviendrant de la faute des marios, et les frais de ca^ tura et d'artestatioB déurminés pur le tatif n« ^ daaaeront lieu k ua renifcoursemtnt é(pH valent, «ai s«L_ .^,_, retauia dis oana tien dis t^..^. payer jusqu'à raequittenanldiit t44« il ail «ipvasiéflwat déf^du à tout officier militaire, ainsi qU'aiBi ofloien d'ad inialitration, (faiatioar au d'aatoriMr aucune retenue sur la solde des officiers-mariniers au ' I, ii aa ifaïc dans lit «M IbiuaHemant w Jeaafdaanaacai et fégleiiieas , «w^ pmmmm w paaiboufietteai été laaiaies re tenues iilégaliaiH^iat dapoMat fUm forte, s'il jralieu. Tirai Xn. Coaseilf d^adniaîstratîoa.' i4S. Itsenifemé, ûtM chaque division , un comeH d'admbistratioii camposé aimi qu'il suit : Division Dx z** eiiàSiE. Le commandsot, président; Le cotttnândittt en teeoad , vlee-prMdthf ; Lt nt|«r, fàffêTt*!nt ; Daas U««l«ii«M de vélaMaai Le ^aartMr-neMtt néiirits, teaiflliseat le» foaatiqM de seeeétowei L'offifilM d'habillameal. Division na a« classe. Le CMMieMUal« p9imi»mk ; Le B^or, vice-présMlenl ^ Cfi lieatenent de taûceev, refportear; Le qaarfier-maitre-tr^«orier, reeiftlisaiit let fonctions de iccrëtaire; L*offe?er d*hibilletaent. Les HeuleaaBi faire partia du cOfeseift stiat cauxdaladirisioa, au» àdéfaal, jMrârii lia offiriert du même gfijla eaipbyéi patt« Les adfu^oB-auiavt »a aaurraat li^ par tie du canseil d'adailahliatian da hi M sia«, cl H en aéra de même das affteiaH chfraés éa casanMttant daaa la» dlvWmn de I" classe. Les yeuêenaas de vaiiicau qui deviwit faire partie des wb bsU é^rfmiwtratiaa «e rostnaesniés, tous Wa ans, par la miaiiite de la marine, sar dae éttftê éa pmpoiiliaft oue lui soumettwwl les préfets awirilluini, dans ke ptettiers jouas m mais de déeai bre. Ces états' compfaid^pat la daublt du naahre dee Mdàn à naaMBer» Atiiant que passible, kt lisanaaiw àê vaisaeaa lelrofit chaâiis parmi eeux qui liiiemutdtfla aaar. Les caaaeib d'admAMtcatîM euMcaaai m fonettons la i** jaaasar à9 i!ha>|aa aaaéa. Bu cas d'abareMa à$ tim das aiwaihres titulaires du conseil d'admiaisHaHaa, il y ses» suppléé par «ai «tf eiev du aiéaw grade ou dug^da immèiianaiitu laMriaat, cMtt pat la préial anriiima patBK ea«t 4 la divi sion, et , à défaut, parmi eevi tmflêfh au I qai daffMt aiaMi par«i daii le 444 LOUiS-PHItlPPB le^ — Ll OCTOBEE l836« port. Le quartier-maitre-trésorier sera top* pléé par le plut ancien des commU de marine entretenus attachés à la division. 146. Le conseil d'administration de la di« -vision sera chargé, De poorvoimu service général de Thabil lement ; De faire acquitter la solde à teire, et de diriger tontes les autres opérations relatives à l'administration et à la comptabilité des compagnies qiii ne sont pas embarquées. i47> Le commandant en second et le quar tier-maître de la division auront leurs bu« reaux dans les casernes ou dans le local affecté aux séances du conseil d'administration , lors que les compagnies seront casemées sur des Dâtimens désarmés. 148. Il sera tenu par les conseils d'adminis tration des divisions, et par les conseils de bord, un registre conforme au modèle n^3o. Ce registre, coté et paraphé par le comniis saire aux revues, servira à l'enregistrement, par ordre de date, de toutes les délibérations qui seront prises par le conseil , et à la trans cription, à la fin de chaque trimestre, des arrêtés du livre de caisse, du journal du quartier-maître et des registres des officiers comptables. 149. A bord de chaque bâtiment armé par les équipages de ligne, et quel que soit son rang, le conseil d'admmistration sera composé ainsi qu*il suit : Le commandant, président; l'officier en secocd ; le commis d'administration. Le commis d'administration remplira en même temps les fonctions de secrétaire do conseil. Eh cas d'absence, il sera remplacé par un lieutenant de frégate, au choix du commandant. Il recevra les frais de bureau alloués par le tarif n« 5 annexé à la présente ordonnance, à la charge par lui de pourvoir ~ le conseil de bord des fournitures d bureau nécessaires à latenue'de ses séances, lés regis tres exceptés. i5o. A bord des vaisseaux et firégates , lés commandans des bâtimens mettront à la dis position de l'officier en second ainsi que du commis d'administration un écrivain pris {uirmi les hommes de l'équipage. Chacun de ces écrivains recevra le supplé ment déterminé par le tarif n« G*. i5i. Lorsque les commandans de» bâtimens seront dans le cas de former, des détachemens au-dessous d'une section de compagnie, pour conduire des prises, sedburir des bâtimens, etc., ces détachemenK seront administrés par l'officier ou l'officier marinier qui en aura le commandement i5a. Les conseils d'adipinistration de bord dirigeront toutes les opérations de la compta bilité du personuel , sous leeontrôle du com missaire aua revues. i53. Il sera délivré aux consdls d'adminis* tration des divisions, ainsi qu'aux cooseilsde Ixml, un livret d^né à l'inscription de tous les paiemens , au fur et a mesure qulli auront beu; cette inscription y sera portée par ceux qui auront effectué lesdits paiemens. Ce livret , conforme au modèle n» 3i, len coté et paraphé par le commissaire aax r^ vues. i54. A terre, les différentes parties de la comptabilité seront vérifiées et arrêtées pro visoirement , àjla'fin de chaque trimestre , par les conseils d'administration des divisions. A la mer, on se conformera aux disposi tions qui seront prescrites à la a* section da titre XVI. . z55. Les conseils d'administvatien des di* visions seront responsables des sommes et effets mis à leur disposition, et des dépenses de toute nature autorisées en contravention aux réglemehs et aux tarifs , comme aussi de toutes celles qui seraient effectuées an moyen de pièces irregulières, altérées ou sorduff gées ; ils le seront également des errenrs de calcul et des doubles emplois , et de tontes les opérations illicites. Cette responsabilité ne cesse que par l'ef fet de la prescription légale. i56. Toutes les dispositions indiquées dus l'article précédent seront communes anioofr s^ls d'aaministration des bâtimens. TiTBE XIII. Tenae des matricoles, conlr^eitt livres de compagnie. 157. Il sera tenu, dans chaoue division, une matricule générale destinée a inscrire ki noms des officiels-mariniers et maiins.de tout grade, provenant du, recrutement et de l'enrôtement volontaire. Cette matricule sera conforme an Dodèk n» 3a. Les hommes y seront portés sans dj tinction de compagnie, d'après la date de leur admission ou de leur incorporation; l'indication des compagnies dont ils feront partie sera relatée dans la colonne desmoa vemena. La matricule sera divisée parvoinmede miHeou cinq cents cases, et, paur focilitff les reâierches , il sera établi des tables alp' bétiques conformes au modèle n'* 33. i58r. Tout homme inscrit sur la matricule de la division conservera indéfiniment soi numéro , même lôrsqu-'il rentrera au ser«ce après avoif été congédié ou rayé des coaf^ les , pour quelque cause que ce soit. 159. Il nestera jamais fait de radiationw^ les matricules ; les pertes y seroqt ""J^jj par les mutations, et l'on y inscrira ^'^•J': les motifs de la réadmission , lorsqiril y an'* 160. La tenue de la matricule sera cofflie^ au commandant en second de ladinnoo. tOOlSPHILIPPE ler SOUS la surveillaiice du conseil d'adminiitra tion.
| 16,083 |
US-202217803707-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,583 | 9,810 |
Methods of reducing electric fields on mobile phones and capacitive touchscreens
ABSTRACT
In part, the disclosure relates to a method of reducing the interaction of mobile phones and capacitive touchscreens with electrically charged aerosols. The method may include reducing electrostatic field from a mobile device using one or more conductive meshes sized to shield a region of a mobile device, wherein the region of the mobile device is an electric field source. Additionally, the method may also include processing signals used to charge the mobile device using one or more of a linear regulator and a signal conditioner to reduce harmonic content of the signals such that the voltage level of signals used to charge the mobile device is less than about 100 V/m RMS, or even more preferably to less than about 20 V/m RMS.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to the U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No. 63/270,859, filed Oct. 22, 2021.
BACKGROUND
During the course of the SARS Covid-19 pandemic, several avenues of viral transmission were identified, including large droplets, fine aerosols, and surface contamination. Corrective actions, including social distancing, mask-wearing, and sanitization were implemented with some levels of success [1-3]. However, with this and other airborne viruses, transmission in indoor, low-relative humidity environments still poses a challenge [4].
Aerosols generally, as aqueous solutions with dissolved salts, are known to carry electric charge [5]. This may include aerosols laden with viral particles. Therefore, the interactions between electrically charged aerosols and objects that emit electric fields, such as capacitive touchscreens, mobile phones, permanent magnets, and wireless charging pads, especially in indoor environments with low relative humidity, could be another important avenue of study, as these interactions could lead to either accumulation of virus-laded aerosols on the surfaces of these objects or to dispersion and accumulation on nearby surfaces.
SUMMARY
In part, the disclosure relates to methods and systems for reducing the electric field emanating from mobile phones and capacitive touchscreen display technologies. While these fields are already quite low and certainly within established standards for electrical devices, the methods included in this disclosure are designed to further reduce these fields to minimize the possibility of electrostatic interactions with aerosols, dust and viruses, as this could be a very subtle and non-obvious effect.
The method may include reducing electrostatic field from a mobile device or capacitive touchscreen using one or more conductive meshes sized to shield a region of a mobile device or capacitive touchscreen, wherein the region of the mobile device or capacitive touchscreen is an electric field source. Additionally, the method may also include processing signals used to charge the mobile device or capacitive touchscreen using one or more of a bridge rectifier, linear regulator, and a signal conditioner such that the level of AC electric fields which emanate from the mobile phone or capacitive touchscreen is less than about 100 V/m.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone wall charger that includes a linear regulator or a signal conditioner to limit the level of AC electric field which emanates from the mobile phone or capacitive touchscreen to less than 100 V/m, wherein the signal regulator is selected from a group consisting of a filter, one or more diodes, a noise conditioner, a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and combinations thereof.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone wall charger that includes a bridge rectifier that includes four or more diodes. In one embodiment, the linear regulator incorporates Zener diodes.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone wall charger that makes use of true Earth ground in the electric circuit in order to limit the level of AC electric field to less than 100 V/m.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone case which incorporates a transparent electrostatic film on the front and back surfaces of the mobile phone and which has the primary purpose of minimizing the DC electrostatic charge on the mobile phone while the mobile phone is in an unplugged, non-charging state. In one embodiment, the electrostatic film is selected from the group consisting of a vinyl film, a silica film, a polymer film, a doped film or other films that are generally negative on the triboelectric scale.
In part, the disclosure relates to a conductive Faraday shield which is placed on the back surface of the mobile phone in order to reduce the overall DC electrostatic charge on the mobile phone while the mobile phone is in an unplugged, non-charging state. In one embodiment, the Faraday shield is fabricated from a mesh or sheet selected from the group of conductors consisting of brass, iron, copper, or aluminum.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone case that includes a conductive Faraday shield made from a conductive mesh or sheet sized to permit wireless charging.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone case which facilitates a connection between Earth ground and the capacitive touchscreen circuit to reduce the AC electric field to a level below 100 V/m while the mobile phone is being charged either by a mobile phone wall charger or a wireless charging pad.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone case primarily fabricated from the group of materials known as electrostatic discharge materials.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone that includes a linear regulator that includes four or more diodes to reduce the harmonic content of the voltage output such that the resulting AC fields in the mobile phone or capacitive touchscreen are less than about 100 V/m.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone that includes a linear regulator and an output tuning capacitor which tunes the voltage output such that the resulting AC fields in the phone are less than about 100 V/m.
In part, the disclosure relates to a wireless charging pad which incorporates a Faraday enclosure in order to minimize the AC electric fields during charging to less than 100 V/m RMS on the surface of that Faraday enclosure. In one embodiment, the Faraday shield is connected to Earth ground.
In part, the disclosure relates to a mobile phone which incorporates an electric filtering circuit designed to limit the AC electric field on the surface of the mobile phone to less than 100 V/m while the mobile phone is charging on a mobile phone wall charger.
In part, in a more optimized embodiment, this disclosure relates to the aforementioned techniques to further reduce the maximum measured value of AC electric field to less than about 20 V/m RMS measured on the surface of a mobile phone or capacitive touchscreen, which is charging.
Although the disclosure relates to different aspects and embodiments, it is understood that the different aspects and embodiments disclosed herein can be integrated, combined, or used together as a combination system, or in part, as separate components, devices, and systems, as appropriate. Thus, each embodiment disclosed herein can be incorporated in each of the aspects to varying degrees as appropriate for a given implementation.
PRIOR ART Mobile Phone Wall Charger
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,912,763 B2 - U.S. Pat. No. 9,147,973 B1 - U.S. Pat. No. 2004/0204177 A1
U.S. Pat. No. 8,912,763 B2 pertains to a charger device and includes electronic filtering technology. However, we claim that our mobile phone wall charger design is both unique and non-obvious as it has the expressed function of reducing the resulting AC electric field which emanates from the surface of the mobile phone to a value less than 100 V/m RMS.
Furthermore, this above-referenced patent and others cited therein make no reference to adding an Earth-ground plug to the mobile phone wall charger. In this respect, what is novel and non-obvious is that the Earth ground plug may be utilized to improve the performance of the electronic filtering such that the AC electric field emanating from the mobile phone is reduced to a value less than 100 V/m RMS.
Furthermore, it is both novel and non-obvious that the Earth ground connection established by the mobile phone charger plug may be utilized in combination of the charging cable and mobile phone case to connect one or more surfaces of the capacitive touchscreen to Earth ground, thereby minimizing the AC electric field resonance from occurring.
Mobile Phone Case
US Patent none found
We could not find any prior art that dealt with minimizing electrostatic fields on a mobile phone.
Capacitive touchscreens utilize “excess electrons” on the screen surface to facilitate the location of a human finger, so it is well-known and obvious that there are electrons and, therefore, electrostatic charge on a touchscreen.
Dust accumulates on capacitive touchscreens via electrostatic attraction.
However, it is non-obvious that these screens still work even if the excess electrons are minimized, as the local drop in voltage due to the presence of a human finger still occurs even if some of these excess electrons are neutralized by the electrostatic film.
Wireless Charging Pad
U.S. Pat. No. 10,027,150 B2
U.S. Pat. No. 10027150B2 references RF/EMI shielding for a wireless charger; however, this is referring to or assuming higher frequency shielding, which is on the order of giga-hertz (GHz), as evidenced by references to using metallic coatings, for example, for shielding. For example, the skin depth for aluminum at 1 GHz is 2.6 microns.
However, for our application, we are trying to shield much lower frequencies in the 50-150 kHz range. For example, to shield 100 kHz with aluminum, the skin depth is 260 microns, which is typically much larger than most plating thicknesses, which are typically only a few microns.
Furthermore, in order to fully-shield a signal, an enclosure needs to be 3-4 skin depths thick, which, in the case of aluminum at 100 kHz, would be ~1000 microns, or 0.040 inches thick.
While this enclosure is similar in concept to that cited in the previously refenced patent, the non-obvious part is that we are trying to shield much lower frequencies.
The idea of using electrical Earth ground to aid in the shielding is also novel and non-obvious.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrative principles. The figures are to be considered illustrative in all aspects and are not intended to limit the disclosure, the scope of which is defined only by the claims.
FIG. 1A is a plot showing typical AC voltage, or ripple, waveform from the output of a laptop computer 5 V USB port. Note that the peak-peak voltage spike has a value of ~0.1 V.
FIG. 1B is a plot showing typical AC voltage, or ripple, waveforms from the output of a mobile phone wall charger. Note that the peak-peak voltage is ~1.0 V, which is an order of magnitude larger than the battery charging case.
FIG. 2A is an exemplary sawtooth waveform from the output of an electrical device charger.
FIG. 2B provides the corresponding Fourier decomposition showing multiple harmonics that are targets for removal using one or more of the devices or methods disclosed herein according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 3A is a contour plot showing the AC electric fields (V/m RMS) on the surface of and in the vicinity of a mobile phone charging either in an unplugged, non-charging state or charging using a 5 V battery pack. Note that there is essentially no emanating AC field.
FIG. 3B is a plot showing the AC electric fields (V/m) on the surface of and in the vicinity of a mobile phone charging using a mobile phone wall charger.
FIG. 4 shows a typical waveform for the 100-turn pick-up coil which measures the frequency of the output electric field (V/m) on a mobile phone. Note that the minor frequency is ~50 kHz with a ~500 kHz ripple.
FIG. 5 shows the experimental set-up for studying the interaction between negatively charged aerosols generated by a generic mesh nebulizer and a mobile phone using a strip of moisture-absorbing TeeJet paper.
FIG. 6 provides the configuration of a mobile device with a Faraday shield and electrostatic films added to reduce the overall DC electrostatic charge on the mobile phone according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 7A is a photograph showing exemplary data for a low relative humidity (RH ~ 47%) trial using a mesh nebulizer to flow negatively charged aerosols over an Alcatel TracFone mobile phone. The flow direction is from right to left.
FIG. 7B is a photograph showing exemplary data for a low relative humidity (RH ~ 47%) trial using a mesh nebulizer to flow negatively charged aerosols over an LG G Stylo mobile phone. The flow direction is from right to left.
FIG. 7C is a photograph showing exemplary data for a low relative humidity (RH ~ 47%) trial using a mesh nebulizer to flow negatively charged aerosols over an Apple iPhone 8 mobile phone. The flow direction is from right to left.
FIG. 8 is a photograph of the relative humidity comparison (high: RH -60% and low: RH ~ 47%) trial using a mesh nebulizer to flow negatively charged aerosols over an Apple iPhone 8 mobile phone. The flow direction is from right to left.
FIG. 9 shows a mobile phone wall charger which incorporates the Earth ground plug.
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of an exemplary mobile phone wall charger that includes a bridge rectifier and a linear regulator configured to reduce the AC electric field emanating from a mobile phone to less than 100 V/m.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of an exemplary mobile phone wall charger that incorporates Zener diodes to regulate the output voltage in order to reduce the AC electric field emanating from a mobile phone to less than 100 V/m.
FIG. 12A shows the AC electric field level (V/m RMS) for a wireless charging pad with no phone.
FIG. 12 B shows the AC electric field level (V/m RMS) for a wireless charging pad with a charging phone.
FIG. 13 shows a typical waveform for the 100-turn pick-up coil which measures the frequency of the output electric field (V/m RMS)) on the surface of a mobile phone which is being charged on a wireless charging pad.
FIG. 14 shows a Faraday enclosure, which utilizes electrical Earth grounding, for a wireless charging assembly.
DRAWING NUMBERING AND VOCABULARY 100 5 V USB Battery Pack Waveform 600 Electrical Circuit 1 110 Wall Charger Voltage Waveform 610 Transformer 200 Mobile Phone 620 Bridge Rectifier 300 Mesh Nebulizer 630 Linear Regulator 310 TeeJet Moisture-Sensitive Paper 640 Capacitor 320 Base 700 Electrical Circuit 2 400 Mobile Phone Wall Charger 710 Zener Diodes 410 5 V USB Input Port 720 Resistor 420 Earth Ground Plug 800 Wireless Charging Pad 430 Earth Ground Connection 810 Faraday Enclosure 500 Mobile Phone Case 820 Earth Ground Shield Connection 510 Electrostatic Film 520 Faraday Shield
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Mobile phones 200, tablets and capacitive touchscreens, in general, are ubiquitous in modern society and in developed and developing nations alike. Various advertising kiosks and signage include many types of electronic display technology. In airports, airplanes, taxis, car services, trains, transportation hubs, and various public places, device users routinely engage in charging their phones and tablets. Phones, tablets, and modern display technologies may use capacitive touchscreens which essentially use parallel-plate capacitor sheets to detect the touch and location of a human finger. These screens are designed to project a DC electrostatic field across the surface of the screen; this technology is called projected capacitance. This projected electric field is altered by the presence of a human finger, which has a higher conductivity than air due to its water content, causing a change in the local capacitance and voltage. Furthermore, time-varying AC electric fields are excited within the device during charging from an AC 120 V, 60 Hz wall power supply.
While there is nothing inherently wrong with capacitive touchscreen technology, there may be very subtle interactions, whereby these AC electric fields interact with overpassing electrically charged aerosols, which may contain viruses, causing accumulation or contamination of nearby surfaces.
In some embodiments, one or more sawtooth-shaped bridge-rectified DC signals may be modified using various devices or signal processing steps to reduce excitation of AC fields and, in turn, reduce the interaction with electrically charged aerosols.
Aerosols generated by human breath are generally negatively charged [1, 2], while dust and viruses are generally positively charged, allowing either to become either attracted or repelled by electrically charged surfaces at low relative humidity (RH), typically RH < 55% [3], where the combination of higher surface resistivities [4] and lower air electrical conductivity gives rise to stronger electrostatic interactions between electrically charged particles, surfaces and devices.
Charged surfaces include capacitive touchscreens which are used in many electronic devices, including touchscreens on mobile phones 200 and tablets. Electrostatic interactions may be enhanced by the AC electric fields generated during phone charging, as other researchers have demonstrated that fine droplets can be agglomerated onto the larger ones through AC electric field-induced collisions, thereby improving the effectiveness of an electrostatic precipitator [5-8].
These fields may be generated from the AC-DC bridge rectifier 620 in the mobile phone wall chargers 400 generating a sawtooth-shaped waveform 110 which has higher-order harmonic content as shown in FIG. 1B. In addition, the permanent magnet used in a device’s speaker projects a magnetic field. All of these electric and magnetic fields may interact with electrically charged aerosols and other airborne particles, like dust and viruses, changing their flight paths by electrostatic interactions, such as attraction and repulsion.
In various embodiments, two different types of electric fields were measured—DC electrostatic and AC electric fields. The DC electrostatic fields were expected due to the projected capacitance aspect of a capacitive touchscreen, but the AC electric field was non-obvious. Using a Lascells E-Field Detector (model no. LA 10-990), the DC electrostatic charge was measured to be in the range of 0-100 picocoulombs (pC) on various locations on the surfaces of both an Apple iPhone 8 and an LG G Stylo. The observation of electrostatic charge was further confirmed using a Faraday pail experiment which measured the total electrostatic charge on both phones in the range of around 0 to 1 V using a Pasco Faraday pail (model no. ES-9042-A).
Time-varying AC fields are generated when an AC wall outlet is used to charge the mobile phone 200. The 120 V, 60 Hz AC waveform is converted to an approximate 5 V DC waveform 110 using a bridge rectifier 620 circuit. Referring to FIG. 1B, the resulting DC sawtooth waveform 110 when using a mobile phone wall charger 400 has periodic, abrupt step changes before each decay, whereas the waveform 100 resulting from a 5 V battery pack is more smoothly varying as shown in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 2A shows an exemplary sawtooth waveform, such as that shown in the charging profiles of FIG. 1B, in the time domain in FIG. 2A and also in the frequency domain in FIG. 2B. As shown in FIG. 2B, a sawtooth waveform has not only the main fundamental frequency but also higher order harmonics. This higher-order harmonic content can excite one or more electrical circuits of the mobile phone 200, thereby creating AC electric fields which emanate from the surface of the mobile phone 200. These fields could possibly increase the propensity for a mobile phone 200, capacitive touchscreen display, tablet, or other devices propensity to interact with electrically charged aerosols.
Various embodiments of the disclosure modify one or more device mobile phone wall charger 400 waveforms to reduce the emanating AC electric fields, especially in low indoor relative humidity environments, typically below 55% RH, where electrostatic interactions are more likely to occur.
This step change in voltage generates high harmonic content which results in the AC electric and magnetic fields, so-called EMF, which emanate from the surface of the mobile phone 200. These fields were measured using a handheld TriField EMF Meter Model TF2 on the surface of an Apple iPhone 8 while charging on a 5 V battery pack and also on a mobile phone wall charger 400 are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, respectively. The measured AC electric fields are virtually zero while charging on a 5 V battery pack, whereas peak values of ~500 V/m RMS are found while charging on a mobile phone wall charger 400. Since the phone has little to no AC electric field in its unplugged, normal state, or while charging on a smooth 5 V battery pack, the design of smoother charging methods is the main focus of this disclosure, as opposed to the design of a mobile phone or capacitive touchscreen itself.
The frequency of these AC electric fields induced by electric charging was measured using a simple 100-turn wire-wound pick-up coil. An oscilloscope trace of the output electric field waveform is provided in FIG. 4 , showing a pulse frequency of ~50 kHz with an overriding higher frequency of ~500 kHz typically. These are considered low frequencies in comparison to the expected GHz-level RF frequencies of wireless communication. In addition, the frequency response of the TriField TF2 meter is 40 Hz to 100 kHz, so these frequencies are within the upper portion of the range of this meter.
A simple aerosol experiment was designed and implemented to investigate the aerosol particle-mobile phone 200 interactions qualitatively and comparatively. Mitigating techniques, such as the application of conductive sheets or meshes, shields and electrostatic films 510, were successfully applied.
Mesh nebulizers 300 generally make negatively charged aerosols [9]. Negatively charged fine aerosols, typically in the 1 to 5 micron diameter range, were generated using a generic mesh nebulizer 300 as shown in FIG. 5 , which has the following specifications: size: 5.1 × 3.8 × 10.5 cm; atomization rate: 0.2 ml/min; particle size: 1-5 µm; and cup capacity: 8 ml maximum.
For each condition (i.e., mobile phone type, charging and shielding) a Plastic Control (or fake dummy mobile phone) piece was run as a comparison, and the nebulizer was run continuously for 10 minutes. This test provides a good qualitative comparison between the various states for a given mobile phone 200.
Shielding consisted of adding a conductive, 0.005-inch-thick brass plate, serving as a Faraday shield 520 to the back surface of the mobile phone 200 and a translucent vinyl electrostatic film 510 to both the front and back surfaces of the mobile phone 200. This electrostatic film material was purchased at Staples, and it is sold as repositionable window decal material, such as that used after a typical automobile oil change. This configuration is depicted in FIG. 6 . After applying these shielding materials, it was confirmed using the Lascells E-Field meter that the electrostatic field minimized to virtually zero on both the front and back of the mobile phone 200.
The results of these tests are provided in FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B and FIG. 7C. These tests were all run in a low relative humidity environment of 47 ± 2% RH. In all of these cases, there is less deposition on the moisture-absorbing TeeJet paper 310 when the phones were either in the Charging or Unplugged conditions. This results seems to indicate that, in these states, the phone is behaving like a negatively charged surface, thereby repelling the negatively charged aerosols of the mesh nebulizer 300. The implication is that, if the mobile phone repels negatively charged aerosols, then it could possibly attract positively charged particles.
On the other hand, the Fully-Shielded phone behaves very similarly to the Plastic Control phone, indicating that the shielding is effectively cancelling the electrostatic charge, which was previously confirmed with the Lascells E-Field meter.
Similar testing was performed at higher relative humidity closer to ~60% RH with the Apple iPhone 8. These results are shown in FIG. 8 . At higher relative humidity, the mobile phone 200 is in a favorable condition, as both the charge on the mobile phone 200 surface and the charge of the aerosol particles are neutralized by the moisture content in the air, thereby eliminating any possibility of electrostatic interactions. For the Control samples, there is no electrostatic surface charge either at low or high relative humidity; therefore, both control samples—low and high humidity—behaved similarly.
In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 6 , a mobile device is modified with one or more Faraday shields 520 and one or more electrostatic films 510 by applying these to a mobile device to nullify the DC electrostatic fields. Various electrostatic shielding devices and methods may be used to reduce the likelihood that a mobile device will accumulate virus or other contaminants. If a mobile phone 200 is plugged into a mobile phone wall charger 400, the mobile phone 200 emanates these AC electric fields and, therefore, may be more likely to accumulate or disperse virus, whereas a battery-powered or unplugged mobile phone 200 emanates virtually no such AC field and, therefore, will accumulate little or no virus due to electrostatic attraction. As a result, changes to one or more of the circuits of the mobile phone wall charger 400 may reduce the degree to which the mobile phone 200 interacts with electrically charged aerosols.
In some embodiments, the mobile phone wall charger 400 utilizes Earth ground 420 as shown in FIG. 8 to assist the electronic filtering circuit.
In some embodiments, some portion of the capacitive touchscreen is connected to electrical Earth ground 420 via the mobile phone case 500 of FIG. 6 , charging cable and mobile phone wall charger 400 which has an Earth ground plug 420 as shown in FIG. 9.
Various embodiments may include modifications to a mobile phone wall charger 400, a mobile phone case 500, a charging cable, and a mobile device or display alone or in combination. In some embodiments, a mobile phone wall charger 400 may be configured with reduced AC harmonics such as sawtooth wave spectra. In various embodiments, electrical components may be used with or in a given mobile phone 200, mobile phone wall charger 400, or cable to reduce harmonics and reduce the emanating AC electric field levels such that interaction with electrically charged aerosols is reduced. In some embodiments, a mobile phone wall charger 400 may include a bridge rectifier 620. Such a device charger can be modified by including a linear regulator 630 as shown in FIG. 10.
Additionally, in some embodiments, modifying the bridge rectifier 620 as shown in FIG. 10 , which normally has four (4) diodes, by either adding additional diodes or installing Zener diodes 710 as replacements for one or more of the four diodes or as additional diodes is also within the scope of the disclosure for various embodiments. In addition, in some embodiments a capacitor C2 420 may also be added and in electronic communication with a bridge-rectifier 620 or a bridge-rectifier 620 with more than four diodes or a bridge-rectifier 620 that includes one or more Zener diodes 710.
Additionally, in some embodiments a mobile phone case 500 as depicted in FIG. 6 . may be configured to include both the shielding materials, particularly the Faraday shield 520 on the back side of the mobile phone 200, and also a signal conditioner configured to smooth out the incoming 5 V signal before going into the mobile phone 200 to charge its battery. The signal conditioner may include one or more linear regulators 630 or diodes, including a Zener diode 710, or combinations of both.
Typically, if the thickness of a material is less than 3 or 4 skin depths of a material at a given frequency, that material will not shield the incoming signal, thereby enabling wireless charging. In various embodiments, one or more layers or components of the case have a thickness that is less than 3 or 4 skin depths of the selected conductive material.
For example, assuming a wireless charging frequency in the 50-150 kHz range, for aluminum foil, the corresponding electromagnetic skin depth is 212 micron, or approximately 0.008 inches, or 8 mil.
In some embodiments, aluminized Mylar is a preferred candidate material for the Faraday shield 520, as it contains a thin aluminum plating, typically having an aluminum plating thickness of 2-3 microns. Wireless charging through the aluminized Mylar foil was confirmed in experiments by placing a sheet of aluminized Mylar between a wireless charging pad 800 and mobile phone 200 and confirming wireless charging, whereas thicker metallic sheets proved to intercept the wireless charge by eddy current screening, thereby eliminating the wireless charging capability.
In addition, field measurements were made using the TriField EMF meter (model TF2) in the vicinity of a wireless charging pad 800 with and without a mobile phone 200 in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, respectively, also show AC electric fields on the order of ~500 V/m RMS. Using a simple pick-up coil that the charging conditions typically had a 50-100 kHz periodic component as shown in FIG. 13 , which is within the frequency range of the TriField TF2 measuring device, which has a specified frequency response of 40 Hz to 100 kHz.
In some embodiments, as depicted in FIG. 14 it is preferable to use a Faraday enclosure 810 to either partially or completely surround the wireless charging pad 800. A passive shield with thickness equal to 3 or 4 electromagnetic skin depths should completely block the AC electric field emanating from either the wireless charging pad 800, wireless-charging mobile phone 200 or both.
In some embodiments, as also depicted in FIG. 14 , it is preferable to connect the Faraday enclosure 810 using and Earth ground shield connection 820, which is either partially or completely surrounding the wireless charging pad 800, to electrical Earth ground 430 to aid in the shielding effectiveness. This Earth ground connection 430 is facilitated by the Earth ground plug 420, which is typically not used on most, if not all, wireless charging bases or mobile phone chargers.
In other embodiments, a signal conditioner may be incorporated in or otherwise function in electronic communication with a mobile device to provide the field regulation or reducing features disclosed herein.
The processes associated with the present embodiments may be executed by ASICs FPGAs, circuits, filters, signal and noise conditioners, signal generators, analog devices, digital devices or programmable equipment, such as computers. Software or other sets of instructions that may be employed to cause programmable equipment to execute the processes may be stored in any storage device, such as, for example, a computer system (non-volatile) memory, an optical disk, magnetic tape, or magnetic disk. Furthermore, some of the processes may be programmed when the computer system is manufactured or via a computer-readable memory medium.
In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to perform a given function or functions. Except where such substitution would not be operative to practice embodiments of the present disclosure, such substitution is within the scope of the present disclosure.
Implementations of the present disclosure and all of the functional operations provided herein can be realized in analog circuitry, in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Implementations of the disclosure can be realized as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by or to control the operation of a data processing apparatus.
The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, or a combination of one or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol Stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them.
The processes, filtering, signal processing and logic flows described in this disclosure can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).
A computer or computing device can include machine-readable medium or other memory that includes one or more software modules for displaying a graphical user interface. A computer or computing device can also be headless. A computing device can exchange data such as monitoring data or other data using a network, which can include one or more wired, optical, wireless or other data exchange connections. A computing device or computer may include a server computer, a client user computer, a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer, a tablet PC, a desktop computer, a control system, a microprocessor, or any computing device capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that computing device.
While this disclosure contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations of the disclosure. Certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be provided in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be provided in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.
Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.
Throughout the application, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.
In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition, an apparatus, or a method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein.
The use of the terms “include,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “has,” or “having” should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting unless specifically stated otherwise.
The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. Moreover, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” or “approximately” “substantially” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “about” refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value. As used herein, the term “approximately” refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value. As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to a ±10% variation from a nominal value or measured state, such as a state of focus or coincidence.
It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.
Where a range or list of values is provided, each intervening value between the upper and lower limits of that range or list of values is individually contemplated and is encompassed within the disclosure as if each value were specifically enumerated therein. In addition, smaller ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range are contemplated and encompassed within the disclosure. The listing of exemplary values or ranges is not a disclaimer of other values or ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range.
Whether or not modified by the term “about” or “substantially,” identical quantitative values recited in the claims include equivalents to the recited values, e.g., variations in the numerical quantity of such values that can occur, but would be recognized to be equivalents by a person skilled in the art.
The use of headings and sections in the application is not meant to limit the disclosure; each section can apply to any aspect, embodiment, or feature of the disclosure. Only those claims which use the words “means for” are intended to be interpreted under 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph. Absent a recital of “means for” in the claims, such claims should not be construed under 35 USC 112. Limitations from the specification are not intended to be read into any claims, unless such limitations are expressly included in the claims.
When values or ranges of values are given, each value and the end points of a given range and the values there between may be increased or decreased by 20%, while still staying within the teachings of the disclosure, unless some different range is specifically mentioned.
It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the disclosure have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the disclosure, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other elements. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, however, that these and other elements may be desirable. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein. It should be appreciated that the figures are presented for illustrative purposes and not as construction drawings. Omitted details and modifications or alternative embodiments are within the purview of persons of ordinary skill in the art.
It can be appreciated that, in certain aspects of the disclosure, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to provide an element or structure or to perform a given function or functions. Except where such substitution would not be operative to practice certain embodiments of the disclosure, such substitution is considered within the scope of the disclosure.
The examples presented herein are intended to illustrate potential and specific implementations of the disclosure. It can be appreciated that the examples are intended primarily for purposes of illustration of the disclosure for those skilled in the art. There may be variations to these diagrams or the operations described herein without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For instance, in certain cases, method steps or operations may be performed or executed in differing order, or operations may be added, deleted, or modified.
REFERENCES CITED
W. Glover and H-K. Chan, Electrostatic charge characterization of pharmaceutical aerosols using electrical low-pressure impaction (ELPI), Journal of Aerosol Science 35 (2004) 755-764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.12.003.
P. Kwok et al., Electrostatic Charge Characteristics of Jet Nebulized Aerosols, Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, 23 (3) (2010) 149-159, https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2009.0795.
E-M. Fong, W-Y. Chung, A Hygroscopic Sensor Electrode for Fast Stabilized Non-Contact ECG Signal Acquisition, Sensors 15 (2015) 19237-19250, https://doi.org/10.3390/s150819237.
M. Manolica and I. Chapalo, Surface Resistivity Measurements of Electrostatic Discharge Protective Materials for Different Relative Humidity Levels, BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnicǎ, Gheorghe Asachi″ din Iaşi Tomul LVII (LXI), Fasc. 1, 2011 Secţia ELECTROTEHNICǍ. ENERGETICǍ. ELECTRONICǍ.
J. Hautanen et al., Electrical Agglomeration of Aerosol Particles in an Alternating Electric Field, Aerosol Science and Technology, 22 (2) (1993) 181-199, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829408959739.
B. Eliasson et. al., Coagulation of Bipolarly Charged Aerosols in a Stack Coagulator, Aerosol Science, 18 (6) (1987) 869-872.
E. Fleck and B. Eliasson, “An Ion Source for Unipolar Charging of Particles in an AC-Field,” Journal of Aerosol Science, 18 (6) (1987) 769-771.
T. Watanabe et. al., Submicron particle agglomeration by an electrostatic agglomerator, Journal of Electrostatics, 34 (1995) 367-383.
L. Golshahi et. al., Production of Highly Charged Pharmaceutical Aerosols Using a New Aerosol Induction Charger, Pharmaceutical Research, 32 (9) (2015), 3007-3017.
What is claimed is:
1. An electrical device charger optimized such that the resulting maximum value of AC electric field measured on the surface of the electrical device during charging is less than 100 V/m RMS measured with a TriField TF2 electric field meter.
2. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein the charger comprises a bridge rectifier, linear regulator and an output tuning capacitor, wherein the bridge rectifier, linear regulator and output tuning capacitor tune the voltage output signal used to charge the electrical device.
3. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein the device is a mobile phone.
4. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein the electrical device is a capacitive touchscreen.
5. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein a bridge rectifier comprising more than four diodes is used.
6. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein a linear regulator, selected from a group consisting of a filter, one or more diodes, a noise conditioner, a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and combinations thereof, is used.
7. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein a linear regulator comprising one or more Zener diode is used.
8. The electrical device charger of claim 1 wherein a connection to electrical Earth ground is utilized.
9. The electrical device charger of claim 1 optimized such that the resulting maximum value of AC electric field measured on the surface of the electrical device during charging is less than 20 V/m RMS measured with a TriField TF2 electric field meter.
10. A mobile phone case optimized to minimize the total DC electrostatic surface charge on a mobile phone.
11. The mobile phone case of claim 10 wherein the mobile phone case comprises an electrostatic film and a Faraday shield.
12. The mobile phone case of claim 10 wherein an electrostatic film, selected from the group consisting of a vinyl film, a silica film, a polymer film, a doped film or other films that are generally negative on the triboelectric scale, is used.
13. The mobile phone case of claim 10 wherein an electrostatic films, elected from the group of electrostatic dissipating materials, is used.
14. The mobile phone case of claim 10 wherein the mobile phone case is fabricated from the group of electrostatic dissipating materials.
15. The mobile phone case of claim 10 wherein a Faraday shield, comprising a mesh or a sheet, wherein the mesh or sheet is sized, positioned, and configured to reduce a DC electrostatic field from one or more surfaces of a housing of a mobile device comprising a display screen and the housing, wherein thickness of the conductor is selected to permit wireless charging through back surface of the housing, is used.
16. The mobile phone case of claim 10 wherein a connection to Earth ground is utilized such that the resulting maximum AC electric field measured on the surface of the mobile phone, while the mobile phone is charging on an electrical device charger, is less than 100 V/m RMS measured with a TriField TF2 electric field meter on the surface of the phone.
17. A wireless charging pad incorporating a Faraday enclosure designed to reduce the maximum AC electric field measured on the outer surface of the Faraday enclosure to less than 100 V/m RMS measured with a TriField TF2 electric field meter.
18. The wireless charging pad of claim 17 wherein the Faraday enclosure is connected to electrical Earth ground.
19. A mobile phone comprising some elements of the foregoing claims such that resulting maximum value of the AC electric field measured on the surface of the mobile phone, while the mobile phone is charging on an electrical device charger, is less than 100 V/m RMS measured with a TriField TF2 electric field meter.
20. The mobile phone of claim 19 optimized such that the resulting maximum value of the AC electric field measured on the surface of the mobile phone, while the mobile phone is charging on an electrical device charger, is less than 20 V/m RMS measured with a TriField TF2 electric field meter..
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An Eratoneura nevadensis in uska species han Insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni Beamer hadton 1932. An Eratoneura nevadensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eratoneura, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Eratoneura
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A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene
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“T am acquainted with no other pub- lished course that appears to me so well calculated by its method, by its clearness and precision of its rules, and by the ap- priateness of its exercises, to ground the pupil solidly in an accurate and famil- lar knowledge of the language.’’—Gxro, ALLEN, Prof. of Greek and Latin in the University of Pennsylvania. Voltatre’s Charles XTTf. Histoire de Charles XT]. 18mo. Nouvelle Edition, ravue et corrigée par MM. Mouls. 63 cents, trale. roan. $1.25. This edition, just issued, has been printed in Paris, and forms the first vol- ume of a series of good French Reading- Books now being issued by Messrs. Lip- pittcott & Co., which, from the correct- 1z2mo. Nouvelle Edition, avec une Carte de l’Europe cen- With Explanatory Notes and English Vocabulary by Gus- TAVE Masson, B. A., Assistant Master of Harrow School. Half ness of their texts, should obtain as high a reputation in America as they have | earned in France, where they are recom: mended by high authorities as the best school-books in the world. PUBLICATIONS OF $ B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. Chauvenet’s Plane and Spherical Trigonometry By WM. CHAuvENET, Prof. of Mathematics and Astronomy in Washington University, St. Louis. New and revised edition. 8vo, Cloth. $1.75. Although this work embraces a much | selection of subjects of immediate import- more extensive course than is contained | ance may be readily made. The new in the text books commonly used, yet the | elementary portions are printed in larger wants of academic and collegiate classes | type, and are intended to form aconnected have been studiously kept in view, and | treatise which may be studied as though the work has been so arranged that a | it were in a separate volume. Fohnson’s Analytical Geometry. An Elementary Treatise, embracing Plane Co-ordinate Geometry, and an Intro- duction to Geometry of Three Dimensions. Designed asa Text- ' Book for Colleges and Scientific Schools. By Wm. WooLsry JOHNSON, B.A., Assistant Professor of Mathematics, U. S. Naval Academy. i2mo. Cloth. $2. “This is one of the simplest as well as “Tt is superior to all text-books of the most intelligible and practical books on | same class that have as yet come under Exact Science that has come under our | my observation, in clearness of expres- notice.””—Philadelphia Press. sion and well-chosen illustrations of gene- “IT am convinced that it is an excellent | ral solutions.” —/vom C. Homune, Prof. work, and well calculated for a text-book | 0f Mathematics in Hillsboro’ College. for colleges and _ scientific schools.”— ‘It is eminently suited to the wants of From Pror. N. M. Crawrorb, George- | all students.”—College Courant. town College, Ky. Ansted’s Physical Geography. Third Edition, enlarged. By D. T. ANsTED, F.C.S. Extra cloth. $3. It is the object of the present volume | wishes to be aware of its general scope to enable the general reader who desires | as a science, to obtain an outline of the information on the various branches of | main facts in language as simple as pos- physical geography, or the student who | sible. The World we Live In; or, First Lessons in Physical Geography. By D. T. ANSTED, F.C.S. 75 cents. Carl Ritter’s Comparative Geography. Trans- lated by REV. W. L. Gace. Cloth. $1.50. “The present volume, the bright com- | ligible treatise, but as a masterly applica- pact crystal of Ritter’s life, will pass into | tion of the comparative method of Geog- general circulation, and will be recognized | raphy, and as philosophical as it is prac- as not merely a simple and perfectly intel- | tical and interesting.” Lempriere’s Classical Dictionary. A Dictionary of all the principal names and terms relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature and Mythology of the Ancients. With a Chronological Table. By J. Lemprierz, D.D, 8va Sheep. $3.75. PUBLICATIONS OF [. BeLTPPINCOLA CACO, cutter’s New Analytic Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene, Human and Comparative. With 2oq;Illustrations. By Cavin Cutter, M.D. For Colleges, Academies, High Schools and Families. Half roan. “In general arrangement the present treatise is modeled after the former. The aim has been to improve the analysis; to bring the Chemistry and Histology to the present advanced state of the sciences ; to make the Anatomy and Physiology con- cise and definite, the Hygiene plain and practical; to introduce some Comparative Anatomy ; and to furnish illustrating cuts both apposite and artistic.’ Cutter’s Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. 150 Engravings. By CALVIN roan. I2mo0. $1.70. “During the past ten years more than two hundred thousand (200,000) have been sold for sche«ls. This is the only series ot works upon the subject that is graded for all classes of pupils from the primary school to the college; the only works that embrace Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene for schools, and the only books arranged so as to be used advantage- ously with illustrating Anatomical Charts. These Charts are more valuable in teach- ing Physiology than outline maps are in giving instruction in Geography.” I2mo. $1.60. ““The above-named treatise not only gives rules for the preservation of health and the prevention of disease, but con- tains directions to nursés for treatment of sick persons; antidotes for poison ; treat- ment of burns; treatment of drowned persons and of bleeding vessels: thus making. it valuable for individuals and families as well as schools.” With CuTTeR, M.D. 456 pp. Half “In the annual report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York for 1863, one hundred and fifty-two Colleges, Seminaries and Academies are reported as having classes in Physiology. Of these, one hundred and twenty are reported as using Cutters Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. This is, prob- ably, a fair average of the relative use of the work as compared with all others in every part of the country for the past ten years, Cutter’s First Book in Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. For Grammar and Select Schools. 180 pp. Cutter’s Anatomical Charts. Beautifully colored. Sheets, $8.50. By CALVIN CuTTER, M.D. “These Charts are more valuable in | teaching Physiology than outline maps | are in giving instruction in Geography.” ‘“A good teacher, feeling his responsi- bility for the. welfare and health of his | Cutter’s District School Beautifully colored. Sheets; $5.50. With 33 Engravings. Half roan. 80 cts. Ten in a Set. Mounted on rollers, $14. Izmo, pupils, will send and get the Charts if he has to give away the text-books to a class, as the Charts are worth more than a dozen books ’’—Hon. Isaac T. Goop- Now. Sets, Hight in a Set. Mounted on rollers, $11.50. Cutter’s (Mrs.) Anatomy, Physiology and Hy- giene. For schools. P, CUTTER. 132 pp. “This small manual is designed for pupils of that maturity of mind at which they can profitably pursue the study of primary arithmetic, geography or gram- mar. Its object is twofold: 1. To teach I2mo, With roo Engravings. By Mrs. Eunice 50 cts. the child something of the general struc-~ ture of man and animals, with the use of the different parts, and to suggest practica] ‘hints in relation to the preservation of health.” om - id Wg oe ‘Lats DATE DUE MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY - BOZEMAN ee SRA oa SRSURRADN SHS es eakate ass SS > Ki AS aS Sa Uhh eee Ae a a SAtTesee : a aS ta ESO RSENS ete ee Sa eS a.
| 29,514 |
5683538_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 401 | 597 |
*700Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the County Court, Nassau County (Calabrese, J.), rendered October 29, 2003, convicting him of murder in the second degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.
Contrary to the defendant’s contention, the County Court correctly admitted the prior consistent statement of a witness since, on cross-examination, defense counsel inferentially assailed the witness testimony as a recent fabrication (see People v McClean, 69 NY2d 426, 428 [1987]; People v Whitley, 14 AD3d 403 [2005]; People v King, 293 AD2d 759, 760 [2002]; People v Sing Yuen Chen, 253 AD2d 898, 899 [1998]; People v Yarbough, 229 AD2d 605, 605-606 [1996]). The defendant also contends that the court violated his right to a fair trial and his right to confront the witness when it precluded him from cross-examining the witness with respect to certain tape recorded statements. However, the defendant failed to preserve this contention for appellate review because he did not make an objection on these specific grounds (see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Qualls, 55 NY2d 733, 734 [1981]; People v McNeil, 228 AD2d 620, 621 [1996]; People v Valle, 173 AD2d 879, 880 [1991]). In any event, this contention is without merit. The County Court allowed the audiotape to be played to the jury during the defendant’s case and gave the defendant an opportunity to recall the witness for cross-examination with respect to the statements he made on the tape. Accordingly, the defendant was not denied his right to a fair trial, nor was he denied his right to confront the witness.
The defendant’s contention that he was penalized for going to trial rather than accepting a plea offer is unpreserved for appellate review, as it was not raised before the County Court (see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Hurley, 75 NY2d 887, 888 [1990]; People v Mack, 293 AD2d 761, 762 [2002]; People v Shorter, 275 AD2d 253, 254 [2000]). In any event, this contention is without merit. The court relied upon the appropriate factors in sentencing the *701defendant to a higher sentence than that which was offered during plea negotiations (see People v Pena, 50 NY2d 400, 411-412 [1980]; People v Mack, supra).
The defendant’s remaining contentions either are unpreserved for appellate review or without merit. Florio, J.P., Santucci, Krausman and Rivera, JJ., concur.
| 41,941 |
https://github.com/kfit-dev/ui-components/blob/master/src/Descriptions/stories/index.stories.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ui-components
|
kfit-dev
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 172 | 463 |
import React from 'react';
import { ComponentMeta } from '@storybook/react';
import { default as Descriptions,DescriptionsItem } from '../index'
export default {
title: 'Descriptions',
component: Descriptions,
} as ComponentMeta<typeof Descriptions>;
export const Basic = () =>{
const description = [
{
label : "Business registration name",
content : "Puma Sdn Bhd"
},
{
label : "Business registration number",
content : "11223344X"
},
{
label : "Business registration address",
content : "Lot 123-A, Jalan Sungai Besar 45, Seksyen Sungai Besar, 67890 Sungai Besar, Kuala Lumpur."
},
{
label : "SST/GST/VAT registration number",
content : "123450000"
},
{
label : "Business brand name",
content : "Puma"
},
{
label : "Business type",
content : "Online merchant (e-commerce)"
},
{
label : "Website",
content : "www.puma.com.my"
},
{
label : "Category",
content : "Retail"
},
{
label : "Reporting category",
content : "Sportswear / Athletic"
},
{
label : "Merchanr's MCC",
content : "1000 - Fashion retail"
}
]
return(
<Descriptions title="Business Details" layout="vertical" colon={false}>
{
description.map((Item,index) =>(
<DescriptionsItem key={index} label={Item.label}>{Item.content}</DescriptionsItem>
))
}
</Descriptions>
);
}
| 19,837 |
https://github.com/Dheia/vitacode-ocv1-shop/blob/master/pin/resources/views/ficha.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
vitacode-ocv1-shop
|
Dheia
|
Blade
|
Code
| 1,362 | 6,061 |
@extends('layouts.admin')
@section('content')
<div class="content-view">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header no-bg b-a-0">
<h2>Datos personales</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-block">
<p>
Información propia de la persona
</p>
@if ($errors->any())
<div class="alert alert-danger">
<ul>
@foreach ($errors->all() as $error)
<li>{{ $error }}</li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</div><br />
@endif
@if (!Auth::user()->ficha)
<form method="post" action="{{ route('datos_personales') }}" Files="true" enctype="multipart/form-data">
@csrf
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Nombre
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Nombre" placeholder="Nombre" name="Nombre"/>
<small class="text-muted">
Nombre completo sin apellidos
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Apellidos
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Apellidos" placeholder="Apellidos" name="Apellidos"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Rut
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Rut" placeholder="Rut" name="Rut"/>
<small class="text-muted">
El Rol Único Tributario
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Dirección
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Direccion" placeholder="Direccion" name="Direccion"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Teléfono
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Telefono" placeholder="Telefono" name="Telefono"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Fecha de Nacimiento
</label>
<input class="form-control" type="date" value="" id="Fecha_nacimiento" name="Fecha_nacimiento" require />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Comuna
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Telefono" placeholder="Telefono" name="Telefono"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Ciudad
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Telefono" placeholder="Telefono" name="Telefono"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Pais
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Telefono" placeholder="Telefono" name="Telefono"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleSelect1">
Tipo de Sangre
</label>
<select class="form-control" id="Tipo_sangre" name="Tipo_sangre" require>
<option>
Seleccione...
</option>
<option value="O -">
O -
</option>
<option value="O +">
O +
</option>
<option value="A -">
A -
</option>
<option value="A +">
A +
</option>
<option value="B -">
B -
</option>
<option value="B +">
B +
</option>
<option value="AB -">
AB -
</option>
<option value="AB +">
AB +
</option>
</select>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleSelect1">
Tiene alergias
</label>
<select class="form-control" id="Alergias_" name="Alergias_">
<option value="0" selected>
No
</option>
<option value="1">
Si
</option>
</select>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleTextarea">
Que alergia
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Alergias_cual" placeholder="Especifica a que eres alérgico" name="Alergias_cual"/>
</textarea>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleSelect1">
Es donador de organos?
</label>
<select class="form-control" id="Donador_organos_" name="Donador_organos_">
<option value="0" selected>
No
</option>
<option value="1">
Si
</option>
</select>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputFile">
Carga una foto de tu rostro
</label>
<input type="file" class="form-control-file" id="imagen" name="imagen"/>
<small class="text-muted">
La imagen debe ser clara y actual de ti mismo para que no hayan confusiones
</small>
</fieldset>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
Guardar
</button>
</form>
@else
<form method="post" action="{{ route('edit_datos_personales') }}" Files="true" enctype="multipart/form-data">
@method('post')
@csrf
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Nombre
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Nombre" value="{{$ficha->Nombre}}" name="Nombre" />
<small class="text-muted">
Nombre completo sin apellidos
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Apellidos
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Apellidos" value="{{$ficha->Apellidos}}" name="Apellidos" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Rut
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Rut" value="{{$ficha->Rut}}" name="Rut" />
<small class="text-muted">
El Rol Único Tributario
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Dirección
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Direccion" value="{{$ficha->Direccion}}" name="Direccion" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Teléfono
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Telefono" value="{{$ficha->Telefono}}" name="Telefono"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Fecha de Nacimiento
</label>
<input class="form-control" type="date" value="{{$ficha->Fecha_nacimiento}}" id="Fecha_nacimiento" name="Fecha_nacimiento" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Comuna
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Comuna" value="{{$ficha->Comuna}}" name="Comuna"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Ciudad
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Ciudad" value="{{$ficha->Ciudad}}" name="Ciudad"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Pais
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Pais" value="{{$ficha->Pais}}" name="Pais"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleSelect1">
Tipo de Sangre
</label>
<select class="form-control" id="Tipo_sangre" name="Tipo_sangre" require>
<option selected value="{{$ficha->Tipo_sangre}}">
{{$ficha->Tipo_sangre}}
</option>
<option value="O -">
O -
</option>
<option value="O +">
O +
</option>
<option value="A -">
A -
</option>
<option value="A +">
A +
</option>
<option value="B -">
B -
</option>
<option value="B +">
B +
</option>
<option value="AB -">
AB -
</option>
<option value="AB +">
AB +
</option>
</select>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleSelect1">
Tiene alergias
</label>
<select class="form-control" id="Alergias_" name="Alergias_">
@if ($ficha->Alergias_ == 0 )
<option value="0" selected>
No
</option>
<option value="1">
Si
</option>
@else
<option value="1" selected>
Si
</option>
<option value="0">
NO
</option>
@endif
</select>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleTextarea">
Que alergia
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Alergias_cual" value="{{$ficha->Alergias_cual}}" name="Alergias_cual"/>
</textarea>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleSelect1">
Es donador de organos?
</label>
<select class="form-control" id="Donador_organos_" name="Donador_organos_">
@if ($ficha->Donador_organos_ == 0 )
<option value="0" selected>
No
</option>
<option value="1">
Si
</option>
@else
<option value="1" selected>
Si
</option>
<option value="0">
NO
</option>
@endif
</select>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputFile">
Carga una foto de tu rostro
</label>
<input type="file" class="form-control-file" id="imagen" name="imagen" value="{{$ficha->imagen}}"/>
<small class="text-muted">
La imagen debe ser clara y actual de ti mismo para que no hayan confusiones <div class="user-image">
<img src="../img/{{$ficha->imagen}}" class="avatar img-circle" alt="user" title="user"/>
</div>
</small>
</fieldset>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
Editar
</button>
</form>
@endif
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header no-bg b-a-0">
<h2>Datos relevantes</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-block">
<p>
The class is the easiest way to add some structure to forms. Its only purpose is to provide margin-bottom around a label and control pairing. As a bonus, since it’s a class you can use it with
</p>
@if (!Auth::user()->ficha)
@else
<form class="form-inline" method="post" action="{{ route('edit_farmacia') }}">
@method('post')
@csrf
<div class="form-group m-b-1">
<label for="exampleInputName2">
Farmacia
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Farmacia" name="Farmacia" value="{{$ficha->Farmacia}}" placeholder="Farmacia"/>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary m-b-1">
Registrar farmacia
</button>
</form>
<form class="form-inline" method="post" action="{{ route('edit_prevision_salud') }}">
@method('post')
@csrf
<div class="form-group m-b-1">
<label for="exampleInputName2">
PRevision en salud actual
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Prevision_salud" name="Prevision_salud" value="{{$ficha->Prevision_salud}}" placeholder="Prevision en salud"/>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary m-b-1">
Registrar
</button>
</form>
@endif
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header no-bg b-a-0">
<h2>Contactos</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-block">
<p style="color: #47dc4c">
Registra aca todos las personas a las que deberiamos contactar en caso de urgencia.
</p>
<form method="post" action="{{ route('store_contactos') }}" >
@csrf
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Nombre completo
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Nombre" placeholder="Nombre" name="Nombre"/>
<small class="text-muted">
Nombre completo incluyendo apellidos
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Telefono
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Telefono" placeholder="Telefono" name="Telefono"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Parentesco
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Parentesco" placeholder="Parentesco" name="Parentesco"/>
</fieldset>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
Registrar contacto
</button>
</form>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped m-b-0">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
Nombre
</th>
<th>
Telefono
</th>
<th>
Parentesco
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@if (count(Auth::user()->Contacto) > 0)
@foreach(Auth::user()->Contacto as $pro)
<tr>
<td>
{{$pro->Nombre}}
</td>
<td>
{{$pro->Telefono}}
</td>
<td>
{{$pro->Parentesco}}
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
@else
<tr>
No hay nada que mostrar...
</tr>
@endif
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header no-bg b-a-0">
<h2>Enfermedades</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-block">
<p style="color: #47dc4c">
Registra aca todas las enfermedades que tienes de las cuales debemos estar atentos
</p>
<form method="post" action="{{ route('store_enfermedad') }}" >
@csrf
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Nombre enfermedad
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Enfermedad" placeholder="Enfermedad" name="Enfermedad"/>
<small class="text-muted">
Nombre completo para poder entender tu situación
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Situación de tu salud
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Situacion_Salud" placeholder="Situacion_Salud" name="Situacion_Salud"/>
</fieldset>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
Registrar enfermedad
</button>
</form>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped m-b-0">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
Enfermedad
</th>
<th>
Situación de tu salud
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@if (count(Auth::user()->Enfermedad) > 0)
@foreach(Auth::user()->Enfermedad as $pro)
<tr>
<td>
{{$pro->Enfermedad}}
</td>
<td>
{{$pro->Situacion_Salud}}
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
@else
<tr>
No hay nada que mostrar...
</tr>
@endif
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header no-bg b-a-0">
<h2>Remedios</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-block">
<p style="color: #47dc4c">
Registra aca todos los remedios que estas tomando actualmente.
</p>
<form method="post" action="{{ route('store_remedio') }}" >
@csrf
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputEmail1">
Nombre remedio
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Remedio" placeholder="Remedio" name="Remedio"/>
<small class="text-muted">
Nombre completo para poder entender tu situación
</small>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="form-group">
<label for="exampleInputPassword1">
Uso y tratamiento detallado
</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="Uso_y_tratamiento" placeholder="Uso_y_tratamiento" name="Uso_y_tratamiento"/>
</fieldset>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
Registrar remedio
</button>
</form>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped m-b-0">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
Remedio
</th>
<th>
Uso y tratamiento
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@if (count(Auth::user()->Remedio) > 0)
@foreach(Auth::user()->Remedio as $pro)
<tr>
<td>
{{$pro->Remedio}}
</td>
<td>
{{$pro->Uso_y_tratamiento}}
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
@else
<tr>
No hay nada que mostrar...
</tr>
@endif
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header no-bg b-a-0">
<h2>Ubicacion geolocalizada</h2>
</div>
<div class="card-block">
<div id="map-canvas" style="min-height: 300px"></div>
<form class="form-inline" method="post" action="{{ route('registrar_coordenadas') }}">
@csrf
<div class="form-group m-b-1">
<input type="hidden" class="form-control" id="lat" name="lat" value="" />
<input type="hidden" class="form-control" id="lng" name="lng" value="" />
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary m-b-1">
Guardar coordenadas
</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js"></script>
<script>
var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map-canvas'),{
center: {
lat:-33.4406285,
lng:-70.6447395
},
zoom:15
});
var marker = new google.maps.Marker({
position: {
lat:-33.4406285,
lng:-70.6447395
},
map: map,
draggable: true
});
google.maps.event.addListener(marker,'position_changed',function(){
var lat = marker.getPosition().lat();
var lng = marker.getPosition().lng();
$('#lat').val(lat);
$('#lng').val(lng);
});
// var searchBox = new google.maps.places.SearchBox(document.getElementById('searchmap'));
</script>
@endsection
| 27,100 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26919126
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 321 | 1,418 |
java ws client on https - sslexception unexpected_message
I have a javax-ws client that consume a wcf web service.
I get this error with java 6 :
Exception in thread "main" javax.xml.ws.WebServiceException: java.net.SocketException: Connection reset
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.client.WSServiceDelegate.parseWSDL(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.client.WSServiceDelegate.<init>(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.client.WSServiceDelegate.<init>(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.spi.ProviderImpl.createServiceDelegate(Unknown Source)
at javax.xml.ws.Service.<init>(Unknown Source)
at org.cnq.inforoute.services.client.SvcInforoute.<init>(SvcInforoute.java:46)
at org.cnq.inforoute.services.test.Test.main(Test.java:60)
Caused by: java.net.SocketException: Connection reset
at java.net.SocketInputStream.read(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.InputRecord.readFully(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.InputRecord.read(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.readRecord(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.performInitialHandshake(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
at sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsClient.afterConnect(Unknown Source)
at sun.net.www.protocol.https.AbstractDelegateHttpsURLConnection.connect(Unknown Source)
at sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
at sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
at java.net.URL.openStream(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.wsdl.parser.RuntimeWSDLParser.createReader(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.wsdl.parser.RuntimeWSDLParser.parseImport(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.wsdl.parser.RuntimeWSDLParser.parseImport(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.wsdl.parser.RuntimeWSDLParser.parseWSDL(Unknown Source)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.wsdl.parser.RuntimeWSDLParser.parse(Unknown Source)
... 7 more
i was looking for a solution but nothing works.
running this client from the command line with the ssl debugging options :
trigger seeding of SecureRandom
done seeding SecureRandom
Allow unsafe renegotiation: true
Allow legacy hello messages: true
Is initial handshake: true
Is secure renegotiation: false
%% No cached client session
*** ClientHello, TLSv1
RandomCookie: GMT: 1415914471 bytes = { 240, 207, 176, 165, 0, 90, 43, 90, 72, 190, 73, 63, 173, 75, 56, 89, 146, 189, 141, 161, 26, 115, 166, 191, 80, 157, 33, 16 }
Session ID: {}
Cipher Suites: [SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5, SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_E
_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, SSL_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA, SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA, SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA, SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5,
WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA, SSL_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA, SSL_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA, TLS_EMPTY_RENEGOTIATION_INFO_SCSV]
Compression Methods: { 0 }
***
main, WRITE: TLSv1 Handshake, length = 75
main, handling exception: java.net.SocketException: Connection reset
main, SEND TLSv1 ALERT: fatal, description = unexpected_message
main, WRITE: TLSv1 Alert, length = 2
main, Exception sending alert: java.net.SocketException: Connection reset by peer: socket write error
main, called closeSocket()
Exception in thread "main" javax.xml.ws.WebServiceException: java.net.SocketException: Connection reset
i need help!
thanks
Try to bind the port with the endpoint address. Below is an example:
final BindingProvider getProductsBp = (BindingProvider) GetProductsPort;
getProductsBp .getRequestContext().put(BindingProvider.ENDPOINT_ADDRESS_PROPERTY,endpointAddress);
The GetProductsPort object is the port and the endpointAddress is the address where the Service is.
| 35,571 |
|
https://github.com/kihashi/intro-to-ant/blob/master/tests/Factivity/TestMath.cls
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
intro-to-ant
|
kihashi
|
Apex
|
Code
| 156 | 478 |
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
File : TestMath
Purpose : Units Tests for the Factivity Math Module.
Syntax :
Description :
Author(s) : jcleaver
Created : Mon Jun 05 09:11:31 EDT 2017
Notes :
----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
using Progress.Lang.*.
using OpenEdge.Core.Assert from propath.
using Factivity.Math from propath.
using OpenEdge.Core.Assertion.AssertError from propath.
block-level on error undo, throw.
class Factivity.TestMath:
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose: Tests adding 2 numbers.
Notes:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@Test.
method public void testAdd():
Assert:Equals(Math:Add(2, 2), 4).
end method.
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose: Tests Divide() with a normal input.
Notes:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@Test.
method public void testDivide():
Assert:Equals(Math:Divide(10, 5), 2).
end method.
/*---------------------------------------------------------
Purpose: Tests that Divide() will throw an exception
rather than divide by 0.
Notes:
-----------------------------------------------------------*/
@Test (expected="Progress.Lang.AppError").
method public void testDivideByZero():
Math:Divide(1, 0).
end method.
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose: Tests multiply with normal inputs.
Notes:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@Test.
method public void testMultiply():
Assert:Equals(Math:Multiply(10, 10), 100).
end method.
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purpose: Tests Subtract() with normal inputs.
Notes:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
@Test.
method public void testSubtract():
Assert:Equals(Math:Subtract(100, 50), 50).
end method.
end class.
| 39,000 |
sn85042354_1908-10-24_1_1_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,297 | 7,015 |
The Evening Journal has the largest circulation of any newspaper published in Delaware. Circulation books open to all circulation of the Evening Journal. Prosperity is coming back, ready to meet its old patrons. The Journal will do the rest with its large home and rural circulation. It leads evening journal. Yesterday was 10,131. Wilmington, Delaware, Saturday, October 24, 1908. One cent. Twenty-eighth year—No. 285. Strange, Malady kills Delaware City fowls. Ducks and hens do a walk-around and then flop over dead in the canal town, and owners are puzzled. The hard of Delaware City has broken out afresh with woeful strains because of the mysterious deaths of hens and ducks the past few weeks. Some kind of an epidemic is current among the feathered stock. It has been noticed that after rising in the morning the hens go out to catch the early storm, and within a few minutes return to the yard, where after walking in circles. Just as though they had imbibed rather excessively in a certain brand of fluid, sink down, kick a few times and expire. Not only have the hens and ducks been affected, but the pigs, too, have acquired the habit of any apparent cause, outside the city and the residents of the city proper do not know how to explain the mystery. The local board of the place has come to the consolation of those who have suffered loss among flocks, and the police force is working the matter with the hope that he may be able in the near future to come to some conclusions as to causes of demise among biddies, ducks, and pigs. The matter is no joke to the owners of fowl in Delaware City. Aside from the fact that many young hens have been destroyed by rats, a large number of others have died from a disease the nature of which is most inexplicable. Ducks First Affected. The ducks were the first to develop after returning from a dying without. And the farmers, the feathered, the systems, swim in the canal, where they would catch minnows and eat of them until they were so full that it was quite a task for them to waddle home, it was noticed that the ducks sought out the most exclusive places in the yard and as there was a straightway went to sleep. Many hundred ducks asleep at the same time, and this in the middle of the day, when it would be expected that a lively duck would be sporting in the middle of the day, when it would be expected that a lively duck would be sporting in the middle of the day. BRIDEGROOM KILLED BY REJECTED SUITOR NEW ORLEANS, Oct. 24—Professor Frederick A. An Ingen, 53 years old, of Alexandria, La., a relative of former Governor Blanchard, it was learned here today, was killed instantly by his wife's rejected suitor in the first stage of his wedding trip last night. He Satin beside his bride, her hand clasped in his, when, between Alexandria and Plaquemine, F. S. Beauve, 24, who had. Courted the young woman for years, Shot him without an instant's warning. The murderer had ridden all the way From An Tingen's town, in which the Wedding was performed, in a seat face With bride and groom in a Way. Suddenly he whippled out a Revolver and fired point blank at the Professor, one shot killing the instruc Next he tried to murder the Widow, who saved herself by a For. A young Plucky fight until her uncle thrust his Thumb under the hammer of Beauva Pistol and seized the slayer. ALLEGED BIGAMIST WAS BROUGHT HERE State Detective Harry I. Gillis today Brought J. Frank Wolfinger, arrested in Philadelphia on the charge of bigamy, To this city. The prisoner was arrested In Philadelphia sometime ago but the For his extradition were not obtained until yesterday. Wolfinger is accused of having two He married in Philadelphia He will be Wives, one And the other in this city, Held for a hearing. Ninth Ward Republicans to Meet. Republicans of the Ninth ward will Meet at No. 2123 Market street tonight To make plans for getting out the field Vote of the ward on election day. All The Republican workers in the ward Are earnestly requested to attend the Meeting. Post Cards of Campaigners. The Delaware State News at Dover Has had made post cards with pictures Of the automobile and the Democratic Candidates who were in Kent county recently. In the group are Dr. Rowland G. Paynter, Andrew C. Gray, Levin Irving Handy and William B. McGear. Four of these cards will be sold by the State News for 10 cents. BUSINESS OFFICE OF THE JOURNAL: The business office of THE EVENING JOURNAL has been removed again to the Gawthrop Building, on Fourth Street, west of Shipley, adjoining the original business office. The original business office has been transformed into a press room for the big news press of THE JOURNAL. The business office hereafter will be where it is now, with entrances from Fourth Street west of Shipley. The office is to be greatly improved, however. The temporary business office at Fifth and Shipley streets has been closed. Persons having business with THE EVENING JOURNAL hereafter are requested to call at the Fourth Street office or use the telephones; D. & A., No. 975, Delmarville, No. 2248. The fields and lakes, the snores made by the feathered army were most distressing to the inhabitants of the little city. An investigation was made and the police force was called into the area. The force said that you could not explain, and how the minnows are the cause of the large number of deaths among the ducks cannot be definitely known. The search for the ducks cannot be definitely known—only he didn't say it that way—if he ever heard such snores before from duck or man. The ducks would not awake from their deathlike slumber till late in the night. Then it was Afternoon. They would beat it for the canal again and proceed to gorge themselves with the minnows, was lurking about in clumps, trailed the ducks to the canal and found them swallowing minnows at numbers that would have busted an elephant, let alone a duck. These tactics would be kept up for two days or and then one by one, like the forefathers of the rude hamlet, they would be able to find a duck. The police force, who order to seek the cause of the large number of deaths among the chickens, by side of the number that are killed and eaten by the rats. Some residents think that a duck has a right to eat minnows, and as they have eaten them for so many years that it is a wonder there are any minnows left in the canal, the little fish are not the cause of the ducks dying. Hens, of course, are not built to catch minnows; but the hens are dying just the same and at an alarming rate. Many residents on the outskirts of the city have lost pigs, and there is just as much mystery in their deaths as in the hens and ducks. WANT THE REGISTRAR TO PERFORM MARRIAGES There may be an act introduced in the Legislature at the coming session empowering the Registrar of Altai Statutes to perform marriage ceremonies. The bill is... Only civic officer in this city now who has this authority is the mayor. Many out of town people come to the registrars office as the Board of Health Department day after day with licenses to be married. Sometimes they come because they do not find the mayor in his office and sometimes because they have the impression the city officer has the authority to perform as in other states. PRETTY ROMANCE Lieutenant Commander L. Calvin Bertollette Weds Miss Lucille Meigs, of San Francisco. He is from this city. "Married, Yokohama, Cal." This message received today by Levi A. Bertolette, president of the Rebelenite Panco Company, conveyed news of the marriage of his son, Lieutenant Commander L. Calvin Bertollette, United States Navy, and Miss Lucille Meigs, of San Francisco, which took place yesterday in the United States Consulate at Yokohama, Japan, where the American fleet is now being honored by the Japanese and where the American officers and men are being dined and feted in royal manner by their Oriental hosts. The marriage ceremony was solemnized by Chaplain Evans at the consulate, in the presence of many officers from the American fleet. The marriage is a culmination of a romance that had its inception. When the battleship fleet touched at San Diego, California, Lieutenant Commander Berkeley, of the Washington Light Infantry, was appointed from the Wilmington Light Infantry. He is now executive officer of the Battle Ship Vermon. He graduated from the Wilmington Light Infantry in 1877, and then went to the battle ship. I am about to say when the American officer, were entertained at San Diego on the occasion of the battleship fleet's visit. Commander Bertolette met Miss Meigs at one of the many social functions. She is a member of a prominent San Francisco family. When the fleet Mallet San Francisco, Commander Bertolette renewed the engagement with Miss Meigs, and was entertained at her home shortly after midnight from the coast. The announcement was made of the engagement of Commander Bertolette and Miss Meigs. The ceremony was performed by Commander Bertolette and Miss Meigs. Performed yesterday thus culminating a romance that is linked with the globe girdling of the American armament. Commander Bertolette is one of the best-known officers in the navy and the announcement of his marriage will be interesting to his many friends in this city. Fined for What Dogs Did. Because the dogs of Edward Lieben killed several turkeys belonging to his neighbor, Frank Masten, of East Cain, Chester Co., Lieben was compelled to pay $312 damages, and costs, $317.46. WILL DISCUSS NEW MAIL SERVICE PLAN On next Wednesday, the Inventor of the street car mail service will be in Wilmington to confer with Postmaster Henry C. Conr, and Superintendent Hoff of the Wilmington City Railway Company on the subject. The Inventor proposes to operate the new system in this city. The idea is to place letter boxes on the outside of the cars so that persons living on the outskirts where the mail collections are few and far between can walk up to a car and drop their letters in the box. Should the system be put in operation here, it has been suggested that the point of collection be at Eighth and Market streets. A man will have to be on duty there all the time and take the mail from the cars as they pass. It is also suggested that in order to make the system more effective, that a pneumatic tube be laid from Eighth and Market streets to the post office and the mail could then be sent to the post office without loss of time. MUST SIGN CREWS FOR THEIR VOYAGES United States Shipping Commissioner Smith notifies masters and owners of American vessels that in conformity with the provisions of Sections 4519, 4120, 4521, and 4612, all merchant vessels of the United States of 50 tons and upward, sailing from a port in one state to a port in any other than an adjoining State, are required to have their crews sign shipping articles, or agreement in writing, specifying the time for which each seaman voyage is shipped. Rector of Glasgow University. By United Press Leased Special Wire. Oct. 24.—Lord Curzon, today elected to Glasgow, was the lord rectorship of Glasgow University, receiving 947 votes. David Lloyd-George and 122 for Earl Hardie. to 935 for Child Falls From Porch. Marian Crothers, a little Upland girl, fell from the porch in front of her home, sustaining severe injuries. In many states, Justices of the peace saw Murrill and the girl enter the house, and she went forward with her marriage licenses. Joseph Terry, the registrar here, said this morning that he thought it would be a good thing if such a resolution was introduced in the Legislature and would give many out of town couples who might be opposed to being married by a minister of the gospel. A good deal of the bullets took effect. The trial took place in the same room from which Curt Jett, Tom White, Asbury Spitzer, John Smith, and John Abner shot James Cockrell to death during the Hargis-Cockrell feud, and just above the doorway where the shot was fired, James B. Marcum to death in the same feud. Trouble and anxiety. Usually when couples arrive in this city with the avowed intention of being married, they want to have it done as quickly as possible and with the least fuss or bother. !N0 PARADE ON HALLOWE'EN THRONG GREETS JUDGE PARKER Police Commissioners Refuse, to Give Permit Because of D emocra t s Have Big Parade and Rally in Honor of Former Candidate Proximity of Election Because the police will give no permit: to allow a parade on Hallowe'en night or the night before, as was decided upon' HANOYADDRESSESOVERFLOW be no demonstration this year. The com mlttee made application for a permit ^ rousing meeting and a big parade yesterday afternoon. but th# Police Com. was Delaware Democracy's greeting to mlssloners thought It would bo unwise lo j udBe Alton B. Paikcr, of New York, by the Mercantile Association, there will have the parade because ot the proximity ( Democratic aspirant for the Presidency °t election. four years ago. who spoke In the Opera' 1 The P° llce clalm that ,he p * opl * win he House last night. AVith tho exetp wrought- up to a high pitch because ot the tion of Mr. Brian himself, who spoke election and there might be some who a t Shellpot Park early in the campaign. wou!d take advantage of the occasion and Judge Parker Is the most prominent thelr »P» fks ,0 8° to excesses and make, Democrat to have visited Delaware I serious trouble. during this campaign, and Delaware Democrats overlooked nothing to make The members of tho Mercantile Asso ciation have gone to some expense and his visit memorable. I trouble arranging for the affair and they had a big parade. I am disappointed that the parade cannot be held. They promised to with parades of Democratic clubs prior to drawing, for a platform for a parade, but the time was then, they refused to do and the people, a feared the Commission, were compelled to take the stand they did. The President Clarkson of the Board of Police, the Commissioners said that aside from the fact of the election being close to county clubs traversed, the principal streets were filled with people from the place of meeting. Parades and that the Police Commission Fourth and Madison Streets, had not at any time favored them and they were in a position to display rockets, roman candles, and fire were displayed, while the marchers of the commission, fear of the crowd, were the only ones who were present. Major S. M. P. Doherty was chief marshal of the George W. Bader, chairman of the Mercantile Association Committee which was arranging for the affair. Parade. Many transparencies were carried in the parade and Democratic views of the campaign were expressed in striking emblems. The West End Democratic Club was foremost of the club, with novel political emblems. Each member carried a full dinner pail with the bottom knocked out, and even the publicans on the streets enjoyed the celebration. Delegations were in the parade from Newport, Brandywine, and other points about Wilmington. Before the time for the celebration was ready to go ahead with responsibility for the fate of the celebration rests on the Police Commission. In the fourth birthday tomorrow with a family reunion in his home, No. 50 West Eighth Street, there was a lively scramble for front seats in the Opera House and a half hour later the main floor was occupied to its capacity. Even the vice-presidents entitled to seats on the stage feared to venture in. James Martin, former sheriff of New Castle County, will celebrate his nimble life. Mr. Martin is an ardent Republican and later than 30, cast his first vote for President Harri. He has voted for every Republican. Foremost among the early arrivals was Judge George Gray who with Andrew C. Gray, Democratic candidate for attorney. Mr. Martin enjoys good health for one general and other members of his family. To the Presidential candidate since. Continued on Second Page. I century mark handily. UNWRITTEN LAW FREES WOMAN Mrs. Murrill Shot Down Her Rival in Kentucky Mountain County APPLAUDED AT HER TRIAL FOR MURDER JACKSON, Ky. Oct. 24.—On the single plea of the unwritten law, Mrs. Nancy Murrill today was acquitted of the murder of Miss Mary Terry two months ago. The woman discovered her husband and Miss Terry together, and killed the girl with four bullets from a Winchester rifle in her body. There was tremendous enthusiasm in the courtroom when the verdict was made known. Men danced on chairs and waved their hands wildly, while six women in the rush of their emotion fainted. After her acquittal, Mrs. Murrill declared her love for her husband was unshaken, and the couple returned to their home in Breathitt. A woman had pleaded the unwritten law as a defense, but there was little doubt here from the start as to the outcome. Murrill made public declaration of repentance, and was at his wife's side concerning it. It was the first time in the South that constantly in court. He assisted in gathering witnesses for her, and the wife throughout was demonstrative in her love for him. There were several thousand persons around the court, unable to gain admission, when the jury returned with the verdict. Men, women, and children came from all over the mountain section, and when Mrs. Murrill came out on the steps she was cheered enthusiastically. She was partly overcome by the greeting, and was kept from falling by her husband's arm. She insisted upon clinging to her baby, four months old. which she also carried on the day when she followed her husband and Miss Terry and shot the girl to death. Mrs. Merrill testified that for several weeks she had suspected her husband and Miss Terry. She taxed the man with faithfulness, but he stoutly denied it. Then one afternoon in August she saw them walking together. She ran into the house and armed herself with a Winchester rifle. She carried it in her right hand, while with her left she held her hand. REPUBLICANS HAD RALLY AT HENRY CLAY Republicans of Henry Clay and vicinity rallied at Hunter's store there last night and heard addresses by Frank H. Davis, Herbert L. Rice, John C. O'Neil, and Isaac C. Elliot. The meeting was under the auspices of the Taft Republican Club of Henry Clay. Edward Q. Bradford, Jr., presided. Mr. Davis asked those who were going to scratch him from the ticket to leave untouched the other names on the ticket. Mr. Rice compared the Democratic Levy Court and the Republican Levy Court. Mr. Elliot and Mr. O'Neil pleaded for support for the straight Republican ticket. After the meeting, coffee and sandwiched were served, and Elsmere mounted club from Centerville attended. The Twentieth School District Republican Club of Elsmere, attended the meeting and had two floats in line, containing one hundred persons. One float was drawn by four white horses of Ector and Jones, and the other was drawn by four horses of J. Hollingsworth. Delegates from Newport were present and the 32 MORE PAIRS WANT DIVORCES Trial List Shows 18 Other Cases in Which Final Decrees Are Desired 156 CASES ARE ON THE LIST The List of causes for trial and argument at the November term of Superior Court beginning on November 9 shows 89 cases for trial and 6 for argument, the larger list for the year. Chief Justice Loro and Associate Judges Spruance and Boyce will sit in the court. Of the cases for trial, thirty are damage suits, involving Mayor and Council, the P.B. & AV. Railroad Company, B.A.O. Railroad Company, People's Railway Company and the Wilmington City Railway Company. Of the cases for argument, thirty are petitions for divorce, and eighteen for final decrees in similar cases. The petitions for divorce are: Emanuel Roth vs. Mollie Roth. Katie J. Lambert vs. Emory R. Lambert, Jr. James Cowell vs. Elizabeth B. Cowell. Edith L. Chase vs. Arthur W. Chase. Alice G. Sherwood vs. William E. Sherwood. Charles F. Logan vs. Florence E. Logan. Caroline R. Shaffer vs. Walter J. Shaffer. John N. Loeb vs. Annie Loeb. Mary McGarvey vs. Robert McGarvey. Arabella Haynes vs. Norman B. Haynes. William C. Ward vs. Mary E. Ward. Mary Louise Adams vs. William Adams. Mary M. Barr vs. Henry A. Barr. Evelyn Ross Bartling Beasley vs. Charles Fenton Mercer Beasley. Helen J. Scott vs. William W. Scott. Ida May Pennington vs. James H. Pennington. Mary Fleming vs. Ezekiel Fleming, Jr. Cornelia J. Poole vs. Millard T. Poole. James E. Coursey vs. Mary Eliza Coursey. Clara Sche John J. Graham vs. William John J. Graham vs. Elisabeth A. Graham. Invier Frampton vs. James T. Frampton. Margaret J. Dyer vs. Fonce Dyer. Elmer E. Taylor vs. Mary D. Taylor. Elmer E. Taylor vs. Mary D. Taylor. Willard J. Carson vs. Minnie Carson. Patterson. Alola Jones vs. George E. Jones. George B. Patterson vs. Samuel M. John W. Wood vs. Josephine R. Wood. Lilly Mcgginson vs. Richard R. Greggison. Want Final Divorce Decree. Divorce cases in which decrees of divorce have already been entered and in which final decrees of divorce will be asked. Lillian C. Shook vs. George W. for are: William M. S. Donnelly vs. Ella R. Donnelly. Smith Bessie H. Hickman vs. Paul J. Hickman. Elizabeth Jones vs. William H. Jones. Mary B. Winchester vs. Frank H. Winchesler. Edwina L. A. Smith vs. Warner H. Johnson. Mary Burris Rudolph vs. Rudolph D. Dizer vs. Nellie A. Dizer. Mary A. Hudson vs. Levin P. Hud. William M. Bertha M. Evans vs. Evans. Agnes L. Downes vs. William C. Downes. William C. Corey vs. Maud E. Corey. Pauline B. Nauman vs. Johanna Nauman. Hattie P. Lee vs. Samuel C. Pyle. Charlotte B. Young Jeffers vs. Charles N. Jeffers, Jr. William D. Scott vs. Alon Scott. Anna M. DeCump vs. George W. DeC. 11119. Eugene W. Luff vs. Lillie M. Luff. Assessors at Work. The assessors appointed to make a complete reassessment of the personal property in Cecil county have completed their work in all districts except Elkton. Port Deposit and Rising Sun. Falling and striking his chin on the ground while strolling near his home in Hartford county, William H. Harlan, in Falls. Splitting Lip. Put his lip entirely to the gum, necessitating four stitches to close up the wound. ROBERTSON, IN LOCOMOBILE, WINS VANDERBILT CUP RACE Lytle, in an Irish Car, Was Second; and Seymour, in a Thomas, Third—An Average of Nearly 70 Miles an Hour Attained By United Press Leased Sunday Wire. GRAND STAND, MOTOR PARKWAY, Oct. n.-Ucergo Robertson, driving a 90 horsepower Locomobile, an American car, won the Vanderbilt Cup race today from a field of 17 entrants representing the crack speed cars and drivers of the world. Herbert Lytle, driving the 60 horsepower Locomobile, was second, finishing the race first but defeated in elaptel time by one minute and 49 seconds. Robertson, a favorite in the betting was a peculiar victor by reason of his being the first American driver and his car being the first of American manufacture to be returned a victor in the great automobile Derby. Unlike any other contest of the kind of equal magnitude today's race was run without a single fatality or serious and dent, this despite the fact that the race started in a drizzling rain which made the roadway slippery and caused the big racing machines to skid dangerously at the turns. Finish a Heart-Breaker. So close was the finish that it required the official announcement of Robinson's time to determine the winner and when this was announced, thousands surged on the field and the Judges, fearing to allow the other cars to finish in the crowd, declared the race finished. Three hundred thousand persons witnessed the contest from the mammoth grandstand at the finish and banked a score deep at every one of the difficult turns at which the skill of the drivers was put to the great, est test. Seldom has the event developed a closer contest. Off on a splendid start, the winner led the field on lapsed time at the end of the first lap around. On the second and third laps, he repeated this performance, but on the fourth had a bad auto and wagon in collision. Thomas Robinson, a huckster, bruised in an accident at Hare's Corner. While going from Wilmington about 1 o'clock last night, the James P. Winchester, of Delaware City, containing Mrs. Winchester, Miss Anne Winchester, and a colored coachman collided with a huckster wagon owned by Thomas Robinson at Hare's Corner and injured Robinson. Miss Anne Winchester was driving the machine. Chas. D. Coxe, Agency, 915 Market St, Insures Automobiles, Collision and The automobile had passed the huckster's wagon, when the rear of the wagon and the machine collided in some odd manner. Robinson was thrown out of his wagon and a leg and his right side was bruised. Mrs. Winchester caught a finger against the wagon and the tip of the finger crushed. Miss Winchester and the coachman escaped injury. One side of the machine was bent and Robinson's wagon was damaged. Robinson was taken into Hare's Hotel, of which Noah Higgins is proprietor, and was attended by Dr. William Wertenbaker, of New Castle, after which his wagon was repaired, and he was taken to his home in Wilmington. The motorists, after seeing that Robinson was not badly hurt and was cared for, continued to Delaware City. Fire. TENNESSEE MILITIA ARE AFTER NIGHT RIDERS By United Press Leased Special Attire. MEMPHIS, Tenn., Oct. 24-Frazier Light Guards and Forest Rifles, comprising 100 men, under Major Horton left this morning for Chicago and will march through to Hamsburg, 18 miles in the heart of the "night rider" district. Governor Pattersons life has been threatened, but he says at Alamance. Log Investigating. T. C. Ward, keep MAY HOLD BURKETT INQUEST TO NIGHT Coroner Callaway may hold an inquest tonight in the case. Of John W. Burkett, who was found dead with a bullet wound in his head near the Seventh street bridge on last Sunday. The testimony of James Duncan and James Cunningham, two young men who were with Burkett when he was shot, will, it is expected, clear up the mystery. The police have been keeping the facts quiet in the hope that they might come up with the man who did the shooting, but no arrest had yet been made. For this reason, Coroner Callaway is undecided whether he will hold the inquest. He does not want to make public the information Chief of Police Black has on the case as it might interfere with the capture of the man wanted for the crime. Lecture at High School. Mrs. Jane Brownlee, of Toledo, Ohio, delivered a lecture on "Thought Power to Home and School" to a large audience in the New-Central Club yesterday afternoon. She spoke at the High School last night on the same subject. trip and Haupt driving a wonderfully consistent race in a Chadwick, went into first place and held the lead until the sixth lap when Robertson again went to the front. In the seventh lap, Haupt had difficulty with a hot engine and Lytle in the local car, winner of the Brinkley cup came up and challenged for first place. Robertson plugged on, however, and Marled on his final lap with a lead of nearly four minutes. Just when it seemed, however, that the result was cinched, the Locomobile skidded on the Blairview turn and brought up in a field. Robertson had an accident. The grand stand groaned when the news was called out but two minutes later the announcement that Robertson again had his car in the race was greeted with a tremendous cheer. A few seconds later, the announcement that Robertson again had his car in the race was greeted with a tremendous cheer. A few seconds later, the announcement that Robertson again had his car in the race was greeted with a tremendous cheer. onds later Robertson flashed across the line, Lytle having already finished, and the race was over. In addition to winning the race, Robertson set the official record for the course, driving the best lap of the day in 20 minutes, 17 seconds. His average time for the race was 69-7 miles an hour. After the race had been called off, Pier Ida, in the Locomobile, fell to catch the signal and threading the narrow lane of spectators who had crowded onto the course, bronch his car spinning into the stretch and brought up with a crash against a touring car filled with sightseers. David Schuc, of Brooklyn, was caught between the two cars and suffered a broken leg, the only accident of the day, he having won the twenty-four hour race with a Lozier car in New York and the Hartford Park race with a Lozier in Philadelphia. Robertson has had a great racing year. SHERMAN TRUST LAW ASSAILED Constitutionality of Measure is Attacked in a New Hampshire Court BOSTON, Oct. 24—An apparently unimportant motion made by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad yesterday in the government's anti-merger suit turns out to be one of extreme moment, since it questions the Constitutionality of the Sherman anti-trust law. This is the first time the constitutionality of the law has been doubted in open court and if the United States Circuit Court goes into this matter in passing on the motion its decision will be one of the most important in the annals of law. The railroads motion merely objects to the request of Attorney General Bonaparte that the merger cases be argued before three circuit Judges. The argument set up by the defense is the congress without constitutional rights attempts to set up a special tribunal not properly established or ordained by the constitution as a court of the land to try a suit properly brought and pending within the jurisdiction of a United States court. The objections are upon the ground that such three Judges, established for a hearing of this case, will not be an inferior court ordained and established by congress of the United States within the meaning of the constitution and especially within the meaning of section 1, article 3. The arrest as the result of information gleaned from ten suspects, who were reported that Ed. Powell, who was captured by night riders and forced to accompany them to the hotel, is wanted on orders of Governor Patterson, but he has not been found. WEATHER. WASHINGTON, D.C., Oct. 24. The last 24 hours, precipitation occurred in areas from the Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys to the Atlantic states. During the next 36 hours, the weather will be fair and cooler in the southeastern states, and showers will be followed by fair weather in southern portions of the Middle Atlantic states. Forecast till 8 p.m., Sunday: For Delaware—Showers this afternoon and tonight. Sunday fair; fresh east to south winds. TODAY'S TEMPERATURES 65 1.30 P. M. 70 12 M. 73 9 A.M. , «•00 A. M. 75 —.
