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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DB00570
|
Vinblastine
|
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
|
solid
|
For treatment of breast cancer, testicular cancer, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, histiocytosis, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
|
Vinblastine is a vinca alkaloid antineoplastic agent. The vinca alkaloids are structurally similar compounds comprised of 2 multiringed units: vindoline and catharanthine. The vinca alkaloids have become clinically useful since the discovery of their antitumour properties in 1959. Initially, extracts of the periwinkle plant (<i>Catharanthus roseus</i>) were investigated because of putative hypoglycemic properties, but were noted to cause marrow suppression in rats and antileukemic effects <i>in vitro</i>. Vinblastine has some immunosuppressant effect. The vinca alkaloids are considered to be cell cycle phase-specific.
|
The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death.
| null |
Hepatic. Metabolism of vinblastine has been shown to be mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 3A isoenzymes.
|
Oral, mouse: LD<sub>50</sub> = 423 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD<sub>50</sub> = 305 mg/kg.
|
Triphasic: 35 min, 53 min, and 19 hours
|
98-99%
|
The major route of excretion may be through the biliary system.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Vinca alkaloids
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L01CA",
"L01C",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "18.6",
"description": "Vinblastine sulf 10 mg vial",
"unit": "each"
}
] |
[] |
Vinblastin | Vinblastina | Vinblastine | Vinblastinum | Vincaleukoblastine | TUBB2 | Tubulin beta class IIa | 3.6.5.- | Alpha-tubulin 3 | TUBA3 | Tubulin alpha-3 chain | Tubulin B-alpha-1 | TUBB5 | Tubulin beta-5 chain | Delta-tubulin | TUBD | Gamma-1-tubulin | Gamma-tubulin complex component 1 | GCP-1 | TUBG | Epsilon-tubulin | TUBE | Activator protein 1 | AP1 | p39 | Proto-oncogene c-Jun | Transcription factor AP-1 subunit Jun | V-jun avian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.3 | Anthracycline resistance-associated protein | ARA | MOAT-E | MRP6 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter E | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6
|
[
"Velbe 1mg/ml",
"Vinblastine Sulfate",
"Vinblastine Sulfate",
"Vinblastine Sulfate Inj 1mg/ml",
"Vinblastine Sulfate Injection",
"Vinblastine Sulfate Injection",
"Vinblastine Sulphate Injection"
] |
[
"Blastivin",
"Cytoblastin",
"Lemblastine",
"Oncostin",
"Velban",
"Velbastin",
"Velbe",
"Vinblasin",
"Vinblastin",
"Vinko",
"Weibaoding",
"Xintoprost"
] |
[] |
[
"Q13885",
"Q71U36",
"P07437",
"Q9UJT1",
"P23258",
"Q9UJT0",
"P05412"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"P33527",
"Q92887",
"O95255",
"O95342",
"Q9Y6L6"
] |
DB00571
|
Propranolol
|
Propranolol is a racemic mixture of 2 enantiomers where the S(-)-enantiomer has approximately 100 times the binding affinity for beta adrenergic receptors.[L6904] Propranolol is used to treat a number of conditions but most commonly is used for hypertension.[L6901,L6904,L6907]
Propranolol was granted FDA approval on 13 November 1967.[L6904]
|
solid
|
Propranolol is indicated to treat hypertension.[L6907,L6904] Propranolol is also indicated to treat angina pectoris due to coronary atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, migraine, essential tremor, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, pheochromocytoma, and proliferating infantile hemangioma.[L6904,L6907]
|
Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension.[L6904,L6907] Propranolol has a long duration of action as it is given once or twice daily depending on the indication.[L6901,L6904,L6907] When patients abruptly stop taking propranolol, they may experience exacerbations of angina and myocardial infarctions.[L6907]
|
Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist.[A179902] Blocking of these receptors leads to vasoconstriction, inhibition of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic growth factor of fibroblasts (bFGF), induction of apoptosis of endothelial cells, as well as down regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.[A179902]
|
Patients taking doses of 40mg, 80mg, 160mg, and 320mg daily experienced C<sub>max</sub> values of 18±15ng/mL, 52±51ng/mL, 121±98ng/mL, and 245±110ng/mL respectively.[A180289] Propranolol has a T<sub>max</sub> of approximately 2 hours, though this can range from 1 to 4 hours in fasting patients.[A180295] Taking propranolol with food does not increase T<sub>max</sub> but does increase bioavailability.[A180295]
|
Propranolol undergoes side chain oxidation to α-naphthoxylactic acid, ring oxidation to 4’-hydroxypropranolol, or glucuronidation to propranolol glucuronide.[A36551] It can also be N-desisopropylated to become N-desisopropyl propranolol.[A179878] 17% of a dose undergoes glucuronidation and 42% undergoes ring oxidation.[A180298]
|
Symptoms of overdose include hypotension, hypoglycemic seizure, restlessness, euphoria, insomnia.[L6901] Patients with asthma may develop bronchospasm.[L6901] In case of overdose, monitor vital signs, mental status, and blood glucose.[L6901] Treat hypotension with intravenous fluids, bradycardia with atropine, and isoproterenol and aminophylline for bronchospasm.[L6901] If patients do not respond to intravenous fluids, follow up with glucagon 50-150µg/kg intravenously, then 1-5mg/hour, followed by catecholamines.[L6901,L6904,L6907] Dialysis will not be useful as propranolol is highly protein bound.[L6901,L6904,L6907]
|
The elimination half-life of propranolol is approximately 8 hours.[L6907] The plasma half-life of propranolol is 3 to 6 hours.[L6901,L6904]
|
Approximately 90% of propranolol is protein bound in plasma.[L6901,L6904,L6907] Other studies have reported ranges of 85-96%.[A180295]
|
91% of an oral dose of propranolol is recovered as 12 metabolites in the urine.[A180298]
|
The volume of distribution of propranolol is approximately 4L/kg[L6901,L6904] or 320L.[A180289]
|
The clearance of propranolol is 2.7±0.03L/h/kg in infants <90 days and 3.3±0.35L/h/kg in infants >90 days.[L6901] Propranolol clearance increases linearly with hepatic blood flow.[A180286] Propranolol has a clearance in hypertensive adults of 810mL/min.[A180289]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Naphthalenes
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C07FX",
"C07F",
"C07",
"C",
"C07AA",
"C07A",
"C07",
"C",
"C07BA",
"C07B",
"C07",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.07",
"description": "Inderal-La 120 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.26",
"description": "Inderal-La 160 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.27",
"description": "Propranolol HCl 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.38",
"description": "Propranolol HCl CR 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.61",
"description": "Propranolol HCl CR 80 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.74",
"description": "Inderide 40-25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.0",
"description": "Propranolol HCl CR 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.17",
"description": "Inderide 80-25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.41",
"description": "Innopran xl 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.41",
"description": "Innopran xl 80 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.46",
"description": "InnoPran XL 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.5",
"description": "InnoPran XL 80 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.62",
"description": "Propranolol HCl CR 160 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.7",
"description": "Inderal la 60 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.32",
"description": "Inderal la 80 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.43",
"description": "Inderal la 60 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.68",
"description": "Inderal LA 80 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.79",
"description": "Inderal LA 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.18",
"description": "Inderal la 80 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.36",
"description": "Inderal la 120 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.8",
"description": "Inderal LA 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.42",
"description": "Inderal la 120 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.01",
"description": "Inderal la 160 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.6",
"description": "Inderal LA 160 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "8.41",
"description": "Inderal la 160 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "10.0",
"description": "Propranolol 1 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "11.63",
"description": "Propranolol hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Apo-Propranolol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Novo-Pranol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Apo-Propranolol 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Apo-Propranolol 40 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Novo-Pranol 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Novo-Pranol 40 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Apo-Propranolol 80 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Novo-Pranol 80 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Pms-Propranolol 80 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.11",
"description": "Propranolol HCl 20 mg/5ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Propranolol 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Propranolol HCl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.32",
"description": "Apo-Propranolol 120 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Propranolol 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Propranolol HCl 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.45",
"description": "Propranolol 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "Propranolol HCl 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Propranolol 60 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.58",
"description": "Propranolol 80 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Propranolol-HCTZ 40-25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Inderal-La 60 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.65",
"description": "Propranolol-HCTZ 80-25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.66",
"description": "Propranolol HCl 80 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Inderal-La 80 mg Sustained-Release Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2002-12-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-10-04",
"number": "6500454"
},
{
"approved": "2012-12-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-10-16",
"number": "8338489"
},
{
"approved": "2015-03-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-10-16",
"number": "8987262"
}
] |
1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-propanol | 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propan-2-ol | beta-Propranolol | Propanalol | Propanolol | Propranolol | Propranololo | Propranololum | β-Propranolol | ADRB1R | B1AR | Beta-1 adrenoceptor | Beta-1 adrenoreceptor | ADRB2R | B2AR | Beta-2 adrenoceptor | Beta-2 adrenoreceptor | ADRB3R | B3AR | Beta-3 adrenoceptor | Beta-3 adrenoreceptor | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-A | Monoamine oxidase type A | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo-propranolol",
"Apo-propranolol",
"Apo-propranolol",
"Apo-propranolol",
"Apo-propranolol",
"Detensol Tab 10mg",
"Detensol Tab 120mg",
"Detensol Tab 40mg",
"Detensol Tab 80mg",
"Dom-propranolol Tablets",
"Dom-propranolol Tablets",
"Dom-propranolol Tablets - 80mg",
"Hemangeol",
"Hemangiol",
"Hemangiol",
"Inderal",
"Inderal",
"Inderal",
"Inderal",
"Inderal",
"Inderal 20 Tab 20mg",
"Inderal 80 Tab",
"Inderal Injectable Liq 1mg/ml",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA",
"Inderal LA Cap 160mg",
"Inderal LA Cap 80mg",
"Inderal Tab 120mg",
"Inderal XL",
"Inderal XL",
"Inderal XL",
"Inderal XL",
"Inderal-10 Tab 10mg",
"Inderal-120 Tab 120mg",
"Inderal-20 Tab 20mg",
"Inderal-40 Tab 40mg",
"Inderal-80 Tab 80mg",
"Inderal-LA",
"Inderal-LA",
"Inderal-LA",
"Inderal-LA",
"Inderide",
"Inderide",
"Inderide-40 Tab",
"Inderide-80 Tab",
"InnoPran XL",
"InnoPran XL",
"Innopran XL",
"Innopran XL",
"Innopran XL",
"InnoPran XL",
"InnoPran XL",
"InnoPran XL",
"InnoPran XL",
"Lupin-propranolol LA",
"Lupin-propranolol LA",
"Lupin-propranolol LA",
"Lupin-propranolol LA",
"Novo-pranol Tab 120mg",
"Nu-propranolol Tab 10mg",
"Nu-propranolol Tab 120mg",
"Nu-propranolol Tab 20mg",
"Nu-propranolol Tab 40mg",
"Nu-propranolol Tab 80mg",
"PMS-propranolol Tablets 10mg",
"PMS-propranolol Tablets 120mg",
"PMS-propranolol Tablets 40mg",
"PMS-propranolol Tablets 80mg",
"Propranolol",
"Propranolol",
"Propranolol",
"Propranolol",
"Propranolol",
"Propranolol",
"Propranolol HCL ER",
"Propranolol hcl ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride ER",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride Tablet 40mg",
"Propranolol Hyrochloride",
"Propranolol Scopolamine",
"Propranolol Scopolamine",
"Propranolol Tab 10mg",
"Propranolol Tab 40mg",
"Propranolol Tab 80mg",
"Propranolol-120 Tab 120mg",
"Propranolol-20 Tab 20mg",
"Prz-propranolol",
"Prz-propranolol",
"Prz-propranolol",
"Teva-propranolol",
"Teva-propranolol",
"Teva-propranolol",
"Teva-propranolol"
] |
[
"Angilol",
"Bedranol SR",
"Cardinol",
"Ciplar",
"Deralin",
"Dociton",
"Duranol",
"Indobloc",
"INNOPRAN",
"Prophylux",
"Sumial"
] |
[
"Inderide",
"Inderide",
"Propranolol Scopolamine",
"Propranolol Scopolamine",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Propranolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Inderide-40 Tab",
"Inderide-80 Tab"
] |
[
"P08588",
"P07550",
"P13945",
"P08908",
"P28222"
] |
[
"P04798",
"P21397",
"P05177",
"P10635",
"P33261",
"P20815",
"P08684",
"P24462"
] |
[
"P02763",
"P02768"
] |
[
"O15244",
"P08183"
] |
DB00572
|
Atropine
|
Atropine is an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna. It is a racemic mixture of d-and l-hyoscyamine, of which only l-hyoscyamine is pharmacologically active.[A251670,L42835] Atropine is generally available as a sulfate salt and can be administered by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraosseous, endotracheal and ophthalmic methods. Oral atropine is only available in combination products.[A251660,L42840] Atropine is a competitive, reversible antagonist of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters.[A251660,L42815,L42825,L42835] It has a variety of therapeutic applications, including pupil dilation and the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of reversible causes.[A251660] Atropine is a relatively inexpensive drug and is included in the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines.[A251675]
|
solid
|
The intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraosseous and endotracheal use of atropine is indicated for the temporary blockade of severe or life-threatening muscarinic effects.[L42815,L42835] The intramuscular use of atropine in the form of a pen injector is indicated for the treatment of poisoning by susceptible organophosphorus nerve agents having cholinesterase activity as well as organophosphorus or carbamate insecticides in adult and pediatric patients.[L42825] The ophthalmic use of atropine is indicated for mydriasis, cycloplegia, and penalization of the healthy eye in the treatment of amblyopia.[L42830]
In combination with difenoxin or diphenoxylate (tablets for oral use), atropine is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the management of acute nonspecific diarrhea.[L42840,L42865]
|
Atropine is an antimuscarinic agent that antagonizes the effects of acetylcholine.[L42815,L42825,L42835] In small doses, atropine slows heart rate, and tachycardia develops due to paralysis of vagal control. Compared to [scopolamine], atropine has a more potent and prolonged effect on the heart, intestine and bronchial muscle, but a weaker effect on the iris, ciliary body and certain secretory glands. Atropine leads to increased respiratory rate and depth of respiration, possibly due to the drug-induced bronchiolar dilatation rather than its mild effect on vagal excitation.[L42835]
At an adequate dose, atropine abolishes different types of reflex vagal cardiac slowing or asystole. Atropine can be used to prevent or abolish bradycardia or asystole induced by the injection of choline esters, anticholinesterase agents or other parasympathomimetic drugs, and cardiac arrest produced by stimulation of the vagus.[L42835] When vagal activity is an etiologic factor, atropine may also lessen the degree of partial heart block. In clinical doses, atropine counteracts the peripheral dilatation and abrupt decrease in blood pressure produced by choline esters. However, when given by itself, atropine does not exert a striking or uniform effect on blood vessels or blood pressure.[L42835] The use of topical atropine in the eye induces mydriasis by inhibiting the contraction of the circular pupillary sphincter muscle normally stimulated by acetylcholine. This results in the contraction of the countering radial pupillary dilator muscle and pupil dilation.[L42830]
The use of atropine may precipitate acute glaucoma and convert partial organic pyloric stenosis into complete obstruction. Atropine may also lead to complete urinary retention in patients with prostatic hypertrophy and cause the thickening of bronchial secretions and formation of viscid plugs in patients with chronic lung disease.[L42835]
|
Atropine binds to and inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, competitively blocking the effects of acetylcholine and other choline esters.[L42815,L42825,L42835] It acts as a reversible non-specific antagonist of muscarinic receptors, showing affinity for the M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 receptor subtypes.[A251665] Atropine antagonizes the effects of acetylcholine on tissues innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves, such as smooth muscle, cardiac tissue, exocrine glands and the central nervous system. Also, it acts in less innervated smooth muscle that responds to endogenous acetylcholine.[A251670,L42815] The actions of atropine can be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine at receptor sites (for instance, the use of anticholinesterase agents that inhibit the hydrolysis of acetylcholine).[L42835]
|
Intravenous atropine follows a non-linear pharmacokinetic model at doses between 0.5 and 4 mg.[L42835]
After intramuscular administration, atropine is rapidly absorbed. In adults given 1.67 mg of atropine intramuscularly, the C<sub>max</sub> was 9.6 ng/mL and the T<sub>max</sub> went from 3 to 60 minutes.[L42825] In healthy subjects given 30 µL of atropine ophthalmic solution, the C<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>max</sub> were 288 pg/mL and 28 minutes, respectively.[L42830] Atropine is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly delivered to systemic circulation. When administered intramuscularly, atropine has a bioavailability of 50%.[A251665] The AUC<sub>0-INF</sub> and C<sub>max</sub> of atropine are higher in females than males (15%).[L42825]
|
Atropine is mainly metabolized by enzymatic hydrolysis in the liver.[L42815,L42825,L42835] The major metabolites of atropine are noratropine, atropin-n-oxide, tropine, and tropic acid. The metabolism of atropine is inhibited by organophosphate pesticides.[L42815,L42835]
|
High doses of atropine may cause palpitation, dilated pupils, difficulty swallowing, hot dry skin, thirst, dizziness, restlessness, tremor, fatigue and ataxia. Toxic doses of atropine lead to restlessness and excitement, hallucinations, delirium and coma.[L42835] In cases of severe intoxication, atropine can cause a circulatory collapse, leading to a decline in blood pressure and respiratory failure that may ensue in death following paralysis and coma.[L42825,L42835]
In case of atropine overdose, supportive treatment should be administered. Provide artificial respiration with oxygen if respiration is depressed, and follow cooling methods to reduce atropine-induced fever, especially in pediatric patients. In case of urinary retention, catheterization may be required. Atropine is mainly eliminated through the kidney; therefore, urinary output must be maintained and increased if possible. In case of atropine-induced photophobia, the room should be darkened.[L42825] A short-acting barbiturate or diazepam may be given as needed to control marked excitement and convulsions; however, large doses should be avoided since central depressant action may coincide with the depression that occurs late in atropine poisoning. Central stimulants are not recommended.[L42835] The acute oral toxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>) of atropine in mice is 75 mg/kg.[L42850]
|
Following intravenous and intramuscular doses of atropine, half-life values range from approximately 2 to 4 hours.[A251670,L42835] In geriatric patients (65-75 years old), intravenous atropine has a longer half-life (10 hours). Also, the half-life of atropine is slightly shorter (approximately 20 minutes) in females than in males.[L42825]
In healthy volunteers given 30 µL of atropine sulfate by topical ocular administration, the half-life of atropine was approximately 2.5 hours.[L42830]
|
The protein binding of atropine ranges from 14% to 44%,[A251670,L42815,L42825] and is saturable between 2 and 20 μg/mL.[L42815]
|
Approximately 13 to 50% of atropine is excreted unchanged in the urine.[L42815,L42825,L42835] In healthy volunteers given intravenous atropine, 29% of tropine was excreted in urine, along with 15% of an unidentified metabolite.[A251670]
|
Atropine is distributed throughout the body. Following intravenous administration, the total apparent volume of distribution of atropine ranged between 1.0 and 1.7 L/kg.[A251670]
|
Following intravenous administration, the total clearance of atropine ranged between 5.9 and 6.8 mL/min/kg.[A251670] Exercise, before and after intramuscular administration, decreases the clearance of atropine.[L42815]
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Tropane alkaloids
| null |
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"S01FA",
"S01F",
"S01",
"S",
"A03CB",
"A03C",
"A03",
"A",
"V03AB",
"V03A",
"V03",
"V",
"A03BA",
"A03B",
"A03",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.2",
"description": "Atropine 0.4 mg/0.5 ml ampul",
"unit": "ampul"
},
{
"cost": "1.2",
"description": "Atropine 1 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.22",
"description": "Atropine Sulfate 0.4 mg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.44",
"description": "Atropine 1 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.6",
"description": "Atropine Sulfate 0.4 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.6",
"description": "Atropine Sulfate 0.6 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.92",
"description": "Atropine-ns 2 mg/5 ml syringe",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.03",
"description": "Atropine care 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.06",
"description": "Atropine sulfate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "2.88",
"description": "Atropine 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.9",
"description": "Atropine-ns 0.8 mg/2 ml syr",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "4.8",
"description": "Atropine-ns 1 mg/2.5 ml syr",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.06",
"description": "Isopto atropine 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.99",
"description": "Atropine-Care 1% Solution 2ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "15.92",
"description": "Atropine Sulfate 1% Ointment 3.5 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "16.82",
"description": "Atropine Sulfate 1% Solution 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "26.59",
"description": "Isopto Atropine 1% Solution 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "34.48",
"description": "Atropine powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "34.65",
"description": "Isopto Atropine 1% Solution 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "101.27",
"description": "Atropine Sulfate 1% Solution 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Sal-tropine 0.4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Isopto Atropine 1 % Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Atropine 0.4 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
(±)-atropine | (±)-hyoscyamine | Atropin | Atropina | Atropine | Atropinum | dl-Hyoscyamine | dl-tropyltropate | Tropine tropate | Glycine receptor 48 kDa subunit | Glycine receptor strychnine-binding subunit | NACRA4 | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Alcon Atropine",
"ATNAA atropine and pralidoxime chloride Auto-Injector",
"ATROPEN Auto-Injector",
"ATROPEN Auto-Injector",
"ATROPEN Auto-Injector",
"ATROPEN Auto-Injector",
"ATROPEN Auto-Injector",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine",
"Atropine 1%",
"Atropine Care",
"Atropine Injection BP",
"Atropine Injection BP",
"Atropine Injection Bp 0.4mg/ml",
"Atropine Injection Bp 0.6mg/ml",
"Atropine Ont 1%",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine sulfate",
"Atropine sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.1mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.3mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.4mg/0.5ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.4mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.4mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.6mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 0.6mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Inj 1mg/ml",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Atropine Sulfate Injection USP",
"Atropine Sulphate 1% - Liq Oph",
"Atropisol",
"Atropisol Oph Soln 1%",
"B-Donna",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobarbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobarbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Diban Cap",
"Diban Cap",
"Diphenoxylate Hcl and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnagel Liq",
"Donnagel Liq",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal Elixir",
"Donnatal Elixir",
"Donnatal Extentabs",
"Donnatal Extentabs",
"Donnatal Extentabs",
"Donnatal Extentabs Srt",
"Donnatal Tab",
"DuoDote",
"Enlon Plus",
"Enlon Plus",
"Enlon-Plus",
"Enlon-Plus",
"Isopto Atropine",
"Isopto Atropine",
"Lomotil",
"Lomotil",
"Lomotil",
"Lomotil",
"Lomotil",
"Lomotil",
"Me-PB-Hyos",
"Me-PB-Hyos",
"Minims Atropine Sulphate",
"Motofen",
"Motofen",
"Motofen",
"N/a",
"N/a",
"N/a",
"Odan-atropine",
"PB Hyos",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Grape",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Grape",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Mint",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Mint",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate and Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate and Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenohytro",
"Phenohytro",
"Phenohytro",
"Phenohytro",
"Phenohytro",
"Quadrapax",
"Quadrapax",
"R.O.-atropine",
"Re-PB Hyos",
"Re-PB Hyos",
"Re-PB Hyos",
"Re-PB Hyos Elixir",
"Se-donna Pb Hyos",
"Servira",
"Servira",
"Urised",
"Vitetal"
] |
[
"Anespin",
"Antol",
"AtroPen",
"Atropt",
"Atrospan",
"Bellapan",
"Dysurgal",
"Kintropine",
"Tromine"
] |
[
"Lomotil",
"Enlon Plus",
"Donnatal Extentabs",
"ATNAA atropine and pralidoxime chloride Auto-Injector",
"DuoDote",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenohytro",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Lomotil",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnatal",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Mint",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Grape",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate and Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Lomotil",
"Donnatal Elixir",
"Donnatal Extentabs",
"Diban Cap",
"Donnagel Liq",
"Donnatal Tab",
"Donnatal Extentabs Srt",
"Donnatal Elixir",
"Donnagel Liq",
"Diban Cap",
"Odan-atropine",
"Enlon-Plus",
"Enlon-Plus",
"Lomotil",
"Re-PB Hyos",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hcl and Atropine Sulfate",
"Servira",
"Servira",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Vitetal",
"Quadrapax",
"Re-PB Hyos Elixir",
"PB Hyos",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Donnatal Extentabs",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Lomotil",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnatal",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Re-PB Hyos",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Motofen",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Motofen",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"B-Donna",
"Se-donna Pb Hyos",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobarbital",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Re-PB Hyos",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobartbital",
"Quadrapax",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Enlon Plus",
"Donnatal",
"Phenobarbital With Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Motofen",
"Urised",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnatal",
"Phenohytro",
"Phenohytro",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenohytro",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Lomotil",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Grape",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids",
"Phenobarbital with Belladonna Alkaloids - Mint",
"Phenohytro",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate and Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Phenobarbital, Hyoscyamine Sulfate, Atropine Sulfate, Scopolamine Hydrobromide",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Me-PB-Hyos",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnatal",
"Belladonna Alkaloids with Phenobarbital",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Donnatal",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Me-PB-Hyos",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate",
"Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride and Atropine Sulfate"
] |
[
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P08912",
"P23415",
"P43681",
"P17787"
] |
[] |
[
"P02763"
] |
[
"O95342"
] |
DB00573
|
Fenoprofen
|
An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic highly bound to plasma proteins. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.
|
solid
|
For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Also for the relief of mild to moderate pain.
|
Fenoprofen is a propionic acid derivative with analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties. Fenoprofen inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by decreasing the enzyme needed for biosynthesis. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the anti-inflammatory action of fenoprofen has been evidenced by relief of pain, increase in grip strength, and reductions in joint swelling, duration of morning stiffness, and disease activity (as assessed by both the investigator and the patient). In patients with osteoarthritis, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of fenoprofen have been demonstrated by reduction in tenderness as a response to pressure and reductions in night pain, stiffness, swelling, and overall disease activity (as assessed by both the patient and the investigator). These effects have also been demonstrated by relief of pain with motion and at rest and increased range of motion in involved joints. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, clinical studies have shown fenoprofen to be comparable to aspirin in controlling the aforementioned measures of disease activity, but mild gastrointestinal reactions (nausea, dyspepsia) and tinnitus occurred less frequently in patients treated with fenoprofen than in aspirin-treated patients. It is not known whether fenoprofen causes less peptic ulceration than does aspirin. In patients with pain, the analgesic action of fenoprofen has produced a reduction in pain intensity, an increase in pain relief, improvement in total analgesia scores, and a sustained analgesic effect.
|
Fenoprofen's exact mode of action is unknown, but it is thought that prostaglandin synthetase inhibition is involved. Fenoprofen has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase isolated from bovine seminal vesicles.
|
Rapidly absorbed under fasting conditions, and peak plasma levels of 50 µg/mL are achieved within 2 hours after oral administration of 600 mg doses.
|
About 90% of a single oral dose is eliminated within 24 hours as fenoprofen glucuronide and 4'-hydroxyfenoprofen glucuronide, the major urinary metabolites of fenoprofen.
|
Symptoms of overdose appear within several hours and generally involve the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. They include dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, ataxia, tinnitus, tremor, drowsiness, and confusion. Hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, hypotension, and acute renal failure may occur rarely following overdose. Respiratory depression and metabolic acidosis have also been reported following overdose with certain NSAIDs.
|
Plasma half-life is approximately 3 hours.
|
99% to albumin.
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylethers
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"M01AE",
"M01A",
"M01",
"M"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.01",
"description": "Fenoprofen Calcium 600 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.59",
"description": "Fenoprofen calcium powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.88",
"description": "Fenoprofen 600 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Nalfon 200 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[] |
(+/-)-fenoprofen | (+/-)-m-phenoxyhydratropic acid | (±)-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid | 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid | 2-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid | 3-phenoxyhydratropic acid | DL-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid | Fenoprofen | Fénoprofène | Fenoprofeno | Fenoprofenum | α-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid | α-methyl-3-phenoxybenzeneacetic acid | 1.14.99.1 | COX-2 | COX2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 | PGH synthase 2 | PGHS-2 | PHS II | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | 1.14.99.1 | COX-1 | COX1 | Cyclooxygenase-1 | PGH synthase 1 | PGHS-1 | PHS 1 | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 | NR1C1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1 | PPAR | PPAR-alpha | NR1C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3 | PPAR-gamma
|
[
"Fenoprofen",
"Fenoprofen",
"Fenoprofen",
"Fenoprofen",
"Fenoprofen",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenoprofen Calcium",
"Fenopron Tm",
"Fenortho",
"Fenortho",
"Fenortho",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon",
"Nalfon Cap 300mg",
"Nalfon Tab 600mg",
"ProFeno"
] |
[
"Feilin",
"Fenopron",
"Fepron",
"Kimpron",
"Nalgésic",
"Nonsic",
"Noprofen",
"Trandor"
] |
[] |
[
"P35354",
"P23219",
"Q07869",
"P37231"
] |
[] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00574
|
Fenfluramine
|
Dravet syndrome is a pediatric encephalopathy that typically manifests within the first year of life following exposure to elevated temperatures. It is characterized by recurrent pharmacoresistant seizures, which increase in frequency and severity with disease progression. Concomitantly with these seizures, patients typically display delayed development and neurocognitive impairment.[A214694, A214709, A214712, A214715] Fenfluramine is a serotonergic phenethylamine originally used as an appetite suppressant until concerns regarding cardiotoxicity in obese patients lead to its withdrawal from the market in 1997.[A214694, A214718, A11906] Through its ability to modulate neurotransmission, fenfluramine has reemerged as an effective therapy against pharmacoresistant seizures, such as those involved in Dravet syndrome.[A214688, A214691, A214700]
Fenfluramine was granted initial FDA approval in 1973 prior to its withdrawal; it was granted a new FDA approval on June 25, 2020, for treatment of patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome through the restricted FINTEPLA REMS program. It is currently sold under the name FINTEPLA® by Zogenix INC.[L14522]
|
solid
|
Fenfluramine is indicated for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients aged two years and older.[L14522]
|
Fenfluramine increases extracellular serotonin levels, and also acts as both a serotonergic 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor agonist and σ1 receptor antagonist. These activities, through an incompletely understood mechanism, lead to anti-epileptiform activity and therapeutic benefit.[A214682, A214685, A214688, A28641, A214691, A214694, A214697, A214700, L14522] This modulation has other effects such as decreased appetite, weight loss, sedation, lethargy, increased blood pressure, and mood alteration including possible suicidal ideation. There is a risk of glaucoma and potentially fatal serotonin syndrome. Fenfluramine should be gradually withdrawn following treatment alteration or cessation.[L14522]
|
Dravet syndrome is a complex pediatric encephalopathy characterized by recurrent pharmacoresistant seizures of variable type, delayed development, and in many cases, impairment in speech, language, gait, and other neurocognitive functions.[A214694, A214709, A214712, A214715] Despite substantial variation in presentation and severity, roughly 80% of patients with Dravet syndrome have mutations in the _SCN1A_ gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of a voltage-gated sodium channel (Na<sub>v</sub>1.1).[A214685, A214688, A214691, A214700, A214709, A214715] This channel is predominantly localized in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons as well as in excitatory pyramidal neurons; it is thought that dysfunction of neurotransmission regulation results in the seizures and other corresponding symptoms of Dravet syndrome.[A214700, A214709]
Various _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ studies have demonstrated that fenfluramine is capable of acting as an agonist of multiple serotonin receptors including 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>1D</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, as well as a σ1 receptor antagonist.[A214682, A214685, A214688, A28641, A214691, A214694, A214697, A214700, L14522] This is at least partly because fenfluramine, as well as its active metabolite norfenfluramine, can act on sodium-dependent serotonin transporters (SERTs) to reverse transport direction and thereby increase extracellular serotonin levels.[A214802, A214807] However, work in animal models of Dravet syndrome suggest that only the modulation of 5-HT<sub>1D</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, σ1, and possibly 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors of fenfluramine result in the anti-epileptiform activity.[A214688, A214691, A214700] Interestingly, 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor agonism, which had previously been associated with cardiac valvulopathy,[A214718, A11906] is not anticipated to have any therapeutic value in Dravet syndrome.[A214700]
Although the exact mechanism by which stimulation/inhibition of various receptors leads to the observed therapeutic benefit is unclear, it is hypothesized to be two-fold. Stimulation of 5-HT<sub>1D</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> may result in increased GABAergic neurotransmission, while σ1 receptor antagonism may help to modulate responses to _N_-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA).[A214700]
|
Fenfluramine has a steady-state T<sub>max</sub> of between four and five hours and an absolute bioavailability of approximately 68-74%. Fenfluramine administered to pediatric patients at 0.7 mg/kg/day up to 26 mg resulted in a mean C<sub>max</sub> of 68.0 ng/mL with a coefficient of variation of 41%; similarly the AUC<sub>0-24</sub> was 1390 (44%) ng\*h/mL.[L14522]
|
Fenfluramine is metabolized primarily in the liver by CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4/5 to yield the major active metabolite norfenfluramine and several other minor inactive metabolites.[L14522]
|
Overdosage of fenfluramine has been reported; in overdose cases, symptoms include agitation, anxiety, restlessness, twitching, tremors/muscle spasms, flushing, tachycardia, mydriasis, increased muscle tone, respiratory distress/failure, seizure, and coma. Some overdosage cases proved fatal, and in most fatal cases, patients experienced seizures, coma, and cardiorespiratory arrest.[L14522]
There is currently no standard practice for managing fenfluramine overdose. Symptomatic management, including ensuring proper ventilation and monitoring of both cardiac and respiratory functions is recommended.[L14522]
|
Fenfluramine has an elimination half-life of 20 hours in healthy subjects.[L14522]
|
Fenfluramine is 50% bound to plasma proteins independent of plasma drug concentration.[L14522]
|
Over 90% of fenfluramine is excreted in urine and less than 5% in feces; unchanged fenfluramine and the major active metabolite norfenfluramine account for less than 25% of the recovered amount.[L14522]
|
Fenfluramine has an apparent volume of distribution of 11.9 L/kg with a coefficient of variation of 16.5% following oral administration in healthy subjects.[L14522]
|
Fenfluramine has a mean clearance of 24.8 L/h with a coefficient of variation of 29% in healthy subjects.[L14522]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenethylamines
|
[
"approved",
"illicit",
"investigational",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"A08AA",
"A08A",
"A08",
"A",
"N03AX",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[
{
"approved": "2017-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "9603815"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "9549909"
},
{
"approved": "2019-10-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-12-29",
"number": "10452815"
},
{
"approved": "2017-04-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "9610260"
},
{
"approved": "2017-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "9603814"
},
{
"approved": "2020-03-31",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-02-02",
"number": "10603290"
},
{
"approved": "2019-11-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "10478442"
},
{
"approved": "2019-11-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "10478441"
},
{
"approved": "2021-03-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-28",
"number": "10950331"
},
{
"approved": "2021-03-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-06-20",
"number": "10947183"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-02-02",
"number": "11040018"
},
{
"approved": "2018-02-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-02-02",
"number": "11406606"
},
{
"approved": "2018-02-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-02-02",
"number": "11759440"
},
{
"approved": "2018-02-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2038-02-02",
"number": "11786487"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-11-03",
"number": "12097206"
}
] |
(±)-fenfluramine | 1-(m-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-ethylaminopropane | DL-Fenfluramine | Fenfluramina | Fenfluramine | Fenfluraminum | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | Aging-associated gene 8 protein | hSigmaR1 | OPRS1 | SIG-1R | Sigma 1-type opioid receptor | Sigma1-receptor | Sigma1R | SR-BP | SR31747-binding protein | SRBP | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-2B | 5-HT2B | Serotonin receptor 2B | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Fintepla",
"Fintepla",
"Fintepla",
"Fintepla",
"Fintepla",
"Pondimin Tab 20mg",
"Pondimin Tab 20mg"
] |
[
"Adifax",
"Obedrex",
"Ponderax",
"Ponderax PA",
"Pondimin",
"Rotondin"
] |
[] |
[
"P31645",
"P28221",
"P28335",
"Q99720",
"P28223",
"P41595",
"P08908"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P20813",
"P11712",
"P33261",
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00575
|
Clonidine
|
Clonidine is an imidazole derivate that acts as an agonist of alpha-2 adrenoceptors.[A180559] This activity is useful for the treatment of hypertension, severe pain, and ADHD.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246]
Clonidine was granted FDA approval on 3 September 1974.[L7237]
|
solid
|
Clonidine tablets and transdermal systems are indicated for the treatment of hypertension alone or in combination with other medications.[L7237,L7240] A clonidine injection is indicated for use with opiates in the treatment of severe cancer pain where opiates alone are insufficient.[L7243] An extended release tablet of clonidine is indicated for the treatment of ADHD either alone or in combination with other medications.[L7246]
Clonidine is also used for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma,[A180565] treatment of nicotine dependance,[A180568] and opiate withdrawal.[A180571]
|
Clonidine functions through agonism of alpha-2 adrenoceptors which have effects such as lowering blood pressure, sedation, and hyperpolarization of nerves.[A180559] It has a long duration of action as it is given twice daily and the therapeutic window is between 0.1mg and 2.4mg daily.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246]
|
Clonidine is primarily an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist which causes central hypotensive and anti-arrhythmogenic effects.[A180559] The alpha-2 adrenoceptor is coupled to the G-proteins G<sub>o</sub> and G<sub>i</sub>.[A180559] G<sub>i</sub> inhibits adenylyl cyclase and activates opening of a potassium channel that causes hyperpolarization.[A180559] Clonidine binding to the alpha-2 adrenoceptor causes structural changes in the alpha subunit of the G-protein, reducing its affinity for GDP.[A180559] Magnesium catalyzes the replacement of GDP with GTP.[A180559] The alpha subunit dissociates from the other subunits and associates with an effector.[A180559]
The stimulation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the locus coeruleus may be responsible for the hypnotic effects of clonidine as this region of the brain helps regulate wakefulness.[A180559] Clonidine can also decrease transmission of pain signals at the spine.[A180559] Finally clonidine can affect regulators of blood pressure in the ventromedial and rostral-ventrolateral areas of the medulla.[A180559]
|
Clonidine reaches maximum concentration in 60-90 minutes after oral administration.[A180559,A180577] Race and fasting status do not influence pharmacokinetics of clonidine.[L7237]
A 100µg oral clonidine tablet reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 400.72pg/mL with an AUC of 5606.78h\*pg/mL and a bioavailability of 55-87%.[A180577]
|
The metabolism of clonidine is poorly understood.[A14844] The main reaction in clonidine metabolism is the 4-hydroxylation of clonidine by CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1A1, and CYP3A5.[A14844]
Clonidine is <50% metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites.[A180559,L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246]
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> is 126 mg/kg in rats.[L7276] The TDLO is 70µg/kg in children, 126µg/kg in women, and 69µg/kg in men.[L7276]
Symptoms of overdose include hypertension followed by hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, hypothermia, drowsiness, decreased reflexes, weakness, irritability, and miosis.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246] Severe overdoses can cause reversible cardiac conduction defects or dysrhythmias, apnea, coma, and seizures.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246] Induction of vomiting is not recommended due to CNS depression but gastric lavage or activated charcoal may be useful in recent ingestion.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246] Dialysis is also unlikely to be beneficial.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246] Overdose can be treated with supportive measures such as atropine sulfate for bradycardia, intravenous fluids or vasopressors for hypotension, vasodilators for hypertension, naloxone for respiratory depression, and blood pressure monitoring.[L7237,L7240,L7243,L7246]
|
The elimination half life after epidural administration is 30 minutes but otherwise can range from 6-23h.[A180559]
|
Clonidine is 20-40% bound to plasma proteins, especially albumin.[A180559,L7243]
|
Approximately 50% of a clonidine dose is excreted in the urine as the unchanged drug and 20% is eliminated in the feces.[A180559,L7237]
|
The volume of distribution of clonidine has been reported as 1.7-2.5L/kg[A180559], 2.9L/kg[L7240], or 2.1±0.4L/kg[L7243] depending on the source.
|
The clearance of clonidine is 1.9-4.3mL/min/kg.[A180559]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Halobenzenes
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"S01EA",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S",
"C02LC",
"C02L",
"C02",
"C",
"C02AC",
"C02A",
"C02",
"C",
"N02CX",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N",
"C02LC",
"C02L",
"C02",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.57",
"description": "Catapres 0.1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.35",
"description": "Catapres 0.2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.98",
"description": "Catapres 0.3 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.04",
"description": "Clonidine 1000 mcg/10 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "14.4",
"description": "Duraclon 0.1 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "21.0",
"description": "Clonidine 5000 mcg/10 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "21.18",
"description": "Catapres-tts 1 patch",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "28.81",
"description": "Clonidine 0.1 mg/day patch",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "39.23",
"description": "Catapres-tts 2 patch",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "47.4",
"description": "Duraclon 500 mcg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "48.5",
"description": "Clonidine 0.2 mg/day patch",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "53.09",
"description": "Clonidine hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "67.28",
"description": "Clonidine 0.3 mg/day patch",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "78.95",
"description": "Catapres-tts 3 patch",
"unit": "patch"
},
{
"cost": "119.84",
"description": "CloNIDine HCl 4 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "141.08",
"description": "Catapres-TTS-1 4 0.1 mg/24hr Patches Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "201.75",
"description": "CloNIDine HCl 4 0.2 mg/24hr Patches Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "236.75",
"description": "Catapres-TTS-2 4 0.2 mg/24hr Patches Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "279.9",
"description": "CloNIDine HCl 4 0.3 mg/24hr Patches Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "328.42",
"description": "Catapres-TTS-3 4 0.3 mg/24hr Patches Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Apo-Clonidine 0.025 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Novo-Clonidine 0.025 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Apo-Clonidine 0.1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Novo-Clonidine 0.1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Nu-Clonidine 0.1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.19",
"description": "Catapres 0.1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.24",
"description": "Clonidine hcl 0.1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.28",
"description": "Dixarit 0.025 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Apo-Clonidine 0.2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Novo-Clonidine 0.2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Nu-Clonidine 0.2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.35",
"description": "Clonidine hcl 0.2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.35",
"description": "Catapres 0.2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.5",
"description": "Clonidine hcl 0.3 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1999-02-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-10-13",
"number": "5869100"
},
{
"approved": "2014-01-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-09-08",
"number": "8623409"
},
{
"approved": "2012-12-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-17",
"number": "8337890"
},
{
"approved": "2011-11-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-03-29",
"number": "8062667"
},
{
"approved": "2021-07-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2041-07-28",
"number": "11918689"
}
] |
2-((2,6-Dichlorophenyl)imino)imidazolidine | 2,6-Dichloro-N-2-imidazolidinylidenebenzenamine | Chlofazoline | Clonidin | Clonidina | Clonidine | Clonidinum | 1.4.3.21 | Amine oxidase copper-containing 3 | Copper amine oxidase | HPAO | Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase | SSAO | VAP-1 | VAP1 | Vascular adhesion protein 1 | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | ADRA2L2 | ADRA2RL2 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4 | Alpha-2C adrenoceptor | Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2CAR | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | EMT | EMTH | Extraneuronal monoamine transporter | OCT3 | Organic cation transporter 3 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | Ergothioneine transporter | ET transporter | ETT | ETTh | OCTN1 | Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 | UT2H
|
[
"Apo-clonidine",
"Apo-clonidine Tab 0.1mg",
"Apo-clonidine Tab 0.2mg",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres",
"Catapres Tab 0.1mg",
"Catapres Tab 0.2mg",
"Catapres-TTS",
"Catapres-TTS",
"Catapres-TTS",
"Catapres-TTS-1",
"Catapres-TTS-2",
"Catapres-TTS-3",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine",
"Clonidine 0.1",
"Clonidine Hci",
"Clonidine HCl Tab 0.2mg",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine HYDROCHLORIDE",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride",
"Clonidine hydrochloride extended-release",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Clonidine Hydrochloride Extended-Release",
"Clonidine hydrochloride extended-release",
"Clonidine transdermal system",
"Clonidine transdermal system",
"Clonidine transdermal system",
"Clonidine Transdermal System USP, 0.1 mg/day",
"Clonidine Transdermal System USP, 0.2 mg/day",
"Clonidine Transdermal System USP, 0.3 mg/day",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Combipres 0.1/15 Tab",
"Dixarit Tab 0.025mg",
"Dom-clonidine",
"Dom-clonidine",
"Duraclon",
"Duraclon",
"Duraclon",
"Duraclon",
"Jamp Clonidine",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Mar-clonidine",
"Mint-clonidine",
"Mint-clonidine",
"Mint-clonidine",
"Nexiclon",
"Nexiclon XR",
"Nexiclon XR",
"Nexiclon XR",
"Nexiclon XR",
"Nexiclon XR",
"Nexiclon XR",
"Ntp-clonidine",
"Ntp-clonidine",
"Ntp-clonidine",
"Nu-clonidine Tab 0.1mg",
"Nu-clonidine Tab 0.2mg",
"Onyda XR",
"Sandoz Clonidine",
"Sandoz Clonidine",
"Sandoz Clonidine",
"Teva-clonidine",
"Teva-clonidine",
"Teva-clonidine"
] |
[
"Catapresan",
"Catapressan",
"Catarpres-TTS",
"Dixarit",
"Isoglaucon",
"Run Rui",
"Velaril",
"Winpress"
] |
[
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Kapvay",
"Kapvay",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Clorpres",
"Combipres 0.1/15 Tab"
] |
[
"Q16853",
"P18089",
"P18825",
"P08913",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100"
] |
[
"P05177",
"P08684",
"P04798",
"P20815",
"P10635"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"O75751",
"O76082",
"Q9H015"
] |
DB00576
|
Sulfamethizole
|
A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of urinary tract infection
|
Sulfamethizole is a sulfonamide antibiotic. The sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics with a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of <i>p</i>-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular fluids. Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF levels are high in meningeal infections. Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus.
|
Sulfamethizole is a competitive inhibitor of bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. The normal para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) substrate is prevented from binding. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid.
|
Rapidly absorbed.
|
Hepatic.
| null |
3-8 hours
|
98-99%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzenesulfonamides
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"J01EB",
"J01E",
"J01",
"J",
"B05CA",
"B05C",
"B05",
"B",
"G01AE",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"S01AB",
"S01A",
"S01",
"S",
"D06BA",
"D06B",
"D06",
"D"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "27.0",
"description": "Methazolamide powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "Methazolamide 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Neptazane 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Methazolamide 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Sulfamethizol | Sulfaméthizol | Sulfamethizole | Sulfamethizolum | Sulfamethylthiadiazole | Sulfametizol | 2.5.1.15 | dhpS | Dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Urobiotic"
] |
[
"Lucosil",
"Rufol",
"Thiosulfil",
"Thiosulfil Forte"
] |
[
"Urobiotic"
] |
[] |
[
"P11712"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00577
|
Valaciclovir
|
Valaciclovir (valacyclovir), also known as _Valtrex_, is an antiviral drug that has been used to manage and treat various herpes infections for more than 2 decades. It was initially approved by the FDA in 1995 [FDA label] and marketed by GlaxoSmithKline [L5671]. Valacyclovir is the L-valine ester of aciclovir. It is a member of the purine (guanine) nucleoside analog drug class [F3949]. This class of drugs forms an important part of hepatitis, HIV, and cytomegalovirus drug regimens [A175900].
One major use of valacyclovir is the treatment of genital herpes episodes or outbreaks. Genital herpes is a frequently diagnosed sexually transmitted disease which currently affects more than 400 million individuals worldwide. It is caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Infection with this virus is lifelong with periodic episodes of reactivation [A175903].
|
solid
|
Valacyclovir is a nucleoside analog DNA polymerase inhibitor indicated for [FDA label]:
**Adults**
• Cold Sores (Herpes Labialis)
• Genital Herpes
• Treatment of genital herpes lesions in immunocompetent patients (initial or recurrent episode)
• Suppression of genital herpes lesions in immunocompetent or HIV-infected patients
• Reduction of viral transmission
• Herpes Zoster
**Pediatric Patients**
• Cold Sores (Herpes Labialis)
• Chickenpox
**Limitations of use** [FDA label]
The efficacy and safety of valacyclovir have not been established in immunocompromised patients other than for the suppression of genital herpes in HIV-infected patients.
|
**Antiviral effects**
Valacyclovir shows varying levels of inhibition towards herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1), 2 (HSV-2), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The quantitative relationship between the cell culture susceptibility of herpesviruses to antivirals and the clinical response of humans to the same antiviral therapy has not yet been elucidated. Sensitivity testing results, described by the concentration of drug needed to inhibit the growth of the virus by 50% in cell culture (EC50), vary widely depending on various factors [FDA label].
**Clinical study results**
For the various conditions below, clinical study results are summarized as follows [FDA label]:
_Cold sores_
Immunocompetent volunteers with cold sores were observed following the administration of a 1-day regimen (2 grams of valacyclovir twice a day for 1 day followed by one day of placebo) or a 2-day regimen (2 grams of valacyclovir twice daily for two days). The average duration of cold sore episodes was approximately 1 day shorter in treated subjects when compared to subjects treated with placebo. A 2-day drug administration regimen of valacyclovir did not provide superior benefit over the 1-day regimen. There was no clinically significant difference observed between subjects receiving valacyclovir or placebo in the prevention of progression of cold sore lesions after the papular stage, indicating that timing of valacyclovir administration is an important consideration [FDA label].
_Initial genital herpes episodes_
643 immunocompetent adults with first-episode genital herpes who presented within 72 hours of symptom onset were randomized in a double-blind trial to receive 10 days of valacyclovir 1 gram twice daily (n = 323) or oral acyclovir 200 mg 5 times a day (n = 320). In both groups, the median time to healing of herpetic lesions was measured to be 9 days, and the median time to cessation of pain was found to be 5 days, with the median time to cessation of viral shedding was approximately 3 days.
_Recurrent genital herpes episodes_
The results of 3 separate studies of patients taking 3 to 5-day regimens of valacyclovir showed an average of 4 days to lesion healing, 2-3 days to resolution of pain associated with the lesions, with an average of 2 days until the cessation of viral shedding [FDA label]. These findings showed valacyclovir administration to show superior beneficial effects when compared to the findings associated with placebo administration.
**A note on resistance**
The resistance of Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus to acyclovir can result from qualitative and quantitative changes in the viral TK and/or DNA polymerase. Clinical isolates of VZV with decreased susceptibility to acyclovir have been isolated from patients diagnosed with AIDS. A total of 522 TK-deficient mutants of VZV have been identified in these cases [FDA label].
|
Valacyclovir is the L-valine ester of aciclovir. It is classified as a nucleoside analog DNA polymerase enzyme inhibitor. Aciclovir is a purine (guanine) nucleoside analog is a metabolite that heavily contributes to the pharmacological actions of valacyclovir. In fact, most of valacyclovir's activity is attributed to acyclovir [A175885].
Valacyclovir is rapidly and almost completely converted in man to aciclovir and valine, likely by the enzyme _valacyclovir hydrolase_.
Aciclovir is a selective inhibitor of the herpes viruses, possessing in vitro activity against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1 and type 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), as well as human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Aciclovir has been shown to inhibit herpes virus DNA synthesis after it has been phosphorylated to the active triphosphate form [F3949].
The first stage of drug phosphorylation for acyclovir requires activation by a virus-specific enzyme. In the case of HSV, VZV and EBV this enzyme is the viral _thymidine kinase_ (TK), which is only found in virus-infected cells. The process of phosphorylation is completed (conversion from mono- to triphosphate) by cellular kinases. Acyclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits the virus DNA polymerase and incorporation of this agent results in DNA chain termination, stopping virus DNA synthesis and blocking virus replication [F3949]. The inhibitory capabilities of acyclovir are highly selective due to the drug's strong affinity for _thymidine kinase_ (TK)[FDA label].
In summary, the antiviral effects of valacyclovir are achieved in 3 ways [FDA label]:
1) competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase
2) incorporation and termination of the growing viral DNA chain
3) inactivation of the viral DNA polymerase. The higher level of antiviral activity of acyclovir against HSV compared with VZV is attributed to its more efficient phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase (TK).
|
After oral administration, valacyclovir hydrochloride is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and converted to acyclovir and L-valine. The absolute bioavailability of acyclovir after administration of valacyclovir was measured at 54.5% ± 9.1% after the administration of a 1 gram oral dose of valacyclovir and a 350 mg intravenous (IV) acyclovir dose to 12 healthy subjects. Acyclovir (a metabolite of valacyclovir) bioavailability from the administration of this drug is not affected by the administration with food [FDA label].
|
Valacyclovir is converted to acyclovir and L-valine via first-pass intestinal and/or hepatic metabolism. Acyclovir is also transformed, to a small extent, to inactive metabolites by _aldehyde oxidase_ in addition to _alcohol dehydrogenase_ and _aldehyde dehydrogenase_. Neither valacyclovir nor acyclovir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes [FDA label].
|
**LD50 Oral**
Rat – 903.5 mg/kg [F3973]
**Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility**
Valacyclovir was noncarcinogenic in lifetime carcinogenicity assays at single daily gavage doses of valacyclovir giving plasma acyclovir concentrations equivalent to human levels in the mouse bioassay and 1.4 to 2.3 times human levels in the rat bioassay. No clinically significant difference in the incidence of tumors between treated and control animals was observed, and valacyclovir was not found to shorten the latency period of tumors. Valacyclovir was tested in 5 genetic toxicity assays. An Ames assay was negative in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. An in vitro cytogenetic study with human lymphocytes and a rat cytogenetic study was negative [FDA label].
In the mouse lymphoma assay, valacyclovir was not found to be mutagenic without metabolic activation, however, in the presence of metabolic activation (76% to 88% conversion to acyclovir), valacyclovir was mutagenic. Valacyclovir was also found to be mutagenic in a mouse micronucleus assay [FDA label].
Valacyclovir did not impair fertility or reproduction in rats at 6 times the normal concentrations in human plasma [FDA label].
**Use in pregnancy**
Valacyclovir is categorized as a pregnancy category B drug. There are insufficient well-controlled studies of valacyclovir in pregnant women. The general rate of birth defects in infants exposed to acyclovir in-utero is comparable to the rate for infants measured in the general population. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the possible fetal risk [FDA label].
**Use in nursing**
Acyclovir, a major metabolite of valacyclovir, was excreted in breastmilk at lower concentrations when a normal therapeutic dose of valacyclovir was administered. Exercise caution when acyclovir is used while nursing [FDA label].
**A note on renal function and toxicity in elderly patients**
Elderly patients and patients with decreased renal function are at increased risk of valacyclovir toxicity, which can sometimes lead to central nervous system effects, such as encephalopathy, agitation, dysarthria, mania, and psychosis, among other effects. Consider reducing the dose of this drug in these populations to decrease the risk of toxicity [FDA label].
|
The plasma elimination half-life of acyclovir typically averaged 2.5 to 3.3 hours in several studies of valacyclovir in volunteers with normal renal function [FDA label].
|
The binding of valacyclovir to human plasma proteins is low and ranges from 13.5% to 17.9% [FDA label].
|
After oral administration of a single 1 gram dose of radiolabeled valacyclovir to 4 healthy subjects, 46% and 47% of administered radioactivity was measured in urine and feces, respectively, over 96 hours. Acyclovir accounted for 89% of the radioactivity excreted in the urine [FDA label].
|
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration, determined by CSF/plasma AUC ratio, is approximately 25% for aciclovir and the metabolite _8-hydroxy-aciclovir_ (8-OH-ACV), and approximately 2.5% for the metabolite _9-(carboxymethoxy)methylguanine_ [F3949].
In a study of immunocompromised pediatric patients, the volume of distribution of a 15 ml/kg dose of valacyclovir was 1.34 ± 0.65 L/kg [A175927].
|
Renal clearance of acyclovir following the administration of a single 1 gram dose of valacylcovir to 12 healthy
437 volunteers was approximately 255 ± 86 mL/min, which represents 42% of total acyclovir apparent plasma clearance [FDA label].
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J05AB",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J"
] |
[
"Herpes simplex virus",
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.14",
"description": "Apo-Valacyclovir (Caplet) 500 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.14",
"description": "Pms-Valacyclovir (Caplet) 500 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.82",
"description": "Valtrex (Caplet) 500 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.35",
"description": "Valacyclovir HCl 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.36",
"description": "Valtrex 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "12.87",
"description": "Valacyclovir HCl 1 gm tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "14.06",
"description": "Valtrex 1 gm caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "14.62",
"description": "Valtrex 1 gm tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1990-09-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-12-23",
"number": "4957924"
},
{
"approved": "2008-09-02",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2017-01-17",
"number": "2243237"
},
{
"approved": "1998-10-13",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2015-10-13",
"number": "1340083"
},
{
"approved": "1999-03-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-19",
"number": "5879706"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-07-19",
"number": "6107302"
}
] |
L-Valine ester with 9-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)guanine | L-Valine, 2-((2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methoxy)ethyl ester | Valaciclovir | Valaciclovirum | Valacyclovir | 2.7.1.21 | UL23 | 2.7.7.7 | 2.7.4.8 | GMK | GMP kinase | GMPK | Guanylate kinase 1 | 2.7.1.21 | UL23 | Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform | PEPT1 | Peptide transporter 1 | Kidney H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform | PEPT2 | Peptide transporter 2 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | Amino acid transporter ATB0+ | Solute carrier family 6 member 14 | Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter | ASBT | IBAT | Ileal Na(+)/bile acid cotransporter | Ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter | ISBT | Na(+)-dependent ileal bile acid transporter | NTCP2 | Sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, ileal | Solute carrier family 10 member 2
|
[
"Ag-valacyclovir",
"Apo-valacyclovir",
"Apo-valacyclovir",
"Auro-valacyclovir",
"Auro-valacyclovir",
"Bio-valacyclovir",
"Co Valacyclovir",
"Co Valacyclovir",
"Dom-valacyclovir",
"Jamp Valacyclovir",
"Jamp-valacyclovir",
"Mar-valacyclovir",
"Mylan-valacyclovir",
"Mylan-valacyclovir",
"PHL-valacyclovir",
"PMS-valacyclovir",
"PMS-valacyclovir",
"Priva-valacyclovir",
"Pro-valacyclovir",
"Riva-valacyclovir",
"Sandoz Valacyclovir",
"Sandoz Valacyclovir",
"Teva-valacyclovir",
"Teva-valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valacyclovir Hydrochloride",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Valtrex",
"Van-valacyclovir"
] |
[
"Bagovir",
"Cycloval",
"Mitanga",
"Ovalac",
"Pervioral",
"Revira",
"Vacyless",
"Vadiral",
"Valdacir",
"Valotix",
"Valvir",
"Valztrex",
"Viramixal",
"Viropel",
"Vociflon",
"Zelitrex",
"Zelivire"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q16774",
"P06478"
] |
[] |
[
"P46059",
"Q16348",
"Q8TCC7",
"Q4U2R8",
"Q9UN76",
"Q12908"
] |
DB00578
|
Carbenicillin
|
Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower urinary tract and in asymptomatic bacteriuria due to susceptible strains of bacteria.
|
Carbenicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin. Though carbenicillin provides substantial <i>in vitro</i> activity against a variety of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, the most important aspect of its profile is in its antipseudomonal and antiproteal activity. Because of the high urine levels obtained following administration, carbenicillin has demonstrated clinical efficacy in urinary infections due to susceptible strains of: <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>, <i>Proteus vulgaris</i>, <i>Morganella morganii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i> species, <i>Providencia rettgeri</i>, <i>Enterobacter</i> species, and <i>Enterococci</i> (<i>S. faecalis</i>).
|
Free carbenicillin is the predominant pharmacologically active fraction of the salt. Carbenicillin exerts its antibacterial activity by interference with final cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Penicillins acylate the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain by opening the lactam ring. This inactivation of the enzyme prevents the formation of a cross-link of two linear peptidoglycan strands, inhibiting the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that carbenicillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
|
Rapidly absorbed from the small intestine following oral administration. Oral bioavailability is 30 to 40%.
|
Minimal.
|
Carbenicillin blood levels achievable are very low, and toxic reactions as a function of overdosage should not occur systematically. The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mice is 3,600 mg/kg, in rats 2,000 mg/kg, and in dogs is in excess of 500 mg/kg. The lethal human dose is not known. Symptoms of overdose include diarrhea, nausea, stomach upset, and vomiting.
|
1 hour
|
30 to 60%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01CR",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J",
"J01CA",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria",
"Gram-negative Bacteria",
"Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"Escherichia coli",
"Proteus mirabilis"
] |
[] |
[] |
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[carboxy(phenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid | Carbenicilina | Carbenicillin | Carbenicilline | Carbenicillinum | Carboxybenzylpenicillin | CBPC | N-(2-carboxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-6-yl)-2-phenylmalonamic acid | α-carboxybenzylpencillin | α-phenyl(carboxymethylpenicillin) | 3.4.16.4 | Beta-lactamase | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-5 | Penicillin-binding protein 5 | pfv | 3.4.16.4 | D-alanyl-D-alanine endopeptidase | DD-carboxypeptidase | DD-endopeptidase | PBP-4 | Penicillin-binding protein 4 | 3.4.16.4 | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-6 | Penicillin-binding protein 6 | PBP-1a | ponA | Murein polymerase | PBP-1b | pbpF | ponB | PBP-2 | pbpA | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | 3.5.2.6 | CPLA2 | Phospholipase A2 group IVA | PLA2G4 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1
|
[] |
[
"Carbenicillin",
"Pyopen"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P47712"
] |
[] |
[
"Q4U2R8"
] |
DB00579
|
Mazindol
|
Mazindol is a tricyclic anorexigenic agent that is unrelated to and less toxic than [amphetamine], but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter. Mazindol is only approved in the United States for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and is not marketed or available in the United States for use in the treatment of obesity.
|
solid
|
Used in short-term (a few weeks) treatment of exogenous obesity in conjunction with a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction, exercise, and behavior modification in patients with a body mass index of 30 kg of body weight per height in meters squared (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) or in patients with a body mass index of 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia.
|
Mazindol is a sympathomimetic amine that stimulates the central nervous system (nerves and brain), leading to increased your heart rate and blood pressure, and decreased appetite. Since the appetite-suppressing effect of the drug tends to decrease after few weeks of treatment, sympathomimetic appetite suppressants are typically used short-term weight-loss program.
|
Unlike other sympathomimetic appetite suppressants such as phentermine, mazindol is thought to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine rather than to cause its release.
| null |
Hepatic.
|
Symptoms of mazindol overdose may be associated with restlessness, tremor, rapid breathing, confusion, hallucinations, panic, aggressiveness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, an irregular heartbeat, and seizures.
|
10-13 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Isoindoles and derivatives
|
Isoindoles
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A08AA",
"A08A",
"A08",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Mazindol | Mazindolo | Mazindolum | NAT1 | NET | NET1 | Norepinephrine transporter | SLC6A5 | Solute carrier family 6 member 2 | DA transporter | DAT | DAT1 | Solute carrier family 6 member 3 | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | Solute carrier family 18 member 2 | SVMT | VAT2 | Vesicular amine transporter 2 | Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 | VMAT2
|
[
"Sanorex",
"Sanorex"
] |
[
"Dimagrir",
"Fagolip Plus",
"Mazanor",
"Teronac"
] |
[] |
[
"P23975",
"Q01959",
"P31645",
"Q05940"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00581
|
Lactulose
|
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose that is most commonly used as a laxative agent despite also being formally indicated to serve as an adjunct therapy in treating portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE).[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Despite being first synthesized in 1929[A178081], investigations regarding its possible use as a laxative for the treatment of chronic constipation did not occur until the 1960s and its first clinical use for treating PSE was not until 1966.[L6202]
Nevertheless, although lactulose received formal FDA approval in 1977 and has since become a readily available generic and brand-name non-prescription medication listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most effective and safe medicines employed in a health system[L6205], data regarding its optimal place in therapy is often ambiguous.[L6202]
Especially considering the use of lactulose as a laxative is typically only considered after lifestyle and dietary modifications fail and the fact that lactulose therapy cannot be ethically withheld from patients diagnosed with PSE in a placebo study, the substance may just be one of many options available for treating constipation and its efficacy in managing PSE may never be formally confirmed or refuted via clinical investigation.[L6202]
|
solid
|
Lactulose is indicated for use as a laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults and geriatric patients.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
Additionally, lactulose is also employed as an adjunct to protein restriction and supportive therapy for the prevention and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE), including both the hepatic pre-coma and coma variations.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] In particular, lactulose solution has been effective at managing PSE resulting from surgical portacaval shunts or from chronic hepatic diseases like cirrhosis.[L6199]
Moreover, there have also been studies demonstrating the capacity for lactulose to minimize the formation of gallstones and even some investigations regarding the experimental use of the agent in developing novel anticancer agents owing to its ability to bind galactin carbohydrates involved in various tumor progressions [L6202].
|
Lactulose formulations are most commonly administered via the oral route or the rectal route.[L6202] Consequently, because the substance experiences minimal absorption by the gut it typically remains localized in the gastrointestinal tract environment and ultimately demonstrates almost all of its pharmacologic effects within the gut.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] In particular, as lactulose elicits its laxative effects in enhancing stool amounts and softening stool, such biochemical and physiologic activities can cause increased bowel sounds (borborygmi), a feeling of bloatedness, belching, frequent flatus, and diarrhea.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
|
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose that consists of one molecule of galactose and one molecule of fructose.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Saccharolytic bacteria present in the large intestine subsequently break the substance down into organic acids like lactic acid and small amounts of formic and acetic acids.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Such resultant volatile fatty acid metabolites, in combination with hydrogen and methane that is also generated consequently enhance intraluminal gas formation, peristaltic gut motility, and elicit an osmotic effect that facilitates an increase in the water content of stool as well as associated stool softening.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] All of these actions ultimately assist in facilitating and increasing the frequency of bowel movements in patients experiencing constipation, although it may take 24 to 48 hours after using the medication for this laxative effect to become evident.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
At the same time, the formation of such acids via the metabolism of lactulose by colonic bacteria also acidifies the contents of the colon, thereby contributing to the treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE).[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] As one of the principal features of PSE involves the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products like ammonia in the systemic circulation, a state in which the colonic contents become more acidic than blood allows ammonia in the circulation to diffuse into the colon.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]. Furthermore, ammonia that diffuses into the acidic colon is ionized to ammonium ions that are incapable of being absorbed back into the blood.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] These effects, combined with the laxative action of lactulose facilitates the excretion of excess ammonia.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] And finally, it is also believed that an acidic colonic environment results in the elimination of urease-producing bacteria that contribute to the formation of ammonia while surviving colonic bacteria use up any trapped ammonia in the colon as a source of nitrogen for protein synthesis.[L6202]
|
After administration by the oral route, less than 3% of the given dose of lactulose solution is absorbed by the small intestine.[L6199] The remaining unabsorbed lactulose reaches the large intestine where it is metabolized - but even then, negligible quantities of unchanged lactulose or its metabolites are absorbed across the colon.[L6199,L6202]
|
Lactulose is essentially only metabolized in the colon by saccharolytic bacteria that are present there.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] In particular, the substance is broken down into lactic acid and small amounts of acetic and formic acid.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Specific examples of bacteria that normally inhabit the large intestine that are capable of lactulose metabolism include Lactobacilli, Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, and Clostridia.[L6199]
|
It has been documented that the oral LD50 of lactulose is 48.8 mL/kg in mice and more than 30 mL/ kg in rats.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
It is expected that overdosage with lactulose would result in abdominal cramps and diarrhea, both of which should be treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement as required.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
Considering the use of lactulose during pregnancy in humans has not been formally investigated, the agent should only be used during pregnancy only when clearly needed.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Similarly, it is unknown whether lactulose is distributed into human breastmilk.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Use of the medication in nursing women should subsequently be undertaken with caution.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
Reproduction studies in rats, mice, and rabbits have not revealed any evidence of impaired fertility as a result of administering lactulose.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
Data regarding the safety and efficacy of using lactulose in children for the treatment of chronic constipation or portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is either very limited or yet to be established.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
Information regarding the long-term mutagenic potential of lactulose solution in animals or humans and about the long-term carcinogenic potential in humans are not available.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
|
The data regarding the half-life of lactulose is not readily available or accessible.
|
Negligible amounts of lactulose - metabolized or non-metabolized - are absorbed into the body.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]. Regardless, data regarding the protein binding of lactulose is not readily available or accessible.
|
The renal excretion of any lactulose that manages to be absorbed into the circulation has been determined to be 3% or less and is generally complete within 24 hours.[FDA Label] Any unabsorbed lactulose is largely excreted with stool.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]
|
Negligible amounts of lactulose - metabolized or non-metabolized - are absorbed into the body.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]. Most lactulose that is administered subsequently remains predominantly around the gastrointestinal tract area.
|
Negligible amounts of lactulose - metabolized or non-metabolized - are absorbed into the body.[FDA Label,L6199,L6202]. Regardless, data regarding the clearance of lactulose is not readily available or accessible.