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An Guayaquila in uska genus han Insecta. An Guayaquila in nahilalakip ha familia nga Membracidae.
An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:
Mga kasarigan
Guayaquila
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La seguridad humana se desarrolla como concepto integral de seguridad. Mientras que la noción tradicional de seguridad apunta a la seguridad y la defensa de un Estado-Nación en su integridad territorial a través del incremento de los medios militares, la seguridad humana se centra en el individuo. Este concepto de seguridad está ligado al desarrollo humano, entendido no como el crecimiento macroeconómico, sino como la ampliación de capacidades y libertades de las personas.
Los orígenes históricos del concepto de seguridad humana se sitúan en el final de la guerra fría, el cual permitió que afloraran nuevos problemas y riesgos para la seguridad que ya no eran necesariamente de índole militar. El derrumbamiento del orden bipolar evidenciaría la fase más aguda de las crisis políticas, sociales y económicas en las regiones más pobres del mundo, demostrando así, las precarias condiciones en las que vivían millones de personas alrededor del planeta. El fin de la guerra fría permitió prestar más atención a los problemas inherentes a la división Norte-Sur que a la confrontación Este-Oeste; problemáticas cotidianas derivadas del subdesarrollo como amenazas importantes a la seguridad y, por otro lado, al desarrollo como una meta inalcanzable, facilitando con ello la inserción de una plétora de temáticas variadas en los asuntos internacionales .Una vez concluido este conflicto bipolar, precisamente en el seno de las Naciones Unidas se construirían los conceptos de seguridad humana. Se empezaron a forjar las principales ideas para tener una perspectiva de la seguridad de mujeres y hombres de las distintas naciones, por lo que se comenzaron a desarrollar distintos textos que revolucionaron al mundo bipolar que se vivía en ese entonces que señalaban las condiciones y elementos para vivir dignamente. Desde instituciones y actores dedicados a la cooperación del desarrollo se sugirió que el tradicional concepto de seguridad, al centrarse únicamente en conflictos interestatales, se pasaba por alto, amenazas a la seguridad y libertad de las personas.
Por ello, en 1990, en el Informe de las Naciones Unidas para la creación del concepto de seguridad humana, menciona un nuevo paradigma llamado desarrollo humano y es entendido como un proceso en el cual se amplían las oportunidades del ser humano. Estas oportunidades pueden ser infinitas y cambian con el tiempo. Sin embargo, las más esenciales son disfrutar de una vida prolongada y saludable, adquirir conocimientos, y tener el acceso a los recursos necesarios para lograr un nivel de vida decente. Si no se poseen esas oportunidades esenciales, muchas otras seguirán siendo inaccesibles. Cabe mencionar que hay otras oportunidades valoradas por las personas como, la libertad política, social y económica; así como la libertad de expresión, de respetarse así mismo y disfrutar de la garantía de los derechos humanos. Contar con salud, educación, empleo, vivienda, alimento, seguridad jurídica, medio ambiente, igualdad, entre otros; son derechos y garantías en los que se puede encontrar la incertidumbre de un futuro, que mediante su ejercicio pleno se pueden prevenir amenazas sociales futuras que podrían repercutir no solo en la vulnerabilidad del bienestar del individuo, sino también en el debilitamiento del Estado y el quebramiento de la democracia garante de las libertades individuales.
En 1994, el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) acuñó el concepto de "seguridad humana" en su Informe sobre desarrollo humano. El informe destacó cuatro características básicas de la seguridad humana: universalidad, ya que es un elemento que les incumbe a todas las personas del planeta y porque las decisiones que tomen algunos afectan al resto de los habitantes de una región e inclusive al planeta entero; interdependencia de sus componentes, porque las amenazas que existen hoy se encuentran interconectadas; antropocéntrica, porque se centra en las personas; y mejor garantizada mediante la prevención temprana. Además, en él, se introdujo el argumento de que la mejor forma de luchar contra la inseguridad global es garantizar las libertades o ausencias de necesidad y miedo ("freedom from want" y "freedom from fear"); cabe mencionar que a pesar de que es una buena intención, es difícil de implementar, sobre todo para los países en vía de desarrollo que tienen mayor responsabilidad con relación a las nuevas amenazas de la seguridad internacional.
De igual manera, el informe sostiene que "la seguridad humana es una categoría de carácter integrativo y que se aparta de un concepto de seguridad defensivo de carácter militar. Este enfoque va más allá de la seguridad entendida en términos tradicionales, esto es, la defensa militar de la integridad territorial del Estado y sus estructuras de poder. Por un lado, profundiza verticalmente el concepto de seguridad y su referente pasa de la escala estatal a la escala del individuo; por otro, supone una ampliación horizontal respecto a las amenazas o riesgos que le afectan. El documento identifica siete categorías para garantizar la seguridad humana desde un punto de vista global: seguridad económica, seguridad alimentaría, seguridad en la salud, seguridad ambiental, seguridad personal, seguridad comunitaria y seguridad política".
A partir de 1994, la concepción de seguridad comenzaba a verse de otra manera y se colocaba la importancia de ir más allá de los Estados; así mismo, la seguridad humana se convirtió en un tema central de los gobiernos a través de sus intereses nacionales y su política exterior.
Si bien, el nuevo concepto de seguridad se centra en el ser humano; sin embargo, los individuos no son los únicos y únicas en impulsarla. Cada Estado y sus instituciones tienen la obligación de garantizarla y proveerla; tienen la obligación de proporcionar las medidas necesarias para que sus poblaciones cuentes con una vida digna y libre de preocupaciones. Sin embargo, la seguridad humana cuestiona las capacidades de los gobiernos para garantizar la seguridad de su población; inclusive cuestiona la voluntad de sus gobiernos de salvaguardarlos y que estos mismos no sean los que violenten el bienestar y los derechos humanos de sus habitantes. La cooperación entre gobiernos y organizaciones, así como la sociedad civil, son importantes para fomentar la seguridad.
Esferas de la seguridad humana
Seguridad alimentaria
Seguridad ambiental
Seguridad jurídica
Seguridad económica
Seguridad en la salud
Seguridad personal
Seguridad comunitaria
Seguridad política
La seguridad humana en las Naciones Unidas
No hay duda de que la ONU ha sido fundamental para la creación del nuevo concepto de seguridad humana. Dentro de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, además de sus órganos, y de los distintos organismos y programas que lo componen, buscan entender los diversos temas que giran alrededor de la seguridad humana dándoles un toque y enfoque diferente al concepto tomando en cuenta que aún no existe un consenso universal de lo que se debe de entender por seguridad humana.
Los organismos más importantes especializados dentro de las Naciones Unidas que buscan la implementación de la seguridad humana más allá de la perspectiva humanitaria son: EL Fondo Fiduciario de las Naciones Unidas para la Seguridad Humana (FFNUSH), que forma parte de la Dependencia de la Seguridad Humana. La Dependencia de la Seguridad Humana surgió en 2004 y su objetivo principal es buscar la implementación de la seguridad humana en los trabajos de la ONU. La unidad que se enfoca en llevar a cabo proyectos de seguridad humana es el FFNUSH; proyectos enfocados en problemáticas de inseguridad complejas, como por ejemplo, el reforzamiento de la seguridad humana en las poblaciones vulnerables ubicadas en zonas accidentadas. Además, trabaja con organizaciones y organismos paralelos a las Naciones Unidas.
Críticas
Actualmente el concepto de seguridad humana ha alcanzado el nivel de estudios universitarios, asociado a los estudios sobre globalización, relaciones internacionales y derechos humanos.
Las críticas al concepto suelen poner de manifiesto su vaguedad y falta de efectividad. Esto se debe principalmente a que cada nación, dependiendo de sus agendas en materia de política exterior y seguridad, le da un significado distinto. Así, por ejemplo, para Canadá la seguridad humana es "la responsabilidad del Estado de asegurar la protección de la vida y los derechos de toda la población mediante acciones concretas dirigidas a prevenir y resolver conflictos, promover y proteger los derechos humanos, construir instituciones fuertes y transparentes, y combatir el crimen organizado y el tráfico ilícito de drogas". Mientras que en el caso de muchos países africanos, de acuerdo con Musa Abutudu, "el factor más crucial yace en el ambiente político".Es precisamente por esta razón que Jinadu señala que "el problema de la paz y la seguridad en África está ligado a la naturaleza y el carácter del estado moderno y su rol y posición en la sociedad nacional e internacional". La concepción amplia de la seguridad adoptada en este caso sitúa al estado en el rol de crear "el ambiente facilitador para la autorrealización y para el disfrute y sostenimiento del auto desarrollo y la actualización" (Jinadu, 2000:3).Con respecto a México, se puede decir que el concepto de seguridad humana se encuentra incorporado a su marco jurídico. Esto se puede observar en el capítulo primero de su Constitución política, mismo que se titula De los Derechos Humanos y sus Garantías. el cual integra una serie de artículos encaminados a garantizar el desarrollo humano.
El concepto de seguridad humana ofrece, por tanto, nuevas respuestas a las preguntas clave de: ¿seguridad para quién? Las personas. ¿Seguridad frente a qué? No solo frente a la violencia física, sino también frente a la degradación medioambiental, la inseguridad económica, alimentaria, comunitaria y política. ¿Seguridad a través de qué medios? A través del desarrollo y de la promoción de condiciones sociales, políticas y económicos que garanticen el bienestar de las personas.
A pesar del relativo éxito que ha tenido el concepto de seguridad humana más allá del ámbito académico, cabe destacar que no hay un consenso claro sobre su significado preciso y existen diversas escuelas que proponen definiciones distintas. Una segunda escuela prefiere una perspectiva más holística y lo amplía a otros fenómenos como la inseguridad económica o medioambiental (libertad para vivir sin temor y sin miseria). Estas diferencias en el contenido del concepto tienen consecuencias en la agenda de estos actores y en las acciones que llevarán a cabo para garantizar la seguridad humana. Por ejemplo, los partidarios de una definición restrictiva pondrán más énfasis en operaciones de paz, protección de civiles o legislación contra la violencia sobre individuos como la prohibición de las minas antipersona.
Para los más críticos del concepto, esta pluralidad de interpretaciones ha sido aprovechada para mostrar que en realidad la seguridad humana no tiene ninguna utilidad analítica ya que su significado es demasiado ambiguo. Según estos, la seguridad debería seguir refiriéndose exclusivamente al Estado.
Desde un punto de vista pacifista, el concepto de seguridad humana también ha generado críticas y ha sido objeto de numerosos debates. En primer lugar, al establecer un claro vínculo entre guerra y violencia por un lado, y bienestar económico y social por el otro, el desarrollo y la seguridad pasan a formar parte de un mismo conjunto de cuestiones. Esto conlleva el riesgo de que las prácticas llevadas a cabo en nombre del concepto sean apropiadas por parte del ejército y la policía, las instituciones encargadas tradicionalmente de proveer seguridad del Estado y, por tanto, que las amenazas a la seguridad humana sean militarizadas. Finalmente, aunque el nexo entre desarrollo y seguridad pueda parecer a primera vista un progreso, también existe el peligro de que ello conlleve un tutelaje, e incluso intervención, mayores que los actuales por parte de los países supuestamente desarrollados sobre los demás. La cooperación al desarrollo dejaría de estar motivada por razones de justicia o altruismo, y pasaría a estar supeditada a objetivos estratégicos en zonas subdesarrolladas/peligrosas. El subdesarrollo o empobrecimiento se vuelven un peligro.
Referencias
Véase también
Crisis humanitaria
Seguridad ciudadana
Seguridad social
Injerencia humanitaria
Tres generaciones de derechos humanos
Enlaces externos
Seguridad
Sociología
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Greene, Richard Henry, 1839-1926 | Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909 | Dwight, Melatiah Everett | Morrison, George Austin, 1864-1916 | Mott, Hopper Striker, 1854-1924 | Totten, John Reynolds, 1856-1936 | Pitman, H. Minot (Harold Minot), 1888- | Ditmas, Charles Andrew, 1887-1938 | De Forest, Louis Effingham, 1891- | Mann, Conklin | Maynard, Arthur S | New York Genealogical and Biographical Society
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148. Theodore Skillman (Samuel, Samuel, Benjamin, Thomas, Thomas), b. at Kingston, N.J., March 4, 1800; d. 1842; m. (in Pennsylvania) Oct. 23, 1819, Catharine Albright, sister of Polly (see No. 68), who m. William. She was b. June 15, 1803; d. May 28, 1886. Family home, Lockland, Hamilton Co., O. Children: i. Mary Ann, 7 b. Sept. 25, 1820; m. John Turner. Had: 1. John. 2. Henry. 3. Jane. 4. Maria, ii. Anna, b. Dec. 12, 1821; d. April 10, 1892; m. Parsons, and had one dau., Drusilla. iii. John, b. June n, 1824; m. Julia Bigum. Had: 1. Chas Wesley. 2. John Wellington. 3. Alice. 4. William Edwin. 5. Albert Nelson. 6. Irvin Bingley. 7. Luella. 8. Henry. 9. Flora. v. Isaac, b. 1827; m. May 30, 1850, Martha Ann Bachelor. Had: 1. Theodore Suel. 2. Louisa. 3. Hannah. 4. Belle. 5. Cassius M. 6. Orrin Grant. vi. Margaret, b. 1829; m. Sullivan and had seven children, all living in 1901. vii. Louisa, b. Feb. 1, 1832; m. William Bachelor; three children, all m. and living in Hamilton, O. viii. William, b. Feb. 8, 1834; d. Jan. 10, 1880; m. but no children. ix. Jacob A., b. 1836; d. 1873; m. but childless. In this single Lockland Family are 57 of the Skillman name, or 102 all related, Dec. 2, 1901. 149. of Hetty (see No. 50) and of Ann who m. John Scudder (writer's uncle) who removed 1847 from Princeton, N.J., to Maysville, Ky. Children: i. George, 7 b. Nov. 20, 1816; d. 1818. ii. Charles, b. April 7, 1818; d. inf. iii. Edward, b. 1820; d. 1893; coal dealer, Harlem; N. Y., 1863; two sons: 1. James, b. 1845, Pocomoke City, Md. 2. Archibald A., Williamsbridge, N. Y.; m. and has one dau. iv. Caroline, b. April 3, 1822; d. Oct. 9, 1823. v. Archibald A., b. 1824; printer, Nassau St., N. Y., 1847; in California, 1848, half-owner of Pacific News, San 1908.] The Skilbnans of America \ and Their Kin. 287 Francisco; later, editor and proprietor of Eureka Sentinal, Nev.; d. 1900; m. (1) 1845, Elizabeth Hicks, Princeton; one son, James Carnahan, Allegheny, Pa., b. 1846; six boys and four girls; m. (2) 1857, Mrs. Sarah Black, nee Baker, Princeton; one son, Edward A., b. 1858, " Sentinal," Nev. vi. Hettie H., b. Jan. 16, 1828; d. inf. 150. Samuel e Skillman (Samuel,5 Thomas,4 Benjamin,3 Thomas,3 Thomas1), b. at Kingston on farm given by Lemuel Scudder to eldest son, Richard, circa 1783 (writer's grandfather); d. 1847; m. 1803, Sarah, dau. of William Hight, Princeton; lived and 4- at Harlingen. Children: i. Aaron,7 b. 1804; d. 1869; m. 1827, Mary A. Van Pelt (b. 1808; d. i860); shoemaker, Six Mile Run. Had: 1. Catharine, b. 1828; d. 1834. 2. Sarah, b. 1831; m. Dr. Lucien King; one dau., Emma. 3. Abraham V. P., b. 1834; d. inf. 4. James Romeyn, b. 1836; d. inf. 5. John Stryker, b. 1838; m. 1865, Mary, dau. of Simon Wyckoff, Pleasant Plains, N. J.; three daus. Home, Brooklyn; business in N. Y. City. ii. Randall, b. 1806; m. 1833, Maria Stryker; lived at Post Town (Plainville), N. J. Had: 1. John, b. 1834. 2. Margaret, b. 1836. 3. Jane, b. June 11, 1838; m. Benjamin Hageman, Fairview, 111. 4. Sarah, b. 1840. 5. David B., b. 1845. 6. Mary, b. Aug. 15, 1849. All but John baptized at Harlingen (Ref. Dutch) Church. Later the family removed to Illinois. iii. James, m. March, 1841, Eliza Wood at Neshanic; lived at Harlingen. Had three children. iv. David Bayard, b. 1812; m. Jane Williamson; a shoemaker, N. Brunswick, N. J. Had: 1. John, d. inf. 2. Sarah, m. Jacob N. Outcalt. 3. David. 4. Augusta. 151. Thomas B. Skillman (Thomas, Thomas, Benjamin, Thomas, Thomas), b. May 31, 1800, at Kingston, N. J.; d. Hamilton Co., O., March 15, 1896, oldest man of the region; m. Feb. 13, 1822, Jane Van Dyke. Children: i. Thomas, 7 b. 1823; m. 1843, Mary Davis, and d. six weeks later, April 17. ii. Dominicus Van Dyke, b. 1824; m. (4th cousin) Lavinia, dau. (see No. 111) of Thomas Q. Skillman, large farmer adjoining. iii. Sarah Jane, b. 1827; m. (1) 1844, William Sater; two children, Amanda and Charles; m. (2) 1854, Casper Gearhardt; three daus., Allie, May, and Mattie. iv. Mary Ellen, b. 1830; d. unm., June 23, 1897, of melancholia. v. William R., b. 1833; d. 1891; m. Sarah C. Carroll, now living (1905) in Cincinnati; no issue. vi. John, b. 1836; d. 1859 from an accident. vii. Charlotte, b. 1838; m. May 17, 1857, Ezra Wetherbee (d. Sept. 11, 1894); two children. 288 The Skillmans of America and Their King. [Oct., viii. George, b. Nov. 17, 1840; d. Jan. 21, 1841. ix. Katharyn, b. May 28, 1842; m. May 15, 1867, William V. Sater, Bevis, O. Children: 1. Alma. 2. Stanley. 3. Clifford. 3. Annice, b. June 27, 1847; m. Nov. 11, 1869, Frank A. Wetherbee, Transit, O. Had: 1. Albert. 2. Clara. 3. Goldie. Alfred, Skillman (Isaac, Thomas, Benjamin, Thomas), b. 1803, near Princeton, N.J.; d. April 11, 1847; m. 1830, Sarah, dau. of Jacob Parker and wife, Susan Sutphen. Home at Kingston. Children: I. Phineas Withington, 7 b. 1831; farmer at Rhode Hall, ii. Joachim, b. 1833; Sept. 18, 1861, joined Co. B., 9th N.J. V.I.; discharged July 12, 1865. II. Archibald Alexander, b. 1836. III. Hannah, b. 1840; d. Aug. 14, 1847. IV. John Scudder, Skillman (Joseph, Thomas, Joseph, Thomas), b. 1791; d. 1836; m. Dec. 26, 1810, Mehitable Fanning; d. 1834. Both buried at Aquebogue, L.I. (W. of the church). Children: I. Ida Harris, 7 b. 1831; m. 1830, George Lee. Joseph Hazzard, b. 1813, lived at Greenport, L.I.; d. 1868; m. Emeline Chase. Had three daus. and one son. John Scudder, b. 1816; lived at Hartford, Conn.; d. 1887; m. Oct. 3, 1837, Nancy Hunt. Had: 1. John H. 2. Mary J. 3. Frances A. 4. Joseph Hazzard, b. 1848. 5. Hiram S. 6. Mehitable F. 7. Mary J., b. 1818; m. 1842, the Rev. William Tobey. No children. Jane Skillman (sister of above), b. 1786; m. 1814, Samuel Griffing (b. 1788; d. 1856); was from Cutchogue, L.I.; taught school at the Wallabout; then was a grocer in New York, later a prosperous up-town lumber dealer. Had six children, only two arriving at maturity. 155. Thomas Skillman (Francis, Thomas, Joseph, Thomas, Thomas), b. 1791, at the Wallabout in the old Skillman home; early a deacon in the church on Joralemon St. (1st Ref. Dutch); in 1835 removed to a farm in Chenango Co., N.Y. (Smithville); d. 1841; m. 1816, Catharine Onderdonk. Children: i. Francis, 7 b. Sept. 1, 1817, in the old home on the Wallabout site, now occupied by the U.S. Naval Hospital; d. Sept. 7, 1898, at Roslyn, L.I., on the farm given him in his youth by his grandfather Onderdonk; a J.P. for 24 consecutive years; Member of N.Y. Assembly (1st District) 1867-8; m. (1) 1842, Sarah Ann Schenck (d. 1864); m. (2) 1865, Josephine D., dau. of Horatio Gates Onderdonk (b. 1835; d. 1906). Had an only dau., Elizabeth O., b. 187 1; m. 1907, Samuel H. Andrews, Brooklyn, ii. Eliza B., b. 1820; d. July 31, 1827. iii. Joseph Onderdonk, b. 1825; d. inf. 1908. The Skillmans of America and their King. iv. Joseph Onderdonk, b. 1827; d. 1872; home at Jamaica, L. I.; deacon in church there (Ref. Dutch); m. March 17, 1858, Gertrude Van Sicklen. Had: 1. Mary C, b. Dec. 21, 1858. 2. Ida Kouwenhoven, b. 1860; d. 1879. 3. Joseph Hegeman, b. July 16, 1863. 156. John Skillman (Francis,6 Thomas,4 Joseph,3 Thomas,2 Thomas), b. March 2, 1797, on the Wallabout; d. 1865; from a boy was a member of First Ref. Dutch Church, Brooklyn, and like his father, long a ruling elder therein; inherited the homestead farm which he sold about 1835; First Pres. of City Bank, Brooklyn; m. (1) March 13. 1828, Catharine Newberry (b. 1794; d. 1838); m. (2) Nov. 26, 1839, Mary K. Duffield (b. 1808); d. 1883. Of seven children only three survived infancy: John Moon, b. 1831; never m.; paymaster in U.S. Navy; d. suddenly at Mobile, Jan. 13, 1865. Anna, b. 1833; d. at Claverack, 1865; m. July 9, 1857, the Rev. Acmon P. Van Giesen, descendant of Rynier Bastiansen who came to America previous to 1660 from Holland; graduate of N.Y. University, 1849, and of N.B. Theo. Sem., 1852; pastor of the First Church (Ref. Dutch) of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., for nearly 40 years; d. there 1906; served at Catskill, Brooklyn, and Claverack Churches (Ref. Dutch). Two daus. survive, Mary Emily, b. Feb. 14, 1835; d. Feb. 14, 1841. Catharine Newberry, b. 1840; m. Henry M. Curtis, v. Emily Maria, b. May 16, 1842; d. May 10, 1870. Mary Duffield, b. Aug. 25, 1844; d. Nov. 7, 1848. Francis, b. Sept. 5, 1847; d. Aug. 9, 1849. Interments are all in Greenwood. Thomas Skillman (Thomas, 6 Thomas, 4 Joseph, 3 Thomas, 2 Thomas), b. Dec. 12, 1789; d. 1876; m. (1) Nov., 1813, Abigail Hommedieu (b. 1791; d. 1847; m. (2) Sept., 1848, Rosanna Barber (b. 1825; d. 1859); removed 1823 from Aquebogue to Chenango Co., (McDonough); a large and prosperous farmer. Children by Abigail, seven, by Rosanna, four: Jesse Carr, 7 b. 1814; m. May 16, 1837, Anna Youngs (b. 1818). Home at Troupsburgh, N.Y. Had ten children, Benjamin L'H., b. 1816; m. June, 1838, Lucy I. Nichols; d. 1873. Had eight boys and three girls. Albert R., b. 1819; m. 1843, Cordelia Beckwith. Had: 1. Thomas. 2. Harmanus, b. 1847. 3. Elsie, b. 1853. iv. Sarah, b. 1822; d. 1856; m. 1843, Samuel Beckwith. v. John, b. 1827; m. 1854, Clarinda Philley. Home at Zumbrota, Minn. Had six boys and one girl. vi. Josiah, b. 1830; d. 1864; m. Harriet Fairchild. vii. Mary, b. Aug. 8, 1833; m. Harmanus Beckwith. viii. Rachel, b. June 26, 1851. ix. Thomas W., b. June 20, 1852. i9a 29O The Skilbnans of America and Their Kin. [Oct., x. Nancy, b. May 22, 1854. xi. Alfred H., b. June 13, 1857. 158. Josiah" Skillman (Thomas,5 Thomas,4 Joseph,3 Thomas,2 Thomas1), b. 1794; d. 1854; removed about 1820 from N. Y. City (a carpenter) to Chenango Co., and became a farmer; then for sake of health went to Baltimore; m. 1819, Catharine Thomas. Five children d. inf.; the rest are of record as follows: i. Griffith,7 b. 1820; d. unm., 1855. ii. Jane, b. 1822; m. George Brunson, Oswego, N. Y. iii. Joseph F., b. 1824; d. 1873; m. 1849, Lucretia Welch. Had 10 children. Live at Magnolia, Md. iv. Hannah, b. 1825; m. 1845, Samuel C. Hush. v. William, b. Sept. 27, 1835; no record, vi. Caroline, b. 1840; m. 1857, John A. McPherson. vii. Sarah, b. 1846; m. June, 1863, Noah Underwood. Fam- ily mainly in Baltimore or environs. 159. Joseph6 Skillman (Thomas,6 Thomas,4 Joseph,3 Thomas,2 Thomas1), b. 1802; d. 1875; a carpenter with Josiah in N. Y. City, but became an extensive farmer in Chenango; lover of singing and long chorister in Baptist Church (and member); m. 1828, Miranda Carpenter. Had: i. John C.,7 b. 1829; m. 1854, Mary B. Philley and six children were theirs, five daus. and one son. ii. Jerusha, b. 1831; m. 1857, Theodore H. Fitch. iii. Elsie, b. 1833; m. 1862, Ephraim Loomis. No children. iv. Fred'k A., b. 1835: m. 1858, Eglantine Wait. Had two boys, Elmer and Frank M. v. Joseph Hudson (twin with Josiah who d. inf.); b. 1838; m. 1866, Lettie B Cline; Member N. Y. Assembly, 186-; prosperous farmer and man of affairs. Two children: 1. Ida May, b. 1867. 2. Henry Elwyn, b. 1870. vi. Francis M., b. 1840; d. Oct. 19, 1864, of wounds re- ceived Sept. 6, at the battle of Winchester, Va. vii. William H., b. 1846; home and wife but no children at Leavenworth, Kan. 160. Francis Martin 6 Skillman (Thomas,6 Thomas,4 Joseph,3 Thomas,3 Thomas1), b. at Aquebogue, L. I., 181 2, and a lad of 12 removed with family to Chenango Co., N. Y.; lamed by accident he became a teacher and farmer; m. 1837, Julia A. Chappell (b. 1815; d. 1879); removed 1856 to Mazeppa, Minn., and took up land; elected to State Legislature, 1858; d. 1886. Children: i. Evander,7 b. 1838; enlisted in 1861 in Co. G., 3d Minn. V. I., then was 1st. Lieut and Q.-M. in 113th U. S. Col. Inf.; discharged April 10, 1866; m. 1865, Electa C. Lont. Had five boys. Home, Livingston, Mont, ii. Elsie, b. 1840; m. (1) 1857, J. O. Wilcox; d. a soldier, 1864; m. (2) 1869, T. F. Sturtevant; lives a widow with one child, Nellie, in Red Wing, Minn.. iii. Milon, b. 1842; served in Co. B., Brackett's Bat., Minn. Cav.; then in Indian service; discharged June 1, 1908.] The Skillmans of America and Their Kin. 2QI 1866; m. July, 1867, Mary Southwell (now dead); one son, Herbert, b. 1872. Home, Tyndall, S. D. iv. Frank, b. 1844; 1st Lieut. Co. K., 113th U. S. Col. Inf.; resigned Oct., 1865; m. 1867, Lizzie Hopkins. Had four children. Druggist, 1880-90, at Valley Springs, S. D. Home now on a ranch near Oregon City, Ore. Phil, b. 1845; enlisted 1861; later was 2d Lieut. Co. A., 113th Col. Inf.; mustered out, April 10, 1866; m. 1878, Fannie A. Rawson; lawyer; City clerk, Red Wing, Minn. (5 years); Mayor (3 terms), Aberdeen, Dak.; removed 1890, to Olympia, Wash. Children: 1. Fannie C. 2. Philip A., U. S. N., highest record as gunner in the entire service. 3. Katherine R. vi. Sarah, b. 1847; m. 1868, Stephen O. Lont. Home, Waterbury, Conn. Home, Waterbury, Conn. William B., b. 1851; m. 1878, Mary E. Annible. Two boys, Charles A. and Edward. Home, Hollywood, Los Angeles, Cal. Charles Nelson, b. 1855; m. 1877, Julia Prescott. Two boys, Roy and Guy. Home, Big Timber, Mont. James H., b. 18 59; lives unm. with Elsie at Red Wing, Minn. xi. Nellie E., b. 1862; m. Lynn Merrick. One son, Albert. Home, Alleghany City, Pa. 161. Joseph Skillman (Joseph, Joseph, Joseph, Thomas, Thomas), b. on Chambers St., N. Y., Sept. 24, 1804; with his brother, Abraham B., in hardware business, 1839; also in basket trade, 1844; removed to Scotch Bush, Montgomery Co., N. Y.; m. 1832, Maria L. Anderson. Children: i. Catharine, 7 m. John B. Hyatt. ii. Josephine, m. Charles Lockwood and lived in Montgomery Co., N. Y. iii. Joseph, lived unm. in Brooklyn. Nothing clear. Was this the man crushed in doing his duty by the falling of a chimney on him at the Ocean Mills Fire, 208 Fulton St., N. Y., Feb. 8, 1861, and buried in Green- wood with all the honors of the Fire Department for ! heroism ? Newspapers of the time glow with praise of him, but is this the Joseph? Who knows? 162. Abraham B.8 Skillman (Joseph,5 Joseph,4 Joseph,3 Thomas,3 Tnomas1), b. in New York City, Jan. 8, 1806; lifelong in hard- ware trade, his brothers along with him; many years at 271 Greenwich St.; m. Catharine Heroy. Children: i. Martha B.,7 d. Oct. 6, 1875. ii. Isaac Brower, clerk, 1878; dealer in Glassware, 1886. iii. George Augustus, no record, iv. James Henry, no record. 163. John 6 Skillman (John,6 John,4 Joseph,3 Thomas,3 Thomas1), b. in Brooklyn (Bushwick), March 21, 1819; dealt in books as " Skillman & Lane," 400 Pearl St., 1840-41, and "John Skillman/; 1842; m. (1) 1840, Sarah Ann Devoe; two daus.; m. (2) Dec. 3, 292 Lords of Manors of New York. [Oct., 1846, Caroline Sevoe, stepdau. of Cadet, and by her were four additional children: i. Susan Frances,7 d. inf. ii. Sarah A., b. Sept. 30, 1842; d. 1868. iii. Caddie, b. May 5, 1848; d. Sept. 28, 1867. iv. Susanna Gardner, b. 1849; d. Feb., 185 1. v. Susanna Church, b. 1852; m. April 24, 1872, Edgar Halliday. vi. John Henry, b. 1855; drowned Jan. 5, 1864. 164. Joseph Henry 6 Skillman (John,6 John,4 Joseph,9 Thomas,* Thomas1), b. at Bushwick (Brooklyn), Dec. 19, 1837; d. May 2, 1890; m. 1873, Anna Stebbins. Children: i. Henry Christopher,7 b. July 23, 1874. ii. Edwin Joseph, b. July 6, 1876. May, b. June 14, 1883; d. inf. iv. Ethel, b. Feb. 4, 1885. v. Ralph Francis, b. May 17, 1889. LORDS OF MANORS OF NEW YORK. With a Preface on the Aryan and Seigneurial Order of the Empire in America. By the Viscount de Fronsac. In 1540, Charles, Count of Hapsburg, Grand Duke of Austria, King of Spain and Emperor of the Romans, extended the Seigneurial Order of the Empire over America, of which entire continent he had become absolute master. To this Order, as a nobility, were admitted the Founders and Defenders of the Empire in America, to hold lands incorporated into lordships, or seigneurs, hereditarily with personal representation in the Emperor's Council in the various provinces where their seigneurial holdings extended; and as a class, even if bereft of lands and function by revolution and disaster, to constitute in their remotest generations a class of honor and precedence like the noblesse. The first and highest title of this Seigneurial Order he bestowed on Colan, grandson of Christopher Columbus (the Duchy of Veragua) with the additional rank of hereditary Vice-Admiral. On the dismemberment of this great Empire of Charles by treaty and distribution, the rights of succession of rank and property of these families were continued by international agreement and the Seigneurial Order was continued by their establishment and added to by each succeeding monarchy. Thus the Dutch created their Patroon-Lords in New Netherland and when that passed to the British King Charles II, he added to them in Seigneurial succession the Lords of the Manors of New York, while in Carolina he created a special list of Seigneurial titles, such as Landgrave to rank with Earl, Cacique to rank with Viscount, and Baron and Lord of Manor. His brother, King James, VII (II), later on countersigned Lord Baltimore's addition of the Lords of the Manors of Maryland. Already the Kings of France in Canada and Louisiana had followed after King James, VI's Baronets of Nova Scotia, with Seigneurial rank in the Dukes, Marquises, Counts. Barons and Seignees of that country — the highest of which was the Duke of Arkansas bestowed on John Law, finance minister of France and principal founder of Arkansas. Then, when all these degrees, concessions and rights passed by treaty under the sovereignty of King George III, by the Treaty of Paris of 1763, they were expressly secured to the families who had won them by their nobility, valor and merit. So from monarch to monarch by treaty and treaty, the imperial titles and sovereignty of the Emperor Charles in America were passed on until they finally devolved on the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland, with the chief ship of the Seigneurial Order of the Empire. The Revolution in America (1776-83) and the formation of the United States has not been deemed to have abrogated the Seigneurial honors of families residing in the states which were these former provinces of the Empire, any more than it destroyed the peerage rights of the family of Lord Fairfax of Virginia. To assert, maintain and obtain recognition of these rights before the Court of the Empire, as well as to preserve the Aryan purity of succession of these families, caused their principal descendants to reorganize the Seigneurial Order of the Empire in 1880 (first established in America by the Emperor Charles in 1540) to which they added the name of Aryan. In 1908, by the generosity of the Baroness Dorchester, Greywell Hill, Winchfield, England (Chief of one branch of the Order), the dies of the decoration were paid for and made by Spink, 17 and 18 Piccadilly, London (maker to the King and for the Order of the Garter). They were approved by the Herald's College and by the Earl. Marshall of England (Duke of Norfolk), and are to be worn by those descendants in the male line of the family name of the above mentioned families on registration in the Aryan and Seigneurial College of Arms, Viscount de Fronsac, Herald-Marshall, London, Ontario, Canada. The feudal and titled families of New York — Lord-Patroons, etc., — who are eligible to this only Court, recognized and imperially founded order in America, are the following: Schuyler, Lord of Beverwyck. Philip Piertersen Schuyler in 1650 was made Lord-Patroon of Beverwyck. His son was the first Mayor of Albany (1686-94). Arms: Vert, issuing from a cloud, ppr. a cubet arm in fesse, vested azure, holding in hand a falcon, close, ppr. Crest: a hawk, close ppr. Seigneurial Coronet. 294 Lords of Manors of New York. [Oct., Kyp, Lord of Kypsburg. Isaac Kyp, in 1688, was Lord-Patroon of Kypsburg. He was descended from Ruloff de Kype, a Norman Seigneur whose barony was near Alencon, France. Isaac came to New York in 1657 and was succeeded by his descendants, Jacob and Hendricks Kyp. Arms: Azure, a cheveron or, between two griffins sejant confrontee; in chief a dexter hand couped argent. Crest: a demi-griffin argent, holding in paws a cross, gules. Seigneurial Coronet. Smith, Lord of St. George's Manor. Col. William Smith received the lordship of St. George's Manor at Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, in 1693. His son William was Judge of the Supreme Court and died in 1767, whose son William was Chief Justice and Royal Councillor up to 1782. He was averse to Republicanism and wrote a historical summary of the times. He settled in Canada and was Judge at Quebec after 1783. The family were from Hingham Fenn, Northampton, England. Arms: Or, on a cheveron gules, be- tween three crosses-crosslet fitchee sable, three bezants. Crest: out of a ducal coronet or, an Indian goat's head argent, eared sable, bearded and attired of the first. Seigneurial Coronet. Evans, Lord of Fletcher Manor. Capt. John Evans was made by the King Lord of Fletcher Manor in 1694. The family is of Norman origin, descending from Richard, son of Payne de Avenes who came to England in 1 194. Arms: Azure, a griffin passant, and a chief, or. Crest: a griffin passant, or, beaked, fore legged and ducally gorged, azure. Motto: " Durate." Seigneurial Coronet. Van Courtlandt, Lord of Van Courtlandt Manor. Stephen Van Courtlandt, by Royal patent, was Lord of Courtlandt Manor in 1697. It contained 83,000 acres. His ancestor Stephen, of South Holland, was a man of considerable importance in 1610, whose son Oloff came to New York in 1649, as a free-holder. Oloff was father of Stephen, the first Lord, who was Mayor of New York and a Royal Councillor in 1677, from whom descended Col. Philip Van Courtlandt, Lord of the Manor in 1783. The Manor house is yet possessed by the family whose rights of noblesse and representation are in the Aryan and Seigneurial Order of the Empire. Arms: Argent, the wings of windmill sable, voided of the field, between six etoils gules. Seigneurial Coronet. Livingston, Lord of Livingston Manor. Robert Livingston, by Royal patent, was Lord of Livingston Manor of 120,000 acres in 1686, who traced through Rev. Alex. Livingston of Sterling, 1590, to the Livingston Manor. Stons, Earls of Calendar in Scotland. From him descended several noted judges and jurists. Arms: 1st and 4th argent, three cingfoils gules within a royal tressure vert; 2nd and 3rd sable a bend between six billets or. Crest: a demi-hercules, wreathed about head and middle holding club erect in dexter hand and in sinister a serpent proper. Motto: "Si je puis." Seigneurial Coronet. Gardiner, Lord of Gardiner Manor. Col. Lionel Gardiner in 1639, by Royal patent, was made Lord of Gardiner Manor, Gardiner's Island. The Manor contained 3,300 acres. Most likely the family descends from William Le Gardiner who possessed estates in Rutland, England, in 1202. The name occurs in the XIII in Yorkshire, and in the following century in Wilts and Somerset. Arms: A cheveron, ermine, between two griffins' heads in chief and a cross patté, argent in base. Crest: A pelican, sable, vulning itself, gules. Motto: "Deo non fortuna." Seigneurial Coronet. Morris, Lord of Morrisania. His Excellency, Lewis Morris, who had been Royal Governor of New Jersey in 1638, was by Royal patent in 1697, made Manorial lord of Morrisania. His son Lewis and his grandson Richard, Lords of the Manor in succession, were also both judges in admiralty. He descended from William Morris, Lord of Turnpike Manor, Co. Monmouth, England. The family originated with the Norman name of de St. Maurice, and the fief in Normandy existed in 1180. Isabella, John and Margerie Morice are recorded in England in 1272. Arms: 1st and 4th gules, a lion, ramp, regard, or; 2nd and 3rd three torteaux in fesse. Crest: A castle in flames, ppr. Seigneurial Coronet. Philippse, Lord of Philippsebourg. Hon. Frederic Philippse, by Royal patent in 1693, was made Lord of the Manor of Philippsebourg containing 1500 square miles. He was a Royal Councillor in the Province of New York and was born at Balsford, in Friesland. His son Frederic was a great leader in the Province and married a daughter of the Royal Governor. He was succeeded by his son, Col. Frederic, who left ten children, while of his daughters, Mary married Col. Beverley Robinson and Susan married Col. Morris. Arms: A demi-lion issuant of a ducal coronet, argent, crowned or. Crest: the same. Seigneurial Coronet. Paine, Lord of Sophy Manor. John Paine, about 1666, was by Royal writ made Lord of Sophy Manor, Prudence Island, near Rhode Island. He was born in 1601 and first settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, where in 1647-9, he was a Deputy to the General Court. He was proprietor of a fine estate and was the ruling elder and treasurer of Essex County for eighteen years. His first wife was Ann, daughter of John Whiting of the Manor of Hudleigh, Suffolk, England. He was succeeded in manorial lordship by his son John. His other son, Robert, graduated at Harvard and was living in 1701. The family descends from Robert Payne of Normandie, 118-98, from one offshoot of whom were the Baronets Payne. Arms: Paly of six argent and vert; on a chief azure three garbs, or. Crest: A lion, pr. supporting a sheaf of wheat. Seigneurial Coronet. Pell, Lord of Pellham Manor. Thomas Pell in 1666, by Royal writ, was made Lord of Pellham Manor. He was grandson of John Pell and Margaret Oberland whose father, Rev. John Pell, was rector of Southwick, Sussex, England, 1590. His son obtained an addition to the Royal patent of lordship in 1687 whose original extent was 9,166 acres. The first ancestor of the family was Radulphus Pele of Normandie, 1180. From him Robert, son of Robert le Pele was settled at York, England. From the same source came also the Peels of Yorkshire and Lancaster, ancestors of Sir Robert Peel, one time minister of England. Arms: Ermine, on a canton azure, a pelican or, vulned, gules. Seigneurial Coronet. Billopp, Lord of Bentley Manor. Capt. Christopher Billopp received from the King in 1687 the lordship of Bentley Manor of over 2,000 acres, southwest part of Staten Island. He had been an officer in the Royal Navy. His only daughter married Mr. Young Farmer. The son by the marriage on inheriting the manorial lordship took the name of Billopp. The manor was the meeting place for Lord Howe, Dr. Franklin, John Adams and Edward Rutledge in 1778, in a fruitless undertaking to end the hostilities between the British provinces and the Parliamentary usurpation in England. Farmer-Billopp entered the British Army and became Colonel. His estates were confiscated by the Revolutionary Party in America in 1782 and he settled in New Brunswick where he became President of the Provincial Council. His descendants yet retain their Seigneurial honors. Arms: Vert, an eagle displayed argent, armed and langued gules. Crest: A wolf? sejant regardant, argent, vulned on the shoulder, gules. Motto: "Sublimiora Petamus." These arms were borne by the family of Biddulph since 1583 (ancestors of the Billopps), when they held the manor of Biddulph in Staffordshire, England. A Seigneurial Coronet is added for their manorial rank. Pauw, Lord of Pavonia. Michael Pauw in 1630 was Lord-Patroon of Pavonia. He was formerly of Holland and of a noble Dutch family. Descended from the same source was M. de Pauw, reader to King Frederick the Great of Prussia. Arms: Empaled, 1st, argeant, a paon with feathers displayed, ppr. 2ndly, azure, a granade stemmed and leaved, or. Seigneurial Coronet. Lord of Pavonia Manor. De Vries, Lord of Pavonia Manor. D. P. de Vries in 1636 received through the Pauw family the hereditary lordship of Pavonia Manor. He was formerly of Amsterdam, Holland. Arms: Azure, a cheveron between three ears of corn argent. Seigneurial Coronet. Melyn, Lord of Pavonia Hall. Cornelius Melyn was possessed of Manorial rights and patrogate lordship of the domain of Pavonia Hall, Staten Island in 1640. The family which had also English branches in the name of Mellen, was derived from Malins or De Malines in Flanders. The Lords of Malines descended from Bertold, living in 800, were established as Advocates or Protectors of Malines by the Bishop of Liege. They were Cavaliers of the Holy Empire in 1721. Arms: Gules, three pales vair, as recorded in their native city of Antwerp, to which is added the symbol of their rank. A Seigneurial Coronet. Mayhew, Lords of Mayhew Manor. Matthew Mayhew, by royal writ became Lord of Mayhew Manor, Martha's Vineyard. In 1685, he was of a scholarly and distinguished ancestry, descended from Thomas Mayhew, gent., born in 1591 in England, and a passenger to Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1631. The latter was Deputy to the General Court (1634-44). He removed to Martha's Vineyard in 1647, where he was governor for the proprietors and preached to the Indians. His first wife was Martha Parkhurst, and his second, Grace, widow of Thomas Paine. He was father of Matthew, the first Lord of the Manor, and of Thomas, a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Arms: Argeant, on a fesse sable between three roses, gules, a lily of the first, which arms were borne by their predecessor Richard Mayhew, Bishop of Hereford (1504-16), to which is added the Seigneurial Coronet. Mayhew, Lord of Tysbury Manor. Thomas Mayhew, judge, etc., brother of Matthew, first Lord of Mayhew Manor, received by Royal writ the Manor of Tysbury, adjoining Mayhew Manor, in 1671. Arms: same as above. Wyllys, Lord of Wyllys Manor. The Hon. Samuel Wyllys (Welles), Secy, of the Colony of Connecticut, by Royal writ became Lord of Wyllys Manor in 1675, which included Plum Island. He was born in Warwick-shire, England, in 1638. He came to Connecticut and was a magistrate in 1654. His wife was a daughter of Gov. Haines. His father, George, was one time Gov. of the Province, whose eldest son, George, remained in England in charge of the family estate of Tenny-Compton. Gov. Wyllys was also a commissioner to the Congress of the United Provinces held at Albany. The family descends from Effric de Welles, who held the fief of Welles or Wellis in Normandie in 11. 80. Lord Samuel Wyllys was succeeded by his son Hezekiah, who was Secy, for the Colony (1712-34). His son and successor, Lord George Wyllys (married the daughter, Eliz., of Rev. James Hobart), was Colonial Secy. (1734-96), which office continued in this manorial family up to 1809, when it was held by Lord George Wyllys. Arms: Argent, a cheveron between three mullets, gule. Crest: A falcon expanded, pr., belled, or. Seigneurial Coronet. Fletcher, Lord of Fletcherton. Col. Benj. Fletcher, Royal Governor of New York in 1692, by Royal writ was made Lord of Fletcherton Manor. He was descended from Robert Flechier, Normandie, 1198. Adam le Flechier came to England, 1272, from whom descended the Baronets Fletcher and Fletcher, Lord of Saltown in Scotland. Col. Fletcher was son of William Fletcher of Low Bashir Manor, Westmeath, Ireland, by wife Abigail, daughter and heiress of Henry Vincent of London. His son and successor, Lord Benj. Fletcher, is mentioned in connection with the Province of Pennsylvania where some of the family reside. Arms: 1st and 4th sable, a cross flory between four escallops, argent: 2nd and 3rd, azure, a cheveron between three quarterfoils slipped, argent. Crest: An arm in armor embowed holding in gauntlet an arrow, pp. Motto: "Per Augustum." Seigneurial Coronet. Lovelace, Lord of Pavonia Villa. Col. Francis Lovelace, Royal Governor of New York in 1670, by Royal writ was Lord of Pavonia Villa, Staten Island. He was a son of Sir Richard, Baron Lovelace, of the Manor of Hurley. His relative, John Lovelace, succeeded him as Lord of the Manor and was also Royal Governor of the Province in 1708. He married Lady Ann Wentworth, daughter Of the Earl of Cleveland, who was created Baroness Wentworth in her own right. She was ancestress of the Earl of Lovelace and Lord Wentworth. The peerage of Lovelace became extinct in 1736, but rights of representation in the Aryan and Seigneurial Order devolve on the next nearest collateral. Arms: 1st and 4th gules, on a shield indented argent, three martlets sable for Lovelace: 2nd azure, on a saltire engrailed argent, five martlets sable for Hingham: 3rd on a saltire argent, a rose of Lancaster for Neville. Crest: On the trunk of a tree, vert, an eagle displayed argent. Supporters: Two pegasi pourpre. Seigneurial Coronet. Palmer, Lord of Cassilton Manor. Capt. John Palmer in 1687 by Royal writ became Lord of Cassilton Manor of the North part of Staten Island. In 1681 he acquired a large tract of land in Somerset Co., New Jersey. He was member of the Council of the Gov. Sir Edmund Andros, and had come from England with the commission of Chief-Justice. The name Palmer meant a Crusader. In England four of these families had a Norman origin. The Palmers of Lincoln, those of York, those of Northampton, and those of Hants and Sussex. Arms: Or, on a chevron gules, five acorns of the field. Seigneurial Coronet. Heathcote, Lord of Scarsdale Manor. Col. Caleb Heathcote by Patent Royal was Lord of Scarsdale Manor, 21 March, 1701. He was son of Gilbert of Westerfield, Derbyshire, and brother of Sir Gilbert, Lord-Mayor of London. He married Martha, daughter of Col. William Smith, a manorial lord of Long Island. Former Governor of Tangiers. Lord Heathcote was Surveyor-General of the Province, and Mayor of New York in 1711. One of his daughters married James de Lancey, Lieutenant-Gov. of the Province. Arms: Ermine, three pomeis charged with a cross, or. Crest: On a mural crown, a pomeis between two wings displayed, ermine. Seigneurial Coronet. Van Rensselaer, Lord of Rensselaerwyck. De Heer Kilieen Van Rensselaer was Lord-Patroon of Rensselaerwyck before 1637. He was a pearl and diamond merchant, and one of the Directors of the Dutch West Indian Company. His patronate lordship extended in Albany and Rensselaer Counties. He died in 1645 and was succeeded by his son Kilieen, who married Marie Van Courtlandt. At his death in 1701, his sons Jeremiah and Stephen were the succeeding Lords of the manor. The latter died in 1747 and was succeeded by Stephen, who married Catherine Livingston. He died in 1764. His son, Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, born 1764, Lieut.-Gov. of New York, 1795-8, was Major-General 1812-15. By his first wife, Margaret Schuyler, he had Stephen, his successor, and other children by second marriage. Arms: 1st gules, a cross ancre argent; 2nd argent, a fesse embattled, voided, sable; 3rd argent, three antique crosses, azure; 4th or three che veronals sable. Motto: "Niemand Zondes." Siegneurial Coronet. Chambers, Lord of Fox Hall. Thomas Chambers, by Royal writ in 1667 became Lord of Fox Hall, near Kingston. The family is Norman and trace direct to Robert de la Chambre who held lands in feudal tenure in Worcestershire, England, in 1345. Arms: Argent, a cheveron sable, surmounted by another ermine between three chambers placed transverse of the escutcheon, of the second, fired, pr. Seigneurial Coronet. Archer, Lord of Fordham Manor. John Archer, of Royal patent, was made Lord of Fordham Manor, 13 Nov., 1671. His father and grandfather were named John also, the latter of whom married Eleanor Frewin, and was son of Humphrey Archer, gent, born 1527. John, the first lord of the manor, was succeeded by his son John who married in New York in 1686, Sarah Odell. Their son Samuel was the third lord of Fordham Manor. The family trace to William Arcuarius, general of bowmen, Haunts, England, 1086, whose son Fulbert L'Archer witnessed a charter of Geoffrey de Clinton, time of King Henry, I. Arms: Per pale gules and azure; three arrows or, barbed and feathered argent. Crest: A dragon's head issuant of a mural crown of the last and third. Seigneurial Coronet. Lloyd, Lord of Queens Manor. Lloyd became Lord of Queens Manor by Royal assent in 1679. It was situated on Long Island. This family was of Welsh origin. Arms: Gules, a lion or. Crest: A bird rising, or. Seigneurial Coronet. There may have been other manorial grantees or possessors of that Seigneurial dignity and rank. Fuller information is sought of these founders and defenders of the Empire in America so that all families thus entitled may appear in the forthcoming book, Baronage of the Empire, soon to be issued in England. All such information should be sent to the Viscount de Fronsac, London, Ontario, Canada. OBITUARY. Wandell, Townsend, lawyer, Annual Member, elected Jan. 12, 1900, was killed in a railway accident at Bologna, Italy, June 28, 1908, aged 60. Mr. Wandell was a bachelor; his father was Judge Benjamin Coe Wandell; his home was at 157 East 83d Street, where he lived with his brother Francis L. and his sister Miss Josephine Wandell. His office was at 51 Chambers Street. He was a graduate of the Columbia College Law School in 1865, and in his law practice his uprightness of purpose and trustworthiness of character gained for him the confidence and trust of many clients who placed the entire charge of their estates in his hands. His friend, J. S. Voorhees, in a letter to the press, says him this beautiful tribute: "Everyone loved and respected him, and they could not help loving him for he was true, honest and just. He had a kind word for everyone. The world is better for having known Townsend Wandell and though his self-sacrificing earthly career is ended, his pure upright example will live and inspire others for good." Mr. Wandell was a member of the Union League, Club, the Sons of the Revolution, the Holland Society, the St. Nicholas Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New York Historical Society, New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Dwight Alumni Association, and the Columbia Law School Alumni. He was trustee and manager of the New York City Church Extension and Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, and manager of the New York Deaconess Home and Training School. The funeral services were held in the Madison Avenue Episcopal Church, Friday, July 24, 1908. QUERIES. Waldron— Vermilye. — Was Maria Goverts, wife of Resolved Waldron of Amsterdam, the mother of Resolved Waldron, Jr., the Harlem, N.Y., settler? Wanted proof that the said Resolved Waldron, Jr., and Johannes Vermilye, another Harlem settler, were entitled to use coat-armor, and the blazon of their arms. 1908.] Book Notices. Smith.— Caleb Smith, the third of his name, in line, m. Hannah, daughter of Jacobus Dyckman, 25 Jan., 1804. Who was the mother of the said Caleb Smith; was he of the Tangier Rock or Bull Smith; what was his line back to the founder of the Smith family on Long Island; and what was the day and month of Caleb's death in 1858? Dyckman. Who was the mother of the celebrated Staats Morris Dyckman? Riker's Revised History of Harlem gives him as son of Jacob and Tryntje Benson of Spuyton Duyvil, or Harlem, and m. to Eliza Come. Bolton says he was the fifth. Son of Jacob Dyckman of Phillipsburgh, and m. Eliza Kemedy. His true parentage and dates of birth for himself and his wife are desired. The marriage date of Jacob and Tryntje (Benson) Dyckman is asked for, and a dated list of their children: Samson, Staats Morris, Benjamin, Jacobus John, Garret, Wm. Nagel, Maria, Catalina, Jane, and perhaps Jacob. Riker says John above, m. Aletta Goetchins, but members of the family say he m. Mehitable Westcot. Which is correct? The will of Deliverance Conkling in 1762, names his dau. Deliverance Conkling, wife of Jacob Dyckman. Who were Jacob's parents? Could he have been son of Jacob and Tryntje Benson above? Is Mr. D. Waters Dyckman a descendant of the Long Island family of Waters, and if so, how? The above is asked for in the interest of a Dyckman Chart now being compiled. Incy d. Akerly. BOOK NOTICES. Our American Barclays, by Cornelia Barclay Barclay. Cloth, small Quarto, pp. 80. Limited edition, privately printed. The Grafton Press, New York. 1908. This little work is filled with interesting details concerning the early members of the ancient Barclay Family of Albany, N.Y., so many of whom were loyalists at the time of the Revolutionary War. The information is largely imparted in the form of conversational information. National letters addressed to the children of the compiler, with additional chapters on the early English and Scotch families of the name, the Saxon "de Berkeleys" and the Rev. Thomas Barclay, the first of his family in America, together with copies of various epistles written by and to members of his family. It is probable that the Rev. Thomas Barclay, who only took clerical orders at the late age of forty years, was allied to the Barclays of Fifeshire, Scotland, and was possibly a son of Sir Robert Barclay, Bart, of Pierston, County Fife, by his second wife Barbara Deas. Positive proof of this fact is lacking, but a skilled searcher in Scotland has produced many documents pointing to this origin of the family and the clue is well worth serious investigation. So much new and valuable data has been collected by Mrs. Barclay beyond the meager facts hitherto known, that it is hoped a complete genealogy of this interesting Tory family will soon be published in the standard form and arrangement. In the meantime, the compiler is to be congratulated upon putting the family history in so compact and readable a form, the book being beautifully printed in large clear type, with wide margins, and the paper and binding up to the high standard set by its publishers. The Descendants of James Cole of Plymouth, 1633. Also a record of the families of Lt. Thomas Burnham Of Ipswich, 1635; Lt. Edward Winship of Cambridge, 1635, and Simon Huntington, England, 1635, with a complete record of the Cole, Coole and Coule families of America in the Revolution. By Ernest Byron Cole. The Grafton Press, New York. 1908. Cloth, Quarto. There is some mention of the family before the emigration to America, but it is best known by the fact that the hill where the Mayflower pilgrims were first buried is known as Cole's Hill, since James Cole, who came to Saco, Maine, in 1632, and one year later located at Plymouth, lived on a grant of ten acres including this first burial ground. His descendants are traced to the tenth generation and their children. To this is added the three families named on the title page, and other Cole families in America, which are only briefly given, as will be seen when seven families cover that number of pages. The Revolutionary records fill about fifty pages, and an index in three columns of eighteen pages, completes a book which shows industry and will be sought by many. The Cantrill-Cantrell Genealogy, by Susan Cantrill Christie. Cloth, Octavo, pp. 271. Full Index. The Grafton Press, New York. 1908. (This is the first complete record.) Of the descendants of Richard Cantrill, a resident of Philadelphia prior to 1689, and of the earlier Cantrills in England and America, and in subject matter, arrangement, and beauty of print and binding reflects high credit upon the family historian and the publishers. It is the first genealogy of this family, one of the oldest in America, to be published and represents ten years constant and faithful labor. The name can be clearly traced to the original family of Cantrill or Cantrelle in France, and a brief history is given of the early Cantrills in England, Ireland, and America. No claim is made to the arms or early lines of ancestry, however, unless there is absolute proof of right or relationship, and this frank attitude of the compiler cannot be too highly commended, as the general tendency of the family historian is toward assuming the arms of a distinguished ancestry, without the slightest right or reason. No less than 2127 desecendants are traced out and praise should be awarded the workmanlike manner of arrangement, which follows the best and most modern practice in genealogical manuscripts. The book is sure to become a work of reference and no large genealogical library can afford to be without a copy. A word of praise should also be said in behalf of The Grafton Press, the publishers, for its careful preparation and publication of the manuscript and the great skill and taste displayed. In this age of indifferent printing of inaccurate genealogical matter bound up in the cheapest form, it is refreshing to find a book of this character and style. Additional Contributions to the History of Christ Church, Hartford, Conn., with The Records of Baptisms, Confirmations, Communicants, Marriages and Burials, 1760-1900. Volume II. Cloth, Octavo, pp. 517. Full Index. Press of Belknap & Warfield, Hartford. 1908. This splendid transcript of the records of one of the most important churches in Hartford, fully crowns the compilation of the history of this parish, so well related in the first volume, previously reviewed in the Record.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68251751
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How to return "omit" from Ansible Jinja filter
I have created a filter that at first could return the Python None object / value. The idea was then to use default(omit) with this filter. For example
- name: Execute script
command: "{{ item }}"
with_items: "{{ some_list }}"
notify: "{{ item|my_filter|default(omit) }}"
Now I noticed that returning None or not using a return in my code is translated by Jinja into an empty string. As a consequence Ansible will notify an empty string handler which does not exist and then fail.
Is it possible to omit a variable using default(omit) when using a Jinja filter on that variable? How?
If I understand correctly, you only want to trigger the handler when your filter returns something. But ansible, will trigger the handler when the task status is changed. As far as I know, this behavior can't be modified and just returning an empty string will not work, as you already experienced.
You have several possibilities:
You can write a changed_when condition that returns true in case you want to trigger the handler, and otherwise returns false.
You can define an "empty" handler, that does nothing and trigger that by default (as in when you do not want to trigger the actual handler: default("empty handler")).
Everything between {{ and }} is a template and will be replaced with the result after evaluating the statement. Thus, it can not "remove" the notify itself, it can only decide what will be notified.
I had the same problem but for omiting params when the Filter returned None, has the param where boolean I couldn't user default(omit, true).
I found the solution in the documentation
- name: Execute script
command: "{{ item }}"
with_items: "{{ some_list }}"
notify: "{{ item | my_filter or omit }}"
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<urn:uuid:d5c544a0-4f31-4367-9928-56fa280dcdf8>
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
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https://francearchives.gouv.fr/facomponent/2a5c564a6c2337baef525b6001ffe646af262cf6
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francearchives.gouv.fr
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Olland née Stoltz, Julie
Document d'archives : Olland née Stoltz, Julie ...
Né(e) le 23 janvier 1854 (Seltz, Bas-Rhin)
Lieu de résidence : Camp du Maréchal, section d'Haussonviller (Alger)
4194 X 84 (numéro du dossier à consulter en sous-série BB/11)
Olland née Stoltz, Julie, femme d'étranger
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<urn:uuid:8b9e14b2-cc96-4ed3-a395-213aa89e6184>
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https://www.senat.fr/rap/l18-546/l18-5461.pdf
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senat.fr
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à instituer un médiateur territorial dans certaines collectivités territoriales,
Sénat : 699 (2017-2018) et 547 (2018-2019)
I. ALORS QUE LA MÉDIATION EST DÉJÀ POSSIBLE SOUS DIVERSES
FORMES, LA PROPOSITION DE LOI TEND À CRÉER UN CADRE
JURIDIQUE PROPRE AUX MÉDIATEURS TERRITORIAUX ET À IMPOSER
LEUR INSTITUTION DANS CERTAINES COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES
ET INTERCOMMUNALITÉS.......................................................................................... 8
A. LES COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES SONT LIBRES DE METTRE EN PLACE
DES MÉDIATEURS INSTITUTIONNELS POUR RÉSOUDRE À L’AMIABLE DES
DIFFÉRENDS AVEC LEURS ADMINISTRÉS.................................................................. 9
B. LE DROIT EN VIGUEUR OFFRE PLUSIEURS AUTRES FORMES DE MÉDIATION
VISANT À PRÉVENIR LA JUDICIARISATION DES LITIGES ENTRE LES
COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES ET LEURS ADMINISTRÉS...................................14
1. Le Défenseur des droits, autorité constitutionnelle indépendante, peut être saisi pour
tout litige résultant du fonctionnement des collectivités territoriales portant atteinte aux
droits et libertés d’une personne........................................................................................14
2. Réformée en 2016, la médiation administrative offre aussi aux collectivités territoriales
un moyen de prévenir la judiciarisation des litiges............................................................16
3. Le régime de la médiation de la consommation est également applicable à certaines
activités des collectivités territoriales................................................................................18
C. LA PROPOSITION DE LOI VISE À IMPOSER L’INSTITUTION D’UN
MÉDIATEUR TERRITORIAL POUR CERTAINES COLLECTIVITÉS OU
INTERCOMMUNALITÉS ET À CRÉER UN CADRE JURIDIQUE PROPRE À
CETTE CATÉGORIE DE MÉDIATION ...........................................................................21
II. LA POSITION DE LA COMMISSION DES LOIS : ENCOURAGER LE
RECOURS AUX MÉDIATEURS TERRITORIAUX SANS L’IMPOSER ET
RENFORCER LA SÉCURITÉ JURIDIQUE D’UN NOUVEAU CADRE PROPRE
À CETTE CATÉGORIE DE MÉDIATION.....................................................................23
A. LES INTERROGATIONS QUANT À LA CRÉATION D’UNE OBLIGATION
NOUVELLE POUR CERTAINES COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES ET
INTERCOMMUNALITÉS MAIS LA VOLONTÉ D’ENCOURAGER LA
MÉDIATION .....................................................................................................................23
1. Le refus d’accroître les obligations des collectivités territoriales.........................................23
2. La volonté de votre commission d’encourager le recours aux médiateurs territoriaux.........24
B. SAISIR L’OPPORTUNITÉ DE CRÉER UN SOCLE DE RÈGLES COMMUNES
FACILITANT L’ACTION DU MÉDIATEUR TERRITORIAL, TOUT EN
RENFORÇANT LA SÉCURITÉ JURIDIQUE DU DISPOSITIF PROPOSÉ PAR LA
PROPOSITION DE LOI ....................................................................................................25
1. Mieux définir le champ de compétences et les fonctions du médiateur territorial................25
2. Mieux garantir l’indépendance et l’impartialité du médiateur territorial ...........................28
3. Mieux encadrer le régime procédural pour assurer sa transparence et sa lisibilité pour les
parties ..............................................................................................................................29
4. Supprimer le renvoi au pouvoir réglementaire...................................................................30
5. Approuver les moyens requis pour assurer la saisine effective du médiateur territorial ......31
6. Adapter l’application dans le temps et en outre-mer de la proposition de loi.......................31
LISTE DES PERSONNES ENTENDUES ET CONTRIBUTION ÉCRITE .......................47
Réunie le mercredi 5 juin 2019, sous la présidence de M. Philippe
Bonhomme et établi son texte sur la proposition de loi n° 699 (2017-2018)
territoriales, présentée par Mme Nathalie Delattre, M. François Pillet et
Les collectivités territoriales sont aujourd’hui libres de mettre en
place des médiateurs institutionnels pour résoudre à l’amiable des
différends avec leurs administrés. Pour autant, dans le silence des textes,
leurs modalités de nomination et la procédure suivie ne font pas l’objet de
garanties légales. De surcroît, leur institution n’est aujourd’hui nullement
Face à ce constat, et reconnaissant l’utilité de la médiation dans les
territoires, la commission des lois a adopté neuf amendements de son
rapporteur visant à encourager le développement des médiateurs
territoriaux et à clarifier le cadre juridique dans lequel ils opèrent.
Elle a tout d’abord laissé aux collectivités territoriales ou aux
groupements la liberté de choisir de recourir ou non à ce dispositif, et ainsi
rendu l’institution d’un médiateur territorial facultative (article 1er).
Elle a ensuite souhaité renforcer la sécurité juridique du dispositif
proposé, sans renoncer à ses objectifs.
La commission des lois a tout d’abord mieux défini le champ de
compétences du médiateur territorial en excluant les litiges avec une autre
personne publique, de nature contractuelle ou relevant de la gestion des
ressources humaines (article 1er).
Elle a complété les garanties entourant la nomination et l’exercice
des fonctions en rendant incompatibles les fonctions de médiateur territorial
avec celles d’élus ou d’agents des groupements dont serait membre une
collectivité territoriale qui nommerait un médiateur (article 1er).
La commission des lois a aussi clarifié le régime procédural de la
médiation territoriale en faisant de la saisine d’un tel médiateur une cause
d’interruption du délai de recours contentieux (article 1er).
Enfin, elle a adopté des dispositions transitoires pour les
médiateurs en fonctions à la date d’entrée en vigueur de la loi (article 2).
Elle a également modifié l’intitulé de la proposition de loi de façon
à le mettre en cohérence avec son contenu.
La commission des lois a adopté la proposition de loi visant à
favoriser le développement des médiateurs territoriaux ainsi modifiée.
Faisant le constat de plusieurs dizaines de médiateurs déjà institués
dans tous les niveaux de collectivités territoriales et d’une attente renouvelée
de plus de proximité de la part de nos concitoyens, la proposition de loi de
notre collègue Nathalie Delattre vise à encourager le développement de ce
mode alternatif de règlement des litiges.
- celui d’imposer l’institution d’un médiateur territorial dans
certaines collectivités territoriales et établissements publics de coopération
intercommunale, d’une part ;
- celui de créer un cadre juridique propre à cette catégorie de
médiation, d’autre part.
Consacrant dans la loi une pratique existante dans les territoires, le
médiateur territorial s’inscrirait toutefois dans un cadre juridique déjà bien
fourni en outils de médiation destinés à résoudre à l’amiable des litiges
susceptibles de s’élever entre les collectivités territoriales et leurs
Votre commission s’est donc refusée à accroître inutilement les charges
des collectivités territoriales et a supprimé l’obligation d’instituer un médiateur
territorial fixée à l’article 1er de la proposition de loi.
Néanmoins, convaincue par les arguments de notre collègue Nathalie
Delattre et des différentes personnes entendues par le rapporteur de l’utilité du
médiateur territorial qui peut favoriser une régulation bienveillante des aléas
de l’administration, votre commission a approuvé la philosophie de la
Au terme d’un examen approfondi et d’un travail conjoint de votre
rapporteur avec l’auteur de la proposition de loi, votre commission a donc
approuvé la consécration législative d’un cadre juridique propre à cette
Elle a toutefois souhaité en renforcer la sécurité juridique,
notamment en l’articulant mieux avec les dispositifs déjà en vigueur, comme
la médiation administrative.
Ainsi, elle a adopté neuf amendements, dont sept à l’article 1er de la
proposition de loi, visant notamment à mieux :
- définir les compétences et les fonctions du médiateur territorial ;
- garantir son indépendance et son impartialité ;
- encadrer le régime procédural pour assurer sa transparence et sa
lisibilité pour les parties.
Elle a également approuvé les moyens requis pour assurer la saisine
effective du médiateur et adapté l’application dans le temps et en outre-mer
de la proposition de loi (articles 2 et 3).
À l’initiative de son rapporteur, votre commission a adopté la
JURIDIQUE PROPRE AUX MÉDIATEURS TERRITORIAUX ET À
IMPOSER LEUR INSTITUTION DANS CERTAINES COLLECTIVITÉS
TERRITORIALES ET INTERCOMMUNALITÉS
La proposition de loi tend à généraliser la pratique de la médiation
dans les collectivités territoriales en imposant l’institution d’un médiateur
territorial dans certaines d’entre elles et dans certains établissements publics
de coopération intercommunale à fiscalité propre. Il serait compétent pour
les différends entre ladite collectivité et ses administrés.
Cette nouvelle catégorie de médiateur consacrée par la loi s’inscrirait
au sein d’un paysage où plusieurs modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges
coexistent en matière administrative.
La médiation constitue un mode alternatif de règlement des
différends1 qui a pour objet principal de prévenir la judiciarisation de ces
derniers. Elle fait intervenir un tiers, le médiateur, qui s’efforce de proposer
aux deux parties une proposition de solution de leur différend, qu’elles sont
ensuite libres d’accepter ou non. Le médiateur n’est en revanche pas investi
du pouvoir d’imposer sa décision comme l’est le juge.
Dès lors, l’accord résultant d’une médiation est une source
d’obligations des deux parties l’une envers l’autre. Il n’a toutefois pas de
force exécutoire : si l’une des parties n’exécute pas l’accord volontairement,
l’autre partie ne peut l’y contraindre. L’accord de médiation ne peut recevoir
force exécutoire que s’il est homologué par un juge.
1 Également dénommé mode alternatif de règlement des litiges.
Traditionnellement, la médiation diffère de la conciliation, autre
mode alternatif de règlement des litiges bien connu, qui vise à rapprocher les
points de vue sans forcément que le conciliateur ne propose de solution au
litige. Le Conseil d’État rappelle toutefois, dans une étude de 2010 sur la
médiation1, que les notions n’ont pas de raison d’être distinguées en droit,
hormis le fait qu’une conciliation peut avoir lieu sans tiers ; les distinctions
éventuelles entre les deux modes n’ayant d’effet que lorsque les textes
attribuent à tel ou tel terme un régime juridique différent.
La médiation se distingue également de la transaction, contrat par
lequel les parties mettent fin à un litige né ou à naître en se faisant des
concessions réciproques2, ou encore de l’arbitrage, procédé par lequel un
tiers règle le différend qui oppose plusieurs parties en exerçant la mission
A. LES COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES SONT LIBRES DE METTRE EN
PLACE DES MÉDIATEURS INSTITUTIONNELS POUR RÉSOUDRE À
L’AMIABLE DES DIFFÉRENDS AVEC LEURS ADMINISTRÉS
Conformément au principe de libre administration des collectivités
territoriales garanti par l’article 72 de la Constitution, certaines collectivités,
en particulier les plus importantes, ont d’ores et déjà institué un médiateur,
sans pour autant qu’une disposition législative ou réglementaire ne le leur
L’association des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales3 entendue
par votre rapporteur compte ainsi quarante-et-un membres, et estime à près
d’une soixantaine le nombre total de médiateurs existants dans les différents
niveaux de collectivités territoriales et les intercommunalités. Parmi leurs
membres, figurent en majorité des médiateurs communaux (23),
départementaux (14), et un nombre très limité de médiateurs régionaux (2),
intercommunal (1) ou métropolitain (1). Peuvent être cités le médiateur de la
ville de Paris, celui de la ville de Bordeaux ou encore celui de la ville
d’Angers, ceux des conseils départementaux de la Gironde, de
Charente-Maritime ou du Cantal, ainsi que ceux des régions Île-de-France et
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, ou encore celui de la métropole européenne de
1 Développer la médiation dans le cadre de l’Union européenne, étude du Conseil d’État
remise au Premier ministre le 30 juillet 2010 à sa demande, p. 83 et 84. Ce document est consultable
à l’adresse suivante : http://www.conseil-etat.fr/Decisions-Avis-Publications/Etudes-
2 Articles 2044 et suivants du code civil.
3 Elle a été créée en 2013.
Recensement des médiateurs existants par catégorie
de collectivité territoriale ou d’intercommunalité
Bourges Plus
Source : site internet de l’association des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales
Selon l’association, les matières qui donnent lieu à médiation
dépendent bien évidemment des compétences du niveau de collectivité
concerné : pour les communes, les différends concernent le plus souvent le
stationnement, le voisinage, la voirie, le logement, l’eau et l’assainissement
ou encore l’urbanisme ; pour les départements, l’aide sociale et la protection
de l’enfance constituent les principaux domaines d’activité de la médiation,
tandis que pour les régions, il s’agit plutôt de litiges concernant les lycées,
les transports régionaux, la formation professionnelle ou encore la qualité de
Votre rapporteur note toutefois qu’aucun texte ne régit le champ de
compétences des médiateurs territoriaux, qui peuvent donc être différents
d’une collectivité à l’autre.
Dans le silence des textes, les modalités de nomination sont, là
encore, hétérogènes. Ainsi, les médiateurs peuvent être nommés soit
directement par l’exécutif local ou l’organe délibérant, pour une durée de
plusieurs années qui parfois coïncide avec la durée du mandat électoral.
Aucun principe d’incompatibilité n’étant légalement prévu, certains élus ou
fonctionnaires sont médiateurs de leur propre collectivité, même s’il ne s’agit
pas de la majorité des médiateurs. Le vivier est en partie constitué d’anciens
élus ou de retraités, qui interviennent le plus souvent bénévolement, même
si le profil des médiateurs semble se diversifier.
Les médiateurs institués par les collectivités territoriales peuvent se définir
comme des médiateurs institutionnels, sans pour autant que ce terme ait une
Il existe également de nombreux autres médiateurs institutionnels,
intervenant directement auprès d’administrations ou d’organismes chargés d’une
Depuis 2015, l’article L. 421-1 du code des relations entre le public et
l’administration est venu autoriser formellement le recours à ce mode de règlement
des conflits par les collectivités territoriales, sans pour autant en faire une
obligation. Ainsi, « il peut être recouru à une procédure de conciliation ou de médiation en
vue du règlement amiable d’un différend avec l’administration1, avant qu’une procédure
juridictionnelle ne soit, en cas d’échec, engagée ou menée à son terme ».
Hormis ces dispositions très générales, aucun cadre juridique commun
n’existe pour ces médiateurs. Certains sont institués par la loi, d’autres par le
pouvoir réglementaire. Leurs modalités de nomination, tout comme la procédure
suivie (saisine préalable du service administratif en cause) et les effets de la
médiation (sur les délais de recours contentieux et la prescription), diffèrent d’un
médiateur à l’autre.
Toutefois, ils interviennent tous gratuitement et la majorité d’entre eux
sont réunis au sein du « Club des Médiateurs de services au public ».
Le médiateur des ministères économiques et financiers, compétent pour
traiter les réclamations individuelles concernant le fonctionnement des services du
ministère dans leurs relations avec les usagers, est nommé pour trois ans par arrêté
du ministre chargé de l’économie. Il impose un recours gracieux préalable à sa
saisine qui n’interrompt pas les délais de recours. Il peut faire appel aux services du
ministère pour l’instruction des réclamations dont il est saisi2.
1 L’administration, au sens du code des relations entre le public et l’administration, comprend les
administrations de l’État, les collectivités territoriales, leurs établissements publics administratifs et
les organismes et personnes de droit public et de droit privé chargés d’une mission de service public
administratif, y compris les organismes de sécurité sociale (article L. 100-3 du code des relations
entre le public et l’administration).
2 Décret n° 2002-612 du 26 avril 2002 instituant un médiateur du ministère de l’économie, des
Autre exemple, le médiateur national de Pôle emploi, institué par la loi en
2008 à l’article L. 5312-12-1 du code du travail, a pour mission de recevoir et traiter
les réclamations individuelles relatives au fonctionnement de Pôle emploi. Aucun
texte ne définit ses modalités de nomination. La loi précise seulement qu’il est placé
auprès du directeur général de Pôle emploi. En pratique, il est nommé en accord
entre le directeur général et le ministre de tutelle de cet établissement public
administratif. Il est assisté par des médiateurs régionaux. Sa saisine doit être
précédée d’un recours gracieux et elle n’interrompt pas, là non plus, les délais de
Le médiateur de l’éducation nationale et de l’enseignement supérieur, créé
en 2007 à l’article L. 23-10-1 du code de l’éducation, est compétent pour les
réclamations concernant le fonctionnement du service public de l’éducation
nationale et de l’enseignement supérieur dans ses relations avec les usagers et ses
agents. Il est assisté d’un médiateur par académie. Aucun texte ne prévoit la
procédure ou ses modalités de nomination. En pratique, sa saisine doit être
précédée d’un recours gracieux et elle n’interrompt pas les délais de recours
Le code de la commande publique offre également deux modes de
règlement alternatif des différends lorsqu’un litige survient dans l’application
d’une clause d’un contrat ou le déroulement d’un marché public, matière qui
intéresse toutes les administrations parmi lesquelles les collectivités territoriales.
Le titulaire du marché ou la personne publique peuvent solliciter les
comités consultatifs de règlement amiable des litiges (CCRA), qui peuvent être
national ou locaux1. Ils ont pour mission de rechercher des éléments de droit ou de
fait en vue d’une solution amiable et équitable2. La saisine d’un CCRA interrompt
les délais de recours contentieux pour les marchés qui sont des contrats
Le médiateur des entreprises, nommé pour trois ans par décret du
Président de la République, est placé auprès du ministre de l’économie, de
l’industrie et du numérique. Il est compétent en cas de différend concernant
l’exécution des marchés : « Le médiateur des entreprises agit comme tierce partie, sans
pouvoir décisionnel, afin d’aider les parties, qui en ont exprimé la volonté, à trouver une
solution mutuellement acceptable à leur différend »3. Sa saisine interrompt les délais de
recours contentieux pour les contrats administratifs. Dans le cadre de la nouvelle
mission de médiation visant à résoudre de manière transversale les différends entre
les entreprises et les administrations, sa saisine interrompt les délais de recours
contentieux et suspend la prescription sur le fondement de l’article L. 213-6 du code
de justice administrative. Il dispose d’un réseau de 60 médiateurs dans toute la
France, dont 44 médiateurs régionaux au sein des directions régionales des
1 Articles L. 2197-3 et R. 2197-1 et suivants du code de la commande publique.
2 Les comités consultatifs de règlement amiable des litiges (CCRA) émettent un avis non
contraignant au sujet des dossiers dont ils sont saisis.
3 Articles L. 2197-4 et R. 2197-24 du code de la commande publique.
L’association des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales a établi
une charte1 destinée à régir les principes de la médiation, que les membres
de l’association s’engagent à respecter, mais qui n’a aucune portée
contraignante. Cette charte prévoit notamment le respect de principes
déontologiques tels que l’indépendance, l’impartialité et la confidentialité du
processus de médiation, qui semblent indispensable à sa crédibilité.
Cette charte délimite également la mission des médiateurs
institutionnels territoriaux :
- faciliter la résolution des différends qui opposent les usagers des
services publics à l’administration concernée pour éviter le recours au juge ;
- formuler des propositions pour améliorer les relations entre
l’administration et les usagers, à la lumière des litiges qui leur sont soumis et
des éventuels dysfonctionnements qu’ils constatent.
Cette même charte prévoit aussi la gratuité de la saisine du
médiateur. Elle la subordonne à l’exercice préalable d’un recours2 gracieux
ou hiérarchique auprès de l’administration, qui n’aurait pas abouti ou serait
resté sans réponse. Le principe établi par la charte de l’association des
médiateurs des collectivités territoriales se rapproche d’une forme de recours
administratif préalable obligatoire (RAPO), procédure qui existe dans
certaines matières en droit administratif3. Ainsi, la plupart des médiateurs
adhérents à l’association applique ce principe. En revanche, en l’absence de
texte, la saisine d’un médiateur territorial n’est, par exemple, pas une cause
d’interruption du délai de recours contentieux.
Les recours administratifs préalables
Conformément à l’article L. 410-1 des relations entre le public et
l’administration, le recours gracieux est le recours administratif adressé à
l’administration qui a pris la décision contestée, tandis que le recours hiérarchique est
adressé à l’autorité à laquelle est subordonnée celle qui a pris la décision contestée.
L’exercice d’un recours gracieux ou hiérarchique interrompt le cours du délai
du recours contentieux, fixé dans la plupart des cas à deux mois (article L. 411-2 du
code des relations entre le public et l’administration). Le plus souvent, par le jeu des
règles régissant les décisions d’acception ou de rejet de l’administration4, ce délai est
interrompu pour une même durée de deux mois. Un recours contentieux est alors
possible dans un nouveau délai de deux mois.
1 Charte des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales, consultable à l’adresse suivante :
2 L’exercice d’un recours ne suspend pas l’exécution de la décision de l’administration (Conseil
d’État, 2 juillet 1982, Huglo).
3 Par exemple en matière fiscale ou de contentieux militaire.
4 En application de l’article L. 231-1 du code des relations entre le public et l’administration, le
silence gardé pendant deux mois par l’administration sur une demande vaut décision d’acceptation.
Ce principe comprend toutefois de nombreuses exceptions, parmi lesquelles les demandes qui
présentent le caractère d’une réclamation ou d’un recours administratif, desquelles sont susceptibles
de relever les contestations soumises ultérieurement au médiateur territorial. Dans ce cas, le silence
gardé pendant deux mois par l’administration vaut rejet.
La charte rappelle également qu’aucune médiation n’est possible sur
un litige ayant déjà fait l’objet d’une décision juridictionnelle, puisqu’il n’est
pas possible de remettre en cause l’autorité de la chose jugée.
Il n’existe toutefois pas de statistiques globales permettant
d’apprécier le taux de résolution amiable des litiges grâce à l’intervention
des médiateurs intervenant auprès des collectivités territoriales.
B. LE DROIT EN VIGUEUR OFFRE PLUSIEURS AUTRES FORMES DE
MÉDIATION VISANT À PRÉVENIR LA JUDICIARISATION DES LITIGES
ENTRE LES COLLECTIVITÉS TERRITORIALES ET LEURS ADMINISTRÉS
Les médiateurs qui existent en pratique dans certaines collectivités
territoriales ou intercommunalités coexistent avec plusieurs autres formes de
1. Le Défenseur des droits, autorité constitutionnelle
fonctionnement des collectivités territoriales portant atteinte
aux droits et libertés d’une personne
Les missions du Défenseur des droits, autorité constitutionnelle
indépendante, sont fixées dans la loi organique n° 2011-333 du 29 mars 2011
relative au Défenseur des droits. Son article 5 dispose à cet égard qu’il peut
être saisi « par toute personne physique ou morale qui s’estime lésée dans ses droits
et libertés par le fonctionnement d’une administration de l’État, d’une collectivité
territoriale, d’un établissement public ou d’un organisme investi d’une mission de
Un usager qui rencontrerait, par exemple, des difficultés avec le
conseil départemental pour le versement d’une aide sociale peut donc tout à
fait saisir le Défenseur des droits de sa situation.
Celui-ci peut procéder, conformément à l’article 26 de la loi
organique précitée à la « résolution amiable des différends portés à sa
connaissance, par voie de médiation ». À cet égard, « les constatations effectuées et
les déclarations recueillies au cours de la médiation ne peuvent être ni produites, ni
invoquées ultérieurement dans les instances civiles ou administratives sans le
consentement des personnes intéressées, sauf si la divulgation de l’accord est
nécessaire à sa mise en œuvre ou si des raisons d’ordre public l’imposent ». Il peut
également proposer à l’auteur de la réclamation et à la personne publique en
cause de conclure une transaction.
Le Défenseur des droits peut être saisi des agissements de personnes
publiques ou privées et également s’auto-saisir.
Il ne peut en revanche pas intervenir s’il s’agit d’un litige
contractuel, comme ceux relevant du champ de la commande publique ou
portant sur l’exécution d’un contrat de nature commerciale, ce dernier
différend relevant du champ de la médiation de la consommation1. Il ne peut
non plus être saisi de différends susceptibles de s’élever entre
l’administration et ses agents à raison de l’exercice de leurs fonctions, sauf
lorsque ceux-ci s’estiment victimes d’une discrimination prohibée par la loi
ou un engagement international auquel la France est partie.
La saisine du Défenseur des droits au titre de ses compétences en
matière de dysfonctionnement des services publics, gratuite, est soumise par
la loi organique à l’accomplissement de démarches préalables auprès des
personnes publiques ou des organismes mis en cause.
Comme l’indiquait notre ancien collègue Patrice Gélard sur le projet
de loi organique relatif au Défenseur des droits, cette disposition vise « à
éviter un afflux excessif de saisines relatives au fonctionnement des services publics,
dont certaines pourraient être évitées grâce à une intervention directe de la personne
auprès de la personne publique ou de l’organisme auquel elle reproche d’avoir lésé
ses droits et libertés »2. Il s’agit en quelque sorte d’un recours administratif
préalable obligatoire, procédure qui existe en certaines matières devant le
juge administratif comme cela a déjà été indiqué. Selon Patrice Gélard, « cette
démarche [devait] avoir un effet régulateur, conduisant à une sélection naturelle
des affaires qui ont vocation à être examinées par une autorité extérieure ». Votre
rapporteur note que les médiateurs territoriaux existant en pratique se sont
alignés sur ce principe.
La saisine du Défenseur des droits n’interrompt ni ne suspend les
délais de prescription, non plus que ceux relatifs à l’exercice de recours
administratifs ou contentieux. Il ne peut remettre en cause une décision
juridictionnelle. Les juridictions civiles, administratives ou pénales peuvent
toutefois l’inviter, d’office ou à la demande des parties, à présenter des
observations écrites ou orales devant les juridictions. Il peut aussi être
entendu sur sa demande, son audition par la juridiction en cause étant de
Le Défenseur des droits dispose de pouvoirs étendus de vérification
sur pièces et sur place. Il peut donner une forme de publicité à son
intervention et faire toute recommandation qui lui apparaît utile pour
assurer le respect des droits et libertés de la personne lésée et régler les
difficultés soulevées devant lui ou en prévenir le renouvellement. Il est
également doté d’un pouvoir d’injonction.
Pour accomplir sa mission, il dispose de près de 500 délégués
répartis sur l’ensemble du territoire métropolitain et en outre-mer. Le
délégué général à la médiation avec les services publics assiste le Défenseur
des droits dans sa mission.
2 Rapport n° 482 (2009-2010) de M. Patrice Gélard, fait au nom de la commission des lois, déposé le
19 mai 2010, p. 61. Ce rapport est consultable à l’adresse suivante :
Lors de son audition par votre rapporteur, l’association des
médiateurs territoriaux a indiqué que les médiateurs qui en sont membres
travaillent pour la plupart en étroite coopération avec les délégués du
Défenseur des droits sur le territoire, afin de déterminer l’autorité la mieux à
même de traiter le dossier.
2. Réformée en 2016, la médiation administrative offre aussi aux
collectivités territoriales un moyen de prévenir la
justice du XXIe siècle a unifié les modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges en
matière administrative en une procédure unique de médiation1.
Auparavant, en matière administrative, la médiation avait un champ
d’application très limité puisqu’elle ne concernait que les litiges
transfrontaliers2. Quant à la conciliation, elle n’était que très peu
Les règles fixées sont, pour l’essentiel, la transposition en matière
administrative des dispositions relatives à la médiation civile, commerciale
et sociale prévues par la loi n° 95-128 du 8 février 1995 relative à
administrative, modifiées en 2011 pour intégrer les modifications requises
par le droit de l’Union européenne4.
La médiation en matière civile
La médiation « conventionnelle » ou judiciaire
La médiation est définie par la loi comme « tout processus structuré, quelle
qu’en soit la dénomination, par lequel deux ou plusieurs parties tentent de parvenir à un
accord en vue de la résolution amiable de leurs différends, avec l’aide d’un tiers, le
médiateur, choisi par elles ou désigné, avec leur accord, par le juge saisi du litige »5.
La médiation judiciaire est engagée sur proposition du juge, à l’occasion
d’une action en justice pendante devant lui, tandis que la médiation
conventionnelle se déroule sur le fondement du seul accord des parties, que celui-ci
soit intervenu avant ou après la naissance du litige.
1 Articles L. 213-1 et suivants du code de justice administrative.
2 Ancien article L. 771-3 du code de justice administrative.
3 L’ancien article L. 211-4 du même code prévoyait ainsi que : « Dans les tribunaux administratifs
et les cours administratives d’appel, les chefs de juridiction peuvent, si les parties en sont
d’accord, organiser une mission de conciliation et désigner à cet effet la ou les personnes
qui en seront chargées. »
4 Ordonnance n° 2011-1540 du 16 novembre 2011 portant transposition de la directive 2008/52/CE
du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 21 mai 2008 sur certains aspects de la médiation en matière
5 Article 21 de la loi n° 95-125 du 8 février 1995 relative à l’organisation des juridictions et à la
Conformément à l’article 2238 du code civil, la médiation suspend le cours
de la prescription. Elle est soumise au principe de confidentialité et le médiateur
doit accomplir sa mission en toute indépendance avec impartialité, compétence et
diligence. Si les parties parviennent à un accord, il est établi un procès-verbal qui
n’a force exécutoire que s’il est homologué par le juge. Ils sont désignés par chaque
cour d’appel sur une liste publique.
La tentative de règlement préalable obligatoire d’un différend
Le droit en vigueur impose aux parties l’obligation d’une tentative de
règlement amiable de leur différend avant toute saisine du juge pour les
contentieux de l’instance lorsque la saisine du tribunal a lieu par déclaration au
greffe1, c’est-à-dire « lorsque le montant de la demande n’excède pas 4 000 euros »2. Ce
règlement amiable ne peut actuellement être effectué que par un conciliateur de
justice, même si une dispense existe pour les parties justifiant « d’autres diligences
entreprises en vue de parvenir à une résolution amiable de leur litige ».
réforme pour la justice intègre à compter du 1er janvier 2020 la tentative de
médiation parmi les modes de règlement admis et accroît le champ des litiges
concernés (conflits de voisinage et demandes tendant au paiement d’une somme
n’excédant pas un certain montant fixé par décret en Conseil d’État3, à l’exception
des litiges relatifs aux crédits à la consommation et aux crédits immobiliers).
Le coût de la médiation
La différence entre conciliation et médiation réside principalement dans le
statut des intervenants. Le conciliateur de justice, auxiliaire du service public de la
justice, effectue une conciliation bénévole alors que le médiateur est un intervenant
privé, rémunéré. En effet, la médiation est en principe une activité libérale, donc
payante, et les tarifs sont libres4. Les parties peuvent toutefois bénéficier de l’aide
Reprenant donc la définition existante en matière civile, la médiation
administrative est définie comme « tout processus structuré, quelle qu’en soit la
dénomination, par lequel deux ou plusieurs parties tentent de parvenir à un accord
en vue de la résolution amiable de leurs différends, avec l’aide d’un tiers, le
médiateur, choisi par elles ou désigné, avec leur accord, par la juridiction ».
Elle est organisée, sans limitation de domaine, à l’initiative des
parties – parmi lesquelles les collectivités territoriales – avec ou sans la
coopération de la juridiction, d’une part, ou à l’initiative de la juridiction,
avec l’accord des parties, d’autre part.
1 Article 4 de la loi n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du
2 Article 843 du code de procédure civile.
3 Ce décret n’a pas encore été pris.
4 Seuls les tarifs de la médiation familiale sont encadrés et subventionnés.
Dans un cas comme dans l’autre, des garanties sont prévues :
qualités exigées du médiateur qui accomplit sa mission avec « impartialité,
compétence et diligence », confidentialité et effet relatif de l’accord auquel
parviennent les parties.
Le législateur a également fixé des règles incitatives : possibilité de
saisir la juridiction aux fins d’homologuer et de donner force exécutoire à
l’accord issu de la médiation, possibilité de désigner un magistrat comme
médiateur, interruption des délais de recours contentieux1 et suspension des
prescriptions, ainsi que la prise en charge par l’État des frais incombant à
une partie bénéficiaire de l’aide juridictionnelle.
Contrairement à la saisine du Défenseur des droits ou à la pratique
actuelle des médiateurs territoriaux, l’engagement d’une médiation n’est
subordonné à aucune démarche préalable auprès de l’administration en
cause et elle payante, sauf lorsqu’elle est un préalable obligatoire à la saisine
Une procédure de médiation préalable obligatoire est d’ailleurs en
cours d’expérimentation, pour une durée de quatre ans, en matière de litiges
de la fonction publique et d’allocations sociales2, à peine d’irrecevabilité des
recours juridictionnels en application de la loi n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre
2016 précitée. Votre rapporteur observe que le décret d’application3 prévoit
la liste limitative des personnes chargées d’assurer cette médiation. Aucun
médiateur de collectivité territoriale n’en fait partie.
En revanche, d’après l’association des médiateurs territoriaux,
certains médiateurs auraient été désignés par le juge dans le cadre de la
procédure de médiation administrative à l’initiative du juge. Il en est de
même d’ailleurs pour certains médiateurs institutionnels, d’après le club des
médiateurs de services au public, également entendu par votre rapporteur.
3. Le régime de la médiation de la consommation est également
applicable à certaines activités des collectivités territoriales
Depuis le 1er janvier 2016, tout consommateur a le droit de recourir
gratuitement à un médiateur de la consommation en vue de la résolution
amiable du litige qui l’oppose à un professionnel dans le cadre de l’exécution
de contrats de vente ou de prestation de services. Ce régime est issu de la
directive européenne du 21 mai 2013 relative au règlement extrajudiciaire
1 Ces délais recommencent à courir à compter de la date à laquelle soit l’une des parties ou les deux,
soit le médiateur déclarent que la médiation est terminée, et ce pour une durée qui ne peut être
inférieure à six mois en ce qui concerne les délais de prescription, le délai de recours recommençant
quant à lui à courir pour deux mois. Toutefois, lorsque le délai a été interrompu par l’organisation
d’une médiation, l’exercice ultérieur d’un recours gracieux ou hiérarchique ne l’interrompt pas de
nouveau, sauf s’il constitue un préalable obligatoire à l’exercice d’un recours contentieux
(article R. 213-4 du code de justice administrative).
2 Article 5 de la loi n° 2016-1547 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle.
3 Décret n° 2018-101 du 16 février 2018 portant expérimentation d’une procédure de médiation
préalable obligatoire en matière de litiges de la fonction publique et de litiges sociaux.
des litiges de consommation, transposée en droit français aux articles
L. 611-1 et suivants du code de la consommation1.
À cet effet, tout professionnel doit donc garantir à ses clients le
recours effectif à un dispositif de médiation de la consommation sous peine
d’amende administrative ne pouvant excéder 3 000 euros pour une personne
physique et 15 000 euros pour une personne morale2.
Le médiateur de la consommation assure sa mission avec diligence et
compétence, en toute indépendance et impartialité dans le cadre de procédures
accessibles, gratuites, transparentes, efficaces et équitables.
Pendant sa mission, il ne doit être soumis à aucun lien hiérarchique ou
fonctionnel vis-à-vis du professionnel. Il doit disposer d’un budget suffisant et
distinct de ce dernier. Il a interdiction de travailler pour ledit professionnel pendant
au moins trois ans à l’issue de sa mission.
Lorsqu’il est employé ou rémunéré exclusivement par le professionnel, sa
désignation est effectuée par un organe collégial comprenant des représentants
d’associations de consommateurs agréés.
Son activité est évaluée par la commission d’évaluation et de contrôle de la
médiation de la consommation (CECMC), chargée d’établir la liste des médiateurs
de la consommation, de les notifier à la Commission européenne et d’évaluer leur
activité dans le temps.
Entrent dans le champ d’application de la médiation de la
consommation tous les litiges portant sur l’exécution d’un contrat de vente3
ou de prestation de services4 passé entre un professionnel et un client
(consommateur), y compris ceux portant sur des prestations donnant lieu à
l’application d’un « tarif social » ou offertes à certains publics en raison de
leur situation personnelle (article L. 611-1 du code de la consommation).
Dès lors, au sens de cette définition, les litiges ne relevant pas de
l’exécution d’un contrat, mais de la formation du contrat, sont exclus du
champ de la médiation de la consommation. Il en est ainsi :
- des litiges portant sur l’accès à la fourniture d’une ressource : refus
de raccordement à un réseau d’eau, d’énergie ou de communication ;
1 Issus de l’ordonnance n° 2015-1033 du 20 août 2015 relative au règlement extrajudiciaire des
litiges de consommation, qui assure la transposition de la directive 2013/11/UE du Parlement
européen et du Conseil du 21 mai 2013 relative au règlement extrajudiciaire des litiges de
2 Article L. 641-1 du code de la consommation.
3 Défini comme « tout contrat au sens de l’article 1582 du code civil, ainsi que tout contrat
ayant à la fois pour objet la vente d’un bien et la fourniture d’un service, conclu entre un
professionnel et un consommateur » (article L. 611-1 du code de la consommation).
4 Défini comme « tout contrat ayant pour objet la fourniture d’un service par le professionnel
en contrepartie duquel le consommateur s’engage à payer le prix » (même article).
- ou des litiges portant sur le refus de faire bénéficier un client
potentiel d’un tarif ou d’une prestation.
Ne sont en outre pas considérés comme des litiges de la
consommation ceux qui concernent les services d’intérêt général non
économique, les services de santé fournis par des professionnels de la santé,
et l’enseignement supérieur public (article L. 611-4 du code de la
Pour saisir un médiateur de la consommation, le consommateur doit
avoir engagé une démarche préalable afin de résoudre son litige directement
avec le professionnel.
Aux termes de l’article 2238 du code civil, la saisine du médiateur de
la consommation suspend la prescription à compter du jour où il est saisi. En
outre, lorsqu’un médiateur public1 est compétent pour procéder à la
médiation d’un litige de consommation, ce litige ne peut donner lieu à
d’autres procédures de médiation conventionnelle, sauf existence d’une
convention particulière, notifiée à la commission d’évaluation et de contrôle
de la médiation, qui répartit les litiges entre les médiateurs concernés.
Tous les professionnels, tant ceux du secteur privé que public,
doivent ainsi mettre en place un médiateur de la consommation, soit à titre
individuel, soit en se fédérant avec d’autres entreprises.
Les collectivités territoriales, leurs établissements publics et leurs
délégataires sont soumis à ces exigences lorsqu’ils mettent en œuvre un
service public industriel et commercial, considéré comme un service
marchand, dès lors que la directive européenne n’exclut pas les « services
économiques d’intérêt général » de son champ d’application. Telle est,
d’ailleurs, l’interprétation de la commission d’évaluation et de contrôle de la
médiation de la consommation2.
De nombreux domaines relevant des compétences des collectivités
territoriales sont donc susceptibles de relever de la médiation de la
consommation, et ce quel que soit le mode de gestion (régie ou concession) :
l’eau et l’assainissement, la cantine scolaire, les musées, les transports, ou
encore le logement social.
Sont ainsi concernés les litiges portant sur l’exécution d’un contrat
de vente ou de prestations fournies par l’administration, directement ou
indirectement, et en contrepartie desquelles l’usager s’engage à verser une
forme de rémunération.
Des médiateurs sectoriels ont donc été institués dans certains
domaines pour répondre à ces exigences. Dans le domaine de l’eau et de
1 Par exemple, le médiateur de l’énergie, institué par la loi n° 2006-1537 du 7 décembre 2006
relative au secteur de l’énergie.
2 Rapport d’activité 2016-2017 de la commission d’évaluation et de contrôle de la médiation de la
consommation. Ce rapport est consultable à l’adresse suivante :
l’assainissement par exemple, le médiateur de l’eau a été créé par les
collectivités territoriales et les fédérations professionnelles. Selon son
délégué général, entendu par votre rapporteur avec le club des médiateurs
de services au public, il a reçu près de 2 835 saisines en 2018. Par ailleurs, sur
les 563 avis rendus cette même année, il a fait une proposition de règlement
amiable dans 73 % des cas, dont 74 % ont connu une issue positive.
Ainsi, à titre d’illustration, en matière d’eau et d’assainissement,
entrent dans le champ de compétence du médiateur de l’eau les contestations
de factures (régularisation, frais de pénalités, ou consommation importantes
facturées sans explication de la consommation, etc.), la qualité du service, la
qualité de l’eau. En revanche, les litiges relatifs à la fixation des tarifs de
l’eau par délibération d’une collectivité ne relèvent pas de sa compétence : ils
sont antérieurs à la formation du contrat. Le même raisonnement est
applicable, selon votre rapporteur, aux prestations fournies dans le cadre des
cantines scolaires. En principe, un dysfonctionnement dans l’exécution de la
prestation de restauration relève de la médiation de la consommation,
contrairement à l’application du tarif lui-même.
CETTE CATÉGORIE DE MÉDIATION
de proximité de la part de nos concitoyens, la proposition de loi déposée par
mode alternatif de règlement des litiges. Elle poursuit pour cela deux
Insérant un nouveau chapitre II bis portant création de
l’article L. 1112-24 au sein du titre unique du livre Ier de la première partie
du code général des collectivités territoriales, l’article 1er de la proposition
de loi vise, d’une part, à instituer un médiateur territorial dans certaines
collectivités territoriales ou intercommunalités et, d’autre part, à créer un
cadre juridique propre à cette catégorie de médiation.
Cet article impose tout d’abord « sans préjudice des compétences du
Défenseur des droits », l’institution d’un médiateur territorial dans les
communes de plus de 60 000 habitants et les établissements publics de
coopération intercommunale à fiscalité propre de plus de 100 000 habitants,
les conseils départementaux et les conseils régionaux. Il rend sa création
facultative pour les communes et les établissements publics de coopération
intercommunale à fiscalité propre n’excédant pas ces seuils1.
1 Dans cette hypothèse, le médiateur territorial serait institué par voie de délibération de l’organe
Il fixe ensuite le champ de compétences du médiateur territorial,
dont la mission serait de « faciliter la résolution à l’amiable des différends portés à
sa connaissance, par voie de médiation, entre la collectivité ou l’établissement et les
citoyens [et de] formuler des propositions visant à améliorer le service rendu par la
collectivité ou l’établissement aux citoyens ».
Son champ de compétences s’étendrait à l’égard des personnes
chargées par la collectivité ou l’établissement dans lequel est institué le
médiateur de l’exécution d’une mission de service public. Les modalités
d’action du médiateur territorial devraient être déterminées avec l’accord de
toutes les collectivités ou établissements concernés en cas de mise à
disposition, de regroupement de services ou de services communs. Seraient
en revanche exclus les litiges entre les collectivités ou établissements et leurs
L’article 1er de la proposition de loi détermine également les
modalités de désignation du médiateur territorial. Il serait désigné pour une
durée de cinq ans, renouvelable une fois, et ne pourrait être révoqué par son
autorité de nomination qu’en « cas de manquement grave à ses obligations légales
ou d’incapacité définitive à exercer son mandat ». Il prévoit un régime
d’incompatibilités avec les fonctions de fonctionnaire territorial ou d’élu au
sein de la même autorité de nomination. Il formalise aussi le principe
déontologique selon lequel le médiateur « exerce ses fonctions en toute
indépendance », ce qui a pour conséquence que « dans la limite de ses
attributions, il ne reçoit aucune instruction de la collectivité ou de l’établissement »
qui l’a désigné.
Il encadre la procédure de saisine du médiateur territorial, en
permettant à toute personne physique ou morale « qui s’estime lésée par le
fonctionnement » d’une administration entant dans son champ de compétence
de le saisir gratuitement. Ledit médiateur pourrait aussi se saisir d’office
« d’une situation qui serait portée à sa connaissance » dans son champ de
compétence. Le médiateur ne pourrait en revanche être saisi d’un différend
dès lors que le litige est portée devant une juridiction, ni ne pourrait remettre
en cause une décision juridictionnelle.
Enfin, l’article 1er de la proposition de loi donne au médiateur
territorial les moyens de son fonctionnement : la collectivité territoriale ou
l’établissement de rattachement devrait mettre à sa disposition « les moyens
humains et matériels nécessaires à l’exercice de ses fonctions ». En outre, afin de
faciliter la connaissance du médiateur par les administrés susceptibles de le
saisir, elle serait tenue d’informer les usagers de son existence. Le médiateur
territorial, afin de rendre compte de son activité, lui remettrait chaque année
Les modalités d’application de l’article seraient renvoyées au
pouvoir réglementaire par décret en Conseil d’État.
L’article 2 de la proposition de loi prévoit son entrée en vigueur
différée au 1er janvier 2021, et son article 3 applique ses dispositions en
Polynésie française et en Nouvelle-Calédonie. L’article 4 de la proposition
de loi compense ses conséquences financières par une augmentation de la
dotation globale de fonctionnement pour les communes et les établissements
publics de coopération intercommunale à fiscalité propre, la création d’une
taxe additionnelle sur le tabac pour compenser la perte de recettes en
résultant pour l’État, ainsi qu’une majoration de la fraction de la taxe sur la
valeur ajoutée affectée aux régions.
RECOURS AUX MÉDIATEURS TERRITORIAUX SANS L’IMPOSER
ET RENFORCER LA SÉCURITÉ JURIDIQUE D’UN NOUVEAU
CADRE PROPRE À CETTE CATÉGORIE DE MÉDIATION
Suivant son rapporteur, votre commission a adopté
neuf amendements – dont sept à l’article 1er – de la proposition de loi afin
d’encourager le développement des médiateurs territoriaux sans pour
autant l’imposer aux collectivités territoriales.
1. Le refus d’accroître les obligations des collectivités territoriales
Compte tenu des seuils prévus à l’article 1er de la proposition de
loi, outre les conseils départementaux et les conseils régionaux, l’obligation
d’instituer un médiateur territorial concernerait 94 communes de plus de
60 000 habitants et 123 établissements publics de coopération
intercommunale (EPCI) à fiscalité propre de plus de 100 000 habitants1.
Entendue par votre rapporteur, l’association des médiateurs des
collectivités territoriales approuve ces dispositions, qu’elle considère limitées
à raison des seuils, et indispensable au développement des médiateurs
Toutefois, cette obligation constituerait une contrainte nouvelle pour
les collectivités territoriales, alors que votre rapporteur observe que le Sénat
est attentif à ne pas accroître inutilement leurs obligations.
Consultée par votre rapporteur, l’association des maires de France et
des présidents d’intercommunalité (AMF) suggère d’ailleurs de laisser les
élus apprécier localement leurs besoins en fonction de leur situation. Elle les
informe d’ailleurs régulièrement de la possibilité de créer des médiateurs. Ce
1 Données au 1er janvier 2019, direction générale des collectivités locales.
n’est donc pas l’outil qu’elle remet en cause, mais bien le caractère
obligatoire qu’instaure la proposition de loi.
Sans même se prononcer sur la pertinence des seuils envisagés1,
votre commission n’estime pas souhaitable que la loi impose l’institution
d’un médiateur territorial dans certaines collectivités afin de laisser celles-ci
libres de s’organiser en la matière en fonction de leurs besoins locaux.
Suivant son rapporteur, elle a donc adopté un amendement COM-8
supprimant cette obligation nouvelle à l’article 1er de la proposition de loi.
Votre commission a toutefois considéré que la proposition de loi
pouvait permettre d’encourager ce mode de résolution amiable des
2. La volonté de votre commission d’encourager le recours aux
Convaincu par notre collègue Nathalie Delattre tout comme par les
retours d’expérience des personnes qu’il a entendues, votre rapporteur
estime que les collectivités territoriales ont tout intérêt, lorsqu’elles en ont
la possibilité, à instituer un médiateur territorial.
La médiation peut parfois susciter des réticences, par peur de voir
un tiers s’immiscer dans les affaires courantes de la collectivité, et renvoyer
une impression d’échec dans la gestion d’un dossier.
Au contraire, selon votre rapporteur, le médiateur territorial est un
facilitateur, régulateur bienveillant des aléas de la vie administrative, mode
souple de résolution des conflits fort utile tant pour les élus que pour les
administrés. Grâce à son action, des complications et des conflits juridiques
peuvent être évités, tant pour les administrés et l’administration, que pour
les juridictions administratives qu’il peut contribuer à désengorger.
Compte tenu de l’utilité de la médiation dans les territoires, votre
rapporteur a donc estimé opportun de consacrer dans la loi la faculté
offerte aux collectivités territoriales et à leurs groupements d’instituer un
médiateur territorial, lorsqu’ils recourent à une procédure de médiation telle
que le permet l’article L. 421-1 du code des relations entre le public et
l’administration, « en vue du règlement amiable d’un différend avec
l’administration, avant qu’une procédure juridictionnelle ne soit, en cas d’échec,
engagée ou menée à son terme ».
Approuvant cet objectif, votre commission a adopté des dispositions
en ce sens dans le même amendement COM-8 à l’article 1er de la
proposition de loi, portant création d’un nouvel article L. 1116-1 au sein du
1 Le seuil envisagé pour les communes n’est pas communément utilisé. En effet, aucune disposition
du CGCT ne s’applique aux communes de plus de 60 000 habitants. Le seuil habituellement utilisé
est celui de 50 000 habitants.
En revanche, votre commission n’a pas jugé utile de préciser que
cette faculté s’exerce « sans préjudice des compétences du Défenseur des droits »,
comme le prévoyait la proposition de loi – l’article L. 421-1 précité du code
des relations entre le public et l’administration ne le prévoit d’ailleurs pas.
Le Défenseur des droits tirant ses compétences d’une loi organique, le
législateur ne peut y déroger par une loi ordinaire.
Afin de tirer les conséquences de la suppression de cette obligation,
votre commission a en outre accepté, par un amendement COM-16 de son
rapporteur, de modifier l’intitulé de la proposition de loi pour le mettre en
cohérence avec l’objectif poursuivi de « favoriser le développement des
médiateurs territoriaux ».
B. SAISIR L’OPPORTUNITÉ DE CRÉER UN SOCLE DE RÈGLES
COMMUNES FACILITANT L’ACTION DU MÉDIATEUR TERRITORIAL,
TOUT EN RENFORÇANT LA SÉCURITÉ JURIDIQUE DU DISPOSITIF
PROPOSÉ PAR LA PROPOSITION DE LOI
Dès lors qu’un médiateur territorial serait institué, votre commission
a jugé opportun de légiférer pour préciser les modalités de recours à cette
médiation, ainsi que la proposition de loi y invite, en délimitant le champ de
compétences du médiateur territorial, en formalisant les garanties
nécessaires à son indépendance, et en créant un embryon de régime
procédural commun. Ce faisant, serait consacré le socle commun de la
médiation territoriale.
Toutefois, la rédaction de la proposition de loi soulève plusieurs
difficultés d’articulation avec le droit en vigueur auxquelles votre
rapporteur, dans le cadre d’une réflexion conjointe avec notre collègue
Nathalie Delattre, a tenté de remédier.
Suivant ses propositions, votre commission a donc adopté
plusieurs amendements tendant à renforcer la sécurité juridique du
dispositif proposé sans remettre en cause ses objectifs.
1. Mieux définir le champ de compétences et les fonctions du
Votre commission a approuvé le principe retenu à l’article 1er de
proposition de loi de définir le champ de compétences du médiateur
territorial et ses attributions. Elle a inséré les dispositions correspondantes
au sein du deuxième paragraphe du nouvel article L. 1116-1 du code général
des collectivités territoriales que tend à créer la proposition de loi.
Sur proposition de son rapporteur, outre plusieurs modifications
d’ordre rédactionnel, votre commission a adopté un amendement COM-9 à
l’article 1er de la proposition de loi, précisant le champ de compétences du
médiateur territorial sur deux points.
Sans modifier leur portée, elle a regroupé plusieurs dispositions
figurant à divers endroits de la proposition de loi et a confirmé la
compétence du médiateur territorial pour les litiges relevant des domaines
de compétences de la collectivité territoriale ou du groupement qui l’a
institué. Ainsi, il pourrait être saisi par toute personne physique ou morale
s’estimant lésée par le fonctionnement de l’administration de la personne
publique qui l’a institué.
Par le même amendement COM-9 à l’article 1er de la proposition de
loi, votre commission a en revanche formellement exclu de son champ de
ressources humaines. Le texte initial n’excluait que cette dernière catégorie
Une procédure spécifique de médiation préalable obligatoire fait
actuellement l’objet d’une expérimentation dans certains litiges de la
fonction publique territoriale1. Suivant son rapporteur, votre commission a
jugé plus sage d’attendre la fin de ce processus avant de légiférer. De même,
votre rapporteur a émis de sérieuses réserves sur l’opportunité même de
l’inclure à terme dans le champ de compétences du médiateur territorial. En
effet, en dépit de la pratique de médiateurs créés dans certaines collectivités
territoriales, qui traitent des litiges internes relatifs aux ressources humaines,
votre rapporteur estime que la médiation territoriale a vocation à réguler les
relations entre les collectivités territoriales et leurs administrés, non pas à
gérer des difficultés internes. Certaines collectivités instaurent un médiateur
interne chargé de gérer ce type de difficultés, ce que votre rapporteur juge
Quant à l’exception contractuelle adoptée par votre commission, elle
tend à couvrir les litiges relevant des dispositions du code de la commande
publique et ceux relevant de la médiation de la consommation. D’ailleurs,
ces litiges peuvent parfois impliquer des établissements publics industriels et
commerciaux, dont le contentieux avec les usagers relève des juridictions
Ainsi, une entreprise ne pourrait saisir le médiateur territorial de
difficultés relatives à un marché public qu’elle opère pour le compte d’une
collectivité territoriale. Votre rapporteur estime plus logique qu’elle saisisse
les dispositifs existants tels que les comités consultatifs de règlement amiable
des litiges (CCRA) ou le médiateur des entreprises, compétents en matière
de marchés publics2.
1 Article 5 de la loi n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle
et décret n° 2018-101 du 16 février 2018 portant expérimentation d’une procédure de médiation
De la même manière, un usager ne pourrait non plus saisir le
médiateur territorial pour une difficulté de fonctionnement du réseau d’eau
potable de sa commune, qu’il soit géré en régie ou délégué à une entreprise
privée. Ce litige relève de la médiation de la consommation1. Rien n’interdit
a priori que le médiateur territorial soit aussi reconnu comme médiateur de la
consommation, mais il faudrait pour cela qu’il en respecte les exigences,
distinctes de celles prévues par la présente proposition de loi2. Par souci de
réalisme et de commodité, votre commission a préféré, à ce stade, exclure ce
Toutefois, votre commission a été attentive à inclure dans le champ
de compétences du médiateur territorial les litiges entre un usager et une
personne chargée d’une mission de service public par la personne publique,
lorsqu’ils ne relèveraient d’aucune des catégories précédemment exclues.
Votre rapporteur estime que de tels litiges, s’ils ne relèvent pas de la
médiation de la consommation, doivent naturellement revenir au médiateur
territorial : il en est ainsi de difficultés entre un usager et une association
chargée par une commune de proposer des activités périscolaires gratuites
aux enfants, ou d’un litige portant sur l’accès à la fourniture d’une
Votre commission s’est toutefois interrogée sur la pertinence de
l’exclusion de l’ensemble des relations contractuelles, ne faudrait-il pas tout
de même que le médiateur territorial puisse demeurer compétent pour
certaines d’entre elles ? À ce stade, elle a préféré en rester à la rédaction
proposée par son rapporteur, au bénéfice de la poursuite de sa réflexion sur
S’agissant de la mission confiée au médiateur territorial, votre
commission a approuvé l’esprit figurant dans le texte initial : procéder à la
résolution amiable des différends d’une part, et formuler des propositions
pour améliorer le « fonctionnement de l’administration » et non « le service rendu
aux citoyens », d’autre part, par parallélisme des formes avec la compétence
définie par l’article 1er. Elle a aussi précisé la définition de la médiation, sur
le modèle des dispositions existantes en matière civile et administrative.
loi, elle a également fait du médiateur territorial le correspondant du
Défenseur des droits, légalisant une situation de fait, puisqu’aujourd’hui la
plupart des médiateurs territoriaux dialoguent avec les délégués du
Défenseur des droits pour assurer la complémentarité de leur action sur le
2 Voir supra partie I.
3 Refus de raccordement à un réseau d’eau, d’énergie ou de communication, refus d’accorder un tarif
Enfin, votre commission a jugé logique que, comme le fait la
proposition de loi, le médiateur institué au sein d’une collectivité territoriale
soit compétent pour connaître des litiges résultant de l’action ou du
fonctionnement d’un service mis à disposition, d’un service unifié ou d’un
service commun lorsque celui-ci agit pour la collectivité.
2. Mieux garantir l’indépendance et l’impartialité du médiateur
Afin d’assurer la crédibilité des médiateurs territoriaux, votre
commission a approuvé les dispositions de la proposition de loi figurant à
son article 1er et visant à entourer de garanties les conditions de sa
désignation, d’une part, et l’exercice de ses fonctions, d’autre part.
En premier lieu, par l’adoption d’un nouvel amendement COM-10
de son rapporteur à l’article 1er de la proposition de loi, elle a procédé à
plusieurs modifications d’ordre rédactionnel au sein du troisième
paragraphe de l’article L. 1116-1 du code général des collectivités
territoriales nouvellement créé, s’agissant du régime d’incompatibilités des
fonctions de médiateur territorial avec celles d’élu et d’agent de la
collectivité territoriale ou du groupement instituant ledit médiateur. Votre
commission a jugé que le risque d’être « juge et partie » était trop grand. Sans
préjuger des qualités personnelles de chacun, la théorie des apparences,
selon laquelle il ne suffit pas que l’indépendance ou l’impartialité existe,
mais qu’il faut « qu’elle se voit », exige un régime d’incompatibilités minimal.
Votre commission l’a d’ailleurs complété en prévoyant une incompatibilité
identique pour les élus ou agents des groupements d’une collectivité
territoriale qui désignerait un médiateur. Elle a estimé qu’il serait tout aussi
incohérent de permettre à un élu d’un groupement dont une collectivité
territoriale est membre d’être médiateur de ladite collectivité.
Votre commission a approuvé le principe d’une nomination pour
une durée de cinq ans renouvelable une fois, déconnectée du mandat
municipal de six ans, ce qu’elle a jugé sain.
Elle a en outre estimé opportun de laisser à la libre appréciation de
la collectivité ou du groupement le choix de l’autorité compétente pour la
nomination du médiateur. Certains de nos collègues ont toutefois fait part de
leur préférence pour une nomination par l’organe exécutif. Dans le même
esprit, elle n’a pas souhaité déposséder l’autorité instituant le médiateur du
pouvoir de le nommer, alors même que cela pourrait sembler une atteinte à
son indépendance. Votre commission a considéré que la prohibition des
instructions données par ladite autorité au médiateur territorial, telle que le
prévoit la proposition de loi, pouvait parer à cette critique. Votre rapporteur
observe d’ailleurs que la situation est identique pour la majorité des autres
Il s’est également interrogé sur l’opportunité d’imposer aux élus la
vérification du casier judiciaire de l’aspirant médiateur territorial, comme
cela existe en matière civile sur le fondement de l’article 131-5 du code de
procédure civile1. Votre rapporteur relève toutefois qu’une telle exigence
n’existe pas en matière de médiation administrative. Par souci de cohérence
et à titre conservatoire, il n’a pas proposé à votre commission de le prévoir à
Par ailleurs, votre commission a considéré que le médiateur
territorial exerçait « des fonctions » et non « un mandat » au sein de la
personne publique l’instituant et a harmonisé les termes de la proposition de
loi en ce sens, sans préjuger en rien des conditions juridiques d’emploi ou de
défraiement du médiateur territorial. De la même façon, elle a substitué le
terme de « nomination » à celui de « désignation », plus clair.
En second lieu, par le même amendement COM-10, votre
commission a renforcé les garanties entourant l’exercice des fonctions de
En effet, si les principes d’impartialité et d’indépendance régissant
l’exercice des missions confiées aux médiateurs territoriaux sont inscrits
dans la charte des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales établie par leur
association (AMCT), cette charte n’a toutefois aucune valeur normative.
Dès lors, poursuivant le même objectif, mais considérant utile de
consacrer dans la loi un corpus de principes déontologiques, votre
commission a complété le principe d’indépendance du médiateur territorial
fixé par le texte initial en soumettant l’exercice de ses fonctions aux
conditions prévues à l’article L. 213-2 du code de justice administrative :
impartialité, compétence, diligence et confidentialité tant pour lui que les
parties, sauf pour des motifs d’ordre public ou si la résolution du litige en
3. Mieux encadrer le régime procédural pour assurer sa
transparence et sa lisibilité pour les parties
amendement COM-11 de son rapporteur à l’article 1er de la proposition de
loi, mieux encadrer la procédure de médiation dans le but d’assurer sa
1 Puisqu’il s’agirait d’une obligation faite aux collectivités territoriales, ces dispositions relèveraient
en effet de la loi et non pas du règlement comme pour la médiation civile.
2 Sauf en présence de raisons impérieuses d’ordre public ou de motifs liés à la protection de l’intérêt
supérieur de l’enfant ou à l’intégrité physique ou psychologique d’une personne ; ou lorsque la
révélation de l’existence ou la divulgation du contenu de l’accord issu de la médiation est nécessaire
pour sa mise en œuvre (article L. 213-2 du code de justice administrative).
Modifiant le quatrième paragraphe de l’article L. 1116-1 du code
général des collectivités territoriales qui serait créé par la proposition de loi,
elle a en premier lieu donné à la saisine du médiateur territorial les mêmes
effets juridiques que ceux prévus à l’article L. 213-6 du code de justice
administrative : interruption des délais de recours contentieux et suspension
Dans le même esprit, elle a rendu en deuxième lieu applicables à
l’accord résultant de la médiation territoriale deux autres principes prévus
aux articles L. 213-3 et L. 213-4 du code de justice administrative selon
- d’une part, il ne peut porter atteinte à des droits dont les parties
n’ont pas la libre disposition ;
- d’autre part, le juge peut toujours homologuer un tel accord et lui
donner force exécutoire.
Votre commission a en revanche écarté l’idée de subordonner la
saisine du médiateur à une démarche de contestation préalable auprès du
service administratif concerné, préférant laisser à l’autorité instituant le
médiateur territorial le libre choix de l’imposer ou non.
En troisième lieu, elle a précisé qu’il pouvait être fait exception à
l’absence de compétence du médiateur territorial dès lors qu’un litige est
porté devant une juridiction, lorsque des dispositions légales le permettent.
En effet, une prohibition trop large risquerait d’empêcher le jeu des articles
L. 213-7 et L. 213-8 du code de justice administrative qui permettent au juge,
lorsqu’il est saisi d’un litige, d’ordonner une médiation et, le cas échéant, de
la confier à un tiers qui peut être un médiateur territorial.
En quatrième lieu, elle a supprimé la faculté d’auto-saisine du
médiateur territorial, considérant inopportun qu’il se prononce sur des
litiges individuels sans même avoir l’accord de l’administré ou de
l’administration en cause, principe cardinal de la médiation.
Enfin, sans modifier le principe selon lequel la saisine du médiateur
territorial est gratuite, le même amendement COM-11 tire les conséquences
du regroupement de certaines dispositions au sein du premier paragraphe
de l’article L. 1116-1 nouveau du code général des collectivités territoriales.
4. Supprimer le renvoi au pouvoir réglementaire
Votre commission a adopté un autre amendement COM-13
supprimant le renvoi au pouvoir réglementaire prévu à l’article 1er de la
proposition de loi, via un décret en Conseil d’État. Les éventuelles mesures
nécessaires à l’application de la loi pourront, le cas échéant, être prises au
5. Approuver les moyens requis pour assurer la saisine effective
du médiateur territorial
L’affectation des moyens nécessaires au fonctionnement du
médiateur territorial que prévoit l’article 1er de la proposition de loi
apparaît comme une évidence à votre rapporteur. Si l’affectation de
personnel pour préparer les dossiers est une condition souvent
indispensable, la connaissance du dispositif par les administrés permet
d’assurer la saisine effective du médiateur.
Personne ne risque en effet de le saisir s’il n’est pas connu…
Le coût du médiateur territorial peut être, somme toute, assez limité,
en tout état de cause proportionné à la surface financière de chaque
collectivité ou groupement qui l’institue.
Votre commission a donc approuvé les dispositions sur les moyens,
au bénéfice de plusieurs modifications rédactionnelles prévues par un
amendement COM-12 de son rapporteur à l’article 1er de la proposition de
Elle n’a en revanche pas modifié le mécanisme de compensation
financière prévu à l’article 4 de la proposition de loi.
6. Adapter l’application dans le temps et en outre-mer de la
• L’entrée en vigueur
Dans un souci de prévisibilité du droit, votre commission a adopté
un amendement COM-14 de son rapporteur à l’article 2 de la proposition
de loi tendant à préciser que les dispositions résultant de la proposition de
loi ne s’appliqueraient qu’aux saisines intervenues postérieurement à son
entrée en vigueur, prévue le 1er janvier 2021.
De la même façon, elle a aménagé un régime transitoire pour les
personnes occupant actuellement les fonctions de médiateurs territoriaux au
sens de la proposition de loi, en leur donnant un délai supplémentaire de
deux ans pour se conformer à la loi.
• L’application outre-mer
amendement COM-15 à l’article 3 de la proposition de loi visant à assurer
l’application outre-mer conformément au cadre juridique en vigueur.
En Nouvelle-Calédonie et en Polynésie française, l’État est
compétent pour fixer, par voie de loi ordinaire, les règles relatives à
l’administration des communes.
Votre rapporteur a jugé cette extension opportune, poursuivant le
même objectif d’harmonisation et de clarification du cadre juridique
applicable aux médiateurs territoriaux tant dans les territoires d’outre-mer
que dans l’hexagone.
En revanche, l’administration des collectivités supérieures relève des
lois de pays et non du législateur national.
Votre commission a donc limité l’extension de l’application de la
proposition de loi aux communes de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de Polynésie
Votre commission a adopté les articles 1er, 2 et 3 de la proposition de
loi ainsi rédigés, et son article 4 sans modification.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – La proposition de loi visant à
instituer un médiateur territorial dans certaines collectivités territoriales a
été déposée en juillet 2018 par notre collègue Nathalie Delattre. Observant
que plusieurs dizaines de médiateurs avaient déjà été institués dans tous les
niveaux de collectivités territoriales, et constatant une attente renouvelée de
plus de proximité de la part de nos concitoyens, Mme Delattre a voulu par ce
texte encourager le développement de ce mode alternatif de règlement des
L’objectif est double. D’une part, il s’agit d’imposer l’institution d’un
médiateur territorial dans certaines collectivités territoriales et
D’autre part, ce texte crée un cadre juridique propre à cette catégorie de
La médiation a pour objet principal de prévenir la judiciarisation des
litiges. Elle fait intervenir un tiers, le médiateur, qui s’efforce de proposer
aux deux parties une solution de leur différend, qu’elles sont ensuite libres
d’accepter ou non. Le médiateur n’est pas investi du pouvoir d’imposer sa
décision comme l’est le juge.
Les collectivités territoriales sont libres de mettre en place des
médiateurs institutionnels pour résoudre à l’amiable les différends avec
leurs administrés. L’association des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales
estime à soixante le nombre de médiateurs existant aujourd’hui, et leur
action est ressentie plutôt positivement.
Pour autant, dans le silence des textes, leurs modalités de
nomination diffèrent : ils peuvent être nommés pour une durée qui coïncide
avec la durée du mandat électoral, certains élus ou fonctionnaires sont
médiateurs de leur propre collectivité... La plupart des médiateurs
subordonnent en outre leur saisine à l’exercice préalable d’un recours
gracieux ou hiérarchique auprès de l’administration.
Le droit en vigueur offre aussi plusieurs autres formes de médiation
pour prévenir la judiciarisation des litiges entre les collectivités territoriales
et leurs administrés. Le Défenseur des droits, autorité constitutionnelle
indépendante, peut être saisi pour tout litige résultant du fonctionnement
des collectivités territoriales portant atteinte aux droits et libertés d’une
personne. La médiation administrative, rénovée en 2016, offre aussi aux
collectivités territoriales un moyen alternatif de règlement de leurs litiges.
Enfin, le régime de la médiation de la consommation, issu du droit de
l’Union européenne, est également applicable aux collectivités territoriales
pour la mise en œuvre d’un service public industriel et commercial considéré
comme un service marchand.
Considérant l’attente de proximité de la part de nos concitoyens,
mais aussi compte tenu du droit en vigueur, j’ai cherché, avec Nathalie
Delattre, à trouver un consensus sur ce texte. Nous sommes convaincus que
les collectivités territoriales ont tout intérêt, lorsqu’elles en ont la possibilité,
à instituer un médiateur territorial. Nous voyons ce dernier comme le
régulateur bienveillant, et parfaitement adapté au niveau local, des aléas de
la vie administrative.
Dès lors, en accord avec Nathalie Delattre, nous souhaitons
encourager le recours aux médiateurs territoriaux sans l’imposer, tout en
clarifiant le cadre juridique dans lequel ils opèrent. Je vous propose neuf
amendements à cet effet, dont sept à l’article 1er, qui est le cœur de la
Je ne souhaite pas accroître inutilement les charges des collectivités
territoriales, et préfère leur laisser la liberté de choisir ou non d’instituer un
médiateur territorial. Je vous propose donc de supprimer l’obligation prévue
Je vous propose ensuite de saisir l’opportunité de créer un socle de
règles communes facilitant l’action du médiateur territorial, tout en
l’articulant mieux avec le droit en vigueur. La proposition de loi donne
compétence au médiateur territorial pour les litiges relevant des domaines
de compétence de la collectivité territoriale ou du groupement qui l’a
institué, ce qui est logique. Je vous propose toutefois d’exclure de son champ
de compétences les litiges avec une autre personne publique, les litiges de
de litiges. L’exception contractuelle permet d’exclure formellement les litiges
relevant des dispositions du code de la commande publique et ceux relevant
de la médiation de la consommation, ce qui est plus avisé et plus clair. Le
texte inclurait bien les litiges entre un usager et une personne chargée d’une
mission de service public par la collectivité territoriale ou le groupement,
Enfin, je vous propose de faire du médiateur territorial le correspondant du
Défenseur des droits, pour assurer la complémentarité de leur action sur le
Je vous propose ensuite de compléter les garanties entourant la
nomination et l’exercice des fonctions du médiateur territorial. La
proposition de loi rend incompatibles les fonctions de médiateur territorial
avec celles d’élu ou d’agent de la même collectivité territoriale, ou du même
groupement. Un de mes amendements complète ce régime en prévoyant une
incompatibilité identique pour les élus ou agents des groupements dont
serait membre une collectivité territoriale qui nommerait un médiateur.
Je vous propose aussi de compléter le principe d’indépendance du
médiateur territorial fixé par le texte initial en soumettant l’exercice de ses
fonctions aux conditions prévues à l’article L. 213-2 du code de justice
administrative : impartialité, compétence, diligence – et confidentialité de la
médiation, tant pour lui que pour les parties.
Je vous propose également de clarifier le régime procédural de la
médiation territoriale, en donnant notamment à la saisine du médiateur
territorial les mêmes effets juridiques que ceux prévus à l’article L. 213-6 du
code de justice administrative : interruption des délais de recours
contentieux et suspension des prescriptions.
Dans le même esprit, seraient rendus applicables à l’accord résultant
de la médiation territoriale d’autres principes prévus dans le code de justice
administrative, notamment celui selon lequel le juge peut toujours
homologuer un tel accord et lui donner force exécutoire. Serait toutefois
supprimée la faculté d’auto-saisine du médiateur territorial. J’estime en effet
inopportun que ce dernier se prononce sur des litiges individuels sans même
avoir l’accord de l’administré ou de l’administration en cause.
réglementaire, considérant que, le législateur définissant les principes de
l’action du médiateur territorial dans la loi, il est souhaitable de laisser aux
collectivités la liberté de prendre ensuite les mesures qu’elles jugeront utiles
Enfin, faisons preuve de souplesse dans l’application de la loi dans
le temps en adoptant des dispositions transitoires pour les médiateurs déjà
en place : je vous propose qu’ils disposent de quatre années pour se
Mme Nathalie Delattre. – Ce texte a fait un long chemin depuis son
dépôt, aux côtés de M. Pillet, qui n’est plus avec nous dans cette commission.
Notre intention était d’interpeller sur le rôle de la médiation territoriale pour
rapprocher l’administration de ses administrés, en nous fondant sur les
exemples existants. Cette proposition de loi a trouvé un écho avec le
mouvement des gilets jaunes et le Grand débat national, pendant lequel le
sujet de la médiation a été beaucoup évoqué. Les quelque 700 facilitateurs de
parole du Grand débat ont, en quelque sorte, joué le rôle de médiateurs sur
le terrain. J’avais d’ailleurs invité le Gouvernement à poursuivre dans cette
voie en soutenant le développement de la médiation dans les collectivités
Les ministères de la Justice et des collectivités territoriales ont
manifesté leur intérêt, car les médiateurs territoriaux peuvent être le maillon
manquant entre les administrations locales et les citoyens, dont l’institution
permettrait de prévenir les actions contentieuses et de rétablir le dialogue.
Cela pourrait aussi compenser la déception parfois ressentie par nos
concitoyens du fait de certaines décisions défavorables de l’administration.
Nous avons aussi été destinataires de nombreuses contributions des
médiateurs actuels pour l’amélioration de ce texte. Le caractère obligatoire
avait pour objectif d’aider les collectivités territoriales à s’emparer de ce
dispositif. Mais, à la réflexion, nous ne souhaitons pas leur imposer une
charge supplémentaire, et le respect de leur libre administration nous a
Il était important de définir un socle commun à la lumière de
l’expérience des médiateurs territoriaux existants. Il existe déjà des textes
régissant d’autres catégories de médiation, épars, avec lesquels cette
proposition de loi s’articule. Aujourd’hui, le médiateur territorial peut être
un élu de la majorité. Nous avons tranché et introduit une incompatibilité,
pour éviter qu’on puisse être juge et partie. Nous avons aussi résolu un
dysfonctionnement en découplant le mandat du médiateur du mandat
électif, et en le fixant à cinq ans. Nous spécifions aussi son indépendance et
Comme le médiateur de Paris passe beaucoup de temps à régler des
problèmes de ressources humaines à l’Opéra de Paris, nous avons clarifié le
champ de compétences. Nous avons aussi introduit le caractère interruptif
du délai de recours de la saisine du médiateur territorial. Les deux parties
doivent accepter la médiation. C’est l’un de ses principes fondamentaux. Et
nous avons ajouté la diligence parmi les exigences requises pour le
médiateur. Si les collectivités territoriales estiment que la médiation est
abusive, elles pourront toujours refuser cette médiation. Dès lors, le délai de
recours contentieux recommencera à courir.
En tous cas, le ministère de la Justice nous a encouragés à faire de ce
médiateur un outil de déjudiciarisation.
Mme Brigitte Lherbier. – Quand j’ai lu ce texte, je n’étais pas sûre de
la ligne de partage entre les compétences du médiateur territorial et celles du
délégué du Défenseur des droits. Comment se répartissent-elles ?
Mme Laurence Harribey. – Ce texte arrive après d’autres sur le
même sujet déposés depuis 2014, mais le contexte actuel met en lumière la
nécessité de la médiation. Il existe déjà des médiateurs, et on observe une
pratique volontaire des collectivités territoriales. En Europe, la Suisse
dispose déjà de cet outil. Mais, s’il doit être facultatif, pourquoi l’inscrire
dans la loi ? Nous comprenons qu’il s’agit d’un texte d’appel, et il est vrai
qu’il n’est pas inutile de l’aborder. Il est vrai aussi que le principe de libre
administration des collectivités territoriales doit être respecté, ce qui plaide
pour un caractère facultatif. Pour autant, il est important de poser un cadre
juridique commun aux pratiques volontaires qui émergent ici et là. Nous
avons donc déposé des amendements constructifs.
Nous sommes d’accord avec la formulation des compétences, mais il
nous semble qu’il faut rendre officielle la communication du rapport devant
la collectivité. Il faut aussi préciser qui peut être médiateur. Les contractuels,
dont le nombre va augmenter, doivent être mentionnés, et nous irions plus
loin sur l’incompatibilité avec un mandat électif, en l’étendant à toute
collectivité. Nous précisons les garanties minimales relatives aux qualités
attendues. Sur les règles de déontologie, nous proposons de soumettre les
médiateurs à l’obligation de déclaration d’intérêt et de situation patrimoniale
auprès de la Haute autorité. Dans les grandes collectivités territoriales, la
médiation peut aussi toucher des domaines sensibles… Sur l’indépendance,
il est bon de découpler le mandat du médiateur du mandat électoral, mais le
fixer à cinq ans est une solution imparfaite, car après l’élection il faut
toujours un peu de temps pour que la collectivité s’installe. La procédure de
sélection, enfin, doit être parfaitement transparente.
M. André Reichardt. – Ce texte, à l’origine, ne me faisait pas bondir
de joie ! Merci au rapporteur de l’avoir amélioré, notamment en rendant la
chose facultative. Et il faut entourer l’intervention du médiateur territorial
de garanties pour les parties. Quelles seront les règles déontologiques ?
M. Alain Richard. – Le caractère obligatoire nous paraissait
également excessif : il faut laisser la collectivité apprécier. Comme il a
disparu, nos réticences sont levées. Un de mes collègues du Conseil d’État
m’avait alerté sur le fait que chacun peut se dire médiateur. Il faut donc fixer
des conditions précises, sans aller jusqu’à créer un statut – même si c’est
difficile en France ! C’est une fonction d’intermédiaire amiable, à laquelle il
faut laisser des marges de manœuvre, et qu’il faut laisser préciser par la
pratique. Comment le médiateur peut-il ne pas être agent de la collectivité,
s’il est rémunéré par celle-ci ? Il faut introduire sur ce point une réserve : vu
la charge de travail que ces fonctions représentent, elles ne sauraient être
bénévoles, et il faudra articuler l’indépendance et la rémunération.
M. Thani Mohamed Soilihi. – Mme Harribey a parlé de la Suisse,
mais nous avons des exemples au sein de notre République avec les Cadis à
Mayotte. Ce sont des notables qui, avant la départementalisation, étaient
chargés d’une triple compétence d’officier d’état civil, de notaire et de juge
de paix. La départementalisation leur a retiré ces compétences, mais ils sont
restés sur place comme agents du département. On s’aperçoit depuis que
leur rôle essentiel était la médiation : ils recevaient les citoyens et
participaient à la cohésion sociale. Le fait qu’ils n’exercent plus ce rôle est
l’une des causes des difficultés actuelles de Mayotte, où l’on réfléchit à la
manière de les faire revenir sur le devant de la scène, notamment en leur
confiant des fonctions de médiateurs – et ce texte pourra y aider.
M. Pierre-Yves Collombat. – En lisant cette proposition de loi, je me
suis gratté la tête, sans doute parce que mon expérience provient surtout de
petites collectivités territoriales, où ce texte ne semble pas nécessaire, car ce
sont souvent les élus qui jouent le rôle de médiateur. Il est vrai que dans les
collectivités territoriales plus grandes il en va autrement – et notamment
dans les intercommunalités, où il n’est pas toujours simple de comprendre
qui fait quoi. Je comprends qu’une fois l’accord conclu avec le médiateur, il
devient opposable : dans ce cas, c’est un office de juge ! La mise en place des
médiateurs est facultative, mais ceux qui existent déjà devront
obligatoirement se mettre en conformité. N’est-ce pas contradictoire ?
Mme Françoise Gatel. – Le caractère obligatoire m’a rebutée. Mais
cette proposition de loi reconnaît des fonctions existantes et très utiles, dans
la mesure où les rapports entre nos concitoyens et l’administration sont
parfois frontaux et teintés d’incompréhension. Gardons-nous toutefois,
comme nous le faisons trop souvent, de statufier les choses. Le caractère
facultatif s’appuiera sur l’esprit de liberté et de responsabilité des élus. Un
cadre général suffit : les collectivités territoriales sauront construire le
modèle qui leur convient.
Mme Muriel Jourda. – La médiation n’est pas obligatoire. La
décision du médiateur peut-elle avoir force obligatoire ? C’est l’accord
trouvé qui doit devenir obligatoire, pas le jugement du médiateur. Celui-ci
ne peut que rapprocher les parties, il ne saurait trancher.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – Il y a des recoupements avec
le Défenseur des droits, en effet. Le médiateur territorial, dont ce texte
encourage le développement, favorise un lien de proximité. S’il y a doublon,
nous prévoyons que le médiateur territorial se fait correspondant du
Défenseur des droits, qu’il informe.
incompatibilités électives, bien que je préfère à ce stade les circonscrire au
niveau local ; mais imposer aux médiateurs territoriaux une déclaration
d’intérêt et de patrimoine auprès de la Haute autorité pour la transparence
de la vie publique serait sans doute excessif, puisque nous avons exclu du
champ de compétences les litiges susceptibles de créer des conflits d’intérêt.
La proposition de loi ne crée pas de statut. En vertu du principe de
libre administration, nous laissons à la collectivité territoriale le soin de
s’assurer de l’intérêt, ou non, de créer un médiateur territorial. Les élus
locaux connaissent tous l’importance de la médiation !
Le médiateur territorial pourra être recruté sous forme contractuelle,
mais il peut aussi bénéficier d’un simple remboursement de frais selon des
modalités auxquelles nous pouvons réfléchir. Il ne faut pas figer les choses
sur ce point. L’accord résultant de la médiation sera-t-il opposable ? S’il est
trouvé entre les parties, il les oblige l’une envers l’autre. Mais le médiateur
n’est pas un juge, et il ne peut imposer un accord. De plus, celui-ci ne saurait
avoir force exécutoire, sauf homologation par le juge.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – Les amendements COM-8 et
COM-7 suppriment l’obligation d’instituer un médiateur territorial.
L’amendement COM-7 est satisfait par l’amendement COM-8.
L’amendement COM-8 est adopté. L’amendement COM-7 est retiré.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-9 exclut
du champ de compétences les litiges avec une autre personne publique, les
litiges de nature contractuelle et les litiges internes relevant de la gestion des
M. Alain Richard. – Je comprends qu’on exclue la relation
relevant typiquement de la médiation sont contractuelles…
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Les autorisations d’occupation
temporaire du domaine public ne sont pas des situations contractuelles. Il
n’est pas certain non plus qu’un litige en matière de cantines scolaires serait
écarté de la médiation parce qu’il serait de nature contractuelle.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – Je rappelle aussi qu’il existe
déjà un médiateur de l’eau et que de nombreux litiges relatifs à l’exécution
d’un contrat de prestation de services entrent dans le champ de la médiation
de la consommation. Quant à l’occupation du domaine public, le caractère
contractuel reste à préciser…
M. Alain Richard. – Les autorisations d’occupation temporaire du
M. Philippe Bas, président. – La ligne de partage entre le
contractuel et le non-contractuel est complexe. Il faut aussi savoir si certains
litiges indiscutablement de nature contractuelle ne gagneraient pas à être
réglés par une procédure de médiation.
M. Alain Richard. – Il faut exclure les litiges avec des prestataires ou
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – Il s’agit justement de litiges
qui relèvent du code de la commande publique.
M. Jacques Bigot. – Dès lors que nous avons adopté l’amendement
précisant que l’instauration du médiateur est une faculté pour les
collectivités, pourquoi ne pas les laisser décider des missions qu’elles
entendent confier au médiateur ? Laissons de la souplesse aux collectivités.
Par exemple, si la compétence de l’eau est exercée en régie, la collectivité
pourra préférer recourir à un médiateur territorial plutôt qu’au médiateur de
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Au lieu des litiges liés à une « relation
contractuelle », nous pourrions exclure les litiges relevant de la commande
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – Il faut y réfléchir ; je vous
propose de le faire d’ici la séance publique.
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Qu’en pense l’auteure de la
Mme Nathalie Delattre. – Les collectivités attendent de nous que
nous les aidions à définir le champ de compétences des médiateurs. La
grande majorité ne veut pas confier au médiateur les litiges internes relevant
de la gestion des ressources humaines. À l’inverse, les litiges de cantines
doivent faire partie du champ de la médiation territoriale. Beaucoup de
collectivités territoriales ont un règlement relatif à la facturation de la
cantine. Les médiateurs ont d’ailleurs constaté qu’ils étaient souvent saisis
des mêmes questions à ce sujet et ils ont pu proposer aux maires une
évolution de leurs règlements.
M. Pierre-Yves Collombat. – N’est-il pas quelque peu contradictoire
de créer un médiateur puis de limiter aussitôt ses compétences ? Son avis ne
sera que consultatif et la collectivité sera toujours libre de le suivre ou non.
Mme Nathalie Delattre. – France Stratégie est en train de recenser
les formes de médiation. La proposition de loi n’a pas vocation à embrasser
tout son champ, qui est vaste, mais vise les collectivités territoriales. Elle est
volontairement restrictive afin de définir des procédures encadrées et
simples. Les litiges internes relèvent d’une autre logique et n’ont pas
vocation à être traités par le médiateur territorial. Les collectivités ont
toujours la possibilité de créer un médiateur interne si elles le souhaitent.
Essayons de cadrer les tâches du médiateur territorial, cela répond aux
demandes des médiateurs comme des collectivités territoriales.
Mme Marie-Pierre de la Gontrie. – La ville de Paris comme la
région Ile-de-France ont institué des médiateurs et j’ai été médiatrice. S’il est
utile d’exclure les litiges avec d’autres personnes publiques, je ne vois pas
l’intérêt d’exclure les litiges de nature contractuelle et les litiges internes. La
médiation relève de l’informel et reste facultative. Si les collectivités veulent
un médiateur social, elles pourront le créer. Exclure a priori des compétences
me parait sans grand intérêt.
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Il existe déjà des médiateurs
spécialisés dans les domaines exclus par l’amendement. Le médiateur
territorial est un généraliste. Je propose de voter cet amendement et de
réfléchir, avant l’examen en séance, à propos de la commande publique et de
la consommation pour éviter que les médiateurs territoriaux ne soient
absorbés par des dossiers très techniques.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – La proposition de loi vise à
fixer un régime d’incompatibilités des fonctions de médiateur territorial. On
ne pourrait pas cumuler les fonctions de médiateur territorial avec celles
d’élu ou d’agent de la collectivité territoriale, ou du groupement instituant
ledit médiateur. Mon amendement COM-10 complète ce régime en prévoyant
une incompatibilité identique pour les élus ou agents des groupements dont
L’amendement COM-2 de Mme Harribey va plus loin et rend incompatibles
les fonctions de médiateur territorial avec tout mandat électif. C’est trop
contraignant et l’on risque d’assécher le vivier des médiateurs. Avis
défavorable, ainsi qu’à l’amendement COM-1 sur l’exclusion des agents
contractuels qui serait satisfait par la rédaction de mon amendement
M. Alain Richard. – Le médiateur ne doit pas être un agent de la
collectivité mais il doit percevoir une indemnité.
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Absolument. Pour éviter tout lien de
subordination le médiateur, qui est indépendant, devrait à mon sens
percevoir une indemnité. Mais il faut y réfléchir.
L’amendement COM-10 est adopté et l’amendement COM-1 devient sans
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-4
précise que le médiateur territorial est nommé à l’issue d’une procédure de
sélection garantissant les principes d’égal accès et de publicité. Avis
défavorable : cela me paraît trop contraignant pour les collectivités et ne
semble pas adapté à l’objet des fonctions de médiateur. Attention là encore à
ne pas réduire le vivier potentiel.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-3 inscrit
dans la loi les qualités attendues du médiateur territorial, défini comme une
« personnalité qualifiée dont les compétences en matière de défense des
droits et libertés et l’expérience de l’administration territoriale sont
reconnues ». Je trouve là encore que c’est trop contraignant, on ne recrute ni
un juge ni le Défenseur des droits qui a des pouvoirs quasi-juridictionnels.
Les collectivités auraient du mal à trouver un médiateur répondant à de tels
critères... Faisons confiance aux élus.
M. Alain Richard. – Le Défenseur des droits est une autorité
administrative indépendante qui cherche à étendre ses ramifications
territoriales. Je ne suis pas sûr qu’il voie d’un bon œil la nomination de
correspondants locaux territoriaux qu’il n’aurait pas choisis, comme nous
l’avons adopté tout à l’heure…
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-11 vise
à clarifier le régime procédural de la médiation territoriale. Il donne
notamment à la saisine du médiateur territorial les mêmes effets juridiques
que ceux prévus à l’article L. 213 6 du code de justice administrative :
M. Alain Richard. – Le juge peut surseoir à statuer en attendant le
résultat de la médiation. Comme la collectivité peut arrêter la médiation
lorsqu’elle le souhaite, alors il ne faut pas craindre des manœuvres dilatoires
L’amendement COM-11 est adopté, ainsi que l’amendement rédactionnel
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-6
l’assemblée délibérante. Nous avons réfléchi avec Nathalie Delattre et avons
préféré laisser la collectivité libre de le prévoir ou non. De toutes les façons,
dans la mesure où il s’agirait d’un document administratif, le rapport du
médiateur serait potentiellement consultable par le public. Certains élus
craignent aussi une instrumentalisation de l’action du médiateur territorial
par leurs adversaires via les informations qu’ils pourraient trouver dans son
rapport à l’approche des élections. Sagesse.
Mme Nathalie Delattre. – Ce sujet constitue un frein à la création du
médiateur. La crainte d’une instrumentalisation est forte. Pour que le
médiateur territorial puisse prospérer, ne rendons pas cette communication
Mme Laurence Harribey. – Notre amendement s’inscrivait dans une
logique constructive. Il s’agit de porter à la connaissance de l’assemblée
délibérante les conclusions du rapport. La communication figurera dans le
compte rendu et contribuera à la transparence et à la confiance entre les élus
M. Alain Richard. – Il ne faudrait pas que la loi, par l’implicite de sa
rédaction, puisse être interprétée comme faisant obligation au médiateur de
présenter une communication. Il faut permettre à la collectivité, lorsqu’elle
crée un médiateur, de choisir si elle opte ou non pour un rapport annuel.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’intérêt de la médiation est
aussi de faciliter les retours d’expérience ; la proposition de loi prévoit bien
un rapport. Mais si l’on formalise cette obligation avec un cadre trop
contraignant, on risque d’aboutir au résultat inverse de celui qui est
M. Alain Richard. – Au moins, si le médiateur est tenu de faire un
rapport annuel, celui-ci doit être communiqué à l’assemblée délibérante.
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Il faut aussi prendre en compte la
question de la protection des données personnelles. Quoi qu’il en soit,
l’usage veut que l’on n’amende pas une proposition de loi sans l’accord de
ses auteurs, ce qui n’est pas le cas ici.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-13
supprime un renvoi au pouvoir réglementaire. Les éventuelles mesures
nécessaires à l’application de la loi pourront être prises au niveau local, ce
qui parait plus adapté.
M. Alain Richard. – Une précision, le texte prévoit simplement que
« le médiateur territorial est désigné par la collectivité ». Mais comment sera-
t-il nommé concrètement : est-ce un pouvoir du maire ? L’assemblée
délibérante devra-t-elle voter ? La rédaction actuelle sous-entend les deux.
Le plus simple serait une nomination par le président de l’exécutif.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – On a voulu laisser le choix
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Nous voulons en effet que les
collectivités soient libres. Il faudra vérifier si la rédaction actuelle n’implique
pas une délibération automatique du conseil municipal.
M. Jean-Pierre Sueur. – Il serait pertinent que le médiateur soit
nommé par le maire ou le président de l’exécutif. Une assemblée délibérante
n’est pas un jury de concours. Imaginez la nature du débat en séance
publique si elle a à examiner plusieurs candidatures… Il serait bon de
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – Nous allons réfléchir à ce
point. L’essentiel est de garantir la confiance entre l’organe exécutif et le
Mme Brigitte Lherbier. – Lorsque le conseil municipal choisit un
avocat pour le représenter à l’occasion d’un litige, cela ne pose pas de
M. Jacques Bigot. – Il ne s’agit dans ce cas que d’une simple
communication au conseil, non d’une délibération !
M. Yves Détraigne. – Le conseil municipal peut toujours donner une
délégation de pouvoir au maire s’il le souhaite.
M. Philippe Bas, président. – Je vous propose de maintenir la
rédaction actuelle pour le moment, et d’y réfléchir en vue de la séance
impose aux médiateurs territoriaux de remettre à la Haute autorité pour la
transparence de la vie publique (HATVP) une déclaration de situation
patrimoniale et une déclaration d’intérêts. Cette obligation me semble très
lourde et peu adaptée pour les médiateurs territoriaux, d’autant plus que,
par l’adoption de l’amendement COM-9, nous avons exclu de leur champ de
compétences les litiges contractuels, qui comprennent tous ceux relevant de
la commande publique. Les risques de conflit d’intérêts sont donc limités.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-14
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-15
prévoit l’application outre-mer de la proposition de loi.
L’amendement COM-15est adopté.
M. François Bonhomme, rapporteur. – L’amendement COM-16 met
en cohérence l’intitulé de la proposition de loi avec son objet.
Suppression de l’obligation d’instituer un
Mme HARRIBEY 7
Renforcement des obligations déontologiques du
Mme HARRIBEY 1
Extension de l’incompatibilité des fonctions de
médiateur territorial avec celles d’agent
contractuel de l’autorité de nomination
Mme HARRIBEY 2
Mme HARRIBEY 4 Procédure de sélection du médiateur territorial Rejeté
Mme HARRIBEY 3 Qualités attendues du médiateur territorial Rejeté
Clarification du régime procédural de la
Mme HARRIBEY 6
devant l’assemblée délibérante
13 Suppression du renvoi au pouvoir réglementaire Adopté
Mme HARRIBEY 5
Obligation de remise à la HATVP d’une
d’une déclaration d’intérêts par les médiateurs
14 Dispositions transitoires Adopté
15 Application outre-mer de la proposition de loi Adopté
Mise en cohérence de l’intitulé de la proposition
de loi avec son objet
Mme Nathalie DELATTRE, auteur de la proposition de loi
Cabinet de M. Sébastien LECORNU, ministre auprès de la ministre de la Cohésion
Mme Léa ROUSSARIE, conseillère parlementaire et relations avec
M. Gauthier LHERBIER, conseiller affaires économiques, politiques
publiques territoriales, Europe
Mme Marie-Lorraine PESNEAUD, chef du bureau du contrôle de
M. Léo CHAUSSABEL, rédacteur au sein de ce bureau
Mme Aude RICHARD, adjointe au chef du bureau du droit
M. Matthieu HOLZER, rédacteur au sein de ce bureau
Association des médiateurs des collectivités territoriales
M. Hervé CARRE, président, médiateur de la ville d’Angers et du
département de Maine-et-Loire
M. Jean-Charles BRON, vice-président, médiateur de la ville de
M. Claude DESJEAN, secrétaire général
Club des médiateurs de services au public
M. Jean-Pierre TEYSSIER, président
M. Christophe BAULINET, vice-président, inspecteur général des
finances, Médiateur de Bercy
Mme Marielle COHEN-BRANCHE, Médiatrice de l’Autorité des
M. Bernard JOUGLAIN, délégué général du Médiateur de l’Eau
M. Xavier BARAT, secrétaire général du Club des Médiateurs
| 43,506 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111752929
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 963 | 3,568 |
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Bacteria
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instance of taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis parent taxon Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon name Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon rank species
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis NCBI taxonomy ID 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis short name
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis GenBank assembly accession number GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Art der Gattung Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ist ein(e) Taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis übergeordnetes Taxon Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis wissenschaftlicher Name Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxonomischer Rang Art
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis NCBI-ID 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis Kurzname
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis istanza di taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon di livello superiore Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome scientifico Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis livello tassonomico specie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificativo NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome in breve
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instancia de taxón
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxón superior inmediato Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nombre del taxón Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis categoría taxonómica especie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nombre corto
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis número de acceso de GenBank GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nature de l’élément taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon supérieur Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nom scientifique du taxon Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis rang taxonomique espèce
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis Identifiant NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nom court
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis GenBank assembly accession GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis екземпляр на таксон
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis родителски таксон Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis име на таксон Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ранг на таксон вид
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis кратко име
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis это частный случай понятия таксон
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ближайший таксон уровнем выше Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis международное научное название Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis таксономический ранг вид
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis идентификатор NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis краткое имя или название
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis код UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis is een taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis moedertaxon Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis wetenschappelijke naam Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxonomische rang soort
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis NCBI-identificatiecode 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis verkorte naam
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI-identificatiecode C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis GenBank Assembly-identificatiecode GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis est taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis parens Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon nomen Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ordo species
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nomen breve
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis є одним із таксон
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis батьківський таксон Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis наукова назва таксона Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis таксономічний ранг вид
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ідентифікатор NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis коротка назва
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ідентифікатор доступу до збірки геномів GenBank GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instancia de taxón
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxón inmediatamente superior Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome del taxón Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis categoría taxonómica especie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador taxonómicu NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome curtiu
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis sampla de tacsón
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis máthairthacsón Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ainm an tacsóin Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis rang an tacsóin speiceas
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ainm gearr
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis este un/o taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon superior Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nume științific Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis rang taxonomic specie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nume scurt
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instância de táxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis táxon imediatamente superior Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome do táxon Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis categoria taxonómica espécie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador taxonomia NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome curto
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis jest to takson
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis takson nadrzędny Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis naukowa nazwa taksonu Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identyfikator NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nazwa skrócona
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identyfikator pojęcia w UMLS C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis là một đơn vị phân loại
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis đơn vị phân loại mẹ Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis tên phân loại Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis cấp bậc phân loại loài
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis mã số phân loại NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis tên ngắn
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instancë e takson
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis emri shkencor Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis emër i shkurtër
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis osa taksonia Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis tieteellinen nimi Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taksonitaso laji
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis NCBI-tunniste 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis lyhyt nimi
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instancia de Taxón
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instància de tàxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis tàxon superior immediat Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nom científic Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis categoria taxonòmica espècie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nom curt
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador GenBank Assembly GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis estas taksono
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis supera taksono Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taksonomia nomo Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taksonomia rango specio
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taksonomia identigilo NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis mallonga nomo
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis honako hau da taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis goiko maila taxonomikoa Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis izen zientifikoa Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis maila taxonomikoa espezie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis NCBI-ren identifikatzailea 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis izen laburra
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instancia de taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon superior inmediato Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome do taxon Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis categoría taxonómica especie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome curto
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis número de acceso de GenBank GCA_014270105.1
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instantia de taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon superior immediate Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nomine del taxon Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis rango taxonomic specie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis ID NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis kurta nomo
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis natura de l'element taxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis taxon superior Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nom scientific Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis reng taxonomic espècia
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificant NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nom cort
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis UMLS CUI C5590535
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis instância de táxon
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis táxon imediatamente superior Hyunsoonleella
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome taxológico Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis categoria taxonômica espécie
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis identificador NCBI 2762758
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nome curto
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis nem brefik
Hyunsoonleella aquatilis
| 26,180 |
https://github.com/Fe-Nick-S/experiments/blob/master/tutorials/go/coursera-web-dev-1/1-tree-utils/2-basic-operators/2-7-basic-slice-1.go
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,018 |
experiments
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Fe-Nick-S
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Go
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Code
| 97 | 313 |
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var buf0 []int
buf1 := []int{}
buf2 := []int{42}
buf3 := make([]int, 0)
buf4 := make([]int, 5)
buf5 := make([]int, 3, 10)
fmt.Println(buf0, buf1, buf2, buf3, buf4, buf5)
someEl := buf2[0]
fmt.Println(someEl)
fmt.Printf("Slice info: %#v %v %v\n", buf2, len(buf2), cap(buf2))
var buf []int
buf = append(buf, 9, 10)
buf = append(buf, 12)
fmt.Printf("Slice info: %#v %v %v\n", buf, len(buf), cap(buf))
otherBuf := make([]int, 3)
buf = append(buf, otherBuf...)
fmt.Printf("Slice info: %#v %v %v\n", buf, len(buf), cap(buf))
var bufLen, bufCap int = len(buf), cap(buf)
fmt.Println("Slice info: %v", buf, bufLen, bufCap)
}
| 24,536 |
198301240087
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 1,983 |
Association pour la défense du pont de Peyrehorade
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ASSOCIATIONS
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French
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Spoken
| 9 | 15 |
défense des intérêts des riverains et de l'économie régionale
| 33,638 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856%20en%20science
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
1856 en science
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1856 en science&action=history
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French
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Spoken
| 1,425 | 2,529 |
Événements
30 mai : Claude Bernard démontre que le curare bloque spécifiquement les jonctions neuro-musculaires.
Mai : Charles Darwin commence à écrire pour publication sur la sélection naturelle sur le conseil d'Edward Blyth.
Août : les restes humains fossiles de l'homme de Néandertal sont découverts par des carriers dans le ravin de Neander, près de Düsseldorf.
: lors d'un voyage d'exploration au Gabon (1855-1859), le naturaliste franco-américain Paul Belloni Du Chaillu est le premier européen à observer les gorilles dans leur milieu naturel.
10 septembre : l'ingénieur topographe britannique du Great Trigonometrical Survey of India Thomas Montgomerie effectue le premier relevé de la chaîne du Karakoram, depuis le mont , à 210 km au sud, et désigne les deux pics les plus importants comme K1 et K2.
Le moine tchèque Gregor Mendel commence ses travaux sur l'hérédité (1856-1866).
Le paléontologue américain Joseph Leidy décrit les premiers restes de tyrannosauridés, des dents datant du Crétacé supérieur trouvées au Montana qu'il attribut à une espèce nommée Deinodon.
Sciences physiques
23 mars : le chimiste britannique Sir William Henry Perkin invente par sérendipité la mauvéine, le premier colorant de synthèse. Les colorants artificiels se multiplient dans les années 1860 pour remplacer les colorants végétaux dès 1880.
23 août : un article de la physicienne américaine Eunice Newton Foote intitulé Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun's rays est lu devant l'Association américaine pour l'avancement des sciences. Elle identifie pour la première fois le rôle du CO2 dans le réchauffement de la Terre, plus tard appelé l'effet de serre.
Septembre : l'astronome danois Theodor Brorsen découvre l'amas globulaire NGC 6539.
4 novembre : le chimiste français Louis Pasteur commence ses recherches sur la fermentation à la demande de l'industriel Louis Bigo dans sa distillerie de betteraves à sucre d'Esquermes.
Louis Pasteur isole le galactose.
L'ingénieur français Henry Darcy établit la « loi de Darcy » en étudiant expérimentalement l'écoulement de l'eau à travers une colonne de sable.
Théorie cinétique des gaz développée par les physiciens August Krönig et Rudolf Clausius (1857).
Technologie
6 mars : Frédéric Quinson dépose un brevet pour l'invention d'une peigneuse circulaire pour déchets de soie.
Mars : le chimiste français Henri Sainte-Claire Deville installe dans le quartier de la Glacière à Paris une industrie pour produire de l’aluminium avec son nouveau procédé au sodium, ce qui en abaisse le prix dans des conditions considérables. Il coûte toutefois beaucoup plus cher que le fer.
13 août : Henry Bessemer rend public son procédé d'affinage de l'acier à Cheltenham (Royaume-Uni) devant la British Association.
19 août : Gail Borden fait breveter un procédé de production industrielle de lait concentré.
22 septembre : l'ingénieur britannique Robert Forester Mushet obtient un brevet pour améliorer les propriétés de l'acier Bessemer par l'addition de ferromanganèse.
2 décembre : Carl Wilhelm Siemens dépose un brevet pour le four Siemens, chauffé au gaz obtenu par gazéification du charbon et doté de récupérateurs de chaleur.
Décembre : Jean-Marie Le Bris aurait effectué le premier vol en planeur, près de Douarnenez (Finistère). Il prend un brevet pour son invention le .
Publications
.
William Ferrel : Essay on the winds and currents of the ocean.
Christian Heinrich von Pander : Monographie der fossilen fische des silurischen systems des Russisch-baltischen gouvernements.
Norman Robert Pogson : Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857, N. Pogson, MNRAS 17 pp 12 1856 dans lequel Pogson introduisit pour la première fois son système de magnitude.
Prix
Médailles de la Royal Society
Médaille Copley : Henri Milne Edwards
Médaille royale : William Thomson, John Richardson
Médaille Rumford : Louis Pasteur
Médailles de la Geological Society of London
Médaille Wollaston : William Edmond Logan
Naissances
8 janvier : Paul Lecomte (mort en 1934), botaniste français.
18 janvier : Luigi Bianchi (mort en 1928), mathématicien italien.
27 janvier :
Jean-Baptiste Senderens (mort en 1937), chimiste et prêtre français.
Friedrich Schur (mort en 1932), mathématicien allemand.
30 janvier : Vladimir Golenichtchev (mort en 1947), égyptologue russe.
18 février : Russell Henry Chittenden (mort en 1943), biochimiste américain.
19 février : Gian Antonio Maggi (mort en 1937), mathématicien et physicien italien.
22 février : Micaiah John Muller Hill (mort en 1929), mathématicien anglais.
9 mars :
Edward Goodrich Acheson (mort en 1931), chimiste américain.
Alphonse Buisine (mort en 1918), chimiste français.
14 mars : Roger Liouville (mort en 1930), mathématicien et ingénieur de l’armement français.
20 mars : Frederick Winslow Taylor (mort en 1915), ingénieur américain.
25 mars : Max Uhle (mort en 1944), archéologue allemand.
8 avril : Bunjiro Koto (mort en 1935), géologue, pétrologue et sismologue japonais.
18 avril : Jean Dybowski (mort en 1928), agronome français.
26 avril : Ferdinand-Jean Darier (mort en 1938), médecin français, pathologiste et dermatologue.
27 avril : Claude-Antoine Peccot (mort en 1876), mathématicien et pianiste français.
4 mai : Louis Thuillier (mort en 1883), physicien et biologiste français.
6 mai :
Sigmund Freud (mort en 1939), médecin neurologiste autrichien, fondateur de la psychanalyse.
Robert Edwin Peary (mort en 1920), explorateur américain.
22 mai : François Gonnessiat (mort en 1934), astronome français.
2 juin : Andreï Andreïevitch Markov (mort en 1922), mathématicien russe.
30 juin : Cargill Gilston Knott (mort en 1922), physicien et mathématicien écossais.
10 juillet : Nikola Tesla (mort en 1943), ingénieur américain d'origine serbe.
12 juillet : Ernesto Schiaparelli (mort en 1928), archéologue et égyptologue italien.
18 juillet : Giacinto Morera (mort en 1909), mathématicien italien.
22 juillet : Marie Geelmuyden (morte en 1935), chimiste norvégienne, enseignante et auteur de manuels scolaires.
24 juillet : Émile Picard (mort en 1941), mathématicien français.
30 août : Carl Runge (mort en 1927), mathématicien et physicien allemand.
4 septembre : Franklin Sumner Earle (mort en 1929), botaniste et agronome américain.
17 septembre : Albert Gayet (mort en 1916), égyptologue français.
7 octobre Edward Jones (mort en 1920), statisticien américain.
13 octobre : Léon Coutil (mort en 1943), peintre, graveur, archéologue et historien local français.
16 octobre : Eugène Fabry (mort en 1944), mathématicien français.
25 octobre : Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger (mort en 1936), géologue, archéologue, préhistorien et paléontologue croate.
27 octobre : Ernest William Hobson (mort en 1933), mathématicien anglais.
3 novembre : Auguste Verneuil (mort en 1913), chimiste français.
: Claudius Savoye (mort en 1908), instituteur et préhistorien français.
6 décembre : Walther von Dyck (mort en 1934), mathématicien allemand.
18 décembre : Joseph John Thomson (mort en 1940), physicien anglais, prix Nobel de physique en 1906.
29 décembre : Thomas Joannes Stieltjes (mort en 1894), mathématicien néerlandais.
Luigi Perozzo (mort en 1916), mathématicien et statisticien italien.
Décès
8 février : Agostino Bassi (né en 1773), biologiste italien.
10 février : Juan Manuel Cajigal y Odoardo (né en 1803), mathématicien et homme politique vénézuélien.
18 février : Wilhelm von Biela (né en 1782), officier de l'armée austro-hongroise et astronome amateur.
24 février : Nikolaï Ivanovitch Lobatchevski (né en 1792), mathématicien russe.
9 mars : Jean Basile Dominique Doumenjou (né en 1789), botaniste français.
3 avril : Auguste Bella (né en 1777), militaire et agronome français.
2 mai : Louis-François Benoiston de Châteauneuf (né en 1776), économiste, statisticien et démographe français.
4 mai : John Collins Warren (né en 1778), chirurgien américain.
6 mai : William Hamilton (né en 1788), philosophe logicien écossais.
12 mai : Jacques Philippe Marie Binet (né en 1786), mathématicien et astronome français.
22 mai : Albert Gottfried Dietrich (né en 1795), botaniste allemand.
9 juillet : Amedeo Avogadro (né en 1776), physicien et chimiste italien.
25 juillet : Charles Girou de Buzareingues (né en 1773), agronome et physiologiste.
14 août : Constant Prévost (né en 1787), géologue français.
19 août : Charles Frédéric Gerhardt (né en 1816), chimiste alsacien.
24 août : William Buckland (né en 1784), géologue et paléontologue britannique.
30 août : John Ross (né en 1777), rear admiral d'origine écossaise dans la marine de guerre britannique et explorateur de l'arctique.
12 octobre : Jean-Marie Bachelot de La Pylaie (né en 1786), botaniste, explorateur, dessinateur et archéologue français.
17 octobre : Luigi Canina (né en 1795), archéologue et architecte piémontais.
6 novembre : Piotr Kireïevski (né en 1808), ethnographe et philologue russe.
20 novembre : Farkas Bolyai (né en 1775), mathématicien hongrois.
29 novembre : John Beasley Greene (né en 1832), égyptologue et photographe américain.
7 décembre : Christoph Friedrich Otto (né en 1783), jardinier et botaniste allemand.
17 décembre : Francis Beaufort (né en 1774), hydrographe britannique d'origine irlandaise.
24 décembre : Hugh Miller (né en 1802), géologue et écrivain écossais.