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A06AD",
"A06A",
"A06",
"A",
"A06AD",
"A06A",
"A06",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.67",
"description": "Kristalose 10 gm packet",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "2.04",
"description": "Kristalose 20 gm packet",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "37.83",
"description": "Enulose 10 gm/15ml Solution 473ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "57.57",
"description": "Kristalose 30 10 gm Packets Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "83.93",
"description": "Kristalose 30 20 gm Packets Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Apo-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Jamp-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Pms-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Ratio-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Generlac 10 gm/15 ml solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Lactulose 10 gm/15ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Enulose 10 gm/15 ml solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Lactulose Encephalopathy 10 gm/15ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.09",
"description": "Constulose 10 gm/15 ml soln",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose | 4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-fructose | Lactulosa | Lactulose | Lactulosum | 3.2.1.23 | Beta-gal | Lactase
|
[
"Cephulac Syr 667mg/ml",
"Chronulac Syr",
"Chronulac Syr 667mg/ml",
"Comalose R Sirop 10gm/15ml",
"Constulose",
"Constulose",
"Constulose",
"Duphalac",
"Duphalac Dry",
"Enulose",
"Enulose",
"Enulose",
"Gen-lac - Liq 667mg/ml",
"Generlac",
"Generlac",
"Jamp-lactulose",
"Jamp-lactulose",
"Kristalose",
"Kristalose",
"Kristalose",
"Kristalose",
"Lactulax Sirop 10gm/15ml",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose",
"Lactulose Solution",
"Lactulose Solution",
"Lactulose Solution",
"Lactulose Solution",
"Lactulose Solution",
"Lactulose Solution USP",
"Lactulose Solution USP - Liq 667mg/ml",
"Lactulose Solution, USP 667mg/ml",
"Lactulose Syrup",
"M-lactulose",
"Orb-lactulose",
"Pharma-lactulose",
"PHL-lactulose Soln 667mg/ml",
"PMS-lactulose Syr 667mg/ml",
"PMS-lactulose-pharma",
"Pro-lactulose - 667",
"Ratio-lactulose",
"Ratio-lactulose",
"Ratio-lactulose",
"Teva-lactulose",
"Woodward's Laxative Syrup"
] |
[
"Bifiteral",
"Cephulac",
"Cholac",
"Chronulac",
"Constilac",
"Laevolac"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00582
|
Voriconazole
|
Voriconazole (Vfend, Pfizer) is a triazole antifungal medication used to treat serious fungal infections.[L15571] It is used to treat invasive fungal infections that are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised. These include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and emerging fungal infections. The increased affinity of voriconazole for 14-alpha sterol demethylase makes it useful against some [fluconazole]-resistant organisms.[A236050]
Voriconazole was approved by the FDA under the trade name Vfend on May 24, 2002.[L34660]
|
solid
|
For the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, cadidemia, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by <i>Scedosporium apiospermum</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp.[L9821, L15571]
|
Voriconazole is a fungistatic triazole antifungal used to treat infections by inhibiting fungal growth.[L9821] It is known to cause hepatotoxic and photosensitivity reactions in some patients.
|
Voriconazole is used to treat fungal infections caused by a variety of organisms but including _Aspergillus spp._ and _Candida spp_. Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal exhibiting fungistatic activity against fungal pathogens.[A236050, A236045, L9821] Like other triazoles, voriconazole binds to 14-alpha sterol demethylase, also known as CYP51, and inhibits the demethylation of lanosterol as part of the ergosterol synthesis pathway in yeast and other fungi. The lack of sufficient ergosterol disrupts fungal cell membrane function and limits fungal cell growth. With fungal growth limited, the host's immune system is able to clear the invading organism.
|
The oral bioavailability is estimated to be 96% in healthy adults[L9821]. Population pharmacokinetic studies report a reduced bioavailability pediatric patients with a mean of 61.8% (range 44.6–64.5%) thought to be due to differences in first-pass metabolism or due to differences in diet [A227613]. Of note, transplant patients also have reduced bioavailability but this is known to increase with time after transplantation and may be due in part to gastrointestinal upset from surgery and some transplant medications. Tmax is 1-2 hours with oral administration. When administered with a high-fat meal Cmax decreases by 34% and AUC by 24%. pH does not have an effect on absorption of voriconazole. Differences in Cmax and AUC have been observed between healthy adult males and females with Cmax increasing by 83% and AUC by 113% although this has not been observed to significantly impact medication safety profiles.
|
Voriconazole undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism through cytochrome enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. CYP2C19 mediates N-oxidation with an apparent Km of 14 μM and an apparent Vmax of 0.22 nmol/min/nmol CYP2C19.[A38618] Voriconazole N-oxide is the major circulating metabolite, accounting for 72% of radiolabeled metabolites found.[L9821] CYP3A4 contributes to N-oxidation with a Km of 16 μM and Vmax of 0.05 nmol/min/nmol CYP3A4 as well as 4-hydroxylation with a Km of 11 μM and a Vmax of 0.10 nmol/min/nmol CYP3A4.[A38618] CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 provide minor contributions to N-oxidation and 4-hydroxylation. The N-oxide and 4-hydroxylated metabolites undergo glucuronidation and are excreted through the urine with other minor glucuronidated metabolites.[A19483]
|
Symptoms of overdose include photophobia and possible QTc prolongation.[L9821, L15571] In case of overdose, supportive care and ECG monitoring are recommended. Activated charcoal may aid in the removal of unabsorbed drug. Voriconazole is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate of 121 mL/min which may be helpful in removing absorbed drug. Carcinogenicity studies found hepatocellular adenomas in female rats at doses of 50 mg/kg and hepatocellular carcinomas found in male rats at doses of 6 and 50 mg/kg. These doses are equivalent to 0.2 and 1.6 times the recommended maintenance dose (RMD). Studies in mice detected hepatocellular carcinomas in males at doses of 100 mg/kg or 1.4 times the RMD. Hepatocellular adenomas were detected in both male and female mice.
|
Voriconazole follows non-linear kinetics and has a terminal half-life of elimination which is dose-dependent.[L9821]
|
Voriconazole is 58% bound to plasma proteins [L9821].
|
Voriconazole is eliminated via hepatic metabolism with less than 2% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine.[L9821]
|
The estimated volume of distribution of voriconazole is 4.6 L/kg [L9821]. Population pharmacokinetic studies estimate the median volume of distribution to be 77.6 L with the central compartment estimated at 1.07 L/kg [A227613] Voriconazole is known to achieve therapeutic concentrations in many tissues including the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and heart.
|
The clearance of voriconazole is estimated to be a mean of 5.25-7 L/h in healthy adults for the linear portion of the drug's kinetics.[A227613, A187880]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenylpropanes
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"J02AC",
"J02A",
"J02",
"J"
] |
[
"Yeast and other fungi"
] |
[
{
"cost": "12.43",
"description": "Vfend 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "49.74",
"description": "Vfend 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "143.5",
"description": "Vfend iv 200 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "870.72",
"description": "Vfend 40 mg/ml Suspension 75ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-05-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-08-11",
"number": "5116844"
},
{
"approved": "2005-04-19",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-06-02",
"number": "2295035"
},
{
"approved": "2000-01-18",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2011-01-30",
"number": "2035314"
},
{
"approved": "1996-10-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-05-24",
"number": "5567817"
},
{
"approved": "2003-10-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-06-02",
"number": "6632803"
}
] |
(R-(R*,S*))-alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-pyrimidineethanol | (αR,βS)-α-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-β-methyl-α(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-pyrimidineethanol | VCZ | Voriconazol | Voriconazole | Voriconazolum | 1.14.13.70 | CYP51 | CYPLI | Cytochrome P450 51 | Cytochrome P450-14DM | Cytochrome P450-LIA1 | ERG16 | Sterol 14-alpha demethylase | 1.14.13.148 | 1.14.13.8 | Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 | Dimethylaniline oxidase 1 | Fetal hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 | FMO 1 | Trimethylamine monooxygenase | 1.14.13.148 | 1.14.13.32 | 1.14.13.8 | Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 | Dimethylaniline oxidase 3 | FMO 3 | FMO form 2 | FMO II | Hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 | Trimethylamine monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.99.1 | COX-1 | COX1 | Cyclooxygenase-1 | PGH synthase 1 | PGHS-1 | PHS 1 | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
|
[
"Ach-voriconazole",
"Ach-voriconazole",
"Apo-voriconazole",
"Apo-voriconazole",
"Auro-voriconazole",
"Auro-voriconazole",
"Jamp Voriconazole",
"Jamp Voriconazole",
"Med-voriconazole",
"Mylan-voriconazole",
"Mylan-voriconazole",
"PMS-voriconazole",
"Sandoz Voriconazole",
"Sandoz Voriconazole",
"Teva-voriconazole",
"Teva-voriconazole",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Vfend",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole Accord",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole for Injection",
"Voriconazole Hikma",
"Voriconazole Hikma"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q01740",
"P31513",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P33261",
"P08684",
"P11712",
"P20813",
"P23219"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB03017
|
Lauric acid
|
Lauric acid is an inexpensive, non-toxic and safe to handle compound often used in laboratory investigations of melting-point depression. Lauric acid is a solid at room temperature but melts easily in boiling water, so liquid lauric acid can be treated with various solutes and used to determine their molecular masses.
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Fatty Acyls
|
Fatty acids and conjugates
|
[
"approved",
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
1-undecanecarboxylic acid | ABL | C12 fatty acid | C12:0 | Coconut oil fatty acids | DAO | Dodecanoic acid | Dodecoic acid | Dodecylcarboxylate | Dodecylic acid | Duodecyclic acid | Duodecylic acid | Laurinsäure | Laurostearic acid | n-dodecanoic acid | Undecane-1-carboxylic acid | Vulvic acid | hToll | 3.4.21.- | GIG12 | Growth-inhibiting protein 12 | Lactoferrin | LF | Talalactoferrin | 3.1.1.4 | GIIC sPLA2 | Group IIA phospholipase A2 | Non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 | NPS-PLA2 | Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 2A | PLA2B | PLA2L | RASF-A | 3.4.22.29 | P2A | P1A | P1B | P1C | Protein VP0 | Protein VP1 | Protein VP2 | Protein VP3 | Protein VP4 | Virion protein 1 | Virion protein 2 | Virion protein 3 | Virion protein 4 | VP4-VP2 | 3.4.22.29 | P2A | HNF-4-alpha | HNF4 | NR2A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group A member 1 | TCF-14 | TCF14 | Transcription factor 14 | Transcription factor HNF-4 | VLDL receptor | VLDL-R | GLTP | 2.3.1.179 | 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase II | Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II | fabJ | KAS II | exbA | 3.1.1.4 | GIID sPLA2 | Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 2D | PLA2IID | Secretory-type PLA, stroma-associated homolog | sPLA2-IID | SPLASH | 3.5.1.97 | AHL acylase PvdQ | qsc112 | ESOP-1 | ESOP1 | Ly-96 | MD2 | Protein MD-2 | NR1C1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1 | PPAR | PPAR-alpha | Ferric hydroxamate receptor | Ferric hydroxamate uptake | tonA | Cerebroside sulfate activator protein | GM2-AP | SAP-3 | Sphingolipid activator protein 3 | 1.1.1.1 | ADHX | Alcohol dehydrogenase 5 | Alcohol dehydrogenase class chi chain | Alcohol dehydrogenase class-III | FALDH | FDH | Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase | GSH-FDH | S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase | 2.3.1.180 | 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III | Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III | KAS III | MtFabH | 2.3.1.41 | 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I | Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I | fabC | KAS I
|
[
"Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Vitafol Plus"
] |
[] |
[
"Vitafol Plus",
"Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M"
] |
[
"O00206",
"P02788",
"P14555",
"P41235",
"P98155",
"Q9NZD2",
"P07360",
"Q9UNK4",
"Q9Y6Y9",
"Q07869",
"P17900",
"P11766"
] |
[] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB03193
|
Stearic acid
|
Stearic acid (IUPAC systematic name: octadecanoic acid) is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a waxy solid.
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null |
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 4640 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): >5000 mg/kg [Rabbit].
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Fatty Acyls
|
Fatty acids and conjugates
|
[
"approved",
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Acide octadécanoïque | Acide stéarique | C18:0 | n-octadecanoic acid | Octadecanoic acid | Octadecansäure | Octadecoic acid | Oktadekansäure | Stearic acid | Stearinsäure | NR1C1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1 | PPAR | PPAR-alpha | 3.1.1.4 | GIID sPLA2 | Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 2D | PLA2IID | Secretory-type PLA, stroma-associated homolog | sPLA2-IID | SPLASH | FABP11 | Fatty acid-binding protein 3 | H-FABP | Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein | M-FABP | Mammary-derived growth inhibitor | MDGI | Muscle fatty acid-binding protein
|
[
"Cellbn First Care Cleanser",
"Doctor Plus",
"Dr. G Pore Deep Clearing Foam",
"Dr.g A-clear Foam",
"Dr.g Hyper Brightening Cleansing Foam",
"Dr.g Red-blemish Moisture Cleansing Foam",
"For Sope",
"Huile D'onagre Vitamin E",
"Isa Knox Ageless Serum Makeup Base 10",
"Isaknox Ageless Serum Moist Pearl Base",
"Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jinhwagwangsu Bubble",
"Jinhwagwangsu Hair",
"K Oxiderm Op",
"K Oxiderm OP Post Procedure skin care bruise",
"Medi Hydro DP BB Cream",
"O Hui Veil Fit Dual Foundation 10",
"O Hui Veil Fit Dual Foundation 20",
"O Hui Veil Fit Dual Foundation 30",
"Obeo Baby Bubble",
"Recovery",
"Sha-lem",
"Sooryehan Onbit Essence Foundation 23",
"Sooryehan Onbit Essence Foundation 25",
"Sooryehan Onbit Lifting Base",
"W Lab Black Kill Pore Cleaner",
"Zenol Powerfulx Recoverycream"
] |
[] |
[
"Sooryehan Onbit Lifting Base",
"Sooryehan Onbit Essence Foundation 23",
"Sooryehan Onbit Essence Foundation 25",
"Isa Knox Ageless Serum Makeup Base 10",
"Isaknox Ageless Serum Moist Pearl Base",
"O Hui Veil Fit Dual Foundation 20",
"O Hui Veil Fit Dual Foundation 30",
"O Hui Veil Fit Dual Foundation 10",
"Sha-lem",
"Jinhwagwangsu Bubble",
"Obeo Baby Bubble",
"Jinhwagwangsu Hair",
"K Oxiderm OP Post Procedure skin care bruise",
"K Oxiderm Op",
"Cellbn First Care Cleanser",
"Medi Hydro DP BB Cream",
"W Lab Black Kill Pore Cleaner",
"Dr.g Red-blemish Moisture Cleansing Foam",
"Dr. G Pore Deep Clearing Foam",
"Dr.g Hyper Brightening Cleansing Foam",
"Dr.g A-clear Foam",
"Recovery",
"Zenol Powerfulx Recoverycream",
"Doctor Plus",
"Jayjun Anti Dust Fresh Foam Cleanser",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Shining Vita Cleansing Foa M",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 01 Real Water Cleansing Foa M",
"For Sope",
"Huile D'onagre Vitamin E"
] |
[
"Q07869",
"Q9UNK4"
] |
[] |
[
"P05413",
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00584
|
Enalapril
|
Enalapril is a prodrug belonging to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug class that works on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Enalapril is an orally-active and long-acting nonsulphydryl antihypertensive agent that suppresses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. It was developed from a targeted research programmed using molecular modelling.[A18459] Being a prodrug, enalapril is rapidly biotransformed into its active metabolite, [enalaprilat], which is responsible for the pharmacological actions of enalapril. The active metabolite of enalapril competitively inhibits the ACE to hinder the production of angiotensin II, a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that promotes vasoconstriction and renal reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys. Ultimately, enalaprilat works to reduce blood pressure and blood fluid volume.
Commonly marketed under the trade name Vasotec, enalapril was first approved by the FDA in 1985 for the management of hypertension, heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. It is also found in a combination product containing [hydrochlorothiazide] that is used for the management of hypertension. The active metabolite enalaprilat is also available in oral tablets and intravenous formulations for injection.
|
solid
|
Indicated for the management of essential or renovascular hypertension [L6586] as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, such as thiazide diuretics, for an additive effect.[label]
Indicated for the treatment of symptomatic congestive heart failure, usually in combination with diuretics and digitalis.[label]
Indicated for the management of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction in patients with an ejection fraction of ≤ to 35 percent to decrease the rate of development of overt heart failure and the incidence of hospitalization for heart failure.[label]
|
Enalapril is an antihypertensive agent that exhibits natriuretic and uricosuric properties. Enalapril lowers blood pressure in all grades of essential and renovascular hypertension, and peripheral vascular resistance without causing an increase in heart rate.[A179137] Individuals with low-renin hypertensive population were still responsive to enalapril.[label] The duration of hypertensive effect in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure persists for at least 24 hours following initial administration of a single oral dose, and repeated daily administration of enalapril confers an additional reduction in blood pressure and a steady-state antihypertensive response may take several weeks.[A179140] In patients with severe congestive heart failure and inadequate clinical response to conventional antihypertensive therapies, treatment with enalapril resulted in improvements in cardiac performance as observed by a reduction in both preload and afterload, and improved clinical status long-term.[A179137] Furthermore, enalapril was shown to increase cardiac output and stroke volume while decreasing pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with congestive heart failure refractory to conventional treatment with digitalis and diuretics. In clinical studies, enalapril reduced left ventricular mass, and did not affect cardiac function or myocardial perfusion during exercise.[A179134] Enalapril is not highly associated with the risk of bradycardia unlike most diuretics and beta-blockers [A179137] and it does not produce rebound hypertension upon discontinuation of therapy.[A179134]
Enalapril is not reported to produce hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperuricaemia or hypercholesterolaemia. In the kidneys, enalapril was shown to increase renal blood flow and decrease renal vascular resistance. It also augmented the glomerular filtration rate in patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 80 mL/min.[A179134] When used in combination, enalapril was shown to attenuate the extent of drug-induced hypokalemia caused by hydrochlorothiazide [A179137] and the antihypertensive effects of both drugs were potentiated.[A18459]
|
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a signaling pathway that works in synergism with the sympathetic system to regulate blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Activation of this system upon stimulation by different factors, such as low blood pressure and nerve impulses, leads to increased release of norepinephrine (NE) from sympathetic nerve terminals and effects on the vascular growth, vasoconstriction, and salt retention in the kidneys.[T28] Renin is released from
Renin acts on the precursor prottein angiotensinogen, which is a plasma globulin synthesized from the liver, to produce cleaved peptide hormone angiotensin I.[T28] Angiotensin I then can be further cleaved by ACE to produce angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictive peptide hormone.[label] Present in different isoforms, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is peptidyl dipeptidase enzyme expressed in various tissues, including the vascular tissues, such as the heart, brain, and kidneys.[T28] ACE also plays a role in inactivation of bradykinin, a potent vasodepressor peptide.[T28,label] Angiotensin II mediates various actions on the body by working on its G-protein coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2.[T28] It causes direct vasoconstriction of precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules, inhibits the reuptake of NE thereby increasing available levels, stimulates the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, reduces urinary excretion of sodium ions and water by promoting proximal tubular reabsorption, stimulates synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, and stimulates hypertrophy of both vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes.[L6619]
Enalapril is a pharmacologically inactive prodrug that requires hepatic biotransformation to form [enalaprilat], its active metabolite that works on the RAAS to inhibit ACE.[label] Biotransformation is critial for the therapeutic actions of the drug, as enalapril itself is only a weak inhibitor of ACE.[A179131] ACE inhibition results in reduced production and plasma levels of angiotensin II, increased plasma renin activity due to the loss of feedback inhibition by angiotensin II, and decreased aldosterone secretion.[L6586] However, plasma aldosterone levels usually return to normal during long-term administration of enalapril.[A179140] Decreased levels of angiotensin II subsequently leads to the dilatation of peripheral vessles and reduced vascular resistance which in turn lower blood pressure.[A179140] While inhibition of ACE leading to suppression of RAAS is thought to be the primary mechanism of action of enalapril, the drug was shown to still exert antihypertensive effects on individuals with low-renin hypertension. It is suggested that enalapril may mediate its pharmacological actions via other modes of action that are not fully understood.[label] As ACE is structurally similar to kininase I, which is a carboxypeptidase that degrades bradykinin, whether increased levels of bradykinin play a role in the therapeutic effects of enalapril remains to be elucidated.[label]
|
Following oral administration, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of enalapril is achieved within 1 hour post dosing while the Cmax of enalaprilat occurs at three to four hours post dosing.[label] The steady-state is achieved by the fourth daily dose and there is no accumulation with repeated dosing.[A179134] However, accumulation of enalaprilat may occur in patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min.[A179131] Food intake is reported to have a minimal effect on drug absorption.[A179119] Following oral administration, about 60% of enalapril was absorbed.[label] Bioavailability of enalapril averaged about 40% when intravenous enalaprilat was used as a reference standard.[A18459]
|
About 60% of the absorbed dose is extensively hydrolyzed to enalaprilat via de-esterification mediated by hepatic esterases.[label] In humans, metabolism beyond bioactivation to enalaprilat is not observed.[A179134]
|
**LD<sub>50</sub> and Overdose**
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is 2973 mg/kg.[MSDS] Lethality was observed with single oral doses of enalapril above 1000 mg/kg in mice and greater than or equal to 1775 mg/kg in rats. Serum enalaprilat levels 100- and 200-fold higher than usually seen after therapeutic doses have been reported after ingestion of 300 mg and 440 mg of enalapril, respectively.[L6586] While there is limited data about enalapril overdose in humans, overdosage may result in marked hypotension and stupor based on the pharmacological properties of the drug. Most common adverse effects of enalapril include cough, hypotension, stupor, headache, dizziness and fatigue. If hypotension is seen, usual treatment of intravenous infusion of normal saline solution is recommended. Enalaprilat may be removed from systemic circulation with the use of hemodialysis. It has been removed from neonatal circulation by peritoneal dialysis.[label]
**Nonclinical toxicology**
Maternal and fetal toxicity occudred in some rabbits treated with enalapril at doses of 1 mg/kg/day or more. There was no fetotoxicity, expressed as a decrease in average fetal weight, or teratogenicity in rats treated with enalapril at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day, which is about 333 times the maximum human dose.[L6586] In mice and rats receiving enalapril at doses ranging from 90 to 180 mg/kg/day, there was no evidence of a tumorigenic effect. Neither enalapril or its active metabolite were shown to be mutagenic or genotoxic in _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ studies. There were no adverse effects on reproductive performance of male and female rats treated with up to 90 mg/kg/day of enalapril. [label]
**Use in special populations**
Caution is warranted in patients who are concurrently using another ACE inhibitors with enalapril, as there have been incidences of agranulocytosis with the use of captopril, which is another ACE inhibitor. This adverse event may be particularly significant in patients with renal impairment or collagen vascular disease.[label] As enalapril and enalaprilat were shown to be secreted in human milk in trace amounts, the use of enalaprilat in nursing women is not recommended.[L6586] Significant fetal transfer occurs with enalapril and enalaprilat thus the use of the drug in pregnant women should be strongly avoided. Caution is advised when enalapril is used in patients who are elderly or with renal impairment, as dosage adjustments may be appropriate. The antihypertensive effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is generally lower in individuals of African descent, usually a low-renin hypertensive population.[label]
|
The average terminal half life of enalaprilat is 35-38 hours. The effective half life following multiple doses is 11-14 hours. The prolonged terminal half-life is due to the binding of enalaprilat to ACE.[A179134]
|
It is reported that less than 50% of enalaprilat is bound to human plasma proteins, based on limited data from binding studies of enalaprilat in human plasma both by equilibrium dialysis and by ultrafiltration.[A18459,A179140]
|
Enalapril is mainly eliminated through renal excretion, where approximately 94% of the total dose is excreted via urine or feces as either enalaprilat or unchanged parent compound.[label] About 61% and 33% of the total dose can be recovered in the urine and feces, respectively.[A179140] In the urine, about 40% of the recovered dose is in the form of enalaprilat.[label]
|
The volume of distribution of enalapril has not been established. Enalaprilat is shown to penetrate into most tissuesm, in particular the kidneys and vascular tissuem, although penetration of the blood-brain barrier has not been demonstrated after administration at therapeutic doses.[A179140] In dog studies, enalapril and enalaprilat cross the blood-brain barrier poorly.[L6586] Minimal penetration occurs into breast milk but significant fetal transfer occurs.[A179140] The drug crosses the placental barrier in rats and hamsters.[L6586]
|
Following oral administration in healthy male volunteers, the renal clearance was approximately 158 ± 47 mL/min.[A179146] It is reported that enalapril and enalaprilat are undetectable in the plasma by 4 hours post-dosing.[A179128]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"C09BA",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C09BB",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C09BB",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C09AA",
"C09A",
"C09",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.03",
"description": "Enalapril maleate 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.09",
"description": "Enalapril maleate 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.11",
"description": "Vasotec 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.34",
"description": "Vasotec 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.49",
"description": "Vaseretic 5-12.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.56",
"description": "Enalapril maleate 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.65",
"description": "Vasotec 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.08",
"description": "Vasotec 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.63",
"description": "Vasotec 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.15",
"description": "Vaseretic 10-25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.36",
"description": "Vasotec 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.6",
"description": "Enalaprilat 1.25 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "9.18",
"description": "Enalapril maleate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Apo-Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Co Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Mylan-Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Novo-Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Pms-Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Ratio-Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Sandoz Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Taro-Enalapril 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Apo-Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Co Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Mylan-Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Novo-Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Pms-Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Ratio-Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Sandoz Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Taro-Enalapril 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Apo-Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Co Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Mylan-Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Novo-Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Pms-Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Ratio-Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Sandoz Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.62",
"description": "Taro-Enalapril 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Apo-Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Co Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Mylan-Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Novo-Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Pms-Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Ratio-Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Sandoz Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.75",
"description": "Taro-Enalapril 20 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.78",
"description": "Vasotec 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.82",
"description": "Enalapril maleate 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.92",
"description": "Vasotec 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2014-07-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-11-06",
"number": "8778366"
},
{
"approved": "2013-10-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-11-06",
"number": "8568747"
},
{
"approved": "2017-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "9669008"
},
{
"approved": "2017-11-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "9808442"
},
{
"approved": "2018-01-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-11-06",
"number": "9855214"
},
{
"approved": "2018-05-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-11-06",
"number": "9968553"
},
{
"approved": "2018-08-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "10039745"
},
{
"approved": "2018-12-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "10154987"
},
{
"approved": "2020-09-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "10772868"
},
{
"approved": "2020-09-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "10786482"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "11040023"
},
{
"approved": "2021-10-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "11141405"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-03-25",
"number": "11173141"
}
] |
(S)-1-(N-(1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl)-L-proline | (S)-1-{(S)-2-[1-((S)-Ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenyl-propylamino]-propionyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid | 1-(N-((S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl)-L-proline 1'-ethyl ester | ánalapril | Enalapril | Enalaprila | Enalaprilum | 3.4.15.1 | ACE | DCP | DCP1 | Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I | Kininase II | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform | PEPT1 | Peptide transporter 1 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | hOAT2 | NLT | Novel liver transporter | OAT2 | Organic anion transporter 2 | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3
|
[
"Act Enalapril",
"Act Enalapril",
"Act Enalapril",
"Act Enalapril",
"Apo-enalapril",
"Apo-enalapril",
"Apo-enalapril",
"Apo-enalapril",
"Aqumeldi",
"Aqumeldi",
"Aqumeldi",
"Ava-enalapril",
"Ava-enalapril",
"Ava-enalapril",
"Ava-enalapril",
"Dom-enalapril",
"Dom-enalapril",
"Dom-enalapril",
"Dom-enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate oral solution",
"Enalapril maleate oral solution",
"Enalapril Maleate Oral Solution",
"Enalapril maleate oral solution",
"Enalapril Maleate/hctz",
"Enalapril Maleate/hctz",
"Enalapril/hctz",
"Epaned",
"Epaned",
"Jamp Enalapril",
"Jamp Enalapril",
"Jamp Enalapril",
"Jamp Enalapril",
"Lexxel",
"Mar-enalapril",
"Mar-enalapril",
"Mar-enalapril",
"Mar-enalapril",
"Mylan-enalapril",
"Mylan-enalapril",
"Mylan-enalapril",
"Mylan-enalapril",
"Ntp-enalapril",
"Ntp-enalapril",
"Ntp-enalapril",
"Ntp-enalapril",
"Ntp-enalapril",
"Nu-enalapril",
"Nu-enalapril",
"Nu-enalapril",
"Nu-enalapril",
"PMS-enalapril",
"PMS-enalapril",
"PMS-enalapril",
"PMS-enalapril",
"Priva-enalapril",
"Priva-enalapril",
"Priva-enalapril",
"Priva-enalapril",
"Pro-enalapril - 10",
"Pro-enalapril - 2.5",
"Pro-enalapril - 20",
"Pro-enalapril - 5",
"Ratio-enalapril",
"Ratio-enalapril",
"Ratio-enalapril",
"Ratio-enalapril",
"Riva-enalapril",
"Riva-enalapril",
"Riva-enalapril",
"Riva-enalapril",
"Sandoz Enalapril",
"Sandoz Enalapril",
"Sandoz Enalapril",
"Sandoz Enalapril",
"Sig-enalapril",
"Sig-enalapril",
"Sig-enalapril",
"Sig-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Taro-enalapril",
"Teva-enalapril",
"Teva-enalapril",
"Teva-enalapril",
"Teva-enalapril",
"Teva-enalapril",
"Teva-enalapril/hctz",
"Teva-enalapril/hctz",
"Vaseretic",
"Vaseretic",
"Vaseretic",
"Vaseretic",
"Vaseretic",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec",
"Vasotec"
] |
[
"Acetec",
"Acetensil",
"Alapren",
"Amotac",
"Amprace",
"Dilvas",
"Diotensil",
"Drepatil",
"Enace",
"EnaHexal",
"Enal",
"Enalapoten",
"Enpril",
"Feliberal",
"Gadopril",
"Glioten",
"Kinfil",
"Vasotec IV"
] |
[
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Vaseretic",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Lexxel",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Vaseretic",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Vaseretic",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Vaseretic",
"Enalapril/hctz",
"Teva-enalapril/hctz",
"Teva-enalapril/hctz",
"Enalapril Maleate/hctz",
"Enalapril Maleate/hctz",
"Vaseretic",
"Enalapril Maleate and Hydrochlorothiazide"
] |
[
"P12821"
] |
[] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183",
"P46059",
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7",
"Q9Y694",
"P46721"
] |
DB00585
|
Nizatidine
|
A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of acid-reflux disorders (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, active benign gastric ulcer, and active duodenal ulcer.
|
Nizatidine is a competitive, reversible inhibitor of histamine at the histamine H2-receptors, particularly those in the gastric parietal cells. By inhibiting the action of histamine on stomach cells, nizatidine reduces stomach acid production. Nizatidine had no demonstrable antiandrogenic action. Full-dose therapy for the problems treated by nizatidine lasts no longer than 8 weeks. It has been demonstrated that treatment with a reduced dose of nizatidine is effective as maintenance therapy following healing of active duodenal ulcers.
|
Nizatidine competes with histamine for binding at the H<sub>2</sub>-receptors on the gastric basolateral membrane of parietal cells. Competitive inhibition results in reduction of basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretions. The drug also decreases the gastric acid response to stimuli such as food, caffeine, insulin, betazole, or pentagastrin.
|
Rapid (bioavailability of nizatidine exceeds 70%)
|
Hepatic. Less than 7% of an oral dose is metabolized as N2-monodes-methylnizatidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, which is the principal metabolite excreted in the urine. Other likely metabolites are the N2-oxide (less than 5% of the dose) and the S-oxide (less than 6% of the dose).
|
Oral, rat LD<sub>50</sub>: 301 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include cholinergic-type effects including lacrimation, salivation, emesis, miosis, and diarrhea.
|
1-2 hours
|
35%
| null |
* 0.8 to 1.5 L/kg
|
* 40-60 L/h
* 7 – 14 L/h [functionally anephric patients]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Azoles
|
Thiazoles
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A02BA",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.06",
"description": "Axid 150 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.48",
"description": "Nizatidine 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.62",
"description": "Axid 150 mg pulvule",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "3.98",
"description": "Axid 300 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.97",
"description": "Nizatidine 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.0",
"description": "Axid 300 mg pulvule",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.3",
"description": "Axid ar 75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "Apo-Nizatidine 150 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "Gen-Nizatidine 150 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "Novo-Nizatidine 150 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "Pms-Nizatidine 150 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "Nizatidine 15 mg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.84",
"description": "Axid 15 mg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Apo-Nizatidine 300 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Novo-Nizatidine 300 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Pms-Nizatidine 300 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2005-08-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-07-17",
"number": "6930119"
}
] |
N-(4-(6-Methylamino-7-nitro-2-thia-5-aza-6-hepten-1-yl)-2-thiazolylmethyl)-N,N-dimethylamine | Nizatidina | Nizatidine | Nizatidinum | Gastric receptor I | H2R | HH2R | 3.1.1.8 | Acylcholine acylhydrolase | Butyrylcholine esterase | CHE1 | Choline esterase II | Pseudocholinesterase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo-nizatidine",
"Apo-nizatidine",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid",
"Axid Ar",
"Dom-nizatidine 150mg Capsules",
"Gen-nizatidine",
"Gen-nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine",
"Nizatidine-150",
"Nizatidine-300",
"Novo-nizatidine",
"Novo-nizatidine",
"Nu-nizatidine",
"Nu-nizatidine",
"PHL-nizatidine",
"PHL-nizatidine",
"PMS-nizatidine",
"PMS-nizatidine",
"PMS-nizatidine",
"PMS-nizatidine 150mg Capsules"
] |
[
"Acinon",
"Tazac"
] |
[] |
[
"P25021"
] |
[
"P06276"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00587
|
Cinalukast
|
Used in the treatment of asthma, cinalukast selectively antagonizes leukotriene D4 (LTD4) at the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT1, in the human airway. Cinalukast inhibits the actions of LTD4 at the CysLT1 receptor, preventing airway edema, smooth muscle contraction, and enhanced secretion of thick, viscous mucus.
|
solid
|
For Protection against second- phase inflamation in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and Asthma.
|
Used in the treatment of asthma, cinalukast selectively antagonizes leukotriene D4 (LTD<sub>4</sub>) at the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT1, in the human airway. Cinalukast inhibits the actions of LTD<sub>4</sub> at the CysLT1 receptor, preventing airway edema, smooth muscle contraction, and enhanced secretion of thick, viscous mucus.
|
Binds to the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD<sub>4</sub>, LTE4) are products of arachidonic acid metabolism and are released from various cells, including mast cells and eosinophils. These eicosanoids bind to cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT) found in the human airway. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and leukotriene receptor occupation have been correlated with the pathophysiology of asthma, including airway edema, smooth muscle contraction, and altered cellular activity associated with the inflammatory process, which contribute to the signs and symptoms of asthma.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Anilides
|
[
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
3'-((E)-2-(4-cyclobutyl-2-thiazolyl)vinyl)-2,2-diethylsuccinanilic acid | Cinalukast | CYSLT1 | CysLTR1 | Cysteinyl leukotriene D4 receptor | G-protein coupled receptor HG55 | HMTMF81 | LTD4 receptor
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q9Y271"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00588
|
Fluticasone propionate
|
Fluticasone propionate is a synthetic glucocorticoid[F4355,F4358][FDA Label]. These drugs are available as inhalers, nasal, sprays, and topical treatments for various inflammatory indications[F4355,F4358][FDA Label]. Fluticasone propionate was first approved in 1990[L5962].
|
solid
|
Fluticasone propionate is indicated as an inhaler for the treatment and management of asthma by prophylaxis[FDA Label]as well as inflammatory and pruritic dermatoses[F4355]. Fluticasone propionate nasal spray is indicated for managing allergic and nonallergic rhinitis[L8309,F4358].
|
Systemically, fluticasone propionate activates glucocorticoid receptors, and inhibits lung eosinophilia in rats[F4358][FDA Label]. Fluticasone propionate as a topical formulation is also associated with vasoconstriction in the skin[F4355,A177118].
|
Fluticasone propionate works through an unknown mechanism to affect the action of various cell types and mediators of inflammation[F4358]. Fluticasone propionate activates glucocorticoid receptors and inhibits lung eosinophilia in rats[F4358,F4355].
|
Intranasal bioavailability of fluticasone propionate is <2%, and oral bioavailability is <1%[F4358][FDA Label]. Intranasal exposure results in the majority of the dose being swallowed[A177118]. Topical absorption of fluticasone propionate is very low but can change depending on a number of factors including integrity of the skin and the presence of inflammation or disease[F4355]. A study of 24 healthy Caucasian males showed an inhaled bioavailability of 9.0%[A7490].
|
Fluticasone propionate is cleared from hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A4[F4358,A177121][FDA Label]. Fluticasone propionate is hydrolysed at the FIVE-S-fluoromethyl carbothioate group, forming an inactive metabolite[F4355,A177118][FDA Label].
|
Fluticasone propionate's use in specific populations has not been well studied[F4358]. Fluticasone propionate is not carcinogenic, mutagenic, or clastogenic, nor did it affect fertility in animal studies[F4358][FDA Label]. Subcutaneous fluticasone propionate has been shown to produce teratogenic effects in rats though oral administration does not[F4355][FDA Label]. Generally, there are no reported adverse effects with fluticasone in pregnancy[A177127]. Fluticasone propionate in human milk may cause growth suppression, effects on endogenous corticosteroid production, or other effects[F4355,A7488]. Pediatric patients treated with fluticasone propionate ointment experienced adrenal suppression[F4355]. Geriatric patients treated with fluticasone propionate did not show any difference in safety or efficacy compared to other patient groups, though older patients may be more sensitive to adverse effects[F4355]. There is no difference in the clearance of fluticasone propionate across genders or race[FDA Label]. Patients with hepatic impairment should be closely monitored due to the elimination mechanism[FDA Label][A176918].
|
7.8 hours for intravenous fluticasone propionate[F4358][FDA Label]. A study of 24 healthy Caucasian males shows a half life of 14.0 hours following intravenous administration and 10.8 hours following inhalation[A7490].
|
Fluticasone propionate is 99% protein bound in serum[F4358]. Topical fluticasone propionate is only 91% protein bound in serum however[F4355].
|
Fluticasone propionate is mainly eliminated in the feces with <5% eliminated in the urine[F4358,A176918][FDA Label].
|
The volume of distribution of intravenous fluticasone propionate is 4.2L/kg[F4358][FDA Label]. A study of 24 healthy Caucasian males showed a volume of distribution at steady state of 577L following intravenous administration[A7490].
|
1093mL/min for fluticasone propionate[F4358]. A study of 24 healthy Caucasian males showed a clearance of 63.9L/h following intravenous administration[A7490].
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Steroid esters
|
[
"approved"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.55",
"description": "Flovent Diskus 500 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder",
"unit": "dose"
},
{
"cost": "1.74",
"description": "Flovent 50 mcg diskus",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "1.83",
"description": "Flovent 100 mcg diskus",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "2.45",
"description": "Flovent 250 mcg diskus",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "3.22",
"description": "Advair 100-50 diskus",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "3.48",
"description": "Cutivate 0.05% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "4.0",
"description": "Advair 250-50 diskus",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "5.26",
"description": "Advair 500-50 diskus",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "5.68",
"description": "Flonase 0.05% nasal spray",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "10.99",
"description": "Flovent hfa 44 mcg inhaler",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "12.26",
"description": "Flovent hfa 110 mcg inhaler",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "14.59",
"description": "Advair hfa 45-21 mcg inhaler",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "15.54",
"description": "Flovent hfa 220 mcg inhaler",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "18.13",
"description": "Advair hfa 115-21 mcg inhaler",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "23.14",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 0.005% Ointment 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "23.14",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "25.04",
"description": "Advair hfa 230-21 mcg inhaler",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "32.99",
"description": "Cutivate 0.005% Ointment 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "32.99",
"description": "Cutivate 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "35.67",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 0.005% Ointment 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "35.67",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% Cream 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "44.99",
"description": "Cutivate 0.005% Ointment 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "56.27",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 0.005% Ointment 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "56.27",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "62.99",
"description": "Cutivate 0.05% Cream 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "78.28",
"description": "Fluticasone Propionate 50 mcg/act Suspension 16 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "94.59",
"description": "Flonase 50 mcg/act Suspension 16 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "104.74",
"description": "Flovent Diskus 60 50 mcg/blist Aerosol Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "114.27",
"description": "Flovent HFA 44 mcg/act Aerosol 10.6 gm Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "128.28",
"description": "Cutivate 0.005% Ointment 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "153.01",
"description": "Flovent HFA 110 mcg/act Aerosol 12 gm Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "156.64",
"description": "Advair Diskus 14 500-50 mcg/dose Aerosol Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "200.79",
"description": "Advair Diskus 60 100-50 mcg/dose Aerosol Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "217.11",
"description": "Cutivate 0.05% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "237.67",
"description": "Flovent HFA 220 mcg/act Aerosol 12 gm Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "249.48",
"description": "Advair Diskus 60 250-50 mcg/dose Aerosol Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "328.14",
"description": "Advair Diskus 60 500-50 mcg/dose Aerosol Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "454.6",
"description": "Cutivate 0.05% Lotion 120ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "1500.0",
"description": "Fluticasone propionate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Flovent Hfa 50 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol",
"unit": "dose"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "Flovent Hfa 125 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol",
"unit": "dose"
},
{
"cost": "0.77",
"description": "Flovent Diskus 250 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder",
"unit": "dose"
},
{
"cost": "0.77",
"description": "Flovent Hfa 250 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol",
"unit": "dose"
}
] |
[
{
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"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-09-07",
"number": "RE40045"
},
{
"approved": "2004-11-09",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2020-09-11",
"number": "2317999"
},
{
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"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-12-04",
"number": "2125667"
},
{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"number": "11554229"
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{
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"number": "11602603"
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{
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"number": "11969544"
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{
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"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-04-04",
"number": "12083270"
}
] |
Fluticasone propionate | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | CPLA2 | Phospholipase A2 group IVA | PLA2G4 | MCR | MLR | MR | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6
|
[
"24 Hour Allergy Nasal",
"24 Hour Allergy Nasal",
"24 Hour Allergy Nasal",
"24 Hour Allergy Relief Nasal",
"24 Hour Allergy Relief nasal",
"24hr Nasal Allergy Relief",
"Advair",
"Advair",
"Advair 100 Diskus",
"Advair 250 Diskus",
"Advair 500 Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair HFA",
"Advair HFA",
"Advair HFA",
"Advair HFA",
"Advairdiskus Diskus",
"Advairdiskus Diskus",
"Aermony Respiclick",
"Aermony Respiclick",
"Aermony Respiclick",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo RespiClick",
"AirDuo RespiClick",
"AirDuo RespiClick",
"Airexar Spiromax",
"Airexar Spiromax",
"Allergy Nasal",
"Allergy Nasal",
"Allergy Nasal",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief",
"Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Allergy Relief Nasal Spray",
"Apo-azelastine/fluticasone",
"Apo-fluticasone",
"Apo-fluticasone HFA",
"Apo-fluticasone HFA",
"Apo-fluticasone HFA",
"Arbesda Respiclick",
"Arbesda Respiclick",
"Arbesda Respiclick",
"ArmonAir Digihaler",
"ArmonAir Digihaler",
"ArmonAir Digihaler",
"ArmonAir Digihaler",
"ArmonAir Digihaler",
"ArmonAir Digihaler",
"ArmonAir RespiClick",
"ArmonAir RespiClick",
"ArmonAir RespiClick",
"Azelastine hydrochloride and Fluticasone propionate",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Azelastine hydrochloride and Fluticasone propionate",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Basic Care Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Basic Care Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Basic Care Childrens Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Berkley and Jensen Allergy Relief",
"Beser",
"Beser",
"Betr Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"CareOne Allergy Relief",
"Careone Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Careone Fluticasone Propionate",
"Caring Mill Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Caring Mill Childrens Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Cenovia",
"Childrens 24 hour allergy nasal",
"Childrens 24 Hour Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Childrens Allergy",
"Childrens Allergy Nasal",
"Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Flonase Allergy Relief",
"Childrens Fluticasone Propionate",
"Childrens Nasal",
"Childrens Nasopro",
"ClariSpray Nasal Allergy",
"Core Values Allergy Relief",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"Cutivate",
"DG Health Allergy Relief",
"DG Health Allergy Relief Nasal",
"DG Health childrens allergy relief nasal",
"Dymista",
"Dymista",
"Equaline Fluticasone Propionate",
"Equaline fluticasone propionate",
"Equate Allergy Relief",
"Equate Allergy Relief",
"Exchange Select Allergy Relief",
"Family Wellness Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Flonase",
"Flonase",
"Flonase",
"Flonase",
"Flonase - Aem-sus Nas 50mcg/md",
"Flonase Aem-sus 50mcg/aem",
"Flonase Allergy Relief",
"Flonase Allergy Relief",
"Flonase Allergy Relief",
"Flonase Allergy Relief",
"Flonaseallergy Relief Allergy Relief",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent Diskus",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent HFA",
"Flovent Inhalers - Aem Inh-orl 125mcg/aem",
"Flovent Inhalers - Aem Inh-orl 250mcg/aem",
"Flovent Inhalers - Aem Inh-orl 25mcg/aem",
"Flovent Inhalers - Aem Inh-orl 50mcg/aem",
"Flovent Inhalers-aem Inh-orl 25mcg/actuation",
"Flovent Inhalers-aem Inh-orl 50mcg/actuation",
"Flovent Inhalers-aem Inh-orl125mcg/actuation",
"Flovent Inhalers-aem Inh-orl250mcg/actuation",
"FlutiCare Nasal Alergy",
"FlutiCare Nasal Allergy",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate Diskus",
"Fluticasone propionate glucocorticoid",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate Nasal",
"Fluticasone Propionate spray, metered",
"Foster and Thrive Allergy Relief",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Childrens Fluticasone Propionate",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Fluticasone Propionate",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Fluticasone Propionate",
"Good Sense 24 hour allergy nasal",
"Good Sense 24 hour allergy nasal",
"Good Sense 24 hour allergy nasal",
"Good Sense Nasoflow",
"Harris Teeter Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Health Mart Allergy Relief Nasal 24 Hr",
"Healthy Accents Allergy Relief",
"Healthy Accents Nasoflow",
"Kirkland Signature Aller Flo",
"Leader Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Leader Fluticasone Propionate",
"Mylan-azelastine/fluticasone",
"Nasal",
"Nasoflow",
"Nasoflow",
"Nasoflow",
"Nasoflow",
"Nasopro 24",
"Nu-fluticasone",
"Picnic Allergy Symptom Reliever Nasal",
"PMS-fluticasone",
"PMS-fluticasone",
"PMS-fluticasone",
"PMS-fluticasone HFA",
"PMS-fluticasone HFA",
"PMS-fluticasone HFA",
"PMS-fluticasone Propionate/salmeterol Dpi",
"PMS-fluticasone Propionate/salmeterol Dpi",
"PMS-fluticasone Propionate/salmeterol Dpi",
"Ratio-fluticasone",
"Rugby Fluticasone Propionate Nasal",
"Rugby Fluticasone Propionate Nasal",
"Rugby Fluticasone Propionate Nasal",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"ShopRite Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Signature Care Allergy Relief",
"Signature Care Childrens Allergy Relief",
"Smart Sense Allergy Relief",
"Sound Body Allergy Relief",
"SunMark allergy relief nasal 24 hr",
"Teva-fluticasone",
"Ticalast",
"Ticanase",
"Ticaspray",
"Topcare Allergy Relief Nasal",
"TopCare Childrens Allergy Relief Nasal 24 Hour",
"Topcare Fluticasone Propionate Nasal",
"TopCare Nasoflow Allergy Relief",
"Up and Up Allergy Relief Nasal",
"Up and Up allergy relief nasal",
"Validerm",
"Welby Allergy Relief",
"Welby Fluticasone",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Xhance"
] |
[
"Ezicas",
"Flixonase",
"Flixotide",
"FLOVENTHFA",
"Flunase",
"Nasofan",
"Pirinase",
"Seretide"
] |
[
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Validerm",
"Cenovia",
"Advairdiskus Diskus",
"Advairdiskus Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Dymista",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"AirDuo RespiClick",
"AirDuo RespiClick",
"AirDuo RespiClick",
"Azelastine hydrochloride and Fluticasone propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Advair Diskus",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Advair HFA",
"Advair HFA",
"Advair HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Advair Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Ticalast",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"AirDuo Digihaler",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Dymista",
"Advair 100 Diskus",
"Advair 250 Diskus",
"Advair 500 Diskus",
"Advair",
"Advair",
"Arbesda Respiclick",
"Arbesda Respiclick",
"Arbesda Respiclick",
"PMS-fluticasone Propionate/salmeterol Dpi",
"PMS-fluticasone Propionate/salmeterol Dpi",
"PMS-fluticasone Propionate/salmeterol Dpi",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Wixela Inhub",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Mylan-azelastine/fluticasone",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Advair Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol DISKUS",
"Azelastine hydrochloride and Fluticasone propionate",
"Apo-azelastine/fluticasone",
"Advair HFA",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate",
"Advair Diskus",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol",
"Airexar Spiromax",
"Airexar Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Bropair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax",
"Seffalair Spiromax"
] |
[
"P04150",
"P06401",
"P47712",
"P08235"
] |
[
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P10632",
"P08684"
] |
[
"Q9Y6L6",
"P08185"
] |
[
"P08183",
"Q9Y6L6"
] |
DB00589
|
Lisuride
|
An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (dopamine agonists). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (serotonin agonists).
|
solid
|
For the management of Parkinson's Disease
|
There is evidence that lisuride lowers prolactin levels and, in low doses, prevents migraine attacks.
|
Lisuride is an anti-Parkinson drug chemically related to the dopaminergic ergoline Parkinson's drugs. Lisuride binds to the 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors. It is also thought to bind to the dopamine receptor and to act as a dopamine agonist. Evidence has also emerged that Lisuride also binds to the Histamine H1 receptor.
| null | null | null | null |
about 15%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Quinolines and derivatives
|
Indoloquinolines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"G02CB",
"G02C",
"G02",
"G",
"N02CA",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Lisurid | Lisurida | Lisuride | Lisuridum | N'-((8alpha)-9,10-Didehydro-6-methylergolin-8-yl)-N,N-diethylurea | Dopamine D2 receptor | Dopamine D3 receptor | D(2C) dopamine receptor | Dopamine D4 receptor | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | Dopamine D1 receptor | D(5) dopamine receptor | D1beta dopamine receptor | Dopamine D5 receptor | DRD1B | DRD1L2 | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-2B | 5-HT2B | Serotonin receptor 2B | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | ADRA2L2 | ADRA2RL2 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4 | Alpha-2C adrenoceptor | Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2CAR | 5-HT-7 | 5-HT-X | 5-HT7 | Serotonin receptor 7 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[] |
[
"Arolac",
"Dipergon",
"Dopergin",
"Dopergine",
"Proclacam",
"Revanil"
] |
[] |
[
"P14416",
"P35462",
"P21917",
"P28223",
"P28335",
"P21728",
"P21918",
"P08908",
"P28221",
"P41595",
"P28222",
"P08913",
"P18089",
"P18825",
"P34969"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00590
|
Doxazosin
|
Doxazosin is an alpha-1 antagonist used for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) symptoms and hypertension. Other members of this drug class include [Prazosin], [Terazosin], [Tamsulosin], and [Alfuzosin].[A180661] Because of its long-lasting effects, doxazosin can be administered once a day.[A180649] It is marketed by Pfizer and was initially approved by the FDA in 1990.[L7285]
|
solid
|
Doxazosin is indicated to treat the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy, which may include urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia, among other symptoms. In addition, doxazosin is indicated alone or in combination with various antihypertensive agents for the management of hypertension.[L7282] Off-label uses of doxazosin include the treatment of pediatric hypertension[A180634] and the treatment of ureteric calculi.[A180637]
|
Doxazosin decreases standing and supine blood pressure[A180649] and relieves the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy through the inhibition of alpha-1 receptors.
Doxazosin may cause hypotension due to its pharmacological actions. This frequently occurs in the upright position, leading to a feeling of dizziness or lightheadedness. The first dose of doxazosin may lead to such effects, however, subsequent doses may also cause them. The risk of these effects is particularly high when dose adjustments occur or there are long intervals between doxazosin doses. Treatment should be started with the 1 mg dose of doxazosin, followed by slow titration to the appropriate dose.[L7282] Patients must be advised of this risk and to avoid situations in which syncope and dizziness could be hazardous following the ingestion of doxazosin.[L7282] Interestingly doxazosin exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids. It reduces LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increases HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels.[A180649]
A note on priapism risk
In rare cases, doxazosin and other alpha-1 blockers may cause priapism, a painful occurrence of persistent and unrelievable penile erection that can lead to impotence if medical attention is not sought as soon as possible. Patients must be advised of the priapism risk associated with doxazosin and to seek medical attention immediately if it is suspected.[A180670,L7282]
|
Doxazosin selectively inhibits the postsynaptic alpha-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle by nonselectively blocking the alpha-1a, alpha-1b, and alpha-1d subtypes[A180688,A4649]. This action on blood vessels decreases systemic peripheral vascular resistance, reducing blood pressure, exerting minimal effects on the heart rate due to its receptor selectivity.[A180649,A180676] Norepinephrine-activated alpha-1 receptors located on the prostate gland and bladder neck normally cause contraction of regional muscular tissue, obstructing urinary flow and contributing to the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Alpha-1 antagonism causes smooth muscle relaxation in the prostate and bladder, effectively relieving urinary frequency, urgency, weak urinary stream, and other unpleasant effects of BPH.[A180655] Recently, doxazosin was found to cause apoptosis of hERG potassium channels in an in vitro setting, possibly contributing to a risk of heart failure with doxazosin use.[A15296,A180697,A180700]
|
Doxazosin is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and peak concentrations are achieved within 2-3 hours after administration.[A180682] The bioavailability is about 60%-70%.[A180658,L7282] The intake of food with doxazosin is not expected to cause clinically significant effects.[L7282]
|
Hepatic metabolism of doxazosin produces inactive O-demethylated and C-hydroxylated metabolites. Metabolism occurs via O-demethylation of the quinazoline nucleus of doxazosin or via hydroxylation of its benzodioxan portion.[L7282] The enzymes involved in the metabolism of doxazosin include CYP2C19[L7297], CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, which is the primary metabolizing enzyme.[L7294] Doxazosin itself is considered to be mainly responsible for its pharmacological action[A180658], however, some active metabolites have been identified whose pharmacokinetics have not been adequately characterized.[L7282]
|
LD50 information
The oral LD50 of doxazosin in mice is >1000 mg/kg.[L7288]
Overdose information
Symptoms of overdose include hypotension, changes in heart rate, and drowsiness.[A180676] Administer supportive treatment in case of an overdose with doxazosin. Remove unabsorbed doxazosin from the gastrointestinal tract, correct hypotension, and closely monitor vital signs.[A180676]
|
The terminal elimination half-life of doxazosin has been estimated at 9-12 hours according to some resources.[A180646,A180658] The FDA label indicates the elimination half-life of doxazosin is 22 hours.[L7282]
|
The plasma protein binding of doxazosin is estimated at 98%.[A180646,L7282]. It has also been shown to be bound to the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein.[A15489]
|
In a pharmacokinetic study using a 1 mg IV radiolabeled dose and a 2 mg oral dose, 63% of the ingested doxazosin was found to be excreted in the feces and about 9% of the dose was found to be excreted in the urine.[A180658,L7282] Traces of radiolabeled unchanged drug were found in the urine and about 5% of the administered drug was found as unchanged drug excreted in the feces.[L7282]
|
The volume of distribution of doxazosin is 1.0-1.9 L/kg.[A180658,A180682] In a study of radiolabeled doxazosin administered to pregnant rats, doxazosin was found to cross the placenta.[L7282]
|
The clearance of doxazosin is low and ranges from approximately 1-2 ml/min/kg.[A180646,A180682]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazinanes
|
Piperazines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C02CA",
"C02C",
"C02",
"C",
"G04CA",
"G04C",
"G04",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.0",
"description": "Cardura 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.04",
"description": "Doxazosin mesylate 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.72",
"description": "Cardura 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.81",
"description": "Cardura 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.89",
"description": "Cardura 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.93",
"description": "Cardura 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.94",
"description": "Cardura xl 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.04",
"description": "Cardura xl 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.22",
"description": "Cardura XL 4 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Apo-Doxazosin 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Mylan-Doxazosin 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Novo-Doxazosin 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Pms-Doxazosin 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Apo-Doxazosin 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Mylan-Doxazosin 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Novo-Doxazosin 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Pms-Doxazosin 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Apo-Doxazosin 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Mylan-Doxazosin 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Novo-Doxazosin 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Pms-Doxazosin 4 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.64",
"description": "Cardura 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.77",
"description": "Cardura 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.94",
"description": "Doxazosin mesylate 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.94",
"description": "Doxazosin mesylate 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.99",
"description": "Doxazosin mesylate 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
1-(4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-chinazolinyl)-4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxixin-2-ylcarbonyl)piperazin | 1-(4-Amino-6,7-Dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylcarbonyl)piperazin | Doxazosin | Doxazosina | Doxazosine | Doxazosinum | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | Eag-related protein 2 | ERG-2 | ERG2 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 2 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 2 | hERG-2 | hERG2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.2 | Eag-related protein 3 | ERG-3 | ERG3 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 3 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 3 | hERG-3 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.3 | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1
|
[
"Apo-doxazosin",
"Apo-doxazosin",
"Apo-doxazosin",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura",
"Cardura XL",
"Cardura XL",
"Cardura XL",
"Cardura XL",
"Cardura XL",
"Cardura XL",
"Cardura-1 Tab 1mg",
"Cardura-1,2,and 4",
"Cardura-1,2,and 4",
"Cardura-1,2,and 4",
"Cardura-2 Tab 2mg",
"Cardura-4 Tab 4mg",
"Dom-doxazosin",
"Dom-doxazosin",
"Dom-doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin Mesylate",
"Doxazosin-1",
"Doxazosin-2",
"Doxazosin-4",
"Jamp-doxazosin",
"Jamp-doxazosin",
"Jamp-doxazosin",
"Mylan-doxazosin",
"Mylan-doxazosin",
"Mylan-doxazosin",
"PMS-doxazosin",
"PMS-doxazosin",
"PMS-doxazosin",
"Ratio-doxazosin",
"Ratio-doxazosin",
"Ratio-doxazosin",
"Teva-doxazosin",
"Teva-doxazosin",
"Teva-doxazosin"
] |
[
"Alfadil",
"Cardenalin",
"Cardular",
"Cardura-1",
"Cardura-2",
"Cardura-4",
"Carduran",
"Diblocin",
"Normothen",
"Supressin"
] |
[
"Cardura-1,2,and 4",
"Cardura-1,2,and 4",
"Cardura-1,2,and 4"
] |
[
"P35348",
"P25100",
"Q12809",
"Q9H252",
"Q9NS40",
"P35368"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P33261",
"P11712",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"O15245"
] |
DB00591
|
Fluocinolone acetonide
|
Fluocinolone acetonide, with the formula 6-alpha, 9-alpha-difluoro-16-alpha, 17 alpha-acetonide, is a corticosteroid that presents a high lipophilicity.[T357] It has been used extensively in dermatological preparations and it has also been investigated thoroughly for its use in implantable corticosteroid devices.[T358] This type of device containing fluocinolone acetonide was developed by Taro Pharmaceuticals and approved by FDA in May 2016.[L4676]
|
solid
|
Fluocinolone acetonide has been used extensively in different medical areas.
-In dermatology, it is extensively used for the relief of inflammatory dermatosis, dermatitis, psoriasis, hypertrophic tissues, keloid tissues and atopic dermatitis.[F1955]
-It has been used in shampoo products as a low to medium potency corticosteroid for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.[L4682]
-In ear drops, it is used as a low to medium potency corticosteroid for the treatment of chronic eczematous external otitis in adults and pediatric patients 2 years and older.[L4683]
-As an intravitreal implant, it is indicated for the treatment of diabetic macular edema with patients that have been previously treated with a course of corticosteroids and no clinically significant rise in intraocular pressure.[L4684]
-Fluocinolone acetonide was announced on October 15, 2018 to be FDA approved for the treatment of chronic non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye.[L4685]
-Some reports have indicated the use of fluocinolone acetonide as a vasoprotective agent and for its use in the treatment of first-degree hemorrhoids.[A39532]
|
Fluocinolone acetonide is a synthetic anti-inflammatory corticosteroid and thus, the effect of its interaction with the body produces vasoconstriction and suppression of membrane permeability, mitotic activity, immune response and release of inflammatory mediators.[F1956]
For its ophthalmic indications, fluocinolone acetonide is administered as intravitreal micro-insert. This preparation was observed in clinical trials to reduce the recurrence of uveitis flares by 2 fold when compared with the non treated patients even after six months after initial administration. As well the intraocular pressure seemed to increase slightly with the presence of the fluocinolone implant but it is important to monitor intraocular pressure.[L4685]
|
Fluocinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid and thus, it can be inferred that it acts by inhibiting the edema, fibrin deposition, capillary dilation, leukocyte migration, capillary proliferation, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and scar formation.[F1957]
Some reports have indicated that fluocinolone acetonide presents a high binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor. After binding the receptor, the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter region of the target genes.[A16592] This effect promotes the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins (lipocortins). Through this mechanism of action, it is thought that fluocinolone induces mainly one of the lipocortins, annexin 1, which will later mediate the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid which is the precursor of all these inflammatory mediators. Hence, the induction of these proteins will prevent the release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2.[F1957]
|
When administered as an eye implant, fluocinolone acetonide presents a sustained delivery for even 12 months in which there can be observed a sustained release.[L4686] The concentration of fluocinolone acetonide are generally higher in the vitreous and retina with a little dispersion to the aqueous humor.[T359]
There are reports indicating that topical administration of fluocinolone acetonide produces a percutaneous absorption which is determined by the vehicle, integrity of the epidermal barrier and the use of occlusive dressing.[F1956]
Independently of the route of administration, the systemic absorption of fluocinolone acetonide is below 0.1 ng/ml which indicates that the systemic distribution is very minimal and the effect of fluocinolone is mainly local.[A39533]
|
Following absorption, fluocinolone acetonide metabolism is primarily hepatic.[F1956] It is important to mention that the systemically absorbed dose is very minimal.[T359]
|
Studies to determine the carcinogenic and its effect in fertility have not been performed. It is important to consider that several corticosteroids have been shown to present genotoxic potential but fluocinolone acetonide was shown to not be genotoxic in the Ames test and mouse lymphoma TK assay.[F1957]
|
The reported half-life of fluocinolone acetonide ranges between 1.3-1.7 hours.[A39536]
|
This pharmacokinetic parameter is not relevant as the systemic absorption of fluocinolone acetonide is very minimal.
|
Fluocinolone acetonide is mainly excreted by the kidneys.[F1956] It is important to mention that the systemically absorbed dose is very minimal.[T359]
|
This pharmacokinetic parameter is not relevant as the systemic absorption of fluocinolone acetonide is very minimal.
|
This pharmacokinetic parameter is not relevant as the systemic absorption of fluocinolone acetonide is very minimal and the concentration in urine is lower than the minimum quantitation limit.[T359]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Hydroxysteroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"S01CA",
"S01C",
"S01",
"S",
"D07BC",
"D07B",
"D07",
"D",
"S02BA",
"S02B",
"S02",
"S",
"C05AA",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C",
"S01BA",
"S01B",
"S01",
"S",
"D07AC",
"D07A",
"D07",
"D",
"S02CA",
"S02C",
"S02",
"S",
"D07CC",
"D07C",
"D07",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.75",
"description": "Dermotic oil 0.01% ear drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "20.45",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% Solution 60ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "33.47",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% Ointment 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "35.28",
"description": "Fluocinolone acetonide powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "38.99",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "38.99",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% Ointment 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "46.1",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "73.5",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "76.61",
"description": "Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "103.1",
"description": "Synalar 0.025% Cream 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "103.1",
"description": "Synalar 0.025% Ointment 60 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "108.72",
"description": "Synalar 0.01% Solution 60ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "21900.0",
"description": "Retisert implant",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.35",
"description": "Derma-smoothe-fs scalp oil",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2012-08-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-10-22",
"number": "8247395"
},
{
"approved": "2014-02-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-10-25",
"number": "8653053"
},
{
"approved": "2011-05-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-05-04",
"number": "7939516"
},
{
"approved": "2011-03-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-03-22",
"number": "7915243"
},
{
"approved": "2001-04-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-03-22",
"number": "6217895"
},
{
"approved": "2003-04-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-03-22",
"number": "6548078"
},
{
"approved": "2002-04-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-04-26",
"number": "6375972"
},
{
"approved": "2012-08-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-06-27",
"number": "8252307"
},
{
"approved": "2014-10-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-08-12",
"number": "8871241"
},
{
"approved": "2015-01-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-03-24",
"number": "8932610"
},
{
"approved": "2017-12-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-04-26",
"number": "9849085"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-04-26",
"number": "8574659"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-04-26",
"number": "8574613"
},
{
"approved": "2015-11-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-04-26",
"number": "9192579"
},
{
"approved": "2011-08-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-01-12",
"number": "7998108"
}
] |
6alpha-fluorotriamcinolone acetonide | 6alpha,9alpha-difluoro-16alpha-hydroxyprednisolone 16,17-acetonide | 6α-fluorotriamcinolone acetonide | 6α,9α-difluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone 16,17-acetonide | acétonide de fluocinolone | acetónido de fluocinolona | fluocinolon acetonid | fluocinolone 16,17-acetonide | Fluocinolone acetonide | fluocinoloni acetonidum | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | Annexin I | Annexin-1 | ANX1 | Calpactin II | Calpactin-2 | Chromobindin-9 | Lipocortin I | LPC1 | p35 | Phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein | Annexin II | Annexin-2 | ANX2 | ANX2L4 | CAL1H | Calpactin I heavy chain | Calpactin-1 heavy chain | Chromobindin-8 | Lipocortin II | LPC2D | p36 | PAP-IV | Placental anticoagulant protein IV | Protein I | 35-alpha calcimedin | Annexin III | Annexin-3 | ANX3 | Inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphohydrolase | Lipocortin III | PAP-III | Placental anticoagulant protein III | 35-beta calcimedin | Annexin IV | Annexin-4 | ANX4 | Carbohydrate-binding protein p33/p41 | Chromobindin-4 | Endonexin I | Lipocortin IV | P32.5 | PAP-II | Placental anticoagulant protein II | PP4-X | Protein II | Anchorin CII | Annexin V | Annexin-5 | ANX5 | Calphobindin I | CPB-I | Endonexin II | ENX2 | Lipocortin V | PAP-I | Placental anticoagulant protein 4 | Placental anticoagulant protein I | PP4 | Thromboplastin inhibitor | VAC-alpha | Vascular anticoagulant-alpha | 3.1.1.4 | Group IB phospholipase A2 | Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase 1B | PLA2 | PLA2A | PPLA2 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin
|
[
"Capex",
"Capex",
"Ciprofloxacin and Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Ciprofloxacin and Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Derma Smoothe/fs Liq 0.01%",
"Derma-Smoothe/FS",
"Derma-Smoothe/FS",
"Derma-Smoothe/FS",
"Derma-Smoothe/FS",
"Derma-smoothe/fs",
"Derma-Smoothe/FS",
"DermOtic",
"DermOtic",
"Dermotic",
"Dermotic Oil Ear Drops",
"Flac Otic Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01/ Niacinamide 4",
"Fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% / Lidocaine HCl Monohydrate 1%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil, 0.01% (Ear Drops)",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical Solution USP, 0.01%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical Solution USP, 0.01%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical Solution USP, 0.01%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide Topical Solution USP, 0.01%",
"Fluoderm Crm 0.01%",
"Fluoderm Crm 0.025%",
"Fluoderm Ont 0.01%",
"Fluoderm Ont 0.025%",
"FS Shampoo-0.01%",
"Iluvien",
"Iluvien",
"Neo-Synalar",
"Neo-Synalar",
"Noxipak",
"Otixal",
"Otovel",
"Otovel",
"Retisert",
"Retisert",
"Retisert",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar",
"Synalar Bi-otic Solution",
"Synalar Cream 0.025%",
"Synalar Cream Mild 0.01%",
"Synalar Ointment Mild 0.01%",
"Synalar Ont Regular 0.025%",
"Synalar TS",
"Synamol Mild 0.01% Cream",
"Synamol Regular 0.025% Cream",
"Tri-luma",
"Triderma",
"Xilapak",
"Yutiq",
"Yutiq"
] |
[
"Biscosal",
"Boniderma",
"Co-FIuosin",
"Coderma",
"Cordes F",
"Coriphate",
"Cortalar",
"Cortiderma",
"Cortiespec",
"Cortiphate",
"Cortiplastol",
"Cortoderm",
"Derma-Smoothe/FS",
"Dermaisom",
"Dermalar",
"Dermaplus",
"Dermil",
"Dermobeta",
"Dermobiomar",
"Dermofil",
"Dermolin",
"Dermomagis",
"Dermophyl",
"Dermotergol",
"Doricum",
"Esacinone",
"Esilon",
"Eskaton",
"Fellin",
"Flucinar",
"Flucort",
"Fluocet",
"Fluocinil",
"Fluocinone",
"Fluocit",
"Fluoderm",
"Fluodermol",
"Fluogisol",
"Fluolar",
"Fluomix",
"Fluonid",
"Fluonide Dermica",
"Fluordima",
"Fluoskin",
"Fluotrex",
"Fluovean",
"Fluovitef",
"Fluovitif",
"Flupollon",
"Fluzon",
"Futocan",
"Gelargin",
"Gelidina",
"Iluvien",
"Intradermo",
"Isnaderm",
"Isoderma",
"Jellin",
"Locafluo",
"Localyn",
"Mecloderm",
"Monoderm",
"Omniderm",
"Oxidermiol Fuerte",
"Percutina",
"Prodermin",
"Radiocin",
"Roliderm",
"Sinalar",
"Sterolone",
"Straderm",
"Synalar",
"Synamol",
"Synandone",
"Synandrone",
"Synemol",
"Synotic",
"Synsac",
"Tefunote",
"Topifluor",
"Ultraderm",
"Ungovac"
] |
[
"Noxipak",
"Neo-Synalar",
"Neo-Synalar",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 7% / Progesterone 0.1%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Minoxidil 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01/ Niacinamide 4",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.025% / Lidocaine HCl Monohydrate 1%",
"Tri-luma",
"Ciprofloxacin and Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Otovel",
"Ciprofloxacin and Fluocinolone Acetonide",
"Otovel",
"Synalar Bi-otic Solution",
"Otixal",
"Triderma"
] |
[
"P04150",
"P04083",
"P07355",
"P12429",
"P09525",
"P08758",
"P04054"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[
"P08185"
] |
[] |
DB00592
|
Piperazine
|
Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two opposing nitrogen atoms. First used as a solvent for uric acid, the use of piperazine as an anthelmintic agent was first introduced in 1953. Upon entry into the systemic circulation, the drug is partly oxidized and partly eliminated as an unchanged compound. Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved equally successful. Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953. Piperazine compounds mediate their anthelmintic action by generally paralyzing parasites, allowing the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism.
|
solid
|
Used as alternative treatment for ascariasis caused by <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> (roundworm) and enterobiasis (oxyuriasis) caused by <i>Enterobius vermicularis</i> (pinworm). It is also used to treat partial intestinal obstruction by the common roundworm, a condition primarily occurring in children.
|
Piperazine is an anthelminthic especially useful in the treatment of partial intestinal obstruction caused by Ascaris worms, which is a condition primarily seen in children. Piperazine hydrate and piperazine citrate are the main anthelminthic piperazines.
|
Piperazine is a GABA receptor agonist. Piperzine binds directly and selectively to muscle membrane GABA receptors, presumably causing hyperpolarization of nerve endings, resulting in flaccid paralysis of the worm. While the worm is paralyzed, it is dislodged from the intestinal lumen and expelled live from the body by normal intestinal peristalsis.
|
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
|
About 25% is metabolized in the liver. Piperazine is nitrosated to form N -mononitrosopiperazine (MNPz) in gastric juice, which is then metabolized to N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine (NHPYR).
|
LD<sub>50</sub> = 5 g/kg (Human, oral). Symptoms of overdose include muscle fatigue, seizures, and difficulty breathing.
| null |
60-70%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazinanes
|
Piperazines
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"P02CB",
"P02C",
"P02",
"P"
] |
[
"Parasitic nematodes and other roundworms"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.64",
"description": "Desipramine HCl 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.63",
"description": "Desipramine HCl 75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.81",
"description": "Desipramine HCl 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.67",
"description": "Desipramine HCl 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Piperazine citrate crystals",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.83",
"description": "Desipramine HCl 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.87",
"description": "Desipramine HCl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Diethylenediamine | Piperazidine | Piperazin | Piperazina | Piperazine | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Entacyl Granules",
"Entacyl Granules 2.0gm",
"Entacyl Susp 0.6gm/5ml",
"Entacyl Suspension-600mg/5ml",
"Formule C34",
"Veriga 125",
"Vermirex Syr",
"Versol 100mg"
] |
[
"Antepar",
"Uvilon",
"Vermidol",
"Vermizine"
] |
[] |
[
"P28472"
] |
[
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00593
|
Ethosuximide
|
An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of petit mal epilepsy.
|
Used in the treatment of epilepsy. Ethosuximide suppresses the paroxysmal three cycle per second spike and wave activity associated with lapses of consciousness which is common in absence (petit mal) seizures. The frequency of epileptiform attacks is reduced, apparently by depression of the motor cortex and elevation of the threshold of the central nervous system to convulsive stimuli.
|
Binds to T-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1G gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the "low-voltage activated (LVA)" group and are strongly blocked by mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite negative potentials and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes.
|
Bioavailability following oral administration is 93%.
|
Hepatic, via CYP3A4 and CYP2E1.
|
Acute overdoses may produce nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression including coma with respiratory depression.
|
53 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pyrrolidines
|
Pyrrolidones
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N03AD",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N",
"N03AD",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.16",
"description": "Zarontin 250 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.26",
"description": "Ethosuximide 250 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "84.2",
"description": "Ethosuximide 250 mg/5ml Solution 474ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Zarontin 50 mg/ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Zarontin 250 mg/5ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
(±)-2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide | 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide | 2-methyl-2-ethylsuccinimide | 3-ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione | 3-ethyl-3-methylsuccinimide | 3-methyl-3-ethylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione | 3-methyl-3-ethylsuccinimide | Aethosuximide | Atysmal | Ethosuximid | éthosuximide | Ethosuximide | Ethosuximidum | Etosuximida | Thilopemal | α-ethyl-α-methylsuccinimide | α-methyl-α-ethylsuccinimide | γ-ethyl-γ-methyl-succinimide | γ-methyl-γ-ethyl-succinimide | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J
|
[
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Ethosuximide",
"Mar-ethosuximide",
"Odan-ethosuximide",
"Zarontin",
"Zarontin",
"Zarontin",
"Zarontin Syrup"
] |
[
"Emeside",
"Ethymal",
"Etoxin",
"Petimid",
"Petinimid",
"Petnidan",
"Suxilep",
"Suxinutin",
"Zarondan"
] |
[] |
[
"O43497"
] |
[
"P08684",
"Q9HB55",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P08684",
"P05181"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00596
|
Ulobetasol
|
Ulobetasol is a highly potent corticosteroid.[A215597] It is structurally related to [clobetasol].[A215597] Due to its high potency, it is mainly prescribed in the treatment of severe plaque psoriasis and corticosteroid responsive dermatoses.[L15047,L15052,L15102]
Ulobetasol was granted FDA approval on 17 December 1990.[L15047]
|
solid
|
Ulobetasol cream and ointment are indicated in the treatment of inflammatory and pruritic corticosteroid responsive dermatoses.[L15047] Ulobetasol lotion is indicated in the treatment of plaque psoriasis.[L15052]
|
Corticosteroids bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, inhibiting pro-inflammatory signals, and promoting anti-inflammatory signals.[A187463] Ulobetasol has a moderate duration of action as it is applied once or twice daily.[L15047,L15052] Corticosteroids have a wide therapeutic window as patients may require doses that are multiples of what the body naturally produces.[A187463] Patients taking corticosteroids should be counselled regarding the risk of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and increased susceptibility to infections.[A187463]
|
The short term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation.[A187463] Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days.[A187463]
Glucocorticoids inhibit phospholipase 2 and neutrophil apoptosis and demargination, resulting in decreased formation of arachidonic acid derivatives. They also inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors while promoting anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10.[A215577,A187463]
Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive.[A187463] High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels.[A187463]
|
Ulobetasol lotion reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 201.1 ± 157.5 pg/mL, with a T<sub>max</sub> of 3 hours, and an AUC of 1632 ± 1147 pg\*h/mL.[L15052] Absorption can be influenced by skin integrity, the vehicle used, inflammation, or disease processes.[L15047,L15052]
| null |
Data regarding acute overdoses of glucocorticoids are rare.[L15047,L15052] Chronic high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to the development of cataract, glaucoma, hypertension, water retention, hyperlipidemia, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, myopathy, osteoporosis, mood changes, psychosis, dermal atrophy, allergy, acne, hypertrichosis, immune suppression, decreased resistance to infection, moon face, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, growth suppression, and secondary adrenal insufficiency.[A188405] Overdose may be treated by adjusting the dose or stopping the corticosteroid as well as initiating symptomatic and supportive treatment.[A188405,L15102]
|
_In vitro_ experiments show halobetasol propionate, a derivative of ulobetasol, has a half life of 33 minutes.[L15097]
|
Ulobetasol is likely bound to corticosteroid binding globulin in serum.[A187439]
|
Corticosteroids are eliminated predominantly in the urine.[A187436]
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Pregnane steroids
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"D05AX",
"D05A",
"D05",
"D",
"D07AC",
"D07A",
"D07",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.8",
"description": "Halobetasol prop 0.05% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "4.07",
"description": "Ultravate 0.05% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "32.92",
"description": "Halobetasol Propionate 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "32.92",
"description": "Halobetasol Propionate 0.05% Ointment 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "63.16",
"description": "Ultravate 0.05% Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "64.78",
"description": "Ultravate 0.05% Ointment 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "79.14",
"description": "Halobetasol Propionate 0.05% Cream 50 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "79.14",
"description": "Halobetasol Propionate 0.05% Ointment 50 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "152.54",
"description": "Ultravate 0.05% Cream 50 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "180.27",
"description": "Ultravate 0.05% Ointment 50 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Ultravate pac kit",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.9",
"description": "Ultravate 0.05 % Cream",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2015-02-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2033-06-19",
"number": "8962028"
},
{
"approved": "2014-08-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-11-02",
"number": "8809307"
},
{
"approved": "2003-02-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-08-03",
"number": "6517847"
},
{
"approved": "2019-04-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-06-06",
"number": "10251895"
},
{
"approved": "2019-11-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-11-02",
"number": "10478502"
},
{
"approved": "2019-10-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-06-06",
"number": "10426787"
},
{
"approved": "2020-12-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-05-30",
"number": "10857159"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-11-30",
"number": "11020407"
},
{
"approved": "2016-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-06-06",
"number": "11679115"
},
{
"approved": "2016-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-06-06",
"number": "11648256"
},
{
"approved": "2011-11-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-11-02",
"number": "11839656"
},
{
"approved": "2011-11-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-11-02",
"number": "11986527"
},
{
"approved": "2011-11-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-11-02",
"number": "11957753"
},
{
"approved": "2011-11-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-11-02",
"number": "12076403"
}
] |
21-chloro diflorasone | Halobetasol | Ulobetasol | Ulobétasol | Ulobetasolum | ERR-alpha | ERR1 | ESRL1 | Estrogen receptor-like 1 | Estrogen-related receptor alpha | NR3B1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 1 | ERR beta-2 | ERR-beta | ERRB2 | ESRL2 | Estrogen receptor-like 2 | Estrogen-related receptor beta | NR3B2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 2 | ERR gamma-2 | ERR3 | ERRG2 | Estrogen receptor-related protein 3 | KIAA0832 | NR3B3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 3 | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin
|
[
"Bryhali",
"Bryhali",
"Duobrii",
"Duobrii",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halobetasol Propionate",
"Halonate",
"Halonate Pac",
"Lexette",
"Ultravate",
"Ultravate",
"Ultravate",
"Ultravate",
"Ultravate",
"Ultravate",
"Ultravate PAC",
"Ultravate PAC-Cream",
"Ultravate X",
"Ultravate X"
] |
[
"Halobetasol",
"Halovate",
"Hobs"
] |
[
"Ultravate X",
"Duobrii",
"Ultravate X",
"Duobrii"
] |
[
"P11474",
"O95718",
"P62508",
"P04150"
] |
[] |
[
"P08185"
] |
[] |
DB00597
|
Gadoteridol
|
Gadoteridol is a macrocyclic nonionic gadolinium that provides contrast enhancement of the brain, spine, and surrounding tissues, resulting in improved visualization (compared with unenhanced MRI) of lesions with abnormal vascularity or those thought to disrupt the normal blood-brain barrier.[A263076,A263081,L49871] It was 1 of the 3 macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) that was mandated by the EMA to replace linear gadolinium-based contrast agents due to concerns about retained gadolinium in the brain.[A263076]
Initially approved by the FDA in 1992, gadoteridol received additional approval in 2020 for use in pediatric patients less than 2 years old.[L49876]
|
liquid
|
Gadoteridol is indicated for use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to visualize lesions with disrupted blood-brain barrier and/or abnormal vascularity in the brain, spine, and associated tissues in adult and pediatric patients, including term neonates.[L49871] It is also indicated for visualization of lesions in the head and neck in adult patients.[L49871]
|
Gadoteridol affects proton relaxation times and consequently the MR signal. Signal intensity is affected by the dose and relaxivity of the gadoteridol molecule. Consistently, for all gadolinium-based contrast agents, the relaxivity of gadoteridol decreases with the increase of the magnetic field strength used in clinical MRI (0.2 –3.0T).[L49871]
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier or abnormal vascularity allows the accumulation of gadoteridol in lesions such as neoplasms, abscesses, and subacute infarcts. The pharmacokinetics of gadoteridol in various lesions is not known.[L49871]
|
Gadoteridol is a paramagnetic agent and, as such, develops a magnetic moment when placed in a magnetic field. The relatively large magnetic moment produced by the paramagnetic agent results in a relatively large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rates of water protons in the vicinity of the paramagnetic agent.[L49871]
In MRI, visualization of normal and pathologic brain tissue depends, in part, on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with: 1) differences in proton density; 2) differences of the spinlattice or longitudinal relaxation times (T1); and 3) differences in the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time (T2). When placed in a magnetic field, gadoteridol decreases T1 relaxation times in the target tissues. At recommended doses, the effect is observed with greatest sensitivity in the T1-weighted sequences.[L49871]
|
From population PK model of pediatric subjects receiving a single intravenous dose of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadoteridol, the mean C<sub>max</sub> was 0.66 ± 0.21 mmol/L in pediatric subjects 2 years to 6 years of age, 0.58 ± 0.06 mmol/L in pediatric subjects 6 years to 12 years of age, and 0.68 ± 0.12 mmol/L in adolescent subjects older than 12 years. The mean AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> was 0.74 ± 0.20 mmol/L*h in pediatric subjects 2 years to 6 years of age, 0.74 ± 0.09 mmol/L*h in pediatric subjects 6 years to 12 years of age, and 0.98 ± 0.09 mmol/L*h in adolescent subjects older than 12 years of age. Pharmacokinetic simulations indicate similar half-life, AUC, and C<sub>max</sub> values for ProHance in pediatric subjects less than 2 years of age when compared to those reported for adults.[L49871]
|
It is unknown if biotransformation or decomposition of gadoteridol occurs in vivo.[L49871]
|
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) cross the placenta and result in fetal exposure and gadolinium retention. The human data on the association between GBCAs and adverse fetal outcomes are limited and inconclusive. Because of the potential risks of gadolinium to the fetus, use gadoteridol only if imaging is essential during pregnancy and cannot be delayed.[L49871]
In animal reproduction studies in rats, gadoteridol doubled the incidence of post-implantation loss at up to 16 times the recommended human dose (RHD). There were no adverse developmental effects observed in rabbits with intravenous administration of gadoteridol during organogenesis at doses up to 19 times the recommended human dose of 0.1 mmol/kg.[L49871]
Clinical consequences of overdose with gadoteridol have not been reported. The safety of gadoteridol has been tested in clinical studies using doses up to 0.3 mmol/kg and no clinical consequences related to increasing dose have been observed to date. Gadoteridol can be removed by hemodialysis.[L49871]
No animal studies have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of gadoteridol.[L49871]
No changes in reproductive performance and outcome of pregnancy were caused in rats and rabbits by daily intravenous administration of gadoteridol to parent animals before and during gestation up to 1.5 mmol/kg/day (15 times the recommended human dose).[L49871]
Gadoteridol did not demonstrate genotoxic activity in: bacterial reverse mutation assays using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli; a mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay; an in vitro cytogenetic assay measuring chromosomal aberration frequencies in Chinese hamster ovary cells; and an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay at intravenous doses up to 5.0 mmol/kg.[L49871]
|
The elimination half-life (mean ± SD) is about 1.57 ± 0.08 hours.[L49871]
From population PK model of pediatric subjects receiving a single intravenous dose of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadoteridol, the mean distribution half-life (t<sub>1/2,alpha</sub>) was 0.14 ± 0.04 hours in pediatric subjects 2 years to 6 years of age, 0.18 ± 0.07 hours in pediatric subjects 6 years to 12 years of age, and 0.20 ± 0.07 hours in adolescent subjects older than 12
years of age. The mean elimination half-life (t<sub>1/2,beta</sub>) was 1.32 ± 0.006 hours in pediatric subjects 2 years to 6 years, 1.32 ± 0.07 hours in pediatric subjects 6 years to 12 years of age, and 1.61 ± 0.19 hours in adolescent subjects older than 12 years of age. Pharmacokinetic simulations indicate similar half-life values for gadoteridol in pediatric subjects less than 2 years of age when compared to those reported for adults.[L49871]
In patients with impaired renal function, the serum half-life of gadoteridol is prolonged. After intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg, the elimination half-life of gadoteridol was 10.65 ± 0.06 hours in mild to moderately impaired patients (creatinine clearance 30 to 60 mL/min) and 9.10±0.26 hours in severely impaired patients not on dialysis (creatinine clearance 10 to 30 mL/min).[L49871]
|
It is unknown if protein binding of gadoteridol occurs in vivo.[L49871]
|
Gadoteridol is eliminated in the urine with 94.4 ± 4.8% (mean ± SD) of the dose excreted within 24 hours post-injection. Over 80% of the dose was recovered in urine for pediatric subjects after 10 hours.[L49871]
In patients with moderately and severely impaired renal function about 97% and 76% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine within 7 days and 14 days, respectively.[L49871]
|
The plasma distribution volume (mean ± SD) for the non-renally impaired adults was 0.205 ± 0.025 L/kg.Following GBCA administration, gadolinium is present for months or years in the brain, bone, skin, and other organs. [L49871]
|
The renal and plasma clearance rates (1.41 ± 0.33 mL/ min/kg and 1.50 ± 0.35 mL/ min/kg, respectively) of gadoteridol are essentially identical, indicating no alteration in elimination kinetics on passage through the kidneys and that the drug is essentially cleared through the kidney.[L49871]
The mean serum clearance of gadoteridol in patients with normal renal function was 116.14 ± 26.77 mL/min, compared to 37.2 ± 16.4 mL/min in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment and 16.0 ± 3.0 mL/min in patients with severe renal impairment.[L49871]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"V08CA",
"V08C",
"V08",
"V"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "6.81",
"description": "Prohance 279.3 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1995-12-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-12-12",
"number": "5474756"
},
{
"approved": "2001-01-30",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-01-30",
"number": "1341176"
},
{
"approved": "1998-12-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-12-08",
"number": "5846519"
}
] |
gadolinium 2,2',2''-[10-(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triyl]triacetate | gadolinium-HP-DO3A | Gadoteridol | Gadoteridolum | GD-HP-DO 3A | Gd-HPDO3A
|
[
"ProHance",
"ProHance",
"ProHance",
"ProHance"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00598
|
Labetalol
|
Labetalol is a racemic mixture of 2 diastereoisomers where dilevalol, the R,R' stereoisomer, makes up 25% of the mixture.[L7730] Labetalol is formulated as an injection or tablets to treat hypertension.[L7727,L7730]
Labetalol was granted FDA approval on 1 August 1984.[L7724]
|
solid
|
Labetalol injections are indicated to control blood pressure in severe hypertension.[L7727] Labetalol tablets are indicated alone or in combination with antihypertensives like thiazides and loop diuretics to manage hypertension.[L7730]
|
Labetalol antagonizes various adrenergic receptors to decrease blood pressure.[A181901,A181907,A181910,L7727] The duration of action is long as it is generally given twice daily, and the therapeutic window is wide as patients usually take 200-400mg twice daily.[L7730] Patients susceptible to bronchospasms should not use labetalol unless they are unresponsive to or intolerant of other antihypertensives.[L7730]
|
Labetalol non-selectively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, and selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors.[A181901] Following oral administration, labetalol has 3 times the beta-blocking ability than alpha-blocking ability.[A181901] This increases to 6.9 times following intravenous administration.[A181901] Antagonism of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance.[A181907] This leads to a decrease in blood pressure that is most pronounced while standing.[A181910] Antagonism of beta-1-adrenergic receptors leads to a slight decrease in heart rate.[L7727] Antagonism of beta-2-adrenergic receptors leads to some of the side effects of labetalol such as bronchospasms, however this may be slightly attenuated by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonism.[A181910] Labetalol leads to sustained vasodilation over the long term without a significant decrease in cardiac output or stroke volume, and a minimal decrease in heart rate.[A181907,A181910]
|
100mg and 200mg oral doses of labetalol have a T<sub>max</sub> of 20 minutes to 2 hours.[A181853] Bioavailability may be as low as 11% or as high as 86% and may increase in older patients or when taken with food.[A181853]
|
The metabolism of labetalol has not been fully described in the literature but studies in sheep show an N-dealkylation to 3-amino-1-phenyl butane.[A181835] This metabolite may be further metabolized to benzylacetone and 3-amino-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane.[A181835] Labetalol in humans is mainly metabolized to glucuronide metabolites such as the O-phenyl-glucuronide and the N-glucuronide.[A181853,L7727,L7730]
|
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mice is 600mg/kg and in rats is >2g/kg.[L7727,L7730] The intravenous LD<sub>50</sub> in mice and rats is 50-60mg/kg.[L7727,L7730]
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with excessive hypotension and bradycardia.[L7727,L7730] Patients should be placed on their back with their legs raised to maintain perfusion of the brain.[L7727,L7730] Oral overdoses may be treated with gastric lavage or emesis, bradycardia may be treated with atropine or epinephrine, cardiac failure may be treated with digitalis and a diuretic, hypotension may be treated with vasopressors, bronchospasms may be treated with epinephrine or a beta<sub>2</sub> agonist, and seizures may be treated with diazepam.[L7727,L7730]
|
Labetalol has a half life of 1.7-6.1 hours.[A181853]
|
Labetalol is approximately 50% protein bound in serum.[A181853,L7727,L7730]
|
Radiolabelled doses of labetalol are 55-60% recovered in the urine and 12-27% recovered in the feces.[A181853]
|
In normotensive patients, the volume of distribution is 805L.[A181853] In hypertensive patients, the volume of distribution is between 188-747L with an average of 392L.[A181853]
|
Labetalol has a plasma clearance of approximately 1500mL/min and a whole blood clearance of 1100mL/min.[A181853]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C07BG",
"C07B",
"C07",
"C",
"C07CG",
"C07C",
"C07",
"C",
"C07AG",
"C07A",
"C07",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.0",
"description": "Normodyne 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.02",
"description": "Labetalol hcl 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.08",
"description": "Trandate 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "Trandate 5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Trandate 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.36",
"description": "Labetalol Hydrochloride 5 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Labetalol hcl 5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Trandate 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.47",
"description": "Trandate 200 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.53",
"description": "Labetalol hcl 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Trandate 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "Labetalol hcl 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
3-Carboxamido-4-hydroxy-alpha-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol | 5-(1-Hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamino)ethyl)salicylamide | Labétalol | Labetalol | Labetalolum | Labetolol | ADRB1R | B1AR | Beta-1 adrenoceptor | Beta-1 adrenoreceptor | ADRB2R | B2AR | Beta-2 adrenoceptor | Beta-2 adrenoreceptor | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | 2.4.1.17 | 3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9 | UDPGT 2B7 | UDPGT 2B9 | UDPGTh-2 | UGT2B7 | UGTB2B9 | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | lugP4 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-I | UDPGT 1-9 | UGT-1I | UGT1 | UGT1-09 | UGT1.9 | UGT1*9 | UGT1A9 | UGT1I | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | ABCB5 P-gp | P-glycoprotein ABCB5
|
[
"Apo-labetalol",
"Apo-labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCl",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"Labetalol HCL",
"LABETALOL HCl",
"Labetalol HCl in Dextrose",
"Labetalol HCl in Sodium Chloride",
"Labetalol HCl in Sodium Chloride",
"Labetalol HCl in Sodium Chloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection, USP",
"Mint-labetalol",
"Mint-labetalol",
"Riva-labetalol",
"Riva-labetalol",
"Trandate",
"Trandate",
"Trandate",
"Trandate",
"Trandate",
"Trandate",
"Trandate",
"Trandate 5mg/ml",
"Trandate Inj 5mg/ml",
"Trandate Tab 100mg",
"Trandate Tab 200mg"
] |
[
"Albetol",
"Latol",
"Normadate",
"Normodyne"
] |
[] |
[
"P08588",
"P07550",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P33261",
"P22309",
"P16662",
"O60656"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763",
"P19652"
] |
[
"Q2M3G0"
] |
DB00599
|
Thiopental
|
A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration. It is also used for hypnosis and for the control of convulsive states. It has been used in neurosurgical patients to reduce increased intracranial pressure. It does not produce any excitation but has poor analgesic and muscle relaxant properties. Small doses have been shown to be anti-analgesic and lower the pain threshold. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p920)
|
solid
|
For use as the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, to supplement regional anesthesia, to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, for the control of convulsive states during or following inhalation anesthesia or local anesthesia, in neurosurgical patients with increased intracranial pressure, and for narcoanalysis and narcosynthesis in psychiatric disorders.
|
Thiopental, a barbiturate, is used for the induction of anesthesia prior to the use of other general anesthetic agents and for induction of anesthesia for short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures associated with minimal painful stimuli. Thiopental is an ultrashort-acting depressant of the central nervous system which induces hypnosis and anesthesia, but not analgesia. It produces hypnosis within 30 to 40 seconds of intravenous injection. Recovery after a small dose is rapid, with some somnolence and retrograde amnesia. Repeated intravenous doses lead to prolonged anesthesia because fatty tissues act as a reservoir; they accumulate Pentothal in concentrations 6 to 12 times greater than the plasma concentration, and then release the drug slowly to cause prolonged anesthesia
|
Thiopental binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl<sup>-</sup> ionopore at the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl<sup>-</sup> ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.
|
Rapidly absorbed.
|
Thiopental is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, resulting in only 0.3% of an administered dose being excreted unchanged in the urine.[L32434] Ring desulfuration leads to the generation of an active metabolite, [pentobarbital], that exists in concentrations approximately 3-10% that of the parent concentration.[A35309] Thiopental and pentobarbital are also subject to both oxidation and hydroxylation to carboxylic acids and alcohols, respectively, all of which are pharmacologically inert.[A35309]
While many of the specifics regarding thiopental biotransformation have not been elucidated, including the enzymes responsible, the oxidation of thiopental to its carboxylic acid may be the major driver of thiopental detoxification as this product appears to account for 10-25% of renally excreted drug.[A35309]
|
Overdosage may occur from rapid or repeated injections. Too rapid injection may be followed by an alarming fall in blood pressure even to shock levels. Apnea, occasional laryngospasm, coughing and other respiratory difficulties with excessive or too rapid injections may occur. Lethal blood levels may be as low as 1 mg/100 mL for short-acting barbiturates; less if other depressant drugs or alcohol are also present.
|
3-8 hours
|
Approximately 80% of the drug in the blood is bound to plasma protein.
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazines
|
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"N01AF",
"N01A",
"N01",
"N",
"N05CB",
"N05C",
"N05",
"N",
"N05CA",
"N05C",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
(±)-thiopental | 2-Thio-5-ethyl-5-sec-pentylbarbituric acid | 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methyl-butyl)-2-thioxo-dihydro-pyrimidine-4,6-dione | Penthiobarbital | Pentothiobarbital | Thiopental | Thiopentobarbital | Thiopentobarbitone | Thiopentobarbituric acid | Thiopentone | Tiopentale | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | NACRA4 | NACHRA7 | AMPA-selective glutamate receptor 2 | GluA2 | GluR-2 | GluR-B | GluR-K2 | GLUR2 | Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2 | EAA4 | Excitatory amino acid receptor 4 | GluK2 | GluR-6 | GLUR6 | Glutamate receptor 6 | 3.5.1.99 | Anandamide amidohydrolase 1 | FAAH1 | Fatty acid ester hydrolase | Oleamide hydrolase 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Pentothal Inj 25mg/ml",
"Pentothal Inj 500mg/syr",
"Pentothal Ready To Mix Syringe 250mg",
"Pentothal Sodium Inj 1gm Sterile",
"Pentothal Sodium Pws 5gm",
"Thiopental Sodium",
"Thiopental Sodium"
] |
[
"Anestho",
"Bensulf",
"Bitol Sodium",
"Ekipental",
"Farmotal",
"Intraval Sodium",
"Pental Sodyum",
"Pentazol",
"Penthal",
"Penthotal Sodium",
"Pentotan",
"Pentotex",
"Pentothal",
"Ravonal",
"Thiopen",
"Tiopental",
"Trapanal"
] |
[] |
[
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P43681",
"P36544",
"P42262",
"Q13002",
"O00519",
"P20309"
] |
[
"P08684",
"Q9HB55",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P33261"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00600
|
Monobenzone
|
Monobenzone is the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone used medically for depigmentation. Monobenzone occurs as a white, almost tasteless crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in water. It exerts a depigmenting effect on skin of mammals by increasing the excretion of melanin from the melanocytes. It may also cause destruction of melanocytes and permanent depigmentation.
|
solid
|
Used topically to treat the loss of skin color (vitiligo).
|
Monobenzone is the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. Monobenzone, applied topically to the skin, is used as a depigmenting agent inhibitting melanin produced by polymerization of oxidation products of tyrosine and dihydroxyphenyl compounds. Monobenzone works by permanently removing color from normal skin located around skin with vitiligo.
|
Monobenzone is a depigmenting agent whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. It is proposed that it increases the excretion of melanin from the melanocytes. This effect is erratic and may take one to four months to occur while existing melanin is lost with normal sloughing of the stratum corneum. Hyperpigmented skin appears to fade more rapidly than does normal skin, and exposure to sunlight reduces the depigmenting effect of the drug. Following skin depigmentation after topical application of monobenzone, the histological studies indicate similar results as that seen in vitiligo, where the epidermis is intact but with the absence of identifiable melanocytes.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Phenols
|
4-alkoxyphenols
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"D11AX",
"D11A",
"D11",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "5.28",
"description": "Hydroquinone mono benzyl ether",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
4-(Benzyloxy)phenol | 4-(Benzyloxyl)phenol | 4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol | 4-Benzyloxy-phenol | 4-Benzyloxyphenol | Benzyl p-hydroxyphenyl ether | Hydrochinon monobenzylether | Hydroquinone benzyl ether | Hydroquinone monobenzyl ether | Monobenzona | Monobenzone | Monobenzonum | Monobenzyl hydroquinone | p-(Benzyloxy)phenol | p-Hydroxyphenyl benzyl ether | 1.14.18.1 | LB24-AB | Monophenol monooxygenase | SK29-AB | Tumor rejection antigen AB
|
[
"Benoquin",
"Benoquin Crm 20%",
"Monobenzone"
] |
[
"Monobenzone"
] |
[] |
[
"P14679"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00601
|
Linezolid
|
Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic which is used for the treatment of infections caused by aerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Its effects are bacteriostatic against both enterococci and staphylococci and bactericidal against most isolates of streptococci.[L32965] Linezolid exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting the initiation of bacterial protein synthesis - more specifically, it binds to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit[A11227,A199050] and, in doing so, prevents the formation of the 70S initiation complex which is essential for bacterial reproduction.
Linezolid was initially approved in 2000 and was the first member of the oxazolidinone antibiotic class.[A233425] A second member of this class, [tedizolid], was approved by the FDA in 2014 and is considered generally more effective and tolerable than its predecessor.
|
solid
|
Linezolid is indicated in adults and children for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria, including nosocomial pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections, and vancomycin-resistant _Enterococcus faecium_ infections.[L32965] Examples of susceptible bacteria include _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Streptococcus pneumoniae_, _Streptococcus pyogenes_, and _Streptococcus agalactiae_.[L32965]
Linezolid is not indicated for the treatment of Gram-negative infections, nor has it been evaluated for use longer than 28 days.[L32965]
|
Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibacterial agent effective against most strains of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria. It appears to be bacteriostatic against both staphylococci and enterococci and bactericidal against most isolates of streptococci.[L32965] Linezolid has shown some _in vitro_ activity against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria but is not considered efficacious against these organisms.[L32965]
Linezolid is a reversible and non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes and can therefore contribute to the development of serotonin syndrome when administered alongside serotonergic agents such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).[L32965] Linezolid should not be used for the treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infections or catheter-site infections, as the risk of therapy appears to outweigh its benefits under these circumstances.[L32965]
|
Linezolid exerts its antibacterial effects by interfering with bacterial protein translation.[A233035] It binds to a site on the bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit and prevents the formation of a functional 70S initiation complex, which is essential for bacterial reproduction, thereby preventing bacteria from dividing.[L32965]
Point mutations in the bacterial 23S rRNA can lead to linezolid resistance, and the development of linezolid-resistant _Enterococcus faecium_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_ have been documented during its clinical use.[L32965] As antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are geographically distinct, local antibiograms should be consulted to ensure adequate coverage of relevant pathogens prior to use.
|
Linezolid is extensively absorbed following oral administration and has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 100%.[L32965] Maximum plasma concentrations are reached within approximately 1 to 2 hours after dosing (T<sub>max</sub>) and range from 8.1-12.9 mcg/mL after single doses and 11.0-21.2 mcg/mL after multiple dosing.[L32965]
The absorption of orally administered linezolid is not significantly affected by co-administration with food and it may therefore be given without regard to the timing of meals.[L32965]
|
Linezolid is primarily metabolized to two inactive metabolites: an aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite (PNU-142300) and a hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite (PNU-142586), both of which are the result of morpholine ring oxidation.[L32965,A233435] The hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite - the most abundant of the two metabolites[L33135] - is likely generated via non-enzymatic processes, though further detail has not been elucidated.[L32965,A233435]
While the specific enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of linezolid are unclear, it does not appear to be subject to metabolism via the CYP450 enzyme system, nor does it meaningfully inhibit or induce these enzymes.[L33135] Linezolid is, however, a reversible and non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase enzymes.[L32965]
|
Clinical signs of overdosage observed in rats were decreased activity and ataxia (2000 mg/kg/day) and in dogs were vomiting and tremors (3000 mg/kg/day).[L32965] Treatment of overdose should involve symptomatic and supportive measures and may include hemodialysis if clinically necessary.
|
The elimination half-life is estimated to be between 5 and 7 hours.[L33135]
|
Plasma protein binding of linezolid is approximately 31% - primarily to serum albumin[A233440] - and is concentration-dependent.[L32965]
|
Urinary excretion is the primary means by which linezolid and its metabolic products are excreted. Following the administration of a radiolabeled dose of linezolid under steady-state conditions, approximately 84% of radioactivity was recovered in the urine,[A233435] of which approximately 30% is unchanged parent drug, 40% is the hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite, and 10% is the aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite.[L32965] Fecal elimination is comparatively minor, with no parent drug observed in feces and only 6% and 3% of an administered dose found in the feces as the hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite and the aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite, respectively.[L32965]
|
At steady-state, the volume of distribution of linezolid in healthy adults is approximately 40-50 liters.[L32965]
|
Total clearance of linezolid is estimated to be 100-200 mL/min, the majority of which appears to be non-renal.[L33135] Mean renal clearance is approximately 40 mL/min, which suggests net tubular reabsorption,[L32965] while non-renal clearance is estimated to account for roughly 65% of total clearance,[L32965] or 70-150 mL/min on average.[L33135] Variability in linezolid clearance is high, particularly for non-renal clearance.[L33135]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Oxazinanes
|
Morpholines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01XX",
"J01X",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Gram positive bacteria",
"Enterococcus faecium",
"Staphylococcus aureus",
"Streptococcus agalactiae",
"Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"Streptococcus pyogenes",
"Enterococcus faecalis",
"Staphylococcus epidermidis",
"Staphylococcus haemolyticus",
"Streptococcus viridans"
] |
[
{
"cost": "93.81",
"description": "Zyvox 600 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.6",
"description": "Zyvox 200 mg/100 ml iv soln",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1997-11-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-11-18",
"number": "5688792"
},
{
"approved": "2001-08-14",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-08-16",
"number": "2168560"
},
{
"approved": "2003-05-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-07-29",
"number": "6559305"
},
{
"approved": "2003-02-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-09-15",
"number": "6514529"
}
] |
Linezolid | Linezolide | Linezolidum | N-(((S)-3-(3-Fluoro-4-morpholinophenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)methyl)acetamide | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-B | Monoamine oxidase type B | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-A | Monoamine oxidase type A | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8
|
[
"Apo-linezolid",
"Jamp Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Injection",
"Linezolid Intravenous Injection",
"Linezolid Tablets",
"Novo-linezolid",
"Sandoz Linezolid",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvox",
"Zyvoxam",
"Zyvoxam",
"Zyvoxam 600 mg"
] |
[
"Antizolid",
"Linosept",
"Linozid",
"Lizbid",
"Lizemox",
"Lizolid",
"Xolid",
"Zenix",
"Zizolid",
"Zodlin",
"Zolinid",
"Zyvoxid"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P27338",
"P21397"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7"
] |
DB00602
|
Ivermectin
|
Ivermectin is a semi-synthetic antiparasitic medication derived from avermectins, a class of highly-active broad-spectrum antiparasitic agents isolated from the fermentation products of _Streptomyces avermitilis_.[L31453] Ivermectin itself is a mixture of two avermectins, comprising roughly 90% 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A<sub>1a</sub> (22,23-dihydroavermectin B<sub>1a</sub>) and 10% 5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-22,23-dihydro-25-(1-methylethyl)avermectin A<sub>1a</sub> (22,23-dihydroavermectin B<sub>1b</sub>).[L31453]
Ivermectin is mainly used in humans in the treatment of onchocerciasis, but may also be effective against other worm infestations (such as strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis and enterobiasis). Applied topically, it may be used in the treatment of head lice infestation.
With the advent of 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic, ivermectin began garnering notoriety due to its off-label use for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. While studies are still ongoing, much of the evidence for ivermectin in COVID-19 relies on pre-print _in vitro_ data, and the clinical utility of this data remains unclear. Due to a number of factors - for example, the relatively low number of patients per trial and the speed at which these trials were conducted - studies on the use of ivermectin in COVID-19 have been fraught with statistical errors and accusations of plagiarism.[L36763,A238929] In addition, the use of aggregate patient data in large-scale meta-analyses (as opposed to individual patient data (IPD)) has been shown to disguise otherwise blatant data errors, such as extreme terminal digit bias and the duplication of blocks of patient records.[A238929]
Until high-quality, peer-reviewed data regarding both the safety and efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19 in humans becomes available, the use of ivermectin for these purposes should be avoided in favour of thoroughly-vetted therapies (e.g. COVID-19 vaccines like [Comirnaty](https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB15696)).
|
solid
|
Administered topically, ivermectin cream is indicated for the treatment of inflammatory lesions associated with rosacea.[L36753] An over-the-counter ivermection lotion is commercially available and indicated for the topical treatment of head lice infestations in patients ≥6 months of age.[L36748]
Orally administered ivermectin is indicated as a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic for the treatment of intestinal strongyloidiasis caused by _Strongyloides stercoralis_ and onchocerciasis caused by _Onchocerca volvulus_.[L31453] Systemic ivermectin therapy is used internationally for the treatment of various tropical diseases, including filariasis, cutaneous larva migrans, and _Loa loa_ infection, amongst others.[A238298]
|
Ivermectin is a semisynthetic, anthelminitic agent. It is an avermectin, a group of pentacyclic sixteen-membered lactones (i.e. a macrocyclic lactone disaccharide) derived from the soil bacterium _Streptomyces avermitilis_. Avermectins are potent and broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agents.
|
Ivermectin binds selectively and with high affinity to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in invertebrate muscle and nerve cells of the microfilaria. This binding causes an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to chloride ions and results in hyperpolarization of the cell, leading to paralysis and death of the parasite. Ivermectin also is believed to act as an agonist of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), thereby disrupting GABA-mediated central nervous system (CNS) neurosynaptic transmission. Ivermectin may also impair normal intrauterine development of _O. volvulus_ microfilariae and may inhibit their release from the uteri of gravid female worms.
|
Moderately well absorbed. Improved absorption with high fat meal.
|
Primarily hepatic. Ivermectin and/or its metabolites are excreted almost exclusively in the feces over an estimated 12 days, with less than 1 % of the administered dose excreted in the urine.
|
Used appropriately, topically applied ivermectin lotions and creams are unlikely to cause significant toxicity. With accidental or intentional significant exposure to unknown quantities of veterinary formulations of ivermectin (by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or significant body surface area exposure) patients have reported rash, edema, headache, dizziness, asthenia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other less common effects include seizure, ataxia, dyspnea, abdominal pain, paresthesia, urticaria, and contact dermatitis.[L31453] Overdosage with orally administered ivermectin was lethal in mice and rats (at doses several-fold higher than the recommended dose), with death preceded by significant ataxia, bradypnea, tremors, ptosis, decreased activity, emesis, and mydriasis.[L31453]
If overdosage of ivermectin is suspected, initiate supportive therapy as clinically indicated, including the use of parenteral fluids and electrolytes, respiratory support, and pressor agents to manage hypotension. Induction of emesis and/or gastric lavage may be considered alongside other purgatives and routine anti-poison measures if clinically indicated.[L31453]
|
Following oral administration, the half-life of ivermectin is approximately 18 hours.[L31453]
|
93%
|
Ivermectin is metabolized in the liver, and ivermectin and/or its metabolites are excreted almost exclusively in the feces over an estimated 12 days, with less than 1% of the administered dose excreted in the urine.
|
The volume of distribution is 3 to 3.5 L/kg and it does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
| null | null | null | null | null |
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"P02CF",
"P02C",
"P02",
"P",
"D11AX",
"D11A",
"D11",
"D"
] |
[
"Parasitic nematodes and other roundworms",
"Head lice"
] |
[
{
"cost": "5.58",
"description": "Stromectol 3 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "14.0",
"description": "Ivermectin powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "116.13",
"description": "Stromectol 20 3 mg tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2015-01-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-10-12",
"number": "8927595"
},
{
"approved": "2014-07-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-10-12",
"number": "8791153"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-05-22",
"number": "6103248"
},
{
"approved": "2015-07-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-13",
"number": "9089587"
},
{
"approved": "2013-06-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "8470788"
},
{
"approved": "2016-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-13",
"number": "9233118"
},
{
"approved": "2016-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-13",
"number": "9233117"
},
{
"approved": "2009-06-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "7550440"
},
{
"approved": "2014-08-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "8815816"
},
{
"approved": "2012-01-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "8093219"
},
{
"approved": "2011-12-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "8080530"
},
{
"approved": "2000-10-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-04-26",
"number": "6133310"
},
{
"approved": "1999-09-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-09-18",
"number": "5952372"
},
{
"approved": "2013-04-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "8415311"
},
{
"approved": "2017-10-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-13",
"number": "9782425"
},
{
"approved": "2019-02-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-13",
"number": "10206939"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-22",
"number": "11033565"
}
] |
Ivermectin | Ivermectina | Ivermectine | Ivermectinum | Avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit | Glu-Cl subunit beta | Avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel GluCl alpha | GluCl alpha | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 2 | LST-2 | LST2 | OATP-8 | OATP1B3 | OATP8 | Organic anion transporter 8 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 8 | SLC21A8 | Solute carrier family 21 member 8
|
[
"171083 Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Brimonidine Tartrate 0.25% / Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin",
"Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1%",
"Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Neck Hump Removal Patch",
"Rosiver",
"Sklice",
"Sklice",
"Sklice",
"Soolantra",
"Stromectol",
"Stromectol",
"Stromectol",
"Stromectol"
] |
[
"Ascapil",
"Detebencil",
"Ermetin",
"Gotax",
"Imectin",
"Ivectin",
"Ivera",
"Ivergot",
"Ivermec",
"Ivexterm",
"Ivori",
"Kaonol",
"Kilox",
"Maikeding",
"Quanox",
"Revectina",
"Scabo",
"Scavista",
"Securo",
"Vermectin"
] |
[
"Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1%",
"Brimonidine Tartrate 0.25% / Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"171083 Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%"
] |
[] |
[
"P08684",
"P10635",
"P05181"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"P33527",
"Q92887",
"Q9UNQ0",
"Q9Y6L6",
"Q9NPD5"
] |
DB00603
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a [progesterone] derivative that is more resistant to metabolism for improved pharmacokinetic properties.[A14848] MPA can be use to treat secondary amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms in menopause, vulvar and vaginal atrophy, prevent pregnancy, manage pain in endometriosis, prevent pregnancy, and is also used in palliative care for endometrial and renal carcinoma.[L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666,L8669]
Medroxyprogesterone acetate was granted FDA approval on 18 June 1959.[L8657]
|
solid
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) oral tablets are indicated to treat secondary amenorrhea, reduce the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal women, and to treat abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance, not organic pathology.[L8657] Oral tablets containing MPA and conjugated estrogens are indicated to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and to treat moderate to severe menopausal symptoms such as vasomotor symptoms, vulvar atrophy, and vaginal atrophy.[L8660] Subcutaneous MPA is indicated to prevent pregnancy and manage pain associated with endometriosis.[L8663] Intramuscular MPA is indicated to prevent pregnancy,[L8666] and at higher concentrations for palliative treatment of endometrial or renal carcinoma.[L8669]
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) inhibits gonadotropin production, reduces nuclear estrogen receptors and DNA synthesis in epithelial cells of the endometrium, and induces p53 dependant apoptosis in cancer cell lines.[L8660,A186134] MPA oral tablets have a half life of 40-60 hours and other formulations can have half lives that are considerably longer, so the duration of action is long.[A186086,A186095] The therapeutic window is wide as patients may take doses ranging from 5mg orally daily to 1000mg as a depo injection weekly.[L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666,L8669] Long term use of MPA is associated with a reduction in bone density and patients who taking MPA during adolescence may have lower peak bone mass than untreated patients, which can also increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures in the future.[L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666,L8669]
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) inhibits the production of gonadotropin, preventing follicular maturation and ovulation, which is responsible for it’s ability to prevent pregnancy.[L8660] This action also thins the endometrium.[L8660] MPA reduces nuclear estrogen receptors and DNA synthesis in epithelial cells of the endometrium.[L8660] MPA can also induce p53 dependant apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines,[A186134] and inhibit GABA-A receptors.[A186140]
|
Absorption of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) varies considerably between formulations.[A186086] A 1000mg oral dose reaches an average C<sub>max</sub> of 145-315nmol/L while a 500mg oral dose reaches an average C<sub>max</sub> of 33-178nmol/L with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1-3 hours and a lag time of half an hour.[A186086] The AUC of a 500mg oral dose of MPA was 543.4-1981.1nmol\*L/h depending on formulation.[A186086]
Intramuscular MPA reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 4.69±1.52nmol/L with a T<sub>max</sub> of 4.75±2.09 days and an AUC of 81.58±27.64days\*nmol/L.[A186095] Subcutaneous MPA reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 3.83±1.56nmol/L with a T±max of 6.52±2.07 days and an AUC of 72.26±38.73days\*nmol/L.[A186095] However, the pharmacokinetics of MPA may also vary depending on injection site.[A186098]
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate undergoes beta hydroxylation to form the metabolites 6-beta (M-2), 2-beta (M-4), and 1-beta-hydroxymedroxyprogesterone acetate (M-3).[A14848] M-2 and M-4 are further metabolized to 2-beta,6-beta-dihydroxymedroxyprogesterone (M-1).[A14848] M-3 is further metabolized to 1,2-dehydromedroxyprogesterone acetate (M-5).[A14848]
|
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is >6400mg/kg and in mice is >16g/kg.[L8738] The intraperitoneal LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is >900mg/kg and in mice is >1500mg/kg.[L8738] The subcutaneous LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is >900mg/kg and in mice is>1500mg/kg.[L8738]
Patients experiencing and overdose or oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) may present with nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, dizziness, abdominal pain, drowsiness, fatigue, and withdrawal bleeding.[L8657,L8660] Treat patients by stopping MPA and beginning symptomatic treatment.[L8657,L8660] Patients who have been given too much of a MPA depo injection should contact a healthcare professional, hospital emergency department, or local poison control immediately.[L8696]
|
Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has an absorption half life of 15-30min and a biological half life of 40-60 hours.[A186086] Intramuscular MPA has an absorption half life of 0.86±0.30 days and an elimination half life of 24.03±21.74 days.[A186095] Subcutaneous MPA has an absorption half life of 1.05±0.56 days and an elimination half life of 30.90±15.11 days.[A186095]
|
Medroxyprogesterone acetate is 86% protein bound in serum, mainly to albumin.[A186068,L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666] No binding occurs with sex hormone binding globulin.[A186068,L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666]
|
The majority of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is eliminated in the urine as glucuronide conjugates and a minority of sulphate conjugates.[L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666] Glucuronide conjugates are also detected in the feces.[L8696] Determining the exact ratio of metabolites and parent compound eliminated in the urine and feces is difficult as the metabolite profile in the urine is not significantly different[A186137] and radio labelling studies are not readily available.[L8657,L8660,L8663,L8666,L8669]
|
The volume of distribution of medroxyprogesterone acetate is 20±3L.[L8696]
|
The mean clearance of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is 1668±146L/day or 21.9±4.3L/kg/day.[A186113] Due to the high inter patient variability in MPA pharmacokinetics, clearance has been reported to be 1600-4000L/day.[L8696]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Pregnane steroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"G03AA",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G",
"G03DA",
"G03D",
"G03",
"G",
"G03FB",
"G03F",
"G03",
"G",
"G03FA",
"G03F",
"G03",
"G",
"L02AB",
"L02A",
"L02",
"L",
"G03AA",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G",
"G03AC",
"G03A",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.15",
"description": "Provera 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.41",
"description": "Provera 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.57",
"description": "Provera 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.03",
"description": "Provera 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.01",
"description": "Depo-Provera 50 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "18.97",
"description": "Medroxyprogesterone ace powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "23.05",
"description": "Medroxyprogesterone Acetate 150 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "31.02",
"description": "Depo-Provera 150 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "55.17",
"description": "MedroxyPROGESTERone Acetate 150 mg/ml Suspension 1ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "60.56",
"description": "MedroxyPROGESTERone Acetate 150 mg/ml Suspension 1ml Syringe",
"unit": "syringe"
},
{
"cost": "94.58",
"description": "Depo-Provera 150 mg/ml Suspension 1ml Syringe",
"unit": "syringe"
},
{
"cost": "96.7",
"description": "Depo-provera 400 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "108.17",
"description": "Depo-subq provera 104 syringe",
"unit": "syringe"
},
{
"cost": "201.13",
"description": "Depo-Provera 400 mg/ml Suspension 2.5ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Apo-Medroxy 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Novo-Medrone 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Apo-Medroxy 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Novo-Medrone 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Provera 2.5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.32",
"description": "Medroxyprogesterone 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Medroxyprogesterone 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Apo-Medroxy 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Novo-Medrone 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.36",
"description": "Provera 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.4",
"description": "Medroxyprogesterone 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "MedroxyPROGESTERone Acetate 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "MedroxyPROGESTERone Acetate 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.51",
"description": "MedroxyPROGESTERone Acetate 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.73",
"description": "Provera 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Apo-Medroxy 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2006-04-18",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2021-04-25",
"number": "2409059"
},
{
"approved": "2002-12-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-05-15",
"number": "6495534"
}
] |
(6α)-17-(Acetyloxy)-6-methylpreg-4-ene-3,20-dione | 17-Acetoxy-6α-methylprogesterone | 17α-hydroxy-6α-methylprogesterone acetate | 6-alpha-Methyl-17-alpha-acetoxyprogesterone | 6-alpha-Methyl-17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate | 6α-Methyl-17-acetoxy progesterone | 6α-Methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate | 6α-Methyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dion-17α-ol acetate | Medroxyacetate progesterone | Medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate | Medroxyprogesterone acetate | Methylacetoxyprogesterone | Metigestrona | MPA | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-2 | GABAAR subunit beta-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit delta | GABAAR subunit delta | GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon | GABAAR subunit epsilon | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit pi | GABAAR subunit pi | GABA(A) receptor subunit theta | GABAAR subunit theta | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type II | 3-beta-HSD adrenal and gonadal type | 3-beta-HSD II | HSDB3B | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | Cyp3a-1 | CYPIIIA1 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Aa-medroxy",
"Aa-medroxy",
"Aa-medroxy",
"Aa-medroxy",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-Provera",
"Depo-SubQ Provera",
"Dom-medroxyprogesterone",
"Dom-medroxyprogesterone",
"Dom-medroxyprogesterone",
"Gen-medroxy Tablet 10mg",
"Gen-medroxy Tablet 2.5mg",
"Gen-medroxy Tablet 5mg",
"Lunelle Monthly Contraceptive",
"Medroxy-2.5",
"Medroxy-5",
"Medroxyprogesterone",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injectable Suspension",
"Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injectable Suspension USP",
"Meprogest",
"Meprogest",
"Meprogest",
"Nu-medroxy",
"Nu-medroxy",
"Penta-medroxyprogesterone Tablets",
"Penta-medroxyprogesterone Tablets",
"Penta-medroxyprogesterone Tablets",
"PMS-medroxyprogesterone",
"PMS-medroxyprogesterone",
"PMS-medroxyprogesterone",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premphase",
"Premplus",
"Premplus",
"Premplus Cycle",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Proclim",
"Proclim",
"Proclim",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera",
"Provera 100mg Tablets",
"Provera 10mg Tablets",
"Provera 2.5mg Tablets",
"Provera 5mg Tablets",
"Provera Pak 10mg Tablets",
"Provera Pak 5mg Tablets",
"Ratio-mpa",
"Ratio-mpa",
"Ratio-mpa",
"Taro-medroxyprogesterone Injection",
"Teva-medroxyprogesterone",
"Teva-medroxyprogesterone",
"Teva-medroxyprogesterone",
"Truemed Group LLC"
] |
[
"Depo-subq provera 104"
] |
[
"Lunelle Monthly Contraceptive",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Premphase",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Premphase",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Premphase",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Prempro",
"Premplus Cycle",
"Premplus",
"Premplus",
"Truemed Group LLC"
] |
[
"P06401",
"P03372",
"P08183",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P10632",
"P26439",
"P11712"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00604
|
Cisapride
|
In many countries (including Canada) cisapride has been either withdrawn or has had its indications limited due to reports about long QT syndrome due to cisapride, which predisposes to arrhythmias. The FDA issued a warning letter regarding this risk to health care professionals and patients.
|
solid
|
For the symptomatic treatment of adult patients with nocturnal heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
|
Cisapride is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a serotonin 5-HT<sub>4</sub> agonist; upon activation of the receptor signaling pathway, cisapride promotes the release of acetylcholine neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system. Cisapride stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract without stimulating gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions. Cisapride increases the tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increases peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum resulting in accelerated gastric emptying and intestinal transit. It increases the resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. It has little, if any, effect on the motility of the colon or gallbladder. Cisapride does not induce muscarinic or nicotinic receptor stimulation, nor does it inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity.
|
Cisapride acts through the stimulation of the serotonin 5-HT<sub>4</sub> receptors which increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous system (specifically the myenteric plexus). This results in increased tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxation of the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increased peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum resulting in accelerated gastric emptying and intestinal transit.
|
Cisapride is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with an absolute bioavailability of 35-40%.
|
Hepatic. Extensively metabolized via cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme.
| null |
6-12 hours
|
97.5%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"A03FA",
"A03F",
"A03",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[
{
"approved": "1997-07-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-07-15",
"number": "5648093"
}
] |
Cisaprid | Cisaprida | Cisapride | Cisapridum | 5-HT-4 | 5-HT4 | Serotonin receptor 4 | 5-HT-3 | 5-HT3-A | 5-HT3A | 5-HT3R | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 | 5HT3R | HTR3 | Serotonin receptor 3A | Serotonin-gated ion channel receptor | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2
|
[
"Prepulsid Sus 1mg/ml",
"Prepulsid Tab 10mg",
"Prepulsid Tab 20mg",
"Prepulsid Tab 5mg",
"Propulsid",
"Propulsid",
"Propulsid"
] |
[
"Enteropride",
"Kinestase",
"Prepulsid",
"Pridesia",
"Propulsid Quicksolv"
] |
[] |
[
"Q13639",
"P46098",
"P28223",
"Q12809"
] |
[
"P11509",
"P20813",
"P33261",
"P10632",
"P11712",
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00607
|
Nafcillin
|
A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin, Naficillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic drug. It is a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin that is indicated for the treatment of Staphylococcal infections caused by strains that are resistant to other penicillins, except those caused by MRSA. It may be used as a first-line therapy in Methicillin-Sensitive *Staphylococcus aureus* infections [A20360].
|
solid
|
Indicated in the treatment of infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci which have demonstrated susceptibility to the drug.
|
Nafcillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic substance derived from 6-amino-penicillanic acid. The drugs in this class are highly resistant to inactivation by staphylococcal penicillinase and are active against penicillinase-producing and non penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus species.
|
Like other penicillins, nafcillin exerts a bactericidal action against penicillin-susceptible microorganisms during the state of active multiplication in the bacterial cell wall synthesis [FDA Label]. It inhibits the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall by forming covalent bonds with penicillin-binding proteins that play a critical role in the final transpeptidation process. Binding to penicillin-binding proteins inhibits the transpeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities conferred by these proteins and prevents the formation of the crosslinks [T28].
|
Following intravenous administration of 500mg nafcillin, the mean plasma concentration was approximately 30 µg/mL. This value was reached after 5 minutes of injection [FDA Label].
|
Hepatic metabolism accounts for less than 30% of the biotransformation of most penicillins.
|
Serious toxicity is unlikely following large doses of nafcillin. Acute ingestion of large doses of nafcillin may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Acute oliguric renal failure and hematuria may occur following large doses. The oral LD50 in rats is >5000mg/kg and the intravenous LD50 in rats is >1000mg/kg [MSDS].
|
The serum half-life of nafcillin administered by the intravenous route ranged from 33 to 61 minutes as measured in three separate studies.
|
The degree of nafcillin binding to serum proteins is 89.9 ± 1.5%, where it is mainly bound to albumin [FDA Label].
|
Nafcillin is primarily eliminated by non-renal routes, namely hepatic inactivation and excretion in the bile.
|
Nafcillin is reported to be widely distributed in various body fluids, including bile, pleural, amniotic and synovial fluids [FDA Label].
| null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01CR",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J",
"J01CF",
"J01C",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria",
"Staphylococcus aureus"
] |
[
{
"cost": "12.41",
"description": "Nafcillin 1 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "24.08",
"description": "Nafcillin 2 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "118.01",
"description": "Nafcillin 10 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "0.43",
"description": "Nafcillin 1 gm/ 50 ml inj",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
(2-ethoxy-1-naphthalenyl)penicillin | (2-ethoxy-1-naphthyl)penicillin | (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid | 6-(2-ethoxy-1-naphthamido)penicillanic acid | Nafcilina | Nafcillin | Nafcilline | Nafcillinum | Naphcillin | pbp2b | Putative D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase | exp2 | Exported protein 2 | PBP-1A | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1
|
[
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Nafcillin Sodium",
"Unipen Injection Pws 500mg/vial"
] |
[
"Nallpen",
"Unipen"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P05177",
"P08684"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"Q4U2R8"
] |
DB00608
|
Chloroquine
|
Chloroquine is an aminoquinolone derivative first developed in the 1940s for the treatment of malaria.[A191655] It was the drug of choice to treat malaria until the development of newer antimalarials such as [pyrimethamine], [artemisinin], and [mefloquine].[A191787] Chloroquine and its derivative [hydroxychloroquine] have since been repurposed for the treatment of a number of other conditions including HIV, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.[A192432]
**The FDA emergency use authorization for [hydroxychloroquine] and chloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 was revoked on 15 June 2020.[L14312]**
Chloroquine was granted FDA Approval on 31 October 1949.[L12054]
|
solid
|
Chloroquine is indicated to treat infections of _P. vivax_, _P. malariae_, _P. ovale_, and susceptible strains of _P. falciparum_.[L12051] It is also used to treat extraintestinal amebiasis.[L12051]
Chloroquine is also used off label for the treatment of rheumatic diseases,[A191655] as well as treatment and prophylaxis of Zika virus.[A191649,A191652] Chloroquine is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19.[A191631]
|
Chloroquine inhibits the action of heme polymerase, which causes the buildup of toxic heme in _Plasmodium_ species.[A191700] It has a long duration of action as the half life is 20-60 days.[A191676] Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of retinopathy with long term usage or high dosage, muscle weakness, and toxicity in children.[L12051]
|
Chloroquine inhibits the action of heme polymerase in malarial trophozoites, preventing the conversion of heme to hemazoin.[A191700,A183080,A191781] _Plasmodium_ species continue to accumulate toxic heme, killing the parasite.[A191700]
Chloroquine passively diffuses through cell membranes and into endosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi vesicles; where it becomes protonated, trapping the chloroquine in the organelle and raising the surrounding pH.[A191676,A191628] The raised pH in endosomes, prevent virus particles from utilizing their activity for fusion and entry into the cell.[A191625]
Chloroquine does not affect the level of ACE2 expression on cell surfaces, but inhibits terminal glycosylation of ACE2, the receptor that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 target for cell entry.[A191628,A191625] ACE2 that is not in the glycosylated state may less efficiently interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, further inhibiting viral entry.[A191625]
|
Chloroquine oral solution has a bioavailability of 52-102% and oral tablets have a bioavailability of 67-114%.[A191676] Intravenous chloroquine reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 650-1300µg/L and oral chloroquine reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 65-128µg/L with a T<sub>max</sub> of 0.5h.[A191676]
|
Chloroquine is N-dealkylated primarily by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 to N-desethylchloroquine.[A38847,A191661,A39300,A191676] It is N-dealkylated to a lesser extent by CYP3A5, CYP2D6, and to an ever lesser extent by CYP1A1.[A38847,A191661,A39300,A191676] N-desethylchloroquine can be further N-dealkylated to N-bidesethylchloroquine, which is further N-dealkylated to 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline.[A191676]
|
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, shock, convulsions, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, and hypokalemia.[L12051] Overdose should be managed with symptomatic and supportive treatment which may include prompt emesis, gastric lavage, and activated charcoal.[L12051]
|
The half life of chloroquine is 20-60 days.[A191676]
|
Chloroquine is 46-74% bound to plasma proteins.[A191673] (-)-chloroquine binds more strongly to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and (+)-chloroquine binds more strongly to serum albumin.[A191667]
|
Chloroquine is predominantly eliminated in the urine.[A191676] 50% of a dose is recovered in the urine as unchanged chloroquine, with 10% of the dose recovered in the urine as desethylchloroquine.[A191676]
|
The volume of distribution of chloroquine is 200-800L/kg.[A191676]
|
Chloroquine has a total plasma clearance of 0.35-1L/h/kg.[A191676]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Quinolines and derivatives
|
Aminoquinolines and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"P01BB",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P",
"P01BA",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P"
] |
[
"Plasmodium",
"SARS-CoV-2"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.49",
"description": "Chloroquine ph 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.57",
"description": "Chloroquine Phosphate 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.14",
"description": "Plaquenil 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.29",
"description": "Chloroquine phosphate powdr",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "5.42",
"description": "Chloroquine Phosphate 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.64",
"description": "Chloroquine ph 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.78",
"description": "Aralen phosphate 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.85",
"description": "Aralen 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.35",
"description": "Novo-Chloroquine 250 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Chloraquine | Chlorochin | Chloroquina | Chloroquine | Chloroquinium | Chloroquinum | Cloroquina | N4-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N1,N1-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine | DARC | Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor | FY | Fy glycoprotein | Glycoprotein D | GPD | GpFy | Plasmodium vivax receptor | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-alpha member 2 | GST HA subunit 2 | GST-gamma | GST2 | GSTA2-2 | GTH2 | Cachectin | TNF-a | TNF-alpha | TNFA | TNFSF2 | Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2 | 2.5.1.18 | PfGST | High mobility group protein 1 | HMG-1 | HMG1 | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-mu 1 | GST HB subunit 4 | GST1 | GSTM1-1 | GSTM1a-1a | GSTM1b-1b | GTH4 | 3.4.17.23 | ACE-related carboxypeptidase | ACEH | Angiotensin-converting enzyme homolog | Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase | Metalloprotease MPROT15 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | AGP 2 | AGP2 | OMD 2 | Orosomucoid-2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Aralen",
"Aralen",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine phosphate",
"Chloroquine phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Chloroquine Phosphate",
"Teva-chloroquine"
] |
[
"Artrichin",
"Bemaphate",
"Capquin",
"Malarex",
"Nivaquine B",
"Resoquine",
"Reumachlor",
"Sanoquin"
] |
[] |
[
"Q16570",
"P09210",
"P01375",
"Q9NR96",
"P09429",
"P09488",
"Q9BYF1"
] |
[
"P10632",
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P10635",
"P04798"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763",
"P19652"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00609
|
Ethionamide
|
A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. It also may be used for treatment of leprosy. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p868)
|
solid
|
For use in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis when other antitubercular drugs have failed.
|
Ethinamate is bacteriostatic against <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. In a study examining ethionamide resistance, ethionamide administered orally initially decreased the number of culturable <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> organisms from the lungs of H37Rv infected mice. Drug resistance developed with continued ethionamide monotherapy, but did not occur when mice received ethionamide in combination with streptomycin or isoniazid.
|
Ethionamide may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal in action, depending on the concentration of the drug attained at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the infecting organism. Ethionamide, like prothionamide and pyrazinamide, is a nicotinic acid derivative related to isoniazid. It is thought that ethionamide undergoes intracellular modification and acts in a similar fashion to isoniazid. Isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Specifically isoniazid inhibits InhA, the enoyl reductase from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, by forming a covalent adduct with the NAD cofactor. It is the INH-NAD adduct that acts as a slow, tight-binding competitive inhibitor of InhA.
|
Essentially completely absorbed following oral administration and not subjected to any appreciable first pass metabolism. Bioavailability approximately 100%.
|
Hepatic and extensive. Metabolized to the active metabolite sulfoxide, and several inactive metabolites. The sulphoxide metabolite has been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.
|
Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, nausea, and vomiting.
|
2 to 3 hours
|
Approximately 30% bound to proteins.
|
Less than 1% of the oral dose is excreted as ethionamide in urine. Ethionamide is extensively metabolized to active and inactive metabolites.