Notes et références
Science
Chronologie de la science
| 10,988 |
catalogodaexpos00bragoog_13
|
Portuguese-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,881 |
Catalogo da exposic̜ao de historia do Brazil realizada pela Bibliotheca nacional do Rio de Janeiro a 2 de dezembro de 1881
|
Biblioteca Nacional (Brazil)
|
Portugueuse
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Spoken
| 7,735 | 15,233 |
(B. N.) 11818. Breve noticia da primeira planta de café que houve na comercia de Caravellas... por Joió Ant. de Sampaio Yianna. 1842. V. Rev. do InstitiUo HisL, Y (1843), pg. 73. (B. N.) 11819. Description of Peltophyllum, a now Genus of Plants allied to Triuris of Miers, &. By George Gardner. 1848. V. Tratis. of Linnaea Society, XIX (1845), pg. 155-160, est. (B. N.) 11820. On the Family of Triuraceae. By John Miers. 1850. Ibi, XXI (1855), pg. 43-59, est. (B. N.) 11821. On a new Genus [ophiomeris] of Plants of the Family of Burmanniaceae. By John Miers. 1847. V. Trans. of Linnaea Society, XX (1851), pg. 373-381, est. (B. N.) 11822. On Myostoma, a new genus of the Burmanuaces. By John Miers, &. 1866. Y. Trans. of Linnean Soe, XXY (1866), pg. 461-475, est. L 1038 11823. - De Proteaceis americanis Herb. Bog. Berolin. auct. J. Fr. Klotesch. V. Linnoca, XV (1841), 51 (B. N.) 11824. - Tabelião das Madeiras do Brazil. (B. N.) W um esboço ou rascunho. Sem data nem nome de auctor. Traz na 1. pag. e na ultima as seguintes iniciaes — B I O M. — em uma tarja oblonea, escriptas com characteres de impressão. São as iniciaes do nome do mariscal Baymundo José da Cunha Mattos. Ood. CCXX (16-86), 10 ff. 29X^0. 11825. -BelaçSo das madeiras de construção (do Brazil) dobra branca. Traz a assign. autogr. de Frias Yasconcellos. Traz a assign. autogr. de Frias Yasconcellos. Original. In-fol. 8 ff. Exp.: Arch. Militar. 11826. -Mattas e madeiras do Pará. Informação de Á. L. Monteiro Baena. 1844. V. Mev. do Inst. HisL, VII (1845), pg. 345 (B. N.) 11827. -Memoria sobre as madeiras próprias para a construção naval outros estabelecimentos civis e militares. (Offerecida ao... Siir. Dezemibargador Bodrigo de Souza da Silva Pontes). Prezidente da Província do Pará. Por bum seu súbdito e verdadeiro Amigo). (B. N.) Bem nome de auctor nem titulo. Datada do Pará a 7 de Junho de 1848. Traz no fim 7 desenhos feitos a bioco de pena representando madeiras. Original. Cod. LII (5-19), 14 ff. inn. 24X17. 11828. - Descripção botânica da Drypetes sessiliflora (All.V pelo dr. Fé Freire Allem. V. Minerva Brasil., II (1844), pg. 737, est. (B. N.) 11829. - Descripção botânica da guarajuba - Fícéita acuminata (AU.), pelo dr. P. F. AUemão. V. Minerva Brasil, III (1844), pg. 36, est. (B. N.) 11830. - Geissospermo de Yellosii (Fr. All. Páo pereira. Pelo Dr. Francisco Freire Allemao. 1845. V. Arch, Med. Brasil II (1845), pg. 73-79, est. (B. N.) 11831. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. F. Freire Allemao. V. Minerva Brasil, IV, (1845), pg. 91, est. (B. N.) 11832. - Descripção botânica da Andradea floribunda (AU.), pelo dr. X17. Azedria pernambucana (Arr. Camará). Cocblosperraum insigne (S. HU.). V. Arch. Med. Braz, II (1846), pg. 146-147, est. (B. N.) Descripção do marição — Poarchon Piuminensis (Fr. AU.) — Pelo dr. Francisco Freire Allemário. 1846. V. Arch. Med. Braz, III (1846), pg. 73. Memoria sobre a planta do anil... por João Morgan. No Seccreador Mineiro, III (1846), pg. 513. R. N.) Descripção do tapinboan — Silvia navalium (Allem.), pelo dr. Francisco Freire Allemao. V. Arch. Med. Braz., III (1847), pg. 265-268, est. (B. N.) Descripção do tapinboan — Silvia navalium (Allem.), pelo dr. Francisco Freire Allemao. 1846. Descripção do tapinboan — Silvia navalium (Allem.), pelo dr. Francisco Freire Allemao. 1846. 47. V. Arch. Med., Braz., IV (1847), pg. 25-27, est. (B. N.) 11838. - Descripção botan. da urucurana — Hieronyma Alchorneoides (AU.), pelo dr. Franc. Freire Allemso. V. Arch, Med, Braz., IV (1848), pg. 169-171, est. (B. N.) 1089 11839. - Copia da parte do relatório, de que trata o officio desta data flobre o curativo da morbea por meio do assaca. Pará, 1848. Cupia auth.f precedida do oificio original do presidente do Pará Jerónimo de Francia. Francisca Coelho de 18 de Dezembro de 1848. In-fol. 7 íf. Szp. : D. Joaquín T. de OwmHio. 11840. - Descripção do ophthalmópoli macropbyllum (AU.) — Santa Ijozia—, por Francisco Freire Allemso, 1849. Y. Chianabara, I (1861), pg. 14-18, est. (B. N.) N.) 11841. -BelaçSo das madeiras de construção de que há notícia na ÍTOvincia de S. Paulo. Por Henrique de Beaurepaire Bohan. S. Paulo, 8 de unho de 1849. (B. N.) Original, sem titulo, por lettra e com a auignatura do auctor. In-fol. de 18 íf. inn. 11842. Observações sobre propriedades medicinaes das plantas e expériências de chimica vegetal. Por António Corrêa de Lacerda. MaranhSo, 1849-52. (B. N.) Autographo. Cod. CDLIII (7-18), 166 pp. 28X17. 11843. Histoire naturelle des quainques ou monographie du genre Ghinchona suivi d'une description du genre Gascarilla et de quelques autres plantes de la même triba; par m. H.-A. Weddel. Paris, chez Victor Mcman (Imp. de L, Martinet), 1849, in-fol. com est. (B. N.) 11844. Descripção do — Machs&rium heteropterum (AU.)— angelim, por Francisco Freire Américo, 1850. Y. Trab. da Soe, Velloêianaf pg. 4-8, est. (B. N.) 11845. Id. da Ferreira spectabilis (AU.) — sepepira amarella, por Franc. Fr. Allemáo. 1851. Ibi, pg. 26-31. Est. (B. N.) 11846. - Descripção da urucurana — Hyeronima alchomioides (Fr. AU.) por Francisco Freire Allemão, 1850. Y. Èev. Braz. I, 1857, pg. 56-58, est. Depór. nos árchos de Palestra Sciente do Rio de Janeiro, 1858, pg. 56-58, est 11847. - Exercidos botánicos — Memoria 3. — pelo conselheiro Francisco Freire Allemão. Bio de Janeiro 21 de Agosto de 1851. (B. N.) Autographo. In-fol. 9 íf. inn. 11848. - Apontamentos... para a historia das arvores florestaes do Brasil, particularmente das do Rio de Janeiro, por F. F. Allemão, 1851. Y. Trabda Soe. Vol. Vdlos, pg. 53-59. (B. N.) 11849. - Noticia de algumas plantas, pelo mesmo. Ibi, pg. 72-74. (B. N.) 11850. - Descripção ão do óleo vermelho — Myrospermum erythroxylum (Fr. AU.), por Francisco Freire Alemso. 1851. Y. Rev. Braz. I (1857), pg. 51-55, est. Éeproduzida nos Arcanos da Palestrina Scientifica, 1858, pg. 51-55, est (B. N.) 11851. - Desoripção e Dezenho do uma das Plantas, que fazem o objeto da minha e Phitographia e Zoologia Medica, ou Matéria Medica do Pará e Maranhão, 31 de Maio de 1851. Original, com a assign. autogr. do auctor. In-fol. 2 ff. Acompanha o desenho alludido, feito a côree. 1 cartão de 40X25 cent. Em portuguez e latim. Xzpj 8. M. o Impendor. 11852. - Die Königliche WasserliUe Victoria Eecia, ihne Geschichte, ihre Wesen und ihre Kultu... Bearbeitet von Eduard Loescher. Hamburg, Perthes-Besser á Mauke, 1852, in-8.' Brazil. I, 1857. pg. 368-370, est. Reproduzido nos Arch, da Palestina Scientif., 1858, pg. 215-217, est. (B.N.) 11857. - On the genus Henriquezia of Spruce. By G, Bentham. 1859. V. Trans. of Linnean Soe, XXII (1859), pg. 295-298, est. (B. S.) 11858. - Becherches organogéniqnes et organogéniqnes sur le Coffea arábica L., par Léon Marchand &. Paris, J. B. Sailliére et FUs, 1864, in-8.* est. (B.N.) 11859. - Conjuração e descripção de todos os orgSos fundamentaes das principaes madeiras de cerne e brancas da provincia do Bio de Janeiro o suas applicáções na engenharia, industria, medicina e artes com uraa tabeliã de pesos específicos. Por José de Saldanha da Gama. 1.* vol. Ria de Janeiro, Typ. Económica, 1865, in-8." de 155 pp. (B. N.) 11860. - Conjuração e estudo botânico dos vegetações seculares da prov. do Bio de Janeiro e de outros pontos do Brasil por José de Saldanha da Gama. (2. o 3.» partes.). Rio de Janeiro, Laemmert, 1872, in-8." (B. N.) 11861. Nomes das differentes madeiras conhecidas até hoje nas matta& da Imp.' Fazenda de Petrópolis. 1865. (B. N.) Mappa msc. in-fol. 11862. Le mate, ses caracteres botaniques, sa culture, sa récolte &, par m. le dr. A. Demersay. Y. Nouv, Ann. des voyages, 6.° série, 1865, II. (B. N.) 11863. On Grípidea, a new Genus of the Loasacos... By John Miers-1865. Y. Trans. of the Linnean Soe,, XXV (1866), pg. 227-237, est. (B. N.) 11864. Additions à la Flore Brésilienne. Itinéraire botanique dans la province de Minas Geraes... par Ladislau Netto... Paris, Impr. Siman Raçon et Comp., 1866, in.8. gr. (B. N.) 11865. - Addition à la Flore Brésilienne, par M. Ladislau Netto. (Trembleya Pradosiana), Paris, E. Martin, (1866?), in-8. de 3 pp., est. (Extr. dos ann. des se. nat. » 6.* sér. Y.) £zp.: Dr. B. F. Bamii Galrlo. 11866. - Idem. (Pisonia noxia, Pisonia caparrosa, Pisonia campestris, Pisonia laxa, et Odina Francoana). Ibi, (1866?), in-8.', de 8 pp., est. Extr. dos mesmos «Ann.» Ixp.: Dr. B. V. RmuIb Galrlo. 11867. - Noticia sobre o uaraná, apresentada ao... Sr. Conselheira Dr. Manoel Pinto de Souza Dantas... por J. M. da Silva Coutinho. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nacional, 1866, in-fol., de 10 pp. (B. N.) 11868. - Lichenes amazonici et andini lecti a Domino Spruce. By ther 1041 Eev. W. A. Leighton. 1866. V. Traru. of the Linnean Soe., XXV (1866); pg. 433-460, est. (B. K) 11869. - Breve noticia sobre a colleção das madeiras do Brasil apresentada na Exposição internacional de 1867 pel 1041 os Srs. F. Freire Aélés, Custodio Alves Serrão, Ladisláu Netto e J. de Saldanha da Gama. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac., 1867, in-4. 11870. - Quelques mots sur les bois du Brésil qui devient figner à Exposition Úniverselle de 1867, par José de Saldanha da Gama & Paris, Impr. de E. Martinet, 1867, in-8. de 12 pp. (B. N.) 11871. - Travanx au sujet des prodnits da Brésil qui sont à Exposition Úniverselle de Paris en 1867, par José de Saldanha da Gama... Paris, Impr. de E. Brière, 1867, in-8. de 29 pp. (B. N.) 11872. - Classement botanique des plantes alimentaires du Brésil par José de Saldanha da Gama... Paris, Impr. de E. Brière, 1867, in-8. (B. N.) 11873. - Notice sur le palmier carnaubia par M. A. de Macedo. Paris, Typ. d-. Uenri Pton, 1867, in-8.' (B. N.) 11874. - Les produits véétaux du Brésil consideres au point de vue de Talimentation et de la matière médicale, par M. le D.' J. L. Soubeiran. et M. Augustin Delondre... Paris, Victor Masson et Filmy 1867, in-4. (B. N.) 1875. - Synonymia de diversos vegetacos do Brasil feita segundo os dos colhidos no Império, e na exposição Universal de Paris, em 1867 por José de Saldanha da Gama &. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Universal de Laemmert, 1868, in-4. de 36 pp. B. N.) 1876. - Évision des genres Tynanthus et Lundia, par M. Ed. Bureau. Paris, Impr. de E. Èlartinet, s. d., in-8. (B. N.) (Eztr. da « Adansonia, » vol. VIII.) As 9 espécies descriptas do género Lundia pertém todas ao Brazil. 1877. - Description du genre nouveau SaldanhcDa de Tordre des Bignonnaceés par m. Ed. Bureau. FUris, E, Martinet, s. d., in-8.", com 2 est. Exp.: 1876. - Moral Nacional. 11878. - Note sur la culture des Bignoniacées et sur des graines de planches de cette famille envoyées par M. Corrêa de Mello, par M. le Déc. Bureau & Paris, impr... de E. Donnau (1868), in-4.* (B. N.) 11879. - Cryptogames vasculaires... du Brésil par A. L. A. Fée... avec le concours de M. le doctour F. M. Glaziou, & Paris, /. B. Baillière et Fils, Victor Masson et Fils, 1869 - 73, 2 vols., in-4.*, com est. (B. N.) 11880. - Cartas sobre Botânica por José de Saldanha da Gama, & Rio de Janeiro, I. Inst. Artisiico, 1870, in-4." de 43 pp. (B. N.) nos 11881. - Vocabulário das arvores brazileiras que podem fornecer 'fAU deira para construções civis, navaes e marcenaria seguido de Um indétão Botânico de algumas plantas de Paraguay pelo dr. Nicolau Joaquioot Moreira. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Universal de Laemmert, 1870, in-8. de-fijada 11882. - Apontamentos relativos a botânica applicada no Brasil. Ladisláu Netto. Rio de Janeiro, Laemmert, 1811, in-8. (B N.) 11883. - Das plantas toxicas de Brasil. These de concurso pareja car-deira de Botânica medica da Fac. de Medicina de Bio de Janeiro, Typ. Perseverança Jr 87A, Qínr 4.», de XI-186 pp.-l fl. (B. N.) 11884. - Historia das plantas alimentares e de goao do Sr^l) Z'<i %q[ 1042 Tkeodoro Eckolt, &. Rio de Janeiro, E. âs H. Lúemniert, 1871-1878, 3 vofeu in-a. (B. N.) 11885. - On the Hippocrateacea of South America. By John Miers, 1871. Y. Trans. of Linnean Soc., XXVIII (1873), pg. 319-432, est. (B. N.) 11886. - Algé Brasilienses circa Rio de Janeiro a... A. Glasion,... &nnÍB 1869 et 1870 collecta. Exposit dr. 6.M de artens. Kjoebenhavuy 1871, «.• (B. N.) Extr. do — Yidensk. Medd. fra den natur hist. Forening i Kjõbenhayn —. 11887. - A seringueira. A. R. P. Labre, 1873. Maranhão, Typ. do Paii, Jmp. M. F. F. Père, in-4.» peq. de 22 pp. com est. (B. N.) 11888. - Observations on Alibertia, with description of a new Species of that Genas. Bj Senr. Joaquim Corrêa de Mello, of Campinas. &. Y. Trans. of Linnean Society, XXVIII (1873), pg. 619 - 522, est. (B. N.) O 8iLr. dr. F. H. Glaziou expõe uma tiragem em separado. 11889. - Estudes sur le eenre Piperomia comprenant les espèces de Caldas, Brésil par Salomon llenschen A. Upsal, Ed. Berling, 1873, in-4. Sxp4 UoMti Nacional. 11890. - On pareira brava (sic). By Daniel Hanbury. (London, 1873, in-4.^), in-4. Extr. de Pharmaceale Médico. 1878. Szp.: dr. A. F. M. Glaaion. 11891. - Weltaußtellung in Wien 1873. - Stenonranhische Protokolle des ersten internationalen Congressos der Land-und Forstwirthe. Wien, Verlag wn Faesy & Frick, 1874, in-4. Occorre de pg. 141 - 145 o discurso do dr. José de Saldanha da Gama, delegado do Brasil sobre a conservação das florestas. 11892. - Discours prononcé au Congrès Internationale des Economies Porestiers a Yienne en 1873 par José de Saldanha da Gama, délégué du gouvemement imperial du Brésil. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Universal. de Laemmert, 1874, in-8. de 11 pp. (B. N.) 1893. - Notice sur quelques végétaux séculaires du Brésil par José de Saldanha da Grama & Paris, G. Masson, 1874, in-8.", de 13 pp. Contém descripção da: Cabralea cangerana, Erythroxylum utile, Aspidosperma olivaceum, Oentrolobium robustum, e Cordia alliodora. Extr. dos Ann. des se. nat., 5.* sér. XIX. Exp.: Dr. B. F. Barnard Galveston. 11894. - Enumeratio palmaram novarum quas valle fluminis Amasonum inventas et ad Sertum palmaram collectas, descripsit et iconibus illustravit J. Barbosa Eodrigues. & Sebastianopolis, apud Brotcn éc. Evaristo, 1875, in. de 43- pp. e 1 fl. (B. N.) 11895. - Palmeiras do Amazonas. Distribuição geographioa, por J. Barbosa Eodrigues. V. O Vulgarisador, I, pg. 66, 76, 94, 174 e 183. (B. N.) 11896. - Enumeratio palmaram novarum seguido [sic] de um Protesto e de novas palmeiras descriptas por J. Barbosa Eodrigues. & Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac, 1875 - 1879, 2 part. em 1 vol. in-8. (B. N.) 11897. - Catalogue of the produets of the Brazilian forests at the Int. Exhibition in Phí. Philadelphia by José de Saldanha da Gama &. New-York, O Now Mundo Printing Office 1876, in-8.»» peq., de 12 pp. (B. N.) 11898. - Herva moura, pelo dr. Martins Costa, V. Progr. med. 1 (1876), pag. 85 (B. N.) 11900. - Arrebenta-cavallo ou Juá, pelo dr. Martins Costa. Y. '^oqr. mà. I, pag. 133 (B. N.) 11900. - Coerana pelo dr. Mailins Costa. V. ^oqr. med. I (1876), pag. 169 (B. N.) 11901. - Camapú ou juá-pócai pelo dr. Martins Costa. V. Progr. ined. (1876), pag. 174 (B. N.) 11902. - O cajueiro e suas applicaciones em medicina pelo dr. Agnello Leite. V. Progr. Meã., I (1876), pg. 321.(B. N.) 11903. - A mutamba pelo dr. Jaguaribe f.* V. Progr. Meã., I (1876), pg. 660. (B. S) 11904. - Ensaios para ó estudo da flora dos pântanos do Brasil pelo dr. Joaquim Caminhoá. S. /., í. d., (1876), in-4. de 41 pp., 1 fl. (B. N.) 11905. - Lichenes Brasilienses, collecti a D. A Glaziou in provincia brasiliensi Rio de Janeiro. Auctore dr. A. de Krempelhuber. Regensburg, Scubauersche BucMruckerei (F, Hiiber), 1876, in-8.* gr. (B. N.) 11906. - Prims B linero muscorum co^oscendorum, qui ad Caldas Brasiliensis snnt collecti. Scri Pit Job. Angst. (Stocmiolm, 1876), 2 vols. in-8. (Extr. da Oefversigt af Kongl. Vet. Akad. Förh., 1876.) Exp.: Dr. A. F. M. Glaslou. 11907. - Notes in regard to some textile plants of Brazil, at the International Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, by José de Saldanba da Camara. New York, O Novo Mundo, Printing Office, 1876, in-8. de 7 pp. (B. N.) 11908. - U. S. International Exhibition. Historieal notes concerning the Vegetable fibres, exhibited by Severino Lourenço da Costa Leite, by Nicolau Joaquim Moreira V. New York, O Novo Mando Printing Office, 1876, in-8. de 16 pp. (B. N.) 11909. - Breve noticia sobre o cipó lactescente, planta indigena descoberta polo illustre mineiro dr. Severino Lourenço da Costa Leite. Rio de Janeiro, Impr. Industrially 1877, in-4. de 8 pp. Xxp.: Francisco Flamón Pu. 11910. Ensaio de indice geral das madeiras do Brazil pelos enge-nheiros André e José Kebouças. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac, 1877-78, 3 vols. In-4.* (B. N.) 11911. - Fava de cobra, pelo dr. F. S. Castro. V. Progr. Med., II (1877, pg. 189. (B. N.) 11912. - Genera et species Orcbidearum novarum quas collegit, descriptis et iconibus il lustra vit J. Barbosa Rodrigues &. I. Sebastionapolis, Impr. de C. et H. Fleiuss, 1877, in-4. de 4 ff., YlL206-X pp.-l fl., com 1 est. (B. K) 11913. - NonnulliD algro aqua dulcis brasilienses. Auct. O. Nordstedt. Stockholm, 1877, in-8., com est. Extr. da «Ofversigt af Kongl. Vet. Akad. Fõrh. 1877. Szp.: Dr. A. T. M. Glazfou. 11914. - Estudos botânicos. O Género Horlia Yand. Por G. S. de Capanema. V. Ensaios de Sciencia, TL. (B. N.) 11915. Memoria sobre a araroba, pelo dr. Joaquim Sacedo de Aguiar. Bahia, Impr. Económica, 1879, in-4.<> peq., est. (B. N.) Apuntes sabre la yerba-mate. Rocopilacion y resumen de los trabajos conocidos hasta la fecha. Nuevas investigaciones de D. Domingo Parodi por Emílio E. Coni. Buenos Aires, Impr, de M. Biedma, 1879, in-12.* Das diíferontes espécies de madeiras de paíz. Y. O Vinhola Brazileiro, por C. de Eainville. Rio, 1880, in-8.», pg. 51. (B. N.) Attalea Olcifera. Palmeira nova deseripta e desenhada por J. Barbosa Eodrigues. (Extr. da Ev. Brás. vol. Vil pg. 123). Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac. 1881, in-4. de 8 pp. (B. N.) 11919. - Noticia sobre algunos criptógamas nuevos bailados en Apiaby provincia de 8. Pablo... por el Dr. D. Juan de Puigarri. Apiaby 1881, in-8. de 16 pp. (B. N.) 11920. - Elementos para o estado da Flora da SeiTa da Estrolla e de Petroplis, pelo dr. José de Saldanha da Gama. V. Ret. Braz., Yll e VIII (1881)- (B. K) 11921. - Orchidea; Eodeienses et altera) inédita por J. Barbosa Eodrigues. V. Revista de Engenharia, III (1881) n.~ 7 e 9 (B. N.) 11922. - Enumeração d'algumas espécies da flora rio-grandense. Pelo dr. Siqueira Coutinho. V. Gazeta de Porto-Alegre, III (1881), n. 211 e seg. (B. N.) Mineralogia e Geologia MINERALOGIA 11923. - Papel sobre o descobrimento das minas (do Brazil), o a reção dos Quintos. (Por Bento Corrêa de Souza Coutinho. 1695. (B. N.) Cópia. Cod. LXXVIII (6-23) do ff. 88 a 89. 7 ff. 26X15. 11924. - Officio dos governadores interinos da Bahia de 7 de Junha de 1765 dirigido ao ouvidor da comarca da Jacobina, sobre as minas de salitre que pretendia ter descoberto Romão Gramacho Falcão nas serras e sertões do rio Verde, oitenta léguas distante da aquella villa. (B. N.) Cópia contemporânea authenticada por José Ignacio de Alvarenga de Abreu e Lima. Cod. CDIV (19- 6) sob n.o 50. 6 ff. 29X17. 11925. - Eelação de Sette Pedras, que nos forâo apresentadas por Ordem do III. e Ex. Snr. Marquez de Valença para nellas fazei-mos exzames, se tem algua qualidade de metais. (B. N.) Datada da Bahia a 29 de Janeiro de 1783. Original. Cod. CDVI (19-8), sob n.o56. 2 ff. 16X14. 11926. - Diíforentes officios sobre descobrimento de minas. 1783-1805. Cópias modernas. In-fol. 18 ff. Exp.: lust. Histórico. 11927. -Correspondência e documentos relativos a la Kovas minas de Macacú, de que era superintendente general Manuel Pinto de Cunha e Sousa. 1786-90. (B. N.) Copias officios. Sem titulo. 5 vols. In-fol. 1045 11928. -Memoria dos Lugares que parecem mais oportunos a fazer alguns exames d'Historia Natural, (principalmente quanto ao recomendado Artigo da Mineralogia) na viagem esta Yilla para o Arrayal de S. Pedro de El Key, Yilla de Cuyabá, e mais paragens circumvévales, assim mesmo que pelas Margens dos Byos Cujabá, S. Lourenço, (ou Fornidos) Paraguay, e Jaurii; cuja memoria em observância das Eeaes Ordens que tenbo recebido, entrego ao S. D. Alexandre Roiz Ferre. ira, afim de que por ella haja de regular a direção da que proximam. Tem de fazer (Por João de Albuquerque de Mello Pereira o Cáceres). Yilla Bella 18 de Maio de 1790. Original, com a assign. autógr. do auctor. God. GCXLIII (17-3L), 2 ff. 26X17. Pertenceu ao dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira. Ha uma cópia contemporânea. 11929. - Oflice de Manuel Ferreira da Gamara datado de Lisboa a 13 de Agosto de 1798 e dirigido a, expendendo várias idéas sobre a economía mineral dos estados ultramarinos, e particularmente de Brazil. (B. N.) Autógrapho (?). Cod. CCLXXVII (17-65), 7 ff. inn. 28X1Ô- 11930. - Memoria e rezumo de todas as ordens que existem nos livros la Secretaría de Gobernación de Capitania da Bahia, sobre o descobrimento do Salitre, Minas, e fabrica que se mandarão abrir e estabelecer, e do que acompanha a carta que o actual Governador D. Fernando José de Portugal dirige ao Illm. e Bx." Sfir. D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho, Ministro Secretario de Estado dos Negocios da Marinha e Domínguez Ultramarinos em dato de Mar. ço de mil sete centos noventa e oito sobre este mesmo assumpto. (B. N.) Cópia moderna. In-foL de 87 pp. 11931. -Minoraes do Brazil. Estanho, chumbo, azougue, enxofre, sal, salitre, alambre, vermelhão, zarçao, azeviche, antimonio e greda. (B. N.) Original. Lettra do XVIII século. In-fol. de 5 ff. inn. 11932. -Noticia de varias Pedras preciosas, e... raridades q há no Brazil com a distincção, e circunstão de cada húa delas. (B. N.) Sem nome de auctor. Lettra do XYIII século. Original?. La-fol. de 11 pp. 11933. - Memoria sobre a capitania das Minas Geráns, seu território, clima, e produções Metálicas: sobre a necessidade de se restabelecer e animar a mineração decadente do Brasil: sobre o commercio e exportação dos metaes, e interesses régios. Com hum appendice sobre os diamantes o nitro natural. Por José Vieira Couto. V. Rev. do Inst. Hist.y XI (1848), ng. 289. (B. N.) 11934. - Memoria sobre as minas da capitania de Minas Geráns, suas descripções, ensaios, e domicilio próprio; à maneira de itinerário com um appendice sobre a nova Lorena Diamantina &. Escripta em 1801 pelo dr. José Vieira Couto. Rio de Janeiro Eduardo e Henrique Laemmert, 1842, in-8.", de 4 ff. e 159 pp. (B. N.) 11935. - Discurso sobre o estado actual das Minas Do Brazil... por José Joaquim da Cunha de Azeredo Coutinho. Lisboa, na Impresam Regia, 1804, in.4.* de 66 pp., 1 fl. (B. K.) O Infit. Higt. possue o original com agsig. autógrapha, in-fol., de 16 ff. 11936. Noticias e reflexões sobre as minas de Cantagalio. 1805. V. fíec. do Inst Hist. y II ser., V (1849), pg. 518. (B. N:) 11937. Memoria sobre as Minas de Cobalto da Capitania de Minas. Com' trinta e cinco Exemplares da mesma Mina. Por ordem de S. A. B. (Por José Yieira Conto). 1806. Cópia moderna. In-fol. de 29 ff. Exp.: Instituto. Geologia elementar applicada a agricultura e industria, coni hommo diccionario dos termos geológicos, oa Manual de geologia. Por Nerea Boubé. Traduzido da quarta edicião. Rie de Janeiro Typ. Nacionaly 1846, in-4. com est., de 2 ff. 134 pp.-1 fl.-55-18 pp. (B. N.) Depois da Geologia elementar o occorrem como appensos: Viagem mineralógica na provincia de S. Paulo por José Bonifacio de Anarada e Silva, e Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada; Bosquejo geognostico do Brasil, com huma dissertação sobre a matriz dos diamantes, por m. d'Éschwege; De la Colonisation du Brésil Sor Charles Van Lede (Trad. do cap. XV. Geologie); Jazgo do carvão de pedra e Santa Catharina (Extrah. da obra do mesmo van-Lede, cap. X.) ; Pe ixes pe-trificados que se achão na província do Ceará (Extr. das «Notas geológicas» de Gardener); e finalmente — índice da legislação portugueza sobre as minas do Brasil — 11939. - Diário de uma viagem mineralógica pela prov. de S. Paulo no anno de 1805 pelo cons. Maràm Francisco Hibeiro de Andrada. Y. Hev, do ImU HisLy 11 sor., II (1847), pg. 527. (B. N.) 11940. - Amérique Mérídionale. Voyage minéralogique dans la province de Saint-Paul du Brésil. 2 part. em 1 vol. in-8.* (B. íí.) (Extr. de «Journal des Voyages»). Bédigida e publicada pelo cons. Drummond, segundo as notas de José Bonifacio de Andrada e seu ermão. 11941. - Officio de Pedro Francisco Xavier de Brito sobre quatro meneras do Ceará E informação (por copia) de João da Silva Feijó sobre os mesmos minei. Ceará, 31 de Outubro de 1814. Original. In-fol. 5 ff. Exp. Árch. Militar. 11942. - Memoria das minas de Paraguay Diamantino na prov. de Matto Grosso, pelo desembargador António José de Carvalho Chaves em 1822. Y. A Nota Minerva, I (1845-46), n.- 3, 4, 6 e 9. (B. N.) 11943. - W. C. V. Eschwege... Nachrichten aus Portugal und dossen Colonien, mineralogischen und bergmännischen Inhaltes. Ein Seitenstuck zum Journale von Brasilien. Im Auftrage des Verfossers herausgegeben, und mit Anmorkungen u. Zusiitzen versehen, von J. C. L. Zincken. Brasilien, G. C. E, Meyery 1820, in.8." est. Xxp.: Dr. José Rodrigues Peixoto. 11944. - Mines du Brasilien. V. Nouv, Ann. des Voyages, 2." série XV (1830). (B. N.) 11945. - Pluto Brasiliensis... von W. 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(B. N.) 11946. - Considérations rolatives à la partie minéralogique des instruções pour Exposition scientifique brésilienne, par le Dr. Gustavo Jenzsch, &. (Lettre adressée à mr. le chev. de Sturz, cônsul génér. de Tempire du Brésil en Prusse). Dresde, C C Meinlioldy Impr. de la Cour, s. d., in-fol. do 3 pp. (B. N.) 11947. - Memoria sobre algumas experiências e empenhos mineralógicos e metallurgicos, por Schuch (Koque). Ru de Janeiro, Impr. na Typ, de Laemmerty 1840, in-4." de 53 pp. (B. lí.) 11948. - Breve noticia sobre as minas ha pouco descobertas no Assuruá, prov. da Bahia, Pelo cónego Benigno José de Carvalho e Cunha. 1841. V# Rev. do Imt. Hist., II ser., V (1849), pg. 524. (B. N.) 11649. - Noticias das minas dos Martyríos, por Joio Iieme da Brador V. Rm. dú imt. Hist. YI (1844), pg. 314. (Bi Nt) 11950. - Noticia de minera brasileiros, pelo dr. F. L. C. Burlamaque, 1864. Trab. da Soe. Vellos., pg. 149-160. (B. N.) 11951. - Observaciones sobre a origen de barro vermelho na provincia do São de Janeiro, por G. S. de Capanama. Y. Trab. da Soe, Vellos., pg. 12-16: (B. N.) 11952. - Noticia acerca de algunas minas de varias Provincias do Brasil, recebidos no Musea Nacional durante o anno de 1855. Pelo dr. P. L. C. Burlamaque. 1856. Y. Rev. Brazil, II (18 58), pg. 73-104, est. Id. em 1866-58. Ibi, pg. 241-265, eh. (B. N.) 11953. - Riquezas mineraes do Brasil. Noticia sobre uma variedade de topázio. Y. Bibl. Brasil. I n.* 1 (1863), pg. 94. (B. N.) 11954. - Penedos de dioritos do valle do Parahyba do Sul, pelo conde de la Huro. Y. Rev. do Inst. Hút., XXIX, 2. p. (1866), pg. 422. (B. N.) 11955. - Observações chimicas sobre a Pedra Elástica do Brasil dada pelo Sx. Snr. D. Francisco de Menezes, feitas por Mr. O Arcet, Professor de chimica no Collegio real de França, &. Cópia. In-fol. 2 ff. Sxp. : D. Joanné T. de Ouralho. 11956. - Memoria sobre as Salinas do Cunha (Por Alexandre Rodrières FeiTeira). (B. N.) Autó Gr. Cod. CXXI (16-22) sob n. 1. 1 pg. 26X19. Traz no ílm uma nota sobre as «Minas de Sal do Jaurúji. D. Joanna T. de Carvalho possue uma cópia mod. 11957. - Memoria sobre o sal de Glauber (na capitania do Rio Grande do Sal, por José de Saldanha). 1798. Cfópia moderna. In-fol. 10 pp. Expé Inat. Histórico. 11958. - Copia de huma carta sobre a nitreira artificial, estabelecida na villa de Santos, da Capitania de S. Paulo, dirigida a esta Corte por José Manso Pereira e publicada por Fr. José Mariano Velloso. Lisboa y Off. da Casa Litteraria de Arco de Cego, 1800, in-4.' peq. de 19 pp. Expé: Francisca Bamot Paz. 11959. - Memoria Bobre a Viagem do terrend Nítrozo (dos Montes Altos da Bahia) por Joze de Sá Bittencourt Accioly. 1800. Original. In-fol. 23 ff. — Uma cópia mod. in-fol. de 29 ff. D. «loanna T. de Carvalho possue outra cópia mod. in-fol. de 26 ff. Szp.: Inst. Histórico. 11960. Memoria sobre as salitreiras naturaes de Monte Borigo; manera de as auxiliar por meio das artísticas; refinaria do nitrato de potassa, o salitre: escrita no anno de 1803. Por Jozé Vieira Couto. Rio de Janeiro, na Impr. Regia, 1809, in-4. de 61 pp. (B. N.) 11961. Memoria sobre os Nitros nuturas, Sal de Glauber, Quina e mais produções nativas inventas na Capitania do Piauhy e Maranhão... pelo Padre Joaquim José Pereira. 1803. Cópia mod. In-fol. 184 pp. Szp.: Inst Histórico. 11962. Mappa dos diíferentes tamanhos dos Diamantes e modos dos BUtimentos dos que vem do Serro do Frio, a correspondência que os lottes tem entre si a respeto dos In-fol. 1 fl. Bsp. Jsut, HMorioo. 1048 11963. - Geognostische Gremãde von Brasilien, and wahrscheinliches Mattergestein der Diamanten, von W. Eschwege... Mit einem Kupfer. Weimary im Verlage des Gr. H. S. priv. Landes-Indiastrie-Comptoirs, 1822, in-S.* (B. N.). 11964. - Memoria histórica sobre os diamantes, sen descobrimentos contractos e administração por conta da real fazenda: modo de os avaliar, establecimento da fabrica de lapidação; sua extincção e estado presente sobre Brasil por José de Eezende Costa k. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Imper. e Canst. de /. Vukneuve e C.% 1836, inA. de 38 pp. (B. N.) 11965. - Über das geognostische Yorkommen der Diamanten und ihre Gewinnungsmethoden auf der Serra do Grão-Mogór iu der Provinz Minas. Geraes in Brasilien. Von Virgil v, Helmreichen zu Brunfeld. dh. Wien, Braumuller & Seidd, 1846, in-4.', com est. (B. N.) 11966. - Martins: Über d. in d. Serra de Sincum Diamant Lokali-taten. V. München Gel. Anzeigerif 1846. (B. N.) 11967. - O famoso brilhante, achado por Lourenço António dos Santos no ribeirão que corta a estrada de Bragança ao Amparo, no lugar denominaçado Capitão-mór, e ao mesmo violentamente subtrahido na cidade de Mogy-mirim. (Por X.) S. Paulo, Typ. ímparcivly de J. R. de Azevedo Marquesy 1858, in-4. de 16 pp. Ezp.: D. Joanna T. de Canralho. 11968. - The geoléry of the diamantiferous region of the province of Paraná. Brazil, by Orville A. Derby. In-8.", est. (Réal bj permission of the director of the Brazilian Museum before the American Philosophical Society, May 16, 1879.) Ezp.: Professor O. Derby. 11969. - Eelação circunstanciada das Amostras d'ouro, que remette para o Real Gabinete de Historia Natural, o D." Naturalista Alexandre Kodriquez Fer. reira: Em conformidade das Soberanas ordens de Sua Magestade e 31 de Outubro de 1787. Villa Bella 16 de Abril de 1790. (B. N.) Original. Cod. CXIII (16-14) 25 ff. 23X'^0. 11970. Noticias dadas por Manoel Nunes Barboza sobre Minas de oro de varias Cap. de Brazil. Original? In-4. 9 ff. Exp. : D. Joanna T. de Garralho. 11971- Minas de Ouro. Provincia de S. Pedro de Rio Grande. Pesquizas feitas em 1808 e 9. Doe. originaes e por cópias aut. In-fol. 9 ff. Exp.: D. Joina T. de CanraUio. 11972. Extracto de huma memoria sobre a decadência das minas de oro da Cap. de Minas-Geraes, e sobre vários outros objetos montanisticos, por G. B. de Eschwegue. V. Mem. Acad. Sc. Lisb., IV, 2.^ p. (1816) pg. 65. (B. N.) 11973. Selections from the various autboriores who have written concerning Brazil; more particularly respecting the capture of Minas-Geraes, and the gold mines of that province. By Barclay Mounteney. London, Ellingham Wilson, 1825, in-8.* cora 1 eh. (B. N.) 11974. Dócouvorte de nouvelles mines Dor au Brésil, prés de S. Louíb de Maranham. V. Nouv. Ann. des voyages, 6." série II (1855). (B. N.) 11975. - Noticia sobre a jazida e exploração do ouro, em Lavras, provincia de S. Pedro de Rio Grande do Sul, pelo profesor Henrique Gorceiz. (Traduzida do francez.) Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac., 1874, in-4. (B. N.) 11976. - Conferencias feitas no Huzeu Nacional pelo profemor Henrique Correux &. Rio de Janeiro, Typ, Nacional, 1876, in-4. de 31 pp. (B. N.) 11977. - Les exploitations de Tor dana la province de Minas Geraes, par M. H. Gorceix, <C?. V. Bibl. de la Soe. de Géogr.j ô.» série XII (187ff). (B. N.) 11978. - Kotieia que Gabriel da Bocha dou das minas De prata junto a Colonia. Cópia moderna. Sem data. In-fol. 8 pp. — Outra cópia. In-fol. 8 pp. — Outra cópia. In-fol. 4 pp. Exp.: lost. Histórico. 11979. Memoria sobre o minério de ferro achado juncto a villa de Cachoeira na capit. da Bahia, par Guilherme Christiano Feldner. Escripta em portuguez por Luis d'Alincourt. (B. N.) Original, sem data, com assign. autógr. do auctor. In-fol. 8 ff. 11980. Memoria sobre a Mina de Félix do Cangati do Norro na Ca-Sitania do Ceará escripta por João da Silva Feijó, Tenente Coronel, e naturalista da mesma Capitania 1814. Cópia cont. auth. In-fol. 11 ff. Sxp.< Areh. Militer. 11981. EelaçSo abreviada de algumas experiências sobre a fabricação do ferro corrido, na provincia de Minas Geraes. Por R, Schuch. Mio de Ja-neiro, Typ. Imper, e Comt de J. Villeneuve e Comp., 1837, in-fol. de 8 pp. (B José do Ypaneraa. Descripção do morro de mineral de ferro, sua riqueza, methodo usado na antiga fabrica, seus defeitos. Y. Rev. do Hist. XVIII (1855), pg. 235. (B. N.) 11983. - Officio do monsenhor António Fernandes da Silveira sobre a existência de preciosas minas de ferro e d' um rio subterrâneo na prov. de Sergipe. V. Rev. do Hist. XXII (1860), pg. 129. (B. N.) 11984. - Officio sobre as minas de ferro de Jacupiranguinha. Bases de um projecto de exploração. Memoria apresentada a sua ex.* o sflr. visconde do Rio Branco, director da Escola Polytechnica pelo dr. Francisco António de Almeida, k. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. de G. Leuzinger dh Filhos, 1878, in-4.* de 40 pp. (B. N.) 11985.-0 ferro e os mestres de forja na provincia de Minas Geraes. Por Henrique Gorceix. Ouro Preto, /. P. Xavier da Veiga, 1880, in-8.* do 16 pp. (B. K.) 11986. -Idem. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac, 1880, in-4.* peq. de 24 pp. (B. N.) 11987. -Noticia sobre a jazida de cobre em Lavras e Caçapava na provincia de S. Pedro de Rio Grande do Sul pelo professor H. Gorceix (iraducção). Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Nac, 1876, in-8.* de 8 pp. (B. N.) 11988. -Memoria sobre as minas de carvão de pedra do Brazil, pelo dr. J. Parigot, &. Rio de Janeiro, /. Villeneuve & C, 1841, in-4.* de 30 pp. com est. Exp.: 8. H. o Imperador. 11989. -Minas de carvão de pedra de Santa Catharina. Pelo dr. Júlio Parigot. Rio de Janeiro, Typ, Imper. e Const. de J. Villeneuve e Co., 1841, In-8.* de 12 pp. (B. X.) 11990. - Memoria terceira sobre as minas de carvão de pedra de Santa Catharina, pelo dr. Júlio Parigot. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. Imper. e Const. de J. ViUeneute e Comp., 1842, in-4.* de 30 pp. (B. N.) 11991. - O carvão de pedra no Eiò de Grande do Sul. Correspondência entre o exm. st. Ten. general F. Jozé de Sonza Soares de Andréa, o o caç piso d'engenheiros I. Velloso Pederneiras. Bahia, Typ. Const. de V. Ribeiro MoreirOj 1851, in-4.* de 37 pp. JEzp. : B. Joanna T. de Ganralho. 11992. - Memoria sobre as formações de Carvão de Pedra do Erval e de S. Jerónimo escripta... por Eodolpho Wendrott. 1854, Cópia aut. In-fol. 10 ff. Sxp D. Joánna T. de Oarralho. Descripção dos terrenos carboniferos da comarca do Crato, pela dr. Marcos António de Macedo. 1855. V. Trab. da Soe Vellos., pg. 23. - 27 (2.» parte), com ch. (B. N.) Relatório do dr. João José Lobo Peçanha, sobre exploração der carvão nas commarcas do Sul, feita á expensas de J. C. Júnior & Filhos, Balay Typ. de E. Pedroza, 1857, in-4. de 7 pp. Esp. : Joanna T. de Oarralho. On the discovery of coal in Brazil, by John Plant. In-8. (From Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society. N.« 12. Vol 4. Seaaiott 1868-64.) Exp. : professor O. Derbj. The brazilian coal fields, by Nathaniel Plant, with a Description of the Plant-Eemains & by W. Carruthers. Hartfordy Stephen Avstin. In-8.*, est. (From the Geological Magazine. Vol. 6. N.» 4. April, 1869.) Exp. : professor O. Derby. 11997. - Prodigiosa lagoa deseuberta nas Congonias das Minas do Sabará, que tem curado a varias pessoas dos achaques, que nesta Kelação se expõem. (Vinfi.) Lisboa, na Officina de Miguel Manescal da Costa, Impressor do Santo Offício, Anno M.DCCXLIX. Com todas as licenças necessárias. In-4. de 27 pp., com uma est. (B. K.) Opúsculo muito raro. A estampa, que é gravada a buril, tem por titulo : «Figura da Lagoa, e de facto a-representa com seu Sangradouro, Olho da Lagoa, e palhoças em torno. Este folheto foi reimpresso modernamente, e com o mesmo titulo, no Bio de Janeiro, na Impressam Eegia, 1820, in-4. de 88 pp.-1 ff., sem a estampa. 11998. -Aguas minera de Araxá, no Brazil. Carta de fr. Leandro de Sacramento ao conde da Barca. V. Correio Braúliense, vol. XIX (1817), pg. 624. B. K.) 11999. -A. M. de Miranda e Castro. Dissertação sobre as aguas minera brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro, 1841, in-4. (B. N.) 12000. -Memoria Topographica das Aguas Mineraes Brasileiras, offerecida ao Instituto Histórico e Geographico Brasileiro pelo Doutor Antónia Maria de Miranda Castro. Original? In-4. gr. 5 ff. com 8 est. lith. Exp.: Inst. Histórico. 12001. -Exame das aguas mineraes de Santa Catharina pelo dr. J. M. da Cruz Jobim. V. Arch. Med. Brás., III (1846), pp. 29-31. (B. N.) 12002. -Das aguas mineraes de Itapicurú. Pelo dr. J. J. Rodrigues, 1846. V. Arch. Med. Braz., II (1846), pp. 124-129 e 147-151. (B. N.) 12003. -A. M. de Miranda e Castro. Dissertação sobre as aguas minera brasileiras. Rio de Janeiro, 1841, in-4. (B. N.) 12002. -Memoria Topographica das Aguas Mineraes Brasileiras, offerecida ao Instituto Histórico e Geographico Brasileiro pelo Doutor Antónia Maria de Miranda Castro. Original? In-4. gr. 5 ff. com 8 est. lith. Exp.: Inst. Histórico. 12001. -Exame das aguas mineraes de Santa Catharina pelo dr. J. M. da Cruz Jobim. V. Arch. Med. Brás., III (1846), pp. 29-31. (B. N.) 12002. -Das aguas mineraes de Itapicurú. Pelo dr. J. J. Rodrigues, 1846. V. Arch. Med. Braz., II (1846), pp. 124-129 e 147-151. (B. N.) 12003. -Aguas mineraes de Brazil, por Leo Junius. V. Rev. Púp, V (1860), pg. 69, e Guarany, 1871. (B. N.) 12004. - Selección sobre as aguas mineraes de la República, da Campanha de Caldas na provincia de Jumna Greca... Pela commissão nomeada para examinándose. 1874-76. Rio de Janeiro, in-4. de 35 pp. (B. N.) 12005. - Selección pelo dr. M. Tira da Fonseca a Camará Municipal da cidade de Passos, sobre uma nova fonte de aguas mineraes. Rié de Janeiro, Brown & Evarúto, 1876, in-4. de 16 pp. - 1 fl. (B. N.) 12006. - Aguas mineraes de Brasil por Carlos Ferreira de Souza Ferandes, doutor em Medicina &. Rio de Janeiro, Typ, Imperial e Constitucionaria de J. Villeneuve 4? C, 1877, in-8. de 78 pp. (B. N.) 12006. - 12007. - Aguas minoraes do Brazil. V. Prog. Med., H (1877), pg. 471. (B. N.) 12008. -Guia das aguas mineraes de Caxambu... extrahido de una artigos que publican una Imprensa Industrial Félix Ferreira. Rio de Janeiro, Imprensa Industrial, 1877, in-16. de 44 pp.-1 fl. (B. N.) 12009. -As Caldas da Imperatriz. Aguas tibermas da prov. de Santa Gatharina, por Alfonso de Escragnolle Taunay. 1877. V. O Villagarcia, I, pp. 2, 13 e J, de Paula Souza. Campanas, Typ. da Gazeta, 1880, in-8.', de 13 pp. Esp. : J. A. TeUein de Mello. 12012. Esboço histórico e analytico da agua virtuosa da Cidade da Campanha. 1841. Cópia da lettra do dr. H. A. A. de Carralho. In-fol. 6 ÍT. Exp. : D. Joanna T. de Carralho. GEOLOGIA 12013. Termo de vistoria que mandou fazer o Capitão Commandante Diogo Pinto da Gaia as pedras (esculpidas) do monte a'Arjan que se acha na bocca do Bio de Vicente Pinson. 1728. (B. N.) Cópia moderna. In-fol. 2 ff., com uma estampa representando as pedras e as suas inscripções. 12014. Discripção de huns ossos não conhecidos, que ap arecerão em Maio de 1785. na Capitania de Minas Geraes do Estado do Brasil. (Por Simão Pires Sardinha.) Cópia moderna. In-fol. 6 ff. Exposo inet. Histórico. 12015. - Memoria sobre duas minas de conchas de Sernamby, pelo Ajudante Pedro de Figueiredo Yasconcellos. Cópia moderna. Sem data. In-fol. 1 fl. Pertence á Viagem de A. Rodrigues Ferreira. Xxp.: D. Joaquín T. de Carralho. 12016. - Algumas observações barometrieas, e geognosticas & feitas na Capit. de Minas Geraes por J. B. de E. (Eschwegue). v. O Patriota, 3. ser. 6 (1814), pg. 72. (B. J.) 12017. - Über das stidliohe Ende des Gebirgszuges von Brasilien in der Provinz S. Pedro de Sul und der Banda Oriental oder dem Staate von Monte Yideo; nach den Sammlungen des Herm Fr. Sellow. Von Hem. 1062 Weiss. (Gelesen in der Acad. der Wissenschaften am 9. August 1827. und 5 Jani 1828). In-4.'', com est. Ezp.: Dr. Joaquín Bodrignes Peixoto. 12018. - Om Haler i Kalksteen, i det indre af Brasilien, der tíldeels indeholde Foss. 12018. - Le Knokler af P. W. Lund & Kjoebenhavny Poppske Officin, 1836, 2 parts em 1 vol. in-4.% com est. Exp.: 8. H. o Imperador. 12019. - Blik paa Brasiliens dyreverden for sidste jordomvntníDg af Dr. Lund, (1837-44), Kjoebenhamiy Bianco Luno's Bogtrykkerif 1838-45, 9 parts em 2 vols. in-4.%, com est. color. (B. N.) Possuem exemplares S. M. o Imperador, o Museu Nacional, e o dr. José Rodrigues Peixoto. 12020. -Vista sobre o mundo animal do Brazil antes da ultima revo-lução da terra por D. Lund. Primeiro tratado; Introdução. Lagoa Santa aos 14 de Fevereiro de 1837. = Idem. Tratado IL' Animaes mammiferos. Lagoa Santa aos 16 de Novembro de 1837. Original. In-fol., de 80 ff. (Traducção do próprio auctor). Exp.: S. H. o Imperador.
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#include "WTHeader.h"
int main()
{
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GYNÉCOLOGIE ULES CHAUMEL à rlchthyol Décongestifs les plus puissants DISPARITION RAPIDE de fa DOULEUR des INFLAMMATIONS et des Ecoulements purulents. Ê abhsse nenis FlJMOUZE, 78, Faubourg Saint-Dan’s, PARIS TUBERCULOSES Bronchites, Catarrhes, Çrippes Traliemei par I ÉMULSION MARCHAIS Créosote de Hêtre, Baume de Tolu et Olycêro-Phosphate de Chaux (De R à G cuillerées à café par jeur dus lait, bouiUoa) w'w w m cinq à six fois en 24 heures, un peu avant lés repas, une cuillerée à café de la potion : Benzo-naphtol 1 gr. Sous-nitrate de bismuth 2 gr. Teinture de Colombo 5 gr. Teinture de cachou. 10 gr. Julep gommeux 80 gr. • Congestion rénale aiguë primitive. A. Robin. — Appliquer 3 à 4 ventouses scarifiées de chaque côté, au niveau du triangle de J.-L. Petit. Repps au lit. Régime lacté. S’il y a de l'hématurie, donner toutes les heures, par cuillerées à soupe : Solution de perchlorure de fer à 30° 1 à 2 gr. Sirop 30 gr. Eau 100 gr. Maintenir le malade au lit jusqu’à guérison parfaite. Plus tard, cure à Royat, Saint-Nectaire, Forges, Bussang. Dans les C'oSGESTlOKS «. ^4 Troublea fonctionnela du FOIE, là DY8FEF8IE ATONIQUE, le» FIÈVRES INTERJUITTEKTE8, le» Cachexiea d’origine paludéenne et consécutives au long séjour dans les pays chauds On prescrit dans les hôpitaux, à Paris et à Vichy, r de 50 à 100 gouttes par Jour de BOLDO-VERNE on A cuillerées à calé d'ÉLIXIR de BOLDO-VERHE Dépôt : VER N E. Profssienr à Picole de Médecine de GRENOBLE (FRANCE) lt dans les principales Pharmacies de France et de l’Étranger. D’après l’opinion des Professeurs BOUCHARDAT GUBLER TROUSSEAU CHARCOT Tr. Pharm. page 300. Comment'du Codex page 813. Thérapeuthue page 214. Cl/niq. Salpétrière. LE VALERIANATEli PIERLOT est un névrosthénique et un puissant sédatif kuNEURASTHÉNIë.ksNÉVROSES.des NÉVRALGIES C. LANCELOT A. C “, 26, Rue St-Claude, Paris et tontes pharmacies. M f f B f 'W'* INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE LIBRAIRIE G. STEINHEIL 2, rue Casimir-Delavigne, Pans. Etudes anatomo-cliniques (cœur, vaisseaux, poumons), par le D r Raymond Tripier, professeur à la Faculté de médecine de Lyon. Un vol. in-8° raisin de xvi-604 pages, avec 32 figures. — Prix : 10 fr. Thérapeutique vénérienne, par le docteur Deguy, ancien interne des hôpitaux de Paris, ancien chef de laboratoire. Un vol. in-8° carré de 280 pages, avec 24 figures. — Prix, cartonné : 5 fr. LIBRAIRIE F.-R. de RUDE VAL 4, rue Antoine-Dubois, Paris. Précis de stomatologie, par le Dr J. Redier, professeur à la Faculté libre de médecine de Lille. Tome premier. Un vol. in-18 de 542 pages, avec 151 figures. — Prix, cartonné: 9 fr. LIBRAIRIE FÉLIX ALCAN 108, boulevard ^Saint-Germain, Paris. Les Agents Thérapeutiques modernes PURGENE Le notnean purgatif synthétique idéal. Lotit exquis. Eviter les contreferons a nom similaire. ANTISCLÉROSINE Le spécifique de l'Artériosclérose. CITROL Gargarisme dosé en ampoules stérilisées. CONVULSINE Le spécifique de l'Epilepsie. ACÉTOPYRINE Auatyé.ique et anlipjrétiqne. TRAUMATOL Le meilleur succédané de riodoforme. EXTRAIT DE MALT JEAN HOFF . Bière fortifiante pasteui isée reconstituante (3 POUDRE STOMACHIQUE p BARELLA Haut d’esiomac, aigreurs, dyspepsies, | manque d’appétit, crampes, etc. KYPH! Faiblesse sexuelle el impuissante. SAVONS DE BERGER Traitement radical des affections cutanées. Dépôt principal: Pharmacia ARBEZ, 24, place d’Aquitaine, Bordeaux. A ★ * SOULAGEMENT et GUÉRISON de l’Asthme, Emphysème, Catarrhe et Suffocations PA R LA LIQUEUR DE L'ÉTOILE ie LECHAUX, amélioré* et préparé* par BASTIEN LLAGUET Ltoenoié ta •etanew — Pk*nn*ol«a anpArlenr. Envoi de brochure et de flacon essai sur demande. PHARMACIE NORMALE, 1(4, me Saisie-Catherin. BORDEAUX ★ hk i *T*I -A ★ 1* ! ★ ★ î ★ ★ ★ ,!★ I ★ 1* I* I* * ★ A •fr Nouveau Formulaire magistral de M. le professeur A. Bouchardat. 34 e édition, par le D r G. Bouchardat, membre de l’Académie de Médecine, professeur à l’Ecole supérieure de pharmacie de Paris, professeur agrégé à la Faculté de médecine de Paris. Un fort vol. in-18 de 672 pages, cartonné à l’anglaise. — Prix : 4 fr. Le Diabète sucré, par R. Lépine, professeur de clinique médicale à l’Université de Lyon, correspondant de l’Institut, associé de l’Académie de Médecine. Un fort vol. grand in-8° de ix-704 pages. — Prix : 16 fr. PIPÉRAZIN E' IVIIDY LE PLUS PUISSANT DISSOLVANT CONNU DE L’ACIDE URIQUE GOUTTE GRAVELLE OOLIQUES NEPHRETIQUES Ph'«M!DY, 113, Faub* St-Honoré, Paris et tontes Pbarnaeiei. DOSG (0,20 car Mesure) 2 à 6 par jOUF^ ! «P*»' JOURNAL DE MÉDECINE DE BORDEAUX 6JUIN 1309 Fondé par : MM. BAUDRIMONT, LANDE, “ AURIAC, R.-SAINT-PHILIPPE, VERDALLE ET P. VERGELY. C O I T É ÜE IF£É31> O T I O 3ST, 11, rue Guiraude, Bordeaux. D' X. ARNOZAN, Directeur, Rédacteur en chet. T>’ J. VERGELY, Secrétaire de la Rédaction. Arnozan (X.) ptol-sseur à la Faculté, niôdrcin honoraire des Hôpitaux. Aucbe (B.), professeur agrégé à la Faculté de Médecine, médecin des Hôpitaux. Bartbe (t..), agrégé à la Faculté deMédecine. pharmacien en chef des Hôpitaux. Bégouin (P.) professeur agrégé à la Faculté de Médecine, chirurgien des Hôpitaux. Bergonié. professeur de physique biologique et d’électricité médicale à l’Université de Cordeaux, chef du service électrothérapique des Hôpitaux. Boursier (A.), professeur à la Faculté de Médecine, chirurgien des Hôpitaux. Caries (P.), prof, agrégé à la Faculté de Médecine. Cbavannaz (G.), professeur agrégé à la Faculté de Médecine, chirurgien des Hôpitaux. Dubreuilb (W.), professeur adjoint à la Faculté de Médecine, médecin des Hôpitaux. Hirigoyen (L.), accoucheur honor. des Hôpitaux. Lalesque (F.), ancien interne des hôpitaux de Paris, président honoraire de la Société scientifique et Station biologique d’Arcachon. Moure (E. J.), professeur adjoint & la Faculté de Medecine (maladies de la gorge, du larynx, des oreilles et du nez). Pitres (A.), doyen de la Faculté de Médecine. Régis (E.). prolesscur adjoint à la Faculté de Médecine (maladies mentales). R.-Saint-Philippe, médecin hon. des hôpitaux. Vergely (J.), ex-chef de Clinique adjoint à la Faculté de médecine. Villar (F.), professeur à la Faculté de Médecine, chirurgien des Hôpitaux. COLLABORATEURS : Abadie, agrégé à la Faculté, médecin des Hôpitaux; — Andérodias, agrégé k la Faculté, accoucheur des Hôpitaux; — Brandeis, prépa rateur du Laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique à la Faculté; — Brindel, aide de Clinique laryngologique; — C. Cabannes, agrégé à la Faculté, oculiste des Hôpitaux; — J. Caries, médecin des Hôpitaux; — Charrier, chef de Clinique chirurgicale; — Godet-Boisse, chirurgien de l’Hôpital suburbain des Enfants; — A. Coriveaud (de Blaye); — Cruchet. agrégé à la Faculté, médecin des Hôpitaux ; — Ducos, médecin adjoint de l’Asile d’aliénés de la Rochelle; — A. Fraikin, , directeur de l’Institut orthopédique d’Argelés-Gazost, ex-chef de Clinique chirurgicale; — Frèche, aide de Clinique dermatologique; — C. Fromaget, ex-chef de Clinique ophtalmologique, oculiste de l’Hôpital suburbain du Bouscat; — Gautrelet, agrégé de physiologie à la Facullé; — Grenier de Cardenal, directeur de l’Institut orthopédique d’Argelès-Gazost, ex-chef de Clinique médicale; — A. Guérin, ex-chef adjoint de Clinique médicale; — Guyot, agrégé à la Faculté, chirurgien des Hôpitaux; — D. Hirigoyen, dermatologie; — Lalanne, docteur ès sciences, directeur de la Maison de santé di Castel-d'Andorte (le Bouscat); — Lamarque, ex-chef de Clinique chirurgicale, administrateur des Hôpitaux; — P. Lande, ancien interne des Hôpitaux, médecin légiste de l’Université de Paris ; — Le Dantec, professeur à la Faculté; — Matignon, médecin des Eaux de Châtel-Guyon, préparateur du Laboratoire de pathologie exotique; — Mandoul, agrégé des sciences naturelles à la Faculté de médecine; — Monqour, agrégé à la Facullé, médecin des Hôpitaux ; —Oraison, aide de Clinique des voies urinaires; — J. Pèry, agrégé à la Faculté; — E. Quintrie, ex-chef adjoint de Clinique médicale infantile; — Rabère,chef Interne à l’hôpital Saint-André ; — Roche, ex-chef de Cli nique gynécologique; — Sellier, chef des Travaux de physiologie à la Faculté; — Venot, agrégé à ia Faculté, chirurgien des Hôpitaux ; — L. Verdelet, chirurgien des hôpitaux; — Verger, agrégé A la Faculté, médecin des Hôpitaux ; — Joseph de Saint-Marc, docteur en droit k la Cour d’appel, etc. i ÉCHOS ET NOUVELLES Œuvre d’enseignement médical complémentaire (voyage fl’Études médicales de 1909). — Le voyage d’Études médicales ? E. M. I. 1909 aura lieu du 28 juillet au 16 août à travers l’Angleterre, FÉcosse et l’Irlande. Itinéraire : Londres, Oxford, Cambridge, Sheffield, Manchester, Édimburg, Trossachs (excursion aux lacs écossais), Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin, Liverpool, Bristol, Londres. Concentration à Paris. Dislocation à Londres, d’où l’on pourra revenir à son gré avec des coupons de retour facultatifs. S’adresser pour tous renseignements au siège de l’Œuvre, 12, rue François-Millet, Paris XVI e , le mercredi et le samedi matin, de dix à onze heures (ou sur rendez-vous). Violation du secret médical. — Le D r Thiéry, poursuivi sous l’inculpation de violation du secret médical pour avoir émis publiquement son avis sur l’état mental de Jeanne Weber, a été condamné à 16 francs d’amende avec application de la loi "* -de sursis. i ! | $ Un cas de lèpre a Cardiff. — Les médecins de l’hôpital de Cardiff viennent de découvrir chez un Chinois qui était soigné depuis plusieurs jours, un cas de lèpre. Les précautions nécessaires ont été prises pour que le malade soit isolé. La capacité crânienne de l’homme fossile du type de Néanderthal. — M. Marcelin Boule a repris sur le crâne récemment découvert h La Chapelle-aux-Saints l’étude de la capacité crânienne de l’homme fossile du type de Néanderthal, capacité que l’on estimait voisine de 1,230 centimètres cubes. Les mensurations nouvelles montrent que cette capacité est en réalité beaucoup plus élevée et atteint 1,600 centimètres cubes. Mais ce chiffre élevé de la capacité crânienne ne semble pas avoir correspondu à un cerveau considérable. Le volume du cerveau, dans le type de Néanderthal, paraît, en effet, avoir été peu considérable par rapport au volume des cerveaux logés dans les grosses têtes de l’homme de notre époque. Traitement de la dilatation bronchique par les inhalations continues d’oxygène. — M. Herringham a appliqué cette méthode (dite de Stoker) à un cas de dilatation bronchique chez un jeune homme de vingt ans. Sous l’influence des inhalations d’oxygène faites pendant six heures de suite chaque jour, l’expectoration fétide diminua rapidement; de 300 centimètres cubes environ le 9 novembre, le volume quotidien des crachats tomba à 60 centimètres cubes le 1 er décembre. A ce moment, les inhalations d’oxygène furent remplacées par des inhalations de créosote; quinze jours plus tard, la quantité de crachats était remontée à 150 centimètres cubes, et la fétidité, qui avait disparu, était redevenue plus marquée que jamais. Un nouveau traitement par l’oxygène ramena en douze jours l’expectoration à 30 centimètres cubes, la fétidité ayant entièrement disparu. Le malade accusait d’ailleurs un état général bien plus satisfaisant sous l’influence de l’oxygène et son appétit était meilleur. (Lancet, 1909, 24 avril, p. 1177.) La perméabilité de la peau de nègre aux rayons X. — Pour étudier l’influence des pigments de la peau de nègre sur la pénétration des rayons X, M. Horand a fait comparativement la radiographie d’un blanc et la radiographie d’un nègre du plus beau noir, de Dakar. Les radiographies ont été faites le même jour, a la même heure, avec la même machine statique et la même intensité de courant. Les tubes de Crookes étaient les mêmes. Dans ces conditions, sur le cliché, les os du nègre se voyaient avec une netteté admirable, et les parties molles elles-mêmes se dessinaient très bien, très accentuées sur la gélatine. Sur les papiers, les moindres détails de la structure du tissu osseux apparaissaient avec une netteté admirable. Les parties molles, à peine perceptibles pour la main, par exemple, du blanc, se voyaient très nettement dessinées sur le cliché et sur la radiographie sur papier de la main du nègre. Le pigment noir du nègre avait donc, à n’en pas douter, fait écran contre les rayons X et s’était ainsi photographié sur les plaques sensibles. En mettant deux radiographies, une d’un nègre et l’autre d’un blanc l’une a côté de l’autre, quiconque peut dire ; celle-là est une main de nègre et celle-là une main de blanc, La plus noire sur papier est celle du nègre. (Soc. des Sciences méd. de Lyon.) VALS <aREINE ■/Ibùolumeut mdquee daiiô leo MALADIES INFECTIEUSES GASTRO-ENTÉRITE des ENFANTS du 1” âge AFFECTIONS du FOIE et de l’ESTOMAC L’Eau de la Reine de Vais est la meilleure Eau de table des Arünllipes Toutes Pharmacies ou s’adresser à M. CHAMPETIER, à Vals-les-Bains (Ardèche) AidbiÉi ^ rt* INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE OCTAVE D OIN, ÉDITEUR • temur a 0 NI TOXÏQ uE rvoïE JaISONORG^'* 1 ' * 9 PAS D’IODISME ■ ® " parfaite STOWft cALE I :?3Sm«53ïï5£ gHf^SSl. m.,»—>»•• S ïr»spwif [ ÏNDOloilAjI^ joutes les Indications^*®^* p ^ r asyph Syphilis secondRachitisme, torpides et g*™" 1 ‘chroniques, Adbe. .t Ech*«tillons: A. C Artério-Sclérose, 'Stâssrtâû ^tT43, Rue < 8, place de l’Odéon. Paris (VI*). Traité d’hygiène maritime. Première partie : l’Hygiène dans la navigation de commerce, par A. Chantemesse, professeur d’hygiène à la Faculté de médecine de l’Université de Paris, membre de l’Académie de médecine, etc.; F. Borel, médecin sanitaire maritime, etc., et J. Dupuy, médecin sanitaire maritime, etc. Un vol. in-8° raisin de 648 pages, avec 22 figures dans le texte et une carte hors texte. — Prix : 14 fr. Traité de l’alimentation et de la nutrition à l’état normal et pathologique, par le D r E. Maurel, médecin principal de réserve de la Marine, professeur à la Faculté de médecine de Toulouse. Troisième vol. : Ration de la grossesse, de l’allaitement et du travail. Influence qui modifient toutes les rations. Indications pratiques sur les aliments d’origine animale et végétale. Un vol, in-8° de 700 pages. IODE PHYSIOLOGIQUE, SOLUBLE, ASSIMILABLE L’IODALOSE EST LA SEULE SOLUTION TITRÉE DU PEPTONIODE Combinaison directe et entièrement stable de l'Iode avec ia Peptone Découverte en 1896 par E. GALBRUN, Docteur en Pharmacia Communication au XIII• Congrès International de Médecine, Parla 1900. Remplace Iode et Iodures dans toutes leurs applications, sans Iodisme. Vingt gouttes IODALOSE agissent comme un gramme Iodure alcalin. Doses motiwwss : cinq à vingt gouttes pour Enfants ; dix & cinquante gouttes pour Adultea. Demander Brochure sur /'Iodothérapie physiologique par le Peptoniode. Laboratoire GALBRUN, 18. Rue Oberkampf. PARIS. LIBRAIRIE A. MALOINE 25-27, rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. Clinique thérapeutique du praticien, par les D rs H. Huchard, membre de l’Académie de Médecine, médecin de l’hôpital Nécker, et Ch. Fiessinger, membre correspondant de l’Académie de Médecine. Deuxième partie. Un vol. in-8° carré de 420 pages. Les Régimes alimentaires dans la santé et la maladie, par le D r F. de GrandmaisoN. Un vol. de 275 pages. — Prix : 4 fr. L’Admission des malades aisés dans les hôpitaux. Ses abus. Remèdes, par le D r Léon Archambault, membre du Syndicat médical de Paris. TRAVAUX ORIGINAUX A propos des calculs pliospliatiques (*) ; Par le Dr P. CARLES, Correspondant de l'Académie de Médecine. En examinant naguère le rein apporté par M. Loumeau avec son calcul coralliforme, nous nous demandions si on n’aurait pas pu empêcher ou tout au moins notablement retarder cette calculose qui avait commandé la néphrectomie. Puisque, nous disions-nous, la chimie physiologique a présidé à cette formation, elle doit suggérer aussi des moyens de faire un travail inverse. Pour y arriver, il nous a paru qu’il y avait lieu de suivre pas à pas ce que la nature morbide venait de faire. Les calculs urinaires forment deux grandes classes : ceux des urines trop acides et ceux des urines trop alcalines. Les calculs pliospliatiques appartiennent à ce dernier groupe. Comme, malgré tout, l’urine, à son point d’émergence, est toujours acide, il faut, pour que les calculs dits alcalins se forment : 1° que cette urine subisse un temps d’arrêt au point de formation du calcul; 2° qu’elle rencontre en ce point des ferments capables de transformer son urée en carbonate d’ammoniaque. C’est, en effet, ce carbonate qui, par ses proportions progressives, sature l’acidité de l’urine et peut l’amener à l’état de véritable dissolution ammoniacale. Ces considérations nous font entrevoir combien est variable chez les calculeux, commençants surtout, la gamme d’alcalinisation de l’urine. Cette gamme a trois facteurs principaux : a) le genre d’alimentation du sujet, qui peut à la suite fournir des urines tantôt très acides, tantôt voisines de la neutralité; b) la quantité d’eau absorbée sous n’importe quelle forme (bouillon, bière, lait, eau fraîche, thé, café, limonade), car cette quantité commande plus ou moins les temps d’arrêt de tout à l’heure; enfin c) l’activité du ferment ammoniacal, puisque c’est lui qui a le dernier mot, la prépondérance, dans l’action chimique, action sans laquelle le calcul ne peut se former. Voilà pourquoi, selon que ces facteurs agiront de concert ou se contrarieront, l’acidité naturelle de l’urine baissera plus ou moins vite ou se maintiendra à un degré faible, mais constant, et nous aurons alors les dépôts individuels ou mélangés suivants; ce seront, selon la baisse de l’acidité et dans l’ordre suivant : l’oxalate de chaux, le phosphate ammoniaco-magnésien, les phosphates de chaux bi ou tribasique, et enfin (*) Communication faite le 26 mars à la Société de Médecine de Bordeaux. | les carbonates de magnésie et de chaux avec tout le cortège des matières animales. Ces derniers sont l’indice de l’extrême alcalinité. Le problème chimico-physiologique à résoudre pour j s’opposer à cette insolubilisation méthodique consisterait donc : 1° A remonter l’acidité constante de Burine; 2° A empêcher la fermentation ammoniacale de se produire ; 3° A accélérer la marche de l’urine. Voyons comment on peut réaliser ces trois conditions. Pour obtenir le premier résultat, l’acide phosphorique nous parait de tous les autres le plus indiqué. Au dire de certains auteurs, il ferait partie du cortège de ceux qu’on trouve dans le suc gastrique. Dans tous les cas, c’est ceiui que notre organisme supporte le mieux. Nous en trouvons la cause dans l’aisance avec laquelle il se transforme en sels mono et bibasiques et dans le faible poids de bases presque quelconques qu’il lui faut pour cela. Le professeur Pouchet dit à son sujet (Précis de pharmacologie, 1907, p. 622) : « Dans les cas d’hypoacidité normale, on constate le ralentissement des processus intimes de nutrition ; la formation de dépôts phosphatiques est facilitée par insuffisance d’acidité, et l’intervention de l’acide phosphorique comme agent modificateur est tout à fait logique et rationnelle. C’est' un agent de premier ordre pour relever l’acidité générale, rétablir l’équilibre des oxydations, solubiliser les phosphates alcalino-terreux insolubles en milieu hypoacide. C’est, de plus, un stimulant de cet ensemble de phénomènes que l’on caractérise par l’appellation de propriétés vitales. Enfin, il agit encore à titre d’antiseptique et d’agent, constituant un terrain de plus grande résistance. » Gubler (commentaires du Codex, p. 566) dit à son sujet : « Comme acidulé, l’acide phosphorique dilué a été employé pour aciduler les urines et dissoudre la gravelle phosphatique, si commune à la suite du catarrhe purulent de la vessie et des opérations pratiquées sur les organes génito-urinaires. » Et ailleurs (p. 565) : c Dans l’épuisement nerveux, l’acide phosphorique rendrait de tels services qu’un auteur américain impose à sa solution aqueuse la dénomination de limonade psychologique. Les thérapeutes qui éprouvent le besoin d’employer des médicaments modernes pourront, au lieu d’acide phosphorique, prescrire en pareil cas des glycérophosphates, mais, ne l’oublions pas, des glycérophosphates acides. Voici, du reste, ce que dit d’eux encore le professeur Pouchet (même vol., p. 631, ligne 28) : « Sauf pour les injections hypodermiques, il y a intérêt | à se servir de solutions acidulées des glycérophos★ phates; l’action dynamophore est alors plus active, plus intense. On note avec leur emploi une très remarquable élévation du titre acidimétrique urinaire. » La forme phamaceutique sous laquelle on pourra prescrire l’acide phosphorique pourra être avantageusement la limonade. Sa formule ne figure plus, il est vrai, au Codex nouveau, ainsi que celle de beaucoup d’autres médicaments qui n’avaient pas cependant démérité; mais on la retrouve dans l’édition précédente, où elle est calquée, du reste, sur celle de l’antique limonade sulfurique. Cette forme de limonade est de choix en cette circonstance parce qu’elle oblige le malade à absorber une certaine quantité d’eau capable d’activer le cours de l’urine et de laver enfin l’appareil urinaire. C'est le second point que nous recherchons ici. Quant aux glycérophosphates acides, le Codex les a oubliés, et les traités récents de pharmacie pareillement. Un pharmacien sagace a seul, tout récemment, compris l’importance du chapitre que nous avons écrit à leur sujet il y a dix ans, à la demande de plusieurs praticiens. Ce chapitre a cependant été reproduit sans délai par tous les journaux de pharmacie ('). Ces glycéro-phosphates acides, très solubles et même hygroscopiques, peuvent être administrés comme les sels neutres, à la dose de 1 à 2 grammes par jour. Mais, dans l’espèce, il serait bon d’indiquer au malade de boire à la suite un verre d’eau minérale •telle que Évian, Alet, Châteline et même l’eau de la Ville de Bordeaux gazéifiée. Nous avons déjà dit quel serait leur rôle de lessivage du rein et on pressent pourquoi on l’obtiendrait mieux en dehors du repas. Il ne nous reste plus qu’à combattre directement la fermentation ammoniacale de l’urine. Nous avons déjà vu que sur ce point Pouchet attribuait à l’acide phosphorique un rôle antiseptique. Dans son Précis des maladies des reins, le D r Jacques Caries recommande (p. 599), pour combattre l’infection urinaire, cause première de la calculose, de n’employer que des antiseptiques peu irritants, sous peine de réactions fâcheuses. Il indique : les balsamiques légers, l’huile de Harlem ( 2 ), le salol, l’acide benzoïque, antiseptique acide qui a l’avantage d’arriver en partie aux urines sous forme d’acide hippurique; l’urotropine, douée de propriétés encore acidifiantes; enfin l’eau de goudron. aqueux. Mais c’est à la condition qu’elle soit préparée selon le Codex et non pas avec les multiples liqueurs concentrées du commerce, toutes alcalines. Elle ne devra pas davantage être préparée à la manière des ménages, tout juste bonne pour déguiser la mauvaise eau. Fracture de l’olécrane traité par la suture. Guérison. Résultat éloigné ('); Par le D* CODET-BOISSE, Chirurgien de l’hôpital suburbain des Enfants. La grande majorité des chirurgiens admet aujourd’hui l’opportunité de l’action opératoire dans le traitement des fractures de la rotule, et les discussions auxquelles donne encore lieu cette question ne visent guère le principe de cette intervention, parfaitement légitimée, mais seulement les différentes techniques opératoires. L’opinion n’est pas aussi précise en ce qui concerne les fractures de l’olécrâne. C’est pour cela qu’il m’a paru intéressant de vous présenter l l observation d’un malade que j’ai eu l’occasion d’opérer dans mon service de la clinique Pasteur, en octobre 1906. Il s’agissait d’un homme, Arthur S..., âgé de cinquantehuit ans, de bonne santé habituelle, exerçant la profession de peintre dans un chantier de construction navale. Le 30 septembre 1906, occupé sur un échafaudage assez élevé, la main courante sur laquelle il s’appuyait venant à céder, il fit en arrière une chute de plusieurs mètres. Le coude droit fut directement traumatisé dans cette chute sans qu’il nous ait été possible de déterminer de quelle façon exacte. Le malade me fut conduit par son médecin, M. le D r Gachet, quelques heures après son accident. L’examen, pratiqué à ce moment-là, me montra un coude déjà très volumineux, toute la partie postérieure ecchymotique et contuse. L’épiderme était éraillé sur une assez large place. Sur la face postéro-externe du coude était une plaie à bords contus et peu nets. Cette plaie, de 4 centimètres environ, intéressait manifestement l’articulation ; elle donnait issue à du sang s’écoulant en grande abondance. La palpation du coude nous permit de reconnaître facilement l’existence d’une fracture de l’olécràne à sa hase. Entre les deux fragments il existait un bon travers de doigt d’écartement. Sans autre exploration, une radiographie fut faite le soir même par notre confrère et ami le D r Roque!. Ce cliché radiographique confirma le diagnostic de fracture de l’olécrâne en même temps qu’il montra l’existence d’une fracture de la tète radiale et la présence de nombreuses esquilles osseuses. L’ouverture traumatique de l’articulation, l’écart des fragments olécraniens, assez considérable, la présence de débris (*) Communication faite à la Société d'Aoatomie dans la séance du 25 janvier 1909. 6 Juin 19U9 JOURNAL DE MÉDECINE DE BORDEAUX — 23 — 359 osseux articulaires, me parurent justifier pleinement une intervention, que je pratiquai le lendemain même de l’accident. Incision verticale postérieure et médiane (en tissus non contus). L’articulation, ouverte, fut débarrassée, avec un doigt coiffé d’une compresse, de ses caillots et de trois ou quatre esquilles. Les surfaces de fractures, rendues bien nettes, furent réunies par deux fils d’argent passés à l’aide d’un foret à main. Le premier de ces fils fut correctement passé, demeurant entièrement dans l’épaisseur des fragments. Pour le deuxième, le foret, mal conduit, transfixa le fragment osseux; aussi le fil d’argent fut-il, pour partie de son trajet, intra-articulaire. Les fils serrés, l’affrontement fut complètement et correctement obtenu. Réunion des parties molles sans drainage par deux plans de suture au catgut et aux crins de Florence. Je laissai sans suture la plaie résultant du traumatisme. Ig. 1. Pansement aseptique et immobilisation en rectitude au moyen de quelques bandes plâtrées qui forment un appareil fenètré à la partie postérieure du coude. Les suites opératoires furent très simples. Le cinquième jour tout appareil est supprimé et la mobilisation est commencée. Le dixième jour les points sont enlevés. Les plaies opératoires et accidentelles sont réunies per primam. Du massage et de la mobilisation forcés sont faits chaque jour pendant plusieurs semaines. Très rapidement la flexion et l’extension sont possibles dans une large mesure, et leur limitation est manifestement et seulement due à la fracture de la tête radiale. Moins d’un mois après l’intervention, l’extension complète et spontanée est possible ; la flexion spontanée dépasse légèrement l’angle droit. Une double radiographie (face et profil), faite un mois après l’opération, montre que l’affrontement des fragments s’est parfaitement maintenue, malgré la rupture des fils d’argent. Il n’y a pas encore de consolidation osseuse. Deux mois après l’accident le malade reprenait son travail. 11 est revu le 11 décembre 1906. Il n’y a pas de cal appréciable. LVxtension de l’avant-bras sur le bras est complète. La flexion dépasse l’angle droit. Le blessé a repris son travail, qu’il exécute sans souffrir. Il se peigne et se rase sans aucune maladresse. Le 21 janvier 1909 (28 mois après l’opération), le blessé n’a jamais souffert de son coude. La flexion est cependant limitée Fig. 2. Un mois après l’intervention. Fig. 3. Plus de deux ans après l’intei v. ntion. bien au delà de l’angle droit (il peut toucher le moignon de l’épaule avec l’extrémité des doigts). La supination est également imparfaite. Cette limitation des mouvements es: due à la fracture ‘radiale, dont la consolidation n’est pas dans une forme idéale, comme le montre la radiographie. La palpation du coude ne décèle rien d’anormal. Pas de cal. Pas trace de la fracture olécranienne. Une radiographie faite à ce moment-là 360 N" 23 — JOURNAL DE MÉDECINE DE BORDEAUX 6 Juin 1919 (plus de deux ans après l’opération) montre l’exacte consolidation de la fracture et la parfaite continuité du tissu osseux. Elle montre aussi la persistance dés fils d’argent intacts. Chez notre malade, les indications opératoires étaient nettes : Condition sociale du blessé, qui avait besoin d'un membre rapidement et solidement utile; ouverture de l’articulation; grand écart de fragments; esquilles osseuses, etc. Les résultats de l’intervention ont été bons et rapides, malgré que le traumatisme de l’articulation ait été grand. Les fils d’argent sont encore intacts après plus de deux ans et ont été parfaitement tolérés. 11 n’y a jamais eu de cal volumineux, et la radiographie, 28 mois après la suture, montre la parfaite continuité des tissus osseux. Ces heureux résultats de la suture olécranienne sont la règle, et je pourrais rapprocher de ce cas celui d’un malade, ouvrier peintre également, qui, tombant d’un échafaudage à travers une véranda, se fractura l’olécrane. La suture au fil d’argent, pratiquée en 1903 par mon maître M. le professeur Démons, donna un très bon et rapide résultat. A propos de ces faits, rappelons que ce fut Lister le premier qui, en 1873, pratiqua la suture de l’olécrâne; puis Cameron, en 1878; Smith, en 1880; Mac, Cormac, Langenback, Trendelenburg, en 1880. Mais on ne songeait alors à pratiquer cette intervention que pour les fractures anciennes mal consolidées. Ollier, en 1882, le premier, intervint pour une fracture récente et ouverte. La question fut étudiée à la Société de Chirurgie de Paris en novembre 1883, et la suture osseuse trouva des partisans en Lucas-Championnière, Pozzi, Richelot. Les interventions devinrent alors nombreuses. Des observations furent publiées de Michaux, Reverdin, Tachard, Adenot, Keetly, Tolbrech, Routier, Rollet, Forgue, Piquand, Quénu, etc. Quelques-unes de ces observations ont été rapportées dans les thèses de Vercoustre, Gigon, Pancrazi, Desportes, un travail d’Abadie et Delage, etc. Ce triceps ne s’insérant pas au sommet de l’olécrâne, le fragment supérieur, attiré en haut, subit fréquemment un mouvement de bascule qui oriente directement en arrière sa surface de fracture. (La radiographie de notre blessé (fig. 1) montre dans un degré appréciable ce mouvement de bascule.) L’épanchement articulaire, presque toujours considérable, maintient encore l’écart des fragments. Pour Chaput, ce serait môme la cause principale de la difficulté de réduction, et une ponction de l’articulation rendrait cette réduction aisée. Enfin, ces fractures (souvent par choc direct) sont fréquemment esquilleuses. Il n’est pas rare non plus de trouver entre les fragments des lambeaux fibreux. Tout cela constitue autant de raisons qui paraissent en faveur de l’intervention, et cependant, dans ces dernières années, il semble que les partisans de la mobilisation et du massage soient devenus plus nombreux. Dans une récente discussion à la Société de Chirurgie de Paris à propos d’une observation de M. Lenormant, M. Lueas-Championnière a insisté à nouveau sur l’excellence des résultats donnés par le massage immédiat dans le traitement des fractures de l’olécrâne : « Je crois, en effet, a-t-il dit, que cette méthode avance considérablement la consolidation osseuse, en accélérant les progrès de l’ossification;, elle me paraît donc devoir être préférée à la suture osseuse dans la majorité des cas. t> MM. Morestin,. Routier, Picqué, ont rapporté également des cas favorables au massage. Comme l’a fait remarquer M. Quénu, un cal osseux, n’est pas indispensable pour une bonne fonctiondu membre; et, à ce point de vue, les fractures de l’olécràne ne sauraient être comparées à celles de la rotule, l’extension de l’avant-bras ne nécessitant pas un effort d’énergie comparable à celui d’extension de la jambe et l’action du triceps brachial ne pouvant être comparée à celle du quadriceps fémoral, qui a charge de tout le poids du corps. C’est là vraisemblablement, avec le peu d’écart des fragments dans certains cas, ce qui explique les bons résultats fonctionnels des méthodes non sanglantes. L’ostéosynthèse défendue par Quénu, Tuffier, Delbet, Demoulin, conserve cependant de nombreuses indications. Index bibliographique. Arabie et Delage. Indications et technique de la suture de l’olécràne (Revue d'orthopédie, 1904, 2 e série, Y, p. 242). Adenot. Suture osseuse dans les fractures de la rotule et de l’olécràne (/X e Congrès fr. de Chir., Paris, 1895, p. 639). Bellin. Traitement des fractures simples et récentes de l’olécrane, thèse de Lyon, 1891. Ciiaput. Presse médicale, 28 nov. 1903. Desportes. De la suture osseuse dans les fractures de l'olécrâne. Indications et résultats, thèse de Paris, 1907. Forgue. In travail Abadie et Delage (loc. cit.). Gigon. De la suture osseuse dans le traitement des fractures de Volécrane, thèse de Paris, 1890. Gosset. In thèse Desportes. Jalaguier (L.). Fractures de l'olécrâne, th. de Paris, 1897. Keetly. Tolbrecii, Rollet, etc. In thèse Pancrazi (loc. cit.). Lenormant (Observation). Lucas-Championnière, rapporteur; discussion : Monod, Quénu, Tuflier, Morestin, Broca, Delbet, Routier, Picqué, Denioulin, Société de Chirurgie, 10 juin 1908 (Semaine médicale, 1908, p. 298); — Presse médicale, n° 49, 17 juin 1908, p. 390. Pancrazi. Suture osseuse dans les fractures de l'olécrâne, thèse de Montpellier, 1902; — Société de Chirurgie de Paris, nov. 83. Discussion: Lucas-Championnière, Pozzi, Richelot (in travail d’Abadie et Delage, loc. cit.). Piquand. Fracturede l’olécrâne avec luxation du coudeen avant. Ablation de fragment olécranien intermédiaire. Suture du fragment supérieur au cubitus. Bon résultat (Société anatomique de Paris, 15 mai 1908); — Pr. tnéd.,1908, p.328. Quénu. Soc. chir., 15 juillet 1908. Observation; — Presse médicale, 1908, p. 463. Routier. Bull. Soc. Chir., 1900, p. 376. Tachard. Bull. Soc. Chir., 1894. Terrier. In thèse Desportes. Verconutré. Thèse de Paris, 1893. Wade. British medical Journal, 1904, 3 déc., n° 2292, p. 1516; — Fracture de l’olécrâne. Consolidation osseuse .dans un mois chez une femme de soixante-treize ans (consolidation osseuse rare, dit l’auteur) (Presse médicale, 11 janv. 1905, p. 24). SOCIÉTÉ DE B O E D EAUX Séance du 23 avril 1909. — Présidence de M. Denucé, Président. Le procès-verbal de la précédente séance est lu et adopté. Après lecture du rapport de M. Guyot sur la candidature de M. Princeteau, ce dernier est élu membre de la Société. Ostéotomie sous-trochantérienne. M. Codet-Boisse fait une communication avec présentation de malade. (Sera publiée.) Tumeur lipomateuse de la face antérieure du thorax. M. Puyhaubebt fait une communication. M. Denucé souligne la rareté des tumeurs de ce genre. Il s’agissait d’un lipome attaché par un pédicule ou péricliondre du cartilage costal, analogue en cela aux lipomes périostiques, dont le matin même il a eu l’occasion d’opérer un cas : petite tumeur lipomateuse s’insérant sur le frontal par un trousseau fibreux. Absence congénitale du péroné avec malformation du pied. M. Guyot fait une communication avec présentation de malade. M. Princeteau félicite M. Guyot du bon résultat obtenu chez son petit malade. 11 a actuellement en observation un petit patient, dont les malformations anatomiques du membre inférieur sont analogues à celles du malade de M. Guyot. En raison de son jeune âge, il n’a pas encore songé à l’opérer. Pour lui permettre de faire ses premiers pas, il lui avait tout d’abord placé un appareil plâtré permettant la marche avec point d’appui sur le gros orteil. En raison de la conicité du membre, cet appareil tenait mal, aussi l’a-t-il remplacé par deux attelles en bois qui consolident le membre, tiennent le pied en équinisme et permettent la marche sur l’extrémité du gros orteil. Il se propose de faire à cet enfant une opération analogue à celle qu’a pratiquée M. Guyot, c’est-à-dire une sorte de Wladimiroff-Mikulickz fixant le pied dans le prolongement de l’axe de la jambe, mais il respectera le solide point d’appui du tendon d’Achille. En ce qui concerne la pathogénie de ces malformations, il semble que chez ce petit malade on retrouve un sillon sur la partie inférieure du membre témoignant d’adhérences amniotiques. M. Denucé insiste sur la grande rareté des cas de ce genre et la difficulté qu’il y a à les traiter. Ils s’accompagnent parfois de fracture congénitale du tibia. Le traitement chirurgical peut donner de bons résultats, améliorés encore par le développement ultérieur du membre. M. Guyot. Notre observation est à rapprocher de celles de Frœlich, Walther, Infroit et Heitz et permet de combattre la thèse de Yilcoq, qui rapproche à tort les absences congénitales du péroné des fractures congénitales du tibia. Chez notre malade, la radiographie que je vous soumets est probante à ce sujet, on ne peut songer à l’existence d’une fracture intra-utérine. Absence congénitale unilatérale des muscles pectoraux. M. A noter son abondance toute particulière dans l’ovaire et l’hypophyse. L’ovaire, atrophié, sclérosé, montre le parasite dans les tubes de Valentin-Pflüger atrésiés, et dans l’intérieur même des follicules primordiaux. Les figures microscopiques et les lésions de cet organe concordent exactement avec l’étude qu’en font Levaditi et Roché dans leur récent traité. L’hypophyse renferme d’abondants spirochètes dans son lobe glandulaire et dans son lobe nerveux. Le tissu interstitiel du lobe glandulaire hyperplasié est le siège de prédilection du parasite. Nous insistons sur cette localisation de spirochæte pallida, rarement encore décrit dans l’hypophyse des hérédosyphilitiques. Épithélioma intra-utérin développé chez une fibromateuse. MM. Pierre-Nadal et Lacouture font une communication avec présentation de pièce. M. Roche fait remarquer l’intérêt de cette présentation. Il y voit l’occasion de rappeler à nouveau ce qu’il a souvent dit : Si chez une fibromateuse ayant déjà fait sa ménopause depuis un certain temps, on voit survenir à nouveau des hémorragies, il faut toujours penser à l’existence d’une tumeur maligne. Luxation congénitale de la hanche. M. Gourdon fait deux communications sur : 1° Un nouveau signe de diagnostic précoce de la luxation congénitale de la hanche, basé sur « la rotation interne exagérée de la cuisse». 2° Un procédé d’exploration « tridigitale » do l’extrémité supérieure du fémur, dans les cas de luxation congénitale de la hanche, permettant d’apprécier, en même temps : la forme et le volume de la tête fémorale, la forme et le volume du grand trochanter, la longueur et la direction du col. (Ces communications seront publiées ultérieurement.) M. Guyot. Tout ce qui touche au diagnostic de luxation congénitale de la hanche est intéressant et le diagnostic de l’état anatomique de la hanche luxée doit être poussé très loin. Le second procédé d’exploration que décrit M. Gourdon est à cet égard très utile, il est employé par tous les chirurgiens qui ont l’habitude d’examiner des luxés de la hanche, il se fait presque s ponte sua. M. Guyot pense donc que M. Gourdon a simplement voulu faire ressortir l’importance de cette manœuvre admise et pratiquée par tous. M. Petit de la Villéon demande si le premier signe décrit par M. Gourdon est susceptible de rendre des services dans les cas d’un diagnostic réellement difficile. M. Gourdon répond à M. Guyot que jamais, à sa connaissance, aucun auteur n’a décrit l’exploration de la hanche telle qu’il l’indique. Il n’a jamais vu de chirurgien pratiquer l’exploration de la hanche de cette façon. Avec les procédés d’exploration classiquement décrits, on ne peut se rendre compte de l'état de la tête et de son volume, surtout de la longueur du col et de sa direction. Il croit ce procédé d’examen tridigital un procédé personnel et il lui a paru utile de le faire connaître. Il a, du reste, été adopté par des chirurgiens qui l’emploient couramment. A M. Petit de la Villéon il répond que le signe nouveau qu’il a décrit (possibilité de rotation interne exagérée) est surtout utile dans les cas douteux de luxation de la hanche et qu’il donne des résultats certains. M. Denucé a mis à l’étude dans son service, depuis six ou huit mois, le signe nouveau (rotation interne exagérée de la cuisse) signalé par M. Gourdon. Il a été surtout recherché chez les enfants très jeunes, et, jusqu’à ce jour, on l’a trouvé chez tous les luxés A sa dernière consultation, il a été trouvé positif chez un bébé non encore soupçonné atteint de luxation et la radiographie a démontré qu’il y avait bien une subluxation congénitale de la hanche. M. Princeteau. Il est certain que les radiographies donnent de très mauvais renseignements au point de vue de la forme anatomique de l’extrémité fémorale. Quant au second procédé d’exploration dont parle M. Gourdon, il est employé comme le dit M. Guyot sponte sua par tous les chirurgiens. Pour lui, il a l’habitude d’explorer la hanche luxée en embrassant l’articulation de toute la main (empaumement) le pouce en avant, les autres doigts en arrière apprécient la forme de la tête et du col. M. Codet-Boisse. Bien que sujets à fausse interprétation, les renseignements donnés par la radiographie sont peut-être encore les plus précis. Mais il est nécessaire pour bien lire ces radiographies qu’elles soient faites par le chirurgien lui-même, ou • tout au moins sous ses yeux, afin qu’il sache exactement dans quelle situation se trouvait le malade au moment de la pose. Si cela est utile, les épreuves doivent être multipliées dans des positions différentes. Quant au palper de l’extrémité fémorale, il est bien évident que c’est dans la flexion et l’adduction forcées, comme cela est indiqué partout, qu’il peut être utilement pratiqué, la tête étant ainsi saillante et accessible au maximum. G Juin 1909 JOURNAL DE MÉDECINE DE BORDEAUX — 23 — 363 M. Codet-Boisse. La réduction n’est pas tout, en effet, chez les enfants âgés et j’ai pu l’obtenir anatomiquement bonne chez plusieurs de mes malades. Les plus grosses difficultés de traitement commencent avec l’ankylose consécutive. Pour chercher à éviter cette ankylosé, je ne prolonge plus l’immobilisation au delà de cinq mois. M. Petit de la Villéon, comme M. Codet-Boisse, pense que chez les enfants âgés il y a intérêt à diminuer la période d’immobilisation. Chez une enfant de treize ans vue dernièrement par lui il n’a pas voulu intervenir, l’enfant ayant été antérieurement traitée sans résultat. M. Codet-Boisse ne pense pas que des tentatives antérieures de réduction soient une contre-indication à intervenir de nouveau. Chez deux malades (actuellement sorties d’appareil et encore en traitement post-opératoire) chez lesquelles une opération antérieure n’avait pas donné de résultat, il a pu obtenir une bonne réduction anatomique. Les choses sont seulement rendues plus difficiles et le résultat est moins certain en raison des déformations que la première intervention peut avoir fait subir à la tête. Si donc il n’y a pas d’autre contreindication à intervenir qu'une réduction antérieure, on peut encore agir avec l’espoir de rendre service à son malade. M. Gourdon. Bien qu’un enfant ait été opéré une ou deux fois antérieurement, cela ne constitue pas une contre-indication à intervenir à nouveau. Les résultats d’une nouvelle intervention dépendent alors surtout de l’état anatomique de la tête. Les chances de succès sont diminuées ou nulles s’il y a, par exemple, de la coxa valga exagérée ou une usure trop grande de la tête fémorale. M. Princeteau croit ausssi qu’on ne doit pas tenir compte d’une réduction antérieure. Il a actuellement dans son service une petite malade luxée des deux côtés et antérieurement opérée à Paris. D’un côté la réduction est bonne, de l’autre elle ne s’était pas maintenue. M. Princeteau a réduit à nouveau et il escompte un bon résultat. Bec-de-lièvre. M. Princeteau fait une communication avec présentation de malade sur un cas de bec-de-lièvre opéré. La séance est levée. SOCIÉTÉ DE MÉDECINE ET DE CHIRURGIE DE BORDEAUX Compte rendu analytique de la séance du 28 mai 1909. Prurit vulvaire dû à des oxyures. MM. Petges et Brandeis rapportent un cas des plus intéressants de prurit vulvaire grave par les phénomènes nerveux qu’il avait occasionnés. Il n’exislait aucune des causes ordinaires de ces prurits et, pensant à la possibilité d’une tumeur vésicale, on pratiqua l’examen des urines, qui permit de déceler avec des leucocytes des œufs d’oxyures. Le traitement des oxyures local et général amena la guérison. Le prurit avait duré deux ans. Action sédative des eaux radio-actives. M. Ferras rappelle les expériences de Moureux sur la radioactivité des eaux de Luchon et expose certains faits cliniques qui découlent de ces expériences. Il compare les radio-activités des diverses sources françaises et étrangères et insiste sur la grande radio-activité du groupe Bordeu, alors que le groupe Reine a une radio-activité très faible. Si l’on se rappelle les propriétés cliniques des deux groupes, excitantes (Reine) et sédatives (Bordeu), il est à croire que la radio-activité a une action sédative et non excitante, comme le mot radio-activité semblerait l’indiquer. Traitement de la tuberculose pulmonaire par la tuberculine T. J. M. Durodié rapporte un cas de tuberculose pulmonaire traité et guéri par la tuberculine T. J. Compte rendu analytique de la séance du 4 juin 1909. Prothèse dans un cas de perforation de la voûte palatine et du voile du palais. M. Delguel montre un malade âgé de cinquante ans qui a contracté la syphilis il y a quelques années et qui a présenté il y a quelques mois deux gommes qui ont entraîné deux perforations au niveau de la voûte palatine et du voile du palais. Pour remédier aux troubles de la phonation et de la déglutition, M. Dfiguel a fait un appareil prothétique en caoutchouc qui porte deux bouchons en caoutchouc non vulcanisé qui viennent obturer les deux perforations. Fermeture chirurgicale des anus contre nature. M. Bégouin présente un malade chez lequel il a pratiqué la fermeture d’un anus contre nature en faisant une entéroraphie latérale par la voie péritonéale. Il insiste sur les avantages que cette méthode présente, lorsqu’elle est applicable, sur l’entérectomie, qui donne une mortalité bien plus considérable. Cancer du testicule à allure clinique atypique. M. Pousson rapporte le cas d’une tumeur du testicule qui a pu donner lieu à une erreur clinique et anatomo-pathologique macroscopique. Un jeune homme de vingt-quatre ans présentait un testicule douloureux; on pensa à une épididymite tuberculeuse d’autant plus plausible qu’il existait des accidents tuberculeux chez des collatéraux. Les injections de chlorure de zinc et une saison à Salies n’apportèrent aucun changement dans la situation : les douleurs étaient de plus en plus vives. M. Pousson proposa l’ablation de l’épididyme et au besoin celle du testicule. A l’intervention : épididyme bosselé, testicule bourré d’abcès miliaires. Le tout est enlevé, mais bientôt douleur et tuméfaction dans la région lombaire. On pense à un abcès par congestion, mais l’examen microscopique montra qu’il s’agissait d’un cancer qui se généralisa bientôt aux ganglions prévertébraux, dont l’augmentation de volume avait pu faire penser à un abcès par congestion. La tumeur a actuellement envahi presque tout l’abdomen. CHRONIQUE LOCALE Concours pour deux placES de 1 er et 2 e élève interne à l’hôpital Saint-Jean. Ce concours sera ouvert le 8 juillet 1909. Ne seront admis à concourir que les élèves en médecine ayant au moins douze inscriptions. Les inscriptions seront reçues jusqu’au 3 juillet inclusivement a l’Hôtel ûalléas, rue Boudard, n° 39, division de la Police municipale, 4 e bureau. Examens d’aptitude à l’emploi de médecin auxiliaire. En vertu du décret du 3 mars 1932, nul ne peut être nommé à l’emploi de médecin auxiliaire sans avoir subi un examen spécial dont les matières sont indiquées dans ce décret. Le même examen est exigé des docteurs en médecine, candidats au grade de médecin de réserve, qui n’auraient pas été pourvus du grade de médecin auxiliaire pendant le cours de leurs éludes. Cet examen est également exigible des pharmaciens de l re classe, candidats au grade de pharmacien de réserve. Candidats médecins. — Afin de faciliter aux candidats médecins des dilférentes catégories l’étude des questions sur lesquelles ils auront à répondre, un cours spécial facultatif sera ouvert le 24 juin 1909, à trois heures est demie, dans un des amphithéâtres d’examen de la Faculté de médecine, et se continuera les jeudis et samedis de chaque semaine. M. le Médecin-Major de l ro classe Adriet, de l’Hôpital militaire de Bordeaux, sera chargé de ce cours. Candidats pharmaciens. — Un cours analogue, destiné aux candidats pharmaciens, commencera à la même date; il aura lieu dans un des locaux de l’Hôpital militaire de Bordeaux. Il sera fait par M. Château, pharmacien-major de 2 a classe, qui fixera aux candidats les jours et heures du cours. MM. les Candidats devront, avant de se présenter au cours, se faire inscrire du 22 mai au 22 juin, et pour les examens jusqu’au 17 juillet, dans les bureaux de la Direction du Service de Santé (Hôpital militaire de Bordeaux) tous les jours, de neuf heures à dix heures du matin. En se faisant inscrire, chaque candidat devra indiquer son domicile légal, son adresse très exacte, le canton où il a tiré au sort, le numéro de tirage, la subdivision de recrutement à laquelle il appartient, et déposer un certificat universitaire établissant sa situation au point de vue des inscriptions et des examens. Les candidats à l’emploi de médecin auxiliaire devront avoir douze inscriptions au moins, à la date du 14 juillet. Ils ne pourront être nommés à ce grade qu’après l’accomplissement d’une année de service militaire. MM. les Médecins de réserve et territoriaux, qui désireront se perfectionner dans leurs études techniques militaires, sont autorisés à suivre les cours, à condition de faire connaître également leur nom à la Direction du Service de Santé. Ambulances urbaines de Bordeaux. Pendant le mois de mai 1909, il a été soigné dans les postes de secours des Ambulances urbaines 385 blessés et 337 malades ordinaires, soit un total de 722 personnes secourues gratuitement. REVUE DES LIVRES Formulaire des médicaments nouveaux pour 1909; Par Bocquillon-Limousin (21 e édition). — Paris, J.-B. Baillière et Fils. | Les médicaments nouveaux pleuvent chaque année plus I drus et submergent les malheureux praticiens. Il serait abso1 lument impossible de les connaître tous, si un thérapeute ] éclairé et judicieux, comme M. Bocquillon-Limousin, n’avait la j bonne habitude de résumer en quelques pages précises les ] acquisitions les plus récentes de la matière médicale. La 21 e édition du formulaire ne le cède en rien à ses devancières; elle donne avec clarté et simplicité les caractères phy.-icochimiques, la posologie et les indications de plus de soixantedix remèdes nouveaux. Leur énumération serait insipide; il vaut mieux n’en citer que quelques-uns, en particulier la thaolaxine, laxatif utile et, dit-on, bienfaisant (qu’en pense M. Burlureaux?) et la théobromose, dérivé soluble de la théobromine, ce qui facilite grandement l’emploi de ce précieux diurétique. Ce formulaire est un véritable petit dictionnaire de thérapeutique, que dans maintes occasions on se félicitera d’avoir sous la main pour le consulter à propos. X. A, l.e Directeur-Gérant : D r X. Aknozan Bordeaux. — Impr. G. Goünocilhoü, rue Guiraude, 9 & 11. LA CHOLESTERINE CONTRE LA TUBERCULOSE Dans tous les cas d'Hémorragie, l'Anémie,les Cachexies ANTI MÉMO LYTIQUE PUISSANT I EN FLACONS de'60 Pilules dosées à Ogr.20 de£50gr. Emulsion dosée à Ogr.30 parC.âB •et en. boite de 12 Ampoules dosées à 0 gr.05 Chaque unité: 6 Francs. LA CHOLESTÉRINE seul principe utile des Huiles de Foie de Morue n'existe qu à l'état de traces‘dans la meilleure de ces Huiles. Une PILULE de LIPOCHOL équivaut à ungrand verre d'Huile de Foie de Morue vraie UneCiB.d? LIPOCHOL ÉMULSIONNÉ à Dix C.à B.de cette même Huile & à Vingt Cà B.deson émulsion. Q | g îiya en Injections et Lavages pour PERTES, O IL. V ÏA MÉTRITE, PRURIT VULVAIRE, etc. BARANDON, pharmacien, 137, rue Sainte-Catherine, Bordeaux, adres sera gratis et franco un llacon à MM. les Docteurs qui lui en feront la demande. OU ATAPLA3£¥If£ du D r LA^GLEBERT Anthrax, Phlegmon, Eczéma, Impétigo, Phlébites, Erysipèles, Brûlures, Gerçures du sein. MEDICATION IODEE SANS IODISME CAPSULEsde ÉCHANTILLONS & BROCHURES 36.Rue de Paris. COLOMBES (Seine) Traitement Rationnel et HYGIÉNIQUE de la CONSTIPATION HABITUELLE PRODUIT . ** EXCLUSIVEMENT VEGETAL RÉGULATEUR DES FONCTIONS INTESTINALES pas d’ACCOUTUMANCE Laboratoires DURET& RABY à MARLY-LE-ROI (S.-à-O.) Eehant. et Brochures f tur demande. DS ANTISEPTICXUE DESINFECTANT ECHANTILLON GRATUIT à MM. les Médecins qui en font la demande àla SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE DU LYSOL, 12,RueMartre,àCLICHY(Seine). L’Argus de la Presse, qu’un violent incendie avait détruit il y a plus de six mois, est 'complètement réorganisé et réinstallé au faubourg Montmartre. L'Argus des Revues, publication spéciale, n’a jamais interrompu sa parution. Quant à Y Argus de l’Officiel et aux Archives de la Presse, l’un et l’autre fonctionnent comme par le passé.