|
* 93.5 L [healthy volunteers]
| null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pyridines and derivatives
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"J04AD",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J"
] |
[
"Mycobacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.21",
"description": "Trecator-SC 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.31",
"description": "Trecator 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
2-ethyl-4-thiopyridylamide | 2-ethylthioisonicotinamide | ETH | Ethinamide | Ethionamide | Ethionamidum | Ethioniamide | Ethylisothiamide | Ethyonomide | Etionamid | Etionamida | Etionamide | Etioniamid | ETP | 1.3.1.9 | ENR | FAS-II enoyl-ACP reductase | NADH-dependent 2-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase | NF-E2-related factor 2 | NFE2-related factor 2 | Nrf-2 | NRF2 | Nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2 | 1.11.1.21 | CP | Peroxidase/catalase
|
[
"Trecator"
] |
[
"Ethatyl",
"Ethide",
"Ethiokox",
"Ethomid",
"Etionamida",
"Etomid",
"Eton",
"Etyomid",
"Myobid",
"Trecator-SC",
"Tubermin"
] |
[] |
[
"Q16236"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00610
|
Metaraminol
|
An adrenergic agonist that acts predominantly at alpha adrenergic receptors and also stimulates the release of norepinephrine. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of hypotension.
|
solid
|
For the treatment and prevention of hypotension due to hemorrhage, spinal anesthesia, and shock associated with brain damage
|
Metaraminol is a potent sympathomimetic amine that increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Metaraminol is indicated for prevention and treatment of the acute hypotensive state occurring with spinal anesthesia. It is also indicated as adjunctive treatment of hypotension due to hemorrhage, reactions to medications, surgical complications, and shock associated with brain damage due to trauma or tumor. Metaraminol acts on both α1-adrenergic receptors but appears to have no effect on β-adrenergic receptors. It acts by increasing the force of the heart's pumping action as well as constricting peripheral blood vessels.
|
Metaraminol acts through peripheral vasoconstriction by acting as a pure alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist, consequently increasing systemic blood pressure (both systolic & diastolic). Its effect is thought to be associated with the inhibition of adenyl cyclase which leads to an inhibition of the production of cAMP. Another effect of Metaraminol is that it releases norepinephrine from its storage sites indirectly.
|
The effect starts 1-2 min after IV injection, 10 min after IM injection, 5-20 min after subcutaneous injection.
|
Hepatic
|
LD<sub>50</sub>=240 mg/kg (rat, oral); LD<sub>50</sub>=99 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
| null |
Approximately 45%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenylpropanes
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C01CA",
"C01C",
"C01",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
(-)-Erythro-metaraminol | 1-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-amino-1-propanol | 1-Metaraminol | 2-Amino-1-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol | 3-Hydroxyphenylisopropanolamine | alpha-(1-Aminoethyl)-3-hydroxybenzenemethanol | alpha-(m-Hydroxyphenyl)-beta-aminopropanol | Hydroxynorephedrine | L-Metaraminol | m-Hydroxy norephedrine | m-Hydroxyphenylpropanolamine | m-Hydroxypropadrine | Metaraminol | Métaraminol | Metaraminolum | Dopamine D2 receptor | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c
|
[
"Metaraminol Bitartrate"
] |
[
"Aramine",
"Metaramin",
"Pressonex"
] |
[] |
[
"P14416",
"P35348"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00611
|
Butorphanol
|
A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.
|
solid
|
For the relief of moderate to severe pain.
|
Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic with a pharmacological and therapeutic profile that has been well established since its launch as a parenteral formulation in 1978. The introduction of a transnasal formulation of butorphanol represents a new and noninvasive presentation of an analgesic for moderate to severe pain. This route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, and this is an advantage for a drug such as butorphanol that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism after oral administration. The onset of action and systemic bioavailability of butorphanol following transnasal delivery are similar to those after parenteral administration. Butorphanol blocks pain impulses at specific sites in the brain and spinal cord.
|
The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but is believed to interact with an opiate receptor site in the CNS (probably in or associated with the limbic system). The opiate antagonistic effect may result from competitive inhibition at the opiate receptor, but may also be a result of other mechanisms. Butorphanol is believed to have both partial agonism and partial antagonism at the μ-opioid receptor, as well as partial agonist and antagonist activity at the κ-opioid receptor.
|
Rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection and peak plasma levels are reached in 20-40 minutes. The absolute bioavailability is 60-70% and is unchanged in patients with allergic rhinitis. In patients using a nasal vasoconstrictor (oxymetazoline) the fraction of the dose absorbed was unchanged, but the rate of absorption was slowed. Oral bioavailability is only 5-17% because of extensive first-pass metabolism.
|
Extensively metabolized in the liver. The pharmacological activity of butorphanol metabolites has not been studied in humans; in animal studies, butorphanol metabolites have demonstrated some analgesic activity.
|
The clinical manifestations of butorphanol overdose are those of opioid drugs in general. The most serious symptoms are hypoventilation, cardiovascular insufficiency, coma, and death.
|
The elimination half-life of butorphanol is about 18 hours. In renally impaired patients with creatinine clearances <30 mL/min the elimination half-life is approximately doubled. After intravenous administration to patients with hepatic impairment, the elimination half-life of butorphanol was approximately tripled.
|
Serum protein binding is approximately 80%.
|
Butorphanol is extensively metabolized in the liver. Elimination occurs by urine and fecal excretion.
|
* 305 to 901 L
|
* 99 +/- 23 L/h [Young with IV 2 mg]
* 82 +/- 21 [Eldery with IV 2 mg]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Phenanthrenes and derivatives
| null |
[
"approved",
"illicit",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"N02AF",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.6",
"description": "Butorphanol 1 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.2",
"description": "Butorphanol 2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "10.11",
"description": "Stadol 2 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "39.63",
"description": "Butorphanol 10 mg/ml spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "56.99",
"description": "Butorphanol Tartrate 10 mg/ml Solution 2.5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[] |
(−)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)morphinan-3,14-diol | (−)-butorphanol | (−)-N-cyclobutylmethyl-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan | Butorfanol | Butorphanol | Butorphanolum | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | D-OR-1 | DOR-1 | OPRD | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor
|
[
"Butorphanol Nasal Spray",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol tartrate",
"Butorphanol tartrate",
"Butorphanol tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"Butorphanol Tartrate",
"PMS-butorphanol",
"Stadol",
"Stadol",
"Stadol",
"Stadol",
"Stadol",
"Stadol NS",
"Stadol NS - 10mg/ml Aem-liq"
] |
[
"Butaro",
"Butrum"
] |
[] |
[
"P41145",
"P41143",
"P35372"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00612
|
Bisoprolol
|
Bisoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent used to treat high blood pressure.[A180472,L7219] It is considered a potent drug with a long-half life that can be used once daily to reduce the need for multiple doses of antihypertensive drugs.[A180472] Bisoprolol is generally well tolerated, likely due to its β1-adrenergic receptor selectivity and is a useful alternative to non-selective β-blocker drugs in the treatment of hypertension such as [Carvedilol] and [Labetalol]. It may be used alone or in combination with other drugs to manage hypertension[L7219] and can be useful in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to its receptor selectivity.[A180562]
|
solid
|
Bisoprolol is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.[L7219] It may be used off-label to treat heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and angina pectoris.[A180460,A180463]
|
Bisoprolol decreases heart rate (chronotropy), decreases contractility (inotropy), and reduces blood pressure.[T640,L7219] The results of various clinical studies indicate that bisoprolol reduces cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure and decreased cardiac ejection fraction (EF).[A180466,A180505]
|
Though the mechanism of action of bisoprolol has not been fully elucidated in hypertension, it is thought that therapeutic effects are achieved through the antagonism of β-1adrenoceptors to result in lower cardiac output. Bisoprolol is a competitive, cardioselective β1-adrenergic antagonist. When β1-receptors (located mainly in the heart)[T640] are activated by adrenergic neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, both the blood pressure and heart rate increase, leading to greater cardiovascular work, increasing the demand for oxygen. Bisoprolol reduces cardiac workload by decreasing contractility and the need for oxygen through competitive inhibition of β1-adrenergic receptors.[A180502,T640]
Bisoprolol is also thought to reduce the output of renin in the kidneys, which normally increases blood pressure. Additionally, some central nervous system effects of bisoprolol may include diminishing sympathetic nervous system output from the brain, decreasing blood pressure and heart rate.[L7219]
|
Bisoprolol is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.[L7222] The bioavailability of bisoprolol is about 90% due to the minimal first-pass effects.[A180460] Absorption is unaffected by food intake.[A180460]
Peak plasma concentrations of bisoprolol are attained within 2-4 hours and steady-state concentrations are achieved within 5 days of administration.[L7219] In a pharmacokinetic study, the mean peak concentration of bisoprolol was 52 micrograms/L.[A180475] Cmax at steady state concentrations of bisoprolol is 64±21 ng/ml administered at 10 mg daily.[L7222]
The area under the curve (AUC) following oral administration of 10mg bisoprolol ranged from 597 to 661 ug/L x h. Following intravenous administration of the same dosage, the AUC was 672 ug/L x h.[A180460]
|
Approximately 50% of the bisoprolol dose is eliminated by non-renal pathways. Bisoprolol is metabolized through oxidative metabolic pathways with no subsequent conjugation. Bisoprolol metabolites are polar and, therefore, really eliminated. Major metabolites found in plasma and urine are inactive. Bisoprolol is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4 (95%), whereas CYP2D6 plays a minor role. The CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of bisoprolol appears to be non-stereoselective.[A259537,L7219,L46427]
|
LD50 information
Oral LD50 of bisoprolol in the mouse was 730 mg/kg.[L7234]
Overdose information
Signs of a β-blocker overdose include cardiovascular symptoms such as hypotension, congestive heart failure, and bradycardia. Other symptoms such as bronchospasm, and hypoglycemia may occur. If an overdose occurs with bisoprolol, supportive treatment should be initiated. Glucagon has been shown to be beneficial in bradycardia and hypotension associated with beta-blocker overdosage.[A180550] Hypoglycemia may be managed by administering IV glucose.[L7219] Monitor the patient and administer atropine in cases of bradycardia, pressors and fluids in the case of hypotension, and conventional heart failure therapy if heart failure occurs. If heart block occurs, the patient must be closely monitored and isoproterenol infusion or transvenous cardiac pacemaker insertion should take place.[L7219] For the management of overdose-related bronchospasm, administer bronchodilators with or without IV aminophylline. Limited research suggests that bisoprolol fumarate is not removed adequately by hemodialysis sessions.[A180553,L7219]
|
A pharmacokinetic study in 12 healthy individuals determined the mean plasma half-life of bisoprolol to be 10-12 hours.[A180472] Another study comprised of healthy patients determined the elimination half-life to be approximately 10 hours.[A180475] Renal impairment increased the half-life to 18.5 hours.[A180475]
|
Binding to serum proteins is approximately 30%.[A180529,L7222]
|
Bisoprolol is eliminated equally by both renal and hepatic pathways. About 50% of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in the urine with the remainder of the dose excreted as inactive bisoprolol metabolites. Under 2% of the ingested dose is found to be excreted in the feces.[L7219,L7222]
|
The volume of distribution of bisoprolol is 3.5 L/kg.[L7222] The mean volume of distribution was found to be 230 L/kg in heart failure patients, which was similar to the volume of distribution in healthy patients.[A180532] Bisoprolol is known to cross the placenta.[T643]
|
Total body clearance in healthy patients was determined to be 14.2 L/h. In patients with renal impairment, clearance was reduced to 7.8 L/h. Hepatic dysfunction also reduced the clearance of bisoprolol.[A180475]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzylethers
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C07FX",
"C07F",
"C07",
"C",
"C07BB",
"C07B",
"C07",
"C",
"C07AB",
"C07A",
"C07",
"C",
"C09BX",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C09BX",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C09BX",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C09BX",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C07FB",
"C07F",
"C07",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Bisoprolol-Hydrochlorothiazide 10-6.25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Bisoprolol-Hydrochlorothiazide 2.5-6.25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Bisoprolol-Hydrochlorothiazide 5-6.25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.24",
"description": "Bisoprolol fumarate 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.78",
"description": "Bisoprolol fumarate 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.6",
"description": "Zebeta 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.6",
"description": "Zebeta 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "97.73",
"description": "Condylox 0.5% gel",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "143.4",
"description": "Condylox 0.5% Solution 3.5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "304.93",
"description": "Condylox 0.5% Gel 3.5 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Apo-Bisoprolol 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Novo-Bisoprolol 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Pms-Bisoprolol 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Sandoz Bisoprolol 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Apo-Bisoprolol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Novo-Bisoprolol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Pms-Bisoprolol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.38",
"description": "Sandoz Bisoprolol 10 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
(+-)-1-((alpha-(2-Isopropoxyethoxy)-p-tolyl)oxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol | (RS)-1-(4-(2-Isopropoxyethoxymethyl)phenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol | Bisoprolol | Bisoprololum | ADRB1R | B1AR | Beta-1 adrenoceptor | Beta-1 adrenoreceptor | ADRB2R | B2AR | Beta-2 adrenoceptor | Beta-2 adrenoreceptor | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Ag-bisoprolol",
"Ag-bisoprolol",
"Apo-bisoprolol",
"Apo-bisoprolol",
"Ava-bisoprolol",
"Ava-bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol fumarate",
"Bisoprolol fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Tablets",
"Bisoprolol Tablets",
"Dom-bisoprolol",
"Dom-bisoprolol",
"Jamp Bisoprolol",
"Jamp Bisoprolol",
"Mint-bisoprolol",
"Mint-bisoprolol",
"Monocor -(10mg)",
"Monocor -(5mg)",
"Mylan-bisoprolol",
"Mylan-bisoprolol",
"Nu-bisoprolol",
"Nu-bisoprolol",
"PHL-bisoprolol",
"PHL-bisoprolol",
"PMS-bisoprolol",
"PMS-bisoprolol",
"Pro-bisoprolol - 10",
"Pro-bisoprolol - 5",
"Prz-bisoprolol",
"Prz-bisoprolol",
"Riva-bisoprolol",
"Riva-bisoprolol",
"Sandoz Bisoprolol",
"Sandoz Bisoprolol",
"Sandoz Bisoprolol Tablets",
"Sandoz Bisoprolol Tablets",
"Sandoz Bisoprolol Tablets",
"Sandoz Bisoprolol Tablets",
"Teva-bisoprolol",
"Teva-bisoprolol",
"Zebeta",
"Zebeta",
"Ziac",
"Ziac",
"Ziac"
] |
[
"Bisocor",
"Cardicor",
"Concor",
"Concore",
"Detensiel",
"Emconcor",
"Emcor",
"Euradal",
"Isoten",
"Monocor",
"Soprol"
] |
[
"Bisoprolol Fumarate Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Ziac",
"Ziac",
"Ziac",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide"
] |
[
"P08588",
"P07550"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00613
|
Amodiaquine
|
A 4-aminoquinoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.
|
solid
|
For treatment of acute malarial attacks in non-immune subjects.
|
Amodiaquine, a 4-aminoquinoline similar to chloroquine in structure and activity, has been used as both an antimalarial and an anti-inflammatory agent for more than 40 years. Amodiaquine is at least as effective as chloroquine, and is effective against some chloroquine-resistant strains, although resistance to amodiaquine has been reported. The mode of action of amodiaquine has not yet been determined. 4-Aminoquinolines depress cardiac muscle, impair cardiac conductivity, and produce vasodilatation with resultant hypotension. They depress respiration and cause diplopia, dizziness and nausea.
|
The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of amodiaquine is not completely certain. Like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. This results in accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasites. The drug binds the free heme preventing the parasite from converting it to a form less toxic. This drug-heme complex is toxic and disrupts membrane function.
|
Rapidly absorbed following oral administration.
|
Hepatic biotransformation to desethylamodiaquine (the principal biologically active metabolite) is the predominant route of amodiaquine clearance with such a considerable first pass effect that very little orally administered amodiaquine escapes untransformed into the systemic circulation.
|
LD<sub>50</sub> (mouse, intraperitoneal) 225 mg/kg, LD<sub>50</sub> (mouse, oral) 550 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, vomiting, hypokalaemia, cardiovascular collapse and cardiac and respiratory arrest. Hypotension, if not treated, may progress rapidly to shock. Electrocardiograms (ECG) may reveal atrial standstill, nodal rhythm, prolonged intraventricular conduction time, broadening of the QRS complex, and progressive bradycardia leading to ventricular fibrillation and/or arrest.
|
5.2 ± 1.7 (range 0.4 to 5.5) minutes
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Quinolines and derivatives
|
Aminoquinolines and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"P01BF",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P",
"P01BA",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P"
] |
[
"Plasmodium"
] |
[] |
[] |
Amodiaquina | Amodiaquine | Amodiaquinum | 2.1.1.8 | HMT | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIB1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[] |
[
"Basoquin",
"Camoquin",
"Flavoquine"
] |
[] |
[
"P50135"
] |
[
"P10632",
"P04798",
"Q16678",
"P10635",
"P11712"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00614
|
Furazolidone
|
A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone binds bacterial DNA which leads to the gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514)
|
solid
|
For the specific and symptomatic treatment of bacterial or protozoal diarrhea and enteritis caused by susceptible organisms.
|
Furoxone has a broad antibacterial spectrum covering the majority of gastrointestinal tract pathogens including E. coli, staphylococci, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Aerobacter aerogenes, Vibrio cholerae and Giardia lamblia. Its bactericidal activity is based upon its interference with DNA replication and protein production; this antimicrobial action minimizes the development of resistant organisms.
|
Furazolidone and its related free radical products are believed to bind DNA and induce cross-links. Bacterial DNA is particularly susceptible to this drug leading to high levels of mutations (transitions and transversions) in the bacterial chromosome.
|
Radiolabeled drug studies indicate that furazolidone is well absorbed following oral administration
|
Furazolidone is rapidly and extensively metabolized; the primary metabolic pathway identified begins with nitro-reduction to the aminofuran derivative. Two major metabolites are produced: 3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ) or beta-hydroxyethylhydrazine (HEH). AOZ is responsible for monoamine oxidase inhibition. Detoxification and elimination of the drug is done primarily by conjugation with glutathione.
|
Reactions to Furoxone have been reported including a fall in blood pressure, urticaria, fever, arthralgia, and a vesicular morbilliform rash. Other adverse effects can include a brown discoloration of the urine; hemolysis can occur in G6PDH-deficient patients. The drug has a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory effect and should never be given concurrently to individuals already taking MAO inhibitors.
|
10 minutes
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
[
"experimental",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"G01AX",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"P01AB",
"P01A",
"P01",
"P"
] |
[
"Microbes (bacteria, parasites)"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.04",
"description": "Furazolidone powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
3-(5'-Nitrofurfuralamino)-2-oxazolidone | 3-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone | 3-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidone | 3-[(5-Nitrofurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidone | 3-{[(5-nitro-2-furanyl)methylene]amino}-2-oxazolidinone | 5-Nitro-N-(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)-2-furanmethanimine | Furazolidona | Furazolidone | Furazolidonum | FZL | N-(5-Nitro-2-furfurylidene)-3-amino-2-oxazolidone | N-(5-Nitro-2-furfurylidene)-3-aminooxazolidine-2-one | Nitrofurazolidone | Nitrofurazolidonum | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-A | Monoamine oxidase type A | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-B | Monoamine oxidase type B
|
[] |
[
"Dependal-M",
"Furoxone"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P21397",
"P27338"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00615
|
Rifabutin
|
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.
|
solid
|
For the prevention of disseminated <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex (MAC) disease in patients with advanced HIV infection.
|
Rifabutin is an antibiotic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in susceptible cells. Specifically, it interacts with bacterial RNA polymerase but does not inhibit the mammalian enzyme. It is bactericidal and has a very broad spectrum of activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (including <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) and specifically <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Because of rapid emergence of resistant bacteria, use is restricted to treatment of mycobacterial infections and a few other indications. Rifabutin is well absorbed when taken orally and is distributed widely in body tissues and fluids, including the CSF. It is metabolized in the liver and eliminated in bile and, to a much lesser extent, in urine, but dose adjustments are unnecessary with renal insufficiency.
|
Rifabutin acts via the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, leading to a suppression of RNA synthesis and cell death.
|
Rifabutin is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with an absolute bioavailability averaging 20%.
|
Hepatic. Of the five metabolites that have been identified, 25-O-desacetyl and 31-hydroxy are the most predominant. The former metabolite has an activity equal to the parent drug and contributes up to 10% to the total antimicrobial activity.
|
LD<sub>50</sub> = 4.8 g/kg (mouse, male)
|
45 (± 17) hours
|
85%
|
A mass-balance study in three healthy adult volunteers with 14C-labeled rifabutin showed that 53% of the oral dose was excreted in the urine, primarily as metabolites. About 30% of the dose is excreted in the feces.
| null |
* 0.69 +/- 0.32 L/hr/kg
|
Organic compounds
|
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
|
Macrolactams
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J04AB",
"J04A",
"J04",
"J",
"A02BD",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria",
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis",
"Mycobacterium leprae",
"Mycobacterium avium"
] |
[
{
"cost": "13.01",
"description": "Mycobutin 150 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2017-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
"number": "9603806"
},
{
"approved": "2016-11-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
"number": "9498445"
},
{
"approved": "2015-06-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
"number": "9050263"
},
{
"approved": "2019-03-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
"number": "10238606"
},
{
"approved": "2021-10-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
"number": "11135172"
},
{
"approved": "2022-05-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2042-05-27",
"number": "11878011"
},
{
"approved": "2014-02-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-02-12",
"number": "11931463"
}
] |
1,4-Dihydro-1-deoxy-1',4-didehydro-5'-(2-methylpropyl)-1-oxorifamycin XIV | 4-Deoxo-3,4-(2-spiro(N-isobutyl-4-piperidyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazo)-rifamycin S | 4-N-isobutylspiropiperidylrifamycin S | Ansamicin | Ansamycin | Rifabutin | Rifabutina | Rifabutine | Rifabutinum | 2.7.7.6 | pez | phs | RNA polymerase subunit alpha | RNAP subunit alpha | sez | Transcriptase subunit alpha | 2.7.7.6 | groN | nitB | rif | RNA polymerase subunit beta | RNAP subunit beta | ron | stl | stv | tabD | Transcriptase subunit beta | 2.7.7.6 | RNA polymerase subunit beta' | RNAP subunit beta' | tabB | Transcriptase subunit beta' | 3.6.4.10 | Heat shock 86 kDa | Heat shock protein family C member 1 | HSP 86 | HSP86 | HSP90A | HSPC1 | HSPCA | LAP-2 | Lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 2 | LPS-associated protein 2 | Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-38 | 94 kDa glucose-regulated protein | gp96 homolog | GRP-94 | GRP94 | Heat shock protein 90 kDa beta member 1 | Heat shock protein family C member 4 | HSPC4 | TRA1 | Tumor rejection antigen 1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Mycobutin",
"Mycobutin",
"Mycobutin",
"Mycobutin",
"Mycobutin",
"Rifabutin",
"Rifabutin",
"Rifabutin",
"Rifabutin",
"Rifabutin",
"Rifabutin",
"Talicia"
] |
[
"Ansatipin",
"Ansatipine",
"Ributin"
] |
[
"Talicia"
] |
[
"P07900",
"P14625"
] |
[
"P33261",
"P20813",
"P10632",
"P11712",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00616
|
Candoxatril
|
Candoxatril is the orally-active prodrug of candoxatrilat (UK-73967), a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor.
|
solid
| null | null |
Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors such as Candoxatril have a dual mechanism of action. They inhibit two metalloprotease enzymes, neutral endopeptidase and ACE, resulting in an increased availability of natriuretic peptides that exhibit vasodilatory effects and, possibly, tissue protective effects.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Indanes
| null |
[
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
[4(S)-cis]-4-[[[1-[3-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-Indeb5-yl)oxy]-2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-oxopropyl]cyclopentyl]carbonyl]amino]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | 4-({1-[(S)-2-(indan-5-yloxycarbonyl)-3-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-propyl]-cyclopentanecarbonyl}-amino)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | Candoxatril | 3.4.24.11 | Atriopeptidase | CALLA | Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen | Enkephalinase | EPN | NEP | Neutral endopeptidase | Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 | SFE | Skin fibroblast elastase | 3.4.15.1 | ACE | DCP | DCP1 | Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I | Kininase II
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P08473",
"P12821"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00617
|
Paramethadione
|
Paramethadione is an anticonvulsant in the oxazolidinedione class. It is associated with fetal trimethadione syndrome, which is also known as paramethadione syndrome.
|
liquid
|
Used for the control of absence (petit mal) seizures that are refractory to treatment with other medications.
|
Paramethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant similar to trimethadione that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to reduce the number of absence seizures (often seen in epileptics). Absence seizures involve an interruption to consciousness where the person experiencing the seizure seems to become vacant and unresponsive for a short period of time (usually up to 30 seconds). Paramethadione acts on thalamic neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (which studies have shown to be associated with absence seizures, von Krosigk et al., 1993).
|
Dione anticonvulsants such as paramethadione reduce T-type calcium currents in thalamic neurons (including thalamic relay neurons). This inhibits corticothalamic transmission and raises the threshold for repetitive activity in the thalamus. This results in a dampening of the abnormal thalamocortical rhythmicity proposed to underlie the 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharge seen on electroencephalogram (EEG) during absence seizures.
|
Rapid via the digestive tract.
|
Primarily hepatic (mainly via cytochrome P450 isozyme 2C9), paramethadione is completely demethylated to 5-ethyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, the active metabolite.
|
Symptoms of overdose include clumsiness or unsteadiness, coma, severe dizziness, severe drowsiness, severe nausea, and problems with vision.
|
12 to 24 hours (however the half-life for the active metabolite is not known)
|
Not significant
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Azolidines
|
Oxazolidines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N03AC",
"N03A",
"N03",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Parametadiona | Parametadione | Paramethadione | Paramethadionum | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | Ca(v)3.3 | KIAA1120 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.3 | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[] |
[
"Paradione"
] |
[] |
[
"O43497",
"Q9P0X4"
] |
[
"P05181",
"P08684",
"P11712",
"P10632"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00619
|
Imatinib
|
Imatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor that revolutionized the treatment of cancer, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia, in 2001.[A249305] It was deemed a "miracle drug" due to its clinical success, as oncologist Dr. Brian noted that "complete hematologic responses were observed in 53 of 54 patients with CML treated with a daily dosage of 300 mg or more and typically occurred in the first four weeks of therapy".[A249315]. The discovery of imatinib also established a new group of therapy called "targeted therapy", since treatment can be tailored specifically to the unique cancer genetics of each patient.[L42220]
Imatinib was approved on February 1st ,2001 by the FDA and November 7th, 2001 by the EMA; however, its European approval has been withdrawn in October 2023.[A263036,L49746,L49751]
|
solid
|
Imatinib is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome mutation (Ph+) in blast crisis, accelerated phase, or chronic phase after IFN-alpha therapy failure.[L42080] Additionally, imatinib is also indicated to treat adult and pediatric Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adult myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, adult aggressive systemic mastocytosis, adult hypereosinophilic syndrome and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), adult dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).[L42080]
|
Imatinib is a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative neoplastic agent that belongs to the class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.[L42080] Although imatinib inhibits a number of tyrosine kinases, it is quite selective toward the BCR-ABL fusion protein that is present in various cancers.[A249305] BCR-ABL pathway controls many downstream pathways that are heavily implicated in neoplastic growth such as the Ras/MapK pathway (cellular proliferation), Src/Pax/Fak/Rac pathway (cellular motility), and PI/PI3K/AKT/BCL-2 pathway (apoptosis pathway).[A249290, A249295, A249300] Therefore, the BCR-ABL pathway is an attractive target for cancer treatment. Although normal cells also depend on these pathways for growth, these cells tend to have redundant tyrosine kinases to continually function in spite of ABL inhibition from imatinib.[A943] Cancer cells, on the other hand, can have a dependence on BCR-ABL, thus more heavily impacted by imatinib.[A943]
|
Imatinib mesylate is a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, the constitutively active tyrosine kinase created by the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality in CML.[L42080]Although the function of normal BCR is still unclear, ABL activation is overexpressed in various tumors and is heavily implicated in cancer cells growth and survival.[A249305,A249310] Imatinib inhibits the BCR-ABL protein by binding to the ATP pocket in the active site, thus preventing downstream phosphorylation of target protein.[A249305]
Imatinib is also an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor
(SCF), c-Kit, and inhibits PDGF- and SCF-mediated cellular events. In vitro, imatinib inhibits proliferation and induces
apoptosis in GIST cells, which express an activating c-Kit mutation.[L42080]
|
Imatinib is well absorbed after oral administration with Cmax achieved within 2-4 hours post-dose. Mean absolute bioavailability is 98%.[L42080] Mean imatinib AUC increases proportionally with increasing doses ranging from 25 mg to 1,000 mg.[L42080] There is no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of imatinib on repeated dosing, and accumulation is 1.5- to 2.5-fold at a steady state when Gleevec is dosed once daily.[L42080]
|
CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of imatinib. Other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, play a minor role in its metabolism. The main circulating active metabolite in humans is the N-demethylated piperazine derivative, formed predominantly by CYP3A4. It shows in vitro potency similar to the parent imatinib.[L42080]
|
The most frequently reported adverse reactions (>30%) were edema, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, rash, fatigue and abdominal pain.[L42080]
In the 2-year rat carcinogenicity study administration of imatinib at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the longevity of males at 60 mg/kg/day and females at greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day. Target organs for neoplastic changes were the kidneys (renal tubule and renal pelvis), urinary bladder, urethra, preputial and clitoral gland, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and non-glandular stomach. Neoplastic lesions were not seen at 30 mg/kg/day for the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and non-glandular stomach, and 15 mg/kg/day for the preputial and clitoral gland. The papilloma/carcinoma of the preputial/clitoral gland was noted at 30 and 60 mg/kg/day, representing approximately 0.5 to 4 or 0.3 to 2.4 times the human daily exposure (based on AUC) at 400 mg/day or 800 mg/day, respectively, and 0.4 to 3.0 times the daily exposure in children (based on AUC) at 340 mg/m2. The renal tubule adenoma/carcinoma, renal pelvis transitional cell neoplasms, the urinary bladder and urethra transitional cell papillomas, the small intestine adenocarcinomas, the parathyroid glands adenomas, the benign and malignant medullary tumors of the adrenal glands and the non-glandular stomach papillomas/carcinomas were noted at 60 mg/kg/day. The relevance of these findings in the rat carcinogenicity study for humans is not known. Positive genotoxic effects were obtained for imatinib in an in vitro mammalian cell assay (Chinese hamster ovary) for clastogenicity (chromosome aberrations) in the presence of metabolic activation. Two intermediates of the manufacturing process, which are also present in the final product, are positive for mutagenesis in the Ames assay. One of these intermediates was also positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Imatinib was not genotoxic when tested in an in vitro bacterial cell assay (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian cell assay (mouse lymphoma) and an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.[L42080]
In a study of fertility, male rats were dosed for 70 days prior to mating and female rats were dosed 14 days prior to mating and through to gestational Day 6. Testicular and epididymal weights and percent motile sperm were decreased at 60 mg/kg, approximately three-fourths the maximum clinical dose of 800 mg/day based on BSA. This was not seen at doses less than or equal to 20 mg/kg (one-fourth of the maximum human dose of 800 mg). The fertility of male and female rats was not affected.[L42080]
Fertility was not affected in the preclinical fertility and early embryonic development study although lower testes and epididymal weights, as well as a reduced number of motile sperm, were observed in the high-dose male rats. In the preclinical pre-and postnatal study in rats, fertility in the first generation offspring was also not affected by imatinib
mesylate.[L42080]
It is important to consider potential toxicities suggested by animal studies, specifically, liver, kidney, and cardiac toxicity and immunosuppression. Severe liver toxicity was observed in dogs treated for 2 weeks, with elevated liver enzymes, hepatocellular necrosis, bile duct necrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Renal toxicity was observed in monkeys treated for 2 weeks, with focal mineralization and dilation of the renal tubules and tubular nephrosis. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were observed in several of these animals. An increased rate of opportunistic infections was observed with chronic imatinib treatment in laboratory animal studies. In a 39-week monkey study, treatment with imatinib resulted in the worsening of normally suppressed malarial infections in these animals. Lymphopenia was observed in animals (as in humans). Additional long-term toxicities were identified in a 2-year rat study. Histopathological examination of the treated rats that died in the study revealed cardiomyopathy (both sexes), chronic progressive nephropathy (females), and preputial gland papilloma as principal causes of death or reasons for sacrifice. Non-neoplastic lesions seen in this 2-year study that were not identified in earlier preclinical studies were the cardiovascular system, pancreas, endocrine organs, and teeth. The most important changes included cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, leading to signs of cardiac insufficiency in some animals.[L42080]
|
Following oral administration in healthy volunteers, the elimination half-lives of imatinib and its major active metabolite,
the N-desmethyl derivative (CGP74588), are approximately 18 and 40 hours, respectively.[L42080]
|
At clinically relevant concentrations of imatinib, binding to plasma proteins in in vitro experiments is approximately 95%, mostly to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein.[L42080]
|
Imatinib elimination is predominately in the feces, mostly as metabolites. Based on the recovery of compound(s) after an
oral 14C-labeled dose of imatinib, approximately 81% of the dose was eliminated within 7 days, in feces (68% of dose)
and urine (13% of dose).[L42080] Unchanged imatinib accounted for 25% of the dose (5% urine, 20% feces), the remainder being
metabolites.[L42080]
|
Population pharmacokinetics in adult CML patients estimated the steady-state volume of distribution of imatinib to be 295.0 ± 62.5 L.[A34763]At a dose of 340 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, the volume of distribution of imatinib in pediatric patients was calculated to be 167 ± 84 L.[A34763]
|
Typically, clearance of imatinib in a 50-year-old patient weighing 50 kg is expected to be 8 L/h, while for a 50-year-old
patient weighing 100 kg the clearance will increase to 14 L/h. The inter-patient variability of 40% in clearance does not
warrant initial dose adjustment based on body weight and/or age but indicates the need for close monitoring for treatment-related toxicities.[L42080]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Anilides
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L01EA",
"L01E",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "41.69",
"description": "Gleevec 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "174.38",
"description": "Gleevec 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2002-11-26",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-04-01",
"number": "2093203"
},
{
"approved": "2013-01-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-07-16",
"number": "RE43932"
},
{
"approved": "2009-06-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-07-16",
"number": "7544799"
},
{
"approved": "2005-05-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-11-23",
"number": "6894051"
},
{
"approved": "2005-10-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-06-19",
"number": "6958335"
},
{
"approved": "1996-05-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-07-04",
"number": "5521184"
}
] |
Imatinib | Imatinibum | α-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-3'-((4-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrimidinyl)amino)-p-toluidide | 2.7.11.1 | BCR1 | D22S11 | Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-26 | Bcl-2-like protein 3 | Bcl-2-related protein EAT/mcl1 | Bcl2-L-3 | BCL2L3 | mcl1/EAT | 2.7.10.1 | p145 c-kit | PBT | Piebald trait protein | Proto-oncogene c-Kit | SCFR | Tyrosine-protein kinase Kit | v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog | 2.7.10.1 | Cadherin family member 12 | CDHF12 | CDHR16 | Proto-oncogene c-Ret | PTC | 2.7.10.1 | Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor | Alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor | CD140 antigen-like family member A | CD140a antigen | PDGF-R-alpha | PDGFR-2 | PDGFR-alpha | PDGFR2 | Platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor 2 | RHEPDGFRA | 2.7.10.2 | Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 | Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 | ABL | JTK7 | p150 | Proto-oncogene c-Abl | 2.7.10.1 | Beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor | Beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor | CD140 antigen-like family member B | PDGF-R-beta | PDGFR | PDGFR-1 | PDGFR-beta | PDGFR1 | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor 1 | 2.7.10.1 | gp140trk | MTC | Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 | p140-TrkA | TRK | Trk-A | TRK1-transforming tyrosine kinase protein | TRKA | Tropomyosin-related kinase A | Tyrosine kinase receptor | Tyrosine kinase receptor A | CSF-1 receptor | CSF-1-R | CSF-1R | FMS | M-CSF-R | Proto-oncogene c-Fms | 2.7.10.1 | CAK | CD167 antigen-like family member A | Cell adhesion kinase | Discoidin receptor tyrosine kinase | EDDR1 | Epithelial discoidin domain receptor 1 | HGK2 | Mammary carcinoma kinase 10 | MCK-10 | NEP | NTRK4 | Protein-tyrosine kinase 3A | Protein-tyrosine kinase RTK-6 | PTK3A | RTK6 | TRK E | TRKE | Tyrosine kinase DDR | Tyrosine-protein kinase CAK | 2.7.10.1 | CD167 antigen-like family member B | Discoidin domain receptor 2 | Discoidin domain-containing receptor tyrosine kinase 2 | Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 3 | NTRKR3 | Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase TKT | TKT | TYRO10 | Tyrosine-protein kinase TYRO10 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | hOCT2 | OCT2 | Organic cation transporter 2 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | 7.6.2.1 | ABC-C transporter | ABC3 | ATP-binding cassette 3 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 3 | ATP-binding cassette transporter 3 | Xenobiotic-transporting ATPase ABCA3 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 2 | LST-2 | LST2 | OATP-8 | OATP1B3 | OATP8 | Organic anion transporter 8 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 8 | SLC21A8 | Solute carrier family 21 member 8 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MOAT-B | MOATB | MRP/cMOAT-related ABC transporter | MRP4 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter B | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3
|
[
"Ach-imatinib",
"Ach-imatinib",
"Apo-imatinib",
"Apo-imatinib",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Gleevec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Glivec",
"Imatinib",
"Imatinib",
"Imatinib",
"Imatinib",
"Imatinib",
"Imatinib",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Accord",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Actavis",
"Imatinib Koanaa",
"Imatinib Medac",
"Imatinib Medac",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib mesylate",
"Imatinib mesylate",
"Imatinib mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib mesylate",
"Imatinib mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib Mesylate",
"Imatinib mesylate 400 mg",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imatinib Teva B.V.",
"Imkeldi",
"Jamp Imatinib",
"Jamp Imatinib",
"Mint-imatinib",
"Mint-imatinib",
"Mylan-imatinib",
"Mylan-imatinib",
"Nat-imatinib",
"Nat-imatinib",
"PMS-imatinib",
"PMS-imatinib",
"Sandoz Imatinib",
"Sandoz Imatinib",
"Taro-imatinib",
"Taro-imatinib",
"Teva-imatinib",
"Teva-imatinib"
] |
[
"Celonib",
"Enliven",
"Imatib",
"Mesylonib",
"Mitinab",
"Plivatinib",
"Shantinib"
] |
[] |
[
"P11274",
"Q07820",
"P10721",
"P07949",
"P16234",
"P00519",
"P09619",
"P04629",
"P07333",
"Q08345",
"Q16832"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P05177",
"P11712",
"P10635",
"P33261",
"P10632"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"O15245",
"P08183",
"O15244",
"Q9UNQ0",
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"O95342",
"Q92887",
"P33527",
"O76082",
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"O15439",
"P46721"
] |
DB00620
|
Triamcinolone
|
Triamcinolone is a corticosteroid used to treat various inflammatory conditions in the body from allergic rhinitis to acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.[L8255] Triamcinolone can be used as a one time adjunct treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain,[L8264] or first line as a topical treatment of corticosteroid responsive dermatoses.[L8249] Triamcinolone is more commonly seen in the forms triamcinolone hexacetonide, triamcinolone acetonide, and triamcinolone diacetate.[L8246,L8249,L8252,L8255,L8258,L8261,L8264]
Triamcinolone was granted FDA approval on 3 December 1957.[L8243] In October 2021, a suspension of triamcinolone acetonide was approved for suprachoroidal injection - the first suprachoroidal injection to receive FDA approval[L38973] - for the treatment of patients with macular edema associated with uveitis.[L38963]
|
solid
|
Triamcinolone hexacetonide injections are indicated for intralesional administration in alopecia areata, discoid lupus erythematosus, keloids, and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum.[L8246] This formulation can also be used for localized hypertrophic infiltrated inflammatory lesions of granuloma annulare, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, and psoriatic plaques.[L8246]
Triamcinolone acetonide spray and cream are indicated for the treatment of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid responsive dermatoses.[L8249,L8258] A triamcinolone acetonide 10mg/mL or 40mg/mL injection is indicated intra-articularly for acute gouty arthritis, acute and subacute bursitis, acute nonspecific tenosynovitis, epicondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and synovitis of osteoarthritis.[L8252,L8255] The same 10mg/mL injection is indicated by the intralesional route for the treatment of alopecia areata, discoid lupus erythematosus, keloids, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, and tumors of an aponeurosis or tendon.[L8252] This formulation can also be used for localized hypertrophic infiltrated inflammatory lesions of granuloma annulare, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, and psoriatic plaques.[L8252] The 40mg/mL injection is indicated intramuscularly for controlling severe allergic conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, serum sickness, and transfusion reactions; treatment of bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia in
cancer, nonsuppurative thyroiditis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, pure red cell aplasia, secondary thrombocytopenia, trichinosis, tuberculous meningitis, acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis or cerebral edema, sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, ocular inflammation, berylliosis, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus; adjunct treatment of adrenocortical insufficiency, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, acute gouty arthritis, acute rheumatic carditis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis; palliative management of leukemia and lymphoma; induction of diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or lupus erythematosus.[L8255] A triamcinolone intravitreal injection is indicated for the treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, and ocular inflammatory conditions.[L8261] The intravitreal injection is also used for visualization during vitrectomy.[L8261] An extended release suspension is indicated intra-articularly for management of pain in osteoarthritis of the knee.[L8264]
A triamcinolone acetonide suspension for injection into the suprachoroidal space is indicated for the treatment of macular edema associated with uveitis.[L38963]
|
Triamcinolone is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory properties.[A184463] These properties are used to treat inflammation in conditions that affect various organs and tissues.[L8261] Triamcinolone should not be administered as an epidural injection.[L8246,L8252,L8255,L8261,L8264]
|
Corticosteroids like triamcinolone inhibit phospholipase A2 on cell membranes, preventing the breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leukocytes, which in turn prevent the formation of arachidonic acid, which decrease expression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.[A184463] Anti-inflammatory activity occurs via reversal of vascular dilation and reducing permeability, which prevents macrophage and leukocyte migration.[A184463] Triamcinolone also inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B, which decreases the production of pro-inflammatory signals such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.[A184463]
|
A 16mg oral dose of triamcinolone reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 5.23±0.84ng/mL with a T<sub>max</sub> of 2.24±0.78h and an AUC of 36.0±6.2ng\*h/mL.[A184247]
A 2mg intravenous dose of triamcinolone acetonide has an AUC of 57.7ng\*h/mL.[A184238] The bioavailability of 800µg of inhaled triamcinolone acetonide is 25%, with 10.4% coming from pulmonary absorption and the rest being accounted for by deposition on the oral mucosa and other underlying factors.[A184229] An inhaled dose of triamcinolone acetonide reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 0.92ng/mL with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1.74h and an AUC of 5.12ng\*h/mL.[A184229] The fraction of an inhaled dose that is actually absorbed via the pulmonary route reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 0.55ng/mL with a T<sub>max</sub> of 0.66h and an AUC of 2.15ng\*h/mL.[A184229]
A 16mg oral dose of triamcinolone diacetate reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 5.33±1.55ng/mL with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1.86±0.47h and an AUC of 32.7±9.9ng\*h/mL.[A184247]
|
The major metabolite of triamcinolone is 6-beta-hydroxy-triamcinolone.[A184193] Data regarding the metabolism of triamcinolone is not readily available.[L8246,L8249,L8252,L8255,L8258,L8261,L8264,L8285]
|
The subcutaneous LD<sub>50</sub> of triamcinolone acetonide in rats is 13,100µg/kg and in mice is 132mg/kg.[L8285] The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is 1451mg/kg and in mice is 2168mg/kg.[LD<sub>50</sub>] The intraperitoneal LD<sub>50</sub> in mice is 105mg/kg.[LD<sub>50</sub>]
Patients experiencing an overdose may develop Cushing's syndrome.[A184301] This overdose may be treated with supportive therapy and mifepristone for its antiglucocorticoid activity.[A184301]
|
The half life of triamcinolone is 2.7h.[A184247] The mean terminal elimination half life following an inhaled dose of triamcinolone acetonide is 2.4h.[A184229] The half life of triamcinolone diacetate is 2.8h.[A184247]
|
Triamcinolone is mostly bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin or serum albumin.[A184223] Triamcinolone acetonide is approximately 68% protein bound in plasma.[A184190]
|
Approximately 20% of a dose of triamcinolone is recovered in the urine as the unchanged drug, 25% is recovered as 6-beta-hydroxy-triamcinolone, and 5% is recovered as unidentified metabolites.[A184193]
|
The apparent volume of distribution of triamcinolone is 115.2±10L.[A184247] The mean apparent volume of distribution of triamcinolone acetonide is 1.96L/kg.[A184229] The apparent volume of distribution of triamcinolone diacetate is 119.7±33.14L.[A184247]
|
The clearance of triamcinolone is 28.6±5.6L/h.[A184247] The mean total body clearance of triamcinolone acetonide is 0.57L/h.[A184229] The clearance of triamcinolone diacetate is 34.4±10.6L/h.[A184247]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Hydroxysteroids
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
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"S02CA",
"S02C",
"S02",
"S",
"C05AA",
"C05A",
"C05",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
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[
{
"approved": "2003-09-23",
"country": "Canada",
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"number": "2268927"
},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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11β,16α,17α,21-tetrahydroxy-9α-fluoro-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione | 9-fluoro-11β,16α,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione | 9α-fluoro-11β,16α,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione | 9α-fluoro-11β,16α,17α,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione | 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone | Fluoxyprednisolone | Tiamcinolonum | Triamcinolona | Triamcinolone | Triamcinolonum | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.99.1 | COX-2 | COX2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 | PGH synthase 2 | PGHS-2 | PHS II | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | 3.1.1.8 | Acylcholine acylhydrolase | Butyrylcholine esterase | CHE1 | Choline esterase II | Pseudocholinesterase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin
|
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"Allergy Nasal",
"AllerNaze",
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"Aristocort",
"Aristocort",
"Aristocort - Syr Orl 0.4mg/ml",
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"Aristocort C",
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"Aristocort Forte - Liq Ia Im Isy 40mg/ml",
"Aristocort Forte Inj 40mg/ml",
"Aristocort Inj Intralesional 25mg/ml",
"Aristocort Inj Intralesional-25mg/ml",
"Aristocort R",
"Aristocort R",
"Aristocort R Crm 0.1%",
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"Aristocort Syr 2mg/5ml",
"Aristocort Tab 2mg",
"Aristocort Tab 4mg",
"Aristocort-tab 2mg",
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"Aristospan",
"Aristospan",
"Aristospan",
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"Arze-ject-A",
"Azmacort",
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"Azmacort",
"Basic Care Nasal Allergy",
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"BLT-25 Kit",
"Bt",
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"Dermazone",
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"Ellzia Pak",
"Equaline nasal allergy",
"Equate Nasal Allergy",
"Foster and Thrive 24 Hour Nasal Allergy",
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"Lt",
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"MLK F4 Kit",
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"Mlp A-1",
"Mlp A-2",
"Mycolog-II",
"Mycolog-II",
"Naltrexone",
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"Nasal Allergy",
"Nasal Allergy",
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"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
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"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
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"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Omnitrenidol",
"Oracort",
"Oralone",
"Oramedy",
"P-Care K40",
"P-Care K40G",
"P-Care K40MX",
"P-Care K80",
"P-Care K80G",
"P-Care K80MX",
"Pediaderm TA",
"Pediaderm TA",
"Pentoxifylline 0.5% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit II",
"Point Of Care Kit KM",
"Pro-C-Dure 1 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 2 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 3 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 4 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 5 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 6 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 6 Kit",
"Protherix",
"ReadySharp Triamcinolone",
"ReadySharp-K",
"SanaDermRx SKin Repair",
"Scarzen",
"Scheinpharm Triamcine-A Inject.sus-40mg/ml",
"Shoprite Nasal Allergy",
"Signature Care Nasal Allergy",
"Sila III",
"SilaLite Pak",
"Silazone-II",
"Smart Sense Nasal Allergy",
"Sure ResultTAC Pak",
"Syynerra Pak",
"Teva-triacomb",
"Theraderm Cream",
"Topcare Nasal Allergy",
"Treziopak",
"Tri-Sila",
"Triaderm Crm 0.025%",
"Triaderm Crm 0.1%",
"Triaderm Ont 0.025%",
"Triaderm Ont 0.1%",
"TriaDime",
"TriaDime-80",
"Triamazole",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide Glucocorticoid",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide in Absorbase",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension USP",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension USP",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension USP",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide Nasal",
"Triamcinolone Acetonide Nasal",
"Triamcinolone Diacetate Sus 40mg/ml",
"Triamcinolone Diacetate Suspension",
"Triamcinolone-Moxifloxacin PF",
"Triamcinolone-Moxifloxacin PF",
"Trianex",
"Trianex 0.05%",
"Triasil",
"Triderm",
"Triderm",
"Triderm",
"Triesence",
"Triesence",
"Triesence",
"Triesence",
"TriHeal-80",
"Triloan II SUIK",
"Triloan SUIK",
"Trilociclo",
"Trispan",
"Tritocin",
"Trivaris",
"Trivix",
"Trivix Lite",
"Up and Up Nasal Allergy",
"Viaderm Kc Crm",
"Viaderm Kc Ont",
"WhyteDerm TDPak",
"WhyteDerm Trilasil Pak",
"Xipere",
"Xipere",
"Yaliira Pak",
"Zilretta",
"Zilretta"
] |
[
"Delphicort",
"Flutex",
"Kenacort",
"Omcilon-A",
"Oracort",
"Tri-Nasal",
"Triacet",
"Triacort",
"Triaderm",
"Tricortone",
"Trilone",
"Tristoject"
] |
[
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Mycolog-II",
"Mycolog-II",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Lt",
"Pro-C-Dure 4 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 1 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 3 Kit",
"Pro-C-Dure 2 Kit",
"Interarticular Joint Kit",
"SanaDermRx SKin Repair",
"NEWSDS pak",
"Dermasilkrx SDSpak",
"WhyteDerm TDPak",
"K40-lido",
"K10-lido",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"WhyteDerm Trilasil Pak",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Dermawerx SDS Pak",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Mlp A-2",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Interarticular Joint Kit",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Triamcinolone-Moxifloxacin PF",
"Naltrexone",
"Point Of Care Kit KM",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"NuTriaRX CreamPak",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Lidolog Kit",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Bupivilog Kit",
"MLK Kit F2",
"MLK F4 Kit",
"MLK F1 Kit",
"Ellzia Pak",
"Calcipotriene 0.005% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%",
"Pentoxifylline 0.5% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%",
"Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride 2% / Mupirocin 2% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.025%",
"Hydroquinone 4% / Tretinoin 0.025% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.025%",
"Hydroquinone 5% / Tretinoin 0.025% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.025%",
"Hydroquinone 6% / Tretinoin 0.05% / Triamcinolone 0.025%",
"Sure ResultTAC Pak",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Trivix",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Cortaren Corticosteroid/Anti-Inflammatory System",
"Omnitrenidol",
"JTT Physicians Joint, Tunnel and Trigger",
"P-Care K40",
"P-Care K40G",
"P-Care K40MX",
"Triamcinolone-Moxifloxacin PF",
"P-Care K80MX",
"P-Care K80G",
"P-Care K80",
"Scarzen",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"DermacinRx SilaPak",
"DermacinRx Cinlone-I CPI",
"Yaliira Pak",
"Tri-Sila",
"DermacinRx SilaPak",
"Bt",
"ReadySharp-K",
"Mlp A-1",
"DermacinRx Cinlone-II CPI",
"DermacinRx SilaPak",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"NuTriaRX CreamPak",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"MLK F3 Kit",
"Trilociclo",
"Triamazole",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"TriHeal-80",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"TriaDime-80",
"NuTriaRX CreamPak",
"Kenacomb Mild Cream",
"Kenacomb Cream",
"Kenacomb Mild Ointment",
"Kenacomb Ointment",
"Aristoform R Crm 0.1%",
"Theraderm Cream",
"Viaderm Kc Crm",
"Viaderm Kc Ont",
"Kenacomb Ont",
"Mecomb Crm 0.1%",
"Teva-triacomb",
"Physician EZ Use Joint Tunnel and Trigger Kit II",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"TriaDime",
"Lidolog Kit",
"Bupivilog Kit",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Mlk F4-C",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"BLT-25 Kit"
] |
[
"P04150"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P35354",
"P06276",
"P20815",
"P24462"
] |
[
"P08185",
"P02768"
] |
[] |
DB00621
|
Oxandrolone
|
A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.
|
solid
|
Use to promote weight gain after weight loss following extensive surgery.
|
Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroids indicated as adjunctive therapy to promote weight gain after weight loss following extensive surgery, chronic infections, or severe trauma, and in some patients who without definite pathophysiologic reasons fail to gain or to maintain normal weight, to offset the protein catabolism associated with prolonged administration of corticosteroids, and for the relief of the bone pain frequently accompanying osteoporosis. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone.
|
Oxandrolones interact with androgen receptors in target tissues.
| null |
Renal
|
The oral LD50 of oxandrolone in mice and dogs is greater than 5,000 mg/kg.
|
0.55 hours (1st phage), 9 hours (2nd phase)
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Steroid lactones
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A14AA",
"A14A",
"A14",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "5.53",
"description": "Oxandrolone 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.08",
"description": "Oxandrin 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "9.54",
"description": "Oxandrolone 100% powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "18.31",
"description": "Oxandrolone 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "27.02",
"description": "Oxandrin 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2003-12-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-10-20",
"number": "6670351"
},
{
"approved": "1999-02-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-12-05",
"number": "5872147"
},
{
"approved": "2000-07-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-07-18",
"number": "6090799"
},
{
"approved": "2003-06-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-12-05",
"number": "6576659"
},
{
"approved": "2004-12-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-12-05",
"number": "6828313"
}
] |
Ossandrolone | Oxandrolon | Oxandrolona | Oxandrolone | Oxandrolonum | DHTR | Dihydrotestosterone receptor | NR3C4 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Oxandrin",
"Oxandrin",
"Oxandrin",
"Oxandrin",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone",
"Oxandrolone"
] |
[
"Anavar",
"Xtendrol"
] |
[] |
[
"P10275"
] |
[
"P11712"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00622
|
Nicardipine
|
A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [PubChem]
|
solid
|
Used for the management of patients with chronic stable angina and for the treatment of hypertension.
|
Nicardipine, a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker, is used alone or with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, to treat hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and Prinzmetal's variant angina. Nicardipine is similar to other peripheral vasodilators. Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extra cellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes possibly by deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
|
By deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
|
While nicardipine is completely absorbed, it is subject to saturable first pass metabolism and the systemic bioavailability is about 35% following a 30 mg oral dose at steady state.
|
Nicardipine HCl is metabolized extensively by the liver.
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> Rat = 184 mg/kg, Oral LD<sub>50</sub> Mouse = 322 mg/kg
|
8.6 hours
|
>95%
|
Nicardipine has been shown to be rapidly and extensively metabolized by the liver.
|
* 8.3 L/kg
|
* 0.4 L/hr∙kg [Following infusion]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pyridines and derivatives
|
Hydropyridines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C08CA",
"C08C",
"C08",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.21",
"description": "Cardene sr 30 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.28",
"description": "Cardene 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.35",
"description": "Cardene-dex 40 mg/200 ml iv",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.35",
"description": "Cardene-nacl 40 mg/200 ml iv",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.91",
"description": "Cardene sr 45 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.02",
"description": "Cardene SR 30 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.29",
"description": "Cardene sr 60 mg capsule sa",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.9",
"description": "Cardene sr 45 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.22",
"description": "Cardene SR 45 mg 12 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "10.42",
"description": "Nicardipine 25 mg/10 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "25.01",
"description": "Nicardipine 25 mg/10 ml ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "142.91",
"description": "Cardene SR 60 60 mg 12 Hour Capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.46",
"description": "Nicardipine 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "NiCARdipine HCl 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.66",
"description": "Nicardipine 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.67",
"description": "Cardene-dex 20 mg/200 ml soln",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.67",
"description": "Cardene-nacl 20 mg/200 ml soln",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "NiCARdipine HCl 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.8",
"description": "Cardene 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.87",
"description": "Cardene sr 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-11-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-11-17",
"number": "5164405"
},
{
"approved": "2010-02-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-18",
"number": "7659291"
},
{
"approved": "2013-06-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-18",
"number": "8455524"
},
{
"approved": "2009-11-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-12-26",
"number": "7612102"
},
{
"approved": "2016-06-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-12-26",
"number": "9364564"
},
{
"approved": "2020-09-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-18",
"number": "10758616"
},
{
"approved": "2007-04-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-04-18",
"number": "11547758"
}
] |
Nicardipine | Nicardipino | Nicardipinum | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CAB2 | CACNLB2 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 2 | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen B | MYSB | CACNL2A | CCHL2A | MHS3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 | CACH3 | CACN4 | CACNL1A2 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 2 | CCHL1A2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.3 | 3.1.4.17 | 61 kDa Cam-PDE | Cam-PDE 1A | hCam-1 | 3.1.4.17 | 63 kDa Cam-PDE | Cam-PDE 1B | PDES1B | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | CACNLG | Dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type, skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit gamma | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-2 subunit | TARP gamma-2 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-2 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-3 subunit | TARP gamma-3 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-3 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-4 subunit | TARP gamma-4 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-4 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-5 subunit | TARP gamma-5 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-5 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-6 subunit | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-7 subunit | TARP gamma-7 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-7 | CACNG6 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-8 subunit | TARP gamma-8 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-8 | CACNL2A | CCHL2A | MHS3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 | KIAA0558 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CACH3 | CACN4 | CACNL1A2 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 2 | CCHL1A2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.3 | CACNAF1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.4 | CACH1 | CACN1 | CACNL1A3 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 3, skeletal muscle | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.1 | CAB1 | CACNLB1 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 1 | CAB2 | CACNLB2 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 2 | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen B | MYSB | CAB3 | CACNLB3 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 3 | CAB4 | CACNLB4 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 4 | BIII | Brain calcium channel III | CACH5 | CACNL1A5 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 5 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.2 | BI | Brain calcium channel I | CACH4 | CACN3 | CACNL1A4 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 4 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.1 | BII | Brain calcium channel II | CACH6 | CACNL1A6 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 6 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.3 | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | Low-voltage-activated calcium channel alpha1 3.2 subunit | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.2 | Ca(v)3.3 | KIAA1120 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.3 | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | Low-voltage-activated calcium channel alpha1 3.2 subunit | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.2 | Ca(v)3.3 | KIAA1120 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.3 | CALM | CAM | CAM1 | CAM2 | CAMB | CALML2 | CAM3 | CAMC | CAMIII | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Cardene",
"Cardene",
"Cardene",
"Cardene",
"Cardene",
"Cardene",
"Cardene",
"Cardene 20mg Capsules",
"Cardene 30mg Capsules",
"Cardene Cap 30mg",
"Cardene I.V.",
"Cardene I.V.",
"Cardene I.V.",
"Cardene I.V.",
"Cardene I.V.",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene IV",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Cardene SR",
"Nicardipine HCl",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride",
"Nicardipine Hydrochloride"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q13936",
"Q08289",
"P54289",
"Q01668",
"P54750",
"Q01064",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100",
"P11229",
"P08172",
"P20309",
"P08173",
"P08912",
"Q06432",
"Q9Y698",
"O60359",
"Q9UBN1",
"Q9UF02",
"Q9BXT2",
"P62955",
"Q8WXS5",
"P54289",
"Q9NY47",
"Q8IZS8",
"Q7Z3S7",
"Q13936",
"Q01668",
"O60840",
"Q13698",
"Q02641",
"Q08289",
"P54284",
"O00305",
"Q00975",
"O00555",
"Q15878",
"O43497",
"O95180",
"Q9P0X4",
"O43497",
"O95180",
"Q9P0X4",
"P0DP23",
"P0DP24",
"P0DP25"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P10635",
"P33261",
"P10632",
"P20813",
"P05181",
"P20815",
"P11712"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"Q9Y6L6",
"O95342"
] |
DB00623
|
Fluphenazine
|
A phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine.
|
liquid
|
For management of manifestations of psychotic disorders.
|
Fluphenazine is a trifluoro-methyl phenothiazine derivative intended for the management of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Fluphenazine has not been shown effective in the management of behaviorial complications in patients with mental retardation.
|
Fluphenazine blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzothiazines
|
Phenothiazines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N05AB",
"N05A",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.19",
"description": "Fluphenazine HCl 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "Fluphenazine 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.63",
"description": "Prolixin 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.92",
"description": "Fluphenazine dec 25 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.38",
"description": "Prolixin 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.1",
"description": "Prolixin 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.22",
"description": "Fluphenazine Omega 25 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.82",
"description": "Fluphenazine 2.5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "14.0",
"description": "Fluphenazine Decanoate 25 mg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "31.2",
"description": "Fluphenazine Omega 100 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "31.2",
"description": "Modecate Concentrate 100 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "31.2",
"description": "Pms-Fluphenazine Decanoate 100 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Apo-Fluphenazine 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Apo-Fluphenazine 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.24",
"description": "Apo-Fluphenazine 2 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.52",
"description": "Fluphenazine HCl 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.55",
"description": "Fluphenazine 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.79",
"description": "Fluphenazine HCl 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.84",
"description": "Fluphenazine 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.94",
"description": "Fluphenazine HCl 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.97",
"description": "Fluphenazine 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazinyl)propyl)-piperazine | 10-(3-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazinopropyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine | 10-(3'-(4''-(β-hydroxyethyl)-1''-piperazinyl)-propyl)-3-trifluoromethylphenothiazine | 2-(4-(3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethanol | 2-(trifluoromethyl)-10-(3-(1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-4-piperazinyl)propyl)phenothiazine | 4-(3-(-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazyl)-propyl)-1-piperazineethanol | 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-piperazineethanol | 4-(3-(2-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazyl)-propyl)-1-piperazineethanol | Flufenazina | Fluorfenazine | Fluorophenazine | Fluorphenazine | Fluphenazin | Fluphénazine | Fluphenazine | Fluphenazinum | Triflumethazine | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | Dopamine D2 receptor | Dopamine D1 receptor | DHTR | Dihydrotestosterone receptor | NR3C4 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | CALM | CAM | CAM1 | CAM2 | CAMB | CALML2 | CAM3 | CAMC | CAMIII | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo Fluphenazine Tab 2.5mg",
"Apo-fluphenazine Injectable",
"Fluphenazine",
"Fluphenazine",
"Fluphenazine",
"Fluphenazine 1 Tab 1mg",
"Fluphenazine 2 Tab 2mg",
"Fluphenazine 5 Tab 5mg",
"Fluphenazine decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate Injection B.P.",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate Injection B.P.",
"Fluphenazine Decanoate Injection, USP",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochloride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochoride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochoride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochoride",
"Fluphenazine Hydrochoride",
"Fluphenazine Omega",
"Fluphenazine Omega",
"Modecate Concentrate",
"Modecate Inj 25mg/ml",
"Moditen Enanthate Inj 25mg/ml",
"Moditen HCl Tab 10mg",
"PMS Fluphenazine Tab 1mg",
"PMS Fluphenazine Tab 2mg",
"PMS Fluphenazine Tab 5mg",
"PMS-fluphenazine Decanoate",
"PMS-fluphenazine Decanoate Inj (bp) 25mg/ml",
"PMS-fluphenazine Elixir 0.5mg/ml",
"Prolixin",
"Prolixin",
"Prolixin",
"Prolixin",
"Prolixin Decanoate",
"Rho-fluphenazine Decanoate Inj-25mg/ml Im Sc",
"Rho-fluphenazine Decanoate Inj.conc-100mg/ml"
] |
[
"Anatensol",
"Dapotum D",
"Fludecasin",
"Fludecate",
"Flumezin",
"Funazine",
"Lyogen",
"Lyogen Depot",
"Lyogen Retard",
"Metoten",
"Modecate",
"Moditen",
"Moditen Depo",
"Permitil"
] |
[] |
[
"P28222",
"P14416",
"P21728",
"P10275",
"P28223",
"P28335",
"P0DP23",
"P0DP24",
"P0DP25"
] |
[
"P05181",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB01561
|
Androstanedione
| null |
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Androstane steroids
|
[
"experimental",
"illicit"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
5alpha-Androstan-3,17-dione | 5α-androstane-3,17-dione | 1.1.1.51 | 17-beta-HSD 1 | 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase | 20-alpha-HSD | E17KSR | E2DH | EDH17B1 | EDH17B2 | EDHB17 | Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 1 | Placental 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase | SDR28C1 | Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 28C member 1 | 5.3.3.1 | Delta(5)-3-ketosteroid isomerase | 1.1.1.- | 1.1.1.210 | 1.1.1.53 | 1.1.1.62 | 17-beta-HSD 5 | 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 | 3-alpha-HSD type 2 | 3-alpha-HSD type II, brain | 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 | Chlordecone reductase homolog HAKRb | DD-3 | DD3 | DDH1 | Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 3 | Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase type I | HA1753 | HSD17B5 | KIAA0119 | PGFS | Prostaglandin F synthase | Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase 5
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P14061"
] |
[
"P42330"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB02854
|
Aetiocholanolone
|
The 5-beta-reduced isomer of androsterone. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of testosterone and androstenedione in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the urine. [PubChem]
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Androstane steroids
|
[
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
Ig gamma-2 chain C region | Ig gamma-2 chain C region DOT | Ig gamma-2 chain C region TIL | Ig gamma-2 chain C region ZIE | 2.8.2.2 | Bile salt sulfotransferase | Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase | DHEA-ST | DHEA-ST8 | HST | Hydroxysteroid Sulfotransferase | ST2 | ST2A1 | STD | SULT2A3 | 1.1.1.53 | 1.1.1.62 | 17-beta-HSD 11 | 17-beta-HSD XI | 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11 | 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase XI | 17betaHSD11 | 17betaHSDXI | 17bHSD11 | CTCL-associated antigen HD-CL-03 | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen HD-CL-03 | Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 8 | DHRS8 | PAN1B | Retinal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 2 | retSDR2 | SDR16C2 | Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 16C member 2
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P01859",
"Q06520",
"Q8NBQ5"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB07375
|
Etiocholanedione
| null |
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Androstane steroids
|
[
"experimental"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
5beta-androstane-3,17-dione | 5β-androstane-3,17-dione | Etiocholane-3,17-dione | Ig gamma-2 chain C region | Ig gamma-2 chain C region DOT | Ig gamma-2 chain C region TIL | Ig gamma-2 chain C region ZIE | Ig gamma-1 chain C region | Ig gamma-1 chain C region EU | Ig gamma-1 chain C region KOL | Ig gamma-1 chain C region NIE | Ig kappa chain C region | Ig kappa chain C region AG | Ig kappa chain C region CUM | Ig kappa chain C region EU | Ig kappa chain C region OU | Ig kappa chain C region ROY | Ig kappa chain C region TI | Ig kappa chain V-II region RPMI 6410
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P01859",
"P01857",
"P01834",
"P06310"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00625
|
Efavirenz
|
Efavirenz (brand names Sustiva® and Stocrin®) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1.
For HIV infection that has not previously been treated, efavirenz and lamivudine in combination with zidovudine or tenofovir is the preferred NNRTI-based regimen.
Efavirenz is also used in combination with other antiretroviral agents as part of an expanded postexposure prophylaxis regimen to prevent HIV transmission for those exposed to materials associated with a high risk for HIV transmission.
|
solid
|
For use in combination treatment of HIV infection (AIDS)
|
Efavirenz (dideoxyinosine, ddI) is an oral non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). It is a synthetic purine derivative and, similar to zidovudine, zalcitabine, and stavudine. Efavirenz was originally approved specifically for the treatment of HIV infections in patients who failed therapy with zidovudine. Currently, the CDC recommends that Efavirenz be given as part of a three-drug regimen that includes another nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (e.g., lamivudine, stavudine, zidovudine) and a protease inhibitor or efavirenz when treating HIV infection.
|
Similar to zidovudine, efavirenz inhibits the activity of viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase (i.e., reverse transcriptase). Antiviral activity of efavirenz is dependent on intracellular conversion to the active triphosphorylated form. The rate of efavirenz phosphorylation varies, depending on cell type. It is believed that inhibition of reverse transcriptase interferes with the generation of DNA copies of viral RNA, which, in turn, are necessary for synthesis of new virions. Intracellular enzymes subsequently eliminate the HIV particle that previously had been uncoated, and left unprotected, during entry into the host cell. Thus, reverse transcriptase inhibitors are virustatic and do not eliminate HIV from the body. Even though human DNA polymerase is less susceptible to the pharmacologic effects of triphosphorylated efavirenz, this action may nevertheless account for some of the drug's toxicity.
| null |
Efavirenz is principally metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system to hydroxylated metabolites with subsequent glucuronidation of these hydroxylated metabolites. These metabolites are essentially inactive against HIV-1.
| null |
40-55 hours
|
99.5-99.75%
|
Nearly all of the urinary excretion of the radiolabeled drug was in the form of metabolites.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzoxazines
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AG",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J"
] |
[
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.84",
"description": "Sustiva 50 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.34",
"description": "Sustiva 100 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.37",
"description": "Sustiva 200 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "21.68",
"description": "Sustiva 600 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1998-09-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2012-08-07",
"number": "5811423"
},
{
"approved": "2009-04-14",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-02-02",
"number": "2279198"
},
{
"approved": "2001-08-28",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2013-07-29",
"number": "2101572"
},
{
"approved": "1999-06-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-02",
"number": "5914331"
},
{
"approved": "2000-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "6043230"
},
{
"approved": "1998-09-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-03-29",
"number": "5814639"
},
{
"approved": "2003-04-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-10-06",
"number": "6555133"
},
{
"approved": "2005-09-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-07-20",
"number": "6939964"
},
{
"approved": "2003-10-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-08-14",
"number": "6639071"
},
{
"approved": "2001-05-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-10-06",
"number": "6238695"
},
{
"approved": "2003-11-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-05-04",
"number": "6642245"
},
{
"approved": "2004-03-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-09-09",
"number": "6703396"
},
{
"approved": "1999-07-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "5922695"
},
{
"approved": "1999-08-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "5935946"
},
{
"approved": "1999-11-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-01-25",
"number": "5977089"
},
{
"approved": "2013-11-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "8592397"
},
{
"approved": "2014-05-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "8716264"
},
{
"approved": "2015-04-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-06-13",
"number": "9018192"
},
{
"approved": "2013-12-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-05-01",
"number": "8598185"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-06-13",
"number": "9545414"
},
{
"approved": "2016-10-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "9457036"
},
{
"approved": "2017-08-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-01-13",
"number": "9744181"
}
] |
(S)-6-chloro-4-(Cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-(S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one | (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-2-one | 6-chloro-4-(2-cyclopropyl-1-ethynyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-(4S)-1,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-2-one | Efavirenz | Éfavirenz | Efavirenzum | Pr160Gag-Pol | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 2.4.1.17 | Bilirubin-specific UDPGT isozyme 1 | GNT1 | hUG-BR1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A isoform 1 | UDPGT 1-1 | UGT1 | UGT1-01 | UGT1.1 | UGT1*1 | UGT1A1 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1
|
[
"Apo-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla Access",
"Auro-efavirenz",
"Auro-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz Teva",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Jamp Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Jamp-efavirenz",
"Mylan-efavirenz",
"Mylan-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"PMS-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Riva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Sandoz Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Stocrin",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva",
"Sustiva 100mg",
"Sustiva 200mg",
"Sustiva 50mg",
"Sustiva Tablets",
"Symfi",
"Symfi Lo",
"Symfi Lo",
"Teva-efavirenz",
"Teva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir"
] |
[
"E.F.",
"Efavir",
"Efcure",
"Efferven",
"Estiva",
"Evirenz",
"Viranz"
] |
[
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Symfi Lo",
"Atripla Access",
"Atripla",
"Symfi Lo",
"Atripla",
"Symfi",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Teva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Mylan-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Apo-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Atripla",
"Auro-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"PMS-efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir",
"Sandoz Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Jamp Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Riva-efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir",
"Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate",
"Atripla",
"Atripla",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricita Bine/tenofovir Disoproxil Mylan",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Zentiva",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka",
"Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Krka"
] |
[
"P03366"
] |
[
"P33261",
"P11712",
"P20813",
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P05177",
"P10635",
"P10632",
"P22309"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"O95342",
"O15245"
] |
DB00626
|
Bacitracin
|
Bacitracin is a combination of at least 9 bacitracins.[A955,A181952] 60-80% of commercially prepared bacitracin is bacitracin A.[A181952] The bacillus that produces bacitracin was first isolated from a knee scrape in 1945 from the knee wound of a child named Margaret Tracy.[A181952]
Bacitracin was granted FDA approval on 29 July 1948.[A181997,L7748]
|
solid
|
Bacitracin is indicated in topical formulations for acute and chronic localized skin infections.[A181997] Occasionally, it is also used intramuscularly for infantile streptococcal pneumonia and empyema.[A181997] Bacitracin is also formulated as an ointment with neomycin and polymyxin B for over the counter use.[A181997,L7769] A bacitracin ointment formulated with neomycin and polymyxin B along with hydrocortisone is indicated for the treatment of corticosteroid responsive dermatoses with secondary infection.[L7772]
|
Bacitracin is a mixture of polypeptides that prevent the formation of the bacterial cell wall and oxidatively cleave DNA.[A954] It has a short duration of action as it must be given every 3 to 4 hours topically.[L7769,L7772] Bacitracin is nephrotoxic when given intramuscularly and may lead to renal failure.[A181997]
|
Bacitracin binds to a divalent metal ion such as Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), or Zn(II).[A954] These complexes bind C<sub>55</sub>-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, preventing the hydrolysis of a lipid dolichol pyrophosphate, which finally inhibits cell wall synthesis.[A954] Bacitracin metal complexes also bind and oxidatively cleave DNA.[A954]
|
Topical, ophthalmic, and oral formulations of bacitracin are poorly absorbed systemically.[A181997,A182024] Intramuscular bacitracin is readily and completely absorbed.[L7784]
|
Data regarding the metabolism of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.[A181997] Because bacitracin is a protein it is expected to be metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids.[A182009] However, the structure of bacitracin may afford it some protection from the action of proteases.[A954]
|
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> of bacitracin in rats is >2000mg/kg.[L7775]
Specific data regarding bacitracin overdoses is not readily available.[T662] An overdose of bacitracin may lead to nephrotoxicity[A181997] and patients should be treated with supportive measures.
|
Data regarding the half life of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.[A181997]
|
Data regarding the protein binding of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.[A181997]
|
Bacitracin is mainly excreted renally with 87% of and intramuscular dose being recovered in the urine after 6 hours.[A182018]
|
Data regarding the volume of distribution of bacitracin in humans is not readily available.[A181997]
|
Data regarding the clearance of bacitracin in humans has not been well studied.[A181997] A study of 9 subjects in 1947 shows a renal clearance of 105-283mL/min with an average renal clearance of 159mL/min.[A182018]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic Polymers
|
Polypeptides
| null |
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"J01XX",
"J01X",
"J01",
"J",
"D06AX",
"D06A",
"D06",
"D",
"S01AA",
"S01A",
"S01",
"S",
"R02AB",
"R02A",
"R02",
"R"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "9.69",
"description": "Bacitracin 500 unit/gm ointmnt",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "13.31",
"description": "Bacitracin 50000 unit vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "19.8",
"description": "Baciim strl 50000 unit vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "126.0",
"description": "Bacitracin 5mm unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Sm first aid bacitracin ointmn",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "CVS Pharmacy bacitracin 500 unit/gm oin",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
Bacitracin | Bacitracin A | Bacitracina | 3.4.24.56 | Abeta-degrading protease | Insulin protease | Insulinase | Insulysin | Alpha-2-M | C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 5 | CPAMD5
|
[
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"25 Person ANSI",
"4032 First Aid Kit",
"4042 First Aid Kit",
"4050 First Aid Kit",
"4064 First Aid Kit",
"4065 First Aid Kit",
"4066 First Aid Kit",
"4067 First Aid Kit",
"4125 First Aid Kit",
"4135 First Aid Kit",
"4138 First Aid Kit",
"4150 First Aid Kit",
"4152 First Aid Kit",
"4155 First Aid Kit",
"4166 First Aid Kit",
"4167 First Aid Kit",
"4168 First Aid Kit",
"4196 First Aid Kit",
"4197 First Aid Kit",
"4198 First Aid Kit",
"4199 First Aid Kit",
"4200 First Aid Kit",
"4201 First Aid Kit",
"4202 First Aid Kit",
"4209 First Aid Kit",
"4211 First Aid Kit",
"4212 First Aid Kit",
"4215 First Aid Kit",
"4216 First Aid Kit",
"4219 First Aid Kit",
"4221 First Aid Kit",
"4222 First Aid Kit",
"4229 First Aid Kit",
"4230 First Aid Kit",
"4231First Aid Kit",
"4232 First Aid Kit",
"4234 First Aid Kit",
"4235 First Aid Kit",
"4239 First Aid Kit",
"4240 First Aid Kit",
"4241 First Aid Kit",
"4242 First Aid Kit",
"4245 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4249 First Aid Kit",
"4250 First Aid Kit",
"4252 First Aid Kit",
"4253 First Aid Kit",
"4254 First Aid Kit",
"4255 First Aid Kit",
"4271 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4274 First Aid Kit",
"4276 First Aid Kit",
"4277 First Aid Kit",
"4279 First Aid Kit",
"4280 First Aid Kit",
"4281 First Aid Kit",
"4282 First Aid Kit",
"4283 First Aid Kit",
"4284 First Aid Kit",
"4287 First Aid Kit",
"4289 First Aid Kit",
"4291 First Aid Kit",
"4292 First Aid Kit",
"4293 First Aid Kit",
"4295 First Aid Kit",
"4299 First Aid Kit",
"4303 First Aid Kit",
"4304 First Aid Kit",
"4305 First Aid Kit",
"4314 First Aid Kit",
"4315 First Aid Kit",
"4317 First Aid Kit",
"4318 First Aid Kit",
"4319 First Aid Kit",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"4336 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4339 First Aid Kit",
"4346 First Aid Kit",
"4355 First Aid Kit",
"4356 First Aid Kit",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4358 First Aid Kit",
"4361 First Aid Kit",
"4362 First Aid Kit",
"4363 First Aid Kit",
"4364 First Aid Kit",
"4365 First Aid Kit",
"4367 First Aid Kit",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4380 First Aid Kit",
"4381 First Aid Kit",
"4382 First Aid Kit",
"4383 First Aid Kit",
"4384 First Aid Kit",
"4387 First Aid Kit",
"4388 First Aid Kit",
"4389 First Aid Kit",
"4393 First Aid Kit",
"4398 First Aid Kit",
"4399 First Aid Kit",
"50 Person ANSI",
"7 Select First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"ACME FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"Acme Home/Office/Auto Kit",
"ACME Small Cuts and Burns",
"Advanced First Aid Bacitracin",
"Adventure First Aid .5 Tin",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person National Ski Patrol First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-4 Person First Aid",
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"Afassco Triple Antibiotic",
"Aftate Bacitracin Zinc",
"Aftate Triple Antibiotic",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Ak-poly-bac",
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"Antibiotic Ointment",
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"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment USP",
"Antibiotic Original Strength",
"Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic, Pain and Scar",
"Antibiotique Onguent",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES",
"Astonea First Aid",
"astonea First Aid",
"Atopalm First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Atopalm First Aid Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Atopalm First Aid Triple Antibiotic Protection Moisturizing and Pain Relief",
"AVON HeXashield Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"Baciguent",
"Baciguent First Aid Ointment",
"Baciguent First Aid Ointment 500units/gm",
"Baciguent Ointment 500 Units",
"Baciguent Oph Ont 500unit/gm",
"Baciguent Plus Pain Reliever Ont",
"BACiiM",
"Baciject",
"Bacimyxin Onguent",
"Bacitin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
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"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin",
"Bacitracin Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin for Injection",
"Bacitracin for Injection, USP",
"Bacitracin for Injection, USP",
"Bacitracin Micro",
"Bacitracin Ointment",
"Bacitracin Ointment 500 Units/g",
"Bacitracin Ont 500unit/gm",
"Bacitracin USP",
"Bacitracin With Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
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"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc Ointment USP",
"Bacitracin Zinc Ointment USP",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate, and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Polymyxin B Sulfate, and Neomycin Sulfate",
"Bacitracine 500 Iu Ointment",
"Bacitraycin MAX Pain Relief",
"Bacitraycin Original",
"Bacitraycin Plus",
"Band-aid Brand Adhesive Bandages Plus Antibiotic",
"Band-aid Brand Adhesive Bandages Plus Antibiotic",
"Band-aid-S-1",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic and Burn Relief",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Berkley and Jensen Triple Antibiotic",
"Berkley and Jensen Triple Antibiotic",
"Best Choice Bacitracin Zinc",
"Best Choice Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bi-Mart Triple Antibiotic",
"Bi-Mart Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Bioderm Ointment",
"Biotic-Plus",
"BLUE ACME SLEEVE FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"Budpak Bacitracin",
"Budpak Triple Antibiotic Maximum Strength",
"Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Cardinal Health First Aid Antibiotic",
"Cardinal Health First Aid Antibiotic",
"Care Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Care Science Essential First Aid",
"CAREALL Bacitracin",
"CareALL Triple Antibiotic",
"CareALL Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"CareALL Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Careone Bacitracin",
"Careone Original Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"CAREONE Triple Antibiotic",
"Careone Triple Antibiotic",
"Careone Triple Antibiotic",
"Caring Mills Triple Antibiotic",
"Cicatrin Powder",
"Circle K Triple Antibiotic",
"Circle K Triple Antibiotic",
"Circle K Triple Antibiotic",
"Complete Antibiotic Ointment",
"Cortisporin",
"Cortisporin",
"Cortisporin",
"Cortisporin",
"Cortomycin",
"Crane Safety Triple Antibiotic",
"Crane Safety Triple Antibiotic",
"Crane Safety Triple Antibiotic",
"Cuadriderma",
"Curad Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Curetech Bacitracin First Aid",
"Curetech First Aid",
"CVP Triple Antibiotic",
"CVS All Purpose First Aid Kit",
"CVS Bacitracin with Pain Relief",
"CVS Cuts and Scrapes Refill Pack",
"CVS First Aid Kit",
"CVS Health All Purpose Kit",
"CVS Health Bacitracin Zinc",
"CVS Health Healing on the Go Kit",
"CVS Health Medication and Topical Refill Pouch",
"CVS Health Sports Kit",
"CVS Health Triple Antibiotic",
"CVS Health Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"CVS Triple Antibiotic",
"DAYMARK FAK-35 First Aid",
"DG Health Antibiotic",
"DG Health Poly Antibiotic",
"DG Health Triple Antibiotic",
"Dg Health Triple Antibiotic",
"DG Health Triple Antibiotic",
"DG Poly Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"Diosporin Ointment",
"Diphen",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Doubleantibioticointment",
"Dr Bells Pomade",
"Drs. Antibiotic Bacitracin",
"Drs. pharmacy triple antibiotic",
"Drs. Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Easy Care First Aid",
"Easy Care First Aid - All Purpose",
"Easy Care First Aid Chest - Home and Workshop",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Outdoor and Travel",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Sports and Travel",
"Easy Care First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Easy Care First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Ecolab Triple Antibiotic",
"Emercreme No4 Ont Efa",
"Emergency Preparedness",
"EPIC First Aid",
"equaline Bacitracin Zinc",
"Equaline First Aid Antibiotic",
"Equaline First Aid Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Equate Antibiotic Plus Pain, Itch, Scar Relief",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic Pain Relieving",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"EQUATE Triple Antibiotic",
"Eurosporin",
"Ever Ready First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Ever Ready Triple Antibiotic",
"Exchange Select First Aid Triple Anitbiotic Pain Relieving",
"Exchange Select triple antibiotic",
"Extra Strength Bacitraycin Plus",
"Face Values Bacitracin",
"Face Values Triple Antibiotic",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"FAK Large Office First Aid kit",
"Family Care Antibiotic",
"Family Care Bacitracin",
"Family Care Bacitracin Anti-Infection",
"Family Care First Aid",
"Family Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Family Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Family Care Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Family Wellness",
"Family wellness",
"Family Wellness",
"Family Wellness Antiseptic and Pain Relief",
"Family Wellness First Aid Antibiotic",
"Family Wellness Original",
"Family Wellness Pain Scar Itch",
"Family Wellness Plus Pain Relief",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic Bacitracin with Zinc",
"First Aid Antibiotic Bacitraycin Plus",
"First Aid Antibiotic Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Strength",
"First Aid Antibiotic Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Strength",
"First Aid Antibiotic Ointment",
"First Aid Antibiotic Ointment",
"First Aid Antibiotic plus Burn Relief",
"First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"First Aid Bacitracin Zinc",
"First Aid Bacitraycin Plus Original",
"FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"First Aid Macimum Sterngth Bacitraycin Plus",
"First Aid Maximum Strength Bacitraycin Plus",
"First Aid Only Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Only Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Original Bacitraycin Plus",
"First Aid Pocket Pack - 40 Pieces",
"First Aid Research Bacitracin with Zinc",
"First Aid Research Bacitracin with Zinc",
"First Aid Research Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Vertical",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic Pain and Scar",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic with Pain Reliever",
"First Aid Value Pack - 77 Pieces",
"Fonow",
"Formucare Triple Antibiotic Original Strength",
"Fulton Street Market Triple Antibiotic Original Strength",
"Galentic Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Genuine First Aid - Auto First Aid",
"Genuine First Aid - Home First Aid",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 Pieces",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES HARDCASE",
"Genuine First Aid First Aid Antibiotic Bacitracin Zinc",
"Genuine First Aid Industrial First Aid",
"Genuine Triple Antibiotic",
"Genuine Triple Antibiotic",
"Genuine Triple Antibiotic",
"Gercillin",
"Gerigentle-Bacitracin zinc",
"GFA First Aid",
"GFA First Aid 16 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 24 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 36 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 75 Person Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid Kit Essentials - 33 Pieces",
"GLINT First Aid",
"GLINT TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC First Aid",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Bacitracin Zinc",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and First Aid Contains 167 Pieces",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy First Aid",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Good Sense First Aid Antibiotic",
"Good Sense First Aid Antibiotic",
"Good Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Sense Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Goodnow Triple Antibiotic",
"Goodsense First Aid Antibiotic",
"Green Guard Triple Antibiotic",
"Green Guard Triple Antibiotic",
"Harris Teeter Poly Antibiotic",
"Harris Teeter Triple Antibioitic",
"Harris Teeter Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"health and .beyond Triple Antibiotic",
"Health Mart Pharmacy Bacitracin Zinc First Aid Antibiotic",
"Healthy Accents triple antibiotic",
"Healthy Accents Triple Antibiotic",
"Healthy Accents Triple Antibiotic",
"Jamp-bacitracine",
"Jampolycin",
"Johnson and Johnson Safe Travels First Aid Kit",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 303 Pieces",
"KAISER PERMANENTE Bacitracin Zinc",
"Kaiser Permanente Double antibiotic",
"Kit Breakroom Office First Aid",
"Kit Large Office First Aid",
"Lanabiotic Ont",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Leader Bacitracin",
"Leader Bacitracin Zinc",
"Leader First Aid Antibiotic",
"Leader Poly Bacitracin",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic",
"LEADER Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Leader Triple antibiotic and pain relief",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Lincoln",
"Lincoln",
"Live Better Bacitracin Zinc",
"Live Better Triple Antibiotic",
"Live Better Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Lucky SuperSoft First Aid",
"Lucky SuperSoft First Aid",
"Lucky SuperSoft First Aid",
"Lucky SuperSoft First Aid",
"Major Bacitracin",
"Major Bacitracin Zinc",
"Major Bacitracin Zinc",
"Major Triple Antibiotic",
"Major Triple Antibiotic",
"MAKESENSE First Aid",
"Market Basket First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Maxitril",
"McKesson Bacitracin Zinc",
"Medi-First",
"Medi-first",
"Medi-First Plus Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Plus Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Plus Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Triple Antibiotic",
"MediChoice Bacitracin",
"MediChoice Triple Antibiotic",
"Medpride First Aid",
"Medpride First Aid",
"meijer Bacitracin Zinc",
"meijer Triple Antibiotic",
"Meijer Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"meijer Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Mountain Series Weekender Medical",
"Mountain Series Weekender Medical",
"Multi Action",
"Multi Action",
"Mytrophene",
"Natureplex Antibiotic",
"Natureplex Antibiotic plus Pain",
"Natureplex Antibiotic Plus Pain, Itch, Scar Relief",
"Neo Bace Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Neo Polycin",
"Neo Polycin",
"Neo Polycin HC",
"Neo-poly-bac",
"Neo-poly-bac Hydro",
"Neo-polycin",
"Neo-polycin",
"Neo-polycin",
"Neo-polycin HC",
"Neocidin",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and bacitracin zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc with Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc with Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc with Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B sulfates, Bacitracin zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B sulfates, Bacitracin zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc, and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc, and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc, and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin Sulfate, Polymyxin B Sulfate and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neosporin",
"Neosporin Ointment",
"Neosporin Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Pain Itch Scar",
"NEOSPORIN Plus BURN RELIEF",
"Neosporin Plus Lidocaine",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Clubtray",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Clubtray",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Neo to Go",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Neo To Go First Aid Antibiotic Pain Relieving",
"Neotopic Ointment",
"North Triple Antibiotic",
"OLP Antibiotic Bacitracin Zinc",
"OLP Triple Antibiotic",
"OLP Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Omnisporin",
"Onguent Antibiotique",
"OP Triple Antibiotic",
"Optimyxin Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Ori-power",
"Original Bacitraycin",
"Our Family Triple Antibiotic",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus - Ointment",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus Ont",
"Ozonol Antibiotics Plus",
"Paraid Triple Antibiotic",
"Penimixcina",
"Penimixcina",
"Pentrexcilina Triple Antibiotic",
"Pentrexcilina Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Pentrexcilina Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Pink Eye Ointment",
"Polvos de Sulpha First Aid Antibiotic",
"Poly Antibiotic",
"Poly Antibiotic Ointment",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Polycidin Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Polycin",
"Polycin",
"Polycin",
"Polycin",
"Polycin",
"Polycin",
"Polyderm Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polyderm Ointment USP",
"Polysporin",
"Polysporin",
"Polysporin Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Cold Sore Ointment",
"Polysporin Complete",
"Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Polysporin for Stitches",
"Polysporin Singles",
"Polysporin Sterile Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Polysporin Sterile Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Polysporin Topical First Aid Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polytopic",
"Polytopic Ont",
"Pomada De La Campana Triple Antibiotic Pain Relief",
"Premier Value Bacitracin Zinc",
"Premier Value Bacitracin Zinc",
"Premier Value Triple Antibiotic",
"Premier Value Triple Antibiotic",
"Premier Value Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"ProCoMycin",
"ProCoMycin",
"Procure Triple Antibiotic Cream plus Active Manuka Honey",
"procureFirst Aid Antibio First Aid Antibiotic",
"ProcureTriple Antibiotic Triple Antibiotic",
"Proplex Bacitracin",
"PS - 2895 Triple Antibiotic , 0.5g",
"PS-2261 Triple Antibiotic, 0.5g",
"Publix antibiotic",
"Publix antibiotic plus pain relief",
"Publix Bacitracin Zinc",
"Quality Choice Bacitracin",
"Quality Choice Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Quality Choice Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Quality Choice Triple Antibiotic",
"Quality Choice Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Reliever",
"Rash Relief Antibacterial",
"Ready America First Aid Outdoor- 107 Pieces",
"Ready America First Aid Pocket - 33 Pieces",
"ReCellTis",
"ReCellTis Wound Cream",
"Redicare Triple Antibiotic First Aid",
"Refill 2",
"Refill 2",
"Repara Triple Antibiotic",
"Rexall Antibiotic",
"RITE AID Double Antibiotic",
"Roosin Triple Antibiotic",
"Roosin Triple Antibiotic",
"S-Oint BACITRACIN",
"S-Oint TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC",
"Safeway Bacitracin Zinc",
"Sandoz Cortimyxin",
"Schein Bacitracin",
"Schein Triple Antibiotic",
"Select Medical Products Triple Antibiotic",
"Sheffield Bacitracin Zinc",
"Sheffield Triple Antibiotic",
"Sheffield Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Shopko Bacitracin Zinc",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Shoprite Bacitracin",
"Shoprite Triple Antibiotic",
"Shoprite Triple Antibiotic",
"ShopRite Triple Antibiotic",
"Signature Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Signature Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Signature Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Signature Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Simply Neosporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Single 0.9g Triple Antibiotic",
"Single Antibiotic",
"Single Antibiotic with bacitracin",
"Single Antibiotic with bacitracin",
"Small Cuts and Burns",
"Smart Sense Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense Bacitracin",
"Smart Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense triple antibitotic plus pain relief",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"Sterisporin",
"Sunmark Double Antibiotic",
"Sunmark Double Antibiotic",
"Sunmark Triple Antibiotic",
"Sunmark Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Sx1 Medicated Post-Operative System",
"T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test",
"Taro-bacitracin Ointment 500units/gm",
"The New Parent First Aid",
"TheraCare Bacitracin Zinc",
"TheraCare First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"TheraCare Triple Antibiotic Pain Relief",
"TheraPlusPlus Plus",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"TopCare Bacitracin Zinc",
"Topcare Triple Antibiotic",
"Topcare Triple Antibiotic",
"TopCare Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Topical Antibiotic Ointment",
"Touchless Care FIRST AID ANTIBIOTIC",
"Travel Savvy First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Travel Savvy Triple Antibiotic",
"Triastem Topical Antibiotic",
"Tribiotic",
"Tribioticlc Lc Lc",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic and Burn Relief",
"Triple antibiotic and pain itch scar",
"Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Triple antibiotic and pain relief",
"Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic CVS",
"Triple Antibiotic Extra Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic GRX",
"Triple Antibiotic HC",
"Triple Antibiotic Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic plus pain relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antiobiotic",
"Tripleantibioticapainscaritch",
"Tripleantibioticointmentandpainrelief",
"Tripleantibioticointmentandpainrelief",
"UEC Medical First Aid Antibiotic",
"UEC Medical First Aid Antibiotic",
"Ultra Seal Bacitracin",
"ULTRA SEAL Triple Antibiotic",
"Up and Up Antibiotic",
"Up and Up Antibiotic",
"Up and Up Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Up and Up Bacitracin first aid",
"Up and Up First Aid Antibiotic",
"Up and Up First Aid Antibiotic Pain Relieving",
"Up and Up multi action antibiotic",
"Vitacilina First Aid Antibiotic",
"Vitastem ULTRA",
"Vitastem Ultra Topical Antibiotic",
"Vitastem Ultra Topical Antibiotic",
"Wal-Sporin",
"Walgreens Bacitracin Zinc",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic With Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Triple Antibiotic",
"Walgreens Wal-Sporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"WalgreensTriple Antibiotic",
"Water-Jel 3-in-1 Antibiotic",
"WELL AT WALG TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC Well at Walgreens",
"Welly Adventure First Aid Kit",
"Welly Bravery Balm",
"Welly Bravery First Aid Kit",
"Welly Bravery Triple Antibiotic",
"Welly Bravery Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"Welly Excursion First Aid Kit",
"Welly First Aid Kit",
"Welly Human Repair Kit",
"Welly Infection Fighter",
"Welly Quick Fix Kit",
"Welly Quick Fix Kit",
"Welly Superhero Supplies Kit",
"Western Family Bacitracin Zinc",
"Western Family Triple Antibiotic",
"Western Family Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Winco Bacitracin",
"Winco Bacitracin Zinc",
"WinCo Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"WinCo Original Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Wound First Aid",
"Wound Healer",
"Xpect Triple Antibiotic",
"Xpect Triple Antibiotic",
"Zapotol Bacitracin",
"Zee 3-in-One First Aid Antibiotic"
] |
[
"Baciguent"
] |
[
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc with Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Neosporin",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-4 Person First Aid",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Premier Value Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person National Ski Patrol First Aid",
"Neomycin Sulfate, Polymyxin B Sulfate and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neo-poly-bac",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Triple Antibiotic HC",
"Neo-poly-bac Hydro",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc with Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and First Aid Contains 167 Pieces",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES HARDCASE",
"GENUINE FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 Pieces",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"50 Person ANSI",
"Emergency Preparedness",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"K-Mart SmartSense First Aid Contains 303 Pieces",
"The New Parent First Aid",
"FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"Small Cuts and Burns",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"ARC FIRST AID Emergency Preparedness Contains 167 PIECES",
"ACME FIRST AID Contains 404 PIECES",
"BLUE ACME SLEEVE FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"25 Person ANSI",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic with Pain Reliever",
"ARC FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"FIRST AID Contains 303 PIECES HARDCASE",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"10 Person ANSI",
"ACME Small Cuts and Burns",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Rash Relief Antibacterial",
"Genuine First Aid - Home First Aid",
"Genuine First Aid - Auto First Aid",
"GFA First Aid 36 Unit Metal Case",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"First Aid Value Pack - 77 Pieces",
"First Aid Pocket Pack - 40 Pieces",
"Easy Care First Aid Chest - Home and Workshop",
"GFA First Aid",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Outdoor and Travel",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Triple Antibiotic Maximum Strength",
"GFA First Aid Kit Essentials - 33 Pieces",
"GFA First Aid 24 Unit Metal Case",
"GFA First Aid 16 Unit Metal Case",
"CVS Bacitracin with Pain Relief",
"Mountain Series Weekender Medical",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc with Hydrocortisone Acetate",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Mountain Series Weekender Medical",
"Easy Care First Aid - All Purpose",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"GFA First Aid 75 Person Metal Case",
"Easy Care First Aid Kit - Sports and Travel",
"Atopalm First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Easy Care First Aid",
"Adventure Medical Kits 1-2 Person First Aid",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Face Values Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Genuine Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Quality Choice Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Reliever",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Atopalm First Aid Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic and Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Tribioticlc Lc Lc",
"Genuine First Aid Industrial First Aid",
"American Red Cross First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Neo to Go",
"Cortisporin",
"Polysporin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Mytrophene",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Neo-polycin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Budpak Triple Antibiotic Maximum Strength",
"Publix antibiotic plus pain relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Western Family Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Western Family Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Extra Strength",
"Live Better Triple Antibiotic",
"Live Better Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Our Family Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Maximum Strength",
"Neo-polycin",
"Ready America First Aid Pocket - 33 Pieces",
"Ready America First Aid Outdoor- 107 Pieces",
"CAREONE Triple Antibiotic",
"meijer Triple Antibiotic",
"Premier Value Triple Antibiotic",
"Sunmark Triple Antibiotic",
"ProcureTriple Antibiotic Triple Antibiotic",
"meijer Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Repara Triple Antibiotic",
"Publix antibiotic",
"Dr Bells Pomade",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Shopko Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Biotic-Plus",
"Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Maxitril",
"Procure Triple Antibiotic Cream plus Active Manuka Honey",
"Pentrexcilina Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid",
"Atopalm First Aid Triple Antibiotic Protection Moisturizing and Pain Relief",
"CVP Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader First Aid Antibiotic",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief",
"Cardinal Health First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"DG Health Triple Antibiotic",
"MAKESENSE First Aid",
"Pomada De La Campana Triple Antibiotic Pain Relief",
"Polycin",
"Neo-polycin HC",
"Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"CVS Cuts and Scrapes Refill Pack",
"Neo-polycin",
"Lincoln",
"Family Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Family Care Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Aftate Triple Antibiotic",
"DG Health Poly Antibiotic",
"Quality Choice Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Up and Up multi action antibiotic",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Meijer Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Berkley and Jensen Triple Antibiotic",
"Genuine Triple Antibiotic",
"DAYMARK FAK-35 First Aid",
"CVS Triple Antibiotic",
"Signature Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Macimum Sterngth Bacitraycin Plus",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic",
"WalgreensTriple Antibiotic",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy First Aid",
"Harris Teeter Poly Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc",
"Good Sense Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Shoprite Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Doubleantibioticointment",
"Tripleantibioticointmentandpainrelief",
"Triple Antibiotic CVS",
"Water-Jel 3-in-1 Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Equaline Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Up and Up Antibiotic",
"Healthy Accents triple antibiotic",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Up and Up First Aid Antibiotic Pain Relieving",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Shoprite Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"CVS Health Medication and Topical Refill Pouch",
"CVS First Aid Kit",
"Antibiotic and Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Healthy Accents Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"ShopRite Triple Antibiotic",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic Pain Relieving",
"Formucare Triple Antibiotic Original Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"CVS All Purpose First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic, Pain and Scar",
"CVS Health Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic GRX",
"Wal-Sporin",
"Poly Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc, and Hydrocortisone",
"Harris Teeter Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Harris Teeter Triple Antibioitic",
"Family wellness",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B sulfates, Bacitracin zinc",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc, and Hydrocortisone",
"Fulton Street Market Triple Antibiotic Original Strength",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B sulfates, Bacitracin zinc",
"First Aid Research Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Vertical",
"CVS Health Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Goodsense First Aid Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Adventure First Aid .5 Tin",
"Up and Up Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Aerosoothe",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"First Aid Maximum Strength Bacitraycin Plus",
"GLINT TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC First Aid",
"First Aid Triple Antibiotic Pain and Scar",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Genuine Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Walgreens Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic With Pain Relief",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"First Aid Antibiotic Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Strength",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Maximum Strength",
"ReCellTis",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"UEC Medical First Aid Antibiotic",
"WELL AT WALG TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC Well at Walgreens",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Cortomycin",
"Cortisporin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc, and Hydrocortisone",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"FIRST AID Contains 1000 PIECES",
"Family Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Pentrexcilina Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Penimixcina",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Major Triple Antibiotic",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Polycin",
"Good Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Acme Home/Office/Auto Kit",
"Neo Polycin HC",
"Neo Polycin",
"Polycin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Kaiser Permanente Double antibiotic",
"Neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and bacitracin zinc",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"OLP Triple Antibiotic",
"OLP Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Careone Original Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Neosporin Pain Itch Scar",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief",
"MediChoice Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Good Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Afassco Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"NEOSPORIN Plus BURN RELIEF",
"Triple Antiobiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Triple Antibiotic plus pain relief",
"EQUATE Triple Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Circle K Triple Antibiotic",
"Select Medical Products Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Family Wellness",
"TheraPlusPlus Plus",
"ProCoMycin",
"Refill 2",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"4196 First Aid Kit",
"Welly Superhero Supplies Kit",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Welly Human Repair Kit",
"Welly Quick Fix Kit",
"Welly Bravery Triple Antibiotic",
"Welly Bravery Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"FAK Large Office First Aid kit",
"4209 First Aid Kit",
"4211 First Aid Kit",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Wal-Sporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"4032 First Aid Kit",
"4215 First Aid Kit",
"4216 First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"4222 First Aid Kit",
"4229 First Aid Kit",
"4234 First Aid Kit",
"Pentrexcilina Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Penimixcina",
"Polycin",
"4245 First Aid Kit",
"TopCare Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"4200 First Aid Kit",
"4202 First Aid Kit",
"4201 First Aid Kit",
"4255 First Aid Kit",
"ANCALIMA First Aid",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"4271 First Aid Kit",
"4272 First Aid Kit",
"4289 First Aid Kit",
"4235 First Aid Kit",
"4287 First Aid Kit",
"4279 First Aid Kit",
"4282 First Aid Kit",
"4283 First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"4292 First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"4231First Aid Kit",
"4239 First Aid Kit",
"4299 First Aid Kit",
"4276 First Aid Kit",
"4277 First Aid Kit",
"4167 First Aid Kit",
"4281 First Aid Kit",
"4168 First Aid Kit",
"4295 First Aid Kit",
"4212 First Aid Kit",
"4135 First Aid Kit",
"4138 First Aid Kit",
"4152 First Aid Kit",
"4150 First Aid Kit",
"4250 First Aid Kit",
"4166 First Aid Kit",
"4249 First Aid Kit",
"4304 First Aid Kit",
"4303 First Aid Kit",
"4317 First Aid Kit",
"4291 First Aid Kit",
"4305 First Aid Kit",
"4314 First Aid Kit",
"4315 First Aid Kit",
"4253 First Aid Kit",
"4197 First Aid Kit",
"4284 First Aid Kit",
"4198 First Aid Kit",
"4199 First Aid Kit",
"4254 First Aid Kit",
"4336 First Aid Kit",
"4346 First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"4358 First Aid Kit",
"4367 First Aid Kit",
"4363 First Aid Kit",
"4364 First Aid Kit",
"4155 First Aid Kit",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"4361 First Aid Kit",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Medi-First Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Plus Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Travel Savvy First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Green Guard Triple Antibiotic",
"Travel Savvy Triple Antibiotic",
"Family Wellness Antiseptic and Pain Relief",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"AVON HeXashield Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"4389 First Aid Kit",
"DG Poly Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"Welly Bravery First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"CareALL Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"CareALL Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Neosporin Original",
"Ecolab Triple Antibiotic",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"4379 First Aid Kit",
"4334 First Aid Kit",
"Tripleantibioticointmentandpainrelief",
"Tripleantibioticapainscaritch",
"4280 First Aid Kit",
"Easy Care First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"CVS Health All Purpose Kit",
"CVS Health Healing on the Go Kit",
"CVS Health Sports Kit",
"CareALL Triple Antibiotic",
"Careone Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"4398 First Aid Kit",
"Careone Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"Redicare Triple Antibiotic First Aid",
"4064 First Aid Kit",
"4065 First Aid Kit",
"4066 First Aid Kit",
"4067 First Aid Kit",
"Polysporin",
"Up and Up Antibiotic",
"Schein Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief",
"4399 First Aid Kit",
"4362 First Aid Kit",
"4387 First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Only Triple Antibiotic",
"4388 First Aid Kit",
"Triastem Topical Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Poly Bacitracin",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic Maximum Strength",
"Double Antibiotic",
"Double Antibiotic",
"ULTRA SEAL Triple Antibiotic",
"Sunmark Double Antibiotic",
"ReCellTis Wound Cream",
"LEADER Triple Antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates, Bacitracin Zinc and Hydrocortisone",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Sunmark Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Neo To Go First Aid Antibiotic Pain Relieving",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Maximum Strength",
"Quality Choice Triple Antibiotic",
"DG Health Antibiotic",
"Exchange Select triple antibiotic",
"Exchange Select First Aid Triple Anitbiotic Pain Relieving",
"Family Wellness Original",
"Berkley and Jensen Triple Antibiotic",
"Equaline First Aid Antibiotic",
"Equaline First Aid Antibiotic",
"Signature Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Signature Care Triple Antibiotic",
"Curad Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Circle K Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitraycin Plus",
"Quality Choice Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Sheffield Triple Antibiotic",
"Sheffield Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Neo Polycin",
"Bi-Mart Triple Antibiotic",
"Bi-Mart Triple Antibiotic plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic",
"Family Wellness First Aid Antibiotic",
"Dg Health Triple Antibiotic",
"Welly Quick Fix Kit",
"Crane Safety Triple Antibiotic",
"Crane Safety Triple Antibiotic",
"Sx1 Medicated Post-Operative System",
"North Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Sunmark Double Antibiotic",
"Polycin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Cuadriderma",
"Refill 2",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Standard ANSI First Aid",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic Application",
"Antibiotic",
"Kit Breakroom Office First Aid",
"Kit Large Office First Aid",
"Large ANSI First Aid Kit",
"Family Wellness Pain Scar Itch",
"Family Wellness Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Simply Neosporin First Aid Antibiotic",
"Fonow",
"T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch Test",
"Lucky SuperSoft First Aid",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Sense First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Topcare Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Topcare Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Welly Adventure First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Neosporin Original",
"Major Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"WinCo Original Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"7 Select First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"4050 First Aid Kit",
"4042 First Aid Kit",
"ProCoMycin",
"Smart Sense triple antibitotic plus pain relief",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"Market Basket First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Family Care Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Neocidin",
"Antibiotic Original Strength",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Ak-poly-bac",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Double Antibiotic",
"DG Health Triple Antibiotic",
"Ori-power",
"Bacitracin",
"Healthy Accents Triple Antibiotic",
"Paraid Triple Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Smart Sense Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Neosporin Original",
"Neosporin Original",
"Omnisporin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic with Pain Relief Maximum Strength",
"Polycin",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Medpride First Aid",
"4380 First Aid Kit",
"4219 First Aid Kit",
"4318 First Aid Kit",
"4319 First Aid Kit",
"4365 First Aid Kit",
"4293 First Aid Kit",
"4382 First Aid Kit",
"4381 First Aid Kit",
"4393 First Aid Kit",
"4274 First Aid Kit",
"4383 First Aid Kit",
"4384 First Aid Kit",
"4252 First Aid Kit",
"Tribiotic",
"Care Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Bus and Classroom Yellow",
"Polvos de Sulpha First Aid Antibiotic",
"Equate First Aid Antibiotic",
"Medi-First",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Curetech First Aid",
"Welly Excursion First Aid Kit",
"Premier Value Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Genuine First Aid First Aid Antibiotic Bacitracin Zinc",
"Triple Antibiotic and Pain Relief",
"Welly First Aid Kit",
"Galentic Triple Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief",
"Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"Easy Care First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic Bacitraycin Plus Maximum Strength",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Lucky SuperSoft First Aid",
"FAK Care4 Bus and School Yellow ORM D",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Welly Bravery Balm",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Single 0.9g Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic",
"Multi Action",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"WinCo Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Neosporin Original",
"S-Oint TRIPLE ANTIBIOTIC",
"Maximum Strength Triple Antibiotic",
"Roosin Triple Antibiotic",
"Roosin Triple Antibiotic",
"TheraCare First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Crane Safety Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Plus Triple Antibiotic",
"Green Guard Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Poly Bacitracin",
"Triple antibiotic and pain relief",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic and Burn Relief",
"Triple Antibiotic and Burn Relief",
"Triple antibiotic and pain itch scar",
"Johnson and Johnson Safe Travels First Aid Kit",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Basic Care First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Wound Healer",
"Natureplex Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Ever Ready Triple Antibiotic",
"Drs. pharmacy triple antibiotic",
"Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic Ointment USP",
"Band-aid Brand Adhesive Bandages Plus Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Complete Antibiotic Ointment",
"Jampolycin",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Cortisporin",
"Polyderm Antibiotic Ointment",
"Neo Bace Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Lanabiotic Ont",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus Ont",
"Band-aid-S-1",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic Ointment",
"Gercillin",
"Cicatrin Powder",
"Extra Strength Bacitraycin Plus",
"Topical Antibiotic Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polyderm Ointment USP",
"Sterisporin",
"Baciguent Plus Pain Reliever Ont",
"Emercreme No4 Ont Efa",
"Eurosporin",
"Polysporin Singles",
"Poly Antibiotic Ointment",
"Equate Antibiotic Plus Pain, Itch, Scar Relief",
"Polytopic",
"Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Complete",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Neotopic Ointment",
"Neosporin Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Polysporin Topical First Aid Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotique Onguent",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Ozonol Antibiotic Plus - Ointment",
"Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Sterile Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polycidin Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Polysporin Antibiotic Ointment",
"Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Cortisporin",
"Polytopic Ont",
"Onguent Antibiotique",
"Polysporin for Stitches",
"Polysporin Cold Sore Ointment",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Bacimyxin Onguent",
"Bioderm Ointment",
"Neosporin Ointment",
"Diosporin Ointment",
"Optimyxin Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Polysporin Sterile Ophthalmic Ointment",
"Sandoz Cortimyxin",
"Triple Antibiotic Ointment",
"Antibiotic Ointment",
"Ozonol Antibiotics Plus",
"4232 First Aid Kit",
"4221 First Aid Kit",
"4230 First Aid Kit",
"4242 First Aid Kit",
"4240 First Aid Kit",
"4241 First Aid Kit",
"4125 First Aid Kit",
"4329 First Aid Kit",
"4338 First Aid Kit",
"4339 First Aid Kit",
"4355 First Aid Kit",
"4357 First Aid Kit",
"4248 First Aid Kit",
"4356 First Aid Kit",
"Drs. Pharmacy Triple Antibiotic Plus",
"Natureplex Antibiotic Plus Pain, Itch, Scar Relief",
"Natureplex Antibiotic plus Pain",
"Pink Eye Ointment",
"Antibiotic",
"Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"0.9g Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitraycin MAX Pain Relief",
"Astonea First Aid",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Vitacilina First Aid Antibiotic",
"Welly Infection Fighter",
"Diphen",
"Zee 3-in-One First Aid Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Xpect Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Circle K Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Good Sense First Aid Antibiotic",
"American Safety and First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Multi Action",
"RITE AID Double Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Neomycin Sulfate, and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc, Polymyxin B Sulfate, and Neomycin Sulfate",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Ever Ready First Aid Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Neosporin Plus Lidocaine",
"First Aid Antibiotic",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Clubtray",
"Neosporin Plus Pain Relief Clubtray",
"Medi-first",
"First Aid Only Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Triple Antibiotic",
"Medi-First Plus Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Leader Triple antibiotic and pain relief",
"Thompson Triple Antibiotic",
"TheraCare Triple Antibiotic Pain Relief",
"Goodnow Triple Antibiotic",
"EPIC First Aid",
"Caring Mills Triple Antibiotic",
"Care Science Essential First Aid",
"health and .beyond Triple Antibiotic",
"PS - 2895 Triple Antibiotic , 0.5g",
"PS-2261 Triple Antibiotic, 0.5g",
"OP Triple Antibiotic",
"First Aid Antibiotic plus Burn Relief",
"Xpect Triple Antibiotic",
"Triple Antibiotic",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate",
"Bacitracin Zinc and Polymyxin B Sulfate"
] |
[
"P14735",
"P01023"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00627
|
Niacin
|
Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions.[L7550,L7553,L7556,L7559,L7562,L7565]
|
solid
|
Niacin is indicated to prevent vitamin deficiencies in pediatric and adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition as part of multivitamin intravenous injections.[L7550,L7553,L7556,L7559] Niacin oral tablets are indicated as a monotherapy or in combination with simvastatin or lovastatin to treat primary hyperlipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia.[L7562,L7565] It can also be used to reduce the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarctions in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and hyperlipidemia.[L7562,L7565] Niacin is also indicated with bile acid binding resins to treat atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia or to treat primary hyperlipidemia.[L7562,L7565] Finally niacin is indicated to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia.[L7562,L7565]
|
Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions.[L7550,L7553,L7556,L7559,L7562,L7565] Niacin acts to decrease levels of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, while increasing levels of high density lipoproteins.[A19555] Niacin has a wide therapeutic window with usual oral doses between 500mg and 2000mg.[L7550] Patients with diabetes, renal failure, uncontrolled hypothyroidism, and elderly patients taking niacin with simvastatin or lovastatin are at increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.[L7550]
|
Niacin performs a number of functions in the body and so has many mechanisms, not all of which have been fully described.[A19555] Niacin can decrease lipids and apolipoprotein B (apo B)-containing lipoproteins by modulating triglyceride synthesis in the liver, which degrades apo B, or by modulating lipolysis in adipose tissue.[A19555]
Niacin inhibits hepatocyte diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2.[A19555] This action prevents the final step of triglyceride synthesis in hepatocytes, limiting available triglycerides for very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).[A19555] This activity also leads to intracellular degradation of apo B and decreased production of low density lipoproteins, the catabolic product of VLDL.[A19555]
Niacin also inhibits a high density lipoprotein (HDL) catabolism receptor, which increases the levels and half life of HDL.[A19555]
|
In patients with chronic kidney disease, the C<sub>max</sub> is 0.06µg/mL for a 500mg oral dose, 2.42µg/mL for a 1000mg oral dose, and 4.22µg/mL for a 1500mg oral dose.[A181511] The T<sub>max</sub> is 3.0 hours for a 1000mg or 1500mg oral dose.[A181511] The AUC is 1.44µg\*h/mL for a 500mg oral dose, 6.66µg\*h/mL for a 1000mg oral dose, and 12.41µg\*h/mL for a 1500mg oral dose.[A181511] These values did not drastically differ in patients requiring dialysis.[A181511]
|
The metabolism of niacin is poorly described in the literature, but the metabolites niacinamide, niacinamide N-oxide, nicotinuric acid, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and trigonelline have been identified in human urine.[A181541]
|
Overdose of niacin may present with severe prolonged hypotension.[A181499] Patients experiencing an overdose should be treated with supportive measures which may include intravenous fluids.[A181499,L7550]
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in the mouse is 3720mg/kg, in the rabbit is 4550mg/kg, in the rat is 7000mg/kg, and the dermal LD<sub>50</sub> in the rat is >2000mg/kg.[L7580]
|
The half life of niacin is 0.9h, nicotinuric acid is 1.3h, and nicotinamide is 4.3h.[A181556]
|
Data regarding the protein binding of niacin is not readily available.
|
69.5% of a dose of niacin is recovered in urine.[A181556] 37.9% of the recovered dose was N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, 16.0% was N-methylnicotinamide, 11.6% was nicotinuric acid, and 3.2% was niacin.[A181556]
|
Data regarding the volume of distribution of niacin is not readily available.
|
Data regarding the clearance of niacin is not readily available.