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Search for single vector-like B quark production and decay via B → bH($$ b\overline{b} $$) in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
|
Georges Aad
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English
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Spoken
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The ATLAS collaboration E-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch Search for single vector-like B quark production and
decay via B →bH(b¯b) in pp collisions at
√s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector Search for single vector-like B quark production and
decay via B →bH(b¯b) in pp collisions at
√s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JHEP11(2023)168 Published for SISSA by
Springer Received: August 8, 2023
Accepted: November 6, 2023
Published: November 23, 2023 Received: August 8, 2023
Accepted: November 6, 2023
Published: November 23, 2023 E-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch JHEP11(2023)168
Contents
1
Introduction
1
2
ATLAS detector
5
3
Data and simulated samples
5
4
Object reconstruction
7
5
Event selection and categorisation
9
6
Data-driven background modelling
10
6.1
Effect of signal contamination on the background model
13
6.2
Background model validation
15
7
Systematic uncertainties
16
7.1
Signal uncertainties
16
7.2
Background uncertainties
17
8
Statistical analysis
18
9
Results
20
10 Conclusions
27
The ATLAS collaboration
33 Contents
1
Introduction
1
2
ATLAS detector
5
3
Data and simulated samples
5
4
Object reconstruction
7
5
Event selection and categorisation
9
6
Data-driven background modelling
10
6.1
Effect of signal contamination on the background model
13
6.2
Background model validation
15
7
Systematic uncertainties
16
7.1
Signal uncertainties
16
7.2
Background uncertainties
17
8
Statistical analysis
18
9
Results
20
10 Conclusions
27
The ATLAS collaboration
33 JHEP11(2023)168
Contents
1
Introduction
1
2
ATLAS detector
5
3
Data and simulated samples
5
4
Object reconstruction
7
5
Event selection and categorisation
9
6
Data-driven background modelling
10
6.1
Effect of signal contamination on the background model
13
6.2
Background model validation
15
7
Systematic uncertainties
16
7.1
Signal uncertainties
16
7.2
Background uncertainties
17
8
Statistical analysis
18
9
Results
20
10 Conclusions
27
The ATLAS collaboration
33 JHEP11(2023)168 10 Conclusions The ATLAS collaboration E-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch Abstract: A search is presented for single production of a vector-like B quark decaying
into a Standard Model b-quark and a Standard Model Higgs boson, which decays into
a b¯b pair. The search is carried out in 139 fb−1 of √s = 13 TeV proton-proton collision
data collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC between 2015 and 2018. No significant
deviation from the Standard Model background prediction is observed, and mass-dependent
exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the resonance production cross-section
in several theoretical scenarios determined by the couplings cW , cZ and cH between the
B quark and the Standard Model W, Z and Higgs bosons, respectively. For a vector-like
B occurring as an isospin singlet, the search excludes values of cW greater than 0.45 for a
B resonance mass (mB) between 1.0 and 1.2 TeV. For 1.2 TeV < mB < 2.0 TeV, cW values
larger than 0.50–0.65 are excluded. If the B occurs as part of a (B, Y ) doublet, the smallest
excluded cZ coupling values range between 0.3 and 0.5 across the investigated resonance
mass range 1.0 TeV < mB < 2.0 TeV. Keywords:
Vector-Like Quarks, Beyond Standard Model, Exotics, Hadron-Hadron
Scattering ArXiv ePrint: 2308.02595 ArXiv ePrint: 2308.02595 ArXiv ePrint: 2308.02595 ArXiv ePrint: 2308.02595 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2023)168 Open Access, Copyright CERN,
for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. 1
Introduction The observation of a particle compatible with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) [1, 2] completed the set of fundamental particles predicted to exist according to the
Standard Model (SM). Nevertheless, the comparatively low observed Higgs boson mass
conflicts with the expected effect of higher-order quantum-loop mass corrections, which
would push the physical Higgs boson mass towards the Planck scale. Such observations
and naturalness arguments [3] suggest the existence of an as-yet undiscovered mechanism
beyond the SM preventing such divergent mass contributions [4]. Theoretical extensions of
the SM attempt to provide a natural solution to this issue by postulating the Higgs boson
to be either a composite particle [5, 6] or a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson, such as in
the Little Higgs model [7]. In these models, an additional symmetry corresponds to a new
strong interaction, whose bound states include vector-like quarks (VLQs). – 1 – VLQs are predicted to be spin-1/2 particles that transform as a triplet (hence “vector-
like”) under colour gauge symmetry and whose left- and right-handed components both
have the same electroweak quantum numbers [8]. They couple to the SM fermions via
Yukawa couplings [9] and therefore interact principally with the third-generation SM quarks. Theoretical constraints on the renormalisability of the coupling constants restrict the
occurrence of VLQs to seven gauge-covariant multiplets under the weak hypercharge gauge
symmetry. Vector-like T and B quarks, the vector-like equivalents of the third-generation
SM quarks with electric charge QT = 2/3 and QB = −1/3, can exist as singlets, doublets
or triplets, whereas the X and Y VLQs, with exotic charges QX = 5/3 and QY = −4/3
respectively, can exist either in gauge doublets along with a T or B quark or in gauge
triplets along with both the T and B quarks. JHEP11(2023)168 At the LHC, VLQs are expected to be produced either in pairs, via the strong interaction,
or singly, via the exchange of an intermediate electroweak gauge boson. VLQ pair production
is a pure QCD process with a cross-section that, at leading order, depends solely on the
VLQ mass, whereas single-VLQ production cross-sections are also strongly affected by
both the coupling strength to the SM quarks and the multiplet considered [8], allowing
the various theoretical scenarios to be probed in more detail. 1
Introduction Furthermore, single VLQ
production may overtake pair production as the principal VLQ production mechanism
above a TeV-mass threshold depending on the strengths of couplings to the SM quarks. The theoretical framework for VLQs sets a common bare-mass term in the Yukawa
Lagrangian for all VLQs, resulting in a mass splitting of the order of 1–10 GeV among the
various weak eigenstates. The main consequence of this feature is the heavy suppression of
all cascade decays of one VLQ into another, which results in the total decay width being
mainly determined by the coupling to the SM third-generation quarks. For T and B VLQs,
the allowed decays are neutral-current conversion into the SM equivalent (T →tH, tZ
and B →bH, bZ) or charged-current decays via the emission of a W boson (T →bW and
B →tW). Likewise, the production of a single final-state vector-like B quark occurs by
virtue of the tW →B and bZ →B vertices, and similarly for the top quark’s partner, T. The kinematic properties of signal events are inferred from a phenomenological model
of single VLQ production [10–12] where both the left- and right-handed components of
the VLQ mix with third-generation SM quarks via Yukawa couplings, giving rise to the
interaction vertices mentioned above. In this picture, the coupling constants for interactions
between the vector-like B quark and the W, Z and H bosons, which regulate both the
production cross-section and decay width, are given by: cW = κ
s
2ξW
ρW
,
cZ = mZ
mW
× κ
s
2ξZ
ρZ
,
cH = 1
2
gW mB
mW
× κ
s
2ξH
ρH
,
(1.1) cW = κ
s
2ξW
ρW
,
cZ = mZ
mW
× κ
s
2ξZ
ρZ
,
cH = 1
2
gW mB
mW
× κ
s
2ξH
ρH
,
(1.1) (1.1) in which ρW,Z,H are dimensionless kinematic factors approximately equal to 1 for mB > 1 TeV
and ξW,Z,H are dimensionless constants determining the coupling hierarchy and summing to
unity. 1
Introduction Furthermore, all three coupling constants scale with the universal coupling strength κ.l The various theoretically motivated multiplet scenarios are reflected in the choice of
values for the ξ constants: for a B singlet, ξW = 0.5 and ξZ = ξH = 0.25; for a (T, B) doublet,
ξW = ξZ = 0.5 and ξH = 0; and for a (B, Y ) doublet, ξW = 0 and ξZ = ξH = 0.5. In the – 2 – Figure 1. Relative resonance width ΓB/mB of a VLB as a function of the resonance mass and
coupling strength κ. JHEP11(2023)168 Figure 1. Relative resonance width ΓB/mB of a VLB as a function of the resonance mass and
coupling strength κ. asymptotic, high-mB limit, which holds to a good approximation down to mB ∼1 TeV, the
values of ξ in each multiplet state correspond to the branching fractions of the B quark in
the respective decay mode, and the resonance width can be expressed as a function of the
coupling strength κ: asymptotic, high-mB limit, which holds to a good approximation down to mB ∼1 TeV, the
values of ξ in each multiplet state correspond to the branching fractions of the B quark in
the respective decay mode, and the resonance width can be expressed as a function of the
coupling strength κ: ΓB ≃
g2
128π
m3
B
m2
W
× κ2
for mB > 1 TeV for mB > 1 TeV Figure 1 shows the values of the relative width of a vector-like B quark (VLB) on a
grid of values for the resonance mass and coupling strength.i This article details the search for a singly produced vector-like B quark in the final
state B →bH with H →b¯b, as shown in figure 2.i A vector-like B quark can be produced in the resonant s-channel (figures 2(a) and 2(b))
as a result of either the electroweak interaction of an initial-state b-quark and a Z boson,
or of an initial-state t-quark and a W boson, with the former process being the leading
production mode for a vector-like B singlet. Conversely, strongly non-resonant single vector-like B quark production arises through t-
channel processes as outlined by the diagrams in figures 2(c) and 2(d). 1
Introduction This production mode,
negligible when ΓB/mB ≤10%, makes a sizeable contribution in large-width theoretical
scenarios, but mostly results in low-mass off-shell B quarks falling well outside the acceptance
of the trigger selection employed by the analysis (see section 5).l In either production mode, the initial-state heavy-flavour quarks most often result from
gluon splitting, and originate less frequently from the initial-state proton sea quarks because
of the small values of the parton distribution functions (PDFs) for heavy flavour. The
remaining heavy-flavour quark from the gluon splitting is generally outside of the momentum
and rapidity acceptance of the ATLAS event reconstruction, and is not considered as a
distinguishing feature of the signal events. – 3 – (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 2. Feynman diagrams of the main leading-order s-channel (top row) and t-channel (bottom
row) production modes of a single vector-like B quark, as mediated by a Z boson (a,c) or a W boson
(b,d). The diagrams display the VLB decay resulting in the final state targeted by this search. (a) (b) (b) (a) (d) (c) JHEP11(2023)168 (c) (d) Figure 2. Feynman diagrams of the main leading-order s-channel (top row) and t-channel (bottom
row) production modes of a single vector-like B quark, as mediated by a Z boson (a,c) or a W boson
(b,d). The diagrams display the VLB decay resulting in the final state targeted by this search. Several searches carried out on the Run 1 and early and full Run 2 ATLAS datasets [13–
18] have targeted VLQ-compatible signatures. Searches for vector-like quark pair production
using the full Run 2 ATLAS dataset have excluded the presence of a vector-like B quark
occurring as a singlet (doublet) in the mass range mB < 1.2 (1.3) TeV. Searches by CMS
targeting VLQ pair production with Run 2 data resulted in compatible constraints on the
theoretical model [19, 20]. Several searches carried out on the Run 1 and early and full Run 2 ATLAS datasets [13–
18] have targeted VLQ-compatible signatures. Searches for vector-like quark pair production
using the full Run 2 ATLAS dataset have excluded the presence of a vector-like B quark
occurring as a singlet (doublet) in the mass range mB < 1.2 (1.3) TeV. Searches by CMS
targeting VLQ pair production with Run 2 data resulted in compatible constraints on the
theoretical model [19, 20]. 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in
the centre of the detector. The positive x-axis is defined by the direction from the IP to the centre of the
LHC ring, with the positive y-axis pointing upwards, while the beam direction defines the z-axis. Cylindrical
coordinates (r, ϕ) are used in the transverse plane, ϕ being the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The
pseudorapidity η is defined in terms of the polar angle θ by η = −ln tan(θ/2). The transverse momentum
(pT) is defined relative to the beam axis and is calculated as pT = p sin(θ). 1
Introduction Production of vector-like B quarks, both singly and in pairs, has been probed at CMS
in the bZ(b¯b) and bH(b¯b) modes [21, 22], and at ATLAS in the bH(γγ) final state, using
√s = 13 TeV data. No evidence of singly produced vector-like B quarks was found, and
a 95% confidence-level exclusion limit [23] was set on both the singlet hypothesis, for a
branching fraction B(B →bH) ≈0.25, and the (B, Y ) doublet hypothesis, for B(B →bH)
≈0.5, ruling out masses below ≈1200 GeV. This paper details the first search for a single vector-like B quark in the bH(b¯b) final
state carried out on ATLAS data. The event selection is based on the presence of kinematic
features most compatible with a vector-like B signal as modelled by Monte Carlo simulations. Those features include the presence of a high-pT large-radius (R = 1.0) jet opposite to
a b-tagged high-pT small-radius (R = 0.4) jet, the presence of two b-tagged track-jets
matched to the large-R jet, and the presence of one or more jets in the forward region of
the detector. Evidence of a signal is sought in the form of an excess in the reconstructed
invariant-mass spectrum of the selected vector-like B quark candidates, each formed by
combining a large-R jet and a small-R jet satisfying the criteria outlined in section 4. – 4 – A brief description of the ATLAS detector and an overview of the data and Monte
Carlo samples employed in the analysis are provided in sections 2 and 3 respectively. The
reconstruction criteria for the physical objects involved in the analysis are outlined in
section 4, followed in section 5 by an overview of the analysis-specific selection criteria used
to maximise the search’s sensitivity to the targeted signature. The next sections detail the
procedure used to model the Standard Model background (section 6), the treatment of
the systematic uncertainties affecting the search (section 7) and the statistical framework
(section 8) utilised to interpret the search results (section 9). Finally, the conclusions are
given in section 10. JHEP11(2023)168 2
ATLAS detector The ATLAS detector [24] is a general-purpose particle detector used to investigate a broad
range of physics processes. It includes inner tracking devices surrounded by a 2.3 m diameter
superconducting solenoid, electromagnetic (EM) and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon
spectrometer with a toroidal magnetic field. The inner detector consists of a high-granularity
silicon pixel detector, including the insertable B-layer [25, 26] installed after Run 1 of the
LHC, a silicon strip detector, and a straw-tube tracker. It is immersed in a 2 T axial magnetic
field and provides precision tracking of charged particles with pseudorapidity |η| < 2.5.1 The
calorimeter system covers |η| < 4.9. To measure EM showers, it contains finely segmented
lead/liquid-argon (LAr) sampling calorimeters for |η| < 3.2, and copper/LAr modules for
higher |η|. A steel/scintillator hadronic calorimeter is used for |η| < 1.7, complemented by
copper/LAr endcaps and forward tungsten/LAr modules for 1.5 < |η| < 4.9. Outside the
calorimeters, the muon system incorporates multiple layers of trigger and tracking chambers
within a magnetic field produced by three superconducting toroids, enabling an independent
precise measurement of muon track momenta for |η| < 2.7. A dedicated trigger system is
used to select events [27]. The first-level trigger is implemented in hardware and uses the
calorimeter and muon detectors to accept events of interest at a rate below 100 kHz. This is
followed by a software-based high-level trigger, which further reduces the rate to 1 kHz on
average. An extensive software suite [28] is used in data simulation, in the reconstruction
and analysis of real and simulated data, in detector operations, and in the trigger and data
acquisition systems of the experiment. 3
Data and simulated samples This analysis uses data from 139 fb−1 of proton-proton (pp) collisions at √s = 13 TeV
collected by ATLAS during the LHC’s Run 2 from 2015 to 2018. The data were collected
during stable beam conditions with all relevant detector systems functional and producing – 5 – good quality data [29]. Events were selected online through a trigger signature that requires
a single anti-kt jet [30] with radius parameter R = 1.0 (large-R jet) to satisfy transverse
energy (ET) thresholds of 420 GeV and 460 GeV in the 2015–16 and 2017–18 data-taking
periods, respectively. This trigger requirement is >99% efficient for events passing the
offline analysis selection of a large-R jet with transverse momentum (pT) over 480 GeV. The VLB signal is modelled by means of a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation based on
the phenomenological Lagrangian outlined in section 1. Signal samples were generated
with MadGraph5_aMC@NLO [31], using the four-flavour scheme and the leading-order
(LO) NNPDF2.3 PDF sets [32]. Parton showering and hadronisation was handled by
Pythia 8.212 [33], which used a set of tuned parameters called the A14 tune [34] for the
underlying event. The EvtGen 1.2.0 [35] program was used to model the properties of b-
hadron decays. The detector response was simulated with Geant4 [36] and the events were
processed with the same reconstruction software as that used for data [37]. All simulated
samples include the effects of multiple pp interactions per bunch-crossing (pile-up), as well
as the effect on the detector response due to interactions from bunch crossings before or
after the one containing the hard interaction. JHEP11(2023)168 The samples were generated with the resonance pole mass ranging from 1 TeV to 2 TeV,
in steps of 200 GeV. To facilitate the statistical interpretation of the search results as
inferences about the values of the coupling constants cW , cZ and cH, an event-by-event
reweighting mechanism was introduced at the event-generation stage [38] to simulate how
different coupling strengths, ranging from κ = 0.1 to κ = 1.6 in eq. (1.1), affect the
properties of signal events. The Z-initiated and W-initiated production modes giving rise
to a single VLB quark (as shown in figure 2) are treated separately, with independent
samples generated for each mode. All samples were generated with a nominal coupling
strength κ = 0.4, and inclusively with respect to Higgs boson decay mode. 4
Object reconstruction JHEP11(2023)168 This search targets the production and decay of a VLB with a mass in the range of 1–2 TeV,
resulting in a final state composed of a high-pT Higgs boson decaying into b¯b, an energetic jet
from the b-quark originating directly from the VLB decay, and an additional, softer, forward
jet from the spectator quark involved in the hard scatter (as shown in figure 2). The boosted
Higgs boson decay system is reconstructed as a single large-radius (large-R) jet displaying a
two-pronged energy profile, which originates from the hadronisation of the b- and ¯b-quarks. Conversely, the b-quark from the initial VLB decay and the spectator quark, both expected
features of a signal-like event, are reconstructed as standard, small-radius (small-R) jets. The identification of three b-hadrons in this topology is key to suppressing the background. Events are checked in order to remove those with noise bursts or coherent noise in
the calorimeters, as well as those containing large energy deposits from non-collision or
cosmic sources of background. Collision vertices are reconstructed from inner-detector
tracks with pT > 0.5 GeV. The primary vertex in each event is chosen to be the one with
the largest sum of the squared transverse momenta of all associated tracks. Events without
a reconstructed primary vertex are rejected. Events containing isolated, charged leptons (electrons or muons) are removed in this
analysis, since no leptons are expected in the final state under study. This applies to events
containing electron candidates with ET > 25 GeV that satisfy the “loose” identification
criteria defined in ref. [49] or muons with pT > 25 GeV satisfying the “medium” quality
requirements [50]. Also, to ensure orthogonality to VLB searches targeting the H →γγ
channel, events with isolated photons that meet the “tight” identification criteria [49] are
removed if a pair of photons has an invariant mass in the range 105−160 GeV. Small-R jets are reconstructed by applying the anti-kt algorithm [30], with radius
parameter R = 0.4, to inner-detector tracks associated with the primary vertex and
calorimeter energy clusters selected through a particle-flow reconstruction algorithm [51]. An appropriate energy calibration is applied to both the input clusters [52] and the final
reconstructed jet [53]. Additionally, a pile-up subtraction procedure [54] is applied along
with a global sequential calibration to account for flavour dependencies. 3
Data and simulated samples Interference
effects between VLB production diagrams and SM diagrams resulting in the same final
state were not taken into account in the simulation. Signal samples are normalised to cross-section values calculated at leading order,
assuming the four-flavour scheme and a singlet configuration. The normalisation is later
corrected by means of next-to-leading-order (NLO) K-factors, assuming the narrow-width
approximation and a five-flavour PDF scheme [39]. The theoretical calculations of the single-B production cross-section in the bH channel
are considered unreliable in the very large width scenario. Consequently, the interpretation
of the search results is only shown for configurations resulting in ΓB/mB ≤50% [39].i Since the analysis targets a fully hadronic final state, multijet production is
overwhelmingly the dominant source of background and a fully data-driven background
estimation is performed, as described in section 6. As a cross-check, simulated t¯t samples were
also studied to confirm that the small (few percent) contribution from this process can be
fully accounted for by the data-driven background estimation technique. The contribution
from top quark pair production is modelled at NLO by the Powheg Box v2 [40–42]
generator equipped with the NNPDF3.0nlo [43] PDF set for matrix-element calculations. The top quark pair-production cross-section is scaled to a next-to-next-to-leading-order
calculation in QCD including resummation of next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic soft gluon – 6 – terms with Top++ 2.0 [44–48]. Parton showering, hadronisation and the underlying event
were simulated using Pythia 8.230 [33] with the NNPDF2.3lo [32] PDF set and the A14
tune [34]. The contributions to the total SM background from other processes, such as Z + jets
production, are estimated to be negligible because of their small cross-sections and the low
expected acceptance of the event selection for such processes. 4
Object reconstruction To suppress jets
arising from pile-up, a jet-vertex-tagging (JVT) technique using a multivariate likelihood [55]
is applied to jets with pT < 60 GeV, ensuring that selected jets are matched to the primary
vertex via their associated tracks. Jets with |η| > 2.4, falling outside the inner-detector
acceptance, undergo a tighter selection via a specially designed and trained forward-JVT
algorithm [56]. – 7 – Large-R jets are built by applying the anti-kt algorithm with radius parameter R = 1.0
to three-dimensional topological clusters of energy deposits in the calorimeter that are
calibrated to the hadronic energy scale with the local cluster weighting (LCW) procedure [57]. The reconstructed jets are “trimmed” [58] to reduce contributions from pile-up and soft
interactions. This is done by reclustering the jet constituents into subjets, using the kt
algorithm [59, 60] with a radius parameter R = 0.2, and discarding subjets with pT less
than 5% of the parent jet pT [61]. The large-R jet four-momentum is then recomputed from
the four-momenta of the remaining subjets and corrected using simulation [52, 62]. Small-R jets in the range |ηj| < 2.5 that contain a b-hadron are recognised (“b-tagged”)
using the “DL1r” algorithm [63]. This algorithm is based on a multivariate classification
technique that uses an artificial deep neural network to combine information about the
impact parameters of tracks and the topological properties of secondary and tertiary decay
vertices reconstructed from tracks associated with the jet. The analysis selects b-jets by
using the DL1r working point which has an efficiency of 70% for identifying true b-jets in
simulated SM t¯t events. The corresponding mis-tagging efficiency for c-jets (containing
c-hadrons) and light-flavour jets is estimated to be 10% and 0.2%, respectively. JHEP11(2023)168 In order to explore each large-R jet for the presence of one or more b-hadrons, which
would be expected in boosted H →b¯b decays, variable-radius (VR) track-jets are matched
to the large-R jet via “ghost association” [64–66] and subsequently inspected for b-tagging. The track-jets are built from inner-detector tracks by using the anti-kt algorithm with a
radius parameter R inversely proportional to the jet pT [67]: R →Reff(pT) = ρ/pT . The ρ-parameter, which controls the effective radius Reff, is set to ρ = 30 GeV. Two
additional parameters, Rmin and Rmax, are used to place lower and upper bounds on Reff,
and these are set to 0.02 and 0.4, respectively [68]. 5
Event selection and categorisation 5 As mentioned above, Higgs boson candidates (HC) are reconstructed as single large-R jets. Events are selected if they have at least one eligible HC reconstructed as a large-R jet
with pHC
T
> 480 GeV, |η| < 2.0 and at least two matched track-jets with pT > 50 GeV. The
transverse momentum requirement on the large-R jet matches the beginning of the full
efficiency plateau of the lowest-threshold unprescaled large-R jet trigger selected to define
the analysis dataset.i Reconstructed Higgs boson candidates are classified according to their b-tagged track-jet
multiplicity, allowing candidates with a higher number of b-tagged jets to be prioritised if
multiple eligible HCs are present within a single event. The two HC categories are labelled
“H2T2B”, for candidates with two matched b-tagged track-jets, and “H2T1B” otherwise. The
presence of at least one b-tagged track-jet matched to the large-R jet is required for Higgs
boson candidate eligibility. In the rare cases (less than 1%) where more than one eligible
HC is reconstructed, the candidate with the highest mass is selected. JHEP11(2023)168 VLB candidates are formed by combining a HC with a b-tagged small-R jet required to
have pT > 400 GeV, |η| < 2.5 and an angular distance ∆R > 2.0 from the HC. Two further
selection criteria are applied to exploit the subjet structure of HCs in signal events and the
correlation between pHC
T
and the VLB candidate mass, mB. The first is captured by the
quantity log∆R∗, defined as: log∆R∗= log
∆R
tj0, tj1
min
h
Rtj0
eff , Rtj1
eff
i
, where tj0 and tj1 are the two highest-pT track-jets associated with the HC, and Rtj0
eff and
Rtj1
eff are their pT-dependent effective radii. The second quantity is the ratio of the HC pT
to the reconstructed VLB invariant mass, pHC
T /mB, which is used to reject events where
the two leading jets are produced with a large value of ∆η, a configuration known to be
prevalent in high-pT multijet production. The distributions of log∆R∗and pHC
T /mB in
signal and background events are shown in figure 3. The behaviour of the variables under
study in the SM background is approximated by a fully orthogonal, signal-depleted data
sample where the small-R jet is required to not be b-tagged. Events are selected if they
satisfy log∆R∗> 0.67 and pHC
T /mB > 0.4. 4
Object reconstruction The values of these parameters were
chosen by examining the efficiency of identifying two b-jets within a large-R jet associated
with a high-pT Higgs boson decaying into a b-quark pair [69]. Similarly to the tagging
of small-R jets, a version of the “DL1” algorithm was specifically retrained to b-tag VR
track-jets. For a 70% efficiency to identify true b-jets as measured in simulated SM t¯t
events, the mis-tag efficiency for c-jets and light-flavour jets is about 10% and 0.25%,
respectively. For both the small-R jets and track-jets, the efficiencies of identifying b-jets,
c-jets, and light-flavour jets are corrected in the simulation to account for deviations from
the efficiencies observed in data [63]. Events are vetoed if any of the track-jets inspected for b-tagging is found to be collinear
with any other track-jet with pT > 10 GeV in the event. For this cleaning procedure, track-
jet collinearity is defined by the angular separation ∆R =
p
(∆η)2 + (∆ϕ)2 between the
two examined track-jets being smaller than both of the effective jet radii. The collinearity
veto prevents events with ambiguous track to track-jet matching, and therefore uncalibrated
flavour-tagging performance, from entering the analysis, at the cost of an observed 6%
signal efficiency loss across the accessible resonance mass spectrum. – 8 – 5
Event selection and categorisation If more than one VLB candidate in an event
fulfils the event selection requirements at this point, which occurs in approximately in 2%
of the events where a VLB candidate is found, the candidate with the lowest pB
T/mB is
chosen because the search targets a low-pT, high-mass decaying particle. Finally, since the
signal event topology involves a forward spectator quark, events are required to have at
least one jet with pT > 40 GeV and |η| > 2.5. where tj0 and tj1 are the two highest-pT track-jets associated with the HC, and Rtj0
eff and
Rtj1
eff are their pT-dependent effective radii. The second quantity is the ratio of the HC pT
to the reconstructed VLB invariant mass, pHC
T /mB, which is used to reject events where
the two leading jets are produced with a large value of ∆η, a configuration known to be
prevalent in high-pT multijet production. The distributions of log∆R∗and pHC
T /mB in
signal and background events are shown in figure 3. The behaviour of the variables under
study in the SM background is approximated by a fully orthogonal, signal-depleted data
sample where the small-R jet is required to not be b-tagged. Events are selected if they
satisfy log∆R∗> 0.67 and pHC
T /mB > 0.4. If more than one VLB candidate in an event
fulfils the event selection requirements at this point, which occurs in approximately in 2%
of the events where a VLB candidate is found, the candidate with the lowest pB
T/mB is
chosen because the search targets a low-pT, high-mass decaying particle. Finally, since the
signal event topology involves a forward spectator quark, events are required to have at
least one jet with pT > 40 GeV and |η| > 2.5. The search is restricted to a data subsample of maximal signal purity by using a signal
region (SR) defined by the mass of the HC, required to be between 105 GeV and 135 GeV,
and its b-tagging category, required to be H2T2B. The lower-purity sample of H2T1B events
passing the full event selection and the HC mass requirement is preserved for the purpose – 9 – (b) (a) (a)
(b)
Figure 3. (a) log∆R∗distributions for the data and simulated 1.2 TeV VLB signal; and (b)
pHC
T /mB distributions for the data and simulated 2 TeV VLB signal. 5
Event selection and categorisation For a benchmark signal model with
mB = 1200 GeV and κ = 0.4, approximately 4% of all simulated B →bH events (inclusive
with respect to the Higgs decay) have one eligible VLB candidate, but only 0.7% eventually
pass the kinematic selection outlined above and enter the signal region. The main factors
affecting the reconstruction and selection efficiency are the large-R jet pT threshold, set at
480 GeV to ensure 100% trigger efficiency, the triple-b-tagging efficiency and the requirement
of signal region events to feature at least one jet in the forward region of the detector. The
overall selection efficiency rises slightly with increasing mB, as more events on average
satisfy the transverse momentum requirement on the leading jet. 5
Event selection and categorisation The displayed events belong to
a 150-GeV-wide window centred on the signal resonance pole mass. All histograms are normalised
to the same area for an easier comparison of the shapes. The error bars on the data points refer to
the statistical uncertainties only, while the shaded error bands on the signal distribution refer to the
statistical uncertainty of the MC simulation. JHEP11(2023)168 (b) (a) Figure 3. (a) log∆R∗distributions for the data and simulated 1.2 TeV VLB signal; and (b)
pHC
T /mB distributions for the data and simulated 2 TeV VLB signal. The displayed events belong to
a 150-GeV-wide window centred on the signal resonance pole mass. All histograms are normalised
to the same area for an easier comparison of the shapes. The error bars on the data points refer to
the statistical uncertainties only, while the shaded error bands on the signal distribution refer to the
statistical uncertainty of the MC simulation. of validating the background modelling procedure. A comprehensive breakdown of all
preselection, event reconstruction and kinematic selection criteria is provided in table 1. The full event selection efficiency for simulated signal events varies as a function of the
coupling strength κ regulating the resonance width. For a benchmark signal model with
mB = 1200 GeV and κ = 0.4, approximately 4% of all simulated B →bH events (inclusive
with respect to the Higgs decay) have one eligible VLB candidate, but only 0.7% eventually
pass the kinematic selection outlined above and enter the signal region. The main factors
affecting the reconstruction and selection efficiency are the large-R jet pT threshold, set at
480 GeV to ensure 100% trigger efficiency, the triple-b-tagging efficiency and the requirement
of signal region events to feature at least one jet in the forward region of the detector. The
overall selection efficiency rises slightly with increasing mB, as more events on average
satisfy the transverse momentum requirement on the leading jet. of validating the background modelling procedure. A comprehensive breakdown of all
preselection, event reconstruction and kinematic selection criteria is provided in table 1.fi preselection, event reconstruction and kinematic selection criteria is provided in table 1. The full event selection efficiency for simulated signal events varies as a function of the
coupling strength κ regulating the resonance width. Table 1. Summary of all preselection, reconstruction and kinematic selection steps leading to the
full definition of the signal region and a number of orthogonal control data samples that are used
for validation purposes. 6
Data-driven background modelling As mentioned in section 3, the background in this analysis is largely dominated (over 90%)
by “multijet” events featuring QCD production of multiple jets in the final state, with
most of the remainder traceable to t-quark pair production. The contribution to the SM
background from Z boson production in association with jets is estimated from published
results to be of the order of 1% [70]. Since it is challenging to include and properly model all the processes that could
contribute to the multijet background in an MC simulation, a fully data-driven background
estimation is performed, based on the well-established and often-used “ABCD” method. The – 10 – Preselection
⩾1 large-R jet, pT > 480 GeV
No leptons & no γγ pairs with mγγ ∈[105, 160] GeV
⩾2 track-jets associated with the large-R jet, ⩾1 b-tagged track-jet
⩾1 small-R jet with pT > 300 GeV
∆R(small-R jet, large-R jet) > 2.0
HC reconstruction
Any large-R jet with pT > 480 GeV
⩾2 ghost-matched track-jets with pT > 50 GeV
Pass collinearity veto
Highest b-tag multiplicity: 2 track-jets
Highest b-tag multiplicity: 1 track-jet
Select candidate with largest mHC
VLB candidate reconstruction
HC + small-R jet, pT(small-R jet) > 400 GeV
∆R(small-R jet, large-R jet) > 2.5
Kinematic selection
log ∆R∗> 0.67
pHC
T /mB > 0.4
mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV
⩾1 forward jet
= 0 forward jet
⩾1 forward jet
= 0 forward jet
Small-R jet b-tagging status
Tag
No
Tag
Tag
No
Tag
Tag
No
Tag
Tag
No
Tag
SR
Control samples
bl
1
S
f
ll
l
ti
t
ti
d ki
ti
l
ti
t
l
di
t
t JHEP11(2023)168 Table 1. Summary of all preselection, reconstruction and kinematic selection steps leading to the
full definition of the signal region and a number of orthogonal control data samples that are used
for validation purposes. Table 1. Summary of all preselection, reconstruction and kinematic selection steps leading to the
full definition of the signal region and a number of orthogonal control data samples that are used
for validation purposes. – 11 – Figure 4. Schematic representation of the ABCD partitioning employed in this search. JHEP11(2023)168 Figure 4. Schematic representation of the ABCD partitioning employed in this search. shape of the mB distribution, which is used as the discriminating variable in the statistical
analysis of the data, is likewise estimated through a modified ABCD-like procedure. 6
Data-driven background modelling All these control samples have
significantly lower sensitivity than the H2T2B sample, owing to their smaller signal content
and larger expected background, and are estimated only to be sensitive to VLB production
cross-sections that are already excluded by previous searches. The values of Rcorr computed in the three aforementioned control samples are consistent
within their statistical uncertainties: RH2T2B_VS
corr
= 1.11 ± 0.05
RH2T1B_VS
corr
= 1.12 ± 0.02
RH2T1B
corr
= 1.11 ± 0.03 . JHEP11(2023)168 These values, consistently greater than one, imply a slight underestimation of the background
yield by the uncorrected ABCD method as a result of the residual correlation between the
ABCD axes. Consequently, a correction to the background prediction in region A of H2T2B
is implemented by scaling the transfer factor kfwd by Rcorr itself: ˜NA = RH2T2B_VS
corr
· kfwd · NB . Additionally, in order to correctly predict the kinematic shapes in region A, the
event sample in region B is reweighted, using per-event weights derived by comparing the
distributions of two kinematic variables in regions C and D, to compensate for differences
between events with no forward jets and events with one or more forward jets. The two
variables chosen for this purpose are the VLB pT and the pT of the small-R jet participating
in the VLB reconstruction, which display the largest discrepancies between data distributions
in regions C and D, as shown in figure 5. The weights in each of the two variables are
calculated from the bin-by-bin ratios of the normalised distributions, with non-parametric
smoothing applied using Gaussian kernel regression [71] to smooth out the effects of any
statistical fluctuations. By construction, the reweighting procedure does not affect the
yield of the region A background prediction. The template ratio regression method used
to extract smooth, continuous event-weight functions comes naturally with an associated
±1σ uncertainty band, as displayed in figure 5. The overall weights are the product of
the weights extracted from the two kinematic variables. After this reweighting procedure
all kinematic distributions in region D are found to be in good agreement with those in
region C, indicating a satisfactory level of closure for the kinematic reweighting method. 6
Data-driven background modelling The two
event properties used to define the ABCD partitioning are (a) the b-tagging classification
of the small-R jet in the VLB candidate; and (b) the presence or absence of forward
(abbreviated as “fwd”) jets in the event (see figure 4). In this analysis, events passing the
full selection described in section 5 fall in region A, while events lacking either a forward jet or
a b-tagged small-R jet in the VLB candidate, or both, fall in regions B, C, or D respectively. For this ABCD partitioning, the A-region data sample, where mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV, is
predicted to have maximal signal purity. Because of this, the A-region data events were
temporarily removed, thereby “blinding” the analysis to the possible presence of a signal
which could otherwise bias the SM background modelling. Provided that the two properties used to separate the events into the ABCD regions are
uncorrelated, the ratio of background events in regions A and B would be equal to that in
regions C and D. From this identity, it follows that ˜NA, the expected number of background
events in region A, can be estimated to be ˜NA = kfwdNB, where kfwd = NC/ND.i While the two event variables used to define the ABCD partitioning are required to be
as uncorrelated as possible, a level of residual correlation is expected, and accounted for by
computing the value of the correlation-sensitive Rcorr estimator, defined as: Rcorr = NA
NB
· ND
NC
. The value of Rcorr can only be computed in control samples where the data is not
blinded in any ABCD region. Three such samples are defined in the present analysis. The first sample contains events selected with the same selection criteria as in section 5,
except that the HC invariant mass is required to be in the range mHC ∈[135, 200] GeV,
which defines the validation sideband (VS) mass window. This event sample is labelled
“H2T2B_VS”, to distinguish it from the main analysis sample, labelled “H2T2B”, where the
HC falls in the Higgs mass window (signal region). The other two control samples comprise
events that satisfy the same selection criteria as H2T2B events, except that only one of the – 12 – track-jets associated with the HC is b-tagged. These events are labelled “H2T1B”, with
the VS label when falling in the Higgs mass sideband. 6
Data-driven background modelling The uncertainties in the event weights applied to each B-region event are propagated to the
final background model for signal region data and taken as systematic uncertainties in the
shape and yield of the predicted SM background in the signal region. 6.1
Effect of signal contamination on the background model In an ideal scenario, the ABCD partitioning is tuned in such a way as to contain a large
majority of signal events within the blinded target region, with only minimal spillage into
the remaining three regions. A perfectly clean signal separation is, however, impossible in
practice because of inefficiencies in flavour tagging and in the identification of the spectator
quark as a forward jet. This causes a non-negligible fraction of the predicted signal yield to
fall into regions B, C and D, potentially affecting the modelling of the multijet background. – 13 – 10
20
30
40
50
60
Events / 25 GeV
ATLAS
-1
= 13 TeV, 139 fb
s
[105,135] GeV
∈
HC
m
H2T2B Dataset
No b-tagged small-R jet
> 0 forward jets
= 0 forward jets
Reweighting function
0
100
200
300
400
500
[GeV]
T
p
VLB
0.5
1
1.5
Ratio
(a)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Events / 50 GeV
ATLAS
-1
= 13 TeV, 139 fb
s
[105,135] GeV
∈
HC
m
H2T2B Dataset
No b-tagged small-R jet
> 0 forward jets
= 0 forward jets
Reweighting function
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
[GeV]
T
p
Small-R Jet
0.5
1
1.5
Ratio
(b)
Figure 5. Comparison of the distributions in ABCD regions C and D for the two variables used
to calculate the correction weights: (a) the VLB pT and (b) the small-R jet pT. All events shown
belong to the Higgs mass window mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV, but only C-region events have one or
more forward jets. The normalisation scale factor kfwd is already applied to D-region events. The
non-parametric corrections and uncertainties, obtained by smoothing the ratio via Gaussian kernel
regression, are shown with the red line and pink shaded area, respectively, in each of the ratio plots. The product of corrections in (a) and (b) are applied to B-region events. 6.1
Effect of signal contamination on the background model 10
20
30
40
50
60
Events / 25 GeV
ATLAS
-1
= 13 TeV, 139 fb
s
[105,135] GeV
∈
HC
m
H2T2B Dataset
No b-tagged small-R jet
> 0 forward jets
= 0 forward jets
Reweighting function
0
100
200
300
400
500
[GeV]
T
p
VLB
0.5
1
1.5
Ratio
(a) 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Events / 50 GeV
ATLAS
-1
= 13 TeV, 139 fb
s
[105,135] GeV
∈
HC
m
H2T2B Dataset
No b-tagged small-R jet
> 0 forward jets
= 0 forward jets
Reweighting function
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
[GeV]
T
p
Small-R Jet
0.5
1
1.5
Ratio
(b) JHEP11(2023)168 (a) (b) Figure 5. Comparison of the distributions in ABCD regions C and D for the two variables used
to calculate the correction weights: (a) the VLB pT and (b) the small-R jet pT. All events shown
belong to the Higgs mass window mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV, but only C-region events have one or
more forward jets. The normalisation scale factor kfwd is already applied to D-region events. The
non-parametric corrections and uncertainties, obtained by smoothing the ratio via Gaussian kernel
regression, are shown with the red line and pink shaded area, respectively, in each of the ratio plots. The product of corrections in (a) and (b) are applied to B-region events. Singlet, mB = 1.3 TeV, κ = 0.4
fwd jets
b-tags
2
3
≥1
19
26
= 0
11
15
Data
fwd jets
b-tags
2
3
≥1
5310
257 ± 25
= 0
23800
972
Table 2. Event yields in the four ABCD regions in the Higgs mass window (mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV)
in the reference mB = 1.3 TeV and κ = 0.4 isospin-singlet signal hypothesis (left) and in data (right). The expected data yield in the signal region (ABCD-region A), corresponding to the predicted SM
background contribution, is displayed in boldface with its associated uncertainty. Data
fwd jets
b-tags
2
3
≥1
5310
257 ± 25
= 0
23800
972 Data
fwd jets
b-tags
2
3
≥1
5310
257 ± 25
= 0
23800
972 Singlet, mB = 1.3 TeV, κ = 0.4
fwd jets
b-tags
2
3
≥1
19
26
= 0
11
15 Singlet, mB = 1.3 TeV, κ = 0.4
fwd jets
b-tags
2
3
≥1
19
26
= 0
11
15 11 15 Table 2. 2The background overestimation caused by signal spillage in region B is estimated as Ncont ≃N sig
B
×
kfwd × Rcorr. 6.1
Effect of signal contamination on the background model Event yields in the four ABCD regions in the Higgs mass window (mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV)
in the reference mB = 1.3 TeV and κ = 0.4 isospin-singlet signal hypothesis (left) and in data (right). The expected data yield in the signal region (ABCD-region A), corresponding to the predicted SM
background contribution, is displayed in boldface with its associated uncertainty. A breakdown of the distribution of data and signal events across the ABCD plane is
displayed in table 2. The signal spillage in regions C and D, well below 1%, would have
a negligibly small impact on kfwd (well below its associated statistical uncertainty). The
number of signal events in region B is, however, non-negligible, and would translate into
an overestimation of the background below a possible signal by approximately 15% of the
predicted A-region signal yield.2 An MC-derived correction of the background model is
implemented to correct the background estimate for this potential effect, as described in
greater detail in section 8. A breakdown of the distribution of data and signal events across the ABCD plane is
displayed in table 2. The signal spillage in regions C and D, well below 1%, would have
a negligibly small impact on kfwd (well below its associated statistical uncertainty). The
number of signal events in region B is, however, non-negligible, and would translate into
an overestimation of the background below a possible signal by approximately 15% of the
predicted A-region signal yield.2 An MC-derived correction of the background model is
implemented to correct the background estimate for this potential effect, as described in
greater detail in section 8. – 14 – (b) (a)
(b)
Figure 6. Comparison between ABCD-region A data (points) and predicted background (solid
histogram) in (a) the H2T1B data sample and (b) the validation sideband of the H2T2B sample. The
pre-fit total systematic uncertainty of each background prediction is indicated by the shaded areas. (a) JHEP11(2023)168 (a) (b) Figure 6. Comparison between ABCD-region A data (points) and predicted background (solid
histogram) in (a) the H2T1B data sample and (b) the validation sideband of the H2T2B sample. The
pre-fit total systematic uncertainty of each background prediction is indicated by the shaded areas. 7.1
Signal uncertainties The uncertainties in the pT scale of small-R and large-R jets (JES), as well as the mass scale
for large-R jets (JMS), are evaluated by combining information about detector reconstruction
performance from studies of MC events and LHC data events [53, 72]. The uncertainty due to
the jet pT resolution [53] (JER) is obtained from the effect of smearing the jet pT in simulated
signal events using a pT- and η-dependent parameterisation of the jet energy resolution
derived from pT-imbalance measurements. The smeared jet pT distribution is propagated
through the event reconstruction and selection, and its effect on the final observable is
evaluated. This procedure gives rise to a one-sided systematic uncertainty, which is then
symmetrised before performing the statistical fit. The JES and JER uncertainties are
modelled in the fit by 30 and 13 nuisance parameters, respectively describing the individual
sources of uncertainty for the scale and resolution of the reconstructed jet energy. They are
modelled separately for small-R and large-R jets, and nuisance parameters describing the
same physical source of uncertainty for the two jet sizes are treated as fully correlated, with
the JER uncertainty for large-R jets found to have a negligible effect. The uncertainty due to the large-R jet mass resolution [73] (large-R JMR) is obtained
by smearing the jet mass using a Gaussian function with a width determined in MC studies
of the reconstructed t-quark, W boson and Higgs boson mass peaks. The combined impact
of all the above uncertainties on the signal yield varies from 6% to 13%, with the large-R jet
mass resolution dominating at both the low end (6%) and high end (13%) of the investigated
VLB resonance mass range.fil The efficiency of flavour tagging in MC events is corrected to match the observed
efficiency in data by means of data-derived correction factors calculated at the centres of jet
pT bins and applied to MC events. The uncertainties associated with this correction in the
signal Monte Carlo simulation, as well as with their extrapolation in the high pT region, are
estimated by varying the η- and pT-dependent correction factors applied to each jet within
a range that reflects the systematic uncertainty in the measured b-tagging efficiency in data
and simulation [63]. The impact of the b-tagging uncertainties on the expected signal yield
is found to be just under 3% across the VLB mass range of the search. 6.2
Background model validation The full background modelling procedure is applied to the previously defined H2T2B_VS
and H2T1B control samples, and the resulting predictions are compared with the never-
blinded A-region data for these samples, which thereby serve as validation samples for the
background estimation procedure before it is applied to the high-sensitivity signal region
data. In the H2T1B validation sample, the looser requirement on the number of b-tagged
track-jets associated with the Higgs boson candidate results in the predicted number of
multijet events being approximately one order of magnitude larger than the estimated
H2T2B signal region background yield. The larger number of events, and the consequentially
smaller statistical fluctuations in both the background prediction and the data, renders the
H2T1B sample a primary tool for evaluating the performance of the background modelling
procedure before it is applied to the signal region. Figure 6 shows the level of agreement between the predicted SM background and
the data in the validation samples. The shaded areas around the background prediction
represent the total systematic uncertainty of the background prediction in that sample,
defined as the quadrature sum of the individual contributions from the kinematic reweighting
of the VLB pT and small-R jet pT, the Rcorr scaling, and the statistical fluctuations of the
B-region data sample, propagated through the modelling procedure (as explained in greater
detail in section 7). In each validation sample the level of agreement between the SM background prediction
and the data is evaluated both visually and via their calculated χ2 value. No statistically
significant or consistently observed discrepancy between data and prediction is detected in
any of the validation samples. – 15 – 7
Systematic uncertainties The expected signal predicted from the simulated signal samples is affected by uncertainties
in the modelling of the reconstruction and calibration techniques used in this analysis. These
uncertainties do not affect the background prediction, which is entirely derived from data. The systematic uncertainties in the background modelling stem from the uncertainty in the
residual-correlation correction ∆Rcorr and the uncertainty in the procedure used to derive the
event weights for the kinematic shape corrections, described in section 6, which are applied
to B-region events in order to generate the background prediction for the signal region. JHEP11(2023)168 7.1
Signal uncertainties Uncertainties in
the b-tagging efficiency sharing the same physical source are assumed to be fully correlated
across jet collections. The uncertainty in modelling the log∆R∗variable is assessed by assuming a conservative
track-jet pT uncertainty, based on the worst case of a single-track track-jet and using the – 16 – ATLAS track pT resolution, and propagating it through the event selection step that involves
log∆R∗. This leads to an asymmetric +3%/ −6% uncertainty in the expected signal yield. A possible uncertainty originating from mismodelling of the showering and hadronisation
processes is investigated by comparing the log∆R∗distribution shape in simulated Pythia 8
and Herwig 7 multijet events in the kinematic region targeted by the analysis. No
substantial discrepancy is observed, leading to a negligible systematic uncertainty. The impact of a number of theoretical uncertainties on the modelling of signal events
is investigated. Both the uncertainty due to missing higher-order corrections in the signal
Monte Carlo computation and the uncertainty in the factorisation scale are propagated
through the full reconstruction and event selection procedure to assess their impact on
the predicted signal yield and distribution of the discriminating variable. To obtain a
comprehensive assessment, this procedure was applied to a number of signal resonance
mass and width hypotheses covering the theoretical phase space targeted by the search. A
conservative 4% uncertainty in the signal normalisation is introduced to account for the
renormalisation scale uncertainty, while the impact of the factorisation scale uncertainty is
found to be 5% across the mass range. JHEP11(2023)168 The statistical uncertainty of the MC signal simulations originates from the limited
size of the simulated samples and is accounted for in the fit by using as many uncorrelated
nuisance parameters as there are bins of the final observable, each regulated by Poisson
statistics, given the statistical nature of the uncertainty. For each bin, the ±1σ variation is
taken to be the well-known Poisson uncertainty of a weighted event count P
i, i∈bin w2
i , with
wi being the weight assigned to the ith event belonging to the bin under consideration. Finally, the uncertainty in the combined 2015–2018 integrated luminosity is 1.7% [74],
obtained using the LUCID-2 detector [75] for the primary luminosity measurements. 7.2
Background uncertainties The systematic uncertainty in the background prediction comes entirely from the sources of
uncertainty associated with the data-driven background estimation procedure outlined in
section 6. The per-event kinematic reweighting factors come with an associated uncertainty in
the form of ±1σ weight variations derived from the Kernel regression confidence bands. The reweighting based on the VLB pT produces a relatively constant uncertainty in the
background mB distribution, ranging from 3.5% at the low end of the reconstructed VLB
candidate invariant mass range (mB = 1000 GeV) to 4.5% at the high end (mB = 2000 GeV). The second reweighting, derived from the small-R jet pT spectrum, likewise leads to an
uncertainty ranging from ±5% in the low-mass region to ±12% at the high-mass end. A second source of uncertainty, amounting to ±5.1% of the predicted background
yield, is associated with the statistical uncertainty of the cross-ratio Rcorr by which the
background model is rescaled to compensate for the residual correlation between the two
event variables chosen to form the ABCD axes. A third source of uncertainty in the background is the possible dependence of both
the per-event kinematic reweighting factors and kfwd on the HC mass, which may result in
a biased prediction because such quantities are computed globally within the Higgs mass – 17 – window mHC ∈[105, 135] GeV. An alternative set of weights and kfwd value is extracted from
regions C and D of the Higgs mass sideband (H2T2B_VS) sample and applied to the B-region
events in the Higgs mass window (signal region) sample to produce an alternative estimate
of the background. The difference between the VS-based prediction and the nominal one is
taken as a systematic uncertainty of the reweighting model’s stability with respect to the
HC mass. The predicted impact on the predicted SM background yield ranges from below
1% for the lowest values of the probed mass range to about 4% above 2 TeV.f Finally, the shape of the predicted background is affected by the bin-wise Poisson
fluctuations in the B-region data used to construct the model. 7.2
Background uncertainties The uncertainty in each
mB bin of the final model originating from this source is computed by propagating the
Poisson uncertainty of the relevant bin through the whole modelling procedure, and accounts
for an uncertainty in the predicted yields ranging from 7%−8% for mB ∈[850, 1450] GeV
to 10%−20% for mB ∈[1450, 2250] GeV, where it is the dominant uncertainty in the
background prediction. JHEP11(2023)168 Table 3 summarises the impact of each category of systematic uncertainties on the
yield of each of the affected event samples. To highlight the changing impact and hierarchy
of the systematic uncertainty sources across the investigated resonance mass range, relative
systematic uncertainties are displayed for both a relatively low-mass 1.2 TeV resonance and
the highest-mass simulated sample (2.0 TeV). The two single-VLB production modes are
examined separately and denoted by ZBHb (bZ →B vertex) and WBHb (tW →B vertex). 8
Statistical analysis The statistical interpretation of the data is carried out using a binned maximum-likelihood
fit to the invariant mass (mB) distribution of the reconstructed VLB candidates, based on
the expected signal and background yields. The likelihood model is defined as: L =
Y
i
Ppois(ni|λi) × N(θ) L =
Y
i
Ppois(ni|λi) × N(θ) where Ppois(ni|λi) is the Poisson probability to observe ni events when λi events are expected
in bin i of the mB distribution, and N(θ) is a series of Gaussian or log-normal distributions
for the nuisance parameters, θ, corresponding to the systematic uncertainties related to
the signal and background yields in each bin. The λi are expressed as λi = µsi(θ) + bi(θ),
with µ being the signal strength, defined as a signal cross-section in units of the theoretical
prediction, left as the free-floating parameter of interest to be determined by the fit, and
si(θ) and bi(θ) being the expected numbers of signal and background events, respectively. Nuisance parameters are allowed to float in the fit within their constraints N(θ), and thus
alter the normalisation and shape of the signal mB as well as the background mB distribution.f Signal spillage outside the signal region (as introduced in section 6) has a potential effect
on the background model. This is compensated for by subtracting the signal contribution in
region B from the background at the fitting stage. Before subtraction, region-B signal events
are scaled by kfwd × Rcorr and kinematically reweighted using the same weight functions
employed in the background modelling phase, in order to reproduce their actual contribution – 18 – VLB mass = 1.2 TeV
VLB mass = 2.0 TeV
At 1.2 TeV
At 2.0 TeV
Systematic
ZBHb
WBHb
ZBHb
WBHb
Background
b-tagging
2.8%
2.8%
2.9%
2.8%
JER
3.4%
1.8%
2.3%
4.6%
JES
4.4%
2.1%
2.9%
2.0%
Large-R JES
1.9%
0.4%
5.4%
3.1%
Large-R JMR
6.1%
10.5%
12.0%
13.0%
Large-R JMS
2.5%
4.3%
1.4%
2.7%
log∆R∗
+3% / −6%
Luminosity
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
MC statistics
5.1%
5.6%
5.9%
5.6%
Renormalisation scale
4%
Factorisation scale
5%
VLB pT weights
3.5%
4.5%
R = 0.4 jet pT weights
5%
12%
Model stability
0.8%
4%
Rcorr
5.1%
B-region statistics
8%
18%
TOTAL
13%
14%
17%
15%
11%
23%
Table 3. 8
Statistical analysis Relative effect of the pre-fit systematic uncertainties from each group of sources on the
yields of the predicted background and two simulated signals with κ = 0.5 and VLB mass equal
to 1.2 or 2.0 TeV. The W-initiated (WBHb) and Z-initiated (ZBHb) production modes are kept
separate. The size of the systematic uncertainties affecting the background is similarly provided for
reconstructed VLB candidates separately for 1.2 TeV and 2.0 TeV. VLB mass = 1.2 TeV
VLB mass = 2.0 TeV
At 1.2 TeV
At 2.0 TeV JHEP11(2023)168 Table 3. Relative effect of the pre-fit systematic uncertainties from each group of sources on the
yields of the predicted background and two simulated signals with κ = 0.5 and VLB mass equal
to 1.2 or 2.0 TeV. The W-initiated (WBHb) and Z-initiated (ZBHb) production modes are kept
separate. The size of the systematic uncertainties affecting the background is similarly provided for
reconstructed VLB candidates separately for 1.2 TeV and 2.0 TeV. to the signal region background model. The sample subtraction is effectively accomplished
by assigning a negative signal-strength parameter µcont to the contamination sample and
constraining it to the fitted value of the parameter of interest µ by setting µcont = −µ. This
operation ensures that both the signal yield and the magnitude of the resulting background
contamination are simultaneously determined in the statistical fit. As with the principal signal MC simulations, the subtracted contamination sample
is affected by systematic uncertainties related to the theoretical and experimental
understanding of single-VLB production and its detection at ATLAS. Consequently, the
nuisance parameters describing such uncertainties are set to be fully correlated across all MC-
derived samples. In addition, the contamination sample is also affected by the uncertainties
introduced by the kinematic reweighting procedure applied to the region-B signal simulation
in order to estimate the effect of signal spillage on the background model. The nuisance
parameters describing the impact of such uncertainties in the fit are set to be fully correlated
with those for the same uncertainty source in the QCD multijet background model. Information about the signal strength µ is extracted from a signal-plus-background
likelihood fit to the data, using a test statistic based on the profile likelihood ratio. The – 19 – distributions of the test statistic under the signal-plus-background and background-only
hypotheses are obtained using asymptotic formulae [76]. 8
Statistical analysis The systematic uncertainties with
the largest post-fit impact on µ at mB = 1.2 TeV and mB = 2.0 TeV are the uncertainty in
the Rcorr correction and the uncertainty in the reweighting of the small-R jet pT, respectively. The level of agreement between the observed data and the background prediction is assessed
by computing the local p-value p0 for the observed value of the profile likelihood test statistic
given its asymptotic distribution for the background-only hypothesis. The value of p0 is
defined as the probability to observe an excess at least as large as the one observed in data,
under the background-only hypothesis. Expected and observed upper limits are set at 95%
confidence level (CL) on the cross-section for single-VLB production in the decay channel
under investigation (σ(pp →B →bH)) using the CLs prescription [23]. JHEP11(2023)168 The limit-setting procedure is iterated over all available simulated signal hypotheses,
defined by the resonance mass and the value of the coupling strength κ (the parameter
regulating the resonance width, as introduced in section 3), allowing a broad experimental
exploration of the phenomenological phase space of single-VLQ production. 9
Results Following the statistical interpretation scheme outlined in section 8, a binned maximum-
likelihood fit is performed on the signal region data. The data yield in the signal region, and
the background yields and their relative uncertainties before and after the statistical fit, are
shown in table 4. The mB spectrum in data is compared with the post-fit background model
in figure 7. The expected event distribution for a 1.3 TeV isospin-singlet VLB with κ = 0.4
is overlaid on the data distribution, with the Z-initiated and W-initiated contributions
displayed separately. The Z-initiated production mode dominates the predicted signal
region yields (approximately 80%). For a (B, Y ) doublet, only the Z-initiated production
mode contributes, with a larger signal yield expected due to the larger ξZ value as discussed
in section 1. Since the data and predicted background generally agree well, the maximum-likelihood
fit does not noticeably shift the nuisance parameters affecting the background model from
their nominal values. No significant excess of data over the SM background prediction is observed. The largest
discrepancy between data and the Standard Model background contribution is observed
between 1.3 TeV and 1.4 TeV, corresponding to a local p0 = 0.06 for the mB = 1.4 TeV,
κ = 0.4 signal hypothesis. The profile likelihood technique introduced in section 8 is used to
set 95% CL exclusion limits on the production cross-section for a number of theoretical
benchmark scenarios defined by the assumed coupling strength κ and isospin multiplet state
of the VLB. Figure 8 displays mass-dependent 95% CL exclusion limits on the production
cross-section for three different values of the coupling strength κ. The blue and red solid lines
overlaid on the exclusion plots represent the calculated NLO single-production cross-section
for a VLB occurring in a (B, Y ) isospin doublet or an isospin singlet, respectively. The
phenomenological properties of the VLB resonance in the two scenarios are inferred by
setting ξW = 0.5, ξZ = ξH = 0.25 for a VLB singlet and ξW = 0, ξZ = ξH = 0.5 for the – 20 – Figure 7. Comparison between data (black dots) and the SM data-derived background model (solid
white) after a binned maximum-likelihood background-only fit in the signal region. The shaded area
represents the total systematic uncertainty of the background model. 3Since the total width is well approximated as ΓB ∼m3
Bκ2, it is a cubic function of the B mass for
constant values of κ. 9
Results The expected contribution of
a mB = 1.3 TeV, κ = 0.4 signal produced via either the Z-initiated (red dotted, labelled VLBbZB)
or W-initiated (blue-dotted) mode is overlaid for reference. The first and last bins include underflow
and overflow events. The lower panel shows the bin-wise ratios of the data and background yields. JHEP11(2023)168 Figure 7. Comparison between data (black dots) and the SM data-derived background model (solid
white) after a binned maximum-likelihood background-only fit in the signal region. The shaded area
represents the total systematic uncertainty of the background model. The expected contribution of
a mB = 1.3 TeV, κ = 0.4 signal produced via either the Z-initiated (red dotted, labelled VLBbZB)
or W-initiated (blue-dotted) mode is overlaid for reference. The first and last bins include underflow
and overflow events. The lower panel shows the bin-wise ratios of the data and background yields. (B, Y ) doublet. The values of the ξ couplings most notably affect the branching fractions of
the VLB decay and which production vertex is dominant in single-production processes. For instance, a VLB occurring as part of a (B, Y ) doublet can only be produced via the
Z-initiated vertex because ξW = 0 in that scenario.i The resonance mass ranges excluded at 95% CL for a set value of κ and a specific
multiplet state are inferred from figure 8 as the mass intervals for which the expected or
observed upper limit on the cross-section is smaller than the relevant theoretical prediction. A noticeable feature of the κ-specific limits shown in figure 8 is the approximately constant
exclusion power of the search, in terms of production cross-section, for mB > 1.4 TeV. This
is understood as being a consequence of the growing dominance of non-resonant t-channel
production in large-width scenarios,3 which greatly reduces the ability to distinguish states
of different mass for mB ≥1.5 TeV. The cross-section limits presented above are then interpreted in the form of mass-
dependent 95% CL exclusion limits on the value of any of the three phenomenological – 21 – JHEP11(2023)168
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 8. Expected (dashed line) and observed (solid black line) 95% CL exclusion limits on the
cross-section for single-VLB production and the Higgs decay mode in the B singlet (left column)
and (B, Y ) doublet (right column) theoretical scenarios. 9
Results Sample
Pre-Fit
Post-Fit
VLB, 1.2 TeV
κ = 0.4
33 ± 6
κ = 0.5
51 ± 10
κ = 0.6
66 ± 13
VLB, 1.6 TeV
κ = 0.4
21 ± 4
κ = 0.5
34 ± 6
κ = 0.8
50 ± 10
VLB, 2.0 TeV
κ = 0.4
9 ± 3
κ = 0.5
16 ± 4
κ = 0.8
23 ± 6
Background estimate
257 ± 25
260 ± 17
Data
262 Sample
Pre-Fit
Post-Fit
VLB, 1.2 TeV
κ = 0.4
33 ± 6
κ = 0.5
51 ± 10
κ = 0.6
66 ± 13
VLB, 1.6 TeV
κ = 0.4
21 ± 4
κ = 0.5
34 ± 6
κ = 0.8
50 ± 10
VLB, 2.0 TeV
κ = 0.4
9 ± 3
κ = 0.5
16 ± 4
κ = 0.8
23 ± 6
Background estimate
257 ± 25
260 ± 17
Data
262
Table 4. Comparison of the yields of the SM background and a VLB singlet, for various mass and
κ values, before and after a background-only fit. The post-fit signal yield is accordingly zero by
definition (conditional fit with µ = 0). The observed data yield in the signal region is also displayed. JHEP11(2023)168 Table 4. Comparison of the yields of the SM background and a VLB singlet, for various mass and
κ values, before and after a background-only fit. The post-fit signal yield is accordingly zero by
definition (conditional fit with µ = 0). The observed data yield in the signal region is also displayed. Table 4. Comparison of the yields of the SM background and a VLB singlet, for various mass and
κ values, before and after a background-only fit. The post-fit signal yield is accordingly zero by
definition (conditional fit with µ = 0). The observed data yield in the signal region is also displayed. Lagrangian couplings cW , cZ, and cH, all of which scale with the coupling strength κ within
a specific multiplet state, as introduced in eq. (1.1). Figure 9 displays the expected and
observed limits on cW for a VLB quark occurring as an isospin singlet, and on cZ in the case
of a (B, Y ) doublet. Limits on cW are derived by examining the production cross-section
exclusion limit observed for each available signal benchmark, arranged on a (mB, κ) grid. 9
Results The green and yellow bands about the
expected limits represent the ±1σ and ±2σ confidence intervals of the expected limits, respectively. The red and blue solid lines and shaded areas respectively trace the evolution of the singlet and
doublet production cross-sections as a function of the resonance mass, and their relative theoretical
uncertainty accounts for uncertainties in the renormalisation and factorisation scales. Limits are
presented for three values of the coupling strength κ: 0.3 (a,b), 0.4 (c,d) and 0.5 (e,f). (a) (b) JHEP11(2023)168 (a) (b) (c) (d) (d) (c) (e) (f) (e) (f) Figure 8. Expected (dashed line) and observed (solid black line) 95% CL exclusion limits on the
cross-section for single-VLB production and the Higgs decay mode in the B singlet (left column)
and (B, Y ) doublet (right column) theoretical scenarios. The green and yellow bands about the
expected limits represent the ±1σ and ±2σ confidence intervals of the expected limits, respectively. The red and blue solid lines and shaded areas respectively trace the evolution of the singlet and
doublet production cross-sections as a function of the resonance mass, and their relative theoretical
uncertainty accounts for uncertainties in the renormalisation and factorisation scales. Limits are
presented for three values of the coupling strength κ: 0.3 (a,b), 0.4 (c,d) and 0.5 (e,f). – 22 – Sample
Pre-Fit
Post-Fit
VLB, 1.2 TeV
κ = 0.4
33 ± 6
κ = 0.5
51 ± 10
κ = 0.6
66 ± 13
VLB, 1.6 TeV
κ = 0.4
21 ± 4
κ = 0.5
34 ± 6
κ = 0.8
50 ± 10
VLB, 2.0 TeV
κ = 0.4
9 ± 3
κ = 0.5
16 ± 4
κ = 0.8
23 ± 6
Background estimate
257 ± 25
260 ± 17
Data
262
Table 4. Comparison of the yields of the SM background and a VLB singlet, for various mass and
κ values, before and after a background-only fit. The post-fit signal yield is accordingly zero by
definition (conditional fit with µ = 0). The observed data yield in the signal region is also displayed. 9
Results For each available resonance mass, the lowest value of κ for which the signal is excluded is
converted into a value of cW through the cW = κ identity for a VLB singlet. The expected
and observed limits are only displayed for configurations in the (mB, κ) space corresponding
to values of the fractional resonance width ΓB/mB < 50%, in accordance with the current
practice for interpreting ATLAS results in terms of singly produced VLQs. The different choice of coupling on the y-axis for the doublet limits (figure 9(b)) is
dictated by the fact that ξW = 0 for the (B, Y ) state implies cW = 0. Nevertheless, the
exclusion power in the singlet and doublet scenarios can be compared as cW ≃κ in the
singlet state, and cZ ≃mZ/mW × κ for the doublet. The larger predicted cross-section for
the (B, Y ) doublet than for the singlet results in a larger portion of the mass-coupling phase
space being excluded. As an example, the data excludes cW > 0.4, corresponding to κ > 0.4
for a VLB singlet with mB = 1.2 TeV, while a VLB of the same mass belonging to a (B, Y )
doublet is excluded for cZ > 0.20, corresponding to approximately κ > 0.17. Figure 10
shows the expected and observed exclusion limits on σ(pp →B →bH) as a function of the
resonance mass and relative width in the isospin-singlet and isospin-doublet scenarios. Lastly, the results are interpreted beyond the established singlet and doublet scenarios
discussed so far. This is accomplished by expressing the experimental limits in a way – 23 – (a)
(b)
Figure 9. Mass-dependent expected (dashed line) and observed (solid line) 95% CL exclusion
limits on the cW and cZ phenomenological couplings in the (a) VLB singlet and (b) (B, Y ) doublet
scenarios, respectively. Results are only displayed for (mB, κ) configurations yielding a fractional
resonance width no greater than 50%. (a) (b) JHEP11(2023)168 (b) (a) Figure 9. Mass-dependent expected (dashed line) and observed (solid line) 95% CL exclusion
limits on the cW and cZ phenomenological couplings in the (a) VLB singlet and (b) (B, Y ) doublet
scenarios, respectively. Results are only displayed for (mB, κ) configurations yielding a fractional
resonance width no greater than 50%. 9
Results applicable to the broader and more generic set of configurations in the three-dimensional
theoretical phase space defined by the parameter vector (ξW , ξZ, ξH, κ) and the constraint
P ξi = 1. For the sake of presentation, the three-dimensional parameter space is collapsed
into two independent quantities by imposing the theoretically well-motivated [8] constraint
ξZ = ξH, which applies to every multiplet state envisioned in the primary theoretical models
for VLQs. Given this premise, the resulting set of independent parameters (ξW , κ) can be rotated
to provide a more phenomenology-oriented visualisation of the search results by means of
the following transformation: (ξW , κ) −→(ξW , m2
Bκ2) ∝
B(B →tW), ΓB
mB
! . Figure 11 shows the expected and observed lower limits on the VLB resonance mass
in the phenomenological phase space defined above. The constraints on the values of the
ξ parameters imply that any specific value of B(B →tW) uniquely determines the two
remaining branching fractions B(B →bZ) and B(B →bH). The previously examined
singlet and (B, Y ) doublet scenarios can be extracted from figure 11 by projecting the limits
along vertical lines defined by B(B →tW) = 0.5 and B(B →tW) = 0 respectively. The
light grey areas in figure 11 correspond to configurations for which no VLB masses are
excluded, while the yellow areas with the striped pattern overlaid correspond to regions
where every theoretical scenario covered by the analysis is excluded. The discontinuity in
the observed mass limits (displayed as a sharp transition between yellow and turquoise
in figure 11(b)) is understood to originate from the juxtaposition of the small excess of
observed events with mB ∼1.3 TeV and the small deficit for 1.4 TeV < mB < 2.0 TeV. – 24 – JHEP11(2023)168
(a)
(b)
10. Observed limits on the single-production cross-section (z-axis) as a function of the
e mass and coupling strength κ in the (a) singlet and (b) doublet scenarios. To guide the
lled contours are overlaid to identify configurations where the excluded cross-section is an
ultiple of 50 fb. The area above the black overlaid line is the excluded (mB, κ) phase-space
where the experimentally excluded cross-section is greater than the theoretical value. The
haded area overlapping the observed exclusion contour indicates the 1σ confidence band for
cted position (not shown) of the exclusion contour. (a)
(b)
Figure 10. 9
Results Observed limits on the single-production cross-section (z-axis) as a function of the
resonance mass and coupling strength κ in the (a) singlet and (b) doublet scenarios. To guide the
eye, labelled contours are overlaid to identify configurations where the excluded cross-section is an
exact multiple of 50 fb. The area above the black overlaid line is the excluded (mB, κ) phase-space
region, where the experimentally excluded cross-section is greater than the theoretical value. The
darker shaded area overlapping the observed exclusion contour indicates the 1σ confidence band for
the expected position (not shown) of the exclusion contour. JHEP11(2023)168 (b) Figure 10. Observed limits on the single-production cross-section (z-axis) as a function of the
resonance mass and coupling strength κ in the (a) singlet and (b) doublet scenarios. To guide the
eye, labelled contours are overlaid to identify configurations where the excluded cross-section is an
exact multiple of 50 fb. The area above the black overlaid line is the excluded (mB, κ) phase-space
region, where the experimentally excluded cross-section is greater than the theoretical value. The
darker shaded area overlapping the observed exclusion contour indicates the 1σ confidence band for
the expected position (not shown) of the exclusion contour. Figure 10. Observed limits on the single-production cross-section (z-axis) as a function of the
resonance mass and coupling strength κ in the (a) singlet and (b) doublet scenarios. To guide the
eye, labelled contours are overlaid to identify configurations where the excluded cross-section is an
exact multiple of 50 fb. The area above the black overlaid line is the excluded (mB, κ) phase-space
region, where the experimentally excluded cross-section is greater than the theoretical value. The
darker shaded area overlapping the observed exclusion contour indicates the 1σ confidence band for
the expected position (not shown) of the exclusion contour. – 25 – JHEP11(2023)168
(a)
(b)
re 11. Expected (a) and observed (b) lower limit on the VLB resonance mass given a specifici
guration in the phenomenological (B(B →tW), ΓB/mB) phase space. The light grey area
sponds to configurations for which no exclusion is achieved, while the yellow area with the
k overlaid pattern corresponds to the phase-space region where every resonance mass scenario
dered by the analysis is excluded. JHEP11(2023)168 (a)
(b)
Figure 11. Expected (a) and observed (b) lower limit on the VLB resonance mass given a specific
configuration in the phenomenological (B(B →tW), ΓB/mB) phase space. 10
Conclusions A search is presented for single-production of a vector-like B quark decaying into a Standard
Model b-quark and Higgs boson, itself decaying into a pair of bottom quarks. The search
is carried out in proton-proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy √s = 13 TeV
collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC between 2015 and 2018, corresponding to
a total integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. The search results are interpreted in terms of 95% CL mass-dependent upper limits
on the B production cross-section in a number of theoretical scenarios determined by the
value of the coupling strength κ and the isospin multiplet state. The occurrence of a VLB
as an isospin singlet is excluded by this search for values of the main coupling cW greater
than 0.4 for a resonance with mB = 1.1 TeV, whereas in the 1.3 TeV < mB < 2.0 TeV range
the lowest excluded values of cW range from 0.5 to 0.6. JHEP11(2023)168 Owing to the larger single-VLB production cross-section times B →bH branching
fraction, the search sets much stronger limits on a VLB occurring as part of a (B, Y ) isospin
doublet, with the exclusion limit on the relevant parameter cZ varying from 0.3 and 0.5
across the investigated resonance mass range 1.0 TeV < mB < 2.0 TeV. Additionally, the
search result is interpreted more generally in terms of upper bounds on the B production
cross-section as a function of the resonance mass and coupling strength κ, and in terms
of excluded resonance mass as a function of the branching fraction into one of the three
possible B decay modes and the resonance’s total relative width. This search improves on the previously published searches by CMS in the B →bH
channel, significantly expanding the region of the VLQ theoretical phase space explored
and excluded by collider experiments. 9
Results The light grey area
corresponds to configurations for which no exclusion is achieved, while the yellow area with the
black overlaid pattern corresponds to the phase-space region where every resonance mass scenario
considered by the analysis is excluded. (a)
(b)
ure 11. Expected (a) and observed (b) lower limit on the VLB resonance mass given a speci
figuration in the phenomenological (B(B →tW), ΓB/mB) phase space. The light grey ar
esponds to configurations for which no exclusion is achieved, while the yellow area with t
k overlaid pattern corresponds to the phase-space region where every resonance mass scena
sidered by the analysis is excluded. (a) (a) (b) Figure 11. Expected (a) and observed (b) lower limit on the VLB resonance mass given a specific
configuration in the phenomenological (B(B →tW), ΓB/mB) phase space. The light grey area
corresponds to configurations for which no exclusion is achieved, while the yellow area with the
black overlaid pattern corresponds to the phase-space region where every resonance mass scenario
considered by the analysis is excluded. – 26 – Acknowledgments We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff
from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia;
BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC,
NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias,
Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS
and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany;
GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN,
Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway;
MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia;
ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg
Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST,
Taiwan; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States
of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from
BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada; PRIMUS 21/SCI/017 and UNCE
SCI/013, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-NextGenerationEU – 27 – and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex,
Investissements d’Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany;
Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF,
Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021,
Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme
Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana,
Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust,
United Kingdom. and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d’Avenir Labex,
Investissements d’Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany;
Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF,
Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021,
Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme
Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana,
Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust,
United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully,
in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF
(Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF
(Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.),
the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors
of computing resources are listed in ref. [77]. Acknowledgments JHEP11(2023)168 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
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46, C. Beirao Da Cruz E Silva
34, J.F. Beirer
53,34, F. Beisiegel
22, M. Belfkir
4, G. Bella L. Bellagamba
21b, A. Bellerive
32, P. Bellos
19, K. Beloborodov
35, K. Belotskiy
35, N.L. Belyaev
35, D. Benchekroun
33a, Y. Benhammou
148, D.P. Benjamin
27, M. Benoit
27 J.R. Bensinger
24, S. Bentvelsen
112, L. Beresford
34, M. Beretta
51, D. Berge
17, E. Bergeaas Kuutmann
157, N. Berger
4, B. Bergmann
129, L.J. Bergsten
24, J. Beringer
1 E. Bergeaas Kuutmann
157, N. Berger
4, B. Bergmann
129, L.J. Bergsten
24, J. Beringer
16a S. Berlendis
6, G. Bernardi
124, C. Bernius
140, F.U. Bernlochner
22, T. Berry
92, P. Berta
46, A. Berthold
48, I.A. Bertram
88, O. Bessidskaia Bylund
167, S. Bethke
108, P. Berta
46, A. Berthold
48, I.A. Bertram
88, O. Bessidskaia Bylund
167, S. Bethke
108, A. Betti
42, A.J. Bevan
91, S. Bhatta
142, D.S. Bhattacharya
162, P. Bhattarai
24, JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 V.S. Bhopatkar
5, R. Bi126, R.M. Bianchi
126, O. Biebel
107, R. Bielski
34, N.V. Biesuz
71a,71b, M. Biglietti
74a, T.R.V. Billoud
129, M. Bindi
53, A. Bingul
11d, C. Bini
72a,72b, S. Biondi
21b,21a, C.J. Birch-sykes
99, G.A. Bird
19,131, M. Birman
165, C. Bini
72a,72b, S. Biondi
21b,21a, C.J. Birch-sykes
99, G.A. Bird
19,131, M. Birman
165, T. Bisanz
34, D. Biswas
166,l, A. Bitadze
99, C. Bittrich
48, K. Bjørke
122, I. The ATLAS collaboration Bloch
46 C. Blocker
24, A. Blue
57, U. Blumenschein
91, J. Blumenthal
98, G.J. Bobbink
112, V.S. Bobrovnikov
35, D. Bogavac
12, A.G. Bogdanchikov
35, C. Bohm
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35, D. Bogavac
12, A.G. Bogdanchikov
35, C. Bohm
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46, T. Bold
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124, M. Bona
91, M. Boonekamp
132, C.D. Booth
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124, M. Bona
91, M. Boonekamp
132, C.D. Booth Borbély
57, H.M. Borecka-Bielska
106, L.S. Borgna
93, G. Borissov
88, A.G. Borbély
57, H.M. Borecka-Bielska
106, L.S. Borgna
93, G. Borissov
88, D. Bortoletto
123, D. Boscherini
21b, M. Bosman
12, J.D. Bossio Sola
102, K. Bouaouda J. Boudreau
126, E.V. Bouhova-Thacker
88, D. Boumediene
38, R. Bouquet
124, A. Boveia
116, J. Boyd
34, D. Boye
27, I.R. Boyko
36, A.J. Bozson
92, J. Bracinik
19, N. Brahimi
60d,60c, G. Brandt
167, O. Brandt
30, F. Braren
46, B. Brau
101, J.E. Brau
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57, K. Brendlinger
46, R. Brener
165, L. Brenner
34, R. Brenner
15 S. Bressler
165, B. Brickwedde
98, D.L. Briglin
19, D. Britton