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pyridines and derivatives
|
Pyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] |
[
"C10AD",
"C10A",
"C10",
"C",
"C10AD",
"C10A",
"C10",
"C",
"C10BA",
"C10B",
"C10",
"C",
"C04AC",
"C04A",
"C04",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Nicomide-t 4% cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "2.28",
"description": "Niaspan 500 mg tablet er",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.54",
"description": "Niaspan er 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.54",
"description": "Simcor 500-20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.64",
"description": "Simcor 500-20 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.65",
"description": "Niaspan 500 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "3.25",
"description": "Niaspan 750 mg tablet er",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.62",
"description": "Niaspan er 750 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.62",
"description": "Simcor 750-20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.76",
"description": "Niaspan 750 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "4.04",
"description": "Niaspan 1000 mg tablet er",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.49",
"description": "Niaspan er 1000 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.49",
"description": "Simcor 1000-20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.67",
"description": "Niaspan 1000 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "4.67",
"description": "Simcor 1000-20 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Niacin 100 mg caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Niacin 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Niacin 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Niacinamide 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Niacin 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Niacinamide 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Niacin 250 mg tablet sa",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.06",
"description": "Niacin flush free 500 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Niacin 1000 mg tablet sa",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "No flush niacin capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.09",
"description": "Slo-niacin 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Niacin 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.14",
"description": "Slo-niacin 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Niacin 500 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.19",
"description": "Slo-niacin 750 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.24",
"description": "Niacinamide powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.35",
"description": "Niacin flush free 750 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.57",
"description": "Niacinamide ascorbate powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2000-10-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-09-20",
"number": "6129930"
},
{
"approved": "2007-06-19",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-03-06",
"number": "2283159"
},
{
"approved": "2006-01-10",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2018-07-31",
"number": "2298549"
},
{
"approved": "2000-06-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-05-27",
"number": "6080428"
},
{
"approved": "2002-10-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-03-15",
"number": "6469035"
}
] |
3-carboxypyridine | 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid | 3-Pyridylcarboxylic acid | Acide nicotinique | ácido nicotínico | Acidum Nicotinicum | anti-pellagra vitamin | m-pyridinecarboxylic acid | Niacin | Niacina | Nicotinic acid | Nikotinsäure | pyridine-β-carboxylic acid | β-pyridinecarboxylic acid | G-protein coupled receptor 109B | G-protein coupled receptor HM74 | G-protein coupled receptor HM74B | GPR109B | HCA3 | HM74B | Niacin receptor 2 | NIACR2 | Nicotinic acid receptor 2 | 2.3.1.20 | Acyl-CoA retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase | ARAT | Diglyceride acyltransferase 2 | Retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase | G-protein coupled receptor 109A | G-protein coupled receptor HM74A | GPR109A | HCA2 | HM74A | Niacin receptor 1 | NIACR1 | Nicotinic acid receptor | 2.4.2.19 | QAPRTase | QPRTase | Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase [decarboxylating] | 2.1.1.1 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | KIAA0880 | OATP-B | OATP-RP2 | OATP2B1 | OATPB | OATPRP2 | Organic anion transporter B | Organic anion transporter polypeptide-related protein 2 | Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 | SLC21A9 | Solute carrier family 21 member 9 | MCT 1 | MCT1 | Solute carrier family 16 member 1 | AIT | Apical iodide transporter | Electrogenic sodium monocarboxylate cotransporter | SMCT | SMCT1 | Sodium iodide-related cotransporter | Solute carrier family 5 member 8 | MCT 4 | MCT3 | MCT4 | Solute carrier family 16 member 3
|
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"JEUNCELL Hair restorer and Hair Growth Solution",
"Kindervites",
"Lip - Fac Formula",
"Lipall Plus Tab",
"Lipo-B-C Tab",
"Lipotropic Ctr",
"Lipovitan",
"Luna Vitamin and Mineral Bar for Women",
"Lustime Angel",
"Lustime Unicorn",
"Lutime",
"M-Natal Plus",
"M-Natal Plus",
"M-Natal Plus",
"M-Natal Plus",
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"Master Key Multi Vitamin Multi Mineral Formula 2",
"Maximum Once A Day",
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"Mega Vitaminerals",
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"Men's 50+",
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"Mhb",
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"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Young Men",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Young Women",
"Multivitamins and Minerals With Betacarotene Tablets",
"MVC-Fluoride",
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"MVC-Fluoride",
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"Natural Source Spectrum With Beta Carotene",
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"Novel Vita",
"Nutra Boost",
"O-Cal FA multivitamin",
"O-Cal FA multivitamin",
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"OB Complete 400",
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"One A Day Advance Adults 50+",
"One Daily VITES",
"One-A-day Advance Men's",
"Only One - Tablet",
"Orange Flavored Crystal Chews Tab",
"Phytopure",
"Phytovim Cap",
"Poly-Vi-Flor Gummies",
"Poly-Vi-Sol",
"Prenatal",
"Prenatal Formula Tab",
"Prenatal Mega Antioxidant",
"PreNatal Vitamins Plus",
"PreNatal Vitamins Plus",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus Low Iron",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus Low Iron",
"Prenatal, DHA",
"Pro Enz Tab",
"Pro Hers Vanilla",
"Protect Cardio AF",
"PROTECT IRON Liquid",
"Protect Plus SO 60",
"Provida DHA",
"Provida OB",
"Puralor",
"Reaphirm Plant Source DHA",
"Red American Eagle Vitamin Supplement Drink",
"Red Bull",
"Remedium - Liq Orl",
"Reno Caps",
"Reno Caps",
"Reno Caps",
"Revit Multi-vitamins and Minerals",
"Revitalize Multi-vitamin and Mineral Complex",
"Rogenic",
"Se-Natal",
"Select OB",
"Shen Min Vitamin Supplement",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Spectrum 2 Cap",
"Stress Formula Multi-B Comp + 500mg Vit C Cap",
"Strovite Forte Caplet",
"Super Daily No 2",
"Super Stress Mega B Plus 1000mg Vit C Tab",
"Sustained Release Niacin 500mg",
"Sveets",
"Swiss One Timed Release Tab",
"Taron-C DHA",
"Tendera-OB",
"Time Released Niacin 500 mg",
"Timed Release Vita-vim Srt",
"TL-Fluorivite",
"Tri B3 Src 300mg",
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"TriStart FREE",
"TriStart ONE",
"Ultimate Tab",
"Usana Megavitamin Tablets - Tab",
"Vasodyn Tab",
"Vc II",
"Vege Swiss One Multivitamin W Chel Mins Tab",
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"Vita B Complex Tab",
"Vita Balance 2000",
"Vita Day Tab",
"Vita Vim Multivitamins and Minerals Tab",
"Vita Vim With Beta Carotene-caplet",
"Vita-Rx Diabetic Vitamin",
"Vita-Rx Diabetic Vitamin",
"Vita-vim - Tab",
"Vita-vim With Beta-carotene - Tab",
"Vitafol Caplet",
"Vitafol Fe Plus",
"VITAFOL Gummies",
"Vitafol OB Caplet",
"Vitafol One",
"Vitafol Plus",
"Vitafol-OB Plus DHA Prenatal Supplement Plus DHA",
"Vitalife - Capsule",
"Vitamin & Mineral Formula 1 Dietary Supplement",
"Vitamin B + C Cap",
"Vitamin B Complex Suppl",
"Vitamin B Complex Tab",
"Vitamin B Compound Tab",
"Vitamin B3 Tab 10mg USP Chewable",
"Vp-heme Ob DHA",
"Vp-pnv-dha",
"Vp-pnv-dha",
"Vtb Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Vyo Cylate - Pwr",
"Wellness Formula",
"WesCap-C-DHA",
"WestGel DHA"
] |
[] |
[
"Multivit with Fluoride",
"Multivit with Fluoride",
"Multivit with Fluoride",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Reaphirm Plant Source DHA",
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"healthy mamaBE WELL ROUNDED BE WELL ROUNDED",
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"Vitafol Caplet",
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"Nephrocaps",
"Nephrocaps",
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"Multi-Vitamin Fluoride Drops",
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"Multivitamin with fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin",
"Multivitamin with fluoride",
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"Simcor",
"Simcor",
"Simcor",
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"Advicor",
"Advicor",
"Advicor",
"Advicor",
"Multivitamin with fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"DermaNIC",
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"Nephrocaps",
"Vita-Rx Diabetic Vitamin",
"Advicor",
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"Advicor",
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"Simcor",
"Integra",
"Hemocyte Plus",
"Dothelle DHA",
"Vp-pnv-dha",
"NovaFerrum Multivitamin with Iron Pediatric Drops",
"NovaMV Multivitamin",
"Nicaprin",
"Prenatal",
"Poly-Vi-Sol",
"Daily-Vite",
"TriStart ONE",
"MVC-Fluoride",
"MVC-Fluoride",
"MVC-Fluoride",
"Reno Caps",
"Folivane-Plus with Ascorbic Acid Precursors",
"Folivane-F",
"Genicin Vita-S",
"Lutime",
"Animal Shapes",
"Tendera-OB",
"Taron-C DHA",
"Folika-T",
"Nicazyme",
"NovaFerrum Multivitamin with Iron Pediatric Drops",
"ahoSAN",
"Vitafol OB Caplet",
"Vitafol Fe Plus",
"Folivane-OB",
"Irospan 24/6",
"Irospan 24/6",
"Virt-C DHA",
"Pro Hers Vanilla",
"TriStart DHA",
"M-Natal Plus",
"Lustime Unicorn",
"Lustime Angel",
"Vyo Cylate - Pwr",
"Vc II",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus Low Iron",
"Prenatal Mega Antioxidant",
"NESTABS ABC Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement with DHA/EPA",
"Prenatal, DHA",
"Escavite D",
"Escavite Lq",
"OB Complete 400",
"Reno Caps",
"TL-Fluorivite",
"Gesticare DHA",
"Gesticare DHA",
"bioJET",
"O-Cal FA multivitamin",
"O-Cal FA multivitamin",
"Multi-Vitamin",
"Vp-pnv-dha",
"Multivitamin with fluoride",
"Multivitamin with fluoride",
"Multivitamin with fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"WestGel DHA",
"M-Natal Plus",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"TriStart FREE",
"Fusion Plus",
"Provida OB",
"Provida DHA",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Dr. AVi MULTIVITAMIN with Zinc, Real Ginger, Lemon and Lemongrass",
"One Daily VITES",
"Vitafol-OB Plus DHA Prenatal Supplement Plus DHA",
"VITAFOL Gummies",
"Vitafol One",
"Abavite",
"Lipo-B-C Tab",
"Children's Chewable Tab",
"Vitamin B + C Cap",
"Vege Swiss One Multivitamin W Chel Mins Tab",
"Niachrom Capsule",
"Extra Once A Day",
"Ultimate Tab",
"Multi Flow Tablets",
"Fusion Activator Formula Tab",
"Fortistress Tab",
"Maximum Once A Day",
"Vita Day Tab",
"Innersource Tab",
"Prenatal Formula Tab",
"Timed Release Vita-vim Srt",
"Card-floe II Tab",
"Formula Cp Cap",
"Natural Source Spectrum With Beta Carotene",
"B-complex Tab",
"Only One - Tablet",
"Remedium - Liq Orl",
"Multi Vitamines - Liq",
"Complex 5 - Pwr",
"Vita Vim Multivitamins and Minerals Tab",
"Harvest Of Values All B Complex Tab",
"Gtf Support Caplet",
"Grand Master Formula Tab",
"50 Plus",
"My Favorite Niacin and Inositol Tab",
"Vasodyn Tab",
"Mega Capsules",
"Iron 25mg With Vit B-cmplx, Vit C, Cu & Mo",
"Vitalife - Capsule",
"24 Multivitamins + Minerals",
"B6 Plus Tab",
"Multi-phyto Capsules",
"Hyporyl - Tab",
"Usana Megavitamin Tablets - Tab",
"Lipall Plus Tab",
"Vitamin B Complex Tab",
"Maxum Multi-vite",
"Vita-vim - Tab",
"Cc II",
"Envirocomplex",
"Vitamin B Compound Tab",
"Metacinamide Tab",
"Doctor's Choice Brand for Men",
"Multi #2",
"Master Key Multi Vitamin Multi Mineral Formula 2",
"Cda-21 Vitamins With Non-medicinal Probiotic Complex",
"Hi Potency B Complex W Chelated Minerals",
"Kindervites",
"Revitalize Multi-vitamin and Mineral Complex",
"C-B Complex",
"Sveets",
"Formula O.C.",
"Vitamin & Mineral Formula 1 Dietary Supplement",
"Revit Multi-vitamins and Minerals",
"Vitamin B Complex Suppl",
"Iron, Vit & Min Supp",
"Red Bull",
"Lipovitan",
"Formula F L W",
"Chromemate",
"Formula Lf",
"Vita B Complex Tab",
"Luna Vitamin and Mineral Bar for Women",
"Niacin 500 Mg and Inositol",
"Mycelized Childrens Multi-vitamin Liq",
"Multitabs",
"Multicaps",
"Men's",
"Men's 50+",
"Cool B",
"One A Day Advance Adults 50+",
"Multivitamins and Minerals With Betacarotene Tablets",
"One A Day Advance Adults",
"Multi Tabs",
"Ifb",
"Hsn Formula",
"Shen Min Vitamin Supplement",
"Body Rox",
"Super Stress Mega B Plus 1000mg Vit C Tab",
"Stress Formula Multi-B Comp + 500mg Vit C Cap",
"Advicor",
"Advicor",
"Bev 29 Tab",
"Advicor",
"Antivert Tab",
"Mega 13 Multivitamin Formula",
"Spectrum 2 Cap",
"Niacin-niacinamide Tab",
"Complete One A Day Tab",
"Nitro Vites - Tab",
"Lipotropic Ctr",
"Nutra Boost",
"Multi-actin",
"American Eagle Energizer Plus Vitamin Supplement Drink",
"Red American Eagle Vitamin Supplement Drink",
"American Plus Energy & Vitamin Drink",
"Vita Balance 2000",
"Vtb Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Formula Hh",
"Gtf-vitamin-minerals & Pancreatin Tab",
"Super Daily No 2",
"B 6 Plus",
"Pro Enz Tab",
"Phytopure",
"Multi-force for Women Tab",
"Vita Vim With Beta Carotene-caplet",
"Ni-C-E-LE Plus",
"Adeks Tablets",
"Master Key Formula 3 Tab",
"Orange Flavored Crystal Chews Tab",
"Cal M Tab",
"Phytovim Cap",
"Swiss One Timed Release Tab",
"Vita-vim With Beta-carotene - Tab",
"Armax",
"Rogenic",
"Multi Vitamin-mineral Formula",
"Lip - Fac Formula",
"One-A-day Advance Men's",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Young Men",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Young Women",
"Flush Free Niacin With Inositol",
"Mhb",
"Formula Cw-caplet",
"Formula Cw",
"Mega Vitaminerals",
"Wellness Formula",
"WesCap-C-DHA",
"Novel Vita",
"Concept OB",
"Integra F",
"Integra Plus",
"Concept DHA",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Davimet",
"Protect Plus SO 60",
"Protect Cardio AF",
"PROTECT IRON Liquid",
"Poly-Vi-Flor Gummies",
"M-Natal Plus",
"Iron Folate Plus",
"Iron Folate-F",
"Davimet-M",
"Davimet with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"M-Natal Plus",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride"
] |
[
"P49019",
"Q96PD7",
"Q8TDS4",
"Q15274",
"P40261"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P05181"
] |
[
"P05543"
] |
[
"O76082",
"O94956",
"P53985",
"Q8N695",
"O15427"
] |
DB02701
|
Nicotinamide
|
An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Pyridines and derivatives
|
Pyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A11HA",
"A11H",
"A11",
"A"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
3-pyridinecarboxamide | Niacinamide | Nicotinamida | Nicotinamide | Nicotinamidum | Nicotinic acid amide | Nicotinic amide | β-pyridinecarboxamide | 3.2.2.6 | ADP-ribosyl cyclase 2 | Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 | BST-1 | cADPR hydrolase 2 | Cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 2 | 2.4.2.36 | ETA | NAD(+)--diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase | PE | 2.4.2.30 | ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like 1 | ADPRT | ADPRT 1 | ARTD1 | DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP1 | NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 | PARP-1 | Poly[ADP-ribose] synthase 1 | PPOL | Protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP1 | 2.3.1.- | Regulatory protein SIR2 homolog 5 | SIR2-like protein 5 | SIR2L5 | 1.1.1.27 | Cell proliferation-inducing gene 19 protein | LDH muscle subunit | LDH-A | LDH-M | Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-59 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"011010 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"011013 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"011020 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"011021 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"011054 Niacinamide 4% / Spironolactone 5%",
"011218 Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"011220 Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"011312 Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.05%",
"011503 Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5%",
"011504 Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"071023 Econazole Nitrate 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"171083 Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"5%Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals",
"574H Cell Care",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Multi Peptide",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Skin Ceramide",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Soy Isoflavone",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Triple Hyaluronic",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Triple Hyaluronic",
"A.H.C. C-cream",
"A.H.C. C-serum",
"A.H.C. C-toner",
"A.m",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal Eye",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal Mask",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal Serum",
"AAPE Nutrient Facial Toner",
"AAPE Skin Ampoule",
"AAPE Skin Ampoule",
"Abalone Aqua Flood Water",
"ABALONE CrystalDouble EX",
"Abalone Crystaldouble EX Bb",
"Abalone Crystaldouble EX Cc",
"Abalone Crystaldouble EX Homme",
"ABALONE CrystalDouble EX SERUM",
"ABALONE CrystalDouble EX SERUM",
"Abalone Homme Face",
"Acropass Trouble Cure",
"ACTIBEAU Intensive Moisturizing Facial Mask",
"Active FE",
"Active FE",
"Adapalene 0.1% / Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Adapalene 0.3% / Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Adapalene 0.3% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Adeks - Dps",
"Adrenergy Tablets",
"Adult Formula 50+",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Advanced B & T Formula",
"AHA 7 Whitehead Power Liquid",
"Ahc Premium Vital C Complex Cellulose Mask",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Cream",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Cream",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Mask",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Serum",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Solution",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Solution",
"AHC Vital C Complex Mask",
"AHC Whitening Special Gen Cream",
"AHC Whitening Special Gen Serum",
"AHC Whitening Special Gen Solution",
"ALA-C Snail Cell Reparing Essence",
"Alertonic",
"Alertonic",
"Alkadrenergy Tablets",
"All Day Err Day",
"All Deep Multi",
"All In One Concentrate Treatment Mask",
"All New TS",
"Allbee C 800 Tab",
"Allbee With C 550 Cap",
"Allbee With Vitamin C Cap",
"Allvit Revital Up",
"Alsimine W Vitamins A D",
"Always Bright Spot Lumedic",
"Am Caps",
"Am Caps",
"Ambling Plant Probiotics Aqua Role Moisturizing",
"Ambling Plant Probiotics Balance Ampoule",
"Ambling Plant Probiotics Into Nature Essence I",
"An Adc Sp Intensive Moisture Essence",
"Anaplex Tab",
"Animal Shapes w/Iron Chewtabs",
"Anti-Aging Serum",
"Antibe Beausenne Special Ampoule",
"AP II NeckCream",
"Aplin Spot All Kill",
"Aplin Spot Remover",
"Appedrine",
"Aprilskin Magic Snow Fixing Foundation 22 Pink Beige",
"Aprilskin Magic Snow Fixing Foundation 23 Natural Beige",
"Aqua Bab Modeling Mask",
"Aqua Collagen Multi Vitamin Hydro Mask",
"Aqua Collagen Solu Tion Marine Hydroge L Eye Crea M Mask",
"Aqua Collagen Solu tion Multi Vitamin Hydroge l Mask",
"Aquatide Resurface Serum",
"Aquatide Resurface Serum",
"Aquatide Soothing Lifting Mask",
"AQUTOP Moisturizing Signature Tone-up Cream",
"Are You The Real Kung Fu Panda Mask",
"Are You The Real Poppy Mask",
"ARILAC Brightening Mask Sheet Pack",
"Armax",
"Armiyou Hydrogen",
"ARMIYOU HYDROGEN 1.5mL",
"Arocell Eye and Neck Super",
"Arocell Milky Drop Finish Ampoule",
"Arocell Moisturizing",
"Arocell Super Power",
"Arocell Super Power Mask",
"Arocell Time Reverse K I T",
"Arocell Time Reverse K I T",
"Arocell X Belle J Super Power Cell Ampoule",
"Arocell X Belle J Super Power Cell Ampoule",
"ARSMEDIC STEP 01 Secret Ampoule",
"ARSMEDIC STEP 02 After Ampoule",
"ARTEMES 3R Effect Hyaluronic Ampoule",
"Artemes 3R effect hyaluronic mask",
"Ascorbyl Palmitate 2% / Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.2% / Niacinamide 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"ATONO2 Oxygen Mothers Cream",
"Autophagy Revolution Serum",
"Autophagy Revolutioncream",
"Avon Vitadvance Multi-kids Complete",
"Azelaic Acid 15% / Niacinamide 4%",
"B 50 Capsules",
"B C Antistress Cap",
"B Complex 25mg Vitamin Supplement",
"B Complex 50 Vitamin Cap",
"B Complex 50+ Caplet",
"B Complex 500 Tab",
"B Complex Plus C 300mg Tab",
"B Complex Tablets",
"B Complex W C and B12 Inj",
"B Complex W C Forte Cap",
"B Complex W Vit C W Non-med Yeast&liver Tab",
"B Complex W Vitamin C Fortis Cap",
"B Complex With C 300mg",
"B Complex With C 300mg Tab",
"B Complex With C 550mg",
"B Compound 50mg Tab",
"B Plus C 300 mg",
"B Plus C 300mg Timed Release",
"B Stress C + Iron & Vite",
"B Totum 500",
"B Virol",
"B Vitamin Compound With B12 Thunas",
"B With C 500 Cap",
"B-100 Caps",
"B-100 Complex Tablets",
"B-100 Hi Potency B Vitamins Tab",
"B-100 Vitamin Supplement",
"B-50 Complex",
"B-50 Complex Tab",
"B-50 Hi Potency B Vitamins Tab",
"B-Combo",
"B-complex",
"B-complex 100",
"B-complex 50",
"B-complex Tab",
"B-complex Tablets",
"B-complex With Vitamin C, Biotin, Folic Acid",
"B-plex",
"B-plex",
"B-plex 100",
"B-plus - Tab",
"B.E.T. Complex",
"B50 B Complex Tab",
"B50 Complex",
"B6-niacinamide Tab",
"Bacmin",
"Baegayul Honeysuckle Hydroge l Mask",
"Baegayul Peony Essence",
"Baegayul Peony Face Mist",
"Baegayul Peony Moisturizing",
"Baegayul Peony Toner",
"Bal-Care DHA",
"Bal-Care DHA Essential",
"Balanced B 125 Srt",
"Balanced B-100 B-complex Vitamins Tab",
"Balanced B-100 Timed Release",
"Balanced B-50 B-complex Vitamins Tab",
"Balanced B-50 B-complex Vitamins, Timed Rele",
"Balanced B-50 Complex",
"Balanced B-complex Vit + Vit C&e Tab",
"Balanced B100",
"Balanced B50 Complex",
"Bandha for and Mask",
"Bandha Who and Y Zone Serum",
"Bandha You and Face Moisture",
"Bandha You and Face Serum",
"BANILA CO It Radiant CC Tone up",
"Banobagi Milk Thistle Repair",
"Banobagi Milk Thistle Repair Serum",
"Banobagi Milk Thistle Repair Toner",
"Banobagi Vita Cocktail Foil Mask Age",
"Banobagi Vita Cocktail Foil Mask Aqua",
"Banobagi Vita Cocktail Foil Mask Brightening",
"Barox White Golf",
"Barox White Magic",
"Barox White Magic Extra Repair Serum",
"Barox White Magic Mask",
"bdr Re-action tonic professional multi active booster",
"bdr Re-charge contour push up serum high-potential moisturizer",
"bdr Re-construct enriched nourishing formula",
"Bellaskin Brightening Contour Essence",
"Bellaskin Brightening Contour Essence",
"Beminal 500 Tab",
"Beminal Fortis Elx",
"Beminal W C Fortis Inj",
"Beminal With C Fortis Cap",
"Beminal With C Fortis Cap",
"Beminal With C Fortis Pws",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5%, Clindamycin Phosphate 1%, Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 2%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 2% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 8% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 5% / Niacinamide 2% / Pentoxifylline 0.5%",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Bev B-150",
"BHA Blackhead Power Liquid",
"Bibilip Aloe Cica Dual Moisturizer",
"Bibilip Honey Coco Total Care",
"Bio Sun",
"Bio-fen",
"Biovim Tab",
"Biovita",
"Biovita",
"Birds Nest Forever Young Multi Care Lifting",
"BK Cell 5DAYS OF SECRET SNOW WHITENING",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION Natural Beige",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION Pink",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION White",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION Yellow",
"Blanc Diva Rebirth",
"Blanc Diva Rebirth Serum",
"Blanchet Glam Pearl Radiance Ampoule",
"Blanchet Glam Pearl Radiance Capsul E Serum",
"Blanchet Glam Pearl Radiance Essential Mist",
"Blue Tok Tok Tok All In One Capsule Essence",
"Body Rox",
"Bonajour Green Tea Water Bomb",
"BonGin BonCell ECM Boost 195 HA",
"BonGin BonCell Rejuvenating Mask Pack",
"BonGin Rebalancing GIN",
"BonGin Rebalancing GIN",
"BonGin Revitalizing GIN Water",
"Bonnoir Hair Medi",
"BOTA C Aqua rejuvenating serum",
"BOTA C Reset",
"Botanic Heal boH 360 Lifting So lution",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH 360 Lifting Solu tion",
"Botanic Heal boH Air Jet Daily Mask Panthenol",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Air Jet Daily Mask Panthenol",
"Botanic Heal boH All In One Bright So lution",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Derma Defense All In One Essence",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Intensive Cica Panthenol Ampoule",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Derma Intensive Energy Essence",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Derma Intensive Panthenol",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Intensive Panthenol Cre Am Mist",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Shot Vitamin All In One Essence",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Shot Vitamin Eye",
"Botanic Heal boH Gauze Hydra So lution",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Gauze Hydra Solu tion",
"Botanic Heal Boh Probioderm Repair Ampoule Serum",
"Botanic Heal Boh Probioderm Repair Lifting",
"Botanic Twenty Hypercare Essence",
"Botanic Twenty Hypercare Nourishing",
"Botanic Twenty Light Watery",
"Botanic Twenty Recharging",
"Botanic Twenty Recharging Toner",
"Breast Essence III",
"Brextem S",
"Brightuning Peptide Ampoule",
"Brightuning Peptide Ampoule",
"Brimonidine Tartrate 0.25% / Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"BRING GREEN Artemisia Calming Intensive Serum",
"BRING GREEN Artemisia Calming Repair",
"Bring Green Carrot Vita Dark Spot Serum",
"Bring Green Carrot Vita Dark Spot Serum",
"Bring Green Fresh Mask Lemon",
"Brucke A.C.C. Cure Ampoule",
"Brucke Keep Cooling Hydrogel Soothing Mask",
"Buddate Lotus Moisture Essence",
"Buddate Lotus Moisture Essence",
"Buddate Lotus Moisture Essence",
"Bugs Bunny and Friends Multiple Vitamins",
"Bugs Bunny Chew Multi Vit Plus Iron",
"Bulgarian Rose Mist",
"Bulgarian Rose Sleeping Pack",
"BVBLAB Cellular Body Firming",
"By Selected Hyaluron Day Serum",
"by Selected Repair Vitality",
"C-B Complex",
"C. Vit-min Formula",
"C.c",
"Calcipotriene 0.005% / Diclofenac Sodium 3% / Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 2% / Niacinamide 2%",
"Calcipotriene 0.005% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Camellia Air Cushion 21 SPF50 PA",
"Camellia Air Cushion 22 SPF50 PA",
"Camellia Calming Sleeping Mask",
"Camellia CC Cream 21 SPF45 PA",
"Camellia CC Cream 22 SPF45 PA",
"Camellia Cooling CC 21 SPF50 PA",
"Camellia Cooling CC 22 SPF50 PA",
"Camellia Vital Dual Serum",
"Camellia Wrinkle Free Eye",
"Capture C-Brightening Ampoule",
"Capture Collagen Ampoule",
"Carbassist Tablets",
"Card-floe II Tab",
"Carione Rg",
"Cavan Alpha",
"Cavan Folate DHA",
"Cavan Folate DHA",
"Cavan Folate OB",
"Cavan-EC SOD DHA",
"Cavan-EC SOD DHA",
"Caviall Real Caviar Multi-perfection O2 Serum",
"CAVIALL Wrinkle-Free PowerTox",
"Cedevita Plus Vitamin Supplement",
"Cedevita Sugar-free Vitamin Supplement",
"CELDERMA Crystal Skin Mask",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Eye Patch",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Eye Patch Box",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Mask",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Mask",
"CELDERMA Pearl Lace Hydrogel Mask",
"CELDERMA Pearl Lace Hydrogel Mask",
"CELGEN PEARL MOISTURE Solution",
"CELGEN Pearl Moisture Solution Mask",
"CELGEN Pearl MoistureCream",
"CELL 97.7 RE-ACTIVATED PERFECT LIFTING Cream",
"CELL 97.7 RE-ACTIVATED PERFECT LIFTING EYE Cream",
"Cell Power",
"Cell Power Day",
"Cell Power Essence",
"Cell Power Essential Skin",
"Cell Power Eye",
"Cell Power Night",
"Cell Renew Bio",
"Cell Renew Bio Toner",
"Celladix Sebum Rebalancing Rx 131 Ampoule",
"Celladix Skin Balancing pH 5.5 Toner Mist",
"Celladix Skin Barrier Recovery 131 Cream",
"Cellapy A.Repair Plus",
"Cellapy Haircell",
"Cellbn Blemish Spotcream and Black Spotpatch",
"Cellbn Blemish Spotcream and Black Spotpatch",
"Cellbn Milky Tone-upcream",
"CellExosome HE HR",
"CellExosome HR",
"CellExosome SB",
"Cellmov Cell Line Mask",
"Cellpium double essence toner",
"Cellpium premiumEX hybrid essence",
"Cellpium premiumEX hybrid toner",
"Cellpium Real Mask Pack",
"Cellpium super richness ampoule",
"CellStin Ampoule Black",
"CellStin Micro Ampoule White",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Activator Ampoule",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Activator Ampoule",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Awake Essence",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Calming Mask",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Calming Mask",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Fluid",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Fluid",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Recovery",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Recovery",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Ultra",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Ultra",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso Care",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"Celonia Bio Home Solution Concentrated Skin Booster Rejuvenation",
"Celonia CM",
"Celonia Signature Bio",
"Celonia Signature Bio Ampoule",
"Celonia Signature Bio Essence Toner",
"Celonia Signature Bio Eye",
"Celonia Signature Bio Serum",
"Celonia Signature Bio Sheet Mask",
"Centella 70",
"Centella 80 Eye",
"Centella 90 Ampoule",
"Centella and Green Tea Callus Mask",
"Centella Reviving Toner",
"Central-vite 18 Essential",
"Centratex",
"Century Complete",
"CH6 Color Change Black Aloforthya",
"CH6 Ginger Beer Anti Hair Loss Scalp",
"Ch6 Greenol Herb Aloforthya Deep Forest",
"Ch6 Greenol Herb Aloforthya Greentea Wood",
"Ch6 Greenol Herb Aloforthya White Citrus",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Aromatic herb",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Dewy fieno",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Floralsoap",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Peony and the sunset",
"Ch6 Scalp Ssag",
"CHAGA Anti Wrinkle Eye with fermented chaga extract",
"CHAGA Anti Wrinkle Skin with fermented chaga extract",
"CHAGA Anti Wrinkle with fermented chaga extract",
"CHANCHI Vitamin C Cream",
"CHANCHI Vitamin C Cream",
"Chela Iron Plus C,b Complex",
"Chela Potassium Plus",
"Chela-chromium 200",
"Chew.multiple Vits.with Extra C for Children",
"Chewable Adult Multivitamins With Minerals",
"Chewable Children's Complete Multivitamins With Essential Minerals",
"Chewable Multiple Vit Plus Iron for Children",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins for Children",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins Plus Extra C",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron Tab",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Chewable Multivitamins",
"Chewable Multivitamins Plus Iron",
"Children Choice Multivit Chewable Tab",
"Children Choice Multivitamin W Iron Chew Tab",
"Children's Chew Multi & Min Tab",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vit W Iron",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vitamins",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vitamins",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vitamins With Iron Tablets",
"Children's Chewable Multi-vitamin",
"Children's Chewable Multi-vitamin Complete With Minerals",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vit.plus Iron",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins - Tab",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins (chewable Tablets)",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins With Extra Vitamin C (chewable Tablets)",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins With Iron Tablets (chewable Tablets)",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamin and Multimineral",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamin Complete With Minerals",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamins With Minerals",
"Children's Chewable Tab",
"Children's Chewable Vit and Min Tab",
"Children's Chewable With Iron",
"Children's Multivitamins",
"Children's Multivitamins With Iron",
"Children's Vitamins Chewable",
"Children's Vitamins W Iron Chewable",
"Childrens Chew Multi Vitamin Tab",
"Childrens Chewab Vitamin W Chel Minerals",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins Plus Fe",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins W.iron",
"Childrens Chewable Multivitamins",
"Childrens Chewable Multivitamins W Iron",
"Childrens Chewable Tab",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamin Tab",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamins",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamins",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamins W Iron",
"Childrens Multiple Vit and Min Chew Tab",
"Choice OB DHA",
"Cica Fucoidan",
"Cica Fucoidan",
"CitraNatal 90 DHA",
"CitraNatal 90 DHA",
"CitraNatal Assure",
"CitraNatal Assure",
"CitraNatal DHA",
"CitraNatal DHA",
"CitraNatal Essence",
"CitraNatal Rx",
"CitraNatal Rx",
"CIZAR First Calming Serum",
"Claon All 4 Cleanser",
"Clapiel Hyalon Serum",
"Classic Swiss One 10 Multivitamin and Mineral Tab",
"Clerian",
"Clerian Anti-Hairloss",
"Clerian H",
"Clindamycin 1% / Hydrocortisone 2.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tazarotene 0.05%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Spironolactone 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Complete Mega B",
"Complete Mega B",
"Complete Multivitamins and Minerals for Children",
"Complete Multivitamins and Minerals Tablets Timed Release",
"Complete Natal DHA",
"Complete One-A-day - Tab",
"Complete-RF Prenatal",
"CompleteNate Chewable",
"Complex-75",
"Complexe B 75mg",
"Complexe B 75mg",
"Complexe B Compose 75",
"Complexe B-75",
"Congju Princess Eye and Neck",
"Corvita",
"Corvite",
"Corvite Free",
"Cosmepure Brightening Calming",
"Cosmepure Brightening Calming",
"Cosmepure Brightening Calming Toner",
"Cosmepure Derma Revital",
"Cosmepure Derma Revital",
"Cosmepure Derma Revital Toner",
"Cosmepure Dual Repair Ampoule",
"Cosmepure Dual Repair Serum",
"Costem cell 5 N",
"COVERQUEEN All in one sun roll",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide Mask Pack",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide Serum",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide Toner",
"CRE AM2ATE Knight Seahorse",
"CRE AM2ATE Queen Snow Lotus",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Croq-vit Pour Enfants",
"Daeng gi meo ri gounmo hair loss care",
"Daily Energy Brand B-complex",
"Daily Whitening Care Sheet Mask",
"Dal Miomio Mask",
"Dalivit",
"Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5%",
"Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5%",
"Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Dark spot corrector",
"Dark Spot Removal Patch",
"Davimet with Iron",
"DaVITE",
"Dayavite",
"De medicotem illuminating white cell ampoule",
"denovo 3 H",
"Deriton",
"DERLADIE HerbalExtract BodySolution MIST",
"Derladie Laboratoire Pore Tightening Ampoule",
"Derladie Witch Hazel Perfect Vitamin Gelcream",
"Derladie Witch Hazel Perfect Vitamin Serum",
"Derma 7 Repaircream",
"Derma Eaude Glatok Cream",
"Derma First Mask",
"Derma First Mask",
"Derma Hydration Boosting",
"derma J PEPTASTIN INTENSIVE",
"derma J PEPTASTIN SOOTHING GEL MASK",
"Derma Pella Cleanser for Sensitive and Dry Skin",
"Derma Pella Facial Cleanser for Normal Skin",
"Derma Pella Luminous Cream",
"Derma Peptide Anti-wrinkle",
"Derma Peptide Anti-wrinkle Ampoule",
"Derma Skincream",
"Derma-force",
"Dermafrom Lacto Green Ampoule",
"Dermafrom Multi Vitamin Ampoule",
"Dermahan The Whitening Moisturizing Mask",
"Dermahan Uv Sun",
"DERMAHAN V10 WHITENING TONE UpCREAM",
"Dermahan Whitening Perfectcream",
"Dermall Matrix Stratum Basale Restoring",
"DermaNIC",
"Desoximetasone 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Desoximetasone 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Desoximetasone 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Dexatran",
"Dexatrim Tablets",
"Dexifol",
"Dht X Hairloss",
"Dht X Scalp T",
"Dia-vite",
"Dia-vite",
"Dialyvite",
"Dialyvite",
"Dialyvite",
"Dialyvite 3000",
"Dialyvite 5000",
"Dialyvite Supreme D",
"Dialyvite with Zinc",
"Diapia Adl Ever-cure Serum",
"Diapia Adl Ever-curecream",
"DIAPIA ADL Evercure Ampoule Toner",
"DIAPIA ADL EvercureCream",
"DIAPIA CICA Relief Pore Pad",
"Diapia Collagen Goat Milk Ampoule Mask",
"DIAPIA Glow D CICA Wrapping Mask",
"Diapia Ha Aqua Shining Mask",
"DIAPIA HA Aqua Shining Mask",
"Diaplex",
"do good Deep Aqua Treatment Toner",
"do good Perfecting Aqua Ge l Moisturizer",
"do good Perfecting Aqua Mask",
"do good Perfecting Aqua Mask 5ea",
"do good Pure Repair Centella",
"do good Pure Repair Centella Essence",
"DoctorsLab Returning Platinum Mask",
"DoctorsLab Returning Platinum Neck",
"Doll Lash",
"Dong Sung Anti-Hair Loss",
"Dong Sung Monelyn",
"DPC Aura Booster Mask",
"DPC Dual Master Vitamin C",
"DPC Noblesse Suta Eye",
"DPC Skin Up Perfection",
"DPC Whitening Booster Mask",
"Dr Cellinme Mask Sheet",
"Dr Cellinme Skin Care Ampoule",
"Dr JmeeLab Double Complex Black Mask",
"Dr JmeeLab Double Complex Smile Zone",
"Dr. Cellmo",
"Dr. Color Effect Red",
"Dr. Color Effect Red",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Liftup",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Liftup Mask",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Whitening",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Whitening Mask",
"Dr. Gloderm Time To Liftup Mask",
"Dr. Gloderm Time To Whitening Mask",
"Dr. Pepti CENTELLA TONER",
"Dr. Pepti INTENSIVE",
"Dr. sunmi care Duel Hyaluronic Acid Essence",
"Dr.althea Aurora Cover Cushion 21",
"Dr.althea Power Whitening Glutathione",
"Dr.Different VITAACNAL TX Capsule Serum",
"Dr.Different VITALIFT A Eye and Neck",
"Dr.G Brightening Up Cushion SPF50 Plus PA Plus Plus Plus",
"Dr.g Hydra Volume",
"Dr.g Lock and More A-clear Mask",
"Dr.Jart Dermask Micro Jet Clearing Solution",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White BB",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White Booster",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White Eye",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White Sun Protection",
"Dr.plinus Fillincell Multi",
"Dr.plinus Fillincell Multi EX",
"DRH Whitening G2 Serum",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA 400",
"Duet DHA 400 ec",
"Duet DHA Balanced",
"Duet DHA Balanced",
"DuetDHA Balanced",
"DuetDHA Complete",
"Dynam Ampoule Et Tablet",
"E.S.T. Complex",
"Earthpals Children's Chewables Multi-vitamin & Mineral Tablets",
"EASYDEW DW EGF Derma Oneshot Ampoule",
"Easydew EX Repair Control Active Soothing Serum",
"Easydew EX Repair Control Renewal Moisture",
"Econazole Nitrate 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Ecosom Tonic",
"Edge Cutimal Cat Whitening Mask",
"Edge OB",
"Efferlife Multivitamins and Minerals",
"EH Hair Plus Regeneration Hair Care",
"EH Hair Plus Regeneration Hair Care",
"Elastine Hair Gain",
"Elastine Hair Gain Scalp Antiaging Conditioner",
"Elastine Hair Gain Treatment",
"Elite OB Prenatal Multivitamin",
"Ellis Tonic",
"Emmune Perfect",
"Emmune Repair",
"Emp Collagen Boost",
"Enrich Core Pack - Children Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Enviroflex - Tab",
"Escavite",
"Essence",
"Essential B Tablets",
"Essential Vitamins and Minerals",
"Evecode Thread Lifting Mask Pack",
"Everyday Multiple Vitamins",
"Everyday Multiple Vitamins With Iron",
"EXODERMA Inner Fill Cream",
"EXODERMA Real Cover BB Cream",
"EXODERMA Regenerating Serum",
"EXODERMA Silky Sun Cream",
"EXODERMA Verde Exilica Lifting Mask",
"EXODERMA Waterfall Booster",
"Eye Gel",
"Ez-flex",
"Fantastic LightCream",
"Fem Time Tab",
"Feminique W Iron and Calcium Tab",
"Fillizer Madhuca Ampoule",
"Finazol",
"First C Waterfall",
"Fizz Multivitamins for Kids W C Loz",
"Flinstones Multiple Plus Iron",
"Flintstones Multiple Vitamins",
"Flintstones Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron",
"Flintstones Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Flintstones W Extra C Tab",
"FloraFol",
"FloraFol",
"Florafol FE Pediatric 0.25 mg/mL Multivitamin and Fluoride Liquid Drops",
"Florafol Pediatric 0.25 mg/mL Multivitamin and Fluoride Liquid Drops",
"Floriva",
"Floriva",
"Floriva",
"Floriva Plus",
"Floriva Plus",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01/ Niacinamide 4",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Foasu Jin Moisturizing Essence",
"FOASU Pink Y s Collagen Moisturizing Mask",
"FOASU Pink Y s MOISTURIZING MIST",
"FOASU Pink Y s RecoveryCream",
"Focalgin 90 DHA",
"Focalgin CA",
"FolaGent DHA",
"FolaMed DHA",
"Folcaps Care One",
"Folet DHA",
"Foliflex",
"Folika-NC",
"Folitin-Z",
"Foltabs Prenatal",
"Foltabs Prenatal Plus DHA",
"For Kids Only Chewable Multivit. Plus Iron",
"For Kids Only Chewable Multivitamins",
"For Kids Only Chewable Multivitamins - Tab",
"For-2",
"Forestheal Eye",
"Forestheal Vitamin C Moisturizer",
"Forestheal Vitamin C Serum",
"Forestheal Whipping Foa m Cleanser",
"Forestheal Witch Hazel Facial Toner",
"Formula 6100 Cap",
"Formula 9 Tab",
"Formula Cm",
"Formula Cp Cap",
"Formula Cw",
"Formula Cw-caplet",
"Formula D.S.",
"Formula F L W",
"Formula Gly",
"Formula Gm",
"Formula Hh",
"Formula Js",
"Formula O.C.",
"Formula Pro-B",
"Fortamines 10 Capsules",
"Fortamines-10 Comprimes",
"Fortaplex Inj",
"Forty Plus Vitamin Supplement",
"Fresh Mandarin Aromatherapy Mask",
"FRESH MANDARIN AROMATHERAPY MASK 27g",
"Frudia Citrus Brightening",
"Frudia Citrus Brightening Mask",
"Frudia Citrus Brightening Toner",
"Galactomyces 70",
"GALACTOMYCES 80 Contouring EYE",
"Galactomyces 90 Ampoule",
"Galactomyces 95 Whitening Power Essence",
"Galactomyces and Rice Callus Mask",
"Galactomyces First Essence",
"Galactomyces Radiance Toner",
"Garfield Chewable Multivitamins Tab",
"Garfield Chewable Multivits Plus Iron Tab",
"Gd11 Advanced Lab Energy Ampoule",
"GD11 Rx SCM S",
"Gel",
"Gel",
"Gel",
"Gel",
"Gem Miracle Black Pearl O2 Whitening",
"Gem Miracle Black Pearl O2 Whitening",
"Gem Miracle Black Pearl O2 Whitening Snow Serum",
"Gem Miracle Black Pearl O2 Whitening Toner",
"Gemvites Jr Tab Chewable",
"Gentle Therapy",
"Geritol Liquid",
"Gestamine Comprimes",
"Ggulba Mask",
"Ggulba Mask",
"Ginseng",
"Ginseng Berry 80 Eye Essence",
"Ginseng Berry 80 Overnight Mask",
"Ginseng Berry and Ginseng Callus Mask",
"Ginseng Royal Silk",
"Ginseng Royal Silk 120ml",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Ampoule",
"GINSENG ROYAL SILK AMPOULE 17mL 4ea",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Boosting Ampoule",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Cap Sule Essence",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Eye 25ml",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Gold Hydroge L Mask",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Gold Hydroge L Mask 10p",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Gold Hydroge L Mask 5p",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Toner",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Toner 120ml",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Watery 60g",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Wrinkle Up Spot",
"Ginseng Whitening",
"Globucel - Methode",
"Gluta Whitening Lazy Cream",
"Glyco Lite Ect",
"Glyco Plus Ect",
"Glyco-aide Tab",
"Grand Master Formula Tab",
"Great Day/am Formula Tab",
"Green Propolis 90 Ampoule",
"Green Tea Eye Ge l",
"Green Tea Eye Ge l 1.4g",
"Green Toner",
"Greentinol Multi Toner",
"H ALPHA 30 Skin",
"H.W. Children's Chewable Multi Vit & Mineral",
"HA Plus 100DT Cream Toning Light",
"Hair-loss Recovery Conditioner",
"HANSKIN BiO CLEAR PEP MASK Brightening and Moisture",
"HANSKIN BiO FILL PEP MASK Firming and Moisture",
"Hanskin Bio Origin The",
"HANSKIN BiO POWER PEP MASK Moisture and Vitality",
"Hanskin Bio Prism Brightening Alpha Serum",
"Hanskin Real Complexion",
"Hanskin Real Complexion Cre Am EX",
"Hanskin Super Three Solu Tion Vita Brightening Sheet Mask",
"Hanskin Vistra toner mask pad",
"Hanskin Vstra toning water radiance",
"Hasol Anti hair loss day tonic",
"Hasol Anti Hair loss day tonic",
"HASOL Intensive Scalp Tonic",
"Hello Care Anti-wrinkle Ampoule Mask",
"Hello Care Moisturizing Ampoule Mask",
"Hello Care Pore and Sebum Ampoule Mask",
"Hello Care Whitening Ampoule Mask",
"Hemarexin Amp",
"Hemarexin Liquid and Drinkable Ampoules",
"Hemarexin Tab",
"HemeNatal OB",
"HemeNatal OB plus DHA",
"Hesol Rim",
"Hesol Rim Jean-Aeck Hair tonic",
"Hesol Rim Tonic",
"Hi Hanji",
"Hi Potency B52 B Complex Tab",
"Hi Potency Balanced B-100 Complex - Tab",
"Hi Potency Multi Tab",
"Hi Potency Stress B Tension With C",
"High Potency Multivitamins & Minerals Caplets",
"High Potency Vitamin B Complex + C Tab",
"Hill.vite",
"Honesi exofila",
"Honesi exofila crea m",
"Hormodausse Plus Calc Et D Tab",
"Hyalu B5 Serum",
"Hyalu Plus Up Mask",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tacrolimus 0.1%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 2% / Mometasone Furoate 0.1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Hydra Balancing Rose Water",
"Hydra Extra ConcentrateSerum",
"Hydra Moisture Day and Night",
"Hydrating all in one concentrate treatment mask",
"Hydrating All in one glow concentate ampoule",
"Hydrating All in one glow concentate ampoule",
"Hydrating all in one glow concentrate ampoule",
"Hydro Multi-shield",
"HydroGold 9",
"Hylavite",
"Hylazinc",
"Hypo Vites Tab",
"Hyporyl - Tab",
"Iberet 500",
"Ida Nes Serum",
"Ida Nescream",
"Ideal Tone Up Glow Bb",
"IDENEL Light R Tox Daily",
"IDENEL Revitalizing Eye",
"Imiquimod 5% / Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride 1% / Niacinamide 2%",
"Imiquimod 5% / Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride 1% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Imiquimod 5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Inatal Advance",
"INATAL Ultra",
"Incellderm 4d Lustre Cushion",
"Incellderm Active",
"Incellderm Active Creamex",
"INCELLDERM Cocktail Aqua BB",
"INCELLDERM Daily Aqua BB",
"Incellderm Dermatology Booster",
"Incellderm Dermatology Booster EX",
"Incellderm Dermatology First Package",
"Incellderm Dermatology First Package",
"Incellderm Dermatology Serum",
"Incellderm Dermatology Serum EX",
"INCELLDERM Vallatto Oi l Mist",
"Incellderm Vallatto Oilmist",
"Incellderm Vieton Oilmist",
"Infa Drops Multivitamins",
"Infant Multivitamin Drops",
"Infantol Drops",
"Inflamex",
"Infuvite Adult",
"Infuvite Adult",
"Infuvite Pediatric",
"Infuvite Pediatric",
"innerpink Feminine Spot",
"Insur-all Vitamin Supplement",
"Intensive Bubble Essence",
"Intensive Tone Up",
"Intensive Tone Up Body",
"Intomedi First Ampoule Cysteine",
"Intomedi Hr Peptide",
"Iron Polysaccharides Folic Acid DHA",
"Iron, Vit & Min Supp",
"Isotonix Multitech Vitamin Mineral Supplemen",
"ISTINA Intense Revitalizing Serum",
"ISTINA Nourishing Age-defying Hydration Cream",
"ISTINA Radiating Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum",
"it Radiant Brightening Toner",
"Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"J9 Ultra Advanced Intensive Scalp Serum V2",
"JAUNKYEOL AC Spot Treatment Balm",
"Jaunkyeol Heritage Concentrate Calming",
"Jayjun Anti Dust Brightening Mask 01 Jayjun Anti Dust Luminous Mask",
"Jayjun Anti Dust Brightening Mask 02 Jayjun Anti Dust Luster Ample",
"Jayjun Baby Pure Shining Mask Step2 Baby Pure Shining Mask",
"Jayjun Collagen Skin Fit Mask Step 01 Hyaluronic Acid Essence",
"Jayjun Collagen Skin Fit Mask Step 02 Collagen Skin Fit Mask",
"Jayjun Collagen Skin Fit Mask Step 02 Plant Stem Cell Mask",
"Jayjun Essential Brightening Mask",
"Jayjun Gold Snow Black Mask",
"JAYJUN GOLD SNOW BLACK MASK 25mL",
"Jayjun Gold Snow Time Solu Tion Eye",
"Jayjun Honey Dew Green Mask",
"Jayjun Honey Dew Purple Mask",
"Jayjun Honey Dew Red Mask",
"Jayjun Intensive Shining",
"Jayjun Intensive Shining Eye",
"Jayjun Intensive Shining Mask Step 02 Intensive Shining Mask",
"Jayjun Intensive Shining Toner",
"Jayjun Multi Vita Tone Up Mask",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 02 New Vita Snow Essence",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 03 New Real Water Brightening Black Mask",
"Jayjun Pollution Proof Luminous Mask",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 02 Vita Snow Essence",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 03 Real Water Brightening Black Mask",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step2 Jayjun Vita Snow Essence",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step3 Real Water Brightening Black Mask",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Sleeping Pack",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Toner",
"Jeju Lava Sea Water All Day Brightening Mask",
"Junior Multi Vitamins - Regular",
"JUVEHEAL B Ampoule",
"JUVEHEAL Hydro Synergy Balancing LHA Toner",
"JUVEHEAL Hydro Synergy Intensive Serum",
"JUVEHEAL Hydro Synergy Liposome Barrier",
"JUVEHEAL W Ampoule",
"K.L. Vitamin-mineral",
"Kanga Sport Vitamins B & C Plus Minerals",
"Kanga-B Vitamin B Group + C",
"Kanga-kid Multi-vitamin & Mineral",
"Kanga-V Multivitamins & Minerals",
"Karatica I M Cure",
"Kenwood Liquid Supplement",
"Ketoconazole 2% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Keylosa",
"Kid's Choice Children's Chewable Vitamins - Tab",
"Kids Stuff Tablets",
"Kids Stuff With Iron Tablets",
"Kimchi Vitamin chewable multivitamin",
"L-Methyl PNV DHA",
"L.C. Supplement",
"L.G.I.T.",
"LA FEMME V Feminine Cleanser",
"Lactic Acid 10% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Lancell hair loss prevention hair grower clean formula",
"Lancell hair loss prevention hair grower tonic",
"Laonmedi Premium Rose Mask",
"Lapcos Suntiaging Eye Zone Cooling Golf Pat Ch S",
"Lebody Bu W Renewal Up",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect 24k Gold Serum",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect Btx Collagen Serum",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect Hyaluronic Serum",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect Idebenone Serum",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect Peptide Serum",
"Lecinq Prebenone Serum",
"Leritone Junior",
"Limulus Bio Cellulose Mask",
"Limulus Deep Sea Moisture",
"Limulus The 1 and Only",
"Lip And Hand Camellia",
"Lip And Hand Shea Butter",
"Lip And Hand Wild Rose",
"Lipovite",
"Liqui B Complex",
"Liqui B Complex Plus",
"Liqui Infant Vitamins",
"Liqui Vita",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid B Complex 50",
"Livita Adults",
"Livita Children",
"Livron Plus Ampoule",
"Livron Plus Tab",
"Logically skin Liftderm HandCream",
"Logically skin PROFESSIONAL SUN BLOCK SPF50 PA",
"Lorid",
"Low Potency B Complex Tab",
"LuBi AMPOULE",
"Lupium Moisture Tone Up Sun Serum",
"Lupium Moisture Water Sun Serum",
"Lysamine Diet Supp Amp-tab",
"M.V.I. 12",
"M.V.I. Adult",
"M.V.I. Adult",
"M.V.I. Paediatric",
"M.V.I. Pediatric",
"M.V.I.-12",
"Madeca",
"Madeca Derma Intensive Vital Crea m",
"Madeca Derma Mask",
"Madeca Derma Mask II",
"Madeca Derma Ultra Moisture Hydroge l Mask",
"Magnum-75 Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Maintain Multiple Vitamin & Minerals",
"Maltlevol 12 Liq",
"Maltlevol Liq",
"Manefit Beauty Planner Lily Brightening Eye Mask",
"Manefit Beauty Planner Lily Whitening Brightening Mask",
"Manefit Beauty Planner Lily Whitening Eye Patch",
"Manefit Bling Bling Whitening Platinum Hydrogel Mask",
"Manefit Bling Bling Wrinkle Gold Hydro Gel Mask",
"Mari Huana Real Natural Sparkle Essence",
"Mari Huana real nature hemp seed",
"Marnatal F",
"Master Key Multi Vitamin Multi Mineral Formula 2",
"Materna",
"Materna - Tab",
"Materna-tab",
"Maxclinic Deep and Deeper Meso Change Ampoule",
"Maxclinic Deep and Deeper Meso Change Ampoule",
"Maxclinic Miraclinic Contour Ing Object",
"Maxi 10 Tab",
"Maxi 6 Liq",
"Maxine Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"MD CELL Scalp",
"MD CELL Solution",
"Medi All 4 Cleanser",
"Medi All 4 Cleanser (NIACINAMIDE)",
"Medi Hydro DP B Tox Ampoule",
"Medi Hydro DP BB Cream",
"Medi Hydro DP Cream",
"Medi Hydro DP Emulsion",
"Medi Hydro DP Stem C Ampoule",
"Medi Hydro DP Toner",
"Medi Hydro DP Vita C Ampoule",
"Medi Peel Centella Mezzo",
"Medi Peel Luxury 24k Gold Ampoule",
"Medi Peel Tranex Mela X",
"Medi Peel Tranex Toning9 Essence Dual",
"Medi SM 24K Gold Hydrogel Peptide Mask Pack",
"Medi Tab",
"Medi-10",
"MEDIKOii Bio Active Vital Shot Ampoule",
"MEDIKOii Bio Active Vital Shot Ampoule Starter Kit",
"MEDIKOii Bio Calming Relief Toner",
"MEDIKOii Bio Repair CICA",
"Medipeel Tranex Toning9 Essential Mask",
"MEDIUS Heart Ppyoung Ppyoung Eye",
"Mega 13 Multivitamin Formula",
"Mega Balance",
"Mega Plex III - Pck",
"Mega Plex III - Pck",
"Mega Plex IV - Pck",
"Mega Plex IV - Pck",
"Mega Vitaminerals",
"Mega-vim 75 With Beta-carotene - Tablets",
"Megavite Rx",
"Megavites Tab",
"Men's",
"Men's 50+",
"Men's Biomultiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Men's Multi Master Formula",
"Meplex T 750",
"Metacinamide Tab",
"Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"MI-Vite RX",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed Cycling Ampoule",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed Essence",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed Toner",
"Milky Peel Mask",
"Milltrium Senior Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Min-chex Cap",
"Mineral Homme White",
"Mineral Homme White Toner",
"Mini-B Tab",
"Minodil hair growth solution",
"MINOXIDIL 7% / NIACINAMIDE 4% s",
"Miracle Laser Skin Mist",
"Miracle Moisturizer Essence",
"Miracle Of Skin",
"Miracle Of Skin",
"Miracle Stemcell All-IN-one",
"MIRACLETOX EXCLUSIVE Vita9 Collagen Serum",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Essential Toner",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Feel",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Feel",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Lifting Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Lifting Ampoule 40mL",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Mask",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Meso Tox",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced TOX Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond Feel",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond home care program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond home care program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond home care program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond Mask",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond TOX Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection Feel",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection Mask",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection TOX Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MISSHA Time Revolution Immortal Youth Blue Essence",
"Missha Time Revolution Night Repair New Science Activator Ampoule Mask",
"MISSHA Time Revolution Night Repair Science Activator Ampoule",
"MISSHA Time Revolution The First Treatment Essence Intensive",
"Mizon Black Snail All In One Crea M",
"MIZON ENJOY VITAL UP TIME Whitening Mask",
"Mizon Snail Repair Eye Crea M",
"Mizon Snail Repair Intensive Ampoule",
"Mizon Snail Repair Intensive Gold Eye Ge L",
"Moistie Cell Plus",
"Moistie Fill Plus",
"Moistie Pure Essence",
"Moistie Tok Plus",
"Moisture Bound",
"Moisture Cushion",
"Moisture Cushion",
"Moisture Cushion",
"Moms Choice Rx",
"MONPURIEL Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"MONPURIEL Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Mor-vites Tab",
"Moringa Purify Water",
"MU LAB TURN AROUND 2W Refresh Ex",
"MULBIT Aqua Mask Pack",
"MULBIT Collagen Mask Pack",
"MULBIT Donkey Milk Mask",
"MULBIT Donkey Milk Moisturizing",
"MULBIT Firming Mask Pack",
"MULBIT Hydro Special Ample",
"Mulbit Me Firming Sleeping Pack",
"Mulbit Medist",
"Multi - N.T.O.x Formula - Tab",
"Multi #2",
"Multi 1000",
"Multi 12 Injection",
"Multi B",
"Multi Enfants Tab",
"Multi Flow Tablets",
"Multi II IV Vi Tab",
"Multi Nt-OX",
"Multi Plex I - Tab",
"Multi Plex II - Tab",
"Multi Pro",
"Multi Rol",
"Multi Spectrum - Tablet",
"Multi Vita 10 Sleeping Pack",
"Multi Vitamin - Mineral",
"Multi Vitamin & Minerals",
"Multi Vitamin and Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin and Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin and Mineral vitamin",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride with Iron",
"Multi Vitamin Plus Iron",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin, Iron and Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamins & Minerals",
"Multi Vite Liq Adult",
"Multi Vite Liq Junior",
"Multi-11",
"Multi-12 Pediatric",
"Multi-12/k1 Pediatric",
"Multi-actin",
"Multi-force for Adults Tab",
"Multi-kid",
"Multi-Nate 30",
"Multi-phyto Capsules",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-vitamin Dietary Supplement",
"Multi-Vitamin Drops with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multi-Vitamin Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi-vitamines Enfants Comprime",
"Multi-vitamins",
"Multi-vitamins With Minerals",
"Multinate DHA",
"Multinate DHA",
"Multinate DHA Extra",
"Multinate DHA Extra",
"Multipack II",
"Multiple Vit Plus Iron Tab",
"Multiple Vitamin Plus Minerals Tab",
"Multiple Vitamin Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins",
"Multiple Vitamins",
"Multiple Vitamins - Tablet",
"Multiple Vitamins & Minerals Tablets",
"Multiple Vitamins and Minerals",
"Multiple Vitamins and Minerals Capsules",
"Multiple Vitamins and Minerals Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Childrens Chewable",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron - Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron for Women",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins W Iron Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins W Minerals Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins With Iron",
"Multiple Vitamins With Iron Tablets",
"Multiple Vitamins With Minerals Tablets",
"Multisol",
"Multitam",
"Multitol-M",
"Multivit Et Fer Ampoules Et Comprimes",
"Multivit-liq",
"Multivitamin",
"Multivitamin & Minerals (iron Free)",
"Multivitamin & Multimineral",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin Drops with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multivitamin with 0.25 mg Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with 1.0 mg Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride Chewable",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride Drops",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride Drops",
"MultiVitamin, Iron and Fluoride Drops",
"Multivitamine",
"Multivitamines",
"Multivitamines Et Mineraux",
"Multivitamines Et Mineraux Junior Regulier",
"Multivitamines Et Mineraux Reguliers / Regular Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Multivitamines Plus Fer Pour Enfants (chewable Tablets)",
"Multivitamines Pour Enfants (chewable Tablets)",
"Multivitamins",
"Multivitamins",
"Multivitamins and Minerals - Complete",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Men",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Women",
"Multivitamins and Minerals Tablets",
"Multivitamins and Multiminerals Formula Regular Tablet",
"Multivitamins for Children",
"Multivitamins W Iron",
"Multivitamins W Minerals Extra Strength",
"Multra Plex",
"Multra With Iron",
"Mustus Daily Harvest Squeeze Tone Up Mask Pack",
"Mvc",
"Mvc",
"Mvc",
"Mvc 9 Plus 3 Inj",
"Mvc 9+4 Inj",
"Mycellcare All in One Serum",
"MYNEPHROCAPS DIALYSIS/STRESS Vitamin Supplement",
"N.E.U. Complex",
"NataChew",
"NataFort",
"Natal-V RX Multi-vitamin/Multi-mineral",
"Natalvirt 90dha",
"Natalvirt Ca",
"Natavite",
"Natural Friend White Day Soft Cream",
"Natural Sun AQ Total Anti-aging Essence Sun",
"Naturalth Goat Milk Premium Tone Up",
"Ndm Scalp",
"NDM SCALP Tonic",
"Neo Bex Elixir",
"Neo Vites Tab",
"Neo-bex",
"Neo-bex Injectable",
"Neo-vites & Minerals Tab",
"Neogen Agecure 3d Lifting Compression Span Tex Mask",
"Neogen Agecure 3d Lifting Wrinkle Neck Mask",
"Neogen Agecure One Minute Wrinkle Rx",
"Neogen Code 9 Black Volume",
"Neogen Code 9 Black Volume",
"Neogen Code9 Gold Black Caviar Essence",
"Neogen Code9 Gold Black Caviar Essence",
"Neogen Code9 Lemon Green Caviar Essence",
"Neogen Code9 Lemon Green Caviar Essence",
"Neogen Dermalogy H2 Dermadeca Serum",
"Neogen Dermalogy Pink Cactus Liftmax Knit Mask",
"NEOGEN DERMALOGY Real Fresh Foam Cereal",
"NEOGEN DERMALOGY Real Fresh Foam Cranberry",
"NEOGEN DERMALOGY Real Fresh Foam Green Tea",
"Neogen Dermalogy White Truffle Hydramax Knit Mask",
"Neogen Dermalogy White Truffle Serum In Oi L Drop",
"Neomultivite",
"NEONATAL Complete",
"Neonatal DHA",
"Neonatal Plus Vitamin",
"Neonatal Vitamin",
"Neonatal19",
"NephPlex Rx",
"Nephron FA",
"Nephron FA",
"NESTABS DHA Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement with DHA/EPA",
"NESTABS Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement",
"New Chapter's D'adamo 4 Your Type Multiple for Type O",
"New Premium Notamo",
"New Premium Notamo Tonic",
"NGF37 hUCB BOOST",
"Niaacinamide Azelaic AC TURMER FA B6 Zinc Ox Copper",
"Niacex B6",
"Niacin-niacinamide Tab",
"Niacinamide",
"Niacinamide 100 Mg Tablets",
"Niacinamide 100mg",
"Niacinamide 100mg USP - Tab",
"Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 250mg With 50mg C",
"Niacinamide 250mg With Vitamin C",
"Niacinamide 4% / Clobetasol Propionate 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10% / Sulfur Precipitated 2%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 15%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Spironolactone 5%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tacrolimus 0.03%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tacrolimus 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 500 mg",
"Niacinamide 500 Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide 500mg",
"Niacinamide 500mg",
"Niacinamide 500mg",
"Niacinamide 500mg - Tab",
"Niacinamide B3 Serum",
"Niacinamide Ctr Srt 500mg",
"Niacinamide Face Serum",
"Niacinamide Inj 100mg/ml",
"Niacinamide Serum",
"Niacinamide Tab 100mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 100mg Yeast Free",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide Tab 500mg",
"Niacinamide-B6 Cap",
"Niacinamide-S Tab 50mg",
"Nicadan",
"Nicadan ZX",
"NicAzel",
"Nicomide",
"Nicomide",
"Nicotamine Tab 500mg",
"Nicotinamide",
"Nicotinamide Zcf",
"Ninetails Double Drop Ampoule",
"Ninetails Radiance Lift Sheet Mask",
"Ninetails Rebalancing Toner",
"Nioxin Recharging Complex",
"Niva-Plus",
"Niveola P.H.c 3d Festival Mask Pack",
"Niveola White Tiger 3d Animal Mask Pack",
"Notamo Hair Tonic",
"Nrg Plus Liq",
"Numark Multivitamins",
"Nutra-clear",
"Nutri-Tab OB",
"Nutri-Tab OB plus DHA",
"Nutrilite Double X",
"Nutrol-B-complex",
"NYAAM NYAAM Mulberry Stem Serum",
"NYAAM NYAAM Peptide Serum",
"NYAAM NYAAM Skin Reborn Serum",
"NYAAM NYAAM Vita Serum",
"O Hui White Extreme Cellshine Essence",
"Oattbe Syn Bio beta Glucans Brightening Calming",
"OB Complete Prenatal",
"Obstetrix DHA Combo Pack",
"Obstetrix EC",
"OBTREX DHA Combo Pack",
"OHUI White Extreme 3D Black Mask",
"Ohui White Extreme Darkness Away",
"Oil",
"Olympian Multi Vit Plus Minerals Tab",
"Omega-3 Rx Complete",
"Onccor",
"Oncovite",
"One A Day Advance Fem",
"One A Day Advance Fem",
"One A Day Multiple Vit W Minerals",
"One A Day Tab",
"One Daily Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement",
"One Per Day Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement",
"One Tablet Daily Mens Formula",
"One-A-day Advance Fem - Tablets",
"Organic night repair ampoule",
"Orifer F",
"Orti B",
"Osteo-force",
"Ouhi Cell Power No 1 Essence",
"Ouhi Cell Power No 1 Eye",
"P.N. Vitamin-mineral Drink",
"P.R.O. Complex",
"P1P AC Repair Ampoule",
"P1P Chitosan V-mask",
"P1P Magic Whitening Antiaging",
"P1P Magic Whitening Antiaging",
"P1P Mela Care",
"P8 Tone - Up and Brightening CreamEX",
"P8 Tone - Up and Brightening CreamEX",
"P8 Tone - Up and Brightening CreamEX",
"Pahaba Control",
"Pahaba Solution",
"Pahaba Solution 4.0",
"Paire OB Plus DHA",
"Palm Springs Multvit and Min Tab",
"Pandas Dream Magic",
"Papa Recipe Bombee Brightening Honey Mask Pack",
"Papa Recipe Eggplant Clearing",
"Paramettes Chewable Multivitamins Plus Iron",
"Paramettes Chewable Multivits With Iron Tab",
"Paramettes Multivits Plus Iron Tab (teens)",
"Paramettes Syrup",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pepplus Special Care",
"Peptide no sebum Repair",
"Peptide Up Volume Essence",
"Peptide Volume Essence Premium",
"Permathene-12 - Caplet",
"Petit Cochon Tone Up Pre Shower",
"Petitcochon Tone Up Body Sun",
"Ph.Hubby 1g Sun Cream Intensive Protection",
"Ph.Hubby Beige BB Tone Up Sun",
"Ph.Hubby Pink BB Tone Up Sun",
"Phosthenine Vitamines Et Fer (ampoules Buvable)",
"PHS Hair Science Fem Hair Loss Tonic",
"PHS Hair Science Hom Hair Loss Tonic",
"PHS Hair Science Pro Hair Loss Tonic",
"Phytofortis + Calcium A-D",
"Phytopecia Hair Boosting",
"Phytopecia Hair Tonic",
"Phytoplex B Liq",
"Phytopure",
"Phytovim Cap",
"Plalab Placenta Ample Essence",
"Plalab Placenta Mask",
"Plalab Placenta R-20",
"Plalab Placenta Skin Booster",
"Plan36.5 Tranex 11 Plus",
"Plaster",
"Ply Vi Sol Chewable Tab",
"PM Caps",
"PM Caps",
"Pml Crono",
"PNV Ferrous Fumarate Docusate Folic Acid",
"Pnv Ob DHA",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Vitamin",
"PNV Prenatal Vitamin Plus Vitamin A",
"PNV Tabs 29-1",
"PNV Tabs 29-1",
"PNV-First",
"Pnv-OB-dha",
"PNV-Select",
"Pnv-VP-U",
"Poly Vi Flor Chewable Tab",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor with Iron",
"Poly-VI-sol Drops",
"Poly-Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Poly-Vite Pediatric Oral Solution",
"Poly-Vite/Iron Oral Solution",
"Polymine Avec Zinc Et Cuivre",
"Potassium Plus Vit B Complex",
"PR Natal 400",
"PR Natal 400 ec",
"PR Natal 430",
"PR Natal 430 ec",
"Pre-Tabs DHA Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement with DHA/EPA",
"Prefera OB plus DHA",
"PreferaOB",
"PreferaOB",
"PreferaOB ONE",
"PreferaOB One",
"PreferaOB plus DHA",
"PreferaOB plus DHA",
"PreGen DHA",
"Pregnancy Multivitamin",
"Pregnancy Multivitamin Folic 5",
"Pregvit",
"Pregvit",
"Pregvit",
"Pregvit Folic 4",
"Pregvit Folic 5",
"Pregvit Folic 5",
"Pregvit Folic 5",
"Premel",
"Premium Dr. Althea Power Whitening Glutathione Mask",
"Premium Dr. Althea Water Glow Skin Renewal Hydrogel Mask",
"Premium Prenatal",
"Premium Prenatal - Tablets",
"Premium TS",
"PREMIUM TS Talmostop",
"PREMIUM TS Talmostop Rich",
"Prena1",
"Prena1 Plus",
"Prenara",
"Prenatabs FA",
"Prenatal",
"PreNatal 19",
"PreNatal 19",
"Prenatal and Post Partum Supplement",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"Prenatal Plus Multivitamin Plus DHA MiniCaps",
"Prenatal Plus Vitamins",
"Prenatal Supplement - Tab",
"Prenatal Vi-min",
"Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement -tab",
"Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Tab",
"Prenatal Vitamins and Minerals Tablets",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus Low Iron",
"Prenate Elite",
"Prenate Elite",
"Prenate Elite",
"Prenate Star",
"Prenatol-M",
"Prenatrix",
"Prenatryl",
"Prenatvite",
"Prenatvite Complete",
"Prenatvite Plus",
"PrePLUS",
"Preplus",
"Preplus",
"Prestige Caviar Full Intensive Vitality Toner",
"Prestige Caviar Super Aqua Serum",
"Prestige Jeju Snail",
"Prestige Jeju Snail",
"Prestige Jeju Snail Essence",
"Prestige Jeju Snail Toner",
"Prestige Shiny Gold",
"Prestige Snail Repairing",
"Prestige Snail Repairing Ampoule",
"Prestige Snail Repairing Booster",
"PreTAB",
"PreTAB",
"Pretrate",
"Prevital Tab",
"PrimaCare",
"Primerose Double Effect Eye",
"Primerose Egf",
"Primerose Snail Hydro Essence",
"Primerose White Milky Cb",
"Pro Enz Tab",
"Prometa",
"Propolis 27 Cover Cushion",
"Propolis 50 Volume Mist",
"Propolis 80",
"Propolis 80 Sleeping Pack",
"Propolis 90 Ampoule",
"Propolis and Rose Callus Mask",
"Propolis Repair Mask",
"Propolis Softening Toner",
"Protecting base suncream",
"Protecting Natural Shine Tone Up Sun Cushion",
"Protecting Natural Shine Tone Up Sun Cushion Refill",
"Protecting Natural Shine Tone Up Sun Cushion Refull",
"Protecting Sunny Day Sun Patch",
"Protecting tone up and glow B.B",
"Protective Base Sun for Dry Skin",
"Protective Base Sun for Oily Skin",
"Pugan vegan White Tomato formula Cleansing Gel",
"Pure C Serum",
"Pure Cell Therapy",
"Pure Vita White",
"Pure White Brightening",
"Pure White Brightening Essence",
"Pure White Brightening Toner",
"PureFe OB Plus",
"PureFe Plus",
"PureVit DualFe Plus",
"Purifying Relief Soothing Gel Essence",
"PurpleU BAOBAB REJUVENATING AMPOULE",
"PurpleU GLOW BEAUTIFULLY BRIGHT",
"PurpleU GLOW TONE IT LIKE SNOW",
"Q.T. #4 Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement",
"Q.T. Vitamin and Mineral Drink Mix",
"Queen Purecell Whitening 3-step Mask",
"Queen Purecell Whitening 3-step Mask",
"Queen Purecell Whitening 3-step Mask",
"Queens Rose Recovery",
"Queens Rose Recovery",
"Queens Rose Recovery Eye",
"Queens Rose Recovery Toner",
"Quflora FE",
"Quflora FE Pediatric Drops",
"Quflora Pediatric",
"Quflora Pediatric",
"Quflora Pediatric",
"Quflora Pediatric Drops",
"Quflora Pediatric Drops",
"R.E.S. Complex",
"R2B Wrinkle cure Cream",
"Ra Sence Loe Cure Solu tion Aloe Mask",
"Rapid Anti-Aging Reduction",
"RayaVit",
"Re Cell Cure Ampoule",
"RE FAC-x",
"RE Nata",
"RE Nata OB",
"Re Ob 90 DHA",
"RE Prenatal Multivitamin with Iron",
"Red Ginseng Brightening Mask Pack",
"Red Ginseng Vitalizing Hydrog El Mask",
"Red Propolis 30 Vita Ampule",
"ReEn Hairloss Clinic Jahajin Shampoo for Sensitive Scalp",
"ReEn Mogangbichaek Conditioner",
"ReEn Mogangbichaek for Sensitive Scalp",
"reFACE TOX AMPULE",
"Renal Caps Dialysis/Stress Vitamin Supplement",
"RenaPlex",
"RenaPlex-D",
"Renardblanc Multilayer Mask",
"Renate",
"Renate",
"Renate",
"Renate",
"Renate DHA",
"Reoganic Body Firming StretchCream",
"Reoganic EX Whitening Pore Care Deodorant",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra All in One Multitem",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra Moist Ge l",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra Moist Gel Oil",
"Rep Nutrinature Ultra Nourishing",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra Nourishing Cream",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra-All-Night Moisture Relief Mask",
"Replavite",
"Replavite",
"Return 10 TIME LOCK PROGRAM",
"RETURN10 Derma Cell Repair Ampoule",
"Revit Plus Cap",
"Revit Tab",
"Revital Perfecting Dual Ampoule",
"Revitex Ampoules Et Comprimes",
"Revival 1 Tab",
"Rgo Hydration Toner",
"Rgo Nutriment Rich Mask",
"Rgo Tension Up Serum",
"Rgo Tension Upcream",
"Ribotin-E",
"Right Choice A.M. Multi Formula - Caplet",
"ROA Cytomedy Cell Pure 2500 Ampoule",
"Rocky Mountain Multiple Vit and Min Mega Tab",
"rootree Mobitherapy Age Defy Eye",
"rootree Mobitherapy Age Returning",
"rootree Mobitherapy Repair Serum",
"Rose Edition Mask Sheet",
"Rose Oasis 50 Moisture Bomb",
"Rose Oasis 70 Cream",
"Rose Oasis 80 Ampoule",
"Roselle Tea Eye Ge L",
"ROSELLE TEA EYE GE L 1.4g",
"Round Around Repairing Active Serum",
"Royal Ginseng Essence",
"Royal Ginseng Toner",
"Royal GinsengCream",
"Royal GinsengLotion",
"Royal GinsengLotion",
"RUBELLI Black Pearl Mask",
"Rubelli Toe Socks Foot Pack",
"Rubelli Water Glow Essence",
"RUBELLI WATER GLOW ESSENCE 80mL",
"Ruby Cell 4u",
"Ruby Cell 4u Ampoule",
"Ruby Cell 4u Ampoule Premium",
"S ALPHA 30 Skin",
"Saccharomyces The First",
"Saccharomyces The First Eye",
"Saffron Edition Mask Sheet",
"Sallys Box Secret Garden Lemon Oil Ampoule Mask",
"Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Scalp Scaling",
"Se-Care Conceive",
"Se-Natal 19",
"Se-Natal 19",
"Se-Natal 19 Chewable",
"Se-Natal One",
"Se-Tan PLUS",
"Seanol Facial Treatment Mask",
"Secret Key Thanakha Mild SunCream SPF47 PA PLUS PLUS PLUS",
"Select OB",
"Select-OB Plus DHA Prenatal Supplement Plus DHA",
"Senior Multi One",
"Seolheun Ginseng Nature Cream",
"Seolheun Ginseng Nature Essence",
"Seolheun Ginseng Water Ampoule Skin",
"Seolheun Refresh F5 Mask Pack",
"Serum",
"SetonET",
"SetonET-EC",
"Sferangs Vita C Capsulebooster",
"Sheza Gusl Firming Mask Pack",
"Shieldlife Whitening Ion Mask",
"Sibergin B - Cap",
"SimmyungSaengMoSu Hair tonic",
"Siseundeusi Luminant",
"Siseundeusi Luminant",
"Siseundeusi Luminant Essence",
"Siseundeusi Luminant Mask Pack Step2(whitening)",
"Siseundeusi Luminant Skin Toner",
"Skederm Ultimate Eye",
"Skin Project Ya Cooling Celluven Mask",
"Skin White Pro Strength Kojic and Hyaluronic Skin Lightening Serum",
"Skinfood Miracle Food 10 Solu Tion",
"Skinfood Miracle Food 10 Solu Tion 1ml",
"Skinfood Real Tea Ge L Mask Chamomile",
"Skinfood Real Tea Ge L Mask Lavender",
"Skinfood Real Tea Ge L Mask Rose",
"Skinmd Labratories Day and Night Brightening",
"Snail Essential EX Wrinkle Essence",
"Snail Gold Hydro Lip",
"Snail Skin Booster",
"Snail Solu Tion Skin Booster",
"Snail Solu Tion Wrinkle Up Spot",
"Snow Bleach Cream",
"Snow Milk Sheet Mask Light",
"Snow Milk Sheet Mask Normal",
"Snow Milk Sheet Mask Rich",
"Snow White",
"Snow White Cleansing Foam",
"Snow White Essence",
"Snow White Milky",
"Snow White Milky Pack",
"Snow White Spot",
"Solcure 2 be1 Magic Pack",
"Solid",
"Solid",
"Solid",
"Solid",
"Sollume Esthe Repair Serum",
"Soluvit N",
"Soluvit N",
"Somarexin and C 1000",
"Somavit Brand Vitamins and Minerals Complex",
"Sonatural Centella Facial Thin Mask",
"SoonReborn Repair",
"SoonReborn Repair Essence",
"Sopalamine 3b Plus",
"Sopalamine/3b Plus C",
"Spark Cap",
"Spectrum 2 Cap",
"Spectrum Performa Multivitamins and Minerals Tablets",
"Spring Campus Hydrogel Mask",
"Spring Campus Skin Base",
"Stem Cell Hmsc Cell Rejuvenation-ampoule",
"Stem Cell Whitening Serum",
"Stick",
"Stop-aging Peptide",
"Stop-aging Peptide",
"Stop-aging Peptide Essence",
"Stop-aging Peptide Eye",
"Stop-aging Peptide Toner",
"Stress B Capsules With Vitamin C",
"Stress B Complex With C, E & Iron",
"Stress B With 1000 Mg Vitamin C",
"Stress B&c Tab",
"Stress Complex 600 Avec Vit E Cuivre Zinc",
"Stress Ctr Srt",
"Stress Formula",
"Stress Formula + Iron",
"Stress Formula B-comp + 500mg Vit C Tab",
"Stress Formula Multivitamin Tablets USP",
"Stress Formula Tab",
"Stress Formula Vit B With C Complex",
"Stress Forte Plus Lipotropic Factors",
"Stress Tab",
"Stress Tab With Iron and Vitamin E",
"Stress Tab With Zinc, Copper and Vitamin E",
"Stress Tablets",
"Stress Vitamin B With C Complex Tablets",
"Stressmates",
"Stresstabs + Zinc-copper",
"Strovite One Caplets",
"Subuni Breast Pack",
"Sulfur",
"Sun-rype Vitaburst",
"Super Amazing Revolution For Eye",
"Super Amazing Revolution For Face",
"Super B Compound W 500mg Vit C",
"Super Charged Energy",
"Super Kids Chewable Multivitamin Multimineral (chewable Tablets)",
"Super Multi",
"Super Pantoplex",
"Super Stress Capsules",
"Super Vita Vim Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Super Vita-vim With Beta-carotene - Tab",
"Super-pote Vitamin Supplement",
"Supplement De Multivitamines Infusion Arome Fruits Rouges",
"Supravite 10ml Ampoule",
"Supravite Bouteille 250ml",
"Supravite C 1000",
"Supravite Pour Enfants",
"Supravite Stress Avec Vit E",
"Supravite Stress Avec Vit E Cuivre Et Zinc",
"Supravite Stress Avec Vit E Et Fer",
"Surbex 500 Filmtab",
"Surbex-500 With Iron",
"Surbex-500 With Zinc",
"Suria Calming Toner",
"Suria Whitening",
"Swical-energy 3e Age",
"Swical-energy-2",
"Swiss One",
"Swiss One Multi Vit & Chel Min Tab",
"Swiss One Multivitamin and Mineral Caplet",
"Swiss Total One",
"T.R.I. B-plex Src",
"TAEYANGSOO Plavital Essence",
"TAEYANGSOO PLAVITAL EYE ALLCream",
"TAEYANGSOO Plavital Eye For AllCream 17",
"TAEYANGSOO Plavital RxCream",
"Taeyangsoo Plavital Serum",
"TAEYANGSOO PlavitalEmulsion",
"TAMHADA Synergy Whitening Mask",
"Tandem OB",
"Tandem Plus",
"Tandem Plus",
"Tangerine Bright Sleeping Mask",
"Tania Pure Essence",
"Tania Purecream",
"Tar-end",
"Teeth cleaning mousse",
"Tender Age Multi Vitamins",
"Tenue Whitenning Tone upCream",
"Teradia Diamond Intensive Hydrogel Eye",
"Teradia Diamond Water Mask",
"Teradia Milk Skin Creampad",
"Thanks 12 Rich Caviar Mask",
"Thanks 12 Rich Caviar Mist",
"The All Medicare V PLA Synergy Whitening Mask",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Fact Natural SFN 18 Skin Toner",
"The Fact Natural SFN 18 Skin Toner",
"The Fact Natural SPN18 - The JuniorCream",
"The Fact Natural SPN18 - The SeniorCream",
"The Fact-SFN BRIGHTENING ANTI-WRINKLE",
"The Hayan Cherry Blossom Brightening Essence",
"The Oozoo Face Energy Shot Premium Black Ampoule1",
"The Oozoo Face Energy Shot Premium Black Ampoule2",
"The Oozoo Face Energy Shot Premium Black Mask",
"THE PURE LOTUS Jeju Lotus Leaf Brightening Serum",
"The Real Glow Lifting Mask",
"The Rose",
"The Saffron",
"The Skin House Rose Heaven",
"The Skin House Rose Heaven Serum",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Rose HeavenCream",
"THE SKIN HOUSE ROSE HeavenEmulsion",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Vital Bright Emulsion",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Vital Bright EyeCream",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Vital Bright Toner",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Vital BrightCream",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Vital BrightEmulsion",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Vital BrightSerum",
"The Skinhouse Aloe Soothing Vitamin",
"The Skinhouse Vita Snail First Essense",
"The Skinhouse White Tightening Serum",
"The Skinhouse White Tightening Toner",
"The Skinhouse White Tighteningcream",
"The Skinhouse White Tighteningemulsion",
"Therapytion Natural Deep Clean",
"Therapytion Natural Relaxing",
"Therapytion Nokmosu Neutral and oily Hair",