57, D. Britzger
108, S. Bressler
165, B. Brickwedde
98, D.L. Briglin
19, D. Britton
57, D. Britzger
108, I. Brock
22, R. Brock
105, G. Brooijmans
39, W.K. Brooks
134e, E. Brost
27, P.A. Bruckman de Renstrom
83, B. Brüers
46, D. Bruncko
26b,∗, A. Bruni
21b, G. Bruni
21b P.A. Bruckman de Renstrom
83, B. Brüers
46, D. Bruncko
26b,∗, A. Bruni
21b, G. Bruni
21b, M. Bruschi
21b, N. Bruscino
72a,72b, L. Bryngemark
140, T. Buanes
15, Q. Buat
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140, T. Buanes
15, Q. Buat
142, P. Buchholz
138, A.G. Buckley
57, I.A. Budagov
36,∗, M.K. Bugge
122, O. Bulekov
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138, A.G. Buckley
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113, S. Burdin
89, C.D. Burgard
46, A.M. Burger
118, B. Burghgrave
7, J.T.P. Burr
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10, J.C. Burzynski
101, V. Büscher
98, B. Burghgrave
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46, C.D. Burton
10, J.C. Burzynski
101, V. Büscher
98, P.J. Bussey
57, J.M. Butler
23, C.M. The ATLAS collaboration Dahbi
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104, C. Dallapiccola
101, M. Dam
40, G. D’amen
27, V. D’Amico
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98, J.R. Dandoy
125, Dam
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98, J.R. Dandoy
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28, M. Danninger
139, V. Dao
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130, D.R. Davis
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120, S. D’Auria
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105, A. De Maria
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111, P. de Jong
112, H. De la Torre
105, A. De Ma De Pedis
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73a,73b, M. De Santis
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112, A.M. Deiana
42, A. De Santo
143, J.B. De Vivie De Regie
58, D.V. Dedovich36, J. Degens
112, A.M J. Del Peso
97, Y. Delabat Diaz
46, F. Deliot
132, C.M. Delitzsch
6, M. Della Pietra
69a,69b, J. Del Peso
97, Y. Delabat Diaz
46, F. Deliot
132, C.M. Delitzsch
6, M. Della Pietra
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54, A. Dell’Acqua
34, L. Dell’Asta
68a,68b, M. Delmastro
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58, D. Della Volpe
54, A. Dell’Acqua
34, L. Dell’Asta
68a,68b, M. Delmastro
4, P.A. Delsart S. Demers
168, M. Demichev
36, S.P. Denisov
35, L. D’Eramo
113, D. Derendarz
83, S. Demers
168, M. Demichev
36, S.P. Denisov
35, L. D’Eramo
113, D. Derendarz
83, J.E. Derkaoui
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124, P. Dervan
89, K. Desch
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152, C. Deutsch P.O. Deviveiros
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93, W. Buttinger
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57, J.M. Butler
23, C.M. Buttar
57, J.M. Butterworth
93, W. Buttinger
131, C.J. Buxo Vazquez
105, A.R. Buzykaev
35, G. Cabras
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159, J. Buxo Vazquez
105, A.R. Buzykaev
35, G. Cabras
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126, V.M.M. Cairo
140, O. Cakir
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124, P. Calfayan
65, G. Callea
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57, L.P. Caloba79b, A. Caltabiano73a,73b, S. Calvente Lopez
97, D. Calvet
38, S. Calvet
38, T.P. Calvet
100, M. Calvetti
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97, D. Calvet
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38, T.P. Calvet
100, M. Calvetti
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124, S. Camarda
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74a,74b, D. Cameron
122, C. Camincher
161, M. Campanelli
93, A. Camplani
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102, M. Cano Bret
77, J. Cantero
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159, Y. Cao
158, M. Capua
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159, M. Carnesale
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140, S. Caron
111, E. Carquin
134e, S. Carrá
46, A.F. Casha152, E.G. Castiglia
168, F.L. Castillo
61a, L. Castillo Garcia
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159, N.F. Castro
127a,127e, A. Catinaccio
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122, A. Cattai34, V. Cavaliere
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71a,71b, E. Celebi
11b, F. Celli
123, K. Cerny
119, A.S. Cerqueira
79a, A. Cerri
143, L. Cerrito
73a,73b, F. Cerutti
16a, A. Cervelli
21b, S.A. Cetin
11b, Z. Chadi
33a, D. Chakraborty
113, M. Chala
127f, J. Chan
166, W.S. Chan
112, W.Y. Chan
89, J.D. Chapman
30, B. Chargeishvili
146b, D.G. Charlton
19, T.P. Charman
91, M. Chatterjee
18, C.C. C S. Chekanov
5, S.V. Chekulaev
153a, G.A. Chelkov
36,a, A. Chen
104, B. Chen
148, C. Chen60a, C.H. Chen
78, H. Chen
13c, H. Chen
27, J. Chen
60a, J. Chen
39, J. Chen
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125, S.J. Chen
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60a, Y-H. Chen
46, C.L. Cheng
166, H.C. Cheng
62a, H.J. Cheng
13a, A. Cheplakov
36, E. Cheremushkina
46, JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 R. The ATLAS collaboration Cherkaoui El Moursli
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6, K. Cheung
63, L. Chevalier
132, V. Chiarella
51, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli
33e, E. Cheu
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63, L. Chevalier
132, V. Chiarella G. Chiarelli
71a, G. Chiodini
67a, A.S. Chisholm
19, A. Chitan
25b, I. Chiu
150, Y.H. Chiu
161, M.V. Chizhov
36,t, K. Choi
10, A.R. Chomont
72a,72b, Y. Chou
101, Y.H. Chiu
161, M.V. Chizhov
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10, A.R. Chomont
72a,72b, Y. Chou
101, E.Y.S. Chow
112, L.D. Christopher
31f, M.C. Chu
62a, X. Chu
13a,13d, J. Chudoba
12 J.J. Chwastowski
83, D. Cieri
108, K.M. Ciesla
83, V. Cindro
90, I.A. Cioară
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16a, F. Cirotto
69a,69b, Z.H. Citron
165,m, M. Citterio
68a, D.A. Ciubotaru25b, B.M. Ciungu
152, A. Clark
54, P.J. Clark
50, J.M. Clavijo Columbie
46, S.E. Clawson
99, C. Clement
45a,45b, L. Clissa
21b,21a, Y. Coadou
100, M. Cobal
66a,66c, A. Coccaro
55b J. Cochran78, R.F. Coelho Barrue
127a, R. Coelho Lopes De Sa
101, S. Coelli
68a, H. Cohen
148, A.E.C. Coimbra
34, B. Cole
39, J. Collot
58, P. Conde Muiño
127a,127h, S.H. Connell
31c, I.A. Connelly
57, E.I. Conroy
123, F. Conventi
69a,al, H.G. Cooke
19, A.M. Cooper-Sarkar
123, F. Cormier
160, L.D. Corpe
34, M. Corradi
72a,72b, E.E. Corrigan A.M. Cooper-Sarkar
123, F. Cormier
160, L.D. Corpe
34, M. Corradi
72a,72b, E.E. Corrigan
95, F. Corriveau
102,aa, M.J. Costa
159, F. Costanza
4, D. Costanzo
136, B.M. Cote
116, G. Cowan
92, J.W. Cowley
30, J. Crane
99, K. Cranmer
114, R.A. Creager
125, G. Cowan
92, J.W. Cowley
30, J. Crane
99, K. Cranmer
114, R.A. Creager
125, S. Crépé-Renaudin
58, F. Crescioli
124, M. Cristinziani
138, M. Cristoforetti
75a,75b,c, V. Croft
155, G. Crosetti
41b,41a, A. Cueto
4, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann
156, H. Cui
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155, G. Crosetti
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156, H. Cui
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140, W.R. Cunningham
57, S. Czekierda
83, P. Czodrowski
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140, W.R. Cunningham
57, S. Czekierda
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34, M.M. Czurylo
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60a, J.V. Da Fonseca Pinto
79b, M.M. Czurylo
61b, M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa
60a, J.V. Da Fonseca Pinto
79b, C. Da Via
99, W. Dabrowski
82a, T. Dado
47, S. Dahbi
31f, T. Dai
104, C. Dallapiccola Da Via
99, W. Dabrowski
82a, T. Dado
47, S. The ATLAS collaboration El Ghazali
33b, H. El Jarrari
33e, A. El Moussaouy
33a, V. Ellajosyula
157, lert
157, F. Ellinghaus
167, A.A. Elliot
91, N. Ellis
34, J. Elmsheuser
27, M. Elsing
34, Emeliyanov
131, A. Emerman
39, Y. Enari
150, J. Erdmann
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111, G. Facini
163, V. Fadeyev
133, R.M. Fakhrutdinov
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130, Y. Fan
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130, Y. Fan
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105, S.M. Farrington
50, P. Farthouat
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105, S.M. Farrington
50, P. Farthouat
34, F. Fassi
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30, L. Fayard
64, O.L. Fedin
35 M. Feickert
158, L. Feligioni
100, A. Fell
136, C. Feng
60b, M. Feng
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156, M. Feickert
158, L. Feligioni
100, A. Fell
136, C. Feng
60b, M. Feng
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1 A.B. Fenyuk35, S.W. Ferguson
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46, A. Ferrari
157, P. Ferrari
112, R. Ferrari
70a, D. Ferrere
54, C. Ferretti
104, F. Fiedler
98, A. Filipčič
90, F. Filthaut
111, R. Ferrari
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54, C. Ferretti
104, F. Fiedler
98, A. Filipčič
90, F. Filthaut
111, C.N. Fiolhais
127a,127c,b, L. Fiorini
159, F. Fischer
138, W.C. Fisher
105, T. Fitschen
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127a,127c,b, L. Fiorini
159, F. Fischer
138, W.C. Fisher
105, T. Fitschen I. Fleck
138, P. Fleischmann
104, T. Flick
167, B.M. Flierl
107, L. Flores
125, Fleck
138, P. Fleischmann
104, T. Flick
167, B.M. Flierl
107, L. Flores
125, R. Flores Castillo
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152, L.R. Flores Castillo
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152, G.T. Forcolin
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123, D. Fournier
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88, P. Francavilla
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21b,21a, S. Franchino
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74a,74b, R. Di Nardo
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100, F.A. Dias
112, T. Dias Do Vale
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16a, M. Didenko
159, E.B. Diehl
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46, C. Diez Pardos
138, A. Dimitrievska
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25b, S.J. Dittmeier
61b, F. Dittus
34, F. Djama
100, T. Djobava
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15, M.A.B. Do Vale
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24, C. Dogli J. Dolejsi
130, Z. Dolezal
130, M. Donadelli
79d, B. Dong
60c, J. Donini
38, A. D’Onofrio
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130, Z. Dolezal
130, M. Donadelli
79d, B. Dong
60c, J. Donini
38, A. D’Onofrio
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89, J. Dopke
131, A. Doria
69a, M.T. Dova
87, A.T. Doyle
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89, J. Dopke
131, A. Doria
69a, M.T. Dova
87, A.T. Doyle
57, E. Drechsler
139, E. Dreyer
139, T. Dreyer
53, A.S. Drobac
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35, M. Dubovsky
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54, E. Duchovni
165, G. Duckeck
107, O.A. Ducu
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108, A. Dudarev
34, M. D’uffizi
99, L. Duflot
64, M. Dührssen
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167, D. Duda
108, A. Dudarev
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47, A. Duperrin
100, H. Duran Yildiz
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3a JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 M. Düren
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99, B.S. Dziedzic
83, B. Eckerova
26a, M.G. Eggleston49, M. Dyndal
82a, S. Dysch
99, B.S. Dziedzic
83, B. Eckerova
26a, M.G. Eggleston49, E. Egidio Purcino De Souza
79b, L.F. Ehrke
54, T. Eifert
7, G. Eigen
15, K. Einsweiler E. Egidio Purcino De Souza
79b, L.F. Ehrke
54, T. Eifert
7, G. Eigen
15, K. Einsweiler
16a, Ekelof
157, Y. The ATLAS collaboration Grud104, A. Grumm J.C. Grundy
123, L. Guan
104, W. Guan
166, C. Gubbels
160, J. Guenther
34, C. Grundy
123, L. Guan
104, W. Guan
166, C. Gubbels
160, J. Guenther
34, J.G.R. Guerrero Rojas
159, F. Guescini
108, R. Gugel
98, A. Guida
46, T. Guillemin
4 J.G.R. Guerrero Rojas
159, F. Guescini
108, R. Gugel
98, A. Guida
46, T. Guillemin
4, S. Guindon
34, J. Guo
60c, L. Guo
64, Y. Guo
104, R. Gupta
46, S. Gurbuz
22, G. Gustavino
117, M. Guth
52, P. Gutierrez
117, L.F. Gutierrez Zagazeta
125, C. Gutsch G. Gustavino
117, M. Guth
52, P. Gutierrez
117, L.F. Gutierrez Zagazeta
125, C. Gutschow
93, C. Guyot
132, C. Gwenlan
123, C.B. Gwilliam
89, E.S. Haaland
122, A. Haas
114, M. Habedank
17, C. Haber
16a, H.K. Hadavand
7, A. Hadef
98, M. Haleem
162, J. Ha M. Habedank
17, C. Haber
16a, H.K. Hadavand
7, A. Hadef
98, M. Haleem
162, J. Haley
118, J.J. Hall
136, G. Halladjian
105, G.D. Hallewell
100, L. Halser
18, K. Hamano
161, H. Hamdaoui
33e, M. Hamer
22, G.N. Hamity
50, K. Han
60a, L. Han
13c, L. Han
60 H. Hamdaoui
33e, M. Hamer
22, G.N. Hamity
50, K. Han
60a, L. Han
13c, L. Han
60a S. Han
16a, Y.F. Han
152, K. Hanagaki
80, M. Hance
133, M.D. Hank
37, R. Hankac E. Hansen
95, J.B. Hansen
40, J.D. Hansen
40, M.C. Hansen
22, P.H. Hansen
40, E. Hansen
95, J.B. Hansen
40, J.D. Hansen
40, M.C. Hansen
22, P.H. Hansen
40, Hara
154, T. Harenberg
167, S. Harkusha
35, Y.T. Harris
123, P.F. Harrison163, K. Hara
154, T. Harenberg
167, S. Harkusha
35, Y.T. Harris
123, P.F. Harrison163, M. Hartman
140, N.M. Hartmann
107, Y. Hasegawa
137, A. Hasib
50, S. Hassani
132, N.M. Hartman
140, N.M. Hartmann
107, Y. Hasegawa
137, A. Hasib
50, S. Hassani S. Haug
18, R. Hauser
105, M. Havranek
129, C.M. Hawkes
19, R.J. Hawkings
34, Haug
18, R. Hauser
105, M. Havranek
129, C.M. Hawkes
19, R.J. Hawkings
34, yashida
109, D. Hayden
105, C. Hayes
104, R.L. Hayes
160, C.P. Hays
123, J.M. Hays
91, S. Hayashida
109, D. Hayden
105, C. Hayes
104, R.L. Hayes
160, C.P. Hays
123, J.M. H H.S. Hayward
89, S.J. Haywood
131, F. He
60a, Y. He
151, Y. He
124, M.P. Heath
50, H.S. The ATLAS collaboration Giugliarelli
66a,66c, D.M. Gingrich
2,ak, M.P. Giordani
66a,66c, P.F. Giraud
132, G. Giugliarelli
66a,66c, D. Giugni
68a, F. Giuli
73a,73b, I. Gkialas
8,j, E.L. Gkougkousis
12, P. Gkountoumis D. Giugni
68a, F. Giuli
73a,73b, I. Gkialas
8,j, E.L. Gkougkousis
12, P. Gkountoumis
9, L.K. Gladilin
35, C. Glasman
97, G.R. Gledhill
120, M. Glisic120, I. Gnesi
41b,e, L.K. Gladilin
35, C. Glasman
97, G.R. Gledhill
120, M. Glisic120, I. Gnesi
41b,e, M. Goblirsch-Kolb
24, D. Godin106, S. Goldfarb
103, T. Golling
54, D. Golubkov
35, M. Goblirsch-Kolb
24, D. Godin106, S. Goldfarb
103, T. Golling
54, D. Golubkov
35, J.P. Gombas
105, A. Gomes
127a,127b, R. Goncalves Gama
53, R. Gonçalo
127a,127c, J.P. Gombas
105, A. Gomes
127a,127b, R. Goncalves Gama
53, R. Gonçalo
127a,127c, G. Gonella
120, L. Gonella
19, A. Gongadze
36, F. Gonnella
19, J.L. Gonski
39, G. Gonella
120, L. Gonella
19, A. Gongadze
36, F. Gonnella
19, J.L. Gonski
39, JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 R.Y. González Andana
134a, S. González de la Hoz
159, S. Gonzalez Fernandez
12, R.Y. González Andana
134a, S. González de la Hoz
159, S. Gonzalez Fernandez
12, R. Gonzalez Lopez
89, C. Gonzalez Renteria
16a, R. Gonzalez Suarez
157, R. Gonzalez Lopez
89, C. Gonzalez Renteria
16a, R. Gonzalez Suarez
157, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla
54, G.R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez
159, L. Goossens
34, N.A. Gorasia
19, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla
54, G.R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez
159, L. Goossens
34, N.A. Gorasia P.A. Gorbounov
35, B. Gorini
34, E. Gorini
67a,67b, A. Gorišek
90, A.T. Goshaw
49, M.I. Gostkin
36, C.A. Gottardo
111, M. Gouighri
33b, V. Goumarre
46, A.G. Goussiou
135, M.I. Gostkin
36, C.A. Gottardo
111, M. Gouighri
33b, V. Goumarre
46, A.G. Goussiou
135, N. Govender
31c, C. Goy
4, I. Grabowska-Bold
82a, K. Graham
32, E. Gramstad
122, Grancagnolo
17, M. Grandi
143, V. Gratchev35,∗, P.M. Gravila
25f, F.G. Gravili
67a,67b, H.M. Gray
16a, C. Grefe
22, I.M. Gregor
46, P. Grenier
140, K. Grevtsov
46, C. G H.M. Gray
16a, C. Grefe
22, I.M. Gregor
46, P. Grenier
140, K. Grevtsov
46, C. Grieco
1 N.A. Grieser117, A.A. Grillo
133, K. Grimm
29,n, S. Grinstein
12,w, J.-F. Grivaz
64, N.A. Grieser117, A.A. Grillo
133, K. Grimm
29,n, S. Grinstein
12,w, J.-F. Grivaz
64, S. Groh
98, E. Gross
165, J. Grosse-Knetter
53, Z.J. Grout
93, C. Grud104, A. Grummer
110, S. Groh
98, E. Gross
165, J. Grosse-Knetter
53, Z.J. Grout
93, C. The ATLAS collaboration Franco
4, S. Francescato
72a,72b, M. Franchini
21b,21a, S. Franchino
61a, D. Francis34, L. Franco
4, L. Franconi
18, M. Franklin
59, G. Frattari
72a,72b, A.C. Freegard
91, P.M. Freeman19, Franconi
18, M. Franklin
59, G. Frattari
72a,72b, A.C. Freegard
91, P.M. Freeman19, B. Freund
106, W.S. Freund
79b, E.M. Freundlich
47, D. Froidevaux
34, J.A. Frost
123, Freund
106, W.S. Freund
79b, E.M. Freundlich
47, D. Froidevaux
34, J.A. Frost
123, Y. Fu
60a, M. Fujimoto
115, E. Fullana Torregrosa
159,∗, J. Fuster
159, A. Gabrielli
21b,21a Y. Fu
60a, M. Fujimoto
115, E. Fullana Torregrosa
159,∗, J. Fuster
159, A. Gabrielli
21b, A. Gabrielli
34, P. Gadow
46, G. Gagliardi
55b,55a, L.G. Gagnon
16a, G.E. Gallardo
123 E.J. Gallas
123, B.J. Gallop
131, R. Gamboa Goni
91, K.K. Gan
116, S. Ganguly
165, E.J. Gallas
123, B.J. Gallop
131, R. Gamboa Goni
91, K.K. Gan
116, S. Ganguly
165, J. Gao
60a, Y. Gao
50, Y.S. Gao
29,o, F.M. Garay Walls
134a, C. García
159, J.E. García Navarro
159, J.A. García Pascual
13a, M. Garcia-Sciveres
16a, R.W. Gardner
37, J.E. García Navarro
159, J.A. García Pascual
13a, M. Garcia-Sciveres
16a, R.W. Gardner
37,
77 D. Garg
77, S. Gargiulo
52, C.A. Garner152, V. Garonne
122, S.J. Gasiorowski
135, P. Gaspar
79b, G. Gaudio
70a, P. Gauzzi
72a,72b, I.L. Gavrilenko
35, A. Gavrilyuk
35, P. Gaspar
79b, G. Gaudio
70a, P. Gauzzi
72a,72b, I.L. Gavrilenko
35, A. Gavrilyuk
35, J. Geisen
95, M. Geisen
98, C. Gemme
55b, M.H. Genest
58, S. Gentile
72a,72b, S. George
92, J. Geisen
95, M. Geisen
98, C. Gemme
55b, M.H. Genest
58, S. Gentile
72a,72b, S. George
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44, L.O. Gerlach53, P. Gessinger-Befurt
98, M. Ghasemi Bostanabad
161, Geralis
44, L.O. Gerlach53, P. Gessinger-Befurt
98, M. Ghasemi Bostanabad
161, Ghneimat
138, A. Ghosh
156, A. Ghosh
77, B. Giacobbe
21b, S. Giagu
72a,72b, M. Ghneimat
138, A. Ghosh
156, A. Ghosh
77, B. Giacobbe
21b, S. Giagu
72a,72b, Giangiacomi
152, P. Giannetti
71a, A. Giannini
69a,69b, S.M. Gibson
92, M. Gignac
133, N. Giangiacomi
152, P. Giannetti
71a, A. Giannini
69a,69b, S.M. Gibson
92, M. Gig D.T. Gil
82b, B.J. Gilbert
39, D. Gillberg
32, G. Gilles
112, N.E.K. Gillwald
46, D.T. Gil
82b, B.J. Gilbert
39, D. Gillberg
32, G. Gilles
112, N.E.K. Gillwald
46, D.M. Gingrich
2,ak, M.P. Giordani
66a,66c, P.F. Giraud
132, G. The ATLAS collaboration Kanzaki80, D. Kar
31f, K. Karava
123, M.J. Kareem
153b, I. Karkanias
149, S.N. Karpov
36, Z.M. Karpova
36, V. Kartvelishvili
88, A.N. Karyukhin
35, E. Kasimi
149, C. Kato
60d, J. Katzy
46, K. Kawade
137, K. Kawagoe
86, T. Kawaguchi
109, T. Kawamoto
132, G. Kawamura53, E.F. Kay
161, F.I. Kaya
155, S. Kazakos
12, V.F. Kazanin
35, Y. Ke
142, J.M. Keaveney R. Keeler
161, J.S. Keller
32, D. Kelsey
143, J.J. Kempster
19, J. Kendrick
19, K.E. Kennedy
39, O. Kepka
128, S. Kersten
167, B.P. Kerševan
90, K.E. Kennedy
39, O. Kepka
128, S. Kersten
167, B.P. Kerševan
90, S. Ketabchi Haghighat
152, M. Khandoga
124, A. Khanov
118, A.G. Kharlamov
3 S. Ketabchi Haghighat
152, M. Khandoga
124, A. Khanov
118, A.G. Kharlamov
35, T. Kharlamova
35, E.E. Khoda
160, T.J. Khoo
17, G. Khoriauli
162, J. Khubua
146b T. Kharlamova
35, E.E. Khoda
160, T.J. Khoo
17, G. Khoriauli
162, J. Khubua
146b, S. Kido
81, M. Kiehn
34, A. Kilgallon
120, E. Kim
151, Y.K. Kim
37, N. Kimura
93 S. Kido
81, M. Kiehn
34, A. Kilgallon
120, E. Kim
151, Y.K. Kim
37, N. Kimura
93,f A. Kirchhoff
53, D. Kirchmeier
48, J. Kirk
131, A.E. Kiryunin
108, T. Kishimoto
150 A. Kirchhoff
53, D. Kirchmeier
48, J. Kirk
131, A.E. Kiryunin
108, T. Kishimoto
150, D.P. Kisliuk152, V. Kitali
46, C. Kitsaki
9, O. Kivernyk
22, T. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus D.P. Kisliuk152, V. Kitali
46, C. Kitsaki
9, O. Kivernyk
22, T. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus
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61a, C. Klein
32, L. Klein
162, M.H. Klein
104, M. Klein
89, U. Klein
8 M. Klassen
61a, C. Klein
32, L. Klein
162, M.H. Klein
104, M. Klein
89, U. Klein
89, P. Klimek
34, A. Klimentov
27, F. Klimpel
34, T. Klingl
22, T. Klioutchnikova
34, Klimek
34, A. Klimentov
27, F. Klimpel
34, T. Klingl
22, T. Klioutchnikova
34, F.F. Klitzner
107, P. Kluit
112, S. Kluth
108, E. Kneringer
76, T.M. Knight
152, A. Knue
52, F.F. Klitzner
107, P. Kluit
112, S. Kluth
108, E. Kneringer
76, T.M. Knight
152, A. Knue
52, Kobayashi86, M. Kobel
48, M. Kocian
140, T. Kodama150, P. Kodyš
130, D.M. Koeck
143, P.T. Koenig
22, T. Koffas
32, N.M. Köhler
34, M. Kolb
132, I. Koletsou
4, T. Komarek
119, P.T. Koenig
22, T. Koffas
32, N.M. Köhler
34, M. Kolb
132, I. The ATLAS collaboration Hayward
89, S.J. Haywood
131, F. He
60a, Y. He
151, Y. He
124, M.P. Heath
5 V. Hedberg
95, A.L. Heggelund
122, N.D. Hehir
91, C. Heidegger
52, K.K. Heidegger W.D. Heidorn
78, J. Heilman
32, S. Heim
46, T. Heim
16a, B. Heinemann
46,ah, J.G. Heinlein
125, J.J. Heinrich
120, L. Heinrich
34, J. Hejbal
128, L. Helary
46, A. Held
1 S. Hellesund
122, C.M. Helling
133, S. Hellman
45a,45b, C. Helsens
34, R.C.W. Henderson88, K.K. Hill
27, K.H. Hiller46, S.J. Hillier
19, M. Hils
48, I. Hinchliffe
16a, F. Hinterkeuser
22, K.K. Hill
27, K.H. Hiller46, S.J. Hillier
19, M. Hils
48, I. Hinchliffe
16a, F. Hinterkeuser
22, – 37 – M. Hirose
121, S. Hirose
154, D. Hirschbuehl
167, B. Hiti
90, O. Hladik128, J. Hobbs
142, R. Hobincu
25e, N. Hod
165, M.C. Hodgkinson
136, B.H. Hodkinson
30, A. Hoecker
34, J. Hofer
46, D. Hohn
52, T. Holm
22, T.R. Holmes
37, M. Holzbock
108, L.B.A.H. Hommels
30, B.P. Honan
99, J. Hong
60c, T.M. Hong
126, J.C. Honig
52, A. Hönle
108, B.H. Hooberman
158, W.H. Hopkins
5, Y. Horii
109, P. Horn
48, L.A. Horyn
37, S. Hou
145, J. Howarth
57, J. Hoya
87, M. Hrabovsky
119, A. H T. Hryn’ova
4, P.J. Hsu
63, S.-C. Hsu
135, Q. Hu
39, S. Hu
60c, Y.F. Hu
13a,13d,am, T. Hryn’ova
4, P.J. Hsu
63, S.-C. Hsu
135, Q. Hu
39, S. Hu
60c, Y.F. Hu
13a,13d,am, P. Huang
93, X. Huang
13c, Y. Huang
60a, Y. Huang
13a, Z. Hubacek
129, F. Hubaut
100, D.P. Huang
93, X. Huang
13c, Y. Huang
60a, Y. Huang
13a, Z. Hubacek
129, F. Hubaut M. Huebner
22, F. Huegging
22, T.B. Huffman
123, M. Huhtinen
34, R. Hulsken
58 M. Huebner
22, F. Huegging
22, T.B. Huffman
123, M. Huhtinen
34, R. Hulsken
58, N. Huseynov
36,ab, J. Huston
105, J. Huth
59, R. Hyneman
140, S. Hyrych
26a, Huseynov
36,ab, J. Huston
105, J. Huth
59, R. Hyneman
140, S. Hyrych
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54, G. Iakovidis
27, I. Ibragimov
138, L. Iconomidou-Fayard
64, P. Iengo
3 G. Iacobucci
54, G. Iakovidis
27, I. Ibragimov
138, L. Iconomidou-Fayard
64, P. Iengo
34, R. Ignazzi40, R. Iguchi
150, T. Iizawa
54, Y. Ikegami
80, A. Ilg
18, N. Ilic
152, H. Imam nazzi40, R. Iguchi
150, T. Iizawa
54, Y. The ATLAS collaboration Ikegami
80, A. Ilg
18, N. Ilic
152, H. Imam
33a, T. Ingebretsen Carlson
45a,45b, G. Introzzi
70a,70b, M. Iodice
74a, V. Ippolito
72a,72b, Ingebretsen Carlson
45a,45b, G. Introzzi
70a,70b, M. Iodice
74a, V. Ippolito
72a,72b, M. Ishino
150, W. Islam
118, C. Issever
17,46, S. Istin
11c,an, J.M. Iturbe Ponce
62a, M. Ishino
150, W. Islam
118, C. Issever
17,46, S. Istin
11c,an, J.M. Iturbe Ponce
62a, R. Iuppa
75a,75b, A. Ivina
165, J.M. Izen
43, V. Izzo
69a, P. Jacka
128, P. Jackson
1 R. Iuppa
75a,75b, A. Ivina
165, J.M. Izen
43, V. Izzo
69a, P. Jacka
128, P. Jackson
1, R.M. Jacobs
46, B.P. Jaeger
139, C.S. Jagfeld
107, G. Jäkel
167, K.B. Jakobi98, K. Ja M. Jacobs
46, B.P. Jaeger
139, C.S. Jagfeld
107, G. Jäkel
167, K.B. Jakobi98, K. Jakobs
52, T. Jakoubek
165, J. Jamieson
57, K.W. Janas
82a, G. Jarlskog
95, A.E. Jaspan
89, T. Jakoubek
165, J. Jamieson
57, K.W. Janas
82a, G. Jarlskog
95, A.E. Jaspan
89, N. Javadov36,ab, T. Javůrek
34, M. Javurkova
101, F. Jeanneau
132, L. Jeanty
120, N. Javadov36,ab, T. Javůrek
34, M. Javurkova
101, F. Jeanneau
132, L. Jeanty
120, J. Jejelava
146a,ac, P. Jenni
52,f, S. Jézéquel
4, J. Jia
142, Z. Jia
13c, Y. Jiang60a, J. Jejelava
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52,f, S. Jézéquel
4, J. Jia
142, Z. Jia
13c, Y. Jiang60a, S. Jiggins
52, J. Jimenez Pena
108, S. Jin
13c, A. Jinaru
25b, O. Jinnouchi
151, H. Jivan
31f, S. Jiggins
52, J. Jimenez Pena
108, S. Jin
13c, A. Jinaru
25b, O. Jinnouchi
151, H. Ji P. Johansson
136, K.A. Johns
6, C.A. Johnson
65, E. Jones
163, R.W.L. Jones
88, Johansson
136, K.A. Johns
6, C.A. Johnson
65, E. Jones
163, R.W.L. Jones
88, T.J. Jones
89, J. Jovicevic
53, X. Ju
16a, J.J. Junggeburth
34, A. Juste Rozas
12,w, T.J. Jones
89, J. Jovicevic
53, X. Ju
16a, J.J. Junggeburth
34, A. Juste Rozas
12,w, A. Kaczmarska
83, M. Kado
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116, M. Kagan
140, A. Kahn39, C. Ka Kaczmarska
83, M. Kado
72a,72b, H. Kagan
116, M. Kagan
140, A. Kahn39, C. Kahra
98, T. Kaji
164, E. Kajomovitz
147, C.W. Kalderon
27, A. Kaluza98, A. Kamenshchikov
35 T. Kaji
164, E. Kajomovitz
147, C.W. Kalderon
27, A. Kaluza98, A. Kamenshchikov
35, M. Kaneda
150, N.J. Kang
133, S. Kang
78, Y. Kano
109, J. The ATLAS collaboration Kurochkin
35, A. Kurova
35, M.G. Kurth13a,13d, E.S. Kuwertz
34, Kuze
151, A.K. Kvam
135, J. Kvita
119, T. Kwan
102, C. Lacasta
159, F. Lacava
72a,72b, H. Lacker
17, D. Lacour
124, N.N. Lad
93, E. Ladygin
36, R. Lafaye
4, B. Laforge
124, H. Lacker
17, D. Lacour
124, N.N. Lad
93, E. Ladygin
36, R. Lafaye
4, B. Laforge
124, T. Lagouri
134d, S. Lai
53, I.K. Lakomiec
82a, N. Lalloue
58, J.E. Lambert
117, T. Lagouri
134d, S. Lai
53, I.K. Lakomiec
82a, N. Lalloue
58, J.E. Lambert
117, S. Lammers
65, W. Lampl
6, C. Lampoudis
149, E. Lançon
27, U. Landgraf
52, S. Lammers
65, W. Lampl
6, C. Lampoudis
149, E. Lançon
27, U. Landgraf
52, M.P.J. Landon
91, V.S. Lang
52, J.C. Lange
53, R.J. Langenberg
101, A.J. Lankford
156, M.P.J. Landon
91, V.S. Lang
52, J.C. Lange
53, R.J. Langenberg
101, A.J. Lankfo F. Lanni
27, K. Lantzsch
22, A. Lanza
70a, A. Lapertosa
55b,55a, J.F. Laporte
132, F. Lanni
27, K. Lantzsch
22, A. Lanza
70a, A. Lapertosa
55b,55a, J.F. Laporte
132, T. Lari
68a, F. Lasagni Manghi
21b, M. Lassnig
34, V. Latonova
128, T.S. Lau
62a, T. Lari
68a, F. Lasagni Manghi
21b, M. Lassnig
34, V. Latonova
128, T.S. Lau
62a, A. Laudrain
98, A. Laurier
32, M. Lavorgna
69a,69b, S.D. Lawlor
92, M. Lazzaroni
68a Laudrain
98, A. Laurier
32, M. Lavorgna
69a,69b, S.D. Lawlor
92, M. Lazzaroni
68a,68b, B. Le99, B. Leban
90, A. Lebedev
78, M. LeBlanc
34, T. LeCompte
5, F. Ledroit-Guillon
5 B. Le99, B. Leban
90, A. Lebedev
78, M. LeBlanc
34, T. LeCompte
5, F. Ledroit-Guillon
58, A.C.A. Lee93, C.A. Lee
27, G.R. Lee
15, L. Lee
59, S.C. Lee
145, S. Lee
78, L.L. Leeuw
3 B. Lefebvre
153a, H.P. Lefebvre
92, M. Lefebvre
161, C. Leggett
16a, K. Lehmann
139, B. Lefebvre
153a, H.P. Lefebvre
92, M. Lefebvre
161, C. Leggett
16a, K. Lehmann
139, N. Lehmann
18, G. Lehmann Miotto
34, W.A. Leight
46, A. Leisos
149,v, M.A.L. Leite C.E. Leitgeb
46, R. Leitner
130, K.J.C. Leney
42, T. Lenz
22, S. Leone
71a, C.E. Leitgeb
46, R. Leitner
130, K.J.C. Leney
42, T. Lenz
22, S. Leone
71a, Leonidopoulos
50, A. Leopold
124, C. Leroy
106, R. Les
105, C.G. Lester
30, C. Leonidopoulos
50, A. Leopold
124, C. Leroy
106, R. Les
105, C.G. The ATLAS collaboration Koletsou
4, T. Komarek
119, Köneke
52, A.X.Y. Kong
1, T. Kono
115, V. Konstantinides93, N. Konstantinidis
93, B. Konya
95, R. Kopeliansky
65, S. Koperny
82a, K. Korcyl
83, K. Kordas
149, G. Koren
148, B. Konya
95, R. Kopeliansky
65, S. Koperny
82a, K. Korcyl
83, K. Kordas
149, G. Koren
148, – 38 – rn
93, S. Korn
53, I. Korolkov
12, E.V. Korolkova136, N. Korotkova
35, B. Kortman
112, A. Korn
93, S. Korn
53, I. Korolkov
12, E.V. Korolkova136, N. Korotkova
35, B. Kortman
1 O. Kortner
108, S. Kortner
108, V.V. Kostyukhin
136,35, A. Kotsokechagia
64, A. Kotwal ortner
108, S. Kortner
108, V.V. Kostyukhin
136,35, A. Kotsokechagia
64, A. Kotwal
49, Koulouris
34, A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi
70a,70b, C. Kourkoumelis
8, E. Kourlitis
5, A. Koulouris
34, A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi
70a,70b, C. Kourkoumelis
8, E. Kourlitis
5, walewski
161, W. Kozanecki
132, A.S. Kozhin
35, V.A. Kramarenko
35, R. Kowalewski
161, W. Kozanecki
132, A.S. Kozhin
35, V.A. Kramarenko
35, G. Kramberger
90, D. Krasnopevtsev
60a, M.W. Krasny
124, A. Krasznahorkay
34, G. Kramberger
90, D. Krasnopevtsev
60a, M.W. Krasny
124, A. Krasznahorkay
34, J.A. Kremer
98, J. Kretzschmar
89, K. Kreul
17, P. Krieger
152, F. Krieter
107, J.A. Kremer
98, J. Kretzschmar
89, K. Kreul
17, P. Krieger
152, F. Krieter
10 S. Krishnamurthy
101, A. Krishnan
61b, M. Krivos
130, K. Krizka
16a, K. Kroeninger
47 S. Krishnamurthy
101, A. Krishnan
61b, M. Krivos
130, K. Krizka
16a, K. Kroeninger
47 Kroha
108, J. Kroll
128, J. Kroll
125, K.S. Krowpman
105, U. Kruchonak
36, H. Kroha
108, J. Kroll
128, J. Kroll
125, K.S. Krowpman
105, U. Kruchonak
36, H. Krüger
22, N. Krumnack78, M.C. Kruse
49, J.A. Krzysiak
83, A. Kubota
151, H. Krüger
22, N. Krumnack78, M.C. Kruse
49, J.A. Krzysiak
83, A. Kubota
151, Kuchinskaia
35, S. Kuday
3b, D. Kuechler
46, J.T. Kuechler
46, S. Kuehn
34, T. Kuhl
46, JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 Kukhtin
36, Y. Kulchitsky
35,a, S. Kuleshov
134c, M. Kumar
31f, N. Kumari
100, V. Kukhtin
36, Y. Kulchitsky
35,a, S. Kuleshov
134c, M. Kumar
31f, N. Kumari
100 M. Kuna
58, A. Kupco
128, T. Kupfer47, O. Kuprash
52, H. Kurashige
81, M. Kuna
58, A. Kupco
128, T. Kupfer47, O. Kuprash
52, H. Kurashige
81, L.L. Kurchaninov
153a, Y.A. Kurochkin
35, A. Kurova
35, M.G. Kurth13a,13d, E.S. Kuwertz
34, L.L. Kurchaninov
153a, Y.A. The ATLAS collaboration Lester
30, M. Levchenko
35, J. Levêque
4, D. Levin
104, L.J. Levinson
165, D.J. Lewis
19, B. Li
13b,
60b
60
60
60d
60
60b
60
135
60 M. Levchenko
35, J. Levêque
4, D. Levin
104, L.J. Levinson
165, D.J. Lewis
19, B. Li B. Li
60b, C. Li60a, C-Q. Li
60c,60d, H. Li
60a, H. Li
60b, J. Li
60c, K. Li
135, L. Li
60 Li
60b, C. Li60a, C-Q. Li
60c,60d, H. Li
60a, H. Li
60b, J. Li
60c, K. Li
135, L. Li
60c, M. Li
13a,13d, Q.Y. Li
60a, S. Li
60d,60c,d, X. Li
46, Y. Li
46, Z. Li
60b, Z. Li
123, Z. Li
102, M. Li
13a,13d, Q.Y. Li
60a, S. Li
60d,60c,d, X. Li
46, Y. Li
46, Z. Li
60b, Z. Li
123, Z. Li
102, Z. Li
89, Z. Liang
13a, M. Liberatore
46, B. Liberti
73a, K. Lie
62c, K. Lin
105, 89, Z. Liang
13a, M. Liberatore
46, B. Liberti
73a, K. Lie
62c, K. Lin
105, Linck
65, R.E. Lindley
6, J.H. Lindon
2, A. Linss
46, A.L. Lionti
54, E. Lipeles
125, R.A. Linck
65, R.E. Lindley
6, J.H. Lindon
2, A. Linss
46, A.L. Lionti
54, E. Lipeles A. Lipniacka
15, T.M. Liss
158,ai, A. Lister
160, J.D. Little
7, B. Liu
13a, B.X. Liu
139 pniacka
15, T.M. Liss
158,ai, A. Lister
160, J.D. Little
7, B. Liu
13a, B.X. Liu
139, J.B. Liu
60a, J.K.K. Liu
37, K. Liu
60d,60c, M. Liu
60a, M.Y. Liu
60a, P. Liu
13a, Liu
60a, J.K.K. Liu
37, K. Liu
60d,60c, M. Liu
60a, M.Y. Liu
60a, P. Liu
13a, X. Liu
60a, Y. Liu
46, Y. Liu
13c,13d, Y.L. Liu
104, Y.W. Liu
60a, M. Livan
70a,70b, A. Lleres
58, J. Llorente Merino
139, S.L. Lloyd
91, E.M. Lobodzinska
46, P. Loch
6, S. Loffredo
73a,73b, T. Lohse
17, K. Lohwasser
136, M. Lokajicek
128,∗, J.D. Long
158, R.E. Long
88, I. Longarini
72a,72b, L. Longo
34, R. Longo
158, I. Lopez Paz
12, A. Lopez Solis
46, J. Lorenz
107, N. Lorenzo Martinez
4, A.M. Lory
107, A. Lösle
52, A. Lopez Solis
46, J. Lorenz
107, N. Lorenzo Martinez
4, A.M. Lory
107, A. Lösle
52,
X. Lou
45a,45b, X. Lou
13a,13d, A. Lounis
64, J. Love
5, P.A. Love
88, J.J. Lozano Bahilo G. Lu
13a,13d, M. The ATLAS collaboration Mastrandrea
71a,71b, A. Mastroberardino
41b,41a, T. Masubuchi
150, D. Matakias27, P. Mastrandrea
71a,71b, A. Mastroberardino
41b,41a, T. Masubuchi
150, D. Matakias27, T. Mathisen
157, A. Matic
107, N. Matsuzawa150, J. Maurer
25b, B. Maček
90, T. Mathisen
157, A. Matic
107, N. Matsuzawa150, J. Maurer
25b, B. Maček
90, D.A. Maximov
35, R. Mazini
145, I. Maznas
149, S.M. Mazza
133, C. Mc Ginn
27, D.A. Maximov
35, R. Mazini
145, I. Maznas
149, S.M. Mazza
133, C. Mc Ginn
27, J.P. Mc Gowan
102, S.P. Mc Kee
104, T.G. McCarthy
108, W.P. McCormack
16a, J.P. Mc Gowan
102, S.P. Mc Kee
104, T.G. McCarthy
108, W.P. McCormack
16a, E.F. McDonald
103, A.E. McDougall
112, J.A. Mcfayden
143, G. Mchedlidze
146b, M.A. McKay42, K.D. McLean
161, S.J. McMahon
131, P.C. McNamara
103, R.A. McPherson
161,aa, J.E. Mdhluli
31f, Z.A. Meadows
101, S. Meehan
34, T. Megy
38, R.A. McPherson
161,aa, J.E. Mdhluli
31f, Z.A. Meadows
101, S. Meehan
34, T. Megy
3 S. Mehlhase
107, A. Mehta
89, B. Meirose
43, D. Melini
147, B.R. Mellado Garcia
31f, S. Mehlhase
107, A. Mehta
89, B. Meirose
43, D. Melini
147, B.R. Mellado Garcia
31f, Meloni
46, A. Melzer
22, E.D. Mendes Gouveia
127a, A.M. Mendes Jacques Da Costa
19, H.Y. Meng
152, L. Meng
34, S. Menke
108, M. Mentink
34, E. Meoni
41b,41a, S.A.M. Merkt126, H.Y. Meng
152, L. Meng
34, S. Menke
108, M. Mentink
34, E. Meoni
41b,41a, S.A.M. Merkt126, C. Merlassino
123, P. Mermod
54,∗, L. Merola
69a,69b, C. Meroni
68a,68b, G. Merz104, erlassino
123, P. Mermod
54,∗, L. Merola
69a,69b, C. Meroni
68a,68b, G. Merz104, O. Meshkov
35, J.K.R. Meshreki
138, J. Metcalfe
5, A.S. Mete
5, C. Meyer
65, Meshkov
35, J.K.R. Meshreki
138, J. Metcalfe
5, A.S. Mete
5, C. Meyer
65, J-P. Meyer
132, M. Michetti
17, R.P. Middleton
131, L. Mijović
50, G. Mikenberg
165, P. Meyer
132, M. Michetti
17, R.P. Middleton
131, L. Mijović
50, G. Mikenberg
165, M. Mikestikova
128, M. Mikuž
90, H. Mildner
136, A. Milic
152, C.D. Milke
42, Mikestikova
128, M. Mikuž
90, H. Mildner
136, A. Milic
152, C.D. Milke
42, W. Miller
37, L.S. Miller
32, A. Milov
165, D.A. Milstead45a,45b, A.A. Minaenko
35, D.W. Miller
37, L.S. Miller
32, A. Milov
165, D.A. Milstead45a,45b, A.A. Minaenko
35 I.A. Minashvili
146b, L. Mince
57, A.I. Mincer
114, B. Mindur
82a, M. The ATLAS collaboration Lu
60a, S. Lu
125, Y.J. Lu
63, H.J. Lubatti
135, C. Luci
72a,72b, F.L. Lucio Alves
13c, A. Lucotte
58, F. Luehring
65, I. Luise
142, L. Luminari72a, B. Lund-Jensen
141, N.A. Luongo
120, M.S. Lutz
148, D. Lynn
27, H. Lyons89, R. Lysak
128, B. Lund-Jensen
141, N.A. Luongo
120, M.S. Lutz
148, D. Lynn
27, H. Lyons89, R. Lysak
128, – 39 – E. Lytken
95, F. Lyu
13a, V. Lyubushkin
36, T. Lyubushkina
36, H. Ma
27, L.L. Ma
60b, Y. Ma
93, D.M. Mac Donell
161, G. Maccarrone
51, C.M. Macdonald
136, J.C. MacDonald
136, R. Madar
38, W.F. Mader
48, M. Madugoda Ralalage Don
118, N. Madysa
48, J. Maeda
81, T. Maeno
27, M. Maerker
48, V. Magerl
52, J. Magro
66a,66c D.J. Mahon
39, C. Maidantchik
79b, A. Maio
127a,127b,127d, K. Maj
82a, O. Majersky
26a, S. Majewski
120, N. Makovec
64, B. Malaescu
124, Pa. Malecki
83, V.P. Maleev
35, F. Malek
58, D. Malito
41b,41a, U. Mallik
77, C. Malone
30, S. Maltezos9, S. Malyukov36 F. Malek
58, D. Malito
41b,41a, U. Mallik
77, C. Malone
30, S. Maltezos9, S. Malyukov36, J. Mamuzic
159, G. Mancini
51, J.P. Mandalia
91, I. Mandić
90, L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho
79a, I.M. Maniatis
149, M. Manisha
132, J. Manjarres Ramos
4 L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho
79a, I.M. Maniatis
149, M. Manisha
132, J. Manjarres Ramos
48, K.H. Mankinen
95, A. Mann
107, A. Manousos
76, B. Mansoulie
132, I. Manthos
149, H. Mankinen
95, A. Mann
107, A. Manousos
76, B. Mansoulie
132, I. Manthos
149, JHEP11(2023)168 S. Manzoni
112, A. Marantis
149,v, L. Marchese
123, G. Marchiori
124, M. Marcisovsky
128, S. Manzoni
112, A. Marantis
149,v, L. Marchese
123, G. Marchiori
124, M. Marcisovsky
128, L. Marcoccia
73a,73b, C. Marcon
95, M. Marjanovic
117, Z. Marshall
16a, S. Marti-Garcia
1 T.A. Martin
163, V.J. Martin
50, B. Martin dit Latour
15, L. Martinelli
72a,72b, M. Martinez
12,w, P. Martinez Agullo
159, V.I. Martinez Outschoorn
101, S. Martin-Haugh
1 V.S. Martoiu
25b, A.C. Martyniuk
93, A. Marzin
34, S.R. Maschek
108, L. Masetti
98, V.S. Martoiu
25b, A.C. Martyniuk
93, A. Marzin
34, S.R. Maschek
108, L. Masetti
98, Mashimo
150, J. Masik
99, A.L. Maslennikov
35, L. Massa
21b, P. Massarotti
69a,69b, T. Mashimo
150, J. Masik
99, A.L. Maslennikov
35, L. Massa
21b, P. Massarotti
69a,69b P. The ATLAS collaboration Mineev
36, A. Minashvili
146b, L. Mince
57, A.I. Mincer
114, B. Mindur
82a, M. Mineev
36, Y. Minegishi150, Y. Mino
84, L.M. Mir
12, M. Miralles Lopez
159, M. Mironova
123, Minegishi150, Y. Mino
84, L.M. Mir
12, M. Miralles Lopez
159, M. Mironova
123, Mitani
164, V.A. Mitsou
159, M. Mittal60c, O. Miu
152, P.S. Miyagawa
91, Y. Miyazaki86, T. Mitani
164, V.A. Mitsou
159, M. Mittal60c, O. Miu
152, P.S. Miyagawa
91, Y. Miy zukami
80, J.U. Mjörnmark
95, T. Mkrtchyan
61a, M. Mlynarikova
113, T. Moa
45a,45b, T. Moskalets
52, P. Moskvitina
111, J. Moss
29,p, E.J.W. Moyse
101, S. Muanza
100 T. Moskalets
52, P. Moskvitina
111, J. Moss
29,p, E.J.W. Moyse
101, S. Muanza
100, – 40 – J. Mueller
126, D. Muenstermann
88, G.A. Mullier
95, J.J. Mullin125, D.P. Mungo
68a,68b, J.L. Munoz Martinez
12, F.J. Munoz Sanchez
99, M. Murin
99, P. Murin
26b, W.J. Murray
163,131, A. Murrone
68a,68b, J.M. Muse
117, M. Muškinja
16a, C. Mwewa
27, A.G. Myagkov
35,a, A.A. Myers126, G. Myers
65, M. Myska
129, B.P. Nachman
16a, Nackenhorst
47, A. Nag
48, K. Nagai
123, K. Nagano
80, J.L. Nagle
27, E. Nagy
100, O. Nackenhorst
47, A. Nag
48, K. Nagai
123, K. Nagano
80, J.L. Nagle
27, E. Nagy
100, A.M. Nairz
34, Y. Nakahama
109, K. Nakamura
80, H. Nanjo
121, F. Napolitano
61a, M. Nairz
34, Y. Nakahama
109, K. Nakamura
80, H. Nanjo
121, F. Napolitano
61a, R. Narayan
42, I. Naryshkin
35, M. Naseri
32, C. Nass
22, T. Naumann
46, G. Navarro
20a R. Narayan
42, I. Naryshkin
35, M. Naseri
32, C. Nass
22, T. Naumann
46, G. Navarro
20a, Navarro-Gonzalez
159, P.Y. Nechaeva
35, F. Nechansky
46, T.J. Neep
19, A. Negri
70a,70b, J. Navarro-Gonzalez
159, P.Y. Nechaeva
35, F. Nechansky
46, T.J. Neep
19, A. Negri
7 M. Negrini
21b, C. Nellist
111, C. Nelson
102, K. Nelson
104, M.E. Nelson
45a,45b, M. Negrini
21b, C. Nellist
111, C. Nelson
102, K. Nelson
104, M.E. Nelson
45a,45b, S. Nemecek
128, M. Nessi
34,h, M.S. Neubauer
158, F. Neuhaus
98, J. Neundorf
46, Nemecek
128, M. Nessi
34,h, M.S. Neubauer
158, F. Neuhaus
98, J. Neundorf
46, JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 R. Newhouse
160, P.R. Newman
19, C.W. Ng
126, Y.S. Ng17, Y.W.Y. Ng
156, B. Ngair R. Newhouse
160, P.R. Newman
19, C.W. Ng
126, Y.S. Ng17, Y.W.Y. The ATLAS collaboration Ng
156, B. Ngair
33e, N. Nguyen
100, T. Nguyen Manh
106, R.B. Nickerson
123, R. Nicolaidou
132, H.D.N. Nguyen
100, T. Nguyen Manh
106, R.B. Nickerson
123, R. Nicolaidou
132, D.S. Nielsen
40, J. Nielsen
133, M. Niemeyer
53, N. Nikiforou
10, V. Nikolaenko
35,a, D.S. Nielsen
40, J. Nielsen
133, M. Niemeyer
53, N. Nikiforou
10, V. Nikolaenko
35,a, Nikolic-Audit
124, K. Nikolopoulos
19, P. Nilsson
27, H.R. Nindhito
54, A. Nisati
72a, I. Nikolic-Audit
124, K. Nikolopoulos
19, P. Nilsson
27, H.R. Nindhito
54, A. Nisati
72a Nishu
2, R. Nisius
108, T. Nitta
164, T. Nobe
150, D.L. Noel
30, Y. Noguchi
84, N. Nishu
2, R. Nisius
108, T. Nitta
164, T. Nobe
150, D.L. Noel
30, Y. Noguchi
84, I. Nomidis
124, M.A. Nomura27, M.B. Norfolk
136, R.R.B. Norisam
93, J. Novak
90, Nomidis
124, M.A. Nomura27, M.B. Norfolk
136, R.R.B. Norisam
93, J. Novak
90, T. Novak
46, O. Novgorodova
48, L. Novotny
129, R. Novotny
110, L. Nozka
119, vak
46, O. Novgorodova
48, L. Novotny
129, R. Novotny
110, L. Nozka
119, ekas
156, E. Nurse93, F.G. Oakham
32,ak, J. Ocariz
124, A. Ochi
81, I. Ochoa
127a, K. Ntekas
156, E. Nurse93, F.G. Oakham
32,ak, J. Ocariz
124, A. Ochi
81, I. Ochoa
127 Ochoa-Ricoux
134a, K. O’Connor
24, S. Oda
86, S. Odaka
80, S. Oerdek
157, J.P. Ochoa-Ricoux
134a, K. O’Connor
24, S. Oda
86, S. Odaka
80, S. Oerdek
157, A. Ogrodnik
82a, A. Oh
99, C.C. Ohm
141, H. Oide
151, R. Oishi
150, M.L. Ojeda
152, A. Ogrodnik
82a, A. Oh
99, C.C. Ohm
141, H. Oide
151, R. Oishi
150, M.L. Ojeda
152 kazaki
84, M.W. O’Keefe89, Y. Okumura
150, A. Olariu25b, L.F. Oleiro Seabra
127a, Y. Okazaki
84, M.W. O’Keefe89, Y. Okumura
150, A. Olariu25b, L.F. Oleiro Seabra
127a, S.A. Olivares Pino
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156, A. Olszewski
83, J. Olszowska
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123, A. Onofre
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10, H. Oppen122, R.G. Oreamuno Madriz113, M.J. Oreglia
37, G.E. Orellana
87, D. Orestano
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57, R. Ospanov
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28, H. Otono
86, P.S. Ott
61a, V. O’Shea
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60a, G. Otero y Garzon
28, H. Otono
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61a, G.J. Ottino
16a, M. Ouchrif
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122, A. Ouraou
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131, V.E. Ozcan
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131, V.E. Ozcan
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92, P. Pani
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92, P. Pani
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54, C. Papadatos
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123, B. Parida
165, T.H. Park
152, D. Paredes Hernandez
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152, A.J. Parker
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148, V.R. Pascuzzi
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112, E. Pasqualucci
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92, P. Pasuwan
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140, M. Pedersen
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127a, L. Perini
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112, K. Peters
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40 E Petit
100 V Petousis
129 C Petridou
149 P. Petroff64, F. Petrucci
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32, M. Pinamonti
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2, C. Pitman Donaldson93, D.A. Pizzi
32, L. Pizzimento
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112, M.-A. Pleier
27, V. Plesanovs52, V. Pleskot
130 L. Pizzimento
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27, V. Plesanovs52, V. Pleskot
130, E. Plotnikova36, P. Podberezko
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124, E. Plotnikova36, P. Podberezko
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124, I. Pogrebnyak
105, D. Pohl
22, I. Pokharel
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139,153a, I. Pogrebnyak
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130, A. Polini
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116 A. Policicchio
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130, A. Polini
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116, V. Polychronakos
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35, L. Pontecorvo
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129, P. Postolache
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46, M.E. Pozo Astigarraga
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159, T.D. Powell
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46, M.E. Pozo Astigarraga
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159, P. Pralavorio
100, M.M. Prapa
44, S. Prell
78, D. Price
99, M. Primavera
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100, M.M. Prapa
44, S. Prell
78, D. Price
99, M. Primavera
67a,fii M.A. Principe Martin
97, M.L. Proffitt
135, N. Proklova
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62c, M.A. Principe Martin
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135, N. Proklova
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62c, S. Protopopescu
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96, J.A. Raine
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98, B. Ravina
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165, M. Raymond
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122, N.P. Readioff
136, D.M. Rebuzzi
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122, N.P. Readioff
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148, A. Reiss98, A. Rej
138, C. Rembser
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43, D. Reikher
148, A. Reiss98, A. Rej
138, C. Rem A. Renardi
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57, S. Resconi
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167, O.L. Rezanova
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130, E. Ricci
75a,75b, R. Richter
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82b, M. Ridel
124, P. Rieck
108, P. Riedler
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82b, M. Ridel
124, P. Rieck
108, P. Riedler
34, O. Rifki
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142, A. Rimoldi
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46, L. Rinaldi
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107, G. Ripellino
141, I. Riu
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161, F. Rizatdinova
118, E. Rizvi
91, C. Rizzi
54, B.A. Roberts
163, S.H. Robertson
102,aa, M. Robin
46, D. Robinson
30, C.M. Robles Gajardo134e, M. Robles Manzano
98, A. Robson M. Robin
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30, C.M. Robles Gajardo134e, M. Robles Manzano
98, A. Robson
57, A. Rocchi
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71a,71b, S. Rodriguez Bosca
61a, A. Rodriguez Rodriguez
52, A.M. Rodríguez Vera
153b, S. Roe34, J. Roggel
167, O. Røhne
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124, S. Rosati
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152, E. Rossi
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159, A. Rummler
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52, N.A. Rusakovich
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3 L. Rustige
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136, M. Rybar
130, E.B. Rye
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159, L. Sabetta
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133, F. Safai Tehrani
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143, M. Safdari
140, H.F-W. Sadrozinski
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159, T. Saito
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140, J. Salt
159, A. Salvador Salas
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41b,41a, F. Salvatore
143, A. Salzburger
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149, D. Sampsonidou
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122, C.O. Sander
46, I.G. Sanderswood
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159, H. Sandaker
122, C.O. Sander
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88, A. Sandesara
101, M. Sandhoff
167, C. Sandoval
20b, D.P.C. Sankey
131, M. Sannino
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101, M. Sandhoff
167, C. Sandoval
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131, M. Sannino Sano
109, A. Sansoni
51, C. Santoni
38, H. Santos
127a,127b, S.N. Santpur
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117, S. Sevova
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54, E. Sh R. Shaheen
141, J.D. Shahinian
125, N.W. Shaikh
45a,45b, D. Shaked Renous
165, R. Shaheen
141, J.D. Shahinian
125, N.W. Shaikh
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165, L.Y. Shan
13a, M. Shapiro
16a, A. Sharma
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16a, A. Sharma
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143, S.M. Shaw
99, P. Sherwood
93, L. Shi
93, C.O. Shimmin
168, P.B. Shatalov
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143, S.M. Shaw
99, P. Sherwood
93, L. Shi
93, C.O. Sh Y. Shimogama
164, J.D. Shinner
92, I.P.J. Shipsey
123, S. Shirabe
54, M. Shiyakova
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164, J.D. Shinner
92, I.P.J. Shipsey
123, S. Shirabe
54, M. Shiyakova
36,y, J. Shlomi
165, M.J. Shochet
37, J. Shojaii
103, D.R. Shope
141, S. Shrestha
116,f E.M. Shrif
31f, M.J. Shroff
161, E. Shulga
165, P. Sicho
128, A.M. Sickles
158, E.M. Shrif
31f, M.J. Shroff
161, E. Shulga
165, P. Sicho
128, A.M. Sickles
158, E. Sideras Haddad
31f, O. Sidiropoulou
34, A. Sidoti
21b, F. Siegert
48, Dj. Sijacki E. Sideras Haddad
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34, A. Sidoti
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48, Dj. Sijacki
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34, S.B. Silverstein
45a, S. Simion64, R. Simoniello
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34, S. Simsek
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139, S. Sinha
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31f, M. Sioli
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152, V. Sinetckii
35, S. Singh
139, S. Sinha
46, S. Sinha
31f, M. Sioli
21b I. Siral
120, S.Yu. Sivoklokov
35,∗, J. Sjölin
45a,45b, A. Skaf
53, E. Skorda
95, P. Skubic
117 I. The ATLAS collaboration Santpur
16a, Santra
165, K.A. Saoucha
136, J.G. Saraiva
127a,127d, J. Sardain
100, O. Sasaki
80, A. Santra
165, K.A. Saoucha
136, J.G. Saraiva
127a,127d, J. Sardain
100, O. Sasaki
80 K. Sato
154, C. Sauer61b, F. Sauerburger
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152,ak, R. Sawad Sato
154, C. Sauer61b, F. Sauerburger
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152,ak, R. Sawada
150, C. Sawyer
131, L. Sawyer
94, I. Sayago Galvan159, C. Sbarra
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94, I. Sayago Galvan159, C. Sbarra
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93, J. Schaarschmidt
135, P. Schacht
108, D. Schaefer
37, L. Schaefer
125,f T. Scanlon
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135, P. Schacht
108, D. Schaefer
37, L. Schaefer
125,f U. Schäfer
98, A.C. Schaffer
64, D. Schaile
107, R.D. Schamberger
142, E. Schanet
107, C. Scharf
17, N. Scharmberg
99, V.A. Schegelsky
35, D. Scheirich
130, F. Schenck
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35, D. Scheirich
130, F. Schenck
17, M. Schernau
156, C. Schiavi
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24, M. Schernau
156, C. Schiavi
55b,55a, L.K. Schildgen
22, Z.M. Schillaci
24, JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 E.J. Schioppa
67a,67b, M. Schioppa
41b,41a, B. Schlag
98, K.E. Schleicher
52, S. Sch E.J. Schioppa
67a,67b, M. Schioppa
41b,41a, B. Schlag
98, K.E. Schleicher
52, S. Schlenker
34 K. Schmieden
98, C. Schmitt
98, S. Schmitt
46, L. Schoeffel
132, A. Schoening
61 K. Schmieden
98, C. Schmitt
98, S. Schmitt
46, L. Schoeffel
132, A. Schoening
61b, P.G. Scholer
52, E. Schopf
123, M. Schott
98, J. Schovancova
34, S. Schramm
54, P.G. Scholer
52, E. Schopf
123, M. Schott
98, J. Schovancova
34, S. Schramm
54, F. Schroeder
167, H-C. Schultz-Coulon
61a, M. Schumacher
52, B.A. Schumm
133 F. Schroeder
167, H-C. Schultz-Coulon
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52, B.A. Schumm
133, Ph. Schune
132, A. Schwartzman
140, T.A. Schwarz
104, Ph. Schwemling
132, Ph. Schune
132, A. Schwartzman
140, T.A. Schwarz
104, Ph. Schwemling
132, R. Schwienhorst
105, A. Sciandra
133, G. Sciolla
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105, A. Sciandra
133, G. Sciolla
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71a, F. Scutti103, C.D. Sebastiani
89, K. Sedlaczek
47, P. Seema
17, S.C. Seidel
110, A. Seiden
133, C.D. Sebastiani
89, K. Sedlaczek
47, P. Seema
17, S.C. Seidel
110, A. Seiden
133, B.D. Seidlitz
27, T. Seiss
37, C. Seitz
46, J.M. The ATLAS collaboration Su
60a, N.B. Suarez126, K. Sugizaki
150, V.V. Sulin
35, M.J. Sullivan
89, D.M.S. Sultan
54, S. Sultansoy
3c, T. Sumida
84, S. Sun
104, S. Sun
166 X. Sun
99, O. Sunneborn Gudnadottir
157, C.J.E. Suster
144, M.R. Sutton
143, M. Svatos
128 X. Sun
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157, C.J.E. Suster
144, M.R. Sutton
143, M. Svatos
128, Swiatlowski
153a, T. Swirski
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34 1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia 1 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia 2 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada
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(b) 3 (a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara;(b)Istanbul Aydin University, Application and
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and Technology, Ankara; Türkiye 3 (a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara;(b)Istanbul Aydin University, Application and
Research Center for Advanced Studies, Istanbul;(c)Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics
and Technology, Ankara; Türkiye JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 4 LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France 4 LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France 5 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne 5 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America 6 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States o 6 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America 7 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America 7 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States 8 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece 8 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece 9 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece 9 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece 11 (a)Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul;(b)Istanbul Bilgi 11 (a)Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul;(b)Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul;(c)Department of Physics, Bogazi niversity, Istanbul;(d)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; Türkiye University, Istanbul;(d)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; Türkiye 12 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona;
Spain
13 (a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing;(b)Physics Department,
Tsinghua University, Beijing;(c)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing;(d)University of 2 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona;
Spain 13 (a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing;(b)Physics Department,
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( ) 19 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United
20 (a)Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño 20 (a)Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá;(b)Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Colombia
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(b) partement de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, U 54 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerlan 55 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova;(b)INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy 56 II. The ATLAS collaboration Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna;(b)INFN Sezione di
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22 ysikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germa 3 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America 23 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America 4 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America
5 (a)Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov;(b)Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear
( ) 24 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America
25 (a)Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov;(b)Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear
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Iasi;(d)National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics
Department, Cluj-Napoca;(e)University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest;(f)West University in
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26 (a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava;(b)Department of
Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice;
Slovak Republic Engineering, Bucharest;(c)Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi,
(d) Engineering, Bucharest;( )Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi,
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Department, Cluj-Napoca;(e)University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest;(f)West University in
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Timisoara, Timisoara; Romania 26 (a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava;(b)Department of
Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice;
Slovak Republic 26 (a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava;(b)Department of
Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice;
Slovak Republic 27 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America 7 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America 27 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America
28Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y
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28Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y
CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires; Argentina 28Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y
CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires; Argentina – 46 – 29 California State University, CA; United States of America 29 California State University, CA; United States of America 30 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom 30 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom 31 (a)Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town;(b)iThemba Labs, Western
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34 CERN, Geneva; Switzerlandfi Mohamed Premier, Oujda;(e)Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat; Morocco
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41 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende;(b)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenz
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41 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende;(b)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza,
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50 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United 9 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America
0 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom 51 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy 52 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany I. The ATLAS collaboration Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany 57 SUPA — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom A — School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom 58 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France 59 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States of
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Italy 75 (a)INFN-TIFPA;(b)Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy 76Universität Innsbruck, Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Innsbruck; Austria 77University of Iowa, Iowa City IA; United States of America 78 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; United States of America 78 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; U f
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Villeurbanne; France 96 Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3)
Villeurbanne; France 97 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma 97 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spai 7 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spain 98 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany 98 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany 99 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom 99 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom 100 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France 101 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of Ameri 101 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of America nt of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 102 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC; Canada 103 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Australia 104 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America
105 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of
America 105 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of
America – 48 – 106 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC; Canada 107 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Germany 108 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München; Germany 109 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya; Japan 110 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; United States of
America 111 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen
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116 JHEP11(2023)168 116 Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America 116 Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America ate University, Columbus OH; United States of Amer 117 Homer L. The ATLAS collaboration Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK; Unit
States of America 118 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK; United States of America 119 Palacký University, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc; Czech Republic 120 Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; United States of America ate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japa 122 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo; Norway 123 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford; United Kingdom 124 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France 125 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; United States of America 126 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; United States of
America 127 (a)Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas — LIP, Lisboa;(b)Departamento
de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa;(c)Departamento de Física,
Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra;(d)Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa,
Lisboa;(e)Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga;(f)Departamento de Física Teórica y
del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain);(g)Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de
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Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; Portugal sboa;(e)Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga;(f)Departamento de Física Teórica y l Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain);(g)Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de ências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica;(h)Departamento de Física, Instituto 128 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republic
129 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republi
129 Czech Technical University in Prague Prague; Czech Republic 129 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republic echnical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republi 130 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague; Czech Republic 1 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom 131 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom 132 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; France 133 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; United
States of America 133 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; United
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Arica;(e)Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso; Chile 135 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of Americafifi 5 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of Americafifi 6 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom 136 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom
137 137 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan 137 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan 138 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen; Germany 139 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada 139 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada partment of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burn 0 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America 140 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America 1 Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden 141 Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden 2 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States of
America 142 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States of
America – 49 – 143 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton; United Kingdom 144 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; Australia 145 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan 146 (a)E. The ATLAS collaboration Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi;(b)High 6 (a)E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi;(b)High E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. The ATLAS collaboration Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; Georgia hysics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; Geo 147 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; Israel 148 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv Universi 149 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece 150 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tok
Tokyo; Japan 151 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo; Japan 152 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Canada
153 ( )
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Canada 154 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied
Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan 154 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Appli Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied
Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan 155 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA; United States of America 156 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA; United States of
America 157 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden 158 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL; United States of America 159 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia — CSIC, Valencia; Spa 160 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Canada 161 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC; Canada 162 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg; Germa 163 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry; United Kingdom 164Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan 164Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan 165 Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Israe 166 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; United States of America
167 7 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal,
Wuppertal; Germany 8 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America 168 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America a Also Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN a Also Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN a Also Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN b Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York NY; United
States of America c Also at Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento; Italy c Also at Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento; Italy d Also at Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University; China d Also at Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University; China e Also at Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi; Italy f Also at CERN, Geneva; Switzerland g Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France g Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France h Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerl h Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Ge i Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Spain j Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios; Gre
k k Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United
States of America k Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United
States of America l Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; United States
of America l Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; United States
of America m Also at Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva; Israel n Also at Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay; United States of America n Also at Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay; United States of America o Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno; United States of America p Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento; United States of America q Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom q Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London; United Kingdom – 50 – r Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA; United States of America r Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA; United States of America s Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; Switzerlandii s Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; Switzerlandii t Also at Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, ‘St. a Also Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia; Bulgaria t Also at Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Sofia; Bulgaria u Also at Giresun University, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun; Türkiye v Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras; Greece w Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona; Spain w Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona; Spain x Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Germany x Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Germany y Also at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Sofia; Bulgaria i
z Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest;
Hungary Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP); Canada JHEP11(2023)168 JHEP11(2023)168 ab Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan ab Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of ac Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi; Georgia ac Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi; Georgia ad Also at Instituto de Fisica Teorica, IFT-UAM/CSIC, Madrid; Spain ad Also at Instituto de Fisica Teorica, IFT-UAM/CSIC, Madrid; Spain ae Also at Istanbul University, Dept. of Physics, Istanbul; Türkiye ae Also at Istanbul University, Dept. a Also Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN of Physics, Istanbul; Türkiye af Also at L2IT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS, Toulouse; France af Also at L2IT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS, Toulouse; France ag Also at Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus; Palestine ag Also at Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus; Palestine ai Also at The City College of New York, New York NY; United States of Americ ai Also at The City College of New York, New York NY; United States of America ege of New York, New York NY; United States of Am aj Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing; China aj Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), B aj Also at The Collaborative Innovation Cente ak Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; Canada ak Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; Canada al Also at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli; Italy al Also at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli; Italy am Also at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing; China am Also at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing; Chi an Also at Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul; Türkiye an Also at Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul; Türkiye ∗Deceased – 51 –
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Le (« Rapport décennal sur les sciences planétaires ») est une publication du Conseil national de la recherche des États-Unis, réalisée tous les dix ans, qui fait un état des lieux de la recherche dans le domaine des sciences planétaires et définit les axes de recherche prioritaires. Ce document propose une stratégie dans le domaine de l'exploration spatiale du Système solaire pour les dix années suivantes en identifiant les missions spatiales considérées comme prioritaires pour répondre aux questions scientifiques. Il est rédigé par des groupes de travail réunissant les principaux spécialistes du domaine qui exploitent des documents de synthèse établis au préalable par les chercheurs du domaine. Produit à la demande de la Fondation nationale pour la science et de l'agence spatiale américaine (la NASA) le est utilisé pour définir les investissements dans le domaine de la recherche astronomique et sélectionner les missions spatiales interplanétaires.
Rapport pour la décennie 2022-2032
Le rapport pour la décennie 2022-2032 intitulé a été publié en .
Thèmes transverses et questions clés
Le rapport identifie douze questions scientifiques clés organisés autour de trois thèmes principaux :
Origines
Évolution du disque protoplanétaire : quelles étaient les conditions initiales dans le système solaire ? Quel processus a permis la production des briques initiales des planètes et quelle est la nature et l'évolution de ces matériaux ?
Accrétion dans le système solaire externe. Comment et quand les planètes géantes et leurs satellites se sont-ils agrégés et est-ce que leurs orbites ont migrées dans une phase précoce de leur histoire ? Comment les planètes naines et les corps cométaires orbitant au-delà des planètes géantes se sont-elles formées et comment ont elles été affectées par l'évolution initiale du système solaire ?
Origine de la Terre et des objets du système solaire interne. Comment et quand les planètes terrestres, leurs lunes et les astéroïdes se sont accrétés et quels processus ont déterminé leurs propriétés initiales ? Dans quelle mesure des matériaux issus du système solaire externe ont ils été incorporés ?
Mondes et processus.
Impacts et dynamiques. Quels sont les mécanismes qui ont joué dans les processus d'accrétion, d'apport en eau, les processus chimiques et la différenciation des planètes internes et l'évolution de leur atmosphère ?
Intérieur et surface des corps solides. Comment l'intérieur des corps solides évolue-t-il et comment cette évolution est-elle enregistrée dans les caractéristiques physiques et chimiques de ces corps ? Comment la surface des corps solides est elle façonnée par les processus souterrains, de surface et externes ?
Atmosphères, exosphères, magnétosphères et évolution du climat. Qu'est ce qui a défini les propriétés et la dynamiques des atmosphères et exosphères des corps solides et qu'est ce qui gouverne la déperdition de matériaux dans l'espace et les échanges entre l'atmosphère d'une part et la surface et l'intérieur d'autre part ?
Évolution et structure des planètes géantes. Quels processus influencent la structure, l'évolution et la dynamique des parties internes des planètes géantes, de leurs atmosphères et de leurs magnétosphères ?
Systèmes circum-planétaires. Quels processus et interactions définissent les propriétés des satellites et des anneaux et comment ces systèmes interagissent avec les planètes qui les abritent et avec l'environnement extérieur.
Vie et habitabilité
Étude de la vie terrestre. Quels conditions et processus ont permis l'émergence et l'évolution de la vie sur Terre ? Quels sont les types de métabolisme possibles à la surface, sous la surface et/ou dans l'atmosphère et comment ces informations peuvent aider à notre compréhension de la vie extraterrestre ?
Habitabilité dynamique. Ou existe-t-il dans notre système solaire des environnements pouvant abriter la vie ? Quels sont les processus ayant conduit à leur formation et comment les environnements planétaires et les conditions permettant la vie évoluent elles ?
Recherche de la vie ailleurs. Y a-t-il des indices démontrant l'existence d'une vie extraterrestre passée ou actuelle dans notre système solaire et comment la détecter ?
Sujets transverses aux thèmes précédents
Exoplanètes. Qu'est ce que notre système planétaire et ses systèmes circumplanétaires de satellites et d'anneaux révèlent sur les systèmes exoplanétaires et que peuvent révéler sur notre système planétaire les systèmes exoplanétaires et les disques circumstellaires ?
Recommandations
En se basant sur les questions prioritaires les recommandations suivantes sont effectuées par le rapport :
Missions à faible cout (Programme Discovery)
Lancer le développement de cinq nouvelles missions du programme durant la décennie
faire passer le plafond budgétaire alloué à chaque mission Discovery à 800 millions de dollars américains pour 2025.
Le rapport n'émet pas de recommandations en ce qui concerne le contenu de missions.
Missions à cout intermédiaire (Programme New Frontiers)
lancer le développement de deux missions du programme (missions 6 et 7) au cours de la décennie
faire passer le plafond budgétaire alloué à chaque mission New Frontiers à 1,65 milliard de dollars américains pour 2025 ;
la mission 6 devra être sélectionnée parmi les propositions suivantes sans priorité particulière :
Centaur orbiter and lander
Ceres sample return
Comet Surface Sample Return
Enceladus multiple flyby
Lunar Geophysical Network
Saturn probe
Titan orbiter
Venus In Situ Explorer.
la mission 7 devra être sélectionnée parmi les propositions précédentes non retenues pour la mission 6 ainsi que :
Triton Ocean World Surveyor.
Missions lourdes (Flagship)
En ce qui concerne les missions les plus couteuses () le rapport renouvelle la priorité absolue donnée à la mission Mars Sample Return en cours de développement. Toutefois les dépassements budgétaires sur ce projet ne doivent pas avoir d'impact sur les autres projets d'exploration planétaire. Si le cout du projet dépasse 5,3 milliards US$ alloués ou s'il représente plus de 35% du budget annuel consacré à l'exploration planétaire, le surcout devra être absorbé par une augmentation du budget alloué au programme d'exploration planétaire. Le rapport, après avoir examiné six missions potentielles, propose par ailleurs de lancer le développement de deux missions. Par priorité décroissante ce sont :
(UOP). Uranus est une planète géante gazeuse aux caractéristiques atypiques avec son axe de rotation couché à la suite peut être d'un impact au début de sa formation. La planète dispose d'une atmosphère dynamique, d'un champ magnétique complexe et ses satellites composés de glaces et de roches semblent de manière surprenante présenter une activité géologique. La mission comprendrait un orbiteur et une sonde atmosphérique. Le lancement de la sonde en 2031 ou 2032 permettrait de bénéficier d'une assistance gravitationnelle de Jupiter.
. Cette mission, qui doit étudier la lune Encelade comprend un orbiteur qui doit analyser les jets de gaz émis par l'océan sous-glaciaire dans le but de rechercher des traces de vie et un atterrisseur qui doit se poser à la surface de cette lune. Si elle est lancée durant cette décade, la mission devrait arriver au début des années 2050. Si le budget ne permet pas de développer cette mission, le comité recommande de développer Enceladus Multiple Flyby pour étudier le sujet crucial de l'habitabilité des océans sous-glaciaires.
Les quatre autres missions étudiées mais non retenues sont Europa Lander, Mercury Lander, Neptune-Triton Odyssey et Venus Flagship.
Étude de la Lune
En ce qui concerne l'étude de la Lune le rapport recommande de définir de manière précise les objectifs scientifiques des missions du programme Artemis (VIPER, Lunar Trailblazer, ...) et de mettre en place une organisation responsable de son implémentation. Il propose de développer une mission de type astromobile de cout intermédiaire, baptisée Endurance-A, qui serait chargée d'explorer les différents terrains du bassin Pôle Sud-Aitken dans le but des trouver des morceaux du manteau lunaire ou des roches témoignant de l'impact ayant créé ce bassin. Les échantillons pourront permettre de contraindre le scénario de formation du système solaire. L'astromobile doit parcourir 2000 kilomètres dans le but de collecter 100 kilogrammes d'échantillons lunaires qui pourraient être ramenés sur Terre par les astronautes du programme Artemis.
Étude de Mars
Le rapport propose de poursuivre les missions en cours et de lancer une nouvelle mission de taille moyenne Mars Life Explorer (MLE) : cette mission doit rechercher des traces de vie ancienne dans des glaces situées à des latitudes basses.
Divers
Le rapport recommande également :
La NASA devra consacrer au moins 10 % du budget de l'exploration planétaire à la mise au point de nouvelles technologies d'exploration planétaire. Cette part était de 14% en 2010 mais est passée à 7,7% dans le budget 2023.
En matière de défense planétaire, le rapport souligne la nécessite de lancer à la date annoncée les missions NEO Surveyor et DART.
Le rapport recommande d'adapter la production de plutonium 238 aux besoins des missions en portefeuille de manière à permettre un programme d'exploration planétaire solide. Il faut continuer de développer la technique du générateur Stirling à radioisotope qui permet de consommer moins de plutonium.
Rapport pour la décennie 2013-2022
Le rapport pour la décennie 2013-2022 intitulé a été publié en . Il est établi par des groupes de travail réunis entre et et qui se sont appuyés essentiellement sur 199 rapports produits par 1669 chercheurs du domaine.
Thèmes transverses et questions clés
Trois thèmes transverses sont identifiés auxquels sont associés plusieurs questions scientifiques clés :
Comprendre les débuts du Système solaire :
Quelles sont les premières étapes, les conditions et les processus à l'œuvre lors de la formation et de l'évolution du Système solaire et quelle est la nature de la matière interstellaire incorporée ?
Comment les planètes géantes et leurs satellites se sont-ils agrégés ; existe-t-il des preuves que ces planètes ont modifié leur position orbitale ?
Quels sont les mécanismes qui ont joué dans les processus d'accrétion, d'apport en eau, les processus chimiques et la différenciation des planètes internes et l'évolution de leurs atmosphères ?
Quel rôle a joué le bombardement par des corps célestes de grande taille ?
Rechercher les conditions d'apparition du vivant :
Quelles sont les premières sources de matière organique ; où se perpétue aujourd'hui la synthèse organique ?
Les planètes Mars et Vénus ont elles connu autrefois des environnements aqueux propices à la vie ? Existe-t-il des preuves que la vie est apparue sur ces planètes ?
Existe-t-il aujourd'hui des habitats dans le Système solaire qui réunissent les conditions nécessaires - matière organique, eau, énergie, substance nutritive - pour que la vie se maintienne ; existe-t-il actuellement des organismes vivants ?
Déterminer les processus à l'œuvre dans l'évolution planétaire :
Dans quelle mesure les planètes géantes peuvent-elles servir de laboratoire pour comprendre la Terre, le Système solaire et les systèmes planétaires externes ?
Quels sont les corps célestes qui mettent en danger la Terre et quels mécaniques protègent la biosphère terrestre ?
Est-ce que la compréhension des rôles de la physique, chimie, géologie et de la dynamique à l'œuvre dans l'évolution des atmosphères planétaires et des climats peut permettre une meilleure compréhension du changement climatique de la Terre ?
Comment la multitude de processus chimiques et physiques qui ont contribué à la formation du Système solaire ont-ils opéré, interagi et évolué dans le temps ?
Recommandations
Sur la base des priorités scientifiques identifiées, 25 missions potentielles font l'objet d'une étude de conception et d'une évaluation de coût par des équipes du JPL, du centre de vol spatial Goddard et par le centre de recherche APL. Les principales recommandations du rapport sont les suivantes :
consacrer 6 à 8 % du budget de l'exploration planétaire à la mise au point de nouvelles techniques ;
maintenir le rythme de lancement des missions du programme tous les 24 mois et faire passer le plafond budgétaire alloué à chaque mission à 500 millions de dollars américains pour 2015. Le rapport n'émet pas de recommandations en ce qui concerne le contenu de missions ;
la mission doit être poursuivie dans la mesure où l'Agence spatiale européenne maintient sa participation ;
lancer deux missions du programme (missions 4 et 5) au cours de la décennie à venir et faire passer le plafond budgétaire alloué à chaque mission à 1 milliard de dollars américains pour 2015 ;
la mission 4 devra être sélectionnée parmi les propositions suivantes sans priorité particulière :
OSIRIS-REx (lancé le ),
MoonRise (abandonné en ),
(abandonné),
(abandonné),
Venus In Situ Explorer (abandonné) ;
la mission 5 devra être sélectionnée parmi les propositions suivantes sans priorité particulière :
les missions non sélectionnées à l'étape précédente,
,
.
Les missions du programme sont par priorité décroissante :
(MAX-C). Les progrès dans l'étude de la planète Mars sont désormais conditionnés par une mission de retour sur Terre d'échantillons du sol martien. MAX-C est la première des trois missions qui doivent être menées pour aboutir à ce résultat. Le coût de cette mission est aujourd'hui évalué à 3,5 milliards de dollars américains : il doit être réduit à 2,5 milliards de dollars américains tout en maintenant le partenariat avec l'Agence spatiale européenne. Si le coût de cette mission ne peut être ramené à ce montant, la mission suivante dans l'ordre des priorités doit être privilégiée ;
. L'océan qui se trouve sans doute sous la surface de la lune Europe est l'endroit le plus propice dans le Système solaire pour la découverte d'un environnement habitable. Le coût de cette mission, évalué à 4,7 milliards de dollars américains, doit être réduit car il représente une part trop importante du budget de la NASA affecté à la recherche planétaire ;
(2,7 milliards de dollars américains). Uranus est une planète géante gazeuse dont l'exploration peut conduire à des découvertes aussi importantes que celles de Cassini dans le système de Saturne et Galileo dans le système jovien. L'exploration d'Uranus est préférée à celle de Neptune pour des raisons pratiques de coût et de faisabilité. La mission comprendrait un orbiteur et une sonde atmosphérique ;
(2,4 milliards de dollars américains) ;
(1,9 milliard de dollars américains).
Les coûts de lancement ont tendance à représenter une part croissante du budget des missions interplanétaire. Le rapport recommande de tenter de réduire ces coûts par des lancements doubles, en effectuant des commandes groupées de lanceurs au sein de l'agence ou inter-agences (notamment avec le DoD), en utilisant les nouvelles technologies pour réduire la masse des sondes spatiales et donc la taille des lanceurs utilisés.
Les quantités restantes de plutonium 238, utilisé pour alimenter en énergie les sondes spatiales, diminuent de manière alarmante. Sans plutonium 238, les missions vers les planètes externes sont impossibles. Il faut développer la technique du générateur Stirling à radioisotope qui permet de consommer moins de plutonium.
Il est nécessaire de s'assurer que les futures missions spatiales habitées prennent en compte les priorités scientifiques.
La construction du Large Synoptic Survey Telescope par la Fondation nationale pour la science (National Science Foundation), un observatoire terrestre américain doté d'un très large champ optique, dont le financement et le calendrier sont aujourd'hui incertains, est jugée de grande importante en regard des objectifs définis par le rapport en particulier pour l'étude de l'origine, l'évolution et la dynamique des corps primitifs du Système solaire.
Rapport pour la décennie 2003-2013
Le rapport pour la décennie 2003-2013 intitulé est publié en 2003. Il identifie 12 axes de recherche et définit sept missions spatiales (en excluant celles consacrées à Mars) à lancer en priorité pour répondre à ces attentes. À côté d'une mission lourde à destination de la lune de Jupiter, Europe et de l'extension de la mission de la sonde Cassini figurent cinq missions de classe moyenne, c'est-à-dire d'un coût compris à l'époque entre 325 et 650 millions de dollars américains : l'exploration de Pluton et de la ceinture de Kuiper (mission ), une mission de retour d'échantillon depuis le pôle sud de la Lune (MoonRise), un orbiteur placé sur une orbite polaire autour de Jupiter emportant trois sondes atmosphériques ( qui devient Juno), une mission d'étude de Vénus () et une mission de retour d'échantillon depuis un astéroïde (OSIRIS-REx'').
Notes et références
Bibliographie
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Programme , programme , programme , programmes de la NASA dont les missions doivent reprendre l'un des objectifs identifiés dans le rapport.
Liens externes
Répertoire des études et livres blancs réalisés pour le rapport décennal 2023-2032
Page du site préparant le rapport décennal 2023-2032.
Ensemble des documents du rapport décennal 2013-2023.
Planétologie
Programme spatial américain
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Introduction to inorganic chemistry
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MANGANESE 739 Manganese dioxide M11O2 is black, and is most easily prepared in pure condition by gentle ignition of manganous nitrate. The hydrated forms of the oxide are produced by reactions like those just mentioned, and by adding a hypochlorite or hypobromite to manganous hydroxide suspended in water. Manganese dioxide is not a peroxide in the re- stricted sense {cf. p. 308). It is used for manufacturing chlorine, although electrolytic processes are now driving it out of this field. In glass-making (^q.v.'), it is employed to oxidize the green ferrous silicate, .derived from impurities in the sand, to the pale-yellow ferric com- pound. The amethyst color of the manganic silicate which is formed tends to neutralize this yellow. The dioxide forms the depolaidzer in the Leclanche cell (p. 673). Manganese trioxide is a red, unstable powder. Manganese hept- oxide is a brownish-green oil (see below). When any of these oxides is heated with an acid, a manganous salt is obtained. Salts of this class are, in fact, the only stable substances in which manganese is combined with an acid radical. In this action the oxides containing more oxygen than does MnO give off oxygen, or oxidize the acid {cf. p. 172). When the oxides are heated with bases, in the presence of air, manganates are always formed. AVith the oxides containing a smaller proportion of oxygen than MnOg oxygen is taken from the air. Manganous Compounds. — The manganous salts are formed by the action of acids upon the carbonate or any of the oxides. Thus the chloride MnCh, 4H„0 is obtained in pale-pink crystals from a solution made by treating the dioxide with hydrochloric acid and driving off the chlorine liberated by oxidation (p. 171). The hydroxide Mn(OH), is formed as a white precipitate when a soluble base is added to a solu- tion of a manganous salt. This body passes into solution when ammo- nium salts are added, and cannot be precipitated in their presence on account of the formation of molecular ammonium hydroxide and the suppression of hydroxidion {cf. magnesium hydroxide, p. 644). The hydroxide quickly darkens when exposed to the air and passes over into hydrated manganic oxide MnO(OH). Manganous sulphate gives pink crystals of a hydrate. Below 6° the solution deposits MnSO^, 7H2O, whicli is a vitriol (p. 649). Be- tween 7° and 20° the product is MnSO^, SHoO, asymmetric and isomor- phous Avith C11SO4, 5H2O. Above 25° monosymmetric prisms of MuSO^, 4H2O are obtained. These hydrates have different aqueous 740 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY teusions and may be formed from one another by lowering or raising | the pressure of water vapor around the substance (p. 122). The signi- . * ficance of the temperatures proper to the crystallization of each (cf. pp. 673, 608, 623) is that a given solid hydrate can be formed only in a solu- j tion which is saturated with respect to that hydrate and has the same \ aqueous tension as the hydrate. These conditions are necessary to that | state of equilibrium between the solution and the hydrate on which the jr co-existence of solution and hydrate during crystallization depends (cf. | p. 160). Hence the hydrates with the larger proportions of water, and 9 the higher aqueous tensions, are formed in the colder solutions which f contain less cf the solute when saturated and have therefore at a given I temperature themselves relatively high aqueous tensions. 2 The presence of a foreign dissolved body, since it will lower the f vapor tension of the solution, may similarly cause the formation of a I lower hydrate. Thus, at the ordinary temperature, calcium sulphate solu- •( tion has a higher aqueous tension than gypsum, and therefore gypsum % is deposited from it, and anhydrite will turn into gypsum if placed in it. f l-Jut calcium sulphate solution containing much of the chlorides of j sodium and magnesium has a lower aqueous tension than gypsum, and »| so anhydrite is deposited, and gypsum in contact with such a solution would lose its water of hydration. This explains the deposition of anhydrite in the salt layers (c/. p. 603). Manganous carbonate MnCOg is a white powder formed by pre- | j cipitation. The sulphide MnS is obtained as a green powder by lead- |1 ing hydrogen sulphide over any of the oxides. A flesh-colored, hydrated form MnS, H„0 is more familiar and is precipitated by am- monium sulphide from manganous salts. It interacts with mineral J i acids and even with acetic acid, so that it cannot be precipitated by hydrogen sulphide (cf. p. 651). t' The manganous salts of weak acids, such as the carbonate and I sulphide, darken when exposed to air and are oxidized, with formation | ^ of hydrated manganic oxide. As we have seen, manganous hydroxide j is similarly oxidized and these salts are precisely the ones which * (Should furnish the hydroxide by hydrolysis. While there is a general | resemblance between the manganous salts and the stannous, chi’omous, * and ferrous salts, the manganous salts of active acids are not oxidized | by the air as are the corresponding salts of the other three metals. • Manganic Compounds- — The base of this set of compounds, manganic hydroxide Mn (OH)g, is slowly deposited by the action of \ MANGANESE 741 the air on an ammoniacal solution of a manganous salt in salts of ammonium. The chloride IMnCla is present in the liquid obtained by the action of hydi'ochloric acid upon manganese dioxide (cf. p. 171), but loses chlorine very readily and cannot be isolated. Double salts such as MnClg,2KCl and MnFg, 2KF, 2H„0 are known. Manganic sulphate Mn,(S04)3 is deposited as a violet-red powder when hydrated man- ganese dioxide is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 160°. It is deliquescent and is rapidly hydrolyzed in the cold even by a little water, giving the brownish-black hydroxide : .Alnj(S04)3 -f 6H3O 2Mn(OH)3 SHoSO^. The caesium-manganic alum CS0SO4, Mn2( 804)3, 24H2O seems to be the most stable derivative. Manganites. — Although manganese dioxide interacts when fused with potassium hydroxide, simple salts derived from HjMnOg (= H„0, MnO,) or H4Mn04 (== 2H20,Mn02) are not formed. The products are complex, as K2MnjOn. Some less complex manganites are formed in the Weldon process for utilizing the manganous chloride obtained in manufactm-ing chlorine. The liquor is mixed with slaked lime, and air is blown through the mass of calcium and manganous hydroxides which is thus obtained. Black manganites of calcium, such as CaMn03(= Ca0,Mn02) and CaMn205(Ca0,2Mn02) are thus formed ; Ca(OH)2 -f- 2Mn(OH)2 -f O2 CaMn203 -f- 3H2O, and when afterwards treated with hydrochloric acid they behave like mixtm’es of manganese dioxide and calcium oxide. As we have seen (p. 738), the oxides Mn304 and Mn203 may be manganites of manga- nese. Manganates. — When one of the oxides of manganese is fused with potassium carbonate and potassium nitrate a green mass is obtained. The green aqueous extract deposits potassium manganate K2Mn04 in rhombic crystals, which are isoinorphous with those of potas- sium sulphate, and are almost black : K2CO3 -j- Mn02 -f- 0 K2Mn04 -f CO2. The acid H2Mn04, itself unknown, must be weak, for the potassium salt is easily hydrolyzed. The salt remains unchanged in solution only in presence of free alkali, the hydroxidion of the alkali combin- 742 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ing with and suppressing the hydrion of the water whose combination with the M11O4" ion constitutes the hydrolysis. When the concentra- tion of the hydroxidion is reduced by dilution, or, better still, when a weak acid such as carbonic acid or acetic acid is used to neutralize it, the salt is hydrolyzed, according to the partial equation : K„MnO, -f 2H„0 ^ 2KOH ( + H^MnO (1) The free acid immediately changes so that a part is oxidized to per- manganic acid, giving a purple-red color to the solution, and a part is reduced to manganese dioxide, giving a black precipitate. The trans- formation is similar to that of chloric acid (p. 275). The equation may be made by noting that manganic acid has the composition HjO, MuOg and changes so as to yield H20,Mn.j07 and MnO._,. Thus each molecule of HgMnO^, in forming a molecule of MuO„, yields one unit of oxygen, while 2(H20,Mu0g)-}- 0 are required to give H20,Mn20, -H H„0 ; 3(H20,Mn03) H2O, MUgO^ -f- MnOg -f 2H2O or (3H2M11O4) 2HMnO, + Mn02 + SHgO. (2) In consequence of the presence of potassium hydroxide (equation (1)) the product is potassium permanganate ; 2KOH -f 2HMnO, 2KMn04 + 2U,0. (3) Multiplying equation (1) by 3, omitting the manganic acid, and add- ing the three partial equations, we have the equation for the action as it really occurs : 3K2Mn04 + 2H„0 4KOH -f- 2KMnO, -|- MnOg. In terms of the ions the equation is simpler : 3MnO/' + 2H’ 20H' + 2MnO/ -f- MnOg. The alkaline solution of potassium manganate interacts readily with oxidizable substances. Thus oxalic acid is converted into car- bonic acid, and alcohol into acetic acid. The details of the change depend upon the amount of free alkali present and the nature of the product of oxidation. Lower oxides of manganese such as MnOg are usually precipitated. Permanganates. — Potassium permanganate KMnO^ is made by hydrolysis of the manganate as shown above, and is obtained, in purple MANGANESE 743 crystals ■with a greenish luster, by evaporation of the solution. The ■ crystals are rhombic prisms, isomorphous with potassium perchlorate. ' To avoid the loss of manganese thrown down as dioxide, the action is carried out commercially by passing ozone thi-ough the solution of the manganate : 2K,MnO, 4- O3 + H^O 2KMnO, + 0^ + 2K0H. Sodium permanganate is made in a similar manner. It is not obtain- able in solid form, but its solution is known as “ Condy’s disinfecting I fluid.” This liquid owes its properties to the oxidizing poAver of the j salt. Permanganic acid is a very active acid, that is, it is highly iou- I ized in aqueous solution. A solid hydrate of the acid may be secured in reddish-brown crystals by adding sulphuric acid to a solution of barium permanganate and allowing the filtrate to evaporate : , Ba(iMnO,)2 + H^SO^ + xU„0 ^ BaS04| -f- 2HMn04,a:H„0. I This hydrate decomposes, on being warmed to 32°, and yields oxygen t) and manganese dioxide. When a very little dry, powdered potassium permanganate is moistened with concentrated sulphuric acid, brownish- green, oily drops of permanganic anhydride (manganese heptoxide) I MUjO, are formed. This compound is volatile, giving a violet vapor, and is apt to decompose explosively into oxygen and manganese dioxide. Its oxidizing power is such that combustibles like paper, ij ether, and illuminating-gas are set on fire by contact with it. j Potassium permanganate is much used for oxidationa. The actions !| ai'e different according as the substance is employed (1) in alkaline, i (2) in acid, or (3) in neutral solution. 1. When an alkali, such as potassium hydroxide, is added, the action by which the permanganate is formed is reversed, and the solu- tion becomes green from the production of the manganate : or 4KMn04 -I- 4K0H -> 4K3M11O4 -f 2H2O 4- 0„ 4MnO/ + 40H' 4MnO/' 4- 4- 0^. When a substance capable of being oxidized is present, the reduction proceeds further and manganese dioxide is precipitated. Schemati- cally : Mn20, 2Mn02 4- 30, so that two molecules of the perman- ganate, in alkaline solution, can furnish three chemical units of oxygen to the oxidizable body. 744 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2. With an acid, the amount of oxygen available is greater, for the manganous salt of the acid is formed ; t 4? MujO, 2MnO + 50. Thus, when sulphuric acid is added to potassium permanganate solu- tion, and sulphur dioxide is led through the mixture, we have : 2KMnO, + SH^SO, K^SO^ + 2MnS0, + 3H,0(+ 50) (1) (50)-f5H,S0,->5H,S0, (2) 2KMnO, + 3H„S0,-f 5H2SO3-4 KjSO, + 2MnS04 + 3H„0 -t-5H3SO, In this case, since sulphuric acid is a product, the preliminary addi- tion of the acid was superfluous. In other cases, the partial equation (1), showing the available 50, remains the same, while the other par- tial equation varies with the substance being oxidized. Thus, with hydrogen sulphide as reducing agent, we have : (0) -I- H„S -> HjO -f- S X 5 (2') and with ferrous sulphate, we get ferric sulphate : 2FeS0, + H,SO,( -f- 0) ^ Fe^CSOj, -h H^O x 5 (2") As before (2') and (2") must be multiplied throughout by five, before summation is made. Since the permanganate is deep-purple in color, while the manganous salt is almost colorless, this sort of action can be used without an indicator for quantitative experiments. The stan- dard solution of the permanganate is added from a burette until the purple color ceases to disappear ; and the amount used enables us to calculate the quantity of ferrous salt, oxalic acid, nitrous acid, or other oxidizable substance, which was present. The last named substance , is oxidized to nitric acid. ; 1 3. When dry potassium permanganate is heated, it decomposes | as follows : p 2KMn04 -> KjMnO, + MnO^ -|- Oj. J - The neutral solution resembles that of potassium dichromate in oxi- | dizing substances which are reducing agents, but is more active. | Thus when the powdered salt is moistened with glycerine, the mass | , presently bursts into flame. The fingers are stained brown, receiving a deposit of manganese dioxide, in consequence of the reducing power ■< of the unstable organic substances in the skin. The destruction 1 of minute organisms by Condy’s fluid results from a similar action. ^ K i MANGANESE 745 Analytical Reactions of Manganese Compotinds. — The ions commonly encountered are dimanganion Mn , which is very pale-pink in color, permangananion MnO/, which is purple, and mangananion MnO/', which is green. The manganous compounds give with ammonium sulphide the flesh-colored, hydrated sulphide which is soluble in acids. Bases give the white hydroxide, which darkens by oxidation, and is soluble in salts of ammonium. The black, hydrated dioxide is precipitated by hypochlorites. All compounds of manganese confer upon the borax bead an ame- thyst color which, in the reducing flame, disappears. A bead of sodium carbonate and niter becomes green on account of the formation of the manganate. Exercises. — 1. Consider the valence of manganese in the oxides ^IngO^ and MngOg, on the theory that they are manganites. 2. What do we mean by saying that (a) chromous chloride is stable (p. 119), but easily oxidized by the air, (b) permanganic acid is an active acid, (c) permanganic acid is an active oxidizing agent in pres- ence of an acid ? 3. Formulate the oxidations of oxalic acid and of nitrous acid by potassium permanganate in acid solution. CHAPTER XLIV IRON, COBALT, NICKEL The elements iron (Fe, at. wt. 55.9), cobalt (Co, at. wt. 59), and nickel (Ni, at. wt. 58.7) are not corresponding inembei'S of successive periods, like the families hitherto considered. They are neighboring members of the first long period, lying between its first and second octaves (p. 408), and form a transition group between the adjoining elements within those octaves. Thus, iron forms ferrates M/Fe'^O^ and ferric salts Fe"’Clg, as well as ferrous salts Fe'^Cl^. ’ These resemble the chromates and manganates, the chromic and manganic salts, and the chromous and manganous salts, respectively. Cobalt forms cobaltic and cobaltous salts, like Co/"(S04)3 and Co”Clj. Nickel enters only into nickelous salts, like NiClj, and thus links iron and cobalt with copper and zinc which are both bivalent elements. The free metals of this family are magnetic, iron showing this property strongly and cobalt very distinctly. Iron. Chemical Relations of the Element. — The oxides and hydrox- ides FeO and Fe(OH)2, FejOg and Fe(OH)g are basic, the former more strongly so than the latter. The ferrous salts, derived from Fe(OH)j, resemble those of the magnesium group and those of Cr** and Mn*’ and are little hydrolyzed. The ferric salts, derived from Fe(OH)g, re- semble those of Cr*** and Al*** and are hydrolyzed to a considerable extent. Ferric hydroxide is even less acidic, however, than is chromic hydroxide. Iron gives also a few ferrates K2Fe04, CaFeO^, etc., de- rived from an acid Il2Fe04 which, like manganic acid H2Mn04(p. 742), is too unstable to be isolated. Complex anions containing this element, such as the anion of K4.Fe(CN)g, are familiar, but complex cations containing ammonia are unknown. The ferrous salts differ from most of the manganous salts and re- semble the chromous and stannous salts in being easily (although not quite so easily) oxidized by the air. They pass into the ferric condition. 746 IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 747 Occurrence, — Free iron is found in minute particles in some basalts, and many meteorites are composed of it. Meteoric iron can be distinguished from specimens of terrestrial origin by the fact that it contains 3-8 per cent of nickel. The chief ores of iron are the oxides, haematite Fe^Og and magnetite FegO^, and the carbonate FeCOg, siderite. The first is reddish and columnar in structure ; but black, shining, rhombohedral crystals, known as specularite, are also found. Hydrated forms, like brown iron ore 2Fe208, 3H„0, are also common. Siderite is pale-brown in color and rhombohedral, isomorphous with calcite. When mixed with clay it forms iron-stone and, with 20-25 per cent of coal in addition, black-band. Pyrite FeSg consists of golden-yellow, shining cubes or pentagonal dodecahedra. It is used, on account of its sulphur, in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, but, from the oxidized residue, iron of sufficient purity is obtained with difficulty. Compounds of iron are con- tained in the hemoglobin of the blood, and doubtless plays an important part in connection with the vital func- tions of this substance. By interaction with organic compounds of iron present in the tissues, ammonium sulphide blackens the skin, ferrous sulphide being formed. Metallurgy. — The ores of iron are usually first roasted in order to decom- pose carbonates and oxidize sulphides. They are then reduced with coke. Ores containing lime or magnesia are mixed with an acid flux, such as sand or clay- slate, in ■ order that a fusible slag may be formed. Conversely, ores containing silica and clay are mixed with lime- stone. With proper adjustment of the ingredients the process can be carried on contmuoushj in a blast furnace (Fig. 105). The solid materials thrown in at the top are converted, as they slowly descend, completely into gases which escape and liquids (iron and slag) which are tapped off at the bottom. Heated air is blown in at the bottom through Fig. 105. 748 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY tuyeres, and the top is closed by a bell which descends for a moment when an addition is made to the charge. The gases, which contain much carbon monoxide, are led off and used to heat the blast or to drive gas-engines. The main action takes place between the carbon monoxide, present • in consequence of the excess of carbon, and the oxide of iron ; FegO^ + 4CO ^ 3Fe + 400^. Since the action is a reversible one, a large excess of carbon monoxide is required. Different smelters use differept proportions, the ratio of the amount actually used to that supplied varying from 1 : 2 to 1 : 15. The actual ratio by volume of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide required for equilibrium with the two solids is, 61 : 39 at 650°, and 7 : 93 at 800°. In the upper part of the furnace, the heat (400°) loosens the texture of the ore. Further down, the temperature is higher (500-900°), and the carbon monoxide reduces the oxide of iron to particles of soft iron. A temperature high enough to melt pure iron is barely reached anywhere in the furnace, but, a little lower down, by union with carbon, the more fusible cast iron (1200°) is formed and falls in drops to the bottom. It is in this region also that the slag is produced. If the flux had begun sooner to interact with the unreduced ore, iron would have been lost by the formation of the silicate. The iron collects below the slag, and the latter flows continuously from a small hole. The former is tapped off at intervals of six hours or so from a lower opening. « Cast Iron and Wrought Iron. — Pure iron is not manufactured, and indeed would be too soft for most purposes. Piano-wire, however, is about 99.7 per cent pure. The product obtained from the blast fur- nace contains 92-94 per cent of iron along with 2.6-4.3 per cent of car- bon, often nearly as much silicon, varying proportions of manganese, and some phosphorus and sulphur. The last four ingredients are lib- erated from combination with oxygen by the carbon in the hottest part of the furnace and combine or alloy themselves with the iron. Cast iron does not soften before melting, as does the purer wrought iron, but melts sharply at 1150-1250° according to the amount of foreign material it contains. When suddenly cooled it gives chilled cast iron wliich is very brittle and looks homogeneous to the eye, all the carbon being present in the form of carbide of iron FegC in solid solution in the IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 749 metal. By slower cooling, time is permitted for the separation of part of the carbon as graphite and for other changes (see below), and gray cast iron results. Spiegel iron is cast iron made from ores containing 5-20 per cent of manganese and the usual proportion of carbon. Ferro- . manganese contains 20-80 per cent of the same element. Wrought iron is made by heating the broken “ pigs ” of cast iron upon a layer of material containing oxide of iron and hammer-slag (basic silicate of iron) spread on the bed of a reverberatory furnace. The carbon, silicon, and phosphorus combine with the oxygen of the I oxide, and the last two pass into the slag. The sulphur is found in the ; slag as ferrous sulphide. On account of the eifervescence due to • the escape of carbon monoxide, the process is called “ pig-boiling.” The iron is stirred with iron rods (“ pud- idled”)- and stiffens as it becomes purer, until finally it can be with- I drawn in balls (“blooms”) and freed from slag under the steam-hammer. It now softens sufficiently for weld- iing below 1000° and melts at 1550° I or lower, according to its purity, llf it still contains more than a trace (of combined phosphorus it is brittle when cold (“cold short”). A 1 little surviving sulphide of iron makes it brittle when hot (“ red- sshort ”) and unsuitable for forging. Wrought iron should contain (only 0.1-0.2 per cent of carbon. The above operations are now largely : performed by machinery. Steel. — This is a variety of iron almost free from phosphorus, ssulphur, and silicon. Tool steel contains 0.9-1.5 per cent of carbon, sstructural steel 0.2— 0.6 per cent, and mild steel 0.2 per cent or even less. Steel combines the properties of cast and wrought iron, being Ihard and elastic, and at the same time available for forging and weld- ling when the proportion of carbon is low. Steel is made largely by the Bessemer process. The molten cast iron is poured into a converter (Fig. 106) and a blast of air (A) is 1 blown through it. The oxidation of the manganese, carbon, silicon, i and perhaps a little of the iron gives out sufficient heat to raise the t temperature of the mass above the melting-point of wrought iron. I '.The required proportion of carbon is then introduced by adding pure 750 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY cast iron, spiegel iron, or coke, and the contents, first the slag, and then the molten steel, are finally poured into molds by turning the ^ converter. When the cast iron contains much phosphorus, the oxide ^ of this element is reduced again by the iron as fast as it is formed by m the blast. In such cases a basic lining containing lime and magnesia fi takes the place of the sand and clay lining of the ordinary Bessemer v converter, and a slag containing a basic phosphate of calcium is pro- ■ duced. This modification constitutes what is known as the Thomas- S Gilchrist process. The slag (“ Thomas-slag ”) when pulverized forms ■ a valuable fertilizer (cf. p. 005). S In the Siemens-Martin, or open hearth process, the cast iron is melted in a saucer-shaped depression lined with sand, and scraps of W iron plate (for dilution) and haematite, or some other oxide ore, are ■ then added in proper proportions. The materials are heated with gas I fuel for 8-10 hours until a sample shows, under the hammer, that the ® process is complete. The product is then drawn off through a hole ■ and cast in molds. ft Properties of Steeh — When steel is heated to redness and I cooled slowly, it is comparatively soft. Sudden chilling, however, ren- | ders it harder than glass. By subsequent, cautious heating the hardness I may be reduced to any required extent, and this treatment is called j “ tempering.” The sufficiency of the heating is judged roughly by the f interference colors caused by the thin film of oxide which forms on the surface. Thus a pale-yellow color (430-460° F) serves for tempering razors, a decided yellow (470°) for pen-knives, a brown (490-510°) for shears, a purple (520°) for table-knives, a blue (530-57 0°) for watch- , springs and sword-blades, and a black-blue (610°) for saws. Except ; ■ in the case of watch-springs, these films are afterwards removed by the ^ grinding. To understand this behavior it must be noted that there are three ] ' states of solid iron resembling the rhombic and monoclinic states of sulphur (c/. p. 368). The form stable below 765° is known as a-ferrite (wought iron). It is magnetic and can hold little carbide of iron in. I solid solution. Above 765° this changes into ^-ferrite which, likewise, holds little of the carbide in solution, but is not magnetic. At 890° this changes into y-ferrite, a non-magnetic form in which the carbide is soluble. When allowed to cool, iron assumes these forms in the reverse order. If, now, a fluid solution of carbon in iron, suitable for steel, is .vuMenly chilled, a great part of the cold mass is a supercooled solid IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 751 solution of carbon in y-ferride. This solid solution is called marten- site and is very hard and brittle. It is less stable at ordinary tem- peratures than is a-ferrite, but, as is the case with yellow phosphorus (p. 359) and amorphous sulphur (p. 370), the low temperature having once been reached, transformation into the more stable form is there- after exceedingly slow. The material is hard steel. When the molten steel (solution of carbon in iron) is allowed to cool so sloioly that equilibrium can be reached at every step, a compli- cated series of changes ensues. First the mass solidifies (at or before 1130°) to a mixture of martensite (y-ferrite with carbon in solid solu- tion up to 2 per cent) and graphite.* As the temperature now falls very slowly, more graphite separates until, at 1000°, 1.8 per cent re- mains in solution. From this point the dissolved carbide of iron (cementite FOgC containing 6.6 per cent of carbon) is separated. At 670° pure a-ferrite also begins to appear. The final result is a mechani- cal mixture of a-ferrite (wrought iron), carbide of ii'on, and, if the original amount of carbon was sufficiently large, gi-aphite. These com- ponents may be recognized by making a microscopic study of a polished surface, and their formation may be followed by chilling the specimen at any desired stage. The soft iron which predominates in the product of slow cooling makes the whole soft. Heating to a high temperature and sudden chilling gives the homogeneous solid solution of carbon in y-ferrite once more and restores the qualities characteristic of steel, ^loderated reheating (tempering) of the chilled mass results in more or less partial accomplishment of the changes proper to slow cooling, and consequently in a more or less close approach to the condition which results from this. The difference between the effect of rapid and slow cooling of cast iron (p. 748) can now be made clear. Rapid cooling leads to the omission of the intervening steps enumerated above and, if something like 5 or 6 per cent of carbon is present, the material turns almost completely into the carbide (cementite). This is chilled cast iron. With slower cooling, much graphite separates, and the product, gray cast iron, contains much less of the carbide and much more free iron. The various changes which occur in cooling steel are retarded by the presence of foreign substances, just as, with sulphur (p. 370), foreign substances delay the change from Sfi to Sx and permit the supercooling of the former and its appearance in the form of amorphous * When molten cast iron, containing 8-4.6 per cent of carbon, is cooled in this fashion, the amount of graphite may be considerable. 752 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY sulphur. Manganese, nickel, and other metals, in particular, gi-eatly reduce the facility with which y-ferrite passes into /?- and cuferrite at 890° and 765°. Thus iron with 12 per cent of manganese, when chilled from a high temperature, contains only supercooled y-ferrite and is non-magnetic. It has to be kept for hours (instead of a few minutes) at a temperature below 765°, say 500-600°, before it goes over into a-ferrite. Manganese is thus a valuable constituent of steel be- cause, by favoring the survival of the y-ferrite in which alone the carbon is soluble, it permits the manufacture of a homogeneous steel contain- ing an unusually large proportion of dissolved carbon, and allows slower cooling without loss of temper. Pure Iron. — The pure metal may be made by reducing the purified oxalate in a stream of hydrogen or by Goldschmidt’s method (p. 540). Chemical Properties. — When exposed to moist air, iron receives a loosely adherent coating of rust (2Fejj08)5’6(OH)8). There is still uncertainty as to how the product is formed. It may result from disiDlacement of the hydrogen of carbonic acid, the oxygen assisting (c/. p. 624), and subsequent hydrolysis of the carbonate and oxidation of the ferrous hydroxide. The fact that alkalies prevent rusting favors this view, for they should diminish the amount of liydrion. According to another theory, water and iron are simultaneously oxidized : Fe -f HjO FeO + H„0, and the hydrogen peroxide immediately combines wdth the ferrous oxide : 2FeO + HA -> Fe„A(OH)8. (2) The presence of the peroxide cannot be demonstrated in this case, perhaps because it is used up very rapidly. In the rusting of zinc, however, it is always found (cf. also p. 636). Iron burns in oxygen and interacts with superheated steam, giving Feg04. A superficial layer of this oxide adheres firmly and protects the iron from the action of the air (Barff’s process for prevention of rusting). Iron displaces hydrogen easily from dilute acids. Steel and cast iron, which contain iron, its carbide, and graphite, give with cold dilute acids almost pure hydrogen, and the carbide and graphite remain un- attacked. More concentrated acids, however, particularly when warm, IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 753 give off, along with hydrogen, hydrocai-bons formed by interaction with the cai-bide (p. 543). The odor of the gas is due to com- pounds of sulphur and phosphorus. With dilute nitric acid, iron gives ferrous nitrate and ammonium nitrate {cf. tin, p. 694) and with the concentrated nitric acid ferric nitrate and oxides of nitrogen. It has little action upon alkalies. After being dipped in very concentrated nitric acid, iron becomes passive (c/. chi-omium, p. 723), and no longer displaces hydrogen and other elements lying below it in the electromotive series, A sharp blow, however, i)roduces a change which spreads over the surface from the point struck, and the metal becomes active once more. Ferrous Compounds. — Ferrous chloride is obtained as a pale- green hydrate FeCLj, 4HoO by interaction of hydrochloric acid with the metal or the cai'bonate. The anhydrous salt sublimes in colorless crystals when hydrogen chloride is led over the heated metal. At a high temperature the vapor of ferrous chloride has a density correspond- ing to the simple formula FeCl2, but at lower temperatures there is much association (p. 242) and the formula approaches FcjCl^. In solution the salt is oxidized by the air to a basic ferric chloride : 4Fe“ -f Oj + 4Fe“* -f 40H.' In presence of excess of the acid, normal ferric chloride is formed. With nitric acid, ferric chloride and nitric oxide are produced (p. 442). Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2 is thrown down as a white precipitate, but rapidly becomes dirty-gi'een and finally brown, by oxidation. It dissolves in solutions of salts of ammonium, being, like magnesium hydroxide (p. 644), sufficiently soluble in water to require an appreci- able concentration of OH' for its precipitation. The ammonium salts convert this into molecular ammonium hydroxide. Ferrous oxide FeO is black, and is formed by heating ferrous oxalate in absence of air. It may be made also by cautious reduction of ferric oxide by hydrogen (at about 300°), but is easily reduced fui-ther to the metal. Ferrous carbonate is found in nature, and may be made in slightly 1 hydrolyzed form by precipitation. The precipitate is white but rapidly I darkens and finally becomes brown, the ferrous hydroxide produced by j hydrolysis being oxidized to the ferric condition. The salt interacts j with water containing carbonic acid after the manner of calcium car- ! bonate (p. 482), and hence is found in solution in natural (chalybeate) i waters. 754 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Ferrous sulphide may be formed as a black, metallic-looking mass by heating together the free elements. It is produced by precipita- tion with ammonium sulphide, but not with hydrogen sulphide. It interacts readily with dilute acids. The precipitated form is slowly oxidized to ferrous sulphate by the air. Ferrous sulphate is obtained by allowing pyrites to oxidize in the air and leaching the residue : 2FeSj + 70^ + 2H,0 2FeS0, + 2HjS0,. The liquor is treated with scrap iron and the neutral solution evapo- rated until a hydrate FeSO^, 7H„0, green vitriol, or ‘‘ copperas,” is deposited. This substance forms green crystals belonging to the monosymmetric system, but gives also mixed crystals in which it is isomorphous with the rhombic vitriols (of. IVIagnesium and Zinc sul- phates, p. 649). The crystals are efflorescent, and Ijecome also brown from oxidation to a basic ferric sulphate : 4FeS0, + O2 -I- 2H^0 -> 4Fe(0H)S04. With excess of sulphuric acid and air, or an oxidizing agent, such as nitric acid, ferric sulphate is formed. The anhydrous salt forms a molecular compound with nitric oxide, and the solution becomes brown when this gas is led through it, an unstable complex ion, perhaps FeNO**, being produced (cf. p. 443). The double salts of the form (NHj2S04,FeS04,6H20 (Mohr’s salt) are not efflorescent, and in solid form are less readily oxidized than is ferrous sulphate. The ferrous sul- phate is used in dyeing and in making ink. The extract of nut-galls con- tains tannic acid, HC14H9O9, which, with ferrous sulphate, gives ferrous tannate. This salt is oxidized by the air to the ferric condition, and the ferric compound is a fine, black precipitate which can be suspended in a solution of gum-arabic. The resulting material is ink. The black streaks seen below nail-heads in oak and other woods are due to the formation of ferrous carbonate and its interaction with the tannic acid in the wood. Ferric Compounds. — By leading chlorine into a solution of ferrous chloride, and evaporating until the proper proportion of water alone remains, a yellow, deliquescent hydrate of ferric chloride, FeCl,, 6H2O is obtained. When this is heated still further, hydrolysis takes place and the oxide remains. When chlorine is passed over heated iron, the anhydrous salt sublimes in dark scales, which are red by IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 756 transmitted light. At a high temperature the formula of the vapor is FeClg, but at lower temperatures, in consequence of association, the density increases and the formula approaches FejClo. In solution, the salt, like other ferric salts, can be reduced to the ferrous condition by boiling with iron : 2Fe“* + Fe 3Fe*\ The same reduction is effected by hydrogen sulphide and by stannous chloride (c/. Mercuric chloride, p. 665) : 2Fe***+ S"-^2Fe**+ S|. 2Fe’*'+ Sn** ^ 2Fe“+ Sn*"\ The last action shows that ferrous salts are less active reducing agents than are the stannous salts. The ferric ion is almost colorless, the yellow-brown color of solutions of ferric salts being due to the pres- ence of ferric hydroxide produced by hydrolysis. The color deepens when the solution is heated, and fades again very slowly, by reversal of the action, when the cold solution is allowed to stand. On the other hand, the hydrolysis may be reversed and the color may be almost destroyed, particularly in the case of the nitrate, when excess of the acid is added to the solution : Fe(NOj)8 + 3HjO Fe(OH)3 -|- 3HNO3. Ferric iodide is reduced by the hydriodic acid produced by its own hydrolysis, and hence ferrous iodide does not unite with iodine to form this compound. The case is similar to that of cupric iodide (p. 621). Ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)g, appears as a brown precipitate when a base is added to a ferric salt. It does not interact with excess of the alkali. In this form the substance is a hydrogele (p. 623) and dries to the oxide without giving definite intermediate hydrated oxides. The hydrates, Fe408(0H)8 (brown iron ore) and Fe20(0H)4 (bog iron ore), however, are found in nature. The hydroxide passes easily into colloidal solution in a solution of ferric chloride, and by subsequent dialysis through a piece of parchment (of. p. 623) the salt can be separated, and a pure aqueous solution of the hydroxide obtained. This solution is red in color, shows no depression in the freezing-point, and is not an electrolyte. It deposits the hydroxide as a brown precipitate when ionogens are added to the solution. Ferric oxide, Fe^Og, is sold as “rouge” and “Venetian red.” It is made from the ferrous sulphate obtained in cleaning iron ware which 756 INOKGANIC CHEMISTRY ‘ is to be tinned or galvanized, and in other ways in the arts. The salt is allowed to oxidize, and the ferric hydroxide, thrown down by the addition of lime, is calcined. A purer form is produced by dry distil- lation of the basic ferric sulphate, an operation which used to be under- taken on a large scale for making Nordhausen sulphuric acid (p. 388). This oxide is not distinctly acidic, but by fusion with more basic ox- ides, compounds like franklinite Zn(FeO„)2 may be formed. It is reduced by hydrogen, at about 300° to ferrous oxide (which catches fire spontaneously in the air) and at 700-800° to metallic iron. Magnetic oxide of iron FCgO^ or lodestone is found in nature, and is formed by the action of air (hammer-scale), steam, or carbon dioxide on iron. It forms octahedral crystals like the spinelles (p. 686), and is assumed to be Fe(FeO„)2. Ferric sulphide may be made by fusing together the free elements. It is obtained by precipitation when soluble sulphides are added to solutions of ferric salts (Stokes) : Feg(SO,)3 -f- (NH j^S-^Fe^Sg -f Formerly the precipitate was supposed to be a mixture : 2FeS -1- S. Ferric sulphate is formed by oxidation of ferrous sulphate, and is obtained as a white mass by evaporation. It gives alums, such as (NH^)jS04, Fe2(S04)j, 24H„0, which are almost colorless when pure, but usually have a pale reddish-violet tinge. Pi/ rite. — The mineral pyrite FeSj (Fools’ gold) is the sulphide of iron which is most stable in the air. It is found in nature in the form of glittering, golden-yellow cubes, octahedrons, and pentagonal dodeca- hedrons. It is not attacked by dilute acids, but concentrated hydro- chloric acid slowly converts it into ferrous chloride and sulphur. It is reduced by hydrogen to ferrous sulphide. Cyanides. — When potassium cyanide is added to solutions of fer- rous or ferric salts, yellowish precipitates are produced, but the simple cyanides cannot be obtained in pure form. These precipitates interact with excess of the cyanide giving soluble complex cyanides of the forms 4KCN,Fe(CN)2 and 3KCN,Fe(CN)g respectively. These are called ferro- and ferricyanide of potassium, respectively. Ferrocyanide of potassium, yellow prussiate of potash,” is made by heating nitrogenous animal refuse, such as blood, with iron filings IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 757 and potassium carbonate. The resulting mass contains potassium cyanide and ferrous sulphide, and when it is treated with warm water these interact and produce the ferrocyanide : 2KCN + FeS ^ Fe(CN)2 + K2S, 4KCN + Fe(CN)3 K,.Fe(CN)e. The salt is made also from the cyanogen contained in crude illumi- nating-gas. It forms large, yellow, raonosymmetric tables with three molecules of water of hydration. The solution contains almost ex- clusively the ions K* and Fe(CN)g"", and gives none of the reactions of the ferrous ion Fe”. The corresponding acid H4Fe(CN)g may be obtained as white crystalline scales by addition of an acid and of ether (in which the substance is less soluble than in water) to the salt. The acid is a fairly active one but is unstable and decomposes in a complex manner. Other ferrocyanides may be made by precipita- tion. That of copper Cu„Fe(CN)5 is brown, and ferric ferrocyanide Fe4[Fe(CN)g]8 has a brilliant blue color (“Prussian blue”). The ferrous compound Fe2Fe(CN)g, or perhaps KnFeFe(CN)8, is white but quickly becomes blue by oxidation. The ferrocyanides are not poison- ous. Ferricyanide of potassium. This salt is easily made from the ferrocyanide by oxidation : 2K,Fe(CN)g -f- Cl, 2KC1 + 2K8Fe(CN)g, or 2Fe(CN)e"" + Cl^ ^ 2Fe(CN)g"' -|- 2C1'. It forms red monosymmetric prisms. The free acid HgFe(CN)g is un- stable. Other salts may be prepared by precipitation. Ferrous ferri- cyanide Fe3[Fe(CN)g]2 is deep-blue in color (“ Turnbull’s blue ”). With ferric salts only a brown solution is obtained. Ferric thiocyanate Fe(CNS)g is formed by interaction of soluble thiocyanates with ferric salts (c/. p. 260). It is deep-red in color and gives a blood-red solution in water. Since both the ions are colorless, the solution must contain chiefly the molecular salt. Its formation furnishes a very delicate test for traces of ferric salts. Iron Carbonyls. — When carbon monoxide is led over finely divided iron at 40-80°, or under eight atmospheres pressure at the ordinary temperature, volatile compounds of the composition Fe(CO)^, the tetracarbonyl, and Fe((!0)g, the pentacarbonyl, are formed. When 758 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY the gaseous mixture is heated more strongly, the compounds decom- pose again, and iron is deposited. Illuminating-gas burners frequently receive a deposit of iron from this cause. Ferrates. — A red solution of potassium ferrate, K,Fe04, is ob- tained by passing chlorine through caustic potash in which ferric hydroxide is suspended. The salt crystallizes in red, rhombic prisms, isomorphous with the sulphate and chromate of potassium. It alters quickly in solution, in consequence of hydrolysis and subsequent de- composition of the ferric acid, depositing ferric hydroxide and giving off oxygen. Barium, strontium, and calcium salts are formed as red precipitates by double decompositioxr. Analytical Meactions of Compounds of Iron, — There are two ionic forms of iron, diferrion Fe”, which is very pale-green, and tri- ferrion Fe”*, which is almost colorless. The yellow color of ferric salts is due to hydrolysis. Ammonium sulphide forms, with both, black ferrous sulphide which is soluble in dilute acids. The hydrox- ides are white and brown respectively, and ferrous carbonate is white. With ferric salts, soluble carbonates yield the hydroxide. With ferro- cyanide of potassium, ferrous salts give a white, and ferric salts a blue, precipitate. With ferricyauide of potassium the former give a deep- blue precipitate, and the latter a brown solution. Ferric thiocyanate is deep-red. From ferric solutions barium carbonate throws down fer- ric hydroxide. When sodium acetate is added in excess to a ferric salt, a red, little ionized, but much hydrolyzed, acetate is formed. When the solution is boiled the hydrolysis is increased, and an insol- uble, basic ferric acetate is thrown down. With borax, iron com- pounds give a bead which is green in the reducing flame, and colorless or, with much iron, yellow or even brown when oxidized. Cobalt. The Chemical Melations of the Element. — Cobalt forms cobaltous and cobaltic oxides and hydroxides CoO and Co(OH)2, CojO, and Co(OH)g, respectively, which are all basic, the former more so than the latter. The cobaltous salts are little hydrolyzed, but the cobaltic salts are completely decomposed by water. The latter also liberate readily one-third of the negative radical, after the manner of manganic salts, becoming cobaltous. Complex cations and anions con- taining cobalt are very numerous and very stable. IRON, COBALT, NICKEL 759 Occurrence. — Cobalt is found along with nickel in smaltite CoAs^ and cobaltite CoAsS. The pure metal may be made by Goldschmidt’s process, or by reducing the oxalate, or an oxide, with hydrogen. Physical and Chemical Properties. — The metal is silver-white, with a faint suggestion of pink. It is less tough than iron, and has no commercial applications. It displaces hydrogen slowly from dilute acids, but interacts readily with nitric acid.
| 40,191 |
https://github.com/ericsk/acs-k8s-node-sample/blob/master/dorabot/dialogs.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
acs-k8s-node-sample
|
ericsk
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 224 | 725 |
import * as builder from "botbuilder";
import * as request from "request";
import * as rp from "request-promise-native";
const CUSTOMVISION_URL = 'CUSTOMVISION_TRAINED_PREDICTION_URL';
const PREDICTION_KEY = 'CUSTOMVISION_TRAINED_PREDICTION_KEY';
/**
* The data structure of the returned prediction.
*/
interface IPrediction {
TagId: string,
Tag: string,
Probability: number
}
export let HelpDialog: builder.IDialogWaterfallStep = (session: builder.Session) => {
let card = new builder.HeroCard(session)
.title("May I help you?")
.buttons([
builder.CardAction.imBack(session, "Recognize a pic", "Recognize"),
builder.CardAction.imBack(session, "Check relationships", "Relationship")
]);
let msg = new builder.Message(session)
.addAttachment(card)
.inputHint(builder.InputHint.acceptingInput);
session.send(msg).endDialog();
}
// The recognition dialog.
export let RecognizeDialog: builder.IDialogWaterfallStep[] = [
(session: builder.Session) => {
builder.Prompts.attachment(session, "Please upload the picture.");
},
(session: builder.Session, results: builder.IPromptAttachmentResult) => {
console.log(`Attachments: ${results.response}.`);
for (let i in results.response) {
let attachment: builder.IAttachment = results.response[i];
let reqOpt: request.Options = {
uri: CUSTOMVISION_URL,
headers: {
'Prediction-Key': PREDICTION_KEY,
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
method: 'POST',
body: {
// FIXME: not work in local emulator
"Url": attachment.contentUrl
},
json: true
};
rp(reqOpt)
.then((parsedBody: any) => {
let preds: IPrediction[] = parsedBody.Predictions;
let tags: string[] = [];
for (let i in preds) {
let pred = preds[i];
if (pred.Probability > 0.5) {
tags.push(pred.Tag);
}
}
session.send(`Objects in the picture are: ${tags.join(',')}`);
})
.catch((err: any) => {
console.error(err);
});
}
session.endDialog();
}
];
// The relationship checking dialog.
export let RelationshipDialog: builder.IDialogWaterfallStep[] = [
(session: builder.Session) => {
session.send('Not implemented yet.').endDialog();
}
];
| 8,146 |
<urn:uuid:a532c63d-d533-40bc-8562-614ba55b3f7a>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.pension-alimentaire.caf.fr/fi/nouveau-numero-de-telephone-a-partir-du-16-decembre
|
pension-alimentaire.caf.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 187 | 324 |
Navigation Saut au contenu MENU Service Public des pensions alimentaires PARTENAIRESJUSTICE MON COMPTE Statut Page d'accueil Je me sépare La pension alimentaire Estimation de pension alimentaire Accord Amiable Exécutoire Qui contacter ? Mentions légales Plan du site Je me sépare Premières démarches administratives Changements au niveau des aides Qui peut m'aider ? L'essentiel sur le divorce et la séparation Les mots de la séparation La médiation familiale Pour en savoir plus La pension alimentaire La pension alimentaire Comment fixer une pension alimentaire ? Ma pension alimentaire n'est pas payée Je n'arrive pas à payer la pension pour mes enfants : services et conseils L'aide au recouvrement L'allocation de soutien familial L'intermédiation financière Questions / Réponses sur l'intermédiation financière Demander un titre exécutoire Demande aide au recouvrement L’intermédiation financière des pensions alimentaires est automatique Fil d'ariane Page d'accueil Ajuster la taille des caractères Statut Non trouvé La ressource demandée n'a pas été trouvée. https://www.pension-alimentaire.caf.fr/fi/nouveau-numero-de-telephone-a-partir-du-16-decembre « Retour Les rubriques Je me sépare La pension alimentaire Estimation de la pension alimentaire Informations Accessibilité Mentions légales Plan du site Nous contacter Informatique et libertés Liens utiles caf.fr msa.fr monenfant.fr justice.fr service-public.fr
| 35,610 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble%20County%2C%20Ohio
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Noble County, Ohio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noble County, Ohio&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 940 | 1,544 |
Noble County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,115, making it the fourth-least populous county in Ohio. Its county seat is Caldwell. The county is named for Rep. Warren P. Noble of the Ohio House of Representatives, who was an early settler there.
History
Noble County was formed on March 11, 1851, from portions of Guernsey, Morgan, Monroe and Washington counties. It was the last and youngest county to be formed in the state. It was named for either James Noble or Warren P. Noble, each of whom was an early settler in this region.
Noble County was home to the first North American oil well, the Thorla-McKee Well, which struck oil in 1814. For a time this was a center of oil production in the state.
In 1925, a United States Navy dirigible, USS Shenandoah (ZR-1), was caught in a storm over Noble County. It broke into several pieces, resulting in the deaths of 14 persons on board; 29 survived.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.6%) is water.
Adjacent counties
Guernsey County (north)
Belmont County (northeast)
Monroe County (east)
Washington County (south)
Morgan County (west)
Muskingum County (northwest)
National protected area
Wayne National Forest (part)
Demographics
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,058 people, 4,546 households, and 3,318 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 5,480 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 92.55% White, 6.69% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.03% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. 0.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,546 households, out of which 33.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.50% were married couples living together, 7.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.00% were non-families. 24.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.60% under the age of 18, 11.70% from 18 to 24, 31.80% from 25 to 44, 20.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 130.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 140.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $32,940, and the median income for a family was $38,939. Males had a median income of $30,911 versus $20,222 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,100. About 8.30% of families and 11.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.90% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 14,645 people, 4,852 households, and 3,394 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 6,053 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 96.1% white, 2.5% black or African American, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 25.9% were German, 13.1% were Irish, 9.1% were American, and 9.0% were English.
Of the 4,852 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.0% were non-families, and 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 48.6 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $39,500 and the median income for a family was $44,773. Males had a median income of $42,456 versus $29,551 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,029. About 11.6% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.
Politics
Noble County is a Republican stronghold in presidential elections, although Bill Clinton narrowly won it in 1996.
|}
Government
Noble County has a three-member Board of County Commissioners that oversee and administer the various County departments, similar to all but two of the 88 Ohio counties. Noble County's elected commissioners are:
County Commissioners: Floyd Allen Fraley (R), Gary Saling (R), and Ty Moore (R).
Education
Noble County is served by the Caldwell Exempted Village School District and Noble Local School District.
Communities
Villages
Batesville
Belle Valley
Caldwell (county seat)
Dexter City
Sarahsville
Summerfield
Townships
Beaver
Brookfield
Buffalo
Center
Elk
Enoch
Jackson
Jefferson
Marion
Noble
Olive
Seneca
Sharon
Stock
Wayne
Unincorporated communities
Ava
Carlisle
Crooked Tree
Dudley
Dungannon
East Union
Elk
Fulda
Gem
Harriettsville
Hiramsburg
Honesty
Hoskinsville
Keith
Kennonsburg
Middleburg
Moundsville
Mount Ephraim
Olive Green
Rochester
Sharon
South Olive
Steamtown
Whigville
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Noble County, Ohio
Footnotes
Further reading
Thomas William Lewis, History of Southeastern Ohio and the Muskingum Valley, 1788-1928. In Three Volumes. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1928.
External links
Unofficial county information website
Noble County Sheriff's Office
Appalachian Ohio
Counties of Appalachia
1851 establishments in Ohio
Populated places established in 1851
| 50,033 |
5458590_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,140 | 1,341 |
By the Court, Johnson, J.
It is a well established principle, that where the owner of property stands by, and sees another sell it as his own to a bona fide purchaser, and makes no objection and gives no notice of his rights, he will be held to have sanctioned the sale, and will not afterwards be permitted to assert his title, as against such purchaser. And the same rule I apprehend prevails, where the owner is informed of a sale of his property by another upon credit, and does not object to it or give the purchaser notice of his rights, but lies by and permits such purchaser to pay the purchase money as it becomes due, to the vendor, and receives the whole or a portion of it from the vendor.
The defendant purchased the boat in question from Sidney B. Thompson, who had it in possession and who informed him that he, Thompson, was the owner and that there were no incumbrances upon it. He gave Thompson another boat in exchange, and $660 or $670 as boot money, part of which was paid down and the residue secured by note payable at a future day. This was about the middle of June, 1850. On the 21st of June, Thomp*619son sent the plaintiffs $200 of the money received, and on the third or fourth of July following saw one of the plaintiffs and informed him of the sale to the defendant, and that he was to have more money from the defendant, which he, Thompson, would send the plaintiffs. The defendant after this paid Thompson $200, which he paid the plaintiffs on the 13th of July.
The .plaintiffs made no objection to the sale, as far as appears, and gave no notice to the defendant of their claim until the 16th of October, when they demanded the boat. Under these circumstances it seems to me they must be held to have consented to the sale, and are estopped from asserting their title, against the defendant. When informed of the sale and that part of the purchase money was still to be paid by the purchaser, they should have objected, and given notice, and not lain by and permitted him to pay the money supposing he had acquired a good title. Having done so, and received the money or a portion of it, it is too late for them to claim the property. Their remedy is upon Thompson, who was in privity with them and was ostensibly the owner. On this ground alone I am of opinion the judgment should be set aside and a new trial granted.
But unless I have mistaken the character of the instrument under which the plaintiffs claim as assignees, it is in effect a chattel mortgage, and not a mere executory contract to sell and give title conditionally. It purports to be an instrument inter partes, although it is in fact signed by one only. It is true it contains a stipulation that the party of the first part shall upon payment of the stipulated price, execute and deliver to the party of the second part a bill of sale of said boat. And there is also a stipulation that the instrument shall not be so construed as to give the party of the second part or his assigns any right in or title to the boat, furniture, &c. except the right to possess and use, until the payments shall be fully made.
But we must see what is the legal effect of the various provisions of the instrument. Courts are not bound by the construction the parties agree shall be put upon a contract, when such construction is manifestly contrary to the legal effect of all its provisions, and the rights of third persons have intervened. *620By the second clause of the instrument it is stipulated that the party of the second part shall have the possession and use of the boat, &c. unless he shall make default in the payment of the purchase price or some part thereof, or shall do or attempt to do any of the acts prohibited by the instrument. In which case it is provided, the party of the first part may take possession of said boat, &c. and hold the same, subject to the. provisions thereinafter contained. These provisions are contained in the fifth clause, and give the party of the first part the right, .upon default in payment, to take and sell the boat, <fcc. at public vendue, on giving such notice as is required in cases of sales of personal property upon execution. The proceeds of the sale ■are to be applied to the payment of the balance due for, the price of the boat, furniture, &c. and the costs, expenses and time spent about the sale, and the residue is to be paid over to the party of the second part. "Whose interest in the boat was to be sold under this provision 1 Clearly that of the party of the second part. The avails were to be applied for his benefit until the debt was canceled, and the surplus paid over to him. Certainly the party of the first part was not stipulating that his property in which the other party had no interest should be sold to satisfy the default of such other party, and to give the latter the benefit of the surplus. And yet such would be the result if the instrument is to be held a mere conditional sale. It is just the case of a sale upon a chattel mortgage by a mortgagee. The instrument has all the essential characteristics of a chattel mortgage. Welles, Johnson and T. R. Strong, Justices.]
These contracts for the sale of personal property, by which the title is attempted to be retained by the vendor while the possession and right to use are transferred to the purchaser, are liable to all the objections, and attended with all the mischievous consequences, of a conveyance of the title to a chattel by a vendor while he retains the possession and control, which the statute has so carefully hedged about. They are not entitled to any very favorable consideration, and courts are bound at least to see that the salutary provisions of the statute are not annulled or evaded by the mere form and phrase in which a transaction is committed to writing. The substance and essence of the transaction is to control.
If this is nothing more or less than a chattel mortgage—as in my opinion it clearly is—it is void as against the defendant, there being no evidence that it was ever filed" or entered of record. The judgment of the special term must therefore be set aside and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event of the suit.
| 36,405 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20Public%20Library
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Delaware Public Library
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delaware Public Library&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,259 | 2,905 |
The Delaware Public Library is a former public library in Delaware, Ohio. The building was funded by Andrew Carnegie and built in the neoclassical style. It opened to the public in 1906. The library's collection of books and volumes rapidly expanded during its operational history. By the 1970s, the Delaware Public Library started to run out of space. In 1984, a new public library was constructed, and Delaware County, Ohio started using the Delaware Public Library for office space. The building was tripled in size during a construction and restoration project that lasted from 1999 to 2001. The Delaware Public Library is currently used to house a number of Delaware County agencies, including the Delaware County Board of Commissioners.
The Delaware Public Library was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 because of the building's architectural significance.
Background
Carnegie library program
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was a steel magnate and philanthropist. He was born in Scotland to an impoverished family and dropped out of school at the age of twelve. Carnegie immigrated to Allegheny, Pennsylvania in 1848, and worked in a textile mill and later at Pennsylvania Railroad as a telegraph operator. Carnegie never returned to school, but a local resident allowed Carnegie limited access to his private library. Influenced by his life experience, Carnegie promised that he would fund libraries for members of the working class. Carnegie would go on to invest his earnings in business ventures, and started opening steel mills in the 1870s.
From 1881 to 1919, Carnegie gave away 56 million dollars to build libraries. His grants paid for 1,689 libraries in the United States and an additional 820 libraries across the English speaking world. Within the state of Ohio, Carnegie funded 111 libraries. In order to receive funding, a town needed to provide to provide land for the library and agree to fund the libraries operations; Carnegie's grant paid only for the physical building. Prior to Carnegie's programs, public libraries were frequently fee based and tended to move locations; many communities were unable to fund their fledgling library systems or to provide a permanent home. Carnegie's grants and maintenance requirements fueled the growth of public libraries across the United States.
History of the public library system in Delaware County
Delaware County, Ohio was founded in February 1808 while Delaware, Ohio was founded in March 1808. Since its creation, Delaware city has served as the county seat of Delaware county. During Delaware city's early history, there were numerous attempts to create a public library system. A corporation for establishing a public library in Delaware, Ohio was formed in 1855, but failed to accomplish its goal. A number of other proposals for a public library were created in the following decades, but these were also unsuccessful.
The Delaware County library system originated from a late-19th century women's book club, which initially had twenty-six members and a private library of thirty-six volumes. The book club formed a library association in 1897. The club's volume collection was intermediately housed in a doctor's home, a jewelry stored and a rented room. In 1898, the book club re-organized as "The Delaware City Library Association", and focused on creating a library and a reading room. That year, two Delaware residents began planning the design of a Masonic temple; the temple included space for a library and reading room that was offered to the Library Association. On February 23, 1899, the Library Association accepted the offer, and formally incorporated. The Library Association raised funds to heat, light and furnish the room, and to purchase up to date library equipment. The Masonic temple library room was opened to the public on April 5, 1900. The library contained 910 books and volumes when opened, and became immediately eligible for financial support from tax payers. The library collection eventually grew to 1,359 books and volumes.
In early 1902, a citizen of Delaware, Ohio submitted an application for a Carnegie library; the application was accepted on December 24 of that year. The Delaware City Council assumed responsibility for the construction of the library during a January 1901 meeting. The city council took a year to pick the location of the new library and to approve grants to purchase the land. Construction started in the fall of 1904, and concluded in 1906. The city held a dedication ceremony for the Delaware Public Library on September 1, 1906. The ceremony included a duet, performances by an orchestra and speeches by the mayor, the head of the Library's Board of Trustees and a professor from Ohio Wesleyan University. The public was also allowed to tour the library. The Delaware Public Library officially opened on September 4, 1906.
Description
The Delaware Public Library was designed in the style of classical Roman architecture. The structure originally consisted of a main hall and two wings, as well as an attic and a basement. The library originally had an area of approximately 8,000 square feet, and was built on a 14,400 square foot lot to make room for future expansions.
The library remained in use until 1984, when it was replaced by the newly constructed Delaware District Library, After 1984, Delaware County used the building for office space. From 1999-2001, Schooley Caldwell Associates (a Columbus preservation firm) expanded and restored the structure. The expansion tripled the size of the Delaware Public Library; most of the expansion occurred behind the original structure.
Exterior
The Delaware Public Library is built on an ashlar foundation and constructed of buff glazed brick. The exterior of the building is decorated with Bedford limestone trimming and copper cornices.
The library is entered by walking up a set of stairs leading to large, centrally located double doors. Two columns with Corinthian capitals flank the entrance. The words "Carnegie Library" and "Free to All" are carved above the entrance.
The library has a slanted hip roof. The roof was originally constructed of red tiles. However, the tiles were replaced with shingles in 1929.
Entrance and main hall
The Delaware Public Library is entered through a corridor. The delivery counter was located about fifteen feet from the entrance; the library's stacks were located behind the delivery counter. Delaware County currently uses a replica of the circulation desk as a reception desk for visitors to the building.
A central rotunda with stained glass is located above the circulation desk. The rotunda was covered up by a drop ceiling in 1970 to lower heating costs. However, the drop ceiling was removed during the 1999-2001 renovation, while the rotunda was cleaned and given minor repairs.
In the main hall, all of the side walls within eight feet of the entrance have oak paneling; all of the remaining walls and the ceiling are decorated with green frescoes and gildings. The main hall's floor is constructed of white, green and yellow mosaic tiles.
Left wing
The left wing contained the Delaware Public Library's general reading room, which could be entered by passing through an arch that connected the west wing to the main hall. The reading room contained the library's newspaper and magazine collection, as well as the card catalog. The general reading room also contained Mission style furniture, as well as electric and gas lamps. The room's floors consisted of a wooden finish.
The directors' and librarian's office was located to the west of the general reading room. An alcove was located to the North of the reading room. The alcove contained a memorial to Delaware residents who had lost their lives during the Spanish–American War. The alcove also contained books on history and Americans wars. The Spanish–American War memorial was transferred to the Delaware District Library shortly after the newer building opened to the public.
The Delaware County Board of Commissioners currently uses the left wing as a meeting space.
Right wing
The right wing originally contained a children's room and a reference room. The children's room contained books and magazines aimed towards children, as well as chairs and tables of varied sizes. The children's room has a wooden floor. The walls contain oak paneling, as well as columns and pilasters.
After taking possession of the Delaware Public Library, Delaware County used the children's room for cubicle space. Jane Hawes, writing for the Columbus Dispatch, stated that the cubicles clashed with the "elegant" design of the room. During the 1999–2001 renovation, the cubicles were removed and replaced by traditional furniture more harmonious to the room's design. Since the renovation, Delaware County has used the right wing of the building as a meeting space.
Miscellaneous changes to the library's design prior to 1999
A garage was added to the library to house the bookmobile, which entered usage in 1949. The library greatly increased its shelf space as its collections grew.
Additions during the 1999–2001 renovation
During the 1999–2001 renovation, Schooley Caldwell Associates added an extra 14,800 square feet in area to the Delaware Public Library. The expansion largely occurred behind the original structure, and mainly consisted of additional office space. The new expansion can be entered from the original library, or from handicap accessible side-doors. An elevator and antenna were also included in the new office space. A basement, designed to survive bad weather and other disasters, was added beneath the expanded office space to house Delaware County's Emergency Medical Service, Emergency Management Association and Emergency Operation Center. Schooley Caldwell Associates also converted the library's attic into a second floor.
During the renovation, Schooley Caldwell Associates went to great efforts to preserve the original structure. For example, the firm left the library's original bricks exposed whenever possible. Additionally, the firm designed the new structure to be similar but distinguishable from the original library. The new structure uses bricks that match the color of the old structure's bricks, but the bricks and mortar are different and the mortar joints are thicker. Additionally, the new structure uses colored fiberglass cornices instead of copper cornices.
History
Operational history
The Delaware Public Library was initially only available to residents of Delaware city. However, non-city residents had the option of buying a three-year pass to gain access to the library. In 1949, the library started using a book mobile to deliver reading material. The bookmobile serviced locations throughout the county, particularly county schools. In 1951, the Delaware Public library became the county's main district library. County residents gained access to the library, which became entirely funded by tax receipts. The city of Delaware initially retained ownership of the building itself; Delaware City ultimately sold the library to Delaware County in 1982.
Throughout its operational history, the size of the Delaware Public Library's collection rapidly expanded. In 1907, the Delaware Public Library housed 4,666 books and volumes in addition to a number of periodicals and newspapers. The library started collecting films for public usage during the 1950s, and musical recordings during the 1960s. By the mid-1970s, the library housed 62 thousand books and volumes, in addition to its collection of films, recordings, newspapers and periodicals. The library was only designed to house 16 thousand books and volumes, so overcrowding and a lack of space greatly impeded library operations. In 1979, the Delaware Public Library Board of Trustees appointed Hoyt Galvin & Associates (a Columbus-based firmed) to analyze the library and recommend ways to expand the structure. The firm concluded that expanding the library would be overly expensive due to updated building codes, and that no expansion plan could address the fundamental lack of available space.
Listing on the National Register of Historic Places
In 1983, the Delaware Public Library was placed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance: the library was a well-preserved example of the Neo-Classical architectural style and craftsmanship at the start of the 20th century. The library was also included for being a representation of the Carnegie library program.
The application was submitted by the Columbus Landmark Association. The Association recognized that the county library system was outgrowing the Delaware Public Library, and wanted to ensure that it would be preserved if the county sold it or stopped using it as a library.
Later history
In 1983, Delaware County purchased a former Albers supermarket near the site of the Delaware Public Library, and converted the supermarket into a library. The new library opened on the morning of August 20, 1984, replacing the Delaware Public Library as the county's main library.
After the construction of the new library, Delaware County used the Delaware Public Library for office space: the county 911 center moved into the building in 1989, while the Delaware County Board of Commissioners started meeting in the structure in 1991. However, the former library's small size restricted county use of the building. In 1998, the county approved a plan to triple the size of the library and consolidate county operations in the expanded structure. From 1999 to 2001, Schooley Caldwell Associates (a Columbus-based firm) expanded and restored the library.
Following the expansion, most county operations were relocated to new additions to the library. The original structure is currently used for County Commissioner meetings, and reception and meeting places. At present, the Delaware Public Library houses the County's Board of Commissioners, emergency operation center, Emergency Medical Service, Emergency Management Agency, 911 center and the Auditor's Geographical Informational Center.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Delaware Chamber of Commerce (1958). Delaware Welcomes You.
Galbreath, C. B. (1902). Sketches of Ohio Libraries. Fred J. Herr.
Galvin, Hoyt (1979), The Report of a Study of the Delaware County District Library with a Building Program. Hoyt Galvin & Associates. (on file with the Delaware County Genealogical Society).
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Quinolinium dyes with fluorinated counter anion for dye sensitized solar cells
ABSTRACT
The present invention relates to an electrode layer comprising a porous film made of oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a quinolinium dye having a fluorinated counteranion. Moreover the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion device comprising said electrode layer, a dye sensitized solar cell comprising said photoelectric conversion device and to novel quinolinium dyes having a fluorinated counteranion.
The present invention relates to an electrode layer comprising a porous film made of oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a quinolinium dye having a fluorinated counter anion. Moreover the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion device comprising said electrode layer, a dye sensitized solar cell comprising said photoelectric conversion device and to novel quinolinium dyes having a fluorinated counter anion.
Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion elements (dye sensitized solar cells, DSC) have attracted much attention in recent years. They have several advantages compared to silicon-based solar cells such as lower production and material costs because an inexpensive metal oxide semiconductor such as titanium dioxide can be used therefore without purification to a high purity. Other advantages include their flexibility, transparency and light weight. The overall performance of a photoelectric conversion device is characterized by several parameters such as the open circuit voltage (V_(oc)), the short circuit current (I_(sc)), the fill factor (FF) and the energy conversion efficiency (η) resulting therefrom. Thus, one approach to improve the energy conversion efficiency is to enhance the open circuit voltage and/or the short circuit current of the photoelectric conversion device by optimizing the dye used in the DSC.
The dyes have to meet several requirements among these are the stability, production costs and absorption properties, for example, the dye should absorb incident light of longer wavelength with a high absorption coefficient. Promising organic dyes used as sensitizers in DSCs are donor-π-acceptor systems, composed of donor, π-conjugated spacer, and acceptor/anchoring groups. However, the performance of these dyes is not always satisfactory.
CN 1534021 discloses photoelectric conversion devices comprising some methine dyes.
WO 2011/026797 and WO 2011/120908 relate to a dye sensitised solar cells (DSC) wherein the dye is a methine dye with a pyridinium acceptor group.
WO 2009/109499 relates to a photoelectric conversion element where the dye is a methine dye with a pyridinium, quinolium or isoquinolinium acceptor group, the spacer connecting the donor and the acceptor group being an ethylene group carrying an electron withdrawing group.
JP 2006-294360 relates to a photoelectric conversion element where the dye is a methine dye of the formula (1)
where m and n represent integers, R₁ represents an aromatic residual group, aliphatic hydrocarbon residual group or acyl group, R₂, R₃, A₁ and A₂ represent an aromatic residual group, aliphatic hydrocarbon residual group, hydroxyl group, phosphoric acid group, cyano group, hydrogen atom, halogen atom, nitro group, carboxyl group, carbamoyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, arylcarbonyl group, or acyl group. R₂ and R₃ may be joined together to form ring. X represents O, S, Se, CH₂, N—R₄, CR₅R₆ or —CR₇═CR₈—, R₄ represents an aromatic residual group, aliphatic hydrocarbon residual group or acyl group, R₅, R₆, R₇ and R₈ represent an aromatic residual group, aliphatic hydrocarbon residual group, hydroxyl group or the like, and Y represents an aromatic residual group or an organometallic complex residual group.
EP 1 990 373 relates to a photoelectric conversion device comprising a methine dye, in which a quinolinium acceptor group can be bonded to an ethylene group and the donor group is a di(optionally substituted fluorenyl)aminophenyl. The anionic counterion is i.a. bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide, C(SO₂CF₃)₃ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻.
There is still an ongoing need to further improve the performance of dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion devices, in particular their energy conversion efficiency η.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide an electrode layer sensitized with a dye, a photoelectric conversion device having an enhanced energy conversion efficiency η, a solar cell comprising the device and new dyes.
Surprisingly, methine dyes with a quinolinium or isoquinolinium acceptor group and a fluorinated counter anion are particularly advantageous. They have excellent overall properties; in particular they have a particularly good dye absorption property on the electrode, giving high long-term DSC stability, high long-term performance and high energy conversion efficiency.
Therefore, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to an electrode layer comprising a porous film made of oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a dye of formula (I), where - n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; - R¹ and R² are independently of each other selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl wherein alkyl is uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, heteroaryl and C₆-C₂₀-aryl which carries 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁-C₈-alkyl; or - R¹ can additionally be a radical of formula D; each D is independently selected from a radical of formulae D.1 and D.2 where - - * denotes the bond to the remaining compound of formula I - R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently of each other selected from unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or the aliphatic moieties in aralkyl, aralkenyl or aralkynyl are uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof, where - R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl or C₆-C₁₀-aryl; - or - R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ form together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, - or - R¹⁷ and R²⁰ form together with the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁷ is attached and the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which R²⁰ and N—R¹⁷ are attached an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring; - or - R¹⁷ and R²² form together with the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁷ is attached and the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which R²² and N—R¹⁷ are attached an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring; - and/or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ form with the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁸ is attached and the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which R¹⁹ and N—R¹⁸ are attached an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring; - R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹, R²², R²³ and R²⁴ are independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, NR²⁶R²⁶, OR²⁵, SR²⁵, NR²⁵—NR²⁶R²⁷, NR²⁵—OR²⁶, O—CO—R²⁵, O—CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—OR²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—NR²⁶R²⁷, CO—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, S—CO—R²⁵, CO—SR²⁵, CO—NR²⁵—NR²⁶R²⁷, CO—NR²⁵—OR²⁶, CO—O—CO—R²⁵, CO—O—CO—OR²⁵, CO—O—CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, CO—NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, CO—NR²⁵—CO—OR²⁶, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or the aliphatic moieties in aralkyl, aralkenyl or aralkynyl are uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof; - R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently of each other selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or the aliphatic moieties in aralkyl, aralkenyl or aralkynyl are uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof; A is a radical of formulae A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4 or A.5 - - where - # denotes the bond to the remaining compound of formula I - R²⁹, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are independently of each other selected from a radical G, hydrogen, halogen, OR³⁶, unsubstituted or substituted unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or the aliphatic moieties in aralkyl, aralkenyl or aralkynyl are uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof; - with the proviso that at least one of the radicals R²⁹, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R³⁵ is a radical G, - where - R³⁶ is unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, wherein alkyl is uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof; - G is selected from —R²⁸—COOH, —R²⁸—COO.Z⁺, —R²⁸—CO(C═O)OH, —R²⁸—CO(C═O)O.Z⁺, —R²⁸—S(═O)₂OH, —R²⁸—S(═O)₂O. The invention moreover relates to a photoelectric conversion device comprising the electrode layer as defined above. A further aspect of the present invention is the methine dye of the formula I, except for compounds I, if R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are both unsubstituted or substituted fluorene, Y⁻ is not bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide, C(SO₂CF₃)₃ ⁻, hexafluoride antimonate, BF₄ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻; and
except for compounds, if A is a radical of the formula A.1.1c
Y⁻ is not (C_(n)F_(2n+1)SO₂)₂N⁻, where n is an integer from 1 to 18 as defined above.
The invention also relates to the use of compounds of formula I in a photoelectric conversion device.
The electrode layer and the devices of the present invention are associated with several advantages. For instance, the quinolinium dyes with fluorinated counter anion allow for high V_(OC), J_(SC) and high FF that feature excellent energy conversion efficiencies η and are highly suitable for being used in solar cells.
When a denotation (e.g. D or G) occurs more than once (e.g. twice) in a compound, this denotation may be different groups or the same group unless otherwise stated.
The term “halogen” designates in each case, fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, specifically fluorine.
The prefix C_(n)-C_(m)— indicates the respective number of carbons in the hydrocarbon unit.
In the context of the present invention, the term “alkyl” comprises straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having usually 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups are especially methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neo-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-octadecyl and n-eicosyl. The expression alkyl also comprises alkyl radicals whose carbon chains may be interrupted by one or more, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 groups which are selected from —O—, —S—, —NR¹⁴— and/or —C(═O)—, unless otherwise stated. R¹⁴ preferably is hydrogen or C₁-C₂₀-alkyl. It is to be understood that alkyl interrupted by —O—, —S—, —NR¹⁴— and/or —C(═O)— or combinations thereof comprises at least 2 carbon atoms.
Substituted alkyl groups may, depending on the length of the alkyl chain, have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) identical or different substituents. Suitable substituents are e.g. C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵ and S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, where R²⁵, R²⁶, Z⁺ are as defined above.
The above remarks regarding alkyl also apply to the alkyl moiety in alkoxy. The term “C₁-C₂₀-haloalkyl” as used herein, which is also expressed as “C₁-C₂₀-alkyl which is halogenated”, refers to straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 2 (“C₁-C₂-haloalkyl”), 1 to 4(“C₁-C₄-haloalkyl”), 1 to 6 (“C₁-C₆-haloalkyl”), 1 to 8 (“C₁-C₈-haloalkyl”), 1 to 10 (“C₁-C₁₀-haloalkyl”), 1 to 12 (“C₁-C₁₂-haloalkyl”), 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₁-C₂₀-haloalkyl”) (as mentioned above), where some or all of the hydrogen atoms in these groups are replaced by halogen atoms as mentioned above: in particular C₁-C₂-haloalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl or 1,1,1-trifluoroprop-2-yl.
Substituted haloalkyl groups may have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) substituents different from halogen, specially one or two substituents different from halogen. Suitable substituents are e.g. C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵ and S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, where R²⁵, R²⁶, Z⁺ are as defined above.
The term “C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl” is an alkyl radical having ordinarily 1 to 4, 1 to 6, 1 to 8, 1 to 10, 1 to 12, or 1 to 20 carbon atoms as mentioned above, whose hydrogen atoms are partly or completely replaced by fluorine. Examples are fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2,-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2-fluoropropyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 2,3-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl, heptafluoropropyl, 1-(fluoromethyl)-2-fluoroethyl, 4-fluorobutyl, nonafluorobutyl, 2-(fluoromethyl)-hexyl, 2,3-difluorononyl, 2,3,6-trifluoroundecyl and the like. Substituted fluoroalkyl groups may have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) substituents different from fluorine, specially one or two substituents different from fluorine. Suitable substituents are e.g. C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵ and S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, where R²⁵, R²⁶, Z⁺ are as defined above.
The term “alkenyl” comprises straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having two or more C atoms, e.g. 2 to 4, 2 to 6 or 2 to 12 or 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having at least one double bond, e.g. one or two, preferably having one double bond in any position. Examples are C₂-C₆-alkenyl such as ethenyl (vinyl), 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl. The expression alkenyl also comprises alkenyl radicals whose carbon chains may be interrupted by one or more, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 groups which are selected from —O—, —S—, —NR¹⁴— and/or —C(═O)—, unless otherwise stated. R¹⁴ preferably is hydrogen or C₁-C₂₀-alkyl. It is to be understood that alkenyl interrupted by —O—, —S—, —NR¹⁴— and/or —C(═O)— or combinations thereof comprises at least 3 carbon atoms. Substituted alkenyl groups may, depending on the length of the alkenyl chain, have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) identical or different substituents. Suitable substituents are e.g. C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵ and S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, where R²⁵, R²⁶, Z⁺ are as defined above.
The term “alkynyl” comprises straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having two or more C atoms, e.g. 2 to 4, 2 to 6 or 2 to 12 or 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having at least one triple bond, e.g. one or two, preferably having one triple bond in any position, e.g. C₂-C₆-alkynyl such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 4-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl. The expression alkynyl also comprises alkynyl radicals whose carbon chains may be interrupted by one or more, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 groups which are selected from —O—, —S—, —NR¹⁴— and/or —C(═O)—, unless otherwise stated. R¹⁴ preferably is hydrogen or C₁-C₂₀-alkyl. It is to be understood that alkynyl interrupted by —O—, —S—, —NR¹⁴— and/or —C(═O)— or combinations thereof comprises at least 3 carbon atoms. Substituted alkynyl groups may, depending on the length of the alkynyl chain, have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) identical or different substituents. Suitable substituents are e.g. C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵ and S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, where R²⁵, R²⁶, Z⁺ are as defined above.
The term “C₁-C₂₀-alkylene” (or alkanediyl) refers to an alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms as defined above, wherein one hydrogen atom of the alkyl radical is replaced by one further binding site, thus forming a bivalent radical. The hydrogen atom is not removed from the carbon atom carrying a binding site. Examples include methylene, ethylene, propylene (trimethylene), isopropylene, n-butylene (tetramethylene), sec-butylene, isobutylene, tert-butylene, 2-ethylbutylene, n-pentylene (pentamethylene), isopentylene, 1-methylpentylene, 1,3-dimethylbutylene, n-hexylene, 1-methylhexylene, n-heptylene, 2-methylheptylene, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylene, 1-methylheptylene, 3-methylheptylene, n-octylene, 2-ethylhexylene, 1,1,3-trimethylhexylene, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, 1-methylundecylene or dodecylene.
The term “C₁-C₂₀-alkylidene” refers to an alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms as defined above, wherein one hydrogen atom of the alkyl radical is replaced by one further binding site, thus forming a bivalent radical. The hydrogen atom is removed from the carbon atom carrying a binding site. Accordingly, the free valences are part of a double bond.
The term “C₂-C₄-alkenylene” (or alkenediyl) as used herein in each case denotes a straight-chain or branched alkenyl radical having 2 to 4 carbon atoms as defined above, wherein one hydrogen atom at any position of the carbon backbone is replaced by one further binding site, thus forming a bivalent moiety. Examples include vinylene, propenylene, but-1-enylene or but-2-enylene.
The term “C₆-C₁₀-arylene” refers to an aryl group as defined below, wherein one hydrogen atom at any position of the aryl group is replaced by one further binding site, thus forming a bivalent radical. In case of polycyclic arylene, the bonding sites are either situated in the same ring or in different rings. Examples of arylene are phenylene such as 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene or naphthylene.
The term “C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl” refers to aryl-substituted alkyl. The aralkyl group has 7 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein aryl is as defined below, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, the alkyl moiety preferably is C₁-C₄-alkyl as defined above. Examples are 1-naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthyl methyl, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1-phenylpropyl, 2-phenyl-propyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl, 4-phenylbutyl, 2,2-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl, especially benzyl.
The term “C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl” refers to aryl-substituted alkenyl. The aralkenyl group has 8 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein aryl is as defined below, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, the alkenyl moiety preferably is C₂-C₄-alkenyl. Examples are styryl(2-phenylvinyl), 2,2-diphenylvinyl, triphenylvinyl, cinnamyl, 1-naphthylvinyl, 2-naphthylvinyl and fluoren-9-ylidenmethyl, especially 2,2-diphenylvinyl and triphenylvinyl.
The term “fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl” is
where # means the point of attachment tot he remainder of the molecule.
The term “C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl” refers to aryl-substituted alkynyl moieties. The aralkynyl group has 8 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein aryl preferably is phenyl or naphthyl, the alkynyl moiety preferably is C2-C4-alkynyl, e.g. 2-phenylethynyl.
The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a mono- or polycyclic, e.g. moncyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, aliphatic radical having usually from 5 to 20, preferably 5 to 16, more preferably 3 to 12, or 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of monocyclic rings are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, especially cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Examples of polycyclic rings are perhydroanthracyl, perhydronaphthyl, perhydrofluorenyl, perhydrochrysenyl, perhydropicenyl, adamantyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[4.2.2]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octyl bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, bicyclo[4.4.0]decyl, bicyclo[4.3.2] undecyl, bicyclo[4.3.3]dodecyl, bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, bicyclo[4.3.1]decyl, bicyclo[4.2.1]nonyl, bicyclo [3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl and the like. Cycloalkyl may be interrupted by one or more CO groups, usually one or two groups. An example for cycloalkyl interrupted by 1 CO group is 3-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl. Substituted cycloalkyl groups may have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) identical or different substituents. Suitable substituents are e.g. halogen, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵, S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted maleic anhydridyl and unsubstituted or substituted maleimidyl, where R²⁵, R²⁶ and Z⁺ are as defined above.
The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a mono- or polycyclic, e.g. monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, aliphatic radical having usually from 5 to 20, preferably 5 to 16, more preferably 3 to 12, or 3 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one double bond, preferably one double bond at any position. Examples include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or the like. Cycloalkenyl may be interrupted by one or more CO groups, e.g. one or two CO groups. Substituted cycloalkenyl groups may have one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5) identical or different substituents. Suitable substituents are e.g. halogen, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵, S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted maleic anhydridyl and unsubstituted or substituted maleimidyl, where R²⁵, R²⁶ and Z⁺ are as defined above.
The term “heterocyclyl” (also referred to as heterocycloalkyl) as used herein includes in general 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8- membered, in particular 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered mono-cyclic heterocyclic non-aromatic radicals and 8-, 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic non-aromatic radicals, the mono- and bicyclic non-aromatic radicals may be saturated or unsaturated. The mono- and bicyclic heterocyclic non-aromatic radicals usually comprise besides carbon atom ring members 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms, in particular 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S as ring members, where S-atoms as ring members may be present as S, SO or SO₂. Heterocycloalkyl may be interrupted by one or more CO groups, e.g. one or two CO groups. When heterocyclyl is substituted by one or more identical or different radicals, it is for example mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substituted. Suitable substituents are e.g. halogen, S—R²⁵, O—R²⁵, CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, NR²⁵R²⁶, CONR²⁵R²⁶, NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶, S(═O)₂OR²⁵, S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, heterocyclyl, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted maleic anhydridyl and unsubstituted or substituted maleimidyl, where R²⁵, R²⁶ and Z⁺ are as defined above.
Examples of saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered heterocyclic radicals include saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic heterocyclic rings, such as oxiranyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, thietanyl-S-oxid (S oxothietanyl), thietanyl-S-dioxid (S-dioxothiethanyl), pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, dioxolenyl, thiolanyl, S-oxothiolanyl, S-dioxothiolanyl, dihydrothienyl, S-oxodihydrothienyl, S-dioxodihydrothienyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, oxathiolanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,3- and 1,4-dioxanyl, thiopyranyl, S-oxothiopyranyl, S-d ioxothiopyranyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, S-oxodihydrothiopyranyl, S-dioxodihydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, S-oxotetrahydrothiopyranyl, S-dioxotetrahydrothiopyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, S-oxothiomorpholinyl, S-dioxothiomorpholinyl, thiazinyl and the like. Examples of 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic radicals comprising a fused benzene ring include dihydroindolyl, dihydroindolizynyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, chromenyl and chromanyl. Examples for heterocyclic radicals also comprising 1 or 2 carbonyl groups as ring members comprise pyrrolidin-2-onyl, pyrrolidin-2,5-dionyl, imidazolidin-2-onyl, oxazolidin-2-onyl, thiazolidin-2-onyl, 3-oxo-2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl and the like.
The term “C₆-C₂₀-aryl” refers to a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 6 to 20 carbon ring members such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, indenyl and the like, especially phenyl. Likewise preferably, C₆-C₂₀-aryl is naphthyl or pyrenyl. Substituted phenyl is substituted once, twice, three times, four times or five times. The substituents may be identical or different. Bi- or tricyclic aryl is usually substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 identical or different substituents, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4. Suitable substituents include C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, halogen, S—R¹⁴, O—R¹⁴, CO—OR¹⁴, O—CO—R¹⁴, O—CO—R^(14″), NR¹⁴R^(14′), CONR¹⁴R^(14′), NR¹⁴—CO—R^(14′), S(═O)₂OR¹⁴ and S(═O)₂O.Z⁺, where R^(14′) has one of the meanings given for R¹⁴ and where R¹⁴ is as defined above; and where R^(14″) is C₂-C₂₀-alkyl which is interrupted by one or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 oxygen atoms. If C₂-C₂₀ alkyl is interrupted by oxygen atom(s), the total sum of the chain members of C₂-C₂₀ alkyl interrupted by oxygen atom(s) equal the numbers of carbon and oxygen atoms present in the chain.
The term “C₆-C₂₀-fluoroaryl” refers to a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 6 to 20 carbon ring members such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, indenyl and the like, especially phenyl, wherein some or all of the hydrogen atoms in these groups are replaced by fluorine.
The term “heteroaryl” (also referred to as hetaryl) includes in general 5- or 6-membered unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic radicals and 8-, 9- or 10-membered unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic radicals which are aromatic, i.e. they comply with Hückel's rule (4n+2 rule). Hetaryl usually comprise besides carbon atom(s) as ring member(s) 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S as ring members. Examples of 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic radicals include: 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl or 5-isoxazolyl, 3-isothiazolyl, 4-isothiazolyl or 5-isothiazolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 2- or 5-[1,3,4]oxadiazolyl, 4- or 5-(1,2,3-oxadiazol)yl, 3- or 5-(1,2,4-oxadiazol)yl, 2- or 5-(1,3,4-thiadiazol)yl, 2- or 5-(1,3,4-thiadiazol)yl, 4- or 5-(1,2,3-thiadiazol)yl, 3- or 5-(1,2,4-thiadiazol)yl, 1H-, 2H- or 3H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1,3,4-triazol-2-yl,2H-triazol-3-yl, 1H-, 2H-, or 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, 1H- or 2H-tetrazolyl 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4-pyridinyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl and 2-pyrazinyl. When heteroaryl is substituted by one or more identical or different radicals, it is for example mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substituted.
The term “heteroaryl” also includes bicyclic 8- to 10-membered heteroaromatic radicals comprising as ring members 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring is fused to a phenyl ring or to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic radical. Examples of a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring fused to a phenyl ring or to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic radical include benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxathiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxazinyl, chinolinyl, isochinolinyl, purinyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, pteridyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidyl or pyridoimidazolyl and the like. These fused hetaryl radicals may be bonded to the remainder of the molecule via any ring atom of 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring or via a carbon atom of the fused phenyl moiety.
The term “organic or inorganic cation equivalent” refers to a monovalent cation or that part of a polyvalent cation which corresponds to a single positive charge. The cation Z⁺ serves merely as counter cation for balancing negatively charged substituent groups of the sulfonate group, and can in principle be chosen at will. Preference is therefore given to using alkali metal ions, in particular Na⁺, K⁺, or Li⁺ ions, an equivalent of an earth alkaline metal cation, in particular magnesium ion equivalent (½ Mg²⁺) or calcium ion equivalent (½ Ca²⁺) or onium ions, e.g. ammonium, monoalkylammonium, dialkylammonium, trialkylammonium, tetraalkylammonium, phosphonium, tetraalkylphosphonium or tetraarylphosphonium ions.
The term “and/or” or “or/and” are meant to express that not only one of the defined alternatives (substituents) may be present, but also several of the defined alternatives (substituents) together, namely mixtures of different alternatives (substituents).
The term “at least” is meant to define one or more than one, for example one, two, three, preferably one to two.
The term “one or more identical or different radicals” is meant to define one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more than eight identical or different radicals.
The remarks made below as to preferred embodiments of the variables (substituents) and indices of the compounds of formula I are valid on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other.
The remarks made below concerning preferred embodiments of the variables (substituents) and indices further are valid concerning the electrode layer, devices and the use of the compound of the formula I according to the present invention.
A specific embodiment of the invention relates to an electrode layer sensitized with a compound of the formula I, photoelectric conversion elements comprising said electrode layer, compounds of the formula I and the use, where R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently of each other selected from unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₂₀-alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₈-C₂₀-aralkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₄-C₂₀-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₅-C₂₀-cycloalkenyl and unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₂₀-cycloalkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or the aliphatic moieties in aralkyl, aralkenyl or aralkynyl are uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof, where R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl or C₆-C₁₀-aryl;
or
R¹⁷ and R¹⁸, R¹⁷ and R²², R¹⁷ and R²⁰ and/or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ form together an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring.
According to a specific aspect of this embodiment, D.1 is selected from radicals of the formulae D.1-a, D.1-b, D.1-c, D.1-c, D.1-d, D.1-e, D.1-f, D.1-g, D.1-h, D.1-i, D.1-k, D.1-l, D.1-m, D.1-n, D.1-o, D.1-p, D.1-q, D.1-r and D.1-s, preferably D.1-a
wherein
- * is the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule, - R¹⁵ and R²¹ have one of the meanings given above, especially a preferred one; - R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and R²⁰, if present, have one of the meanings given above, especially a preferred one; - R^(x4) is as defined above; - R^(x4a) is hydrogen or has one of the meanings given for R^(x4); and - a is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
According to a further specific aspect of this embodiment D1 is selected from radicals of the formulae D.1-t, D.1-u, D.1-v, D.1-w, D.1-x, D.1-y and D.1-z
where
- * is the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule, - R¹⁵, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ have one of the meanings given above, especially a preferred one; - R^(x1) is as defined above; - R^(x1a) is hydrogen or has one of the meanings given for R^(x1); and - b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.
According to a specific aspect of this embodiment, D.2 is selected from radicals of the formulae D.2-a, D.2-b, D.2-c, D.2-d, D.2-e, D.2-f, D.2-g, D.2-h, D.2-i,
wherein
- R¹⁶, R¹⁸, R²³ and R²⁴ have one of the meanings given above, especially a preferred one; - R^(x4) is as defined above; - R^(x4a) is hydrogen or has one of the meanings given for R^(x4); and - a is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
According to a further specific aspect of this embodiment, D.2 is selected from radicals of the formulae D.2-a, D.2-b, D.2-c, D.2-d, D.2-e, D.2-f, D.2-g, D.2-h, D.2-i, D.2-k, D.2-l, D.2-m, D.2-n, D.2-o, D.2-p and D.2-q,
wherein
- R¹⁶, R²², R²³ and R²⁴ have one of the meanings given above, especially a preferred one; - R^(x1) is as defined above; - R^(x1a) is hydrogen or has one of the meanings given for R^(x1); and - b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.
According to a particular aspect of this embodiment R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently of each other selected from C₁-C₈-alkyl, C₂-C₈-alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, heteroaryl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl, C₈-C₁₀-aralkynyl and C₅-C12-cycloalkyl, where alkyl or alkenyl may be unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from tetrahydrofuranyl, halogen, S—R¹⁴, O—R¹⁴, CO—OR¹⁴, O—CO—R¹⁴, NR¹⁴R^(14′), CONR¹⁴R^(14′)and NR¹⁴—CO—R^(14′), where aryl, heteroaryl, the aryl moiety of aralkyl, aralkenyl and aralkynyl and cycloalkyl are unsubstituted or may carry substituents selected from C₁-C₈-alkyl, C₂-C₈-alkenyl and C₈-C₂₀-aralkenyl; or
R¹⁷ and R²⁰ may form together with the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁷ is attached and the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which R²⁰ and N—R¹⁷ are attached a 5-, 6- or 7-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle which may have 1 further heteroatom selected from O, S and N as ring member and wherein the heterocycle may be unsubstituted or may carry one or more substituents R^(X4) selected from C₁-C₂₀-alkyl and phenyl, in addition two radicals R^(x4) bonded to adjacent carbon atoms may form together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring or an aromatic ring selected from benzene and 9H-fluorene where the carbocyclic and the aromatic ring are unsubstituted or carry one or more substituents selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl and fluoren-9-ylidenemethyl, and/or two radicals R^(x4) present on the same carbon atom may be C₁-C₂₀-alkylidene;
R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, NR²⁵R²⁶, OR²⁵, SR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵ and NR²⁵—CO—R²⁶; and
R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ are hydrogen, wherein R^(14′) has one of the meanings given for R¹⁴ and R¹⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷ and Z are as defined above.