"Therapytion Nokmosu Sensitive and Dry Hair",
"Thrivite 19",
"Thrivite Rx",
"Time Release B 100 Compound - Tablet",
"Time Return Melatonin",
"Timed Release B Complex 100 Srt",
"Timed Release B-complex 100",
"Timed Release B-complex 50",
"Timed Release Vita-vim Srt",
"Tini-cal Ampoules",
"Tinted Moisturizer",
"TL-Folate",
"TM-Vite RX",
"TOAS Rejuvenation",
"Toni Com Liq",
"Tonicol Et A-D-C Ampoules/comprimes",
"Tonimol Cap Liq",
"Tonymoly Naturalth Goat Milk Whitening Essence",
"Tonymoly Naturalth Goat Milk Whitening Toner",
"Tonymoly Pandas Dream White Hand",
"Too im Cell ALL IN ONE",
"Total Living Concepts Formula One - Tab",
"Totalvit Plus",
"Tri-Zel",
"TriAdvance",
"Tricare Prenatal",
"Tricare Prenatal 2-part Daily Prenatal Vitamin System",
"Tricare Prenatal Compleat",
"Tricare Prenatal Quick Dissolve",
"Tricare Prenatal Quick Dissolve",
"Trinatal GT",
"Trinatal Rx 1",
"Trinatal Ultra",
"TriphroCaps",
"TriphroCaps",
"Triveen-Duo DHA",
"TRONVite",
"TS (Talmostop)",
"TS (Talmostop) Hair Tonic",
"TS (Talmostop) Talhwan",
"Twin G.F. Powder",
"Twin G.F. Powder",
"Twin G.F. Powder Vanilla Flavor",
"Twin Opti Pwr",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Fruit Punch Flavor",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Grape Flavor",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Lemon-lime Flavor",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Orange Flavor",
"Ultimate Nourishing Rice Overnight Spa Mask",
"Ultimate Nourishing Rice Overnight Spa Mask",
"Ultimate OB DHA",
"Ultimate Tab",
"UltimateCare ONE NF",
"Ultra Enerforce",
"Ultra Hr",
"Ultra V AQUA SHINE MASK",
"Ultra V IDEBANONE",
"Ultra V IDEBENONE AMPOULE",
"Ultra V IDEBENONE NUTRITIONAL",
"Ultra Waterfall Cream",
"Ultra Whitening",
"Ultra Whitening Ample",
"Ultra Whitening First Essence",
"Uniwell Natural",
"Uniwell Natural Toner",
"Usana Megavitamin Tablets - Tab",
"V & M Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"V V Vitalizing Eye",
"V V Vitalizing Serum",
"V-Natal",
"Varecell Intensive Liposome Booster",
"Varecell Intensive Liposome DoubleCream",
"Vasculine",
"Vasula Tab",
"Vege 1 Daily Tab",
"Vena-Bal DHA",
"Venexa",
"Venexa FE",
"Ventrixyl",
"Ventrixyl Fe",
"Viamon Ampoules Et Comprimes",
"Vigo Multivitamins Drops/lozenge",
"VIL-Rx",
"Vimeral Tab",
"Vinacal",
"Vinate AZ",
"VIRGIN GRACE Hyalu Plus Serum",
"Virt Nate",
"Virt Vite GT",
"Virt-Advance",
"Virt-Bal DHA Plus",
"Virt-Caps",
"Virt-Caps",
"Virt-Nate",
"Virt-Pn",
"Virt-PN",
"Virt-Tabs",
"Virt-Vite Plus",
"Virt-Vite Plus",
"Vit B Complex Ctr",
"Vit B Complex Plus Vit C 550mg",
"Vit-HA Multi Vitamin and Zinc Supplement",
"Vita B + C 500 Tab",
"Vita Balance 2000",
"Vita C 35 Tone Up Ampule",
"Vita C Bright EyeCream",
"Vita C Bright Serum",
"Vita C Bright Toner",
"Vita C Brightcream",
"Vita Plex Tab",
"Vita Snail",
"Vita Solu Tion Mask",
"Vita Vim Multivitamins and Minerals Tab",
"Vita Vim With Beta Carotene-caplet",
"Vita Volu 101 Essence",
"Vita Volu Volume Booster",
"Vita-acinamid Cap 500mg",
"Vita-B",
"Vita-B-75 Cap",
"Vita-vim - Tab",
"Vita-vim With Beta-carotene - Tab",
"Vita-worth B-complex Tablets",
"Vitabanks Vitamin Tab",
"Vitabrid C12 FACE 4g",
"Vitabrid C12 FACE BRIGHTENING",
"Vitabrid C12 FACE Pow der 2g",
"Vitabrid C12 SENSITIVE Spot Pow der Serum",
"Vitaday Junior Tab",
"Vitaday Tab",
"Vitafant",
"Vitafer - Liq",
"Vitaflex Dietary Suplement",
"Vitafol Fe Plus",
"Vitafol Ultra",
"Vital Be-100",
"Vital-D Rx",
"Vitalife - Capsule",
"vitaMedMD One Rx",
"vitaMedMD Rx Plus",
"Vitamin A C E W.niacinam.beta Car.and Min.",
"Vitamin and Mineral Supplement - Liq",
"Vitamin B + C Cap",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Vitamin B Complex + C 300mg Cap",
"Vitamin B Complex + C 600mg Tab",
"Vitamin B Complex 100",
"Vitamin B Complex 100 Tab",
"Vitamin B Complex 50",
"Vitamin B Complex Plus 300mg Vitamin C",
"Vitamin B Complex Plus C 300mg Timed Release",
"Vitamin B Complex Suppl",
"Vitamin B Complex W C 300mg Tab",
"Vitamin B Complex W C Tab",
"Vitamin B Compound W C Tab 500mg",
"Vitamin B Compound W Vit C 250mg Tab",
"Vitamin B Compound With Vitamin C Fortis Capsule Dtc",
"Vitamin B Cpd W Vit C Tab",
"Vitamin B Tablets",
"Vitamin B-Complex",
"Vitamin B3 Tab 500mg",
"Vitamine 110 Liq",
"Vitamine Du Groupe B Plus Fer - Liq",
"Vitamines Et Mineraux",
"Vitamines Et Mineraux Comprimes",
"Vitamines Et Mineraux Enfants 970",
"Vitamines Pour Bebes Et Enfants",
"Vitaphil 90 DHA",
"VitaPhil Aide",
"Vitaphil DHA",
"Vitaplex",
"Vitasure",
"Vitogen B Stress C Vit E Zinc & Cop",
"Vitogen B Stress C600",
"Vitramyn",
"Vitranol",
"Vitranol Fe",
"Vitrexate",
"Vitrexate FE",
"Vitrexyl",
"Vitrexyl plus Iron",
"Viva Kids - Tab",
"Vol-Care Rx",
"Vol-Nate",
"Vol-Plus",
"Vol-Tab Rx",
"Volcanic Grape Callus Mask",
"Volcanic Homme",
"Volcanic Homme All in One Essence",
"Volcanic Homme Toner",
"Volcanic Pore Eraser Ampoule",
"Voye Fresh Up Amazing Recovery Mask V Stemcell Recovery Ampule",
"Voye Fresh Up Perfect Moisture Mask V Hyaluron Moisture Ampule",
"Voye Fresh Up Real Lifting Mask V Tox Lifting Ampule",
"Vp-heme Ob",
"Vp-heme Ob",
"VP-HEME One",
"VP-HEME One",
"VP-Vite Rx",
"Vp-zel",
"Vp-zel",
"Vyqua",
"W Lab SNAIL GREENTEA",
"W Lab SNAIL GREENTEA ESSENCE",
"W.skin A.m",
"W.skin Cica Plus Repair",
"W.skin Natural Fermented Grain Mask Sheet",
"W.skin White Glutathione Tone Up",
"Waterful Essence Sun",
"We Sell Hope EGF ESSENCE",
"Wellage Deep Layer Fresh Moisture",
"Wellage Fresh Water Essence Mist",
"WesCaps",
"WesNatal DHA Complete",
"WesTab Plus",
"Wf Face Fitness Btx Collagen Soothing",
"Wf Face Fitness Btx Collagen Soothing",
"White Lie",
"White Mineral Homme Fluid",
"White Mineral Homme Fo am Cleanser",
"White Mineral Homme Toner",
"White truffle Anti Wrinkle",
"White truffle Whitening",
"White Vita First Essence",
"White Vita Floral",
"White Vita Floral Essence Brightening",
"White Vita Floral Toner",
"Whitening ConcentrateTreatment Mask",
"Wisderma Most Moist Bio Ampoule",
"Women's Biomultiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Women's Formula",
"Women's Formula",
"Xoul secret solution cream mask",
"Xvite",
"Xycos Pink Collagen",
"Xycos Pink Collagen Serum",
"Xycos Pink Collagen Toner",
"Xycos Pink Collagencream",
"Yakkongmo scalp deep cleansingshampoo",
"Yenaan Jinaek",
"Yenaan Jinaek Essence",
"Yenaan Jinaek Eye",
"Yoma Ampoule Plus White Peal Mask Pack",
"Youngcellogy Aios Ampoule",
"Z Bec Tab",
"Zaol Doctors Order Scalp Scaling",
"Zatean-Pn",
"Zeldana",
"Zintrexyl-C",
"Zoo Chews",
"Zoo Chews Plus Iron"
] |
[] |
[
"Hesol Rim",
"RE Nata",
"Edge OB",
"Inatal Advance",
"INATAL Ultra",
"Renate",
"VitaPhil Aide",
"Renate",
"Renate",
"Nicotinamide Zcf",
"Renate DHA",
"Renate",
"Ouhi Cell Power No 1 Essence",
"Prenatal Plus",
"SimmyungSaengMoSu Hair tonic",
"Doll Lash",
"Natural Sun AQ Total Anti-aging Essence Sun",
"Multi Vitamin and Mineral vitamin",
"Kimchi Vitamin chewable multivitamin",
"Hesol Rim Tonic",
"Hesol Rim Jean-Aeck Hair tonic",
"Multi-Nate 30",
"Vitaphil DHA",
"RE FAC-x",
"ReEn Hairloss Clinic Jahajin Shampoo for Sensitive Scalp",
"Vinate AZ",
"CitraNatal Assure",
"Ellis Tonic",
"Vinacal",
"RE Prenatal Multivitamin with Iron",
"Re Ob 90 DHA",
"Multinate DHA",
"RE Nata OB",
"Multinate DHA",
"Multinate DHA Extra",
"Multinate DHA Extra",
"Bonnoir Hair Medi",
"NataFort",
"Vitaphil 90 DHA",
"Lancell hair loss prevention hair grower clean formula",
"Lancell hair loss prevention hair grower tonic",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Vitamin B-Complex",
"PR Natal 430",
"Cavan Folate OB",
"PR Natal 400",
"DuetDHA Complete",
"DuetDHA Balanced",
"PR Natal 430 ec",
"PR Natal 400 ec",
"Bal-Care DHA Essential",
"Escavite",
"ReEn Mogangbichaek for Sensitive Scalp",
"Megavite Rx",
"Ouhi Cell Power No 1 Eye",
"ReEn Mogangbichaek Conditioner",
"Bal-Care DHA",
"Se-Care Conceive",
"Poly-Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Elastine Hair Gain",
"Elastine Hair Gain Scalp Antiaging Conditioner",
"Elastine Hair Gain Treatment",
"Cavan Folate DHA",
"Cavan Folate DHA",
"Prenate Elite",
"Complete-RF Prenatal",
"MYNEPHROCAPS DIALYSIS/STRESS Vitamin Supplement",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Se-Natal 19",
"Foltabs Prenatal Plus DHA",
"CitraNatal 90 DHA",
"CitraNatal DHA",
"CitraNatal Rx",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Tandem Plus",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Sheza Gusl Firming Mask Pack",
"Cavan-EC SOD DHA",
"Prenatal Plus",
"PNV Prenatal Vitamin Plus Vitamin A",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Moms Choice Rx",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Hasol Anti hair loss day tonic",
"Therapytion Nokmosu Sensitive and Dry Hair",
"denovo 3 H",
"Therapytion Nokmosu Neutral and oily Hair",
"Active FE",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Vital-D Rx",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"NephPlex Rx",
"Marnatal F",
"Select OB",
"Pre-Tabs DHA Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement with DHA/EPA",
"Tri-Zel",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Choice OB DHA",
"Pnv-OB-dha",
"CitraNatal Rx",
"Nephron FA",
"Bacmin",
"SetonET",
"SetonET-EC",
"Hasol Anti Hair loss day tonic",
"Ndm Scalp",
"NDM SCALP Tonic",
"Nephron FA",
"Ecosom Tonic",
"Clapiel Hyalon Serum",
"Clerian Anti-Hairloss",
"Clerian H",
"P1P Mela Care",
"P1P Chitosan V-mask",
"Prenatabs FA",
"Clerian",
"P1P Magic Whitening Antiaging",
"P1P Magic Whitening Antiaging",
"Natalvirt Ca",
"Natalvirt 90dha",
"Plalab Placenta Skin Booster",
"Plalab Placenta Ample Essence",
"Plalab Placenta Mask",
"Plalab Placenta R-20",
"Lipovite",
"B-Combo",
"Dr. Pepti INTENSIVE",
"Medi All 4 Cleanser (NIACINAMIDE)",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"MU LAB TURN AROUND 2W Refresh Ex",
"Wellage Deep Layer Fresh Moisture",
"Wellage Fresh Water Essence Mist",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Dialyvite",
"Maxclinic Miraclinic Contour Ing Object",
"Lip And Hand Wild Rose",
"Camellia Air Cushion 21 SPF50 PA",
"Camellia CC Cream 22 SPF45 PA",
"Camellia Cooling CC 22 SPF50 PA",
"Camellia CC Cream 21 SPF45 PA",
"Camellia Cooling CC 21 SPF50 PA",
"Lip And Hand Camellia",
"Camellia Vital Dual Serum",
"Camellia Wrinkle Free Eye",
"Camellia Air Cushion 22 SPF50 PA",
"Lip And Hand Shea Butter",
"MD CELL Solution",
"Tricare Prenatal Compleat",
"Notamo Hair Tonic",
"Ginseng",
"Hello Care Moisturizing Ampoule Mask",
"Hello Care Pore and Sebum Ampoule Mask",
"Dr.Jart Dermask Micro Jet Clearing Solution",
"Frudia Citrus Brightening",
"Frudia Citrus Brightening Toner",
"Frudia Citrus Brightening Mask",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA",
"Duet DHA Balanced",
"Duet DHA",
"Paire OB Plus DHA",
"Duet DHA 400 ec",
"Hello Care Whitening Ampoule Mask",
"Hello Care Anti-wrinkle Ampoule Mask",
"Propolis 90 Ampoule",
"Aqua Bab Modeling Mask",
"Se-Natal One",
"Phytopecia Hair Boosting",
"P1P AC Repair Ampoule",
"Phytopecia Hair Tonic",
"Medi-10",
"Prestige Jeju Snail Toner",
"Prestige Jeju Snail",
"Prestige Jeju Snail",
"Prestige Jeju Snail Essence",
"Antibe Beausenne Special Ampoule",
"White Lie",
"Carione Rg",
"TAMHADA Synergy Whitening Mask",
"Naturalth Goat Milk Premium Tone Up",
"Dong Sung Anti-Hair Loss",
"Pandas Dream Magic",
"Dong Sung Monelyn",
"Tricare Prenatal 2-part Daily Prenatal Vitamin System",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Premium Dr. Althea Water Glow Skin Renewal Hydrogel Mask",
"The All Medicare V PLA Synergy Whitening Mask",
"Premium Dr. Althea Power Whitening Glutathione Mask",
"Cavan Alpha",
"Cavan-EC SOD DHA",
"Dr. Pepti CENTELLA TONER",
"ATONO2 Oxygen Mothers Cream",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Buddate Lotus Moisture Essence",
"Buddate Lotus Moisture Essence",
"Lebody Bu W Renewal Up",
"Multi Vitamin, Iron and Fluoride",
"Multi Vitamin and Fluoride",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced TOX Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Essential Toner",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Lifting Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Meso Tox",
"VP-HEME One",
"PrePLUS",
"Vp-zel",
"Niaacinamide Azelaic AC TURMER FA B6 Zinc Ox Copper",
"Scalp Scaling",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride with Iron",
"PrimaCare",
"Uniwell Natural Toner",
"Uniwell Natural",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Mycellcare All in One Serum",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra Nourishing Cream",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra-All-Night Moisture Relief Mask",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra All in One Multitem",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra Moist Gel Oil",
"Neogen Dermalogy H2 Dermadeca Serum",
"Neogen Agecure One Minute Wrinkle Rx",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed",
"Abalone Aqua Flood Water",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed Toner",
"Hydra Extra ConcentrateSerum",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed Essence",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed Cycling Ampoule",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Whitening Mask",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Liftup Mask",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"Peptide Volume Essence Premium",
"DPC Dual Master Vitamin C",
"DPC Skin Up Perfection",
"Maxclinic Deep and Deeper Meso Change Ampoule",
"CRE AM2ATE Queen Snow Lotus",
"CRE AM2ATE Knight Seahorse",
"MULBIT Donkey Milk Mask",
"MULBIT Donkey Milk Moisturizing",
"MULBIT Aqua Mask Pack",
"MULBIT Collagen Mask Pack",
"MULBIT Hydro Special Ample",
"Vp-heme Ob",
"Miesoo Perfect Pure Seed",
"rep Nutrinature Ultra Moist Ge l",
"Neogen Agecure 3d Lifting Wrinkle Neck Mask",
"Neogen Agecure 3d Lifting Compression Span Tex Mask",
"Neogen Dermalogy White Truffle Serum In Oi L Drop",
"Neogen Dermalogy White Truffle Hydramax Knit Mask",
"Neogen Dermalogy Pink Cactus Liftmax Knit Mask",
"Neogen Code 9 Black Volume",
"Rep Nutrinature Ultra Nourishing",
"Siseundeusi Luminant Essence",
"Neogen Code9 Gold Black Caviar Essence",
"Yenaan Jinaek Eye",
"Yenaan Jinaek Essence",
"Dr. Gloderm Tabrx Liftup",
"Yenaan Jinaek",
"Brucke Keep Cooling Hydrogel Soothing Mask",
"Mulbit Me Firming Sleeping Pack",
"Trinatal GT",
"TriAdvance",
"UltimateCare ONE NF",
"Limulus Deep Sea Moisture",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"Gentle Therapy",
"Cellapy A.Repair Plus",
"Snail Solu Tion Wrinkle Up Spot",
"Ruby Cell 4u",
"Ruby Cell 4u Ampoule",
"Ruby Cell 4u Ampoule Premium",
"Moisture Bound",
"Virt-Pn",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Derma Intensive Panthenol",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Derma Intensive Energy Essence",
"MULBIT Firming Mask Pack",
"Allvit Revital Up",
"Limulus The 1 and Only",
"Neogen Code 9 Black Volume",
"Neogen Code9 Lemon Green Caviar Essence",
"Neogen Code9 Gold Black Caviar Essence",
"Emmune Perfect",
"Emmune Repair",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Recovery",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Awake Essence",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Activator Ampoule",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Fluid",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Ultra",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso Care",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Feel",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Feel",
"Queens Rose Recovery",
"Queens Rose Recovery",
"Queens Rose Recovery Eye",
"Queens Rose Recovery Toner",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin Fluoride",
"Brucke A.C.C. Cure Ampoule",
"Vita Volu Volume Booster",
"Vita Volu 101 Essence",
"Multi-Vitamin With Fluoride",
"Quflora Pediatric Drops",
"Quflora Pediatric Drops",
"PreTAB",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"Multi Vitamin and Fluoride",
"Foltabs Prenatal",
"NataChew",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Wrinkle Up Spot",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Cap Sule Essence",
"M.V.I.-12",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Solution",
"RUBELLI Black Pearl Mask",
"Abalone Crystaldouble EX Homme",
"GD11 Rx SCM S",
"Gd11 Advanced Lab Energy Ampoule",
"Mulbit Medist",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Boosting Ampoule",
"Dr. Gloderm Time To Liftup Mask",
"Abalone Homme Face",
"Peptide Up Volume Essence",
"Quflora FE Pediatric Drops",
"ABALONE CrystalDouble EX SERUM",
"Caviall Real Caviar Multi-perfection O2 Serum",
"ABALONE CrystalDouble EX SERUM",
"ABALONE CrystalDouble EX",
"Queen Purecell Whitening 3-step Mask",
"Queen Purecell Whitening 3-step Mask",
"Queen Purecell Whitening 3-step Mask",
"DermaNIC",
"DPC Noblesse Suta Eye",
"Medi Hydro DP Stem C Ampoule",
"Medi Hydro DP Toner",
"Medi Hydro DP BB Cream",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Medi Hydro DP Emulsion",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"Claon All 4 Cleanser",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Medi Hydro DP B Tox Ampoule",
"Multi Vitamin Drops with Fluoride and Iron",
"Medi Hydro DP Vita C Ampoule",
"Medi Hydro DP Cream",
"Neogen Code9 Lemon Green Caviar Essence",
"Maxclinic Deep and Deeper Meso Change Ampoule",
"Siseundeusi Luminant Skin Toner",
"Siseundeusi Luminant",
"Iron Polysaccharides Folic Acid DHA",
"Virt-Vite Plus",
"Virt-Caps",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Serum",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Cream",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Solution",
"Armiyou Hydrogen",
"Prestige Caviar Super Aqua Serum",
"Sollume Esthe Repair Serum",
"Prestige Caviar Full Intensive Vitality Toner",
"Abalone Crystaldouble EX Bb",
"Abalone Crystaldouble EX Cc",
"Galactomyces 95 Whitening Power Essence",
"Limulus Bio Cellulose Mask",
"AHA 7 Whitehead Power Liquid",
"Virt-Bal DHA Plus",
"V-Natal",
"Rubelli Water Glow Essence",
"Dialyvite",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Mask",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Ultra",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Calming Mask",
"do good Perfecting Aqua Mask 5ea",
"do good Perfecting Aqua Mask",
"do good Perfecting Aqua Ge l Moisturizer",
"Quflora Pediatric",
"Quflora Pediatric",
"Quflora Pediatric",
"do good Pure Repair Centella Essence",
"Miracle Of Skin",
"Miracle Of Skin",
"CELDERMA Pearl Lace Hydrogel Mask",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Eye Patch",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Mask",
"do good Pure Repair Centella",
"do good Deep Aqua Treatment Toner",
"CellStin Ampoule Black",
"CellStin Micro Ampoule White",
"Folcaps Care One",
"Renal Caps Dialysis/Stress Vitamin Supplement",
"Vitabrid C12 FACE Pow der 2g",
"Vitabrid C12 SENSITIVE Spot Pow der Serum",
"Vitabrid C12 FACE 4g",
"Vitabrid C12 FACE BRIGHTENING",
"EASYDEW DW EGF Derma Oneshot Ampoule",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"First C Waterfall",
"Botanic Twenty Recharging Toner",
"AHC Revitalizing Special Gen Mask",
"Prenate Star",
"Red Ginseng Vitalizing Hydrog El Mask",
"PNV-First",
"Red Ginseng Brightening Mask Pack",
"Dr.G Brightening Up Cushion SPF50 Plus PA Plus Plus Plus",
"Easydew EX Repair Control Active Soothing Serum",
"Easydew EX Repair Control Renewal Moisture",
"CELDERMA Crystal Skin Mask",
"Snow Milk Sheet Mask Normal",
"Snow Milk Sheet Mask Light",
"Snow Milk Sheet Mask Rich",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection TOX Ampoule",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection Mask",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection Feel",
"Moringa Purify Water",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Botanic Heal boH Air Jet Daily Mask Panthenol",
"Youngcellogy Aios Ampoule",
"Botanic Heal boH Gauze Hydra So lution",
"Botanic Heal boH 360 Lifting So lution",
"Botanic Heal boH All In One Bright So lution",
"Renardblanc Multilayer Mask",
"Zaol Doctors Order Scalp Scaling",
"Derma First Mask",
"Derma First Mask",
"AQUTOP Moisturizing Signature Tone-up Cream",
"Mizon Snail Repair Eye Crea M",
"Mizon Snail Repair Intensive Ampoule",
"Mizon Black Snail All In One Crea M",
"Hair-loss Recovery Conditioner",
"Hanskin Vstra toning water radiance",
"Hanskin Vistra toner mask pad",
"Prenatal Plus Iron",
"Medi All 4 Cleanser",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Triple Hyaluronic",
"MISSHA Time Revolution The First Treatment Essence Intensive",
"MISSHA Time Revolution Immortal Youth Blue Essence",
"MISSHA Time Revolution Night Repair Science Activator Ampoule",
"Missha Time Revolution Night Repair New Science Activator Ampoule Mask",
"The Oozoo Face Energy Shot Premium Black Ampoule1",
"Honesi exofila crea m",
"Neonatal Plus Vitamin",
"Breast Essence III",
"Organic night repair ampoule",
"Prestige Shiny Gold",
"Medi SM 24K Gold Hydrogel Peptide Mask Pack",
"HydroGold 9",
"Ra Sence Loe Cure Solu tion Aloe Mask",
"Moistie Fill Plus",
"Moistie Cell Plus",
"Moistie Tok Plus",
"All Deep Multi",
"CitraNatal DHA",
"Time Return Melatonin",
"NESTABS DHA Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement with DHA/EPA",
"Propolis 27 Cover Cushion",
"Rose Oasis 80 Ampoule",
"Rose Oasis 70 Cream",
"reFACE TOX AMPULE",
"H ALPHA 30 Skin",
"S ALPHA 30 Skin",
"Vitamin B Complex",
"Botanic Twenty Hypercare Essence",
"Natural Friend White Day Soft Cream",
"CIZAR First Calming Serum",
"Secret Key Thanakha Mild SunCream SPF47 PA PLUS PLUS PLUS",
"Prestige Snail Repairing",
"Prestige Snail Repairing Booster",
"Prestige Snail Repairing Ampoule",
"HemeNatal OB plus DHA",
"Madeca",
"Dr JmeeLab Double Complex Smile Zone",
"Dr JmeeLab Double Complex Black Mask",
"Madeca Derma Ultra Moisture Hydroge l Mask",
"Madeca Derma Intensive Vital Crea m",
"Se-Natal 19 Chewable",
"Teradia Diamond Intensive Hydrogel Eye",
"Teradia Diamond Water Mask",
"Teradia Milk Skin Creampad",
"Emp Collagen Boost",
"Biovita",
"Primerose White Milky Cb",
"Primerose Egf",
"Primerose Double Effect Eye",
"Omega-3 Rx Complete",
"Banobagi Milk Thistle Repair",
"Banobagi Milk Thistle Repair Toner",
"Banobagi Vita Cocktail Foil Mask Brightening",
"Banobagi Vita Cocktail Foil Mask Age",
"Banobagi Milk Thistle Repair Serum",
"Banobagi Vita Cocktail Foil Mask Aqua",
"Cellmov Cell Line Mask",
"bdr Re-charge contour push up serum high-potential moisturizer",
"bdr Re-action tonic professional multi active booster",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus",
"Too im Cell ALL IN ONE",
"Green Toner",
"ROA Cytomedy Cell Pure 2500 Ampoule",
"MEDIUS Heart Ppyoung Ppyoung Eye",
"Madeca Derma Mask II",
"Buddate Lotus Moisture Essence",
"Roselle Tea Eye Ge L",
"ROSELLE TEA EYE GE L 1.4g",
"LA FEMME V Feminine Cleanser",
"Congju Princess Eye and Neck",
"MIRACLETOX EXCLUSIVE Vita9 Collagen Serum",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond Feel",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond Mask",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond TOX Ampoule",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect Btx Collagen Serum",
"Lebody Lab Renewal Dual Effect 24k Gold Serum",
"Volcanic Pore Eraser Ampoule",
"Propolis Softening Toner",
"Propolis 80 Sleeping Pack",
"Propolis 80",
"ACTIBEAU Intensive Moisturizing Facial Mask",
"ARTEMES 3R Effect Hyaluronic Ampoule",
"Artemes 3R effect hyaluronic mask",
"Botanic Twenty Hypercare Nourishing",
"Botanic Twenty Recharging",
"Botanic Twenty Light Watery",
"Incellderm Active",
"Incellderm Dermatology Booster",
"INCELLDERM Cocktail Aqua BB",
"INCELLDERM Vallatto Oi l Mist",
"Incellderm Dermatology Serum",
"Hi Hanji",
"RUBELLI WATER GLOW ESSENCE 80mL",
"Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Imiquimod 5% / Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride 1% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Se-Tan PLUS",
"Imiquimod 5% / Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride 1% / Niacinamide 2%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.05%",
"Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.1%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Lactic Acid 10% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Azelaic Acid 15% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.5% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tacrolimus 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tacrolimus 0.1%",
"Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 2% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5%, Clindamycin Phosphate 1%, Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Imiquimod 5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Calcipotriene 0.005% / Diclofenac Sodium 3% / Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 2% / Niacinamide 2%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Papa Recipe Eggplant Clearing",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Minoxidil 5% / Niacinamide 2% / Pentoxifylline 0.5%",
"Adapalene 0.3% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Spironolactone 5%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tazarotene 0.05%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Hydrocortisone 2.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"MINOXIDIL 7% / NIACINAMIDE 4% s",
"Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 2%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 15%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 8% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5%",
"Fluticasone Propionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Ketoconazole 2% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Calcipotriene 0.005% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10% / Sulfur Precipitated 2%",
"Desoximetasone 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Desoximetasone 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Brimonidine Tartrate 0.25% / Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Lecinq Prebenone Serum",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tacrolimus 0.03%",
"Fluocinolone Acetonide 0.01/ Niacinamide 4",
"Saffron Edition Mask Sheet",
"Ascorbyl Palmitate 2% / Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 0.2% / Niacinamide 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Clobetasol Propionate 0.05%",
"Econazole Nitrate 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 2% / Mometasone Furoate 0.1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10%",
"Desoximetasone 0.05% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"vitaMedMD One Rx",
"vitaMedMD Rx Plus",
"Multivitamins",
"Nicadan",
"TriphroCaps",
"Virt-Caps",
"VP-Vite Rx",
"Preplus",
"Thrivite Rx",
"Thrivite 19",
"Prena1 Plus",
"Prena1",
"PreTAB",
"Quflora FE",
"Numark Multivitamins",
"Active FE",
"Animal Shapes w/Iron Chewtabs",
"L-Methyl PNV DHA",
"Focalgin 90 DHA",
"Focalgin CA",
"Virt Nate",
"Nicadan ZX",
"Tricare Prenatal Quick Dissolve",
"Pnv-VP-U",
"PNV Tabs 29-1",
"Ultimate OB DHA",
"Prenatal",
"Virt-Advance",
"Virt Vite GT",
"Virt-Tabs",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Dexifol",
"MultiVitamin Drops with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Mvc",
"Mvc",
"Mvc",
"Dalivit",
"Floriva Plus",
"Tricare Prenatal Quick Dissolve",
"Lorid",
"Neomultivite",
"Neonatal Vitamin",
"TRONVite",
"Elite OB Prenatal Multivitamin",
"Trinatal Rx 1",
"Complete Natal DHA",
"PNV Tabs 29-1",
"Hylavite",
"Xvite",
"Poly-Vi-Flor with Iron",
"NicAzel",
"Preplus",
"CompleteNate Chewable",
"M.V.I. Pediatric",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"Vitasure",
"Corvite Free",
"derma J PEPTASTIN SOOTHING GEL MASK",
"Voye Fresh Up Perfect Moisture Mask V Hyaluron Moisture Ampule",
"Voye Fresh Up Amazing Recovery Mask V Stemcell Recovery Ampule",
"Voye Fresh Up Real Lifting Mask V Tox Lifting Ampule",
"TriphroCaps",
"Aprilskin Magic Snow Fixing Foundation 23 Natural Beige",
"Aprilskin Magic Snow Fixing Foundation 22 Pink Beige",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Shot Vitamin Eye",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Shot Vitamin All In One Essence",
"Botanic Heal Boh Probioderm Repair Lifting",
"Botanic Heal Boh Probioderm Repair Ampoule Serum",
"Prenate Elite",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Intensive Cica Panthenol Ampoule",
"Botanic Heal Boh Derma Intensive Panthenol Cre Am Mist",
"Round Around Repairing Active Serum",
"Bring Green Carrot Vita Dark Spot Serum",
"BRING GREEN Artemisia Calming Repair",
"BRING GREEN Artemisia Calming Intensive Serum",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal Eye",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal Serum",
"AAPE Continuous Renewal",
"Super Amazing Revolution For Face",
"VIRGIN GRACE Hyalu Plus Serum",
"Hyalu Plus Up Mask",
"Super Amazing Revolution For Eye",
"Niva-Plus",
"Vol-Plus",
"Natal-V RX Multi-vitamin/Multi-mineral",
"Se-Natal 19",
"Select-OB Plus DHA Prenatal Supplement Plus DHA",
"NESTABS Prenatal Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplement",
"Dialyvite",
"Dialyvite with Zinc",
"Dialyvite 5000",
"Dialyvite Supreme D",
"Dialyvite 3000",
"Pure C Serum",
"Triveen-Duo DHA",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vit with Fluoride",
"Ambling Plant Probiotics Aqua Role Moisturizing",
"Ambling Plant Probiotics Into Nature Essence I",
"Ambling Plant Probiotics Balance Ampoule",
"R2B Wrinkle cure Cream",
"Sulfur",
"OB Complete Prenatal",
"Rose Edition Mask Sheet",
"B-plex 100",
"Aquatide Resurface Serum",
"Hydro Multi-shield",
"Centratex",
"Aquatide Soothing Lifting Mask",
"LuBi AMPOULE",
"Aquatide Resurface Serum",
"Waterful Essence Sun",
"Hydrating All in one glow concentate ampoule",
"Duet DHA Balanced",
"Duet DHA 400",
"rootree Mobitherapy Age Defy Eye",
"rootree Mobitherapy Repair Serum",
"rootree Mobitherapy Age Returning",
"Mizon Snail Repair Intensive Gold Eye Ge L",
"Blue Tok Tok Tok All In One Capsule Essence",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Eye Patch Box",
"CELDERMA Ninetalks Hydrogel Mask",
"CELDERMA Pearl Lace Hydrogel Mask",
"All In One Concentrate Treatment Mask",
"Hydrating All in one glow concentate ampoule",
"Purifying Relief Soothing Gel Essence",
"Nicomide",
"Tricare Prenatal",
"Return 10 TIME LOCK PROGRAM",
"Jeju Lava Sea Water All Day Brightening Mask",
"Skinmd Labratories Day and Night Brightening",
"Protecting Natural Shine Tone Up Sun Cushion",
"RETURN10 Derma Cell Repair Ampoule",
"Pepplus Special Care",
"White truffle Anti Wrinkle",
"White truffle Whitening",
"Peptide no sebum Repair",
"Prenatal Plus",
"Floriva",
"Floriva",
"Floriva",
"PNV-Select",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride Chewable",
"Protecting Natural Shine Tone Up Sun Cushion Refill",
"Protecting Natural Shine Tone Up Sun Cushion Refull",
"Prenatvite",
"Prenatvite Plus",
"Prenatvite Complete",
"Multi-Vitamin with Fluoride",
"Multi-Vitamin Drops with Fluoride and Iron",
"Multi-Vitamin with Fluoride",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond home care program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond home care program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Beyond home care program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Advanced Lifting Ampoule 40mL",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Recovery",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (4 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Fluid",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Calming Mask",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cell Activator Ampoule",
"Yakkongmo scalp deep cleansingshampoo",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"CELLSTORY Plus Cellplant Meso-Care Program (1 week)",
"The Saffron",
"The Rose",
"M.V.I. Adult",
"M.V.I. Adult",
"PreNatal 19",
"Celonia Signature Bio Sheet Mask",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"MIRACLETOX Time Rewind Perfection VIP Program",
"derma J PEPTASTIN INTENSIVE",
"Celonia Signature Bio Serum",
"Celonia Signature Bio Essence Toner",
"Celonia Signature Bio",
"Celonia Signature Bio Eye",
"Celonia Signature Bio Ampoule",
"Prenara",
"Prenatal Plus",
"PreNatal 19",
"Pure Cell Therapy",
"Xoul secret solution cream mask",
"Seolheun Ginseng Nature Cream",
"Seolheun Ginseng Nature Essence",
"PureVit DualFe Plus",
"Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Wf Face Fitness Btx Collagen Soothing",
"Dal Miomio Mask",
"The Skin House Rose Heaven",
"THE SKIN HOUSE Rose HeavenCream",
"The Skin House Rose Heaven Serum",
"Xycos Pink Collagen",
"Xycos Pink Collagen Serum",
"Xycos Pink Collagen Toner",
"Ultra V IDEBANONE",
"Ultra V IDEBENONE AMPOULE",
"Ultra V IDEBENONE NUTRITIONAL",
"CitraNatal Assure",
"CitraNatal 90 DHA",
"THE SKIN HOUSE ROSE HeavenEmulsion",
"Bibilip Honey Coco Total Care",
"Bibilip Aloe Cica Dual Moisturizer",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Pediatric Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Adult Infuvite Multiple Vitamins",
"Xycos Pink Collagencream",
"Subuni Breast Pack",
"DaVITE",
"Revival 1 Tab",
"Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Vita Plex Tab",
"Premium Prenatal - Tablets",
"Multiple Vitamins W Minerals Tab",
"Hypo Vites Tab",
"Multiple Vitamin Plus Minerals Tab",
"One A Day Tab",
"Olympian Multi Vit Plus Minerals Tab",
"Mega Balance",
"Vitaplex",
"Hemarexin Tab",
"One Daily Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement",
"One A Day Multiple Vit W Minerals",
"Premium Prenatal",
"Multiple Vitamins and Minerals Tab",
"Swical-energy 3e Age",
"One Per Day Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement",
"Milltrium Senior Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"C. Vit-min Formula",
"The Fact Natural SPN18 - The JuniorCream",
"The Fact Natural SPN18 - The SeniorCream",
"MEDIKOii Bio Active Vital Shot Ampoule",
"MEDIKOii Bio Active Vital Shot Ampoule Starter Kit",
"MEDIKOii Bio Calming Relief Toner",
"MEDIKOii Bio Repair CICA",
"We Sell Hope EGF ESSENCE",
"Adapalene 0.3% / Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Adapalene 0.1% / Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 4% / Spironolactone 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Benzoyl Peroxide 5% / Clindamycin 1% / Niacinamide 2% / Tretinoin 0.1%",
"Incellderm 4d Lustre Cushion",
"Multi Pro",
"IDENEL Revitalizing Eye",
"Folet DHA",
"Barox White Magic Mask",
"Rose Oasis 50 Moisture Bomb",
"All New TS",
"Baegayul Peony Face Mist",
"Vp-heme Ob",
"Acropass Trouble Cure",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Derma Defense All In One Essence",
"Skinfood Miracle Food 10 Solu Tion 1ml",
"Baegayul Peony Moisturizing",
"Jayjun Collagen Skin Fit Mask Step 02 Plant Stem Cell Mask",
"Cell Power Essential Skin",
"Hanskin Bio Origin The",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 03 Real Water Brightening Black Mask",
"Centella 90 Ampoule",
"Dr.althea Aurora Cover Cushion 21",
"Green Tea Eye Ge l 1.4g",
"Nutri-Tab OB",
"Jayjun Baby Pure Shining Mask Step2 Baby Pure Shining Mask",
"Snail Skin Booster",
"Vena-Bal DHA",
"Medi Peel Luxury 24k Gold Ampoule",
"Barox White Magic",
"Biovita",
"Centella and Green Tea Callus Mask",
"Medi Peel Centella Mezzo",
"Aqua Collagen Solu Tion Marine Hydroge L Eye Crea M Mask",
"Intensive Bubble Essence",
"Ginseng Royal Silk 120ml",
"Hydra Moisture Day and Night",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Watery 60g",
"Thanks 12 Rich Caviar Mist",
"Milky Peel Mask",
"PreferaOB ONE",
"Propolis 50 Volume Mist",
"Pnv Ob DHA",
"Ginseng Berry 80 Overnight Mask",
"Bulgarian Rose Mist",
"Jayjun Gold Snow Time Solu Tion Eye",
"Volcanic Homme Toner",
"Cell Power Day",
"Vp-zel",
"VP-HEME One",
"Galactomyces 90 Ampoule",
"PureFe OB Plus",
"Snail Solu Tion Skin Booster",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Skin Ceramide",
"Cell Power Night",
"DoctorsLab Returning Platinum Mask",
"Jayjun New Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 03 New Real Water Brightening Black Mask",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step3 Real Water Brightening Black Mask",
"Wisderma Most Moist Bio Ampoule",
"Trinatal Ultra",
"Virt-PN",
"Centella 70",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Gauze Hydra Solu tion",
"Ggulba Mask",
"Volcanic Homme",
"Baegayul Peony Essence",
"Protective Base Sun for Dry Skin",
"Propolis and Rose Callus Mask",
"Green Propolis 90 Ampoule",
"GALACTOMYCES 80 Contouring EYE",
"Bulgarian Rose Sleeping Pack",
"Green Tea Eye Ge l",
"Nicomide",
"PreferaOB",
"Forestheal Vitamin C Serum",
"Prefera OB plus DHA",
"Galactomyces Radiance Toner",
"Baegayul Honeysuckle Hydroge l Mask",
"Medi Peel Tranex Mela X",
"Camellia Calming Sleeping Mask",
"Virt-Nate",
"The Oozoo Face Energy Shot Premium Black Mask",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Triple Hyaluronic",
"Vol-Nate",
"Centella 80 Eye",
"PNV Prenatal Plus Multivitamin",
"PREMIUM TS Talmostop Rich",
"Vol-Tab Rx",
"Jayjun Honey Dew Purple Mask",
"Seanol Facial Treatment Mask",
"Galactomyces and Rice Callus Mask",
"Vitamin B Complex 100",
"PreferaOB",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Gold Hydroge L Mask 5p",
"Thanks 12 Rich Caviar Mask",
"Ideal Tone Up Glow Bb",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Multi Peptide",
"Corvite",
"Jayjun Intensive Shining Eye",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH 360 Lifting Solu tion",
"Zatean-Pn",
"Ginseng Berry and Ginseng Callus Mask",
"Forestheal Eye",
"Birds Nest Forever Young Multi Care Lifting",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step2 Jayjun Vita Snow Essence",
"PreferaOB One",
"ARMIYOU HYDROGEN 1.5mL",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Eye 25ml",
"Cell Power Eye",
"Volcanic Grape Callus Mask",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Gold Hydroge L Mask",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black",
"Floriva Plus",
"Forestheal Vitamin C Moisturizer",
"GINSENG ROYAL SILK AMPOULE 17mL 4ea",
"Volcanic Homme All in One Essence",
"Forestheal Witch Hazel Facial Toner",
"Honesi exofila",
"Vita Solu Tion Mask",
"HemeNatal OB",
"Jayjun Collagen Skin Fit Mask Step 02 Collagen Skin Fit Mask",
"Vol-Care Rx",
"PreferaOB plus DHA",
"Barox White Magic Extra Repair Serum",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Toner 120ml",
"Sallys Box Secret Garden Lemon Oil Ampoule Mask",
"Propolis Repair Mask",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Ampoule",
"Ginseng Royal Silk Gold Hydroge L Mask 10p",
"Virt-Vite Plus",
"Medipeel Tranex Toning9 Essential Mask",
"Madeca Derma Mask",
"Protective Base Sun for Oily Skin",
"Plan36.5 Tranex 11 Plus",
"Jayjun Honey Dew Red Mask",
"Galactomyces First Essence",
"PureFe Plus",
"DoctorsLab Returning Platinum Neck",
"Skinfood Real Tea Ge L Mask Rose",
"Nutri-Tab OB plus DHA",
"BOTANIC HEAL boH Air Jet Daily Mask Panthenol",
"Jayjun Honey Dew Green Mask",
"PNV Ferrous Fumarate Docusate Folic Acid",
"PREMIUM TS Talmostop",
"Premium TS",
"The Oozoo Face Energy Shot Premium Black Ampoule2",
"JAYJUN GOLD SNOW BLACK MASK 25mL",
"Jayjun Collagen Skin Fit Mask Step 01 Hyaluronic Acid Essence",
"TL-Folate",
"A.H.c Cotton 100 Mask Soy Isoflavone",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Mask Step 02 Vita Snow Essence",
"Centella Reviving Toner",
"Medi Peel Tranex Toning9 Essence Dual",
"Tangerine Bright Sleeping Mask",
"Cell Power",
"Cell Power Essence",
"Galactomyces 70",
"Jayjun Real Water Brightening Black Sleeping Pack",
"VIL-Rx",
"Hanskin Real Complexion Cre Am EX",
"Skinfood Real Tea Ge L Mask Chamomile",
"Skinfood Real Tea Ge L Mask Lavender",
"PreferaOB plus DHA",
"Ginseng Berry 80 Eye Essence",
"Capture Collagen Ampoule",
"Always Bright Spot Lumedic",
"IDENEL Light R Tox Daily",
"Baegayul Peony Toner",
"Prenatal Plus",
"BANILA CO It Radiant CC Tone up",
"Prenate Elite",
"Skinfood Miracle Food 10 Solu Tion",
"Folika-NC",
"574H Cell Care",
"PNV Prenatal Vitamin",
"Multivitamin Drops with Fluoride",
"Prenatal Plus Multivitamin Plus DHA MiniCaps",
"Corvita",
"Tandem OB",
"011020 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"011220 Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"011218 Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"011503 Dapsone 6% / Niacinamide 2% / Spironolactone 5%",
"011021 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.05%",
"171083 Ivermectin 1% / Metronidazole 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"011054 Niacinamide 4% / Spironolactone 5%",
"011312 Niacinamide 4% / Tazarotene 0.05%",
"071023 Econazole Nitrate 1% / Niacinamide 4%",
"011013 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"011504 Dapsone 8.5% / Niacinamide 4%",
"011010 Niacinamide 4% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"CitraNatal Essence",
"Seolheun Ginseng Water Ampoule Skin",
"Seolheun Refresh F5 Mask Pack",
"Cica Fucoidan",
"WesTab Plus",
"Blanchet Glam Pearl Radiance Ampoule",
"Blanchet Glam Pearl Radiance Capsul E Serum",
"Blanchet Glam Pearl Radiance Essential Mist",
"Stop-aging Peptide",
"Derma 7 Repaircream",
"Stop-aging Peptide Eye",
"Logically skin Liftderm HandCream",
"Logically skin PROFESSIONAL SUN BLOCK SPF50 PA",
"Stop-aging Peptide",
"Stop-aging Peptide Essence",
"Incellderm Dermatology First Package",
"Incellderm Dermatology First Package",
"Red Propolis 30 Vita Ampule",
"PurpleU GLOW BEAUTIFULLY BRIGHT",
"PurpleU GLOW TONE IT LIKE SNOW",
"PurpleU BAOBAB REJUVENATING AMPOULE",
"CELL 97.7 RE-ACTIVATED PERFECT LIFTING Cream",
"CELGEN PEARL MOISTURE Solution",
"CELL 97.7 RE-ACTIVATED PERFECT LIFTING EYE Cream",
"AP II NeckCream",
"Cica Fucoidan",
"NEONATAL Complete",
"Neonatal DHA",
"Hylazinc",
"Bandha Who and Y Zone Serum",
"Bandha for and Mask",
"Bandha You and Face Moisture",
"Bandha You and Face Serum",
"TAEYANGSOO Plavital Essence",
"TAEYANGSOO Plavital Eye For AllCream 17",
"TAEYANGSOO Plavital RxCream",
"TAEYANGSOO PlavitalEmulsion",
"Neonatal19",
"Cellbn Blemish Spotcream and Black Spotpatch",
"Cellbn Blemish Spotcream and Black Spotpatch",
"Vitrexyl plus Iron",
"Prenatrix",
"Stop-aging Peptide Toner",
"Oattbe Syn Bio beta Glucans Brightening Calming",
"Diapia Adl Ever-cure Serum",
"Diapia Adl Ever-curecream",
"Stem Cell Hmsc Cell Rejuvenation-ampoule",
"PreGen DHA",
"Bonajour Green Tea Water Bomb",
"Fillizer Madhuca Ampoule",
"Vitrexate FE",
"Prenatryl",
"Derma Eaude Glatok Cream",
"The Fact Natural SFN 18 Skin Toner",
"Vitrexyl",
"Vitrexate",
"Vitranol",
"Prometa",
"Cosmepure Derma Revital",
"Cosmepure Derma Revital Toner",
"Cosmepure Dual Repair Serum",
"Cosmepure Derma Revital",
"Cosmepure Dual Repair Ampoule",
"Venexa",
"Suria Whitening",
"Vitranol Fe",
"Pretrate",
"Venexa FE",
"Suria Calming Toner",
"Ribotin-E",
"Folitin-Z",
"Zintrexyl-C",
"Vita Snail",
"JUVEHEAL B Ampoule",
"Arocell Super Power",
"Arocell Eye and Neck Super",
"Arocell Moisturizing",
"Arocell Time Reverse K I T",
"Arocell Time Reverse K I T",
"Arocell X Belle J Super Power Cell Ampoule",
"Arocell X Belle J Super Power Cell Ampoule",
"Arocell Super Power Mask",
"COVERQUEEN All in one sun roll",
"Bring Green Carrot Vita Dark Spot Serum",
"Derma Peptide Anti-wrinkle Ampoule",
"Derma Peptide Anti-wrinkle",
"Hydra Balancing Rose Water",
"Derma Hydration Boosting",
"Incellderm Dermatology Booster EX",
"Incellderm Active Creamex",
"INCELLDERM Daily Aqua BB",
"Incellderm Dermatology Serum EX",
"Incellderm Vallatto Oilmist",
"Taeyangsoo Plavital Serum",
"Rubelli Toe Socks Foot Pack",
"Pahaba Solution",
"TAEYANGSOO PLAVITAL EYE ALLCream",
"Dr.Different VITALIFT A Eye and Neck",
"SoonReborn Repair",
"SoonReborn Repair Essence",
"Celonia Bio Home Solution Concentrated Skin Booster Rejuvenation",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"W.skin A.m",
"A.m",
"W.skin Natural Fermented Grain Mask Sheet",
"W.skin Cica Plus Repair",
"Dayavite",
"Vitafol Ultra",
"Poly-Vite Pediatric Oral Solution",
"Poly-Vite/Iron Oral Solution",
"Arocell Milky Drop Finish Ampoule",
"Ventrixyl",
"The Real Glow Lifting Mask",
"Dark spot corrector",
"Dr.plinus Fillincell Multi",
"BVBLAB Cellular Body Firming",
"Vitafol Fe Plus",
"Ggulba Mask",
"Nicotinamide",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus",
"Spring Campus Hydrogel Mask",
"Spring Campus Skin Base",
"Rgo Tension Upcream",
"Rgo Tension Up Serum",
"Rgo Nutriment Rich Mask",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide Mask Pack",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide Toner",
"Coxir Intensive Egf Peptide Serum",
"The Skinhouse Vita Snail First Essense",
"RenaPlex-D",
"RenaPlex",
"Derladie Witch Hazel Perfect Vitamin Serum",
"Derladie Witch Hazel Perfect Vitamin Gelcream",
"CELGEN Pearl MoistureCream",
"CELGEN Pearl Moisture Solution Mask",
"by Selected Repair Vitality",
"Ventrixyl Fe",
"Vitramyn",
"Varecell Intensive Liposome Booster",
"Varecell Intensive Liposome DoubleCream",
"ARSMEDIC STEP 02 After Ampoule",
"ARSMEDIC STEP 01 Secret Ampoule",
"Lupium Moisture Tone Up Sun Serum",
"Lupium Moisture Water Sun Serum",
"Foliflex",
"All Day Err Day",
"Dermahan Whitening Perfectcream",
"Petit Cochon Tone Up Pre Shower",
"NGF37 hUCB BOOST",
"The Fact-SFN BRIGHTENING ANTI-WRINKLE",
"Strovite One Caplets",
"Alertonic",
"Fortaplex Inj",
"Children's Chewable Tab",
"Vita-B-75 Cap",
"Super Stress Capsules",
"Chela Potassium Plus",
"B Totum 500",
"Hi Potency Multi Tab",
"Stresstabs + Zinc-copper",
"Maxine Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Low Potency B Complex Tab",
"Complex-75",
"B Stress C + Iron & Vite",
"Toni Com Liq",
"Mvc 9+4 Inj",
"Supravite 10ml Ampoule",
"Children Choice Multivit Chewable Tab",
"Children Choice Multivitamin W Iron Chew Tab",
"Vitamin B + C Cap",
"Swiss One Multivitamin and Mineral Caplet",
"B Complex With C 550mg",
"Children's Vitamins W Iron Chewable",
"Children's Vitamins Chewable",
"Balanced B-100 B-complex Vitamins Tab",
"B Complex W Vit C W Non-med Yeast&liver Tab",
"Balanced B-complex Vit + Vit C&e Tab",
"Ply Vi Sol Chewable Tab",
"Poly Vi Flor Chewable Tab",
"Fizz Multivitamins for Kids W C Loz",
"M.V.I. Paediatric",
"Vasula Tab",
"Mor-vites Tab",
"B Plus C 300 mg",
"Rocky Mountain Multiple Vit and Min Mega Tab",
"Stress B&c Tab",
"Multi Enfants Tab",
"M.V.I. 12",
"Garfield Chewable Multivitamins Tab",
"Ultimate Tab",
"Garfield Chewable Multivits Plus Iron Tab",
"B C Antistress Cap",
"Flintstones Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Everyday Multiple Vitamins With Iron",
"Beminal Fortis Elx",
"Paramettes Multivits Plus Iron Tab (teens)",
"Alertonic",
"Mvc 9 Plus 3 Inj",
"Multi Flow Tablets",
"Palm Springs Multvit and Min Tab",
"Revit Plus Cap",
"Multiple Vitamins Childrens Chewable",
"Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Tab",
"Beminal 500 Tab",
"Z Bec Tab",
"Allbee C 800 Tab",
"Allbee With Vitamin C Cap",
"Allbee With C 550 Cap",
"Beminal With C Fortis Cap",
"Paramettes Syrup",
"Paramettes Chewable Multivitamins Plus Iron",
"Timed Release B Complex 100 Srt",
"Timed Release Vita-vim Srt",
"Card-floe II Tab",
"Vitamin B Complex 100 Tab",
"B Complex 50 Vitamin Cap",
"Avon Vitadvance Multi-kids Complete",
"Vitamine 110 Liq",
"Beminal With C Fortis Pws",
"Vitafant",
"Beminal With C Fortis Cap",
"Formula Cp Cap",
"Complexe B 75mg",
"Spark Cap",
"Paramettes Chewable Multivits With Iron Tab",
"Everyday Multiple Vitamins",
"Vitamin B Compound With Vitamin C Fortis Capsule Dtc",
"Super Vita Vim Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins Plus Fe",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins",
"B With C 500 Cap",
"Complexe B 75mg",
"Balanced B-50 B-complex Vitamins Tab",
"Stressmates",
"Liqui B Complex",
"Liqui Vita",
"Vitafer - Liq",
"Liqui Infant Vitamins",
"Glyco-aide Tab",
"Total Living Concepts Formula One - Tab",
"Phytoplex B Liq",
"Twin Opti Pwr",
"Mini-B Tab",
"Liqui B Complex Plus",
"Twin G.F. Powder",
"Twin G.F. Powder Vanilla Flavor",
"Twin G.F. Powder",
"Permathene-12 - Caplet",
"Multiple Vitamins With Iron Tablets",
"Multiple Vitamins - Tablet",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins W.iron",
"Multivit-liq",
"Vitamine Du Groupe B Plus Fer - Liq",
"Balanced B-50 B-complex Vitamins, Timed Rele",
"Flintstones Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron",
"Flintstones Multiple Vitamins",
"Vita Vim Multivitamins and Minerals Tab",
"Mega-vim 75 With Beta-carotene - Tablets",
"Formula Gly",
"Isotonix Multitech Vitamin Mineral Supplemen",
"Carbassist Tablets",
"For Kids Only Chewable Multivitamins - Tab",
"For Kids Only Chewable Multivit. Plus Iron",
"Prenatal Vi-min",
"Gemvites Jr Tab Chewable",
"High Potency Vitamin B Complex + C Tab",
"B Virol",
"Anaplex Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins W Iron Tab",
"Megavites Tab",
"Iberet 500",
"B Complex Plus C 300mg Tab",
"Biovim Tab",
"Meplex T 750",
"Grand Master Formula Tab",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamins W Iron",
"B-50 Complex",
"Childrens Chewable Tab",
"Vitaday Tab",
"Vitamines Pour Bebes Et Enfants",
"Vitamin B Cpd W Vit C Tab",
"Vitamin and Mineral Supplement - Liq",
"T.R.I. B-plex Src",
"B Complex Tablets",
"Vitalife - Capsule",
"Multi Spectrum - Tablet",
"Essential B Tablets",
"Vita-worth B-complex Tablets",
"H.W. Children's Chewable Multi Vit & Mineral",
"Time Release B 100 Compound - Tablet",
"Maltlevol 12 Liq",
"Maxi 10 Tab",
"Sibergin B - Cap",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins - Tab",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vit.plus Iron",
"Vitamin B Compound W C Tab 500mg",
"Vimeral Tab",
"Complete One-A-day - Tab",
"Vitamin B Complex W C Tab",
"Multi-phyto Capsules",
"Vitamin B Complex Plus 300mg Vitamin C",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron - Tab",
"Neo Vites Tab",
"Hyporyl - Tab",
"Viva Kids - Tab",
"Globucel - Methode",
"Usana Megavitamin Tablets - Tab",
"Kids Stuff Tablets",
"Kids Stuff With Iron Tablets",
"Livron Plus Tab",
"Maxi 6 Liq",
"Vitamin B Compound W Vit C 250mg Tab",
"Livron Plus Ampoule",
"Supravite C 1000",
"Surbex 500 Filmtab",
"Tonimol Cap Liq",
"Multi Rol",
"Hemarexin Amp",
"Phytofortis + Calcium A-D",
"Geritol Liquid",
"Vit B Complex Plus Vit C 550mg",
"Balanced B100",
"Balanced B50 Complex",
"Childrens Chewab Vitamin W Chel Minerals",
"Stress Tablets",
"Flintstones W Extra C Tab",
"Balanced B 125 Srt",
"Flinstones Multiple Plus Iron",
"Stress Tab",
"Potassium Plus Vit B Complex",
"B Plus C 300mg Timed Release",
"B Complex W C and B12 Inj",
"B Complex 500 Tab",
"Vitogen B Stress C600",
"Hi Potency B52 B Complex Tab",
"Maltlevol Liq",
"Multi Vite Liq Junior",
"Multi Vite Liq Adult",
"Vitamin B Complex W C 300mg Tab",
"Phosthenine Vitamines Et Fer (ampoules Buvable)",
"Swical-energy-2",
"For-2",
"Tender Age Multi Vitamins",
"Childrens Multiple Vit and Min Chew Tab",
"Hemarexin Liquid and Drinkable Ampoules",
"Vita-vim - Tab",
"Super Vita-vim With Beta-carotene - Tab",
"Kid's Choice Children's Chewable Vitamins - Tab",
"Multi-vitamines Enfants Comprime",
"Enviroflex - Tab",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vitamins",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vit W Iron",
"Multiple Vit Plus Iron Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron Tab",
"Dia-vite",
"Metacinamide Tab",
"Ez-flex",
"Multi #2",
"Stress Tab With Iron and Vitamin E",
"Century Complete",
"Hi Potency Stress B Tension With C",
"Bugs Bunny Chew Multi Vit Plus Iron",
"Central-vite 18 Essential",
"Master Key Multi Vitamin Multi Mineral Formula 2",
"Tini-cal Ampoules",
"Orti B",
"Beminal W C Fortis Inj",
"Swiss One",
"B-complex Tablets",
"B50 B Complex Tab",
"Childrens Chew Multi Vitamin Tab",
"Complexe B Compose 75",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vitamins",
"Children's Chewable Multi Vitamins With Iron Tablets",
"Vita-B",
"Revit Tab",
"Stress Formula",
"Stress Formula + Iron",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Osteo-force",
"Multi-12 Pediatric",
"Infa Drops Multivitamins",
"Multivitamines Et Mineraux Reguliers / Regular Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Leritone Junior",
"Complexe B-75",
"Multivitamines",
"Supravite Stress Avec Vit E Et Fer",
"Supravite Stress Avec Vit E",
"Children's Multivitamins With Iron",
"Vitamin B Complex Plus C 300mg Timed Release",
"C-B Complex",
"Multi Vitamin - Mineral",
"Enrich Core Pack - Children Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Complete Mega B",
"Complete Multivitamins and Minerals Tablets Timed Release",
"PM Caps",
"Am Caps",
"Nutrol-B-complex",
"B Complex 25mg Vitamin Supplement",
"Formula O.C.",
"B-100 Vitamin Supplement",
"Vitamin B Complex Suppl",
"Multi Nt-OX",
"Iron, Vit & Min Supp",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamins",
"L.G.I.T.",
"B Complex W Vitamin C Fortis Cap",
"Formula F L W",
"Multiple Vitamins With Minerals Tablets",
"L.C. Supplement",
"Super Kids Chewable Multivitamin Multimineral (chewable Tablets)",
"Niacinamide 250mg With Vitamin C",
"Glyco Plus Ect",
"B Vitamin Compound With B12 Thunas",
"Replavite",
"Stress B Complex With C, E & Iron",
"For Kids Only Chewable Multivitamins",
"Somavit Brand Vitamins and Minerals Complex",
"Multivitamins and Minerals - Complete",
"B-plex",
"Children's Chewable Multi-vitamin Complete With Minerals",
"Children's Chewable Multi-vitamin",
"Multi-vitamins",
"Multi Vitamins & Minerals",
"Supplement De Multivitamines Infusion Arome Fruits Rouges",
"Formula Pro-B",
"Liquid B Complex 50",
"Classic Swiss One 10 Multivitamin and Mineral Tab",
"Multi-vitamins With Minerals",
"Multra Plex",
"Vitamin B Tablets",
"Pml Crono",
"Complete Mega B",
"Balanced B-100 Timed Release",
"Stress Formula Vit B With C Complex",
"Deriton",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Men",
"Multivitamins and Minerals for Women",
"Multivitamins for Children",
"N.E.U. Complex",
"P.R.O. Complex",
"B.E.T. Complex",
"Multra With Iron",
"Bev B-150",
"Bio-fen",
"Junior Multi Vitamins - Regular",
"Senior Multi One",
"B-complex With Vitamin C, Biotin, Folic Acid",
"Multipack II",
"B-100 Complex Tablets",
"Chewable Adult Multivitamins With Minerals",
"Supravite Bouteille 250ml",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamins With Minerals",
"Ultra Enerforce",
"Men's",
"Men's 50+",
"Multivitamins and Multiminerals Formula Regular Tablet",
"Hill.vite",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamin Complete With Minerals",
"B-plex",
"Replavite",
"Multi Vitamin & Minerals",
"Essential Vitamins and Minerals",
"Super Multi",
"Stress Vitamin B With C Complex Tablets",
"Adult Formula 50+",
"Multi Vitamin Plus Iron",
"Infant Multivitamin Drops",
"Nioxin Recharging Complex",
"Super B Compound W 500mg Vit C",
"Premel",
"Multiple Vitamins",
"Stress B With 1000 Mg Vitamin C",
"Multivitamin & Minerals (iron Free)",
"Multivitamin & Multimineral",
"Surbex-500 With Iron",
"Nutrilite Double X",
"Multi-kid",
"50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals",
"Chewable Children's Complete Multivitamins With Essential Minerals",
"Supravite Pour Enfants",
"Spectrum Performa Multivitamins and Minerals Tablets",
"Poly-VI-sol Drops",
"Children's Chewable With Iron",
"Children's Multivitamins",
"Body Rox",
"Stress Formula Tab",
"B50 Complex",
"Vyqua",
"Swiss Total One",
"Multivitamins and Minerals Tablets",
"Niacinamide 250mg With 50mg C",
"Stress Formula B-comp + 500mg Vit C Tab",
"Neo-bex",
"Croq-vit Pour Enfants",
"Neo Bex Elixir",
"Dia-vite",
"Chela-chromium 200",
"Swiss One Multi Vit & Chel Min Tab",
"Chela Iron Plus C,b Complex",
"Super Pantoplex",
"Vege 1 Daily Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins",
"Multiple Vitamins With Iron",
"B Complex With C 300mg Tab",
"Fem Time Tab",
"B Compound 50mg Tab",
"Sopalamine 3b Plus",
"Sopalamine/3b Plus C",
"Fortamines-10 Comprimes",
"B 50 Capsules",
"Stress B Capsules With Vitamin C",
"Infantol Drops",
"Maintain Multiple Vitamin & Minerals",
"Fortamines 10 Capsules",
"Multisol",
"Revitex Ampoules Et Comprimes",
"Multi II IV Vi Tab",
"Multivit Et Fer Ampoules Et Comprimes",
"B Complex With C 300mg",
"B-complex Tab",
"Mega 13 Multivitamin Formula",
"B-50 Complex Tab",
"Spectrum 2 Cap",
"Niacin-niacinamide Tab",
"Multi B",
"Niacex B6",
"Dynam Ampoule Et Tablet",
"Tonicol Et A-D-C Ampoules/comprimes",
"Right Choice A.M. Multi Formula - Caplet",
"Multivitamin",
"Vigo Multivitamins Drops/lozenge",
"Multi-12/k1 Pediatric",
"Men's Biomultiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Women's Biomultiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Vitabanks Vitamin Tab",
"Vitaday Junior Tab",
"Vita B + C 500 Tab",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron Tab",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins Plus Extra C",
"Chewable Multiple Vit Plus Iron for Children",
"Chew.multiple Vits.with Extra C for Children",
"Multi Plex I - Tab",
"Multi Plex II - Tab",
"Mega Plex III - Pck",
"Mega Plex III - Pck",
"Mega Plex IV - Pck",
"Mega Plex IV - Pck",
"B-plus - Tab",
"Chewable Multiple Vitamins for Children",
"B Complex W C Forte Cap",
"Vit B Complex Ctr",
"Stress Ctr Srt",
"Vitamin B Complex + C 300mg Cap",
"Childrens Chewable Multivitamins W Iron",
"Vitamin B Complex + C 600mg Tab",
"Childrens Chewable Multivitamins",
"K.L. Vitamin-mineral",
"Multi 12 Injection",
"Neo-bex Injectable",
"Nutra-clear",
"Multi-11",
"Multi - N.T.O.x Formula - Tab",
"Onccor",
"Am Caps",
"PM Caps",
"Multi-actin",
"Hi Potency Balanced B-100 Complex - Tab",
"Balanced B-50 Complex",
"Stress Formula Multivitamin Tablets USP",
"Alkadrenergy Tablets",
"B6-niacinamide Tab",
"Formula 6100 Cap",
"Niacinamide-B6 Cap",
"Vita Balance 2000",
"Vitaflex Dietary Suplement",
"Cedevita Plus Vitamin Supplement",
"Cedevita Sugar-free Vitamin Supplement",
"Formula Js",
"Formula Gm",
"Magnum-75 Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"V & M Vitamin and Mineral Supplement",
"Q.T. Vitamin and Mineral Drink Mix",
"Q.T. #4 Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement",
"Formula Cm",
"Advanced B & T Formula",
"Formula D.S.",
"Min-chex Cap",
"P.N. Vitamin-mineral Drink",
"Formula Hh",
"Kanga-V Multivitamins & Minerals",
"Kanga-B Vitamin B Group + C",
"Glyco Lite Ect",
"Children's Chewable Vit and Min Tab",
"Prevital Tab",
"Pro Enz Tab",
"Feminique W Iron and Calcium Tab",
"Formula 9 Tab",
"Multivitamins W Minerals Extra Strength",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamin Tab",
"Phytopure",
"Multi-force for Adults Tab",
"Vitamines Et Mineraux Enfants 970",
"Vit-HA Multi Vitamin and Zinc Supplement",
"B Complex 50+ Caplet",
"Materna-tab",
"Stress Forte Plus Lipotropic Factors",
"Vita Vim With Beta Carotene-caplet",
"Orifer F",
"Multivitamins",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Orange Flavor",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Lemon-lime Flavor",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Grape Flavor",
"Twin Ultra Liquid Fruit Punch Flavor",
"B-100 Hi Potency B Vitamins Tab",
"Children's Chew Multi & Min Tab",
"B-50 Hi Potency B Vitamins Tab",
"Great Day/am Formula Tab",
"Stress Complex 600 Avec Vit E Cuivre Zinc",
"One-A-day Advance Fem - Tablets",
"Bugs Bunny and Friends Multiple Vitamins",
"Adeks - Dps",
"Vasculine",
"Appedrine",
"Multivitamines Et Mineraux Junior Regulier",
"Vitamin A C E W.niacinam.beta Car.and Min.",
"Nrg Plus Liq",
"Somarexin and C 1000",
"Alsimine W Vitamins A D",
"Phytovim Cap",
"Materna - Tab",
"Dexatrim Tablets",
"Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement -tab",
"Prenatal Supplement - Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron Tab",
"Zoo Chews",
"Zoo Chews Plus Iron",
"Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Vita-vim With Beta-carotene - Tab",
"Vitamines Et Mineraux Comprimes",
"Armax",
"Natavite",
"Tar-end",
"B-complex 50",
"Timed Release B-complex 50",
"Timed Release B-complex 100",
"B-complex 100",
"Stress Tab With Zinc, Copper and Vitamin E",
"Men's Multi Master Formula",
"Women's Formula",
"Lysamine Diet Supp Amp-tab",
"Multiple Vitamin Tab",
"Multiple Vitamins and Minerals",
"Vitogen B Stress C Vit E Zinc & Cop",
"Supravite Stress Avec Vit E Cuivre Et Zinc",
"Multivitamines Pour Enfants (chewable Tablets)",
"Multivitamines Plus Fer Pour Enfants (chewable Tablets)",
"Multivitamine",
"Polymine Avec Zinc Et Cuivre",
"Multi-vitamin Dietary Supplement",
"B-complex",
"Super-pote Vitamin Supplement",
"Childrens Chewable Vitamins",
"Forty Plus Vitamin Supplement",
"Insur-all Vitamin Supplement",
"One A Day Advance Fem",
"Multiple Vitamins Plus Iron for Women",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins (chewable Tablets)",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins With Iron Tablets (chewable Tablets)",
"Children's Chewable Multiple Vitamins With Extra Vitamin C (chewable Tablets)",
"Vitamines Et Mineraux",
"Prenatal and Post Partum Supplement",
"Complete Multivitamins and Minerals for Children",
"R.E.S. Complex",
"E.S.T. Complex",
"One A Day Advance Fem",
"Efferlife Multivitamins and Minerals",
"Prenatal Vitamins and Minerals Tablets",
"Chewable Multivitamins",
"Chewable Multivitamins Plus Iron",
"Diaplex",
"Women's Formula",
"Vital Be-100",
"Vitamin B Complex 50",
"Multiple Vitamins & Minerals Tablets",
"B-100 Caps",
"Children's Chewable Multivitamin and Multimineral",
"One Tablet Daily Mens Formula",
"Daily Energy Brand B-complex",
"Surbex-500 With Zinc",
"Multiple Vitamins and Minerals Capsules",
"Materna",
"Sun-rype Vitaburst",
"Neo-vites & Minerals Tab",
"Totalvit Plus",
"Childrens Chewable Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Gestamine Comprimes",
"Hormodausse Plus Calc Et D Tab",
"Viamon Ampoules Et Comprimes",
"Oncovite",
"High Potency Multivitamins & Minerals Caplets",
"Pregvit Folic 4",
"Formula Cw-caplet",
"Derma-force",
"Formula Cw",
"Pregvit",
"Pregvit Folic 5",
"Multiple Vitamins Tab",
"Multivitamins W Iron",
"Pregvit",
"Pregvit Folic 5",
"Mega Vitaminerals",
"Ultra Hr",
"Multivitamines Et Mineraux",
"Super Charged Energy",
"Adrenergy Tablets",
"Earthpals Children's Chewables Multi-vitamin & Mineral Tablets",
"Kenwood Liquid Supplement",
"Kanga Sport Vitamins B & C Plus Minerals",
"Kanga-kid Multi-vitamin & Mineral",
"PHS Hair Science Hom Hair Loss Tonic",
"PHS Hair Science Fem Hair Loss Tonic",
"PHS Hair Science Pro Hair Loss Tonic",
"HASOL Intensive Scalp Tonic",
"MD CELL Scalp",
"New Premium Notamo",
"New Premium Notamo Tonic",
"EH Hair Plus Regeneration Hair Care",
"EH Hair Plus Regeneration Hair Care",
"Therapytion Natural Relaxing",
"Therapytion Natural Deep Clean",
"Cellapy Haircell",
"BOTA C Reset",
"DIAPIA ADL Evercure Ampoule Toner",
"DIAPIA ADL EvercureCream",
"Incellderm Vieton Oilmist",
"DIAPIA Glow D CICA Wrapping Mask",
"DIAPIA CICA Relief Pore Pad",
"Dr.Different VITAACNAL TX Capsule Serum",
"Dermall Matrix Stratum Basale Restoring",
"Zeldana",
"WesCaps",
"Laonmedi Premium Rose Mask",
"Yoma Ampoule Plus White Peal Mask Pack",
"BOTA C Aqua rejuvenating serum",
"Multi 1000",
"Multitam",
"RayaVit",
"Prenatal Plus Vitamins",
"The Fact Natural SFN 18 Skin Toner",
"FolaMed DHA",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION Natural Beige",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION Pink",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION Yellow",
"BLANC DIVA GLEAM COVERAGE CUSHION White",
"Blanc Diva Rebirth Serum",
"Blanc Diva Rebirth",
"BonGin Rebalancing GIN",
"BonGin Rebalancing GIN",
"BonGin Revitalizing GIN Water",
"BonGin BonCell Rejuvenating Mask Pack",
"BonGin BonCell ECM Boost 195 HA",
"Ph.Hubby Beige BB Tone Up Sun",
"FOASU Pink Y s Collagen Moisturizing Mask",
"FOASU Pink Y s MOISTURIZING MIST",
"FOASU Pink Y s RecoveryCream",
"Ph.Hubby 1g Sun Cream Intensive Protection",
"Foasu Jin Moisturizing Essence",
"Ph.Hubby Pink BB Tone Up Sun",
"Prenatal Plus",
"FolaGent DHA",
"Ninetails Double Drop Ampoule",
"Ninetails Radiance Lift Sheet Mask",
"Ninetails Rebalancing Toner",
"Tandem Plus",
"JUVEHEAL Hydro Synergy Liposome Barrier",
"JUVEHEAL Hydro Synergy Balancing LHA Toner",
"JUVEHEAL Hydro Synergy Intensive Serum",
"CH6 Ginger Beer Anti Hair Loss Scalp",
"JAUNKYEOL AC Spot Treatment Balm",
"CH6 Color Change Black Aloforthya",
"Lapcos Suntiaging Eye Zone Cooling Golf Pat Ch S",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride Drops",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride Drops",
"MultiVitamin, Iron and Fluoride Drops",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Peony and the sunset",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Dewy fieno",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Floralsoap",
"CH6 Perfumed Aloforthya Aromatic herb",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Derma Skincream",
"Re Cell Cure Ampoule",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Poly-Vi-Flor",
"Ch6 Greenol Herb Aloforthya Deep Forest",
"Ch6 Greenol Herb Aloforthya White Citrus",
"Ch6 Greenol Herb Aloforthya Greentea Wood",
"Ch6 Scalp Ssag",
"Dermafrom Lacto Green Ampoule",
"Tenue Whitenning Tone upCream",
"Dermafrom Multi Vitamin Ampoule",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"MultiVitamin with Fluoride",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White Eye",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White BB",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White",
"Dr.Jucre Rebirth White Sun Protection",
"Dr.plinus Fillincell Multi EX",
"Pahaba Solution 4.0",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"The Classeum Co., Ltd.",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"EXODERMA Silky Sun Cream",
"EXODERMA Regenerating Serum",
"EXODERMA Waterfall Booster",
"EXODERMA Inner Fill Cream",
"EXODERMA Verde Exilica Lifting Mask",
"EXODERMA Real Cover BB Cream",
"Hydrating all in one concentrate treatment mask",
"Protecting tone up and glow B.B",
"Protecting base suncream",
"Hydrating all in one glow concentrate ampoule",
"Solcure 2 be1 Magic Pack",
"Dexatran",
"Jaunkyeol Heritage Concentrate Calming",
"Obstetrix EC",
"Obstetrix DHA Combo Pack",
"Pregnancy Multivitamin",
"DERMAHAN V10 WHITENING TONE UpCREAM",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Dermahan Uv Sun",
"innerpink Feminine Spot",
"WesNatal DHA Complete",
"OBTREX DHA Combo Pack",
"TM-Vite RX",
"Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Celladix Sebum Rebalancing Rx 131 Ampoule",
"Celladix Skin Balancing pH 5.5 Toner Mist",
"Celladix Skin Barrier Recovery 131 Cream",
"HA Plus 100DT Cream Toning Light",
"Derma Pella Luminous Cream",
"Dr. sunmi care Duel Hyaluronic Acid Essence",
"Wf Face Fitness Btx Collagen Soothing",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with 1.0 mg Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with 0.25 mg Fluoride",
"Petitcochon Tone Up Body Sun",
"Soluvit N",
"Protecting Sunny Day Sun Patch",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Poly-VI-flor",
"Reoganic EX Whitening Pore Care Deodorant",
"Reoganic Body Firming StretchCream",
"New Chapter's D'adamo 4 Your Type Multiple for Type O",
"Keylosa",
"Tinted Moisturizer",
"Pregnancy Multivitamin Folic 5",
"Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Miracle Stemcell All-IN-one",
"Livita Children",
"Livita Adults",
"Florafol Pediatric 0.25 mg/mL Multivitamin and Fluoride Liquid Drops",
"Florafol FE Pediatric 0.25 mg/mL Multivitamin and Fluoride Liquid Drops",
"MONPURIEL Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"MONPURIEL Scalp deep cleansing-shampoo",
"Prenatal Vitamins Plus Low Iron",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Multivitamin with Fluoride",
"Snow Bleach Cream",
"Hyalu B5 Serum",
"Gluta Whitening Lazy Cream",
"Eye Gel",
"Essence",
"Plaster",
"Serum",
"Liquid",
"Anti-Aging Serum",
"Gel",
"Teeth cleaning mousse",
"Moisture Cushion",
"Liquid",
"Moisture Cushion",
"Liquid",
"Solid",
"Dark Spot Removal Patch",
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"Cream",
"Cream",
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"C.c",
"Cream",
"Cream",
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"Cream",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Multitol-M",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Liquid",
"Gel",
"Niacinamide Face Serum",
"Cream",
"Minodil hair growth solution",
"Liquid",
"Bio Sun",
"Cream",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Multi-Vit-Flor",
"Liquid",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Solid",
"Gel",
"Solid",
"Solid",
"Liquid",
"Liquid",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"Rapid Anti-Aging Reduction",
"Prenatol-M",
"Cream",
"Niacinamide Serum",
"Cream",
"Cream",
"5%Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"Davimet with Iron",
"FloraFol",
"FloraFol",
"Soluvit N",
"Inflamex",
"Medi Tab",
"5% Minoxidil Hair Growth Serum",
"Skin White Pro Strength Kojic and Hyaluronic Skin Lightening Serum",
"Niacinamide B3 Serum",
"Finazol",
"MI-Vite RX",
"Pregvit",
"Pregvit Folic 5",
"Infuvite Adult",
"Infuvite Adult",
"Infuvite Pediatric",
"Infuvite Pediatric"
] |
[
"Q10588",
"P09874",
"Q9NXA8",
"P00338"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P05181",
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00628
|
Clorazepic acid
|
Clorazepic acid (clorazepate) is a water-soluble benzodiazepine with muscle-relaxant and anticonvulsant actions effective in the treatment of anxiety.[A957,L44788] Following administration, clorazepate is rapidly converted to nordiazepam (N-desmethyldiazepam), its active metabolite, before entering systemic circulation. Similar to other benzodiazepines, the active metabolite of clorazepate enhances the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA type A (GABA-A) receptor, which promotes channel opening and neuronal hyperpolarization.[A256683,T883] The concomitant use of clorazepate and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Also, the use of clorazepate exposes users to users to the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, and its continued use may lead to significant physical dependence. In September 2020, a black box warning describing these risks was included on the product label of benzodiazepines as per FDA regulation.[L44798] Clorazepate and its active metabolite, nordiazepam, are present in breast milk.[A958,L44788]
|
solid
|
Clorazepate is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. It is also used as adjunctive therapy in the management of partial seizures and for the symptomatic relief of acute alcohol withdrawal.[L44788]
|
Pharmacologically, clorazepate has the characteristics of benzodiazepines. Studies in healthy men have shown that clorazepate has depressant effects on the central nervous system. Since orally administered clorazepate dipotassium is rapidly decarboxylated to form nordiazepam, there is essentially no circulating parent drug.[L44788] The use of benzodiazepines, including clorazepate, exposes users to abuse, misuse, and addiction risks, which can lead to overdose and death. Patients treated with clorazepate may also develop suicidal behavior and ideation, and the use of clorazepate may cause interference with psychomotor performance. The concomitant use of clorazepate with opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.[L44788]
|
Clorazepate is a benzodiazepine with depressant effects on the central nervous system.[L44788] Benzodiazepines are able to enhance the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA type A (GABA-A) receptor by binding to a region in the extracellular domain found at the interface between the alpha (α) and gamma (γ) subunits of the GABA-A receptor. The interaction of GABA and the GABA-A receptor promotes channel opening, leading to an increased chloride influx. Consequently, the use of benzodiazepines, such as clorazepate, leads to neuronal hyperpolarization.[A256683,T883]
|
Clorazepate is a prodrug for nordiazepam, and this conversion occurs almost entirely before entering systemic circulation. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic parameters of clorazepate are based on nordiazepam concentrations. In healthy volunteers given a 20 mg oral dose of clorazepate, nordiazepam had a peak plasma level of 356 ng/mL, which was reached approximately 0.9 h after the administration of clorazepate.[A256608] The plasma levels of nordiazepam increase proportionally with the clorazepate dose and show moderate accumulation with repeated administration.[L44788] The oral bioavailability of clorazepate is 91%.[T238]
|
Clorazepate is metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly through urine.[L44788] Following oral administration, clorazepate is decarboxylated by the gastric acid of the stomach before absorption.[A256663] The primary metabolite, nordiazepam, is further metabolized by hydroxylation. The major urinary metabolite is conjugated oxazepam (3-hydroxynordiazepam), and smaller amounts of conjugated p-hydroxynordiazepam and nordiazepam are also found in the urine.[L44788]
|
The overdosage of benzodiazepines, such as clorazepate, is characterized by central nervous system (CNS) depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild to moderate cases, symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, dysarthria, lethargy, hypnotic state, diminished reflexes, ataxia, and hypotonia. Paradoxical or disinhibitory reactions are rare but may occur. In severe cases, patients experiencing a benzodiazepine overdose may develop respiratory depression and coma. Overdosage of benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants may be fatal. General supportive measures, including intravenous fluids and airway management, should be used to manage a benzodiazepine overdose. The use of flumazenil for the complete or partial reversal of benzodiazepine-sedative effects during an overdose can lead to withdrawal and adverse reactions. Refer to the product label of clorazepate for additional overdosage management recommendations.[L44788]
In rats, the oral LD<sub>50</sub> of clorazepate is 1320 mg/kg, and in monkeys, it exceeds 1600 mg/kg. In animal reproduction studies, clorazepate did not affect fertility indices or the reproductive capacity of adult animals.[L44788]
|
The serum half-life of clorazepate is approximately 2 days. Nordiazepam, the primary metabolite, quickly appears in the blood and is eliminated from the plasma with an apparent half-life of about 40 to 50 hours.[L44788]
|
The protein binding of nordiazepam (active metabolite of clorazepate) in plasma is high (97-98%).[L44788]
|
Clorazepate is mainly excreted through urine and feces. In two volunteers given 15 mg of [14C]-clorazepate, 62-67% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 15-19% was eliminated in the feces within 10 days. On day 10, both subjects were still excreting about 1% of the [14C]-dose in the urine.[L44788]
|
Following a single 20 mg intravenous dose, the volume of distribution of nordiazepam (active metabolite of clorazepate) was 1.24 L/kg.[A256608]
|
Following a single 20 mg intravenous dose, nordiazepam (the active metabolite of clorazepate) had a total clearance of 0.24 mL/min/kg.[A256608]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzodiazepines
|
1,4-benzodiazepines
|
[
"approved",
"illicit"
] |
[
"N05BA",
"N05B",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.27",
"description": "Clorazepate Dipotassium 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.17",
"description": "Clorazepate 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.04",
"description": "Tranxene-T 3.75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.21",
"description": "Tranxene t-tablet 3.75 mg",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.6",
"description": "Tranxene-T 7.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.99",
"description": "Tranxene t-tablet 7.5 mg",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.08",
"description": "Tranxene-T 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.41",
"description": "Tranxene t-tablet 15 mg",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.15",
"description": "Apo-Clorazepate 3.75 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.2",
"description": "Apo-Clorazepate 7.5 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.4",
"description": "Apo-Clorazepate 15 mg Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.73",
"description": "Clorazepate 3.75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "Clorazepate Dipotassium 3.75 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.79",
"description": "Clorazepate 7.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.93",
"description": "Clorazepate Dipotassium 7.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2,2-dihydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid | Chlorazepate | Clorazepate | Clorazepic acid | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4 | GABAAR subunit alpha-4 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 | GABAAR subunit alpha-6 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-1 | GABAAR subunit beta-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-2 | GABAAR subunit beta-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit beta-3 | GABAAR subunit beta-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit delta | GABAAR subunit delta | GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon | GABAAR subunit epsilon | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit pi | GABAAR subunit pi | GABA(A) receptor subunit theta | GABAAR subunit theta | BZRP | MBR | Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor | PBR | Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor | PKBS | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-1 | GABAAR subunit alpha-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2 | GABAAR subunit alpha-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-3 | GABAAR subunit alpha-3 | GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-5 | GABAAR subunit alpha-5 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-1 | GABAAR subunit gamma-1 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-2 | GABAAR subunit gamma-2 | GABA(A) receptor subunit gamma-3 | GABAAR subunit gamma-3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase
|
[
"Clorazepate",
"Clorazepate",
"Clorazepate",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium",
"Clorazepate Dipotassium T-Tab",
"Novo-clopate Cap 15mg",
"Novo-clopate Cap 3.75mg",
"Novo-clopate Cap 7.5mg",
"Tranxene Cap 15mg",
"Tranxene Cap 3.75mg",
"Tranxene Cap 7.5mg",
"Tranxene T-Tab",
"Tranxene T-Tab",
"Tranxene T-Tab",
"Tranxene T-Tab",
"Tranxene T-Tab",
"Tranxene T-Tab",
"Tranxene T-Tab"
] |
[
"Anksen",
"Calner",
"Cloranxen",
"Clorazepatum",
"Clozene",
"Dipot",
"Flulium",
"Gen-xene",
"Justum",
"Manotran",
"Medipax",
"Mendon",
"Polizep",
"Tencilan",
"Trancap",
"Transene",
"Tranxen",
"Tranxène",
"Tranxene",
"Tranxilene",
"Tranxilium",
"Zetran-5"
] |
[] |
[
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P48169",
"P31644",
"Q16445",
"P18505",
"P47870",
"P28472",
"O14764",
"P78334",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928",
"O00591",
"Q9UN88",
"P30536",
"P14867",
"P47869",
"P34903",
"P31644",
"Q8N1C3",
"P18507",
"Q99928"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00629
|
Guanabenz
|
An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. [PubChem]
|
solid
|
For management of High blood pressure
|
Guanabenz, a centrally acting α-2 adrenergic agonist, is indicated for treatment of hypertension.