According to a more particular aspect of this embodiment, D is a radical of the formula D.1. In particular D is a radical D.1, where
- R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently of each other selected from C₁-C₈-alkyl, phenyl which is unsubstituted or carries 1 or 2 substituents selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, 2-phenylvinyl, 2,2-diphenyl-vinyl and triphenylvinyl, 9H-fluoren-2-yl, which is unsubstituted or carries 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl, and pyrenyl, which is unsubstituted or carries 1 or 2 substituents selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl; or - R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached are morpholinyl; or - R¹⁷ and R²⁰ form together with the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁷ is attached and the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which R²⁰ and N—R¹⁷ are attached a 5- or 6-membered, nitrogen heterocycle which is unsubstituted or carries 2 radicals R^(x4), where two radicals R^(X4) on two adjacent carbon atoms form together with the carbon atoms they are bonded to a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated ring or a benzene ring, - R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl or OR²⁵ where R²⁵ is as defined above, preferably R²⁵ is C₁-C₁₄-alkyl; and - R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ are each hydrogen.
According to a further more particular aspect of this embodiment, D is a radical of the formula D.1, where R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached are thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinnyl or imidazolidinyl.
According to an even more preferred aspect of this embodiment D is a radical of the formula D.1, where R¹⁵, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ are each hydrogen and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are independently of each other selected from C₁-C₆-alkyl.
According to a further more preferred aspect of this embodiment D is a radical of the formula D.1 selected from radicals of the formulae D.1-1 and D.1-2
wherein
- * denotes the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule and - R¹⁸ is phenyl which is substituted by 2-phenylvinyl or 2,2-diphenylvinyl, 9H-fluoren-2-yl or 9,9-di(C₁-C₈-alkyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl.
In particular, R¹⁸ is phenyl which carries in the 4-position one radical selected from 2-phenylvinyl and 2,2-diphenylvinyl, or R¹⁸ is 9H-fluoren-2-yl, 9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl, 9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl, 9,9-di(n-propyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl or 9,9-di(n-butyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl.
Examples of suitable donors D are:
A further suitable donor D is
Especially preferred donors D are
A preferred embodiment of the invention relates to an electrode layer sensitized with a compound of the formula I, photoelectric conversion elements comprising said electrode layer, compounds of the formula I and the use, where in the compound of the formula I, A is selected from the radicals of the formulae A.1.1a, A.1.1b, A.2, A.3, A.4 and A.5
where
- # denotes the bond to the remaining compound of formula I - Y⁻, R²⁹, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are as defined above.
According to a specific aspect of this embodiment, A is a radical of the formulae A.1.1a, A.1.1b, A.2, A.3 or A.4,
where
- R²⁹ is selected from a radical G, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl which is uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, heteroaryl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, C₆-C₂₀-aryl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 C₁-C₈-alkyl, and C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl wherein the aryl moiety of aralkyl is substituted by 1, 2 or 3 C₁-C₈-alkyl; - R³⁰ is selected from a radical G, hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl wherein alkyl is uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, CO, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, heteroaryl, and C₆-C₂₀-aryl wherein the aryl moiety of aralkyl is substituted by 1, 2 or 3 C₁-C₈-alkyl; - R³¹ is selected from hydrogen and a radical of the formula D*
- where #* denotes the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule, m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and D, R¹ and R² are as defined above; - R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are independently selected from hydrogen or C₁-C₂₀-alkyl wherein alkyl is uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, NR¹⁴ or combinations thereof, C₆-C₂₀-aryl, heteroaryl, and C₆-C₂₀-aryl wherein the aryl moiety of aralkyl is substituted by 1, 2 or 3 C₁-C₈-alkyl; and - G is selected from —R²⁸—COOH, —R²⁸—COO.Z⁺; —R²⁸—SO₃H, —R²⁸—SO₃.Z⁺; —R²⁸—OP(O)(O.Z⁺)₂, —R²⁸—OP(O)(OH)₂ and —R²⁸—OP(O)(OH)O.Z⁺, where R²⁸ is a direct bond, C₁-C₂₀-alkylene, C₂-C₄-alkenylene or C₆-C₁₀-arylene and Z⁺ is N(R¹⁴)₄ ⁺, or an alkali metal cation, where R¹⁴ is as defined above; and - Y⁻ is as defined above.
According to a preferred aspect of this embodiment, R²⁹ is a radical G, C₁-C₈-alkyl or C₁-C₈-alkyl which is interrupted by one or two heteroatoms or heteroatomic groups selected from O, S, CO and NR¹⁴; in particular a radical G;
R³⁰ is hydrogen, a radical G, C₁-C₈-alkyl or C₁-C₈-alkyl which is interrupted by one or two heteroatoms or heteroatomic groups selected from O, S, CO and NR¹⁴;
R³¹ is hydrogen;
R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are independently of each other selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₈-alkyl and C₁-C₈-alkyl which is interrupted by one or two heteroatoms selected from O, S and NR¹⁴;
G is —R²⁸—COOH or —R²⁸—COO.Z⁺; where R²⁸ is a direct bond, C₁-C₁₀-alkylene, C₂-C₄-alkenylene or C₆-C₁₀-arylene and Z⁺ is an alkali metal cation such as Na⁺, K⁺, Li⁺ or Rb⁺ or N(R¹⁴)₄ ⁺, with each R¹⁴ being independently of each other selected form hydrogen, phenyl, and C₁-C₂₀-alkyl; and Y⁻ is as defined above or has one of the preferred meanings given below.
According to a more preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is a radical of the formula A.1.1a. According to an even more preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is a radical of the formula A.1.1a, in which R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are each hydrogen and R²⁹ is a radical G.
According to a particularly preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is a radical of the formula A.1.1a,
where
- # denotes the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule, - R²⁹ is —R²⁸—CONH—OH, where R²⁸ is a direct bond, C₁-C₄-alkylene, C₂-C₄-alkenylene or phenylene; - Y⁻ is as defined above and has preferable one of the preferred meanings.
According to a further particularly preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is a radical of the formula A.1.1a,
where
- # denotes the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule, - R²⁹ is —R²⁸—COOH or —R²⁸—COO.Z⁺, where R²⁸ is a direct bond, C₁-C₄-alkylene, C₂-C₄-alkenylene or phenylene; and Z⁺ is N(R¹⁴)₄ ⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺ or K⁺; - R¹⁴ is hydrogen or C₁-C₂₀-alkyl; and - Y⁻ is as defined above and has preferable one of the preferred meanings.
Examples of preferred acceptors are:
where # denotes the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule and Y⁻ is as defined above and has preferably one of the preferred meanings.
In particular, in the radical of the formula A.1.1a, R²⁸ is C₁-C₄-alkylene, especially —CH₂— or —CH₂—CH₂—. R²⁹ is in particular R²⁸—COOH with R²⁸ being C₁-C₂-alkylene and Y⁻ is as defined above and has preferably one of the preferred meanings.
A further preferred embodiment of the invention relates to an electrode layer sensitized with a compound of the formula I, photoelectric conversion elements comprising said electrode layer, compounds of the formula I and the use, where Y⁻ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻, preferably PF₆ ⁻.
A further preferred embodiment of the invention relates to an electrode layer sensitized with a compound of the formula I, photoelectric conversion elements comprising said electrode layer, compounds of the formula I and the use, where Y⁻ is a fluorinated organic anion selected from the groups Y.1, Y.2, Y.3, Y.4, Y.5 and Y.6,
where
- X⁻ is S(═O)₂O⁻, O—S(═O)₂O⁻, COO⁻; - Rf¹ is fluorine, C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, C₁-C₂₀-haloalkyl, where the two last-mentioned radicals are uninterrupted or interrupted by O, S, NR¹⁴, CO or combinations thereof and/or are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals selected from halogen, OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, O—CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, CO—OR²⁵ and CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, - Rf², Rf³, Rf⁴, Rf⁵ and Rf⁶ are independently selected from fluorine, hydrogen, OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, O—CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl; - X¹, X² and X³ are independently selected from S(═O)₂ and CO; - Rf⁷, Rf⁷*, Rf⁸, Rf⁸* and Rf⁹ are independently selected from C₆-C₂₀-fluoroaryl, C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl and C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl which is interrupted by O, S, NR¹⁴, CO or combinations thereof, wherein C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl and interrupted C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals selected from OR²⁵, O—CO—R²⁵, O—CO—OR²⁵, O—CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, CO—OR²⁵ and CO—NR²⁵R²⁶, or Rf⁷ and Rf⁸ together are C₃-C₆-fluoroalkyl, - Rf¹⁰, Rf¹¹, Rf¹² and Rf¹³ are independently selected from fluorine, C₁-C₂₀-fluoroalkyl and C₆-C₂₀-fluoroaryl, - R^(f14) and R^(f15) are together C₃-C₅-perfluoroalkyl where the fluorine atoms of the last mentioned group may be replaced by C₁-C₁₀-fluoroalkyl; - where R¹⁴, R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are as defined above.
For example, Y⁻ is a radical Y.2, where Rf², Rf³, Rf⁵ and Rf⁶ are each fluorine and Rf⁴ is O—CO—R²⁵ where R²⁵ is C₁-C₁₀-alkyl or C₁-C₁₀-alkyl which carries one or two substituents selected from C₁-C₈-alkylcarbonylamino.
According to a preferred aspect of this embodiment, Y⁻ is a radical of the formula Y.1.
More preferably, Y⁻ is a radical of the formulae
where
- Rf¹ is fluorine, C₁-C₁₀-fluoroalkyl or C₁-C₁₀-fluoroalkyl which is substituted by OC(═O)—R²⁵, where R²⁵ is as defined above. Preferably, R²⁵ is C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more, e.g. one, two or three C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy groups, where the alkyl moiety of alkoxy may be interrupted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 or more than 10 oxygen atoms, or R²⁵ is 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-membered saturated heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms or heteroatom groups selected from N, O, C(O), S, SO and SO₂, as ring members, where heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 C₁-C₄-alkyl groups. More preferably, R²⁵ is C₁-C₂₀-alkyl, phenyl which is unsubstituted or carries one or two C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy groups, where the alkyl moiety of alkoxy may be interrupted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 oxygen atoms, or, R²⁵ is 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-membered saturated heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms or heteroatom groups selected from O and CO as ring members, which is substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 C₁-C₄-alkyl, preferably 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-membered saturated heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms or heteroatom groups selected from O and CO as ring members, which is substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 C₁-C₄-alkyl. Even more preferably, R²⁵ is 4,7,7-trimethyl-3-oxo-2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl. Likewise, even more preferably, R²⁵ is C₁-C₁₀-alkyl. Likewise, even more preferably, R²⁵ is phenyl or phenyl which is substituted by 1 or 2 C₁-C₂₀-alkoxy groups, where the alkyl moiety of alkoxy is interrupted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 oxygen atoms.
| 33,548 |
https://github.com/doodlemeat/Terminal/blob/master/Stealth/Weapon.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Terminal
|
doodlemeat
|
C
|
Code
| 78 | 293 |
#pragma once
#include <string>
#include "Item.h"
namespace sf
{
class Sprite;
}
class Weapon: public Item
{
public:
Weapon();
~Weapon();
void setName(std::string p_value);
void setAmmo(int p_value);
void setFireRate(int p_value);
void setDamage(int p_value);
void setBulletSpread(int p_value);
void setWeight(int p_value);
void setAutoFire(bool p_value);
void setEquipped(bool p_value);
std::string getName();
int getAmmo();
int getFireRate();
int getDamage();
int getBulletSpread();
int getWeight();
bool getAutoFire();
bool getEquppied();
private:
std::string m_name;
int m_ammo;
int m_fire_rate;
int m_damage;
int m_bullet_spread;
int m_weight;
bool m_auto_fire;
bool m_equipped;
};
| 41,299 |
https://github.com/israelfaria/BerryBots/blob/master/bots/sample/racer.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-3.0
| 2,022 |
BerryBots
|
israelfaria
|
Lua
|
Code
| 139 | 392 |
-- A simple racing ship designed for the sample.racetrack stage. Has a hard
-- coded path and no intelligence for quick adaptation to collisions or finding
-- optimal paths.
ship = nil
world = nil
function init(shipArg, worldArg)
ship = shipArg
world = worldArg
ship:setName("Racer")
ship:setShipColor(255, 0, 0)
ship:setLaserColor(255, 0, 0)
ship:setThrusterColor(255, 255, 0)
end
lastHitWall = false
lastHitShip = false
function run(enemyShips, sensors)
if ((lastHitWall and ship:hitWall())
or (lastHitShip and ship:hitShip())) then
ship:fireThruster(math.random() * 2 * math.pi, 5 - ship:speed())
else
if (ship:x() < 750 and ship:y() < 200) then
shipGoto(850, 150)
elseif (ship:x() > 750 and ship:y() < 450) then
shipGoto(925, 550)
elseif (ship:x() > 200) then
shipGoto(75, 600)
else
shipGoto(75, 150)
end
end
lastHitWall = ship:hitWall()
lastHitShip = ship:hitShip()
end
function shipGoto(x, y)
angle = math.atan2(y - ship:y(), x - ship:x())
ship:fireThruster(angle, 12 - ship:speed())
end
| 41,914 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolteria%20speciosa
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bolteria speciosa
|
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolteria speciosa&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 37 | 63 |
An Bolteria speciosa in uska species han Insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni Van Duzee hadton 1916. An Bolteria speciosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bolteria, ngan familia nga Miridae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Bolteria
| 9,479 |
US-201314771955-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,388 | 2,910 |
Wind turbine rotating blade
ABSTRACT
The present invention provides a wind turbine having rotating blades, comprising: a base, a rotation shaft, turbine blades, blade ferrules, an upper flange, a generator and a lower flange. The rotation shaft is arranged on the base. The blade ferrules are installed on the rotation shaft. Blade ferrules are applied to fixate between the rotation shaft and the turbine blades. The rotation shaft is connected to the generator. The upper flange is arranged above the generator and the lower flange is arranged under the generator. The disclosed wind turbine may increase utilization efficiency of wind power and is highly advantageous to startup the generator under breeze condition.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to the field of wind turbine technologies and, more particularly, relates to rotating blades for wind turbines.
BACKGROUND
With growing energy consumption, new types of clean energies have been widely explored. In plains with large open areas, wind power has been widely used. In existing wind turbines, rotating spiral blades may drive the generator to rotate and generate electricity. These generators have low efficiency and low generating capacity under breeze condition. Further, in ordinary blade joints and blade supporting and blade ferrule structures, the blade supporting strut often use round and square materials, and does not meet the aerodynamic requirements. When connected with the blades, the blade supporting strut cannot effectively comply with three-dimensional helical surface of the blades. In addition, these components have complex manufacturing process, low efficiency and high cost.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
1. Technical Problem
To overcome disadvantages of existing wind turbine which have low efficiencies under breeze condition, the present disclosure provides a wind turbine rotating blade.
2. Technical Solution
The present disclosure provides a wind turbine having rotating blade, including a base, a rotation shaft, turbine blades, blade ferrules, an upper flange, a generator and a lower flange. The rotation shaft is arranged on the base. The blade ferrules are installed on the rotation shaft. The turbine blades are installed on the blade ferrules. The rotation shaft is connected to the generator. The upper flange is arranged above the generator and the lower flange is arranged under the generator. A blade ferrule includes an upper blade ferrule and a lower blade ferrule. The blade ferrule is configured to have positioning holes. Connection positioning blocks are arranged at the junction between the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule. Turbine blade struts are installed at the lateral side of the upper blade ferrule and at the lateral side of the lower blade ferrule. The number of blade ferrules is at least four. The blade ferrules are installed on the rotation shaft in a spiral manner at equally divided locations. The vertical distances between two neighboring blade ferrules are the same. The upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule are fixated at their junction by a bolt through the positioning holes. The connection positioning blocks are used to fixate the positions of the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule during the process of holding the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule together. The turbine blades are made of basalt. The turbine blades are fixed on blade contact surfaces in a twisted and rotated manner. The blade contact surfaces are arranged at the left end of the upper blade ferrule, the right end of the lower blade ferrule and the outer ends of the turbine blade struts. The turbine blade strut is configured to have a protrusion. The horizontal surface of the protrusion is perpendicular to the turbine blades. The cross section of the turbine blade strut has an airfoil shape. The blade contact surfaces have an arc shape.
ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, turbine blades for traditional wind turbines may be twisted in a helical shape. This may enhance wind power utilization efficiency of the wind turbine. When the wind turbine is in operation, concaving part of a turbine blade may catch wind flow and rotate in the wind stream, bulging part of the turbine blade may prevent rotation. When implementing the disclosed twisting pattern, the upper part of one turbine blade and the lower part of the other turbine blade may always be in a position to catch the wind. Thus, the wind turbine may obtain driving power regardless how the wind direction changes, and may be particularly useful to start the wind turbine when there is a small wind. The blade ferrule structure may adopt advanced three-dimensional design, and may be modified and improved according to aerodynamic performance analysis. The blade ferrule structure may be manufactured by putting (Chinese national standard 102 type) aluminum alloy through a die casting process using a die casting mould. The cross section of the turbine blade struts may assume an airfoil shape. Blade contacting surface of the turbine blade struts may have desired compatibility with the turbine blades. Thus, this may solve the problem of connecting ordinary turbine blades and the problem of configuring a proper structure of supporting blade ferrules. The turbine blade may be manufactured as a whole by basalt, and may be twisted and fixated on the blade ferrules. This may facilitate transportation, and the turbine blades may not be damaged during shipment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Drawings and embodiments are combined to further describe the present disclosure.
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic structure according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 illustrates a top view according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary blade ferrule structure consistent with the disclosed embodiments; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary turbine blade strut consistent with the disclosed embodiments.
Reference numbers in the figures: base 1, rotation shaft 2, turbine blade 3, blade ferrule 4, upper flange 5, generator 6, lower flange 7, turbine blade strut 8, blade contact surface 9, connection positioning block 10, protrusion 11, positioning hole 12, upper blade ferrule 13, and lower blade ferrule 14.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic structure according to the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, a wind turbine having rotating blades may include a base 1, a rotation shaft 2, turbine blades 3, blade ferrules 4, an upper flange 5, a generator 6, and a lower flange 7. The rotation shaft 2 is arranged on the base 1. The blade ferrules 4 are installed on the rotation shaft 2. The turbine blades 3 are installed on the blade ferrules 4. The rotation shaft 2 is connected to the generator 6. The upper flange 5 is arranged above the generator 6 and the lower flange 7 is arranged under the generator 6. As shown in FIG. 3, a blade ferrule 4 may include an upper blade ferrule 13 and a lower blade ferrule 14. Positioning holes 12 may be arranged on the blade ferrules 4. Connection positioning blocks 10 may be arranged at the junction of the upper blade ferrule 13 and the lower blade ferrule 14.
As shown in FIGS. 1-4, in the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, the turbine blades 3 may be twisted in a helical shape, which may enhance wind power utilization efficiency of the wind turbine. When the wind turbine is in operation, concaving part of a turbine blade may catch wind flow and rotate in the wind stream, bulging part of the turbine blade may prevent rotation. When implementing the disclosed twisting pattern, the upper part of one turbine blade and the lower part of another turbine blade may always be in a position to catch the wind. Thus, the wind turbine may obtain driving power regardless how the wind direction changes. The turbine blades 3 and the rotation shaft 2 may be connected using the blade ferrules 4, which may enhance stabilities of the turbine blades 3. The upper flange 5 may connect the rotation shaft 2 to the generator 6. The lower flange 6 may anchor the generator 6 on a frame or on the ground. The installation is fast and convenient, and may have a desired use effect.
The blade ferrule 4 may connect to turbine blade struts 8, whose cross section may have an airfoil shape. Blade contact surfaces 9 on the blade ferrule 4 and the turbine blade struts 8 may have a desired compatibility with the turbine blades 3. These may solve the problem of connecting ordinary turbine blades and the problem of configuring a proper structure of supporting blade ferrules 4. The blade contact surfaces 9 may have an arc shape, which may fit well with the turbine blades 3 and improves fixation results. A set of connection positioning blocks 10 may have compatible protruding and recessing trapezoidal shapes, thus assembling the blade ferrules may be quick and convenient, which enhances installation efficiency.
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, the turbine blade struts 8 may be installed on the lateral side of the upper blade ferrule 13 and the lateral side of the lower blade ferrule 14.
The disclosed wind turbine may have at least four blade ferrules 4. The blade ferrules 4 may be mounted on the rotation shaft 2 in a spiral fashion at equally divided locations. The vertical distances between two neighboring blade ferrules may be consistent.
Multiple blade ferrules 4 may enhance stability of the turbine blades 3. The blade ferrules 4 may be mounted at equally divided locations on the rotation shaft 2, which may comprehensively support the turbine blades 3, ensure the turbine blades 3 to be completely mounted on the blade ferrules 4 and allow the turbine blades 3 to have smooth surface. Therefore, the wind utilization efficiency may be improved and desired usage results may be achieved.
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, blade contact surfaces 9 may be arranged at the left end of the upper blade ferrule 13, the right end of the lower blade ferrule 14 and the outer ends of the turbine blade struts 8. The turbine blades 3 may be made of basalt. The turbine blades 3 may be fixated on the blade contact surfaces 9 in a twisted and rotated, i.e., spiral or helical, manner.
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, the upper blade ferrule 13 and the lower blade ferrule 14 may be fixated at the junction by a bolt going through the positioning holes 12. The connection positioning blocks 10 may be used for positioning when putting the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule together.
During installation process, the connection positioning blocks 10 may indicate positions of the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule, which enhances installation accuracy. Further, the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule may be secured tightly by putting a bolt through the positioning holes 12, which may have desired use effect.
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, the turbine blade strut 8 may be configured to have a protrusion 11. The horizontal surface of the protrusion 11 may be perpendicular to a turbine blade 3.
The horizontal surface of the protrusion 11 and the turbine blade 3 are perpendicular, the turbine blade 3 may thus have a desired contact with the blade contact surface 9, which may enhance fixation results.
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, the blade contact surface 9 may have an arc-shaped surface.
The arc-shaped surface of the blade contact surface 9 may fit well with the turbine blade 3, and ensure the roundness of the turbine blade 3.
In the disclosed wind turbine having rotating blades, the cross section of the turbine blade strut 8 may have an airfoil shape.
The airfoil shaped turbine blade strut 8 may have desired aerodynamic characteristics, reduce resistance and enhance the efficiency of power generation.
1. A wind turbine having rotating blades, comprising: a base, a rotation shaft, a plurality of turbine blades, a plurality of blade ferrules, an upper flange, a generator, and a lower flange, wherein: the rotation shaft is arranged on the base; the blade ferrules are installed on the rotation shaft; the turbine blades are installed on the blade ferrules; the rotation shaft is connected to the generator; the upper flange is arranged above the generator and the lower flange is arranged under the generator; a blade ferrule includes an upper blade ferrule and a lower blade ferrule; positioning holes are arranged on the blade ferrules; and connection positioning blocks are arranged at a junction of the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule.
2. The wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein: turbine blade struts are installed at a lateral side of the upper blade ferrule and at a lateral side of the lower blade ferrule.
3. The wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein: a total number of the blade ferrules is at least four; the blade ferrules are installed on the rotation shaft in a spiral manner at equally divided locations; and vertical distances between any two neighboring blade ferrules are same.
4. The wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein: the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule are fixated at the junction by a bolt through the positioning holes; the connection positioning blocks are used for positioning during a process of holding the upper blade ferrule and the lower blade ferrule together.
5. The wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein: the turbine blades are made of basalt; and the turbine blades are fixed on blade contact surfaces in a twisted and rotated manner.
6. The wind turbine according to claim 2, wherein: blade contact surfaces are arranged at a left end of the upper blade ferrule, a right end of the lower blade ferrule and outer ends of the turbine blade struts.
7. The wind turbine according to claim 2, wherein: a turbine blade strut is configured to have a protrusion; and a horizontal surface of the protrusion is perpendicular to a turbine blade.
8. The wind turbine according to claim 2, wherein: a cross section of the turbine blade struts has an airfoil shape.
9. The wind turbine according to claim 7, wherein: the blade contact surfaces have an arc shape.
10. The wind turbine according to claim 1, wherein: a set of the connection positioning blocks have compatible protruding and recessing trapezoidal shapes..
| 35,277 |
https://github.com/MaksimZavitaev/welcome-service/blob/master/resources/admin/src/js/components/MultiInput.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
welcome-service
|
MaksimZavitaev
|
Vue
|
Code
| 119 | 486 |
<template>
<div>
<draggable v-model="inputs" handle=".handler">
<div v-for="(item, key) in inputs" :key="key">
<div class="input-group input-group-sm">
<div class="input-group-btn">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-danger" @click="removeInput(key)">
<i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i>
</button>
</div>
<input class="form-control" type="text" :name="`${name}[]`" v-model="inputs[key]" v-focus/>
<div class="input-group-btn handler">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-warning">
<i class="fa fa-arrows-v"></i>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</draggable>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-success" @click="addInput">
<i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i>
</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import Draggable from 'vuedraggable';
export default {
components: {
Draggable,
},
props: {
items: {
type: String,
},
name: {
type: String,
},
},
data() {
return {
inputs: JSON.parse(this.items),
}
},
methods: {
addInput() {
this.inputs.push('');
},
removeInput(index) {
this.inputs.splice(index, 1);
},
},
watch: {
inputs: {
handler(val) {
this.$emit('input', val);
},
deep: true,
}
}
}
</script>
| 46,792 |
https://github.com/dthx2710/Dolicon-Blue-Archive/blob/master/src/components/Footer.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Dolicon-Blue-Archive
|
dthx2710
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 189 | 807 |
import React from 'react'
import { Link } from 'gatsby'
import discord from '../img/social/discord.svg'
import kofi from '../img/social/Ko-fi_Icon_RGB_rounded.png'
import github from '../img/github-icon.svg'
import facebook from '../img/social/facebook_old.svg'
const Footer = class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<footer className="footer has-background-black has-text-white-ter">
<div className="content has-text-centered has-background-black has-text-white-ter">
<div className="container has-background-black has-text-white-ter">
<div style={{ maxWidth: '100vw' }} className="columns">
<div className="column is-4">
<section className="menu">
<ul className="menu-list">
<li>
<Link to="/" className="navbar-item">
Home
</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link className="navbar-item" to="/strikers">
Strikers
</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link className="navbar-item" to="/specials">
Specials
</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link className="navbar-item" to="/">
EXP Calculator
</Link>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<div className="column is-4">
<section>
<ul className="menu-list">
<li>
<Link className="navbar-item" to="/about">
About
</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link className="navbar-item" to="/contact">
Contact
</Link>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<div className="column is-4 social">
<a title="ko-fi" href="https://ko-fi.com/dolicon">
<img
src={kofi}
alt="Ko-fi"
style={{ width: '2em', height: '2em' }}
/>
</a>
<a title="github" href="https://github.com/dthx2710">
<img
src={github}
alt="Github"
style={{ width: '2em', height: '2em' }}
/>
</a>
<a title="discord" href="https://discord.gg/bluearchive">
<img
src={discord}
alt="Discord"
style={{ width: '2em', height: '2em' }}
/>
</a>
<a title="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/311889543327097/">
<img
src={facebook}
alt="Facebook"
style={{ width: '2em', height: '2em' }}
/>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
)
}
}
export default Footer
| 22,592 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5581001
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Goluj District
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 79 | 232 |
Goluj District
subregion in Gash-Barka, Eritrea
Goluj District country Eritrea
Goluj District located in the administrative territorial entity Gash-Barka Region
Goluj District instance of subregion of Eritrea
Goluj District Freebase ID /m/0h3tzd2
گولوج ذیلی علاقہ
گولوج ذیلی علاقہ ملک اریتریا
گولوج ذیلی علاقہ انتظامی تقسیم میں مقام گاش-برکہ علاقہ
گولوج ذیلی علاقہ قسم ارتریا کے ذیلی علاقہ جات
گولوج ذیلی علاقہ فری بیس آئی ڈی /m/0h3tzd2
Goluj Subregion
Goluj Subregion izwe I-Eritrea
Goluj Subregion isibonelo se Izifunda zase Eritrea
| 40,017 |
https://github.com/EfficientIP-Labs/solidserver-go-client/blob/master/sdsclient/model_ipam_pool6_add_input.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
solidserver-go-client
|
EfficientIP-Labs
|
Go
|
Code
| 2,241 | 5,160 |
/*
* SOLIDserver API
*
* OpenAPI 3.0.2 API definition for SOLIDserver service from EfficientIP.<p>Copyright © 2000-2021 EfficientIP</p><p><em>All specifications and information regarding the products in this document are subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by EfficientIP. EfficientIP assumes no responsibility or liability for any mistakes or inaccuracies that may appear in this document. All statements and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate but are presented without warranty. Users must take full responsibility for their application of any product.</em></p><p>Generated (Monday 14th of June 2021 12:30:34 PM)</p>
*
* API version: 2.0
* Contact: support-api@efficientip.com
*/
// Code generated by OpenAPI Generator (https://openapi-generator.tech); DO NOT EDIT.
package sdsclient
import (
"encoding/json"
)
// IpamPool6AddInput struct for IpamPool6AddInput
type IpamPool6AddInput struct {
// todo(here) :ipam.pool6.add.input.pool6_end_address_addr. : IPv6 address
Pool6EndAddressAddr *string `json:"pool6_end_address_addr,omitempty"`
// The database identifier (ID) of the space, a unique numeric key value automatically incremented when you add a space. Use the ID to specify the space of your choice.
SpaceId *int32 `json:"space_id,omitempty"`
// The name of the space.
SpaceName *string `json:"space_name,omitempty"`
// todo(here) :ipam.pool6.add.input.pool6_start_address_addr. : IPv6 address
Pool6StartAddressAddr *string `json:"pool6_start_address_addr,omitempty"`
// The database identifier (ID) of the IPv6 network, a unique numeric key value automatically incremented when you add an IPv6 network. Use the ID to specify the IPv6 network of your choice.
Network6Id *int32 `json:"network6_id,omitempty"`
// The name of the IPv6 pool, each IPv6 pool must have a unique name.
Pool6Name *string `json:"pool6_name,omitempty"`
// The reservation status of the IPv6 pool. If set 1, the IP addresses it contains cannot be assigned.
Pool6ReadOnly *int32 `json:"pool6_read_only,omitempty"`
// class parameters you want to delete from the object
ClassParametersToDelete *[]string `json:"class_parameters_to_delete,omitempty"`
// The name of the class to apply to the object you are adding. You must specify the class file directory, e.g. <b>my_directory/my_class.class</b> . You cannot use the classes <b>global</b> and <b>default</b>, they are reserved by the system.
Pool6ClassName *string `json:"pool6_class_name,omitempty"`
// class parameters in json format
Pool6ClassParameters *[]ApiClassParameterInputEntry `json:"pool6_class_parameters,omitempty"`
// A way to bypass <b>(accept) </b>any enabled rule that would return warning messages. If the service returns an error message, you cannot bypass the enabled rules.
Warnings *string `json:"warnings,omitempty"`
}
// NewIpamPool6AddInput instantiates a new IpamPool6AddInput object
// This constructor will assign default values to properties that have it defined,
// and makes sure properties required by API are set, but the set of arguments
// will change when the set of required properties is changed
func NewIpamPool6AddInput() *IpamPool6AddInput {
this := IpamPool6AddInput{}
return &this
}
// NewIpamPool6AddInputWithDefaults instantiates a new IpamPool6AddInput object
// This constructor will only assign default values to properties that have it defined,
// but it doesn't guarantee that properties required by API are set
func NewIpamPool6AddInputWithDefaults() *IpamPool6AddInput {
this := IpamPool6AddInput{}
return &this
}
// GetPool6EndAddressAddr returns the Pool6EndAddressAddr field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6EndAddressAddr() string {
if o == nil || o.Pool6EndAddressAddr == nil {
var ret string
return ret
}
return *o.Pool6EndAddressAddr
}
// GetPool6EndAddressAddrOk returns a tuple with the Pool6EndAddressAddr field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6EndAddressAddrOk() (*string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Pool6EndAddressAddr == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Pool6EndAddressAddr, true
}
// HasPool6EndAddressAddr returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasPool6EndAddressAddr() bool {
if o != nil && o.Pool6EndAddressAddr != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetPool6EndAddressAddr gets a reference to the given string and assigns it to the Pool6EndAddressAddr field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetPool6EndAddressAddr(v string) {
o.Pool6EndAddressAddr = &v
}
// GetSpaceId returns the SpaceId field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetSpaceId() int32 {
if o == nil || o.SpaceId == nil {
var ret int32
return ret
}
return *o.SpaceId
}
// GetSpaceIdOk returns a tuple with the SpaceId field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetSpaceIdOk() (*int32, bool) {
if o == nil || o.SpaceId == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.SpaceId, true
}
// HasSpaceId returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasSpaceId() bool {
if o != nil && o.SpaceId != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetSpaceId gets a reference to the given int32 and assigns it to the SpaceId field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetSpaceId(v int32) {
o.SpaceId = &v
}
// GetSpaceName returns the SpaceName field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetSpaceName() string {
if o == nil || o.SpaceName == nil {
var ret string
return ret
}
return *o.SpaceName
}
// GetSpaceNameOk returns a tuple with the SpaceName field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetSpaceNameOk() (*string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.SpaceName == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.SpaceName, true
}
// HasSpaceName returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasSpaceName() bool {
if o != nil && o.SpaceName != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetSpaceName gets a reference to the given string and assigns it to the SpaceName field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetSpaceName(v string) {
o.SpaceName = &v
}
// GetPool6StartAddressAddr returns the Pool6StartAddressAddr field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6StartAddressAddr() string {
if o == nil || o.Pool6StartAddressAddr == nil {
var ret string
return ret
}
return *o.Pool6StartAddressAddr
}
// GetPool6StartAddressAddrOk returns a tuple with the Pool6StartAddressAddr field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6StartAddressAddrOk() (*string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Pool6StartAddressAddr == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Pool6StartAddressAddr, true
}
// HasPool6StartAddressAddr returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasPool6StartAddressAddr() bool {
if o != nil && o.Pool6StartAddressAddr != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetPool6StartAddressAddr gets a reference to the given string and assigns it to the Pool6StartAddressAddr field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetPool6StartAddressAddr(v string) {
o.Pool6StartAddressAddr = &v
}
// GetNetwork6Id returns the Network6Id field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetNetwork6Id() int32 {
if o == nil || o.Network6Id == nil {
var ret int32
return ret
}
return *o.Network6Id
}
// GetNetwork6IdOk returns a tuple with the Network6Id field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetNetwork6IdOk() (*int32, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Network6Id == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Network6Id, true
}
// HasNetwork6Id returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasNetwork6Id() bool {
if o != nil && o.Network6Id != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetNetwork6Id gets a reference to the given int32 and assigns it to the Network6Id field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetNetwork6Id(v int32) {
o.Network6Id = &v
}
// GetPool6Name returns the Pool6Name field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6Name() string {
if o == nil || o.Pool6Name == nil {
var ret string
return ret
}
return *o.Pool6Name
}
// GetPool6NameOk returns a tuple with the Pool6Name field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6NameOk() (*string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Pool6Name == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Pool6Name, true
}
// HasPool6Name returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasPool6Name() bool {
if o != nil && o.Pool6Name != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetPool6Name gets a reference to the given string and assigns it to the Pool6Name field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetPool6Name(v string) {
o.Pool6Name = &v
}
// GetPool6ReadOnly returns the Pool6ReadOnly field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6ReadOnly() int32 {
if o == nil || o.Pool6ReadOnly == nil {
var ret int32
return ret
}
return *o.Pool6ReadOnly
}
// GetPool6ReadOnlyOk returns a tuple with the Pool6ReadOnly field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6ReadOnlyOk() (*int32, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Pool6ReadOnly == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Pool6ReadOnly, true
}
// HasPool6ReadOnly returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasPool6ReadOnly() bool {
if o != nil && o.Pool6ReadOnly != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetPool6ReadOnly gets a reference to the given int32 and assigns it to the Pool6ReadOnly field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetPool6ReadOnly(v int32) {
o.Pool6ReadOnly = &v
}
// GetClassParametersToDelete returns the ClassParametersToDelete field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetClassParametersToDelete() []string {
if o == nil || o.ClassParametersToDelete == nil {
var ret []string
return ret
}
return *o.ClassParametersToDelete
}
// GetClassParametersToDeleteOk returns a tuple with the ClassParametersToDelete field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetClassParametersToDeleteOk() (*[]string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.ClassParametersToDelete == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.ClassParametersToDelete, true
}
// HasClassParametersToDelete returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasClassParametersToDelete() bool {
if o != nil && o.ClassParametersToDelete != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetClassParametersToDelete gets a reference to the given []string and assigns it to the ClassParametersToDelete field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetClassParametersToDelete(v []string) {
o.ClassParametersToDelete = &v
}
// GetPool6ClassName returns the Pool6ClassName field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6ClassName() string {
if o == nil || o.Pool6ClassName == nil {
var ret string
return ret
}
return *o.Pool6ClassName
}
// GetPool6ClassNameOk returns a tuple with the Pool6ClassName field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6ClassNameOk() (*string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Pool6ClassName == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Pool6ClassName, true
}
// HasPool6ClassName returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasPool6ClassName() bool {
if o != nil && o.Pool6ClassName != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetPool6ClassName gets a reference to the given string and assigns it to the Pool6ClassName field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetPool6ClassName(v string) {
o.Pool6ClassName = &v
}
// GetPool6ClassParameters returns the Pool6ClassParameters field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6ClassParameters() []ApiClassParameterInputEntry {
if o == nil || o.Pool6ClassParameters == nil {
var ret []ApiClassParameterInputEntry
return ret
}
return *o.Pool6ClassParameters
}
// GetPool6ClassParametersOk returns a tuple with the Pool6ClassParameters field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetPool6ClassParametersOk() (*[]ApiClassParameterInputEntry, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Pool6ClassParameters == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Pool6ClassParameters, true
}
// HasPool6ClassParameters returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasPool6ClassParameters() bool {
if o != nil && o.Pool6ClassParameters != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetPool6ClassParameters gets a reference to the given []ApiClassParameterInputEntry and assigns it to the Pool6ClassParameters field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetPool6ClassParameters(v []ApiClassParameterInputEntry) {
o.Pool6ClassParameters = &v
}
// GetWarnings returns the Warnings field value if set, zero value otherwise.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetWarnings() string {
if o == nil || o.Warnings == nil {
var ret string
return ret
}
return *o.Warnings
}
// GetWarningsOk returns a tuple with the Warnings field value if set, nil otherwise
// and a boolean to check if the value has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) GetWarningsOk() (*string, bool) {
if o == nil || o.Warnings == nil {
return nil, false
}
return o.Warnings, true
}
// HasWarnings returns a boolean if a field has been set.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) HasWarnings() bool {
if o != nil && o.Warnings != nil {
return true
}
return false
}
// SetWarnings gets a reference to the given string and assigns it to the Warnings field.
func (o *IpamPool6AddInput) SetWarnings(v string) {
o.Warnings = &v
}
func (o IpamPool6AddInput) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
toSerialize := map[string]interface{}{}
if o.Pool6EndAddressAddr != nil {
toSerialize["pool6_end_address_addr"] = o.Pool6EndAddressAddr
}
if o.SpaceId != nil {
toSerialize["space_id"] = o.SpaceId
}
if o.SpaceName != nil {
toSerialize["space_name"] = o.SpaceName
}
if o.Pool6StartAddressAddr != nil {
toSerialize["pool6_start_address_addr"] = o.Pool6StartAddressAddr
}
if o.Network6Id != nil {
toSerialize["network6_id"] = o.Network6Id
}
if o.Pool6Name != nil {
toSerialize["pool6_name"] = o.Pool6Name
}
if o.Pool6ReadOnly != nil {
toSerialize["pool6_read_only"] = o.Pool6ReadOnly
}
if o.ClassParametersToDelete != nil {
toSerialize["class_parameters_to_delete"] = o.ClassParametersToDelete
}
if o.Pool6ClassName != nil {
toSerialize["pool6_class_name"] = o.Pool6ClassName
}
if o.Pool6ClassParameters != nil {
toSerialize["pool6_class_parameters"] = o.Pool6ClassParameters
}
if o.Warnings != nil {
toSerialize["warnings"] = o.Warnings
}
return json.Marshal(toSerialize)
}
type NullableIpamPool6AddInput struct {
value *IpamPool6AddInput
isSet bool
}
func (v NullableIpamPool6AddInput) Get() *IpamPool6AddInput {
return v.value
}
func (v *NullableIpamPool6AddInput) Set(val *IpamPool6AddInput) {
v.value = val
v.isSet = true
}
func (v NullableIpamPool6AddInput) IsSet() bool {
return v.isSet
}
func (v *NullableIpamPool6AddInput) Unset() {
v.value = nil
v.isSet = false
}
func NewNullableIpamPool6AddInput(val *IpamPool6AddInput) *NullableIpamPool6AddInput {
return &NullableIpamPool6AddInput{value: val, isSet: true}
}
func (v NullableIpamPool6AddInput) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
return json.Marshal(v.value)
}
func (v *NullableIpamPool6AddInput) UnmarshalJSON(src []byte) error {
v.isSet = true
return json.Unmarshal(src, &v.value)
}
| 23,137 |
sn82016014_1910-06-02_1_9_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 6,923 | 10,460 |
THE TOPEKA DAILY STATE JOURNAL- THURSDAY, EVENING, JUNE 2, 1910. Society Mrs. S. E. Barber gave a very pretty luncheon at the Country club Wednesday, followed by an afternoon at bridge. Authorities of Washburn college have just received official notice of the appointment of Miss Mildred Guild to a graduate scholarship in philosophy at Bryn Maw college. Miss Guild receives her A. B. degree at Washburn this week, and is one of the prominent and popular girls in college circles, besides being one of the strongest students in her class. The appointment is a source of special gratification to her instructors, because she received it on her merits; having submitted as the main part of her credentials, examination papers written in regular course in the department of philosophy. This is the second appointment in the department of philosophy at Washburn within the past two years. Mr. Eugene Campbell received a fellowship in philosophy at the University of Kansas last June. Mrs. William R. Smith will entertain her bridge club Wednesday afternoon at her home on Harrison street. Miss Annie Sweet will give a 7 o'clock tea Saturday for the visiting Beta Alumni and the Beta girls graduating from Washburn this year. The other guests will be alumnae members of the Beta Sorority. Miss Bertha Hull entertained the girls' sewing club this afternoon. A prize has been offered by the state chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution for the best paper written by Bethany college students on the causes of the Revolutionary War. The members of the senior class in history will compete, and the papers will be read Friday night at 8:15 in assembly hall. The Judges will be Bishop Frank R. Millspaugh, Mr. L. B. Lorimer, and Mrs. Margaret Hill McCarter. Mr. J. M. Meade will award the prize. The senior play was given at the school Wednesday night; the cast being composed of 16 girls of the senior class. This morning the elementary department had its closing exercises, and tomorrow evening there will be a lawn festival at 6:30, consisting of a May Pole drill and the Ivy Queen corporation. The noon luncheon Saturday will be given on the campus and all former students of the school are invited. Mrs. J. E. Morgan and Mrs. Dick Alden will entertain their bridge club Friday afternoon, at the Country club. Miss Vera Benjamin and Miss Elsie Chapman, of the graduating class in France at Washburn college, will give a recital Friday evening in the chapel. Miss Edith Davis and Mr. Hale T. Ritchie were married Wednesday night, by the Rev. Charles M. Sheldon, at the home of the bride's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Evan Davis, 1400 Tope avenue. Before the ceremony, Miss Marie Vanderpool sang "Because," Miss Lillie Jordan played Mendelssohn's Wedding March, and during the ceremony, she played "The Evening Star," from Tannhauaer. The bride wore white batiste and carried pink Killarney roses. Little Augusta Hungate was flower girl, and there were no other attendants. After the service, Miss Vanderpool sang, "I Love You Truly." Mr. and Mrs. Ritchie have gone to Manhattan, where they will make their home temporarily. Out of town guests to the wedding were: Mrs. J. Davis of Emporia, Mrs. W. W. Roberts and Miss Betty Roberts of Lebo. Miss Elizabeth Davis, Miss Alice Davis and Miss Jane Davis, of Lawrence. Mrs. C. A. Ritchie asked the following guests to a 500 party Tuesday afternoon in honor of Mrs. E. X. Ladd of Eureka, who has been visiting her: Mrs. Ladd, Mrs. R. T. Roby, Mrs. H. S. Knox, Mrs. Robert Gish, Mrs. W. R. Marshall, Mrs. M. L. Bishop, Mrs. Frank Robbins, Mrs. J. Algner, Mrs. H. H. Kieth, Mrs. R. J. Kennedy, Mrs. F. M. Shellebarger, Mrs. H. D. Gage, Mrs. E. Bunnell, Mrs. H. Goodrich. Mrs. O. Kelley, Mrs. A. H. Keitel, Mrs. B. Walker, Mrs. N. B. Burgess, Mrs. F. Pattison, Mrs. F. E. Parr, Mrs. A. E. Parker, Mrs. A. E. Parker, Mrs. A. G. Killingep, Mrs. Otis Vale of Horton. Mrs. A. G. Killingep and Mrs. Fred Bartel. Rev. C. A. Finch's Bible class party will be held Friday night at the home of Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Drake. Notes and Personal Mention. Miss Rose Mitchell, Miss Clyde Bonebrake, Miss Alice Willard, Miss Janie Hughes, and Miss Marie Lager from will go to Lawrence Friday to attend the Phi Delta party to be given in the evening. There will be four parties in Lawrence Friday night, three given by the sorority girls and one by a Lawrence fraternity. They are the students' farewell parties. Miss Ruby Givens and Miss Mary Henry will leave tonight for a trip to Detroit, Mich., and Niagara Falls. They will also spend a few days in Chicago and St. Louis. Miss Nora Heiddleston of Red Lodge, Montana, and Miss Jennie Tharp of Clarksdale, la., will be guests of Miss Annie Sweet during the commencement season of Washburn college. Mr. and Mrs. Frank Dickie have returned to their home in Beloit, after a visit to Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Dickie. Mrs. E. M. Ladd of Eureka, has returned home after a visit to Mrs. C. A. Ritchie. Mrs. Otis Vale of Horton, Kan., is the guest of Mrs. R. J. Kennedy. Miss Isadel Heath will attend the Beta party in Lawrence Friday night. Miss Helen Morrow and Miss Dorothy Porter will go to Lawrence Friday to attend the Sigma Chi party to be given at the sorority house. Mr. Ralph Rohrer has returned home after an absence of a few weeks in the Isle of Pines. The pupils of Mrs. Florence Fox Thatcher will give a recital Friday night at the First Presbyterian church, to which the public is invited. Mrs. Nellie Belcher formerly Miss Nellie Fox, of Apache, Okla., is a guest at the home of her uncle, Mr. Thomas Botlin, 801 Fillmore street. Mrs. Lulu Toothaker of Hutchinson and Mr. and Mrs. Dan Canfield of Kansas City have returned to their homes after a visit to Mrs. Alice Price. Mr. William Miller went to Lawrence today to attend the dance Friday night. Mrs. Mary Evans of Colby, Kan., left Wednesday after a visit to Miss Hazel Arvold, of Washburn college. Miss Anna Ruder has returned from a visit to her mother in Leavenworth. Miss Lela Moore will leave in two weeks to spend a part of her summer vacation in Denver, Colo. Miss Susie Sweet, who left last week for the east, sailed Wednesday for Europe, after a short visit with relatives in Newark, Del. She will return home in September. Mr. Dana Parkhurst has returned from Kansas City, where he attended a performance of "The Inside Inn" Tuesday night. Mr. Parkhurst had one of the leading parts in the play when it was put on in Topeka by the Elks this spring. Miss Mildred Agard has gone to Campon, Ga., to spend the summer with her aunt. Mrs. W. Baldridge has gone for a short visit to friends in Bunker Hill, Kan. Miss Adelo Marks has returned to her home in Lawrence after a visit with friends in Topeka. The West Side W. C. T. U. will meet Friday afternoon with Mrs. C. M. Cooper, 112 Exeter street. Miss Grace Welch will give a pupils recital Friday night at her home, 622 West Tenth street. Mr. Will J. Russell will leave tonight for Mt. Vernon, O., called by the serious illness of his mother. I have been ill for some time with a severe attack of rheumatism. Out-of-town people who came to attend the funeral of Mr. Harold Colburn. and who are guests at the J. P. Davis home, are: Mr. and Mrs. Charles Colburn, Mrs. J. C. Bernard, of Terlton. Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Herrick and daughter Genevieve, Mr. Presley, Mr. and Mrs. Glen Davis and Mrs. Lon Davis of Kansas City. Dr. John R. Work has returned from Chicago, where he has been taking a post-graduate course since he sold his practice in Meriden two months ago. Dr. and Mrs. Work will make their home in Topeka and for the present will live at 1112 Topeka avenue. Mrs. Alice Knapp has returned to her home in Ashland, Wis., after spending two months with her sister, Mrs. J. N. Hopper. Mrs. Knapp will return to Topeka in the autumn and make her home here. Mr. Lee Sidwell, secretary of the Columbian magazine, New York, is in Topeka for a week's visit with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Sidwell, 310 West Sixth avenue. Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Tost of Kansas City and Miss Rose Tost of Hutchinson are guests of Mrs. M. A. Miller of 118 North Clay street. Miss Edith Ingham has returned from Brownwood, Tex., where she spent the winter teaching, and will spend the summer at home with her parents, Rev. and Mrs. J. E. Ingham. The Ladies' Aid society of the First United Brethren church will not meet Friday of this week, but will meet Friday, June 10, at the home of Mrs. Jackson. 510 West Ninth Street. Mr. Fletcher Dennis of Washington, D.C., is visiting Mr. and Mrs. Charles Elliott and was the guest of honor at a theater party given by Mr. and Mrs. Elliott Wednesday night at the Majestic. Mrs. Fannie Guibor is the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Moss of St. Marys. Dr. and Mrs. C. C. Goddard of Leavenworth, who attended the diocesan convention this week, have returned home. Miss Merle Nice, Miss Frances Chipman, Miss Leah Crose and Miss Helen Chipman arrived today to be guests of Miss Bernice Chipman, of Washburn. Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Coneland were called to Chicago by the death of Mrs. Copeland's sister, Mrs. W. H. Whittlesey. Mr. and Mrs. Torrance Ewart have named their baby daughter Sarah. Mrs. Ewart, who is at Stormont hospital, will return to her home next week. EVENING CHAT By RUTH CAMERON. "Don't judge others by yourself." In the days when I was a kiddie, in the years before my companions and I had acquired the veneer of grown-up self control, that used to be a favorite by-word with us. If anyone accused someone else of intending to do a mean thing, the quick and stinging retort would often be, "Don't judge others by yourself." I think it would be a good by-word for grown-ups, too. Don't judge others by yourself. You are continually trying to, but you can't. Some philosophers deny this, and harp on the fact that in the elemental things, all men and women are very much alike. I admit that the same elemental desires and passions are present in all of us. But in such different proportions and so differently combined and developed, that we may be as different from one another as one piece of music from another. "I Am Afraid to Go Home in the Dark" and the Jewel Song in Faust may both contain the same elemental notes, but these are certainly so combined and proportioned that the pieces of music differ widely. "Don't tell me," says the woman with the serpent's tongue, "that any girl could be alone in an office with a man as much as his stenographer is with him and you know how fascinating he is and be perfectly straight." You are judging someone else by your own power of resisting temptation, Mrs. Gossip. Don't. Maybe you couldn't do it, but you have no right to assert that she couldn't. "You certainly don't think," says the business man, "that a man with his opportunities for grafting and without the slightest danger of getting caught, doesn't turn a penny on the side once in a while. I guess both your parents came from Missouri." Thereby, Mr. Business Man, you register your opinion of your own power to resist temptation and try to judge someone else by it. Don't. Maybe you know the temptation would be too much for you, but that most emphatically doesn't give you the right to say it would be too much for your neighbor. People who try to make a foot rule of themselves whereby to measure other men and women, remind me of the deceitful old adage we used to swallow so confidingly in our childhood "a pint's a pound the world round." You can't any more make of yourself a measure for other people than you can say a pint of feathers weighs an ounce, and therefore two pints of lead would weigh two ounces. These I have given are examples looking upwards, but it's just the same looking down. You haven't any right to judge anyone who yields to temptation as weak because the temptation would have meant little to you. All the differences of makeup, of heredity, of environment stand in the way of such a judgment. Of course, you remember Omar's, "After a momentary silence spoke some vessel of a more ungainly make; They sneer at me for leaning all awry; What! did the hand then of the Potter shake?" "Why," said another, "some there are who tell Of one who threatens he will toss to Hell The luckless pots he marred in making Pish. He's a Good Fellow, and 'twill all be well." Surely, you can be kind enough if you are of the well-made pots to refuse to ever, try to judge those that lean awry because they were "marred in making." AND MESCALANEOUS ADS W. T. PURDIM, Republican candidate for county assessor. FOR COUNTY TREASURER. Republican Candidate, MATT WEIGHTMAN, JR 6. H. HAYNES, Republican candidate for county assessor. O. F. WINNER, Republican candidate for County Commissioner First district. OSCAR K. GWAYZ, Republican, is candidate for COUNTY CLERK subject to primaries. August 2. IRA W. BURDICK. Republican Candidates for register of deeds Shawnee county, subject to primaries August 5. W. E. SCHLICHTER. Democratic candidate for sheriff, subject to primaries, August 1, 1910. R. B. McMASTERS. Republican candidate for county commissioner. First district subject to primaries August 2. FOR REGISTER OF DEEDS. Republican candidate. CART JOHNSON. HENRY W. ETJLER. Republican candidate for re-election. First district, primary, August 19. JOHN M. WRIGHT, deputy county treasurer. Republican candidate for re-election at the primaries. August 1, 1910. FRANK L. COOPER Republican candidate for register of deeds. Shawnee county, subject to primaries August. JUDGE E. R. SIMON. Judge of the Court of Topeka, is a Republican candidate for County Attorney, subject to the county primary. August 2, 1910. I am a candidate for sheriff subject to the Republican primary. August 1, 1919. ROME COLVIN. I am a candidate for sheriff, subject to the Republican primary August 2, 1910. J. B. BETT. FRANK G. DRENNING, former city attorney, is a candidate for county attorney, at the Republican primaries August 2, 1910. I am a candidate for sheriff subject to the Republican primary August 2, 1910. I am a candidate for sheriff subject to the Republican primary August 2, 1910. IRA M. ORNER JONATHAN D. NORTON, sheriff of Shawnee county, is a candidate for sheriff. The Republican nomination of sheriff at the primaries August J. 1910. REAL STATE TRANSFERS. J. W. Tillman and wife to H. C. Kurtz, lot 27S to 26S, Inc., Oakland ave., J. W. Morris add 1 V. Longaker and husband to M. Longaker, lots 70 and 72 Strong ave., Euclid Park add 280 M. M. Crandell and husband to W. A. Barrett, lot 31 and pt. 33 8th ave. west, 4,250 E. A. Lytle and others to H. E. Shortt, pt. lots 140-42 and 488th ave. West, Home's add 1 C. W. Talmage to F. M. Boyles, lot 105 Orange St., Rossville. - 10 J. H. Hunt and others to L. S. Ferry. lots 138-40-42 and 45th St., Ott & Tewksbury's add 1 M. Andes and wife to J. Sctiieflebein and wife, lot 52 and w 4 50 St., 'Garden Place add $ $875 J. C. Stockwell and others to M. Murdoch. lots 247-9 and 51 Forest ave., J. W. Morris add 1 A. E. Kerle and husband to O. C. Neiswender, lot 372 and s. 370 Taylor st 5,500 J. R. Tomson and wife to H. Perkins. Dt. n. e. i 35-12-13.- F. D. Dutton and wife to same, same 32 M. Anderson to N. B. Shaw, lot tsS Madison St., Crane's add 1,125 C. E. Fisher and wife to X. F. Morehouse, lots 134 to 144 inc., Maryland ave., Highland Park sub 323 E. D. Murphy to E. Murphy, lot 344 and pt. 46 Lincoln St., Blk. F, La favette add.. 3,900 Board of Trustees of Oberlin College to C. W. Davis, lots 1 and 2 270 A. P. Luling to C. Frei. lots 1S2-4 and 6 Winfield ave., Orange t Rice's add ' WANTED TO TOX9. WANTED Position as stenographer by young man; have had experience; best of reference. Address R C. care Journal. Correct letters: experienced. Ind. 2871 Blue WANTED MALE HELP. MEN Our illustrated catalogue explains how we teach barber trade in few weeks. Mailed free. Moler Barber college, Ivan-sas City, Mo. - - - WANTED A barber at the National hotel barber shop. WANTED Good barber at once. $13 guarantee. Glenwood barber shop. GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES WANTED Write for Topeka examination schedule. Franklin Institute Dept., 92 P., Rochester, N. Y. WANTED Experienced grocery delivery man. Apply to Geo. Steen, foreman Dibble Grocery Co., 6th St. store. WANTED White boy for kitchen work. Cremerie restaurant. WHY NOT establish profitable Mail-Order business during spare time, that will make you independent. Our free booklet explains how. Lee, Advertising Co., Independence, Kansas. I MADE $60,000 in five years with a small small order business; began with So. Send for free booklet. Tells how. Heacock, 6180 Lockport, N. Y. WANTED FEMALE HELP LADIES Our catalogue explains how we teach hair dressing, manicuring, facial massage, etc., in few weeks, mailed free. Moler College, St. Louis, Mo. WANTED Two dining room girls. Apply to matron, Topeka state hospital. WANTED Lady room mate; reference exchanged. 934 Monroe st. WANTED At once, chambermaids. Apply National Hotel. WANTED A girl to wrap butter. Topeka Creamery Co., 1000 North Kansas ave. WANTED Female cook at Christ Hospital. HOBBKEN HAS DEFICIT. Report of Investigating Committee Says It Amounts to $305,004. New York, June 2. A deficit of $305,000 has been discovered in the city treasury of Hoboken, N. J., according to the report of a recently appointed investigating committee. The deficit is due chiefly, the committee says, to the action of officials in "spending money for which no appropriation" was ever made and which was found by diverting money from sinking funds and other trust funds. The committee urges a revision of the city's business methods. OFFICIAL ANXIOUS MEMBERS. T. D. HUMPHREYS, Republican candidate for county assessor. WANTED FEMALE HELP. WANTED Cook and chambermaid at Holliday hotel. WANTED Four experienced house to house demonstrators at once to travel; must furnish best of references. Salary and expense. Address N., care Journal. WANTED Dining room girl. Fifth Ave. hotel. BSINESSOTAJVCJES FOR SALE Grocery store doing good I Ins west. ' Will invoice about J3.70O. $3,000 cash will take it. ir you want a snap, this is it. Address "Grocery." care Journal VFATED MTSCJFXLAJfEOPJ WANTED To do your piano repairing . and tuning. Geo. v. uuiis, vzi e. titn sc WANTED Veal calves, fat cattle, poul try. H. M, Bush. lad.-1365. Bell 43L WE PAY the highest cash price tor caat off clothing, ehoes. hats and overcoats. Drop us a card or call Gordon Bros.' loai office, 406 Kansas ave. Ind. 1079. WANTED By lady with baby room and board for summer; private lamiiy; close in; reasonable. Mrs. H. C. Jones, 6v2W.10th WANTED Good span Of mules. Topeka creamery Co., low .lorin tvansas ave. WANTED First class small size row boat. H. B. Howard Co. Phone ou3. Furnished house or part of house, walking distance references exchanged. D.F. Journal 415 Quincy. FIRST CLASS rooms, single or ensulte. Clarence Skinner. Is6 phones. MODERN furnished mom 11 Wert th nice and cool. Prices reasonable. Bell 651. RREJiirwHOOMS FOR RENT 25 Harrison, large furnished room, all modern accommodations. . - FOR RENT Fine front room, furnished, liarht hniipkMnin? rooma. 217 Fast ath- 'ter 6:30 p. m. FOR RENT 2 suites onftirnished rooms. uu o na one a ruuiua. v ait9 n quo. Modern furnished rooms, 118 W. 6th St., nice and cool. Prices reasonable. Bell653. FOR RENT 4 fine rooms.l on the firat floor. SOS E. 8th. FOR RENT Modern furnished room with alcove. 919 W. fitb. 816 Kansas ave.. modern rooms, furnished or unfurnished; office and housekeeping rooms. 505 Buchanan, I rooms, light housekeep ing, modern; adults. .Fnone -sun wmte. FOR RENT 2 modern rooms with board for ladies. Call Ind. 2470 White. FOR RENT Modern furnished housekeeping rooms. 609 W. 6th St. FOR RENT 3 unfurnished rooms, 1035 Kansas ave. FOR RENT furnished housekeeping rooms. $8. 700 E. 7th st. FOR RENT Furnished parlor bedroom, employed lady preferred. $13 Topeka ave. 604 W. 8TH. housekeeping rooms; also sleeping rooms, 15c. Moaera. FOR RENT HOUSES. FOR RENT Cottage, seven rooms, 311 W. 12th. Well, cistern, gas, not modern, barns. Cheap, small family grownups. FOR RENT 6 room flat, bath, hot and cold water, cistern, stable. 517 Van Buren St. FOR RENT 1112 West 14th. 8 room house, new, full modern, half block. Central Park. Phone 2510 Red. FOR RENT 5 room house, city and cistern water free. Inquire 1401 Kan. ave. FOR RENT A desirable five room house, fully furnished, until Sept. or later. Address with reference, stating members of family. E. B. C, Journal Office. FOR RENT 626 Fillmore. 6 room house, large barn, city water, gas; rent $18 a mo. FOR RENT For the summer, modern 3 room apartment, completely furnished. H. C. Jones. 502 W. 10th St. FOR RENT After April 24th, house of 5 rooms with bath. 519 West st. Jonathan Thomas. FOR RENT House with stable. At 819 West Street, at the entrance of Potomac. Nine rooms in the house, bath, gas. Apply J. Thomas Lumber company, 213 West 6th Street. FOR RENT: 5 room modern house, 132 Western Avenue, $20. Phones 617. FOR RENT: MIAMI STOMACHED - Fireproof room, R. L track, household furniture or merchandise. COPE & CO. 2nd and Kansas Avenue. FOR RENT Storage room in our warehouses. Call 320 for rates. We will advance a reasonable amount on good furniture in storage, if insured. TOPEKA TRANSFER & STORAGE CO., 406 East 6th St. THE NEW HOME Vacuum Cleaner, rent 50c. per day. Room 4, 31 Kan. ave. Just off the avenue, on W. 11th St., two rooms suitable for office purposes, $20 each. SHAWNEE- AGENCY, 634 Kansas ave. Phone SOS. FOR RENT 2 story stone building in rear of 506 Jackson. Good for barn or storage house. N. K. Keller, Ind. 1266. FOR SALE MISCELLANEOUS. "HIGH SCHOOL, HISTORY" delivered, each. Ind. $530. FOR SALE Two good 2nd hand brass beds. G. & C, 423 Kansas ave. THIS WEEK A nice discount for cash on new and second hand Another Supply of Goods. Our line is always the most complete of its kind in the city. Wicker chairs, Porch Furniture and Mattings, Refrigerators and Ice Boxes, all sizes and prices. More of those guaranteed or money refunded: Lawn Mowers, Rocking Chairs galore. One good second hand Roller, Top Desk and all kinds of Household Furniture and Rugs. Remember, we take your old goods in exchange. G. EL BOWEN & SON 622 Kansas Ave. Telephone 841. FOR SALE 5-year-old mare, registered, city broke. 500 Home st. WANTED Buyer for A 1 cy. Cadillac 5 passenger car. In good condition. 1227 Fillmore. FOR SALE Extra large kitchen cabinet. G. & C. 423 Kansas ave. FOR SALE Fresh cow. 711 West First St. FOR SALE New Reliable range, large rugs, china closet, rockers and other chairs; many other articles. 904 Lane. Ind. 822 FOR SALE Fine safe buggy and surrey horse, buggy, phaeton, two harness, etc., good stock saddle and bridle. Ind. 2535 Black. FOR SALE REAL ESTATE. On Fillmore near Central Park, block from car line. 7 room strictly modern house, front and back stairs, 8 rooms and in oak. 3 rooms and bath up with large attic. If there is a nicer finished house in the city, we haven't seen it. This can be bought for less than $4,000 on terms, 5 years at per cent. Get busy on this. A. J. M. M., ESTATE CO. BOTH PHONES 262. FINE HIGH AND DRY LOTS IN LAKE WOOD PARK ARE THE ONLY AND ONLY 50 CENTS PER WEEK PER LOT. DON'T PAY RENT; START A HOMER. Come In and let's talk it over. I can now to save money every day. I will be in my office on Saturday nights from 4 to 8 o'clock. 6 ROOM HOUSE, NEW COTTAGE, Oak finish, maple floors, combination furnace, gas and electric light fixtures, laundry room, attic floored. Have taken it out of agents' hands and will sell less commission. Call 2524 Black after 6 p.m. SHOP, DISTRICT. COTTAGE SNAP. I have left Topeka permanently and want to sell our handsome cottage, 211 Gratton st. I will take much less than it cost me. Inquire first door north or phone Z13 Ring L. FOR QUICK SALE. Will sacrifice 6 room house with bath. Owner, 1105 Buchanan. Ind. 2553 Red. IMPORTANT. Parties building houses should see our line of Gas and electric light fixtures. Showrooms are upstairs, 112-114 East Seventh street. Prices greatly reduced this month. E. L Overton, Eng. A gup. Co. FOR SALE One square piano, $25. 921 East 6th street. 115 FT. FRONT. 150 ft. back. 5 room house, 2-piece bath, sewer connection, large brick poultry house, glass front, brooder house. 8 departments, 4 separate poultry yards, large barn, lots of fruit, cistern and well. Ind. phone 2255 Blue. Mrs. M. A. Watts. 1936 Buchanan St. Topeka, Kan. FOR SALE Two modern homes, 209 Clay and 306 Tyler, cheap. Phones 07. MAKE me an offer on 50 ft. lot N. E. corner Orchard and Duane sts., Auburndale. A. E Pederson, Council Grove, Kan. FOR SALE MISCELLANEOUS. FOR SALE 25 horsepower Otto gas engine, practically new, $660 delivered in Topeka or f.o.b. cars. Bell 10OL Typewriter bargains. Remington $27.00; Chicago $10.00; Manhattan $27.00; Fay. Holes $18.00; Munson $10.00. Jacob u. Meier, Russell, Kan. FOR SALE Baby go-cart and sink. 402 Chandler st. FOR SALE Two good all wool rugs. 6x9, good as new. G. x., 43 Kansas ave. FOR SALE Two good hand oak dining tables. G. & C, 423 Kansas ave. FOR SALE Burdett organ, bargain. 312 Van Buren. FOR SALE White maple dresser and chiffonier. Good as new. G. & C, 423 Kansas ave. FOR SALE Bakery doing good business. Consider part cash, balance in time. Good reasons for Selling. Will bear investigation. R. M., C. care Journal. FOR SALE High grade Plymouth Rock hens. Bell phone 3S62 Ring L FOR SALE Tough delivery horse, $450. FOR SALE 10 head of good rugged horses and mares at &u ieiana st. FOR SALE Automobile, practically new, $350. 202 West 6th st. 3 HORSES, weight 1,100 to 1,500. Also stylish driving mare, 2x3 w. mh si. FOR SALE Gentle black mare and buggy. Ind. 2390 White. FOR SALE An elegant Columbus carriage, jockey, and harness. Ind. 2390 White. In OAKLAND, all fire companies of 5th and Quincy sts., furniture of a barn, VnaA at filling. FOR SALE Good driving team, well broken. Call Ind. phone 2952 Blue. FOR SALE Gas heater, new; dining table, oak rocker, commode, rocker, 5 dining chairs, refrigerator. Topeka Transfer & Storage Co., 406 E. 6th st. phone 320. FOR SALE Piano at 413 Kansas ave. FOR SALE Canopy buggy top and set of single harness. $10. 1304 Van Buren St. FOR SALE Splendid Swiss Jersey cow, excellent milker. 1411 Fillmore st. FOR SALE 6x8 camera. Tripod 5 plate holders, printing frame and 3 lenses. $15. 117 Topeka ave. FOR SALE Child's Iron bed. G. & C. 423 Kansas ave. FOR SALE N. S. U. light delivery run. first class condition, almost new. A bargain. Central agency supply to. FOR SALE Horse, single and double harness, single wagon. R. Hutton, Shorey. ALFALFA No. 1 baled alfalfa hay for sale. Call Ind. 1038. FOR SALE 2nd hand 2 passenger and one 4 passenger, electric. Padgett's Tire House, 118 E. 7th St. ONE large fireproof safe for papers (no cash drawer); very cheap. Phonea 186. Skinner & Gayhart. 500 envelopes. Es. $1.25; $60 letter heads. $1.60. See them: first class printing at proportionate rates. Trap p. 113 East 8th. PAY YOUR VITRIFIED BRICK A PAVING CO., 214 B. 6th St. Aftga. building, paving and sidewalk brick. JEWELERS. JAMES B. HAYDEN, Jeweler and Optician, joinery sicca: or watch, silverware, etc. Eyes examined and spectacles properly fitted. HARRISON BLDG., Monday, June 6th. All grades. Miss Bresette. 2640 Blue. CLAY BUILDING, Monday, June 6th. All grades. Mrs. Butterfield. 2995 White; 31 rn. nme. u sulck. Kit "DISPENSARY. YUMA STREET FREE DISPENSARY. 421 Quincy St. Conducted by regular practicing physicians and surgeons. Medical service free. Medicine free in some cases. Ad-wared Right and Day. Ind. Call Phone B0I. S CENTS WN FOR SALE REAL ESTATE. Reception hall on lower floor, all finished 611 KANSAS AVE. . - CLOSE W HOME 1 2 blocks from Tannal Mffi tlX!.. fine shade. 7 rooms, complete modern except furnace, barn. Price $4,300. Snap LUCAS & LAGERSTROM. Ind. 1490. 603 Jackson St. CENTRAL PARK LOTS - 1H east front lots on Central Park ave., fine location, "for quick sale, $650.. SHAWKEE AGENCY PHONES 50$. 634 KAN. AVE. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE. 1H acres irrigated land in the famous Pecos Valley at Lakewood, Eddy county. New Mexico, cash value $75 per acre. Will exchange for stock of general merchandise, gent's furnishings or shoes at cash value or give terms for cash sale Irrigated by fine artesian well, 700 feet wp, ww jailing now, rich bottom alfalfa land. For full particulars call on or address the owner, -GEO. W. STEVENSON. Topeka, Kansas. Care Chesterfield Hotel. EGHILAHD PARK If You are thinking of buying a home or lots in Highland Park or vicinity or if you have anything to sell in Highland Park, see us. We also have a large list of small tracts, farm and city property. J. H. EBSAJ& 715 Kansas Ave. Ind. Phone 183. CLAY AND 17TH STS. On Quinton Heights car line. 2 lots, 6 r. house, hall, porches, cistern, pump in kitchen, gas, barn, chicken house. Price $2,000. Can make terms. J. E. TORRINGTON. 109 W. 6th St. Bell 1362. Ind. 23. WANT OFFERS On a fine 8 room, thoroughly modern home in good location on Tyler, good as new, white oak finish, splendidly arranged, good barn. Must sell. TEE STRAUSS AGENCY Ind. E24 107 E. 7th St. Bell 1431 FOR SALE 4 room house, 1041 Lawrence St., cheap. Ind. phone 2231 Blue. FOR SALE OR TRADE Four nice resident lots, one block from Washburn college. A. A. Overman, Maple Hill, Kan. FOR SALE 7 room, modern, barn. 3 east front lots, fine shade, between 13th and 14th. Western ave., for less than $3,750. J. D. MILLER CO., 615 Kansas Ave. Both Phone. FOR SALE A nine room dwelling in good repair. This house is on Wilson tract. West 6th, between Franklin and Roosevelt, and will be sold to be removed from premises. Have also some nearby lots to sell. Moderate terms. Will meet buyers on property Saturday afternoon. DAVID PAGE. Phones 496. UNDERTAKING L. M. PEN WELL, funeral director and embalmer. First class service, reasonable prices. 611 Quincy St. Both phone 191 TRANSFER AND STORAGE MERCHANTS TRANSFER & STORAGE Co. packs, ships and stores household goods. Tel. 168. Skinner & Gayhart, 613 Quincy St. LOST AND FOUND. LOST Little blue box containing ladies' watch, chain and fob and baby bracelet. Reward for return to 6. 16 E. 3rd st. LOST A brindle bull terrier pup, answers to name "Rube." Reward, 1427 Harrison st. LOST Baby's gold ring. Reward for return to 630 Buchanan. LOST Pair spectacles on East 8th st. Please return to Dad's place, 904 Kansas ave. LOST Ladies' gold watch. Hampden. 15 Jewel; locket chain attached. Return to R. I. ticket office. Receive reward. WANTED: The party that picked up a book in front of 611 Kan. ave. to return it to the Barnes Real Estate Co., 611 Kan. ave., and receive reward. FOR EXCHANGE: A thoroughly modern two story, seven room residence. In choice location; will take smaller property or vacant lots in exchange. Address A. W., care Journal. MISCELLANEOUS: CONCRETE CISTERNS, walks, Ide and Karbae burner's cellar floors. 7c Call 2fc Ring Z. J. M. Brain. HORSE PASTURE, blue grass, running water, shade; no barbed wire. R. L Lee, W. 6th at- Bell 37741. 226 THE HURRY MESSENGER AND Express Co. Good service and quick delivery. Either phone 226. WAILPAPER, PAPER HANGING AND HOUSEPAINTING. McGEE. 828 Kan. Ave CALL the Hasty Messenger & Express Co. Both phones 1062 for quick delivery of trunks and packages to all parts of the city. MACHINE SHOPS: Lawn mowers sharpened, repaired. The H. B. Howard Supply Co., 710 K. A. Tel. 60. PATENTS: I. A. ROSEN, patent attorney. 12 K. ave., -lopexa. au. POOTAYETTIAJURY FOR SALE: New and second-hand billiard and pool tables at bowling allays. We lead the world in cheap bar fixtures; easy payments, fiend for catalogues. Brunswick. Balke-Collendet Co. U28-S Main street. Kansas City. Mo. IDA C BARNES. M. D. Office & Kensac ava. Residence. Thirteenth and Clay. Office hours a. m. to 12 a. m. and 4 p. m. to 5 p. m. Phone 16, residence and office. 1316 office. DR. S. E. MARTIN, cancer specialist, has moved his office to his residence 1510 Van Buren tract. DR. H. H. KEITH, surgeon and diseases of women, with private hospital. Office 124 Kansas ave. DR. WM. H. RUTHERFORD, tiff and Rector Van, ave. CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS. Ax- KINDS of carpenter work promptly attended to. Call Ind. 2456 Kin J. LEGAL. First published in The Topeka State Journal, June 3, 1910, At a regular meeting of the Mayor and Board of City Commissioners, held on May 31, 1910, the following resolution was adopted: "RESOLVED, By the Board of Commissioners of the City of Topeka: That the stagnant water standing on lots numbered 101 and 163 Leland Street in the City of Topeka, Kansas, owned by S. E. McCarren, whose residence is unknown, is a nuisance and is dangerous to the health of the neighborhood and that it is necessary for the best interests of said City to abate said nuisance by filling in said lots so as to prevent water from standing thereon, and, be it further "Resolved, that the said S. E. McCarren, be, and he is hereby, given 20 days from and after service of this resolution as provided by section 6 of Ordinance No. 261 of said City to abate said nuisance by filling in said lots so as to prevent water from standing thereon, and if said nuisance be not abated within 30 days from and after the service of this resolution, as provided by said Ordinance, then, the Street Commissioner is hereby directed to fill in said lots in such manner as to permanently abate said nuisance and report the costs of said work to the Board of Commissioners, which said costs shall be levied against said lots as provided by C. B. Surge, City Clerk of the City of Topeka." Keka, Kansas, do hereby certify that the above and foregoing is a true and correct copy of the original resolution now on file in my office. City Clerk. Topeka, Kansas, this First day of June, First published in The Topeka State Journal Thursday, June 2, 1910. SHRBtCPS Blip In the District Court of Shawnee County. oiaw oi Kansas. L. E. Wehe, Plaintiff. vm Daniel W. Boutwell. Mrs. Daniel W. Douiweu. r-rea w. Boutwell. V. S. Boutwell, Defendants. Case No. 24,872. By virtue of an Order of Snln nH cution issued to me, out of. said District Court, in the above-entitled action, I will, on Tuesday, the 6th day of July, A. D. 1916. at 10 o'clock a. m. of said day. at the east front door of the Court House in the City of Topeka, In the County of Shawnee, in the State of Kansas, offer at public sale, and sell to the highest and best bidder, for cash in hand, all the following-described real estate, to-wit: Lot numbered 60, on Morrill street, in Block Two, in Dr. Linn's Second Addition to the City of Topeka. also Lots 31. 32 and 33. on Morrill street. In Block Three, in said addition; also Lots 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65. on Morrill street in Block Four, in said Addition; also Lots 64 to 69 both inclusive: also Lots tt6 to 73. both incl on Morrill street in Block Four in said ooiuon to me urey or t opens, lying and situate in the County of Shawnee in the State of Kansas. The above-described real estate Is taken as the property of said defendants, and, is directed by said order of sale and exe cution to be sold, and will be sold without appraisement, to satisfy said order of sale and execution. JONATHAN D. NORTON. Sheriff of Shawnee Count v Kuiu. W. R. Hasen and W. E, Atchison, Attorneys. First published in The Topeka State Journal May 24, 131U.J THIRTY DAY NOTICE OF APPLICA TION Of BUSINESS COLLEGES FOR A PERMIT TO CANVASS IN THE STATE OF KANSAS. Topeka, Kan- May 23, 1S10. Notice is he rubv eiven that jl found ing business colleges or commercial de partments of other schools) have made application to me for a permit to canvass in the State of Kansas for the purpose of selling tuition In advance and contract ing or securing notes for tuition from stu dents before their registration et the busi ness colleges (or commercial departments) herein named: Chanute Business College. If satisfactory proof is furnished that any of the above named colleges or com mercial departments are Incompetent to furnish such a course of insfruc tinrt tkm they advertise or that the moral surround ings of the Institution are not good, or that the premises are kept in an un healthy condition, or that the agents of said Institutions use misrepresentations or fraudulent methods in securing contracts, notes, or cash from prospective students. In such case a permit will not be granted to such business colleges (or commercial departments.) E T. FATJRCH1 LD State Superintendent of Public Instruction. First published In The Topeka State journal xnursday. May la, laiu.j - SHFRTFPS BAT.R In the District Court of Shawnee County. state ot Kansas. Sadie D. Fensky. Plaintiff, vs. .. Charles F. Fensky, Defendant. Case No. 23.443. By virtue of an execution Issued to me. out of said District Court, In the above entitled action, I will, on Monday, the 20th aay ot June, A. JJ. 110. at 10 o'clock a. m. of said day, at the east front door of the Court house in the City of Topeka, in the County of Shawnee, in the State of Kansas, offer at public sale, and sell to the highest and best bidder, for cash in hand, all the following-described real estate, to wit: The undivided one-third interest in Lots 56, 63 and 60 on Monroe street, with two dwellings thereon, known as street numbers 220 and 222 Monroe street in the City of Topeka, lying and situate in the County of Shawnee, in the State of Kansas. The above-described undivided one-third interest in the real estate is taken as the property of said defendant, and is directed by said execution to be sold, and will be sold without appraisement, to satisfy said execution. JONATHAN D. NORTON, Sheriff of Shawnee County. WATERS WATERS, Attorney. First published in The Topeka State Journal Thursday, May 13, 1910. NOTICE OF FINAL SETTLEMENT. The State of Kansas, Shawnee County, ss. In the Probate Court in and for Said County. In the matter of the Estate of J. S. Morse. Creditors and all other persons interested in the aforesaid estate, are hereby notified that I shall apply to the Probate Court in and for said County sitting at the Court House in the City of Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, on the 6th day of July, A. D. 1910, for a full and final settlement of said estate. Dated May 10th, A. D. P. B. MORSE. Administrator of the Estate of J. S. Morse, Deceased. PERSONAL. DRINK HABIT CURED In three days. Practical, safe, sure, perfect. Free book. No hypodermics. Bank guarantee contract. Neal Institute, 1300 W. 10th St., Topeka, Kan. OSTEOPATHS. DR. MARY E. ALSPACH. 410 Commerce Bldg. Elevator service. MONEY to loan on city and suburban real estate. From $5 up, at lowest rates and on most favorable terms. Office hours from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Columbian Bldg. MONEY to loan on live stock, pianos, or as typewriters, household goods, and personal security. L. Biscoe, 621 East Main St. MONEY to loan on live stock, pianos, personal security, household goods, typewriters. W. E. Segulne, 411 East Main St. Both phones. MONEY TO LOAN on city and suburban real estate. Most liberal terms of payment and town rate of interest. W. H. Forbes & Co., WI W. 7th St. FARMERS' AND MECHANICS' EXCHANGE. FRAMING, grading, mat making, mounting done by J. D. Sullivan, 121 W. Eight St. Packing, shipping, etc.
| 449 |
https://github.com/openharmony/global_resmgr_standard/blob/master/frameworks/resmgr/src/hap_manager.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
global_resmgr_standard
|
openharmony
|
C++
|
Code
| 861 | 2,695 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2021 Huawei Device Co., Ltd.
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include "hap_manager.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <ohos/init_data.h>
#include "auto_mutex.h"
#include "hilog_wrapper.h"
#include "locale_matcher.h"
namespace OHOS {
namespace Global {
namespace Resource {
constexpr uint32_t PLURAL_CACHE_MAX_COUNT = 3;
HapManager::HapManager(ResConfigImpl *resConfig)
: resConfig_(resConfig)
{
}
bool HapManager::icuInitialized = HapManager::Init();
bool HapManager::Init()
{
SetHwIcuDirectory();
return true;
}
std::string HapManager::GetPluralRulesAndSelect(int quantity)
{
AutoMutex mutex(this->lock_);
std::string defaultRet("other");
if (this->resConfig_ == nullptr || this->resConfig_->GetResLocale() == nullptr ||
this->resConfig_->GetResLocale()->GetLanguage() == nullptr) {
HILOG_ERROR("GetPluralRules language is null!");
return defaultRet;
}
std::string language = this->resConfig_->GetResLocale()->GetLanguage();
icu::PluralRules *pluralRules = nullptr;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < plurRulesCache_.size(); i++) {
auto pair = plurRulesCache_[i];
if (language == pair.first) {
// cache hit
pluralRules = pair.second;
break;
}
}
if (pluralRules == nullptr) {
// no cache hit
icu::Locale locale(language.c_str());
if (locale.isBogus()) {
HILOG_ERROR("icu::Locale init error : %s", language.c_str());
return defaultRet;
}
UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
pluralRules = icu::PluralRules::forLocale(locale, status);
if (status != U_ZERO_ERROR) {
HILOG_ERROR("icu::PluralRules::forLocale error : %d", status);
return defaultRet;
}
// after PluralRules created, we add it to cache, if > 3 delete oldest one
if (plurRulesCache_.size() >= PLURAL_CACHE_MAX_COUNT) {
HILOG_DEBUG("cache rotate delete plurRulesMap_ %s", plurRulesCache_[0].first.c_str());
delete (plurRulesCache_[0].second);
plurRulesCache_.erase(plurRulesCache_.begin());
}
auto plPair = std::make_pair(language, pluralRules);
plurRulesCache_.push_back(plPair);
}
std::string converted;
icu::UnicodeString us = pluralRules->select(quantity);
us.toUTF8String(converted);
return converted;
}
const IdItem *HapManager::FindResourceById(uint32_t id)
{
auto qualifierValue = FindQualifierValueById(id);
if (qualifierValue == nullptr) {
return nullptr;
}
return qualifierValue->GetIdItem();
}
const IdItem *HapManager::FindResourceByName(const char *name, const ResType resType)
{
auto qualifierValue = FindQualifierValueByName(name, resType);
if (qualifierValue == nullptr) {
return nullptr;
}
return qualifierValue->GetIdItem();
}
const HapResource::ValueUnderQualifierDir *HapManager::FindQualifierValueByName(
const char *name, const ResType resType)
{
const HapResource::IdValues *idValues = this->GetResourceListByName(name, resType);
if (idValues == nullptr) {
return nullptr;
}
const std::vector<HapResource::ValueUnderQualifierDir *> paths = idValues->GetLimitPathsConst();
size_t len = paths.size();
size_t i = 0;
size_t bestIndex = -1;
const ResConfigImpl *bestResConfig = nullptr;
const ResConfigImpl *currentResConfig = this->resConfig_;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
HapResource::ValueUnderQualifierDir *path = paths[i];
const ResConfigImpl *resConfig = path->GetResConfig();
if (this->resConfig_->Match(resConfig)) {
if (bestResConfig == nullptr) {
bestIndex = i;
bestResConfig = resConfig;
} else if (bestResConfig->IsMoreSuitable(resConfig, currentResConfig)) {
continue;
} else {
bestResConfig = resConfig;
bestIndex = i;
}
}
}
return paths[bestIndex];
}
const HapResource::ValueUnderQualifierDir *HapManager::FindQualifierValueById(uint32_t id)
{
const HapResource::IdValues *idValues = this->GetResourceList(id);
if (idValues == nullptr) {
return nullptr;
}
const std::vector<HapResource::ValueUnderQualifierDir *> paths = idValues->GetLimitPathsConst();
size_t len = paths.size();
size_t i = 0;
size_t bestIndex = -1;
const ResConfigImpl *bestResConfig = nullptr;
const ResConfigImpl *currentResConfig = this->resConfig_;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
HapResource::ValueUnderQualifierDir *path = paths[i];
const ResConfigImpl *resConfig = path->GetResConfig();
if (this->resConfig_->Match(resConfig)) {
if (bestResConfig == nullptr) {
bestIndex = i;
bestResConfig = resConfig;
} else {
if (bestResConfig->IsMoreSuitable(resConfig, currentResConfig)) {
continue;
} else {
bestResConfig = resConfig;
bestIndex = i;
}
}
}
}
return paths[bestIndex];
}
RState HapManager::UpdateResConfig(ResConfig &resConfig)
{
AutoMutex mutex(this->lock_);
this->resConfig_->Copy(resConfig);
RState rState = this->ReloadAll();
if (rState != SUCCESS) {
HILOG_ERROR("ReloadAll() failed when UpdateResConfig!");
}
return rState;
}
void HapManager::GetResConfig(ResConfig &resConfig)
{
AutoMutex mutex(this->lock_);
resConfig.Copy(*(this->resConfig_));
}
bool HapManager::AddResource(const char *path)
{
AutoMutex mutex(this->lock_);
return this->AddResourcePath(path);
}
HapManager::~HapManager()
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < hapResources_.size(); ++i) {
auto ptr = hapResources_[i];
delete (ptr);
}
delete resConfig_;
auto iter = plurRulesCache_.begin();
for (; iter != plurRulesCache_.end(); iter++) {
HILOG_DEBUG("delete plurRulesMap_ %s", iter->first.c_str());
auto ptr = iter->second;
delete (ptr);
}
}
const HapResource::IdValues *HapManager::GetResourceList(uint32_t ident) const
{
// one id only exit in one hap
for (size_t i = 0; i < hapResources_.size(); ++i) {
HapResource *pResource = hapResources_[i];
const HapResource::IdValues *out = pResource->GetIdValues(ident);
if (out != nullptr) {
return out;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
const HapResource::IdValues *HapManager::GetResourceListByName(const char *name, const ResType resType) const
{
// first match will return
for (size_t i = 0; i < hapResources_.size(); ++i) {
HapResource *pResource = hapResources_[i];
const HapResource::IdValues *out = pResource->GetIdValuesByName(std::string(name), resType);
if (out != nullptr) {
return out;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
bool HapManager::AddResourcePath(const char *path)
{
std::string sPath(path);
std::vector<std::string>::iterator it = std::find(loadedHapPaths_.begin(),
loadedHapPaths_.end(), sPath);
if (it != loadedHapPaths_.end()) {
HILOG_ERROR(" %s has already been loaded!", path);
return false;
}
const HapResource *pResource = HapResource::LoadFromIndex(path, resConfig_);
if (pResource == nullptr) {
return false;
}
this->hapResources_.push_back((HapResource *)pResource);
this->loadedHapPaths_.push_back(sPath);
return true;
}
RState HapManager::ReloadAll()
{
if (hapResources_.size() == 0) {
return SUCCESS;
}
std::vector<HapResource *> newResources;
for (size_t i = 0; i < hapResources_.size(); ++i) {
const HapResource *pResource = HapResource::LoadFromIndex(hapResources_[i]->GetIndexPath().c_str(), resConfig_);
if (pResource == nullptr) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < newResources.size(); ++i) {
delete (newResources[i]);
}
return HAP_INIT_FAILED;
}
newResources.push_back((HapResource *)pResource);
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < hapResources_.size(); ++i) {
delete (hapResources_[i]);
}
hapResources_ = newResources;
return SUCCESS;
}
} // namespace Resource
} // namespace Global
} // namespace OHOS
| 40,267 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.