|
Guanabenz's antihypertensive effect is thought to be due to central alpha-adrenergic stimulation, which results in a decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature in addition to a decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a slight slowing of pulse rate. Chronic administration of guanabenz also causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.
|
Approximately 75% absorbed from gastrointestinal tract
|
Hepatic
|
Excessive contraction of the pupils, irritability, low blood pressure, sleepiness, slow heartbeat, sluggishness
|
6 hours.
|
90%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Halobenzenes
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.07",
"description": "Guanabenz acetate 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.13",
"description": "Guanabenz acetate 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Guanabenz | Guanabenzo | Guanabenzum | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | ADRA2L1 | ADRA2RL1 | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C2 | Alpha-2B adrenoceptor | Alpha-2B adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2BAR | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase
|
[
"Guanabenz Acetate",
"Guanabenz Acetate"
] |
[
"Lisapres",
"Rexitene",
"Wytens",
"Wytensin"
] |
[] |
[
"P08913",
"P18089"
] |
[
"P05177"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00631
|
Clofarabine
|
Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is marketed as Clolar in the U.S. and Canada, or Evoltra in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Clofarabine is used in paediatrics to treat a type of leukaemia called relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), only after at least two other types of treatment have failed. It is not known if the drug extends life expectancy. Its potential use in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) has been investigated.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia after at least two prior regimens. It is designated as an orphan drug by the FDA for this use.
|
Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite that differs from other puring nucleoside analogs by the presence of a chlorine in the purine ring and a flourine in the ribose moiety. Clofarabine seems to interfere with the growth of cancer cells, which are eventually destroyed. Since the growth of normal body cells may also be affected by clofarabine, other effects also occur. Clofarabine prevents cells from making DNA and RNA by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids, thus stopping the growth of cancer cells.
|
Clofarabine is metabolized intracellularly to the active 5'-monophosphate metabolite by deoxycytidine kinase and 5'-triphosphate metabolite by mono- and di-phospho-kinases. This metabolite inhibits DNA synthesis through an inhibitory action on ribonucleotide reductase, and by terminating DNA chain elongation and inhibiting repair through competitive inhibition of DNA polymerases. This leads to the depletion of the intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pool and the self-potentiation of clofarabine triphosphate incorporation into DNA, thereby intensifying the effectiveness of DNA synthesis inhibition. The affinity of clofarabine triphosphate for these enzymes is similar to or greater than that of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. In preclinical models, clofarabine has demonstrated the ability to inhibit DNA repair by incorporation into the DNA chain during the repair process. Clofarabine 5'-triphosphate also disrupts the integrity of mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, leading to programmed cell death.
| null |
Clofarabine is sequentially metabolized intracellularly to the 5’-monophosphate metabolite by deoxycytidine kinase and mono- and di-phosphokinases to the active 5’-triphosphate metabolite. Clofarabine has high affinity for the activating phosphorylating enzyme, deoxycytidine kinase, equal to or greater than that of the natural substrate, deoxycytidine.
|
There were no known overdoses of clofarabine. The highest daily dose administered to a human to date (on a mg/m<sup>2</sup> basis) has been 70 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/day × 5 days (2 pediatric ALL patients). The toxicities included in these 2 patients included grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia, grade 2 and 3 vomiting, and grade 3 maculopapular rash.
|
The terminal half-life is estimated to be 5.2 hours.
|
47% bound to plasma proteins, predominantly to albumin.
|
Based on 24-hour urine collections in the pediatric studies, 49 - 60% of the dose is excreted in the urine unchanged.
|
* 172 L/m2
|
* 28.8 L/h/m2 [Pediatric patients (2 - 19 years old) with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) receiving 52 mg/m2 dose]
|
Organic compounds
|
Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
|
Purine nucleosides
|
Purine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01BB",
"L01B",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "135.0",
"description": "Clolar 20 mg/20 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2003-09-16",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-05-07",
"number": "2102782"
},
{
"approved": "1997-08-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-07-14",
"number": "5661136"
}
] |
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol | 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine | 2-chloro-9-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine | CAFdA | Cl-F-Ara-A | Clofarabin | Clofarabina | Clofarabine | Clofarabinum | 1.17.4.1 | p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit 2-like protein | P53R2 | TP53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase M2 B | 1.17.4.1 | Ribonucleotide reductase small chain | Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit | RR2 | 2.7.7.7 | DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit p180 | POLA | 1.17.4.1 | Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M1 | Ribonucleotide reductase large subunit | RR1 | 2.7.1.74 | dCK | Deoxyadenosine kinase | Deoxyguanosine kinase | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter
|
[
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clofarabine",
"Clolar",
"Clolar",
"Clolar",
"Clolar",
"Evoltra",
"Evoltra",
"Evoltra",
"Evoltra",
"Evoltra",
"Ivozall"
] |
[
"Clofazic"
] |
[] |
[
"Q7LG56",
"P31350",
"P09884",
"P23921"
] |
[
"P27707"
] |
[] |
[
"Q9UNQ0"
] |
DB00632
|
Docosanol
|
Docosanol is a drug used for topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters). A saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol, docosanol exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Docosanol inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication.
|
solid
|
For the topical treatment of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex episodes (cold sores or fever blisters).
|
Docosanol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol which exhibits antiviral activity against many lipid enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Docosanol speeds the healing of cold sores and fever blisters on the face or lips. It also relieves the accompanying symptoms, including tingling, pain, burning, and itching. Docosanol cannot, however, prevent cold sores or fever blisters from appearing.
|
Docosanol works by inhibiting fusion between the human cell plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral replication. Unlike other cold-sore antivirals, docosanol does not act directly on the virus, and as such it is unlikely it will produce drug resistant mutants of HSV.
|
Topical absorption has been shown to be minimal under conditions reflecting normal clinical use.
| null |
Symptoms of overdose include headache, abdominal pain, increased serum lipase, nausea, dyspepsia, dizziness, and hyperbilirubinemia.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Fatty Acyls
|
Fatty alcohols
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"D06BB",
"D06B",
"D06",
"D"
] |
[
"Herpes simplex virus"
] |
[
{
"cost": "7.57",
"description": "Abreva 10% cream",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1989-10-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2014-04-28",
"number": "4874794"
},
{
"approved": "1996-07-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-12-13",
"number": "5534554"
},
{
"approved": "2005-02-15",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2022-10-15",
"number": "2421026"
},
{
"approved": "1999-06-29",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2019-06-29",
"number": "2156063"
}
] |
1-Docosanol | Behenic alcohol | Behenyl alcohol | Docosan-1-ol | Docosanol | Docosyl alcohol | N-Docosanol | MA | Membrane antigen | MA | Membrane antigen
|
[
"Abreva",
"Abreva",
"Abreva",
"Abreva",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Fever Blister Treatment",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Docosanol",
"Julie Cold Sore Treatment"
] |
[
"Blistex",
"Erazaban",
"Healip",
"Lafrost"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00633
|
Dexmedetomidine
|
An agonist of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of dexmedetomidine.
|
solid
|
Administered intravenously, dexmedetomidine is indicated for the sedation of initially intubated and mechanically ventilated patients during treatment in intensive care settings, and for the sedation of non-intubated patients prior to and/or during surgery and other procedures.[L41374] It is also available as a buccally- or sublingually-administered dissolvable film for the acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I or II disorder.[L41379]
|
Dexmedetomidine activates 2-adrenoceptors, and causes the decrease of sympathetic tone, with attenuation of the neuroendocrine and hemodynamic responses to anesthesia and surgery; it reduces anesthetic and opioid requirements; and causes sedation and analgesia.
|
Dexmedetomidine is a specific and selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. By binding to the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, it inhibits the release if norepinephrine, therefore, terminate the propagation of pain signals. Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate.
| null |
Hepatic
| null |
2 hours
|
94%
|
A mass balance study demonstrated that after nine days an average of 95% of the radioactivity, following intravenous administration of radiolabeled dexmedetomidine, was recovered in the urine and 4% in the feces. Fractionation of the radioactivity excreted in urine demonstrated that products of N-glucuronidation accounted for approximately 34% of the cumulative urinary excretion. The majority of metabolites are excreted in the urine.
|
* 118 L
|
* 39 L/h [Healthy volunteers receiving IV infusion (0.2-0.7 mcg/kg/hr)]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Xylenes
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"N05CM",
"N05C",
"N05",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "41.32",
"description": "Precedex 200 mcg/2 ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1994-09-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-09-06",
"number": "5344840"
},
{
"approved": "2008-12-23",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2019-03-31",
"number": "2326339"
},
{
"approved": "1995-11-28",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-11-28",
"number": "1337659"
},
{
"approved": "2013-06-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-07-04",
"number": "8455527"
},
{
"approved": "2004-04-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-10-01",
"number": "6716867"
},
{
"approved": "2012-08-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-07-04",
"number": "8242158"
},
{
"approved": "2012-12-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-07-04",
"number": "8338470"
},
{
"approved": "2014-02-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-07-04",
"number": "8648106"
},
{
"approved": "2016-04-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-07-04",
"number": "9320712"
},
{
"approved": "2017-04-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-07-04",
"number": "9616049"
},
{
"approved": "2017-05-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-04-20",
"number": "9649296"
},
{
"approved": "2017-08-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-04-20",
"number": "9717796"
},
{
"approved": "2018-07-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2032-01-04",
"number": "10016396"
},
{
"approved": "2020-10-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-06-26",
"number": "10792246"
},
{
"approved": "2019-06-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-06-26",
"number": "11497711"
},
{
"approved": "2019-06-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-06-26",
"number": "11478422"
},
{
"approved": "2019-06-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-06-26",
"number": "11517524"
},
{
"approved": "2017-12-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-12-29",
"number": "11786508"
},
{
"approved": "2023-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2043-01-12",
"number": "11806334"
},
{
"approved": "2017-12-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-12-29",
"number": "11839604"
},
{
"approved": "2020-07-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-07-17",
"number": "11890272"
},
{
"approved": "2020-07-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-07-17",
"number": "11998529"
},
{
"approved": "2023-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2043-01-12",
"number": "11998528"
},
{
"approved": "2023-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2043-01-12",
"number": "12090140"
},
{
"approved": "2020-07-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2040-07-17",
"number": "12109196"
}
] |
(+)-4-((S)-alpha,2,3-Trimethylbenzyl)imidazole | (+)-4-((S)-α,2,3-trimethylbenzyl)imidazole | Dexmedetomidin | Dexmedetomidina | Dexmédétomidine | Dexmedetomidine | Dexmedetomidinum | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Dexdor",
"Dexdor",
"Dexdor",
"Dexdor",
"Dexdor",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine Accord",
"Dexmedetomidine HCl",
"Dexmedetomidine HCl",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection USP",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection, USP",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection, USP",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection, USP",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride In 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in 0.9% Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Dextrose",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride in Sodium Chloride",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection",
"Igalmi",
"Igalmi",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex",
"Precedex Dexmedetomidine HCI Chloride"
] |
[
"Dexdor",
"Dexem"
] |
[] |
[
"P08913"
] |
[
"P05181",
"P05177",
"P04798",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00634
|
Sulfacetamide
|
An anti-infective agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of bacterial vaginitis, keratitis, acute conjunctivitis, and blepharitis.
|
Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic with bacteriostatic actions and broad-spectrum activity against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of <i>p</i>-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular fluids. Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF levels are high in meningeal infections. Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus.
|
Sulfacetamide is a competitive inhibitor of bacterial para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an essential component for bacterial growth (according to the Woods-Fildes theory). The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid.
| null | null |
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> Mouse : 16500 mg/kg. Side effects include moderate to severe erythema (redness) and moderate edema (raised kin), nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and tiredness. Higher exposure causes unconsciousness.
|
7-12.8 hours
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzenesulfonamides
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"D10AF",
"D10A",
"D10",
"D",
"S01AB",
"S01A",
"S01",
"S",
"G01AE",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.29",
"description": "Klaron 10% lotion",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.55",
"description": "Sulfacetamide powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "3.89",
"description": "Bleph-10 10% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "12.99",
"description": "Sulfacetamide Sodium 10% Solution 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "22.7",
"description": "Bleph-10 10% Solution 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "55.94",
"description": "Sulfacetamide Sod-Sulfur Wash 10-5% Emulsion 170.1 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "63.38",
"description": "Sulfacetamide Sodium-Sulfur 10-5% Lotion 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "70.57",
"description": "Sulfacetamide Sodium-Sulfur 10-5% Suspension 30 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "70.99",
"description": "Sulfacetamide Sodium-Sulfur 10-5% Lotion 25 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "138.03",
"description": "Sulfacetamide-Sulfur Wash 10-4% Emulsion 473ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "155.38",
"description": "Klaron 10% Lotion 118ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Sodium sulfacetamide powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.22",
"description": "Sulfamide 10% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Sulfacetamide 10% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Sulfacetamide 10% ophth sol",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.42",
"description": "Re 10 wash",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.44",
"description": "Ovace wash 10% liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.8",
"description": "Sulfacetamide sod 10% top susp",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.94",
"description": "Sodium sulfacetamide 10% lot",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.98",
"description": "Sulfacetamide sod cryst powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
Acetosulfamine | N-((p-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide | N-(p-Aminobenzenesulfonyl)acetamide | N-[(p-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide | N-Acetyl-4-aminobenzenesulfonamide | N-Acetylsulfanilamide | N-Sulfanilylacetamide | N-Sulphanilylacetamide | N'-acetylsulfanilamide | N(1)-Acetyl-4-aminophenylsulfonamide | N(1)-Acetylsulfanilamide | p-Aminobenzenesulfonacetamide | p-Aminobenzenesulfonoacetamide | Sulfacetamid | Sulfacetamida | Sulfacétamide | Sulfacetamide | Sulfacetamidum | Sulfanilazetamid | Sulphacetamide | Sulphacetamidum | 2.5.1.15 | dhpS | Dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase | 2.5.1.15 | DHPS | Dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase type I | Dihydropteroate synthase type I | sul1 | 4.1.2.25 | DHNA
|
[
"Avar",
"Avar",
"Avar Cleansing Pads",
"Avar Ls",
"Avar LS",
"Avar LS Cleansing Pads",
"Avar-e",
"Avar-e Green",
"Avar-e LS",
"Balsulph Oph Liq 10.0%",
"Balsulph Oph Ont 10.0%",
"Bleph 10 Dps",
"Bleph-10",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide S.O.P.",
"BP Cleansing Wash",
"Cerisa",
"Cetamide",
"Cetamide Ont 10%",
"Clarifoam EF",
"Claris",
"Clenia",
"Clenia",
"Clenia Plus Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur",
"Clindamycin 1% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Dioptimyd Ointment",
"Exact-Rx SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFER 10%/5% Cleanser",
"Exact-Rx SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFER 10%/5% Cleanser",
"Exact-Rx Sodium Sulfacetamide Wash 10%",
"Exact-Rx Sodium Sulfacetamide Wash 10%",
"FML-S",
"Gyne-Sulf",
"Isopto Cetamide",
"Klaron",
"Klaron",
"Klaron",
"Metimyd Oph Sus",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10% / Sulfur Precipitated 2%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 15%",
"Odan-cide",
"Odan-sulfacetamide",
"Ophtho-sulf Liq 10%",
"Ovace",
"Ovace",
"Ovace",
"Ovace",
"Ovace",
"Ovace Plus",
"Ovace Plus",
"Ovace Plus",
"OVACE Plus",
"Ovace Plus",
"Ovace Plus",
"OVACE Plus",
"OvacePlus Plus",
"Perrigo Seb Prev",
"Perrigo Seb Prev",
"Perrigo Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Perrigo Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Plexion Cleanser",
"Plexion Cleansing",
"Plexion NS",
"Plexion SCT",
"PMS-sulfacetamide Sod Oph Soln 30%",
"PMS-sulfacetamide Sodium Liq 10%",
"Prascion Cleanser",
"Prascion Cleanser",
"Prascion FC",
"Prascion RA",
"Prascion RA Cream with Sunscreens",
"Prascion TS",
"Prednisolone/sulfacetamide",
"Re 10 Wash",
"Rosaderm",
"Rosanil",
"ROSANIL Cleanser",
"Rosula",
"Rosula",
"Rosula Wash",
"Salicylic Acid 2% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 8%",
"Salicylic Acid 2% /sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 8%",
"Salicylic Acid 5% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10%",
"Se 10-5 Ss",
"Seb Prev Wash",
"Sodium Sulamyd 10%",
"Sodium Sulamyd Oph Dps 30%",
"Sodium Sulamyd Oph Ont 10%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur Cleansing Pads",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 % and Sulfur 2 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 % and Sulfur 5 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 % and Sulfur 5 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 and Sulfur 5",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 2 Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 2 cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 5",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 5 Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 5 Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE 10% AND SULFUR 5% Emollient Cream",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE 10% AND SULFUR 5% Emollient Cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Emollient Foam",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10%, Sulfur 2%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10%, Sulfur 2%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9 Sulfur 4.5 Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9 Sulfur 4.5 Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9 Sulfur 4.5 Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8 % and Sulfur 4.8 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8 % and Sulfur 4.8 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8%, Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8%, Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8%, Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% - Sulfur 4.5% Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% - Sulfur 4%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFUR",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFUR",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur 10 Percent and 2 Percent Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur 10 Percent and 5 Percent Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Aqueous",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Aqueous Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Clarifying Wash in a Urea Vehicle",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur External Cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur External Liquid",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFUR Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide Wash 10%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide Wash 10%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"SSS cleanser",
"Sulf 10",
"Sulfacet R Lotion",
"Sulfacet-R",
"Sulfacetamide",
"Sulfacetamide",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Sulfur",
"sulfacetamide sodium and sulfur Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"SulfaCleanse 8/4",
"Sulfatol",
"Sulfatol 10-4 Cleansing pads",
"Sulfatol C",
"Sulfatol Cleanser",
"Sulfatol SS",
"Sulfex 10%",
"Sulfix",
"Sumadan",
"Sumadan Wash",
"Sumadan Xlt",
"Sumaxin Cleansing Pads",
"Sumaxin CP",
"Sumaxin TS",
"Sumaxin Wash",
"Topisulf",
"Topisulf",
"Triple Sulfa",
"Vasocidin",
"Vasocidin Ophthalmic Solution",
"Vasocidin Ophthalmic Solution",
"Vasosulf Oph Soln",
"Virti-SULF",
"Zencia Wash",
"ZMA CLEAR Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5%"
] |
[
"Acetopt",
"Albucid",
"Anginamide",
"Antebor",
"Apisulfa",
"Blef-10",
"Bleph",
"Cetazin",
"Oftasul",
"Optal",
"Riacetamid",
"Sulfacil",
"Sulphacalyre",
"Unisulf"
] |
[
"FML-S",
"Sulfatol 10-4 Cleansing pads",
"Sulfatol C",
"Sulfatol SS",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide Sulfur",
"Topisulf",
"ROSANIL Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Aqueous Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Aqueous",
"Gyne-Sulf",
"Prascion TS",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Rosaderm",
"Topisulf",
"Sulfatol",
"Sulfatol Cleanser",
"Plexion Cleanser",
"Plexion SCT",
"Plexion Cleansing",
"Blephamide",
"Triple Sulfa",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Clarifying Wash in a Urea Vehicle",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide",
"Prascion Cleanser",
"Blephamide",
"Clarifoam EF",
"Rosula",
"Se 10-5 Ss",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur 10 Percent and 5 Percent Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur 10 Percent and 2 Percent Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 5 Cleanser",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFUR",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sulfix",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur External Liquid",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur External Cream",
"Prascion RA",
"Prascion Cleanser",
"Prascion FC",
"Prascion RA Cream with Sunscreens",
"Perrigo Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 and Sulfur 5",
"SulfaCleanse 8/4",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Cerisa",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Clenia",
"Clenia",
"Claris",
"Sumaxin Cleansing Pads",
"Sumaxin CP",
"Zencia Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Perrigo Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Avar-e Green",
"Sumaxin TS",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Exact-Rx SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFER 10%/5% Cleanser",
"Virti-SULF",
"Rosula",
"Rosula Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Blephamide",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFUR Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 2 Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 2 cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Emollient Foam",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9 Sulfur 4.5 Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 5 Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur Cleansing Pads",
"BP Cleansing Wash",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Avar",
"Avar Ls",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Avar LS",
"Avar LS Cleansing Pads",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Avar-e LS",
"Avar-e",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Avar",
"Avar Cleansing Pads",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8%",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Blephamide",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sumadan Wash",
"Sumadan",
"Sumadan Xlt",
"Sumaxin Wash",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Clindamycin 1% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 5% / Tretinoin 0.025%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 15%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10% / Sulfur Precipitated 2%",
"Salicylic Acid 5% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10%",
"Salicylic Acid 2% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 8%",
"Niacinamide 4% / Sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 10%",
"Salicylic Acid 2% /sodium Sulfacetamide Monohydrate 8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8%, Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10%, Sulfur 2%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9 Sulfur 4.5 Wash",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8%, Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Sulfur",
"Exact-Rx SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFER 10%/5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 Sulfur 5",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Vasocidin",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE and SULFUR",
"Rosanil",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium and Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"SSS cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% - Sulfur 4.5% Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% - Sulfur 4%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8%, Sulfur 4.8%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10%, Sulfur 2%",
"Clenia Plus Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9 Sulfur 4.5 Wash",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Blephamide",
"Blephamide S.O.P.",
"Vasocidin Ophthalmic Solution",
"Sulfacet R Lotion",
"Vasocidin Ophthalmic Solution",
"Metimyd Oph Sus",
"Vasosulf Oph Soln",
"Sulfacet-R",
"Odan-cide",
"Prednisolone/sulfacetamide",
"Dioptimyd Ointment",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Cleanser",
"Plexion",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Plexion",
"Plexion",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Plexion",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE 10% AND SULFUR 5% Emollient Cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8% and Sulfur 4.8% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 5% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Wash",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"ZMA CLEAR Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 % and Sulfur 2 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8 % and Sulfur 4.8 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 % and Sulfur 5 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sulfacetamide Sodium, Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide and Sulfur",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Cleanser",
"SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE 10% AND SULFUR 5% Emollient Cream",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10% and Sulfur 2% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9.8 % and Sulfur 4.8 % Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4% Cleanser",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% and Sulfur 4.5% Wash",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 8% and Sulfur 4%",
"Sodium Sulfacetamide 10 % and Sulfur 5 % Cleanser",
"sulfacetamide sodium and sulfur Sodium Sulfacetamide - Sulfur"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00635
|
Prednisone
|
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from [cortisone].[A187463] It is biologically inert and converted to [prednisolone] in the liver.[L10502]
Prednisone was granted FDA approval on 21 February 1955.[L10496]
|
solid
|
Prednisone is indicated as an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drug for allergic, dermatologic, gastrointestinal, hematologic, ophthalmologic, nervous system, renal, respiratory, rheumatologic, infectious, endocrine, or neoplastic conditions as well as in organ transplant.[L10502]
|
Corticosteroids bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, inhibiting pro-inflammatory signals, and promoting anti-inflammatory signals.[A187463] Prednisone has a short duration of action as the half life is 2-3 hours.[L10502] Corticosteroids have a wide therapeutic window as patients make require doses that are multiples of what the body naturally produces.[A187463] Patients taking corticosteroids should be counselled regarding the risk of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and increased susceptibility to infections.[A187463]
|
Prednisone is first metabolized in the liver to its active form, prednisolone, a glucocorticoid agonist corticosteroid.[L10502]
The short term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation.[A187463] Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days.[A187463]
Glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil apoptosis and demargination; they inhibit phospholipase A2, which decreases the formation of arachidonic acid derivatives; they inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors; they promote anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10.[A187463]
Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive.[A187463] High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels.[A187463]
|
Oral prednisone has a T<sub>max</sub> of 2 hours, while the delayed-release formulation has a T<sub>max</sub> of 6-6.5 hours.[L10502] A 5mg dose of prednisone has an AUC of 572mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, a 20mg dose of prednisone has an AUC of 1034mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, and a 50mg dose of prednisone has an AUC of 2271mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.[A188300] Data regarding the C<sub>max</sub> of prednisone is not readily available.[L10502]
|
Prednisone is metabolized to 17α,21-dihydroxy-pregnan-1,4,6-trien-3,11,30-trione (M-XVII), 20α-dihydro-prednisone (M-V), 6βhydroxy-prednisone (M-XII), 6α-hydroxy-prednisone (M-XIII), or 20β-dihydro-prednisone (M-IV).[A187403] 20β-dihydro-prednisone is metabolized to 17α,20ξ,21-trihydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3,11-dione(M-XVIII).[A187403] Prednison is reversibly metabolized to [prednisolone].[A187403] Prednisolone is metabolized to Δ6-prednisolone (M-XI), 20α-dihydro-prednisolone (M-III), 20β-dihydro-prednisolone (M-II), 6αhydroxy-prednisolone (M-VII), or 6βhydroxy-prednisolone(M-VI).[A187403] 6αhydroxy-prednisolone is metabolized to 6α,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one (M-X).[A187403] 6βhydroxy-prednisolone is metabolized to 6β,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one (M-VIII), 6β,11β,17α,20α,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one (M-IX), and 6β,11β,17α,21-tetrahydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3,20-dione (M-XIV).[A187403] MVIII is metabolized to 6β,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3-one (M-XV) and then to MXIV, while MIX is metabolized to 6β,11β,17α,20α,21-pentahydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3-one (M-XVI) and then to MXIV.[A187403] These metabolites and their glucuronide conjugates are excreted predominantly in the urine.[A187403]
|
Data regarding acute overdoses of prednisone are rare but prolonged high doses of prednisone can lead to a higher incidence and severity of adverse effects such as mental symptoms, moon face, abnormal fat deposits, fluid retention, excessive appetite, weight gain, hypertrichosis, acne, striae, ecchymosis, increased sweating, pigmentation, dry scaly skin, thinning scalp hair, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, thrombophlebitis, decreased resistance to infection, negative nitrogen balance with delayed bone and wound healing, headache, weakness, menstrual disorders, accentuated menopausal symptoms, neuropathy, fractures, osteoporosis, peptic ulcer, decreased glucose tolerance, hypokalemia, and adrenal insufficiency.[L10502]
|
Prednisone and its active metabolite [prednisolone] have half lives of 2-3 hours from both immediate and delayed release preparations.[L10502]
|
Corticosteroids are generally bound to corticosteroid binding globulin[A187439] and serum albumin[A187436] in plasma. Prednisone is <50% bound to protein in plasma.[A188222]
|
Prednisone is excreted mainly in the urine as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates.[L10502]
|
Data regarding the volume of distribution for prednisone is not readily available.[L10502] However, a 0.15mg/kg dose of prednisolone has a volume of distribution of 29.3L, while a 0.30mg/kg dose has a volume of distribution of 44.2L.[A187394]
|
Data regarding the clearance of prednisone is not readily available.[L10502]
A 5.5µg/h/kg infusion of prednisolone has an average clearance of 0.066±0.12L/h/kg, while a 0.15±0.03L/h/kg infusion has an average clearance of 0.15L/h/kg.[A188222]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Hydroxysteroids
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"A07EA",
"A07E",
"A07",
"A",
"H02AB",
"H02A",
"H02",
"H"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.17",
"description": "Prednisone 5 mg/ml solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "2.93",
"description": "Sterapred ds 10 mg tablet unipak",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.36",
"description": "Prednisone powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "64.0",
"description": "Sterapred DS 21 10 mg tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "0.04",
"description": "Apo-Prednisone 5 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.08",
"description": "Prednisone 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.11",
"description": "Apo-Prednisone 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.12",
"description": "Winpred 1 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.18",
"description": "Apo-Prednisone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Prednisone 1 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Prednisone 2.5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Prednisone 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Prednisone 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.47",
"description": "Prednisone 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.5",
"description": "PredniSONE 5 mg/5ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2015-11-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-23",
"number": "9186332"
},
{
"approved": "2012-05-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-01-07",
"number": "8168218"
},
{
"approved": "2012-11-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-23",
"number": "8309124"
},
{
"approved": "2013-03-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-23",
"number": "8394407"
},
{
"approved": "2015-05-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-04-23",
"number": "9040085"
},
{
"approved": "2002-12-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-03-14",
"number": "6488960"
},
{
"approved": "2004-01-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-03-14",
"number": "6677326"
},
{
"approved": "2016-11-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-08-03",
"number": "9504699"
}
] |
1,2-Dehydrocortisone | 1,4-Pregnadiene-17α,21-diol-3,11,20-trione | 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione | Dehydrocortisone | Prednisona | Prednisone | Prednisonum | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIB1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.1.1.146 | 11-beta-HSD1 | 11-DH | 7-oxosteroid reductase | Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 | HSD11 | HSD11L | SDR26C1 | Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 26C member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3
|
[
"Alti-prednisone Tab 5mg",
"Apo Prednisone Tab 1mg USP",
"Apo Prednisone Tab 50mg",
"Apo Prednisone Tab 5mg",
"Contrast Allergy PreMed Pack",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone",
"Deltasone 50mg",
"Deltasone 5mg",
"Jaa Prednisone Tab 1mg USP",
"Jaa Prednisone Tab 50mg USP",
"Jaa Prednisone Tab 5mg USP",
"Metreton Tab",
"Nu-prednisone",
"Nu-prednisone",
"Nu-prednisone",
"Perrigo Prednisone",
"Perrigo Prednisone",
"Perrigo Prednisone",
"Prednisone",
"Prednisone",
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[
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] |
[
"Prednisone",
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"Metreton Tab"
] |
[
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] |
[
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] |
[
"P02768",
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] |
[
"P08183",
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] |
DB00860
|
Prednisolone
|
Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid similar to [cortisol] used for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-neoplastic, and vasoconstrictive effects.[A187463]
Prednisolone was granted FDA approval on 21 June 1955.[L9431]
|
solid
|
Prednisolone is indicated to treat endocrine, rheumatic, and hematologic disorders; collagen, dermatologic, ophthalmic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases; allergic and edematous states; and other conditions like tuberculous meningitis.[L9542]
|
Corticosteroids bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, inhibiting pro-inflammatory signals, and promoting anti-inflammatory signals.[A187463] Prednisolone has a short duration of action as the half life is 2.1-3.5 hours.[A187394] Corticosteroids have a wide therapeutic window as patients make require doses that are multiples of what the body naturally produces.[A187463] Patients taking corticosteroids should be counselled regarding the risk of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and increased susceptibility to infections.[A187463]
|
The short term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation.[A187463] Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days.[A187463]
Glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil apoptosis and demargination; they inhibit phospholipase A2, which decreases the formation of arachidonic acid derivatives; they inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors; they promote anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10.[A187463]
Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive.[A187463] High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels.[A187463]
|
Oral prednisolone reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 113-1343ng/mL with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1.0-2.6 hours.[A187394] Oral prednisolone is approximately 70% bioavailable.[A187400]
|
Prednisolone can be reversibly metabolized to [prednisone] which is then metabolized to 17α,21-dihydroxy-pregnan-1,4,6-trien-3,11,30-trione (M-XVII), 20α-dihydro-prednisone (M-V), 6βhydroxy-prednisone (M-XII), 6α-hydroxy-prednisone (M-XIII), or 20β-dihydro-prednisone (M-IV).[A187403] 20β-dihydro-prednisone is metabolized to 17α,20ξ,21-trihydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3,11-dione(M-XVIII).[A187403] Prednisolone is metabolized to Δ6-prednisolone (M-XI), 20α-dihydro-prednisolone (M-III), 20β-dihydro-prednisolone (M-II), 6αhydroxy-prednisolone (M-VII), or 6βhydroxy-prednisolone(M-VI).[A187403] 6αhydroxy-prednisolone is metabolized to 6α,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one (M-X).[A187403] 6βhydroxy-prednisolone is metabolized to 6β,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one (M-VIII), 6β,11β,17α,20α,21-pentahydroxypregnan-1,4-diene-3-one (M-IX), and 6β,11β,17α,21-tetrahydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3,20-dione (M-XIV).[A187403] MVIII is metabolized to 6β,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3-one (M-XV) and then to MXIV, while MIX is metabolized to 6β,11β,17α,20α,21-pentahydroxy-5ξ-pregn-1-en-3-one (M-XVI) and then to MXIV.[A187403] These metabolites and their glucuronide conjugates are excreted predominantly in the urine.[A187403]
|
The intraperitoneal LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is 2g/kg and 65mg/kg in mice.[L9545] The subcutaneous LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is 147mg/kg and >3500mg/kg in mice.[L9545] The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mice is 1680mg/kg.[L9545] In humans, the oral TDLO in men is 9mg/kg/2W and in women is 14mg/kg/13D.[L9545]
Patients experiencing an overdose of prednisolone may present with gastrointestinal disturbances, insomnia, and restlessness.[A187511] Overdose of oral prednisolone may be treated by gastric lavage or inducing vomiting if the overdose was recent, as well as supportive and symptomatic therapy.[L9449] Chronic overdosage may be treated by dose reduction or treating patients on alternate days.[L9449] An overdose by the ophthalmic route is not expected to cause problems.[L9449]
|
Prednisolone has a plasma half life of 2.1-3.5 hours.[A187394] This half life is shorter in children and longer in those with liver disease.[A187394]
|
Prednisolone's protein binding is highly variable, ranging from 65-91% in healthy patients.[A187394]
|
Prednisolone is over 98% eliminated in urine.[A187394]
|
A 0.15mg/kg dose of prednisolone has a volume of distribution of 29.3L, while a 0.30mg/kg dose has a volume of distribution of 44.2L.[A187394]
|
A 0.15mg/kg dose of prednisolone has a clearance of 0.09L/kg/h, while a 0.30mg/kg dose has a clearance of 0.12L/kg/h.[A187394]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Hydroxysteroids
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
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[
"Humans and other mammals"
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[
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"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.33",
"description": "Sandoz Prednisolone Acetate 0.12 % Suspension",
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{
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"cost": "3.36",
"description": "Prednisolone powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "3.5",
"description": "Medrol 16 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.7",
"description": "Prednisolone sod 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.77",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Sod Succin. 40 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "3.78",
"description": "Depo-medrol 20 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.89",
"description": "Orapred odt 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.93",
"description": "Econopred plus 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "4.5",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Acetate (P) 40 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "4.71",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Acetate 40 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.13",
"description": "Medrol 32 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.14",
"description": "Pred mild 0.12% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.69",
"description": "Prednisol 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.75",
"description": "Depo-Medrol (Preserved) 40 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.75",
"description": "Prednisolone ac 1% eye drop",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "5.83",
"description": "Solu-medrol (pf) 125 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "5.95",
"description": "Pred Forte 1 % Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "6.01",
"description": "Depo-Medrol 40 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "6.41",
"description": "Depo-medrol 40 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "6.72",
"description": "Solu-Medrol Act-O-Vial 40 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "6.78",
"description": "Omnipred 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "6.97",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Acetate (P) 80 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "7.97",
"description": "Orapred odt 15 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.34",
"description": "Orapred odt 30 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.89",
"description": "Depo-Medrol (Preserved) 80 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "8.9",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Sod Succin. 125 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "9.01",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Acetate 80 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "10.32",
"description": "Pred forte 1% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "11.51",
"description": "Depo-Medrol 80 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "11.67",
"description": "Depo-medrol 80 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "12.9",
"description": "Solu-medrol 500 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "15.94",
"description": "Solu-Medrol Act-O-Vial 125 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "15.99",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Acetate 1% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "19.48",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Sod Succin. 500 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "19.99",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Sodium Phosphate 1% Solution 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "20.9",
"description": "Solu-medrol (pf) 500 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "24.02",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Acetate 1% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "24.43",
"description": "Solu-medrol 1 gm vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "32.47",
"description": "Methylprednisolone Sod Succin. 1 g/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "33.98",
"description": "Pred Mild 0.12% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "34.41",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Sodium Phosphate 1% Solution 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "35.46",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Acetate 1% Suspension 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "36.11",
"description": "Prednisolone sod ph powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "37.12",
"description": "Pred Forte 1% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "39.17",
"description": "Solu-Medrol 500 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "39.3",
"description": "Medrol (Pak) 21 4 mg tablet Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "39.96",
"description": "Solu-Medrol Act-O-Vial 500 mg/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "40.99",
"description": "Econopred Plus 1% Suspension 5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "44.33",
"description": "Pred Mild 0.12% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "57.77",
"description": "Pediapred 6.7 mg/5ml Solution 120ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "60.04",
"description": "Solu-Medrol 1 g/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "61.25",
"description": "Solu-Medrol Act-O-Vial 1 g/vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "63.44",
"description": "Econopred Plus 1% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "68.06",
"description": "Pred Forte 1% Suspension 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "72.82",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Sodium Phosphate 1% Solution 10ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "97.79",
"description": "Pred Forte 1% Suspension 15ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "289.42",
"description": "Orapred ODT 48 15 mg Dispersible Tablet Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Pms-Prednisolone 1 mg/ml Liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.14",
"description": "Prednisolone 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.14",
"description": "Pediapred 1 mg/ml Liquid",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Sodium Phosphate 5 mg/5ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "PrednisoLONE Sodium Phosphate 15 mg/5ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.47",
"description": "Prelone 15 mg/5ml Syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.54",
"description": "Prelone 15 mg/5 ml syrup",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "Millipred 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.74",
"description": "Orapred 15 mg/5 ml solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.84",
"description": "Medrol 2 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1993-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-01-12",
"number": "5178878"
},
{
"approved": "2001-04-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-04-09",
"number": "6221392"
},
{
"approved": "2000-02-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-04-09",
"number": "6024981"
},
{
"approved": "2004-05-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-11-24",
"number": "6740341"
},
{
"approved": "2010-09-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-10-11",
"number": "7799331"
},
{
"approved": "2000-06-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-06-03",
"number": "6071523"
},
{
"approved": "2002-06-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-06-03",
"number": "6399079"
},
{
"approved": "1999-03-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2016-03-16",
"number": "5881926"
},
{
"approved": "2003-12-02",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-06-03",
"number": "6656482"
}
] |
(11β)-11,17,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione | 1,4-pregnadiene-11β,17α,21-triol-3,20-dione | 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione-11β,17α,21-triol | 3,20-dioxo-11β,17α,21-trihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene | delta-dehydrocortisol | delta-dehydrohydrocortisone | delta-hydrocortisone | delta(1)-Dehydrocortisol | delta(1)-Dehydrohydrocortisone | delta(1)-Hydrocortisone | Hydroretrocortine | Metacortandralone | PRDL | Prednisolona | Prednisolone | Prednisolonum | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Cambison",
"Millipred",
"Millipred",
"Millipred",
"Novo-prednisolone 5mg",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"PrednisoLONE",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"PrednisoLONE",
"PrednisoLONE",
"PrednisoLONE",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"PrednisoLONE",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"PrednisoLONE",
"PrednisoLONE",
"PrednisoLONE",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone",
"Prednisolone"
] |
[
"Ak-Pred",
"Decortin H",
"Delta-Cortef",
"Deltacortril",
"Hydeltra",
"Hydeltra-TBA",
"Hydeltrasol",
"Inflamase",
"Key-Pred",
"Klismacort",
"Meticortelone",
"Panafcortelone",
"Predonine",
"Prelone",
"Solone",
"Sterolone",
"Ultracortenol"
] |
[
"Cambison"
] |
[
"P04150"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[
"P08185",
"P02768"
] |
[
"P46721",
"P08183"
] |
DB00636
|
Clofibrate
|
A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type III and severe hypertriglyceridemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)
|
liquid
|
For Primary Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III hyperlipidemia) that does not respond adequately to diet. This helps control high cholesterol and high triglyceride levels.
|
Clofibrate is an antilipidemic agent similar to gemfibrozil. It acts to lower elevated serum lipids by reducing the very low-density lipoprotein fraction (S<sub>f</sub> 20-400) rich in triglycerides. Serum cholesterol may be decreased, particularly in those patients whose cholesterol elevation is due to the presence of IDL as a result of Type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Several investigators have observed in their studies that clofibrate may produce a decrease in cholesterol linoleate but an increase in palmitoleate and oleate, the latter being considered atherogenic in experimental animals. The significance of this finding is unknown at this time. Reduction of triglycerides in some patients treated with clofibrate or certain of its chemically and clinically similar analogs may be associated with an increase in LDL cholesterol. Increase in LDL cholesterol has been observed in patients whose cholesterol is initially normal. Animal studies suggest that clofibrate interrupts cholesterol biosynthesis prior to mevalonate formation.
|
Clofibrate increases the activity of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase (LL), thereby increasing lipoprotein triglyceride lipolysis. Chylomicrons are degraded, VLDLs are converted to LDLs, and LDLs are converted to HDL. This is accompanied by a slight increase in secretion of lipids into the bile and ultimately the intestine. Clofibrate also inhibits the synthesis and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. Also, as a fibrate, Clofibrate is an agonist of the PPAR-α receptor[4] in muscle, liver, and other tissues. This agonism ultimately leads to modification in gene expression resulting in increased beta-oxidation, decreased triglyceride secretion, increased HDL, increased lipoprotein lipase activity.
|
Completely but slowly absorbed from the intestine. Between 95% and 99% of an oral dose of clofibrate is excreted in the urine as free and conjugated clofibric acid; thus, the absorption of clofibrate is virtually complete.
|
Hepatic and gastrointestinal: rapid de-esterification occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and/or on first-pass metabolism to produce the active form, clofibric acid (chlorophenoxy isobutyric acid [CPIB]).
|
Oral, mouse: LD<sub>50</sub> = 1220 mg/kg; Oral, rabbit: LD<sub>50</sub> = 1370 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD<sub>50</sub> = 940 mg/kg. No reported case of overdosage in humans.
|
Half-life in normal volunteers averages 18 to 22 hours (range 14 to 35 hours) but can vary by up to 7 hours in the same subject at different times.
|
Highly protein-bound (95% to 97%).
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C10AB",
"C10A",
"C10",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid ethyl ester | 2-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid ethyl ester | alpha-(p-Chlorophenoxy)isobutyric acid, ethyl ester | alpha-p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyryl ethyl ester | Clofibrate | Clofibrato | Clofibratum | EPIB | Ethyl 2-(p-chlorophenoxy)isobutyrate | Ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate | Ethyl clofibrate | Liprin | NR1C1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1 | PPAR | PPAR-alpha | 3.1.1.34 | LIPD | LPL | Phospholipase A1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | 20-HETE synthase | 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthase | CYP4A2 | CYP4AII | CYPIVA11 | Cytochrome P-450HK-omega | Cytochrome P450HL-omega | Fatty acid omega-hydroxylase | Lauric acid omega-hydroxylase | Long-chain fatty acid omega-monooxygenase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 2.5.1.18 | GST class-alpha member 2 | GST HA subunit 2 | GST-gamma | GST2 | GSTA2-2 | GTH2 | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG
|
[
"Atromid S Cap 500mg",
"Atromid-S 1gm",
"Atromid-S Cap 500mg",
"Novo-fibrate Cap 500mg"
] |
[
"Alufibrate",
"Atromid-S",
"Binograc",
"Clobrate",
"ELPI",
"Hisunsero",
"Koliva",
"Lipofacton",
"Myanlin"
] |
[] |
[
"Q07869",
"P06858"
] |
[
"P04798",
"Q02928",
"P08684",
"P09210",
"P05181"
] |
[
"P05543"
] |
[] |
DB00637
|
Astemizole
|
Astemizole is a long-acting, non-sedating second generation antihistamine used in the treatment of allergy symptoms. It was withdrawn from market by the manufacturer in 1999 due to the potential to cause arrhythmias at high doses, especially when when taken with CYP inhibitors or grapefruit juice.
|
solid
|
Astemizole was indicated for use in the relieving allergy symptoms, particularly rhinitis and conjunctivitis. It has been withdrawn from the market however due to concerns of arrhythmias.
|
Astemizole is a second generation H<sub>1</sub>-receptor antagonist. It does not significantly cross the blood brain barrier and therefore does not cause drowsiness or CNS depression at normal doses.
|
Astemizole competes with histamine for binding at H<sub>1</sub>-receptor sites in the GI tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. This reversible binding of astemizole to H<sub>1</sub>-receptors suppresses the formation of edema, flare, and pruritus resulting from histaminic activity. As the drug does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and preferentially binds at H1 receptors in the peripehery rather than within the brain, CNS depression is minimal. Astemizole may also act on H<sub>3</sub>-receptors, producing adverse effects.
|
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
|
Almost completely metabolized in the liver and primarily excreted in the feces.
|
LD<sub>50</sub>=2052mg/kg in mice
|
1 day
|
96.7%
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzimidazoles
| null |
[
"approved",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"R06AX",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
1-(p-Fluorobenzyl)-2-((1-(2-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)piperid-4-yl)amino)benzimidazole | 1-(p-Fluorobenzyl)-2-((1-(p-methoxyphenethyl)-4-piperidyl)amino)benzimidazole | Astemizol | Astémizole | Astemizole | Astemizolum | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | EAG | EAG channel 1 | EAG1 | Ether-a-go-go potassium channel 1 | h-eag | hEAG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv10.1 | MAPTL | MTBT1 | Neurofibrillary tangle protein | Paired helical filament-tau | PHF-tau | TAU | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Albendazole monooxygenase (hydroxylating) | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Arachidonic acid epoxygenase | CYPIIJ2 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate isomerase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP
|
[
"Hismanal - Tab 10mg",
"Hismanal Suspension 2mg/ml",
"Hismanal Tab 10mg"
] |
[
"Acemiz",
"Alerkin",
"Astemison",
"Astesen",
"Hismanal",
"Histalong",
"Lergibrumizol",
"Stemiz"
] |
[] |
[
"P35367",
"Q12809",
"O95259",
"P10636"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P10635",
"P51589"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183",
"O95342"
] |
DB00638
|
Inulin
|
A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.
|
solid
|
Historically used in an important medical test of renal function, specifically a measure of glomerular filtration rate. Sometimes used to help relieve symptoms of diabetes mellitus - a condition characterised by hyperglycemia and/or hyperinsulinemia.
|
The inulin test is a procedure by which the filtering capacity of the glomeruli (the main filtering structures of the kidney) is determined by measuring the rate at which inulin, the test substance, is cleared from blood plasma. Inulin is one of the more suitable and accurate substance to measure because it is a small, inert polysaccharide molecule that readily passes through the glomeruli. The inulin clearance test is performed by injecting inulin, waiting for it to be distributed, and then measuring plasma and urine inulin concentrations by various assays. As nutraceutical agents inulins may have antitumor, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic actions. They may also help to improve mineral absorption and balance and may have antiosteoporotic activity.
|
As a diagnostic agent, inulin is readily soluble and essentially indigestible. It readily passes through the blood and into the urine. It is neither secreted nor resorbed by the kidney making it an excellent indicator for renal clearance rates. The inulin clearance test has largely been succeeded by the creatinine clearance test as a measure of glomerular filtration rate.
Inulin is a hypoglycemic agent. Since it is not digestible by human enzymes ptyalin and amylase, inulin passes through much of the digestive system intact. It is only in the colon that bacteria metabolise inulin, with the release of significant quantities of carbon dioxide and/or methane. Because inulin is not broken down into simple sugars (monosaccharides) by normal digestion, it does not elevate blood sugar levels, hence, helping diabetics regulate blood sugar levels.
|
Poorly absorbed, passes through to urine unmetabolized
|
Metabolized into carbon dioxide and methane by colonic bacteria
| null |
2-4 hours
|
None
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"nutraceutical"
] |
[
"V04CH",
"V04C",
"V04",
"V"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Inulin
|
[
"JBA Verestor Mega Fiber Caffe Latte",
"Livita Adults",
"Livita Children",
"Probichew Probiotic Support",
"Xybiotic Probiotic Support"
] |
[] |
[
"Livita Children",
"Livita Adults",
"Probichew Probiotic Support",
"Xybiotic Probiotic Support",
"JBA Verestor Mega Fiber Caffe Latte"
] |
[
"P01308"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00639
|
Butoconazole
|
Butoconazole is an imidazole antifungal used in gynecology.
|
solid
|
For the local treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (infections caused by Candida)
|
Butoconazole is an imidazole derivative that has fungicidal activity <i>in vitro</i> against <i>Candida</i> spp. and has been demonstrated to be clinically effective against vaginal infections due to <i>Candida albicans</i>. <i>Candida albicans</i> has been identified as the predominant species responsible for vulvovaginal candidasis.
|
The exact mechanism of the antifungal action of butoconazole is unknown, however, it is presumed to function as other imidazole derivatives via inhibition of steroid synthesis. Imidazoles generally inhibit the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol via the inhibition of the enzyme cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase, resulting in a change in fungal cell membrane lipid composition. This structural change alters cell permeability and, ultimately, results in the osmotic disruption or growth inhibition of the fungal cell.
|
Following vaginal administration of butoconazole nitrate vaginal cream, 2% to 3 women, 1.7% (range 1.3-2.2%) of the dose was absorbed on average.
| null |
Oral, rat: LD<sub>50</sub> = >1720 mg/kg.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenylbutylamines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"G01AF",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"G01AF",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G"
] |
[
"Fungi, yeast and protozoans"
] |
[
{
"cost": "10.89",
"description": "Gynazole-1 cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.96",
"description": "Femstat 3 cream",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1993-11-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2010-11-30",
"number": "5266329"
},
{
"approved": "1999-11-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-11-17",
"number": "5993856"
}
] |
1-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2-(2,6-dichloro-phenylsulfanyl)-butyl]-1H-imidazole | Butoconazol | Butoconazole | Butoconazolum | 1.14.13.70 | CYP51 | CYPLI | Cytochrome P450 51 | Cytochrome P450-14DM | Cytochrome P450-LIA1 | ERG16 | Sterol 14-alpha demethylase
|
[
"Gynazole 1",
"Gynazole 1",
"Gynazole-1",
"Gynazole-1",
"Gynazole.1"
] |
[
"Femstat",
"Femstat 3",
"Gynazol",
"Gynazole",
"Gynofort",
"Gynomyk",
"Inulead",
"Mycelex-3",
"Volusol"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00642
|
Pemetrexed
|
Pemetrexed is a chemotherapy drug that is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the brand name Alimta. It is indicated for use in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma whose disease is either unresectable or who are otherwise not candidates for curative surgery. Its use in non-small cell lung cancer has also been investigated. Pemetrexed was first approved by the FDA in February 4, 2004.[A253907]
|
solid
|
Pemetrexed is indicated for the treatment of the following conditions:
**Non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)**
- in combination with [pembrolizumab] and platinum-based chemotherapy as initial treatment in metastatic disease where no EGFR or ALK genomic tumour aberrations exist [L40943]
- in combination with [cisplatin] as initial treatment for locally advanced or metastatic disease [L40943,L44883]
- as maintenance treatment for locally advanced or metastatic disease that has not progressed following four cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy [L40943,L44883]
- recurrent metastatic disease following prior chemotherapy [L40943]
- as monotherapy for the second-line treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer [L44883]
**Malignant pleural mesothelioma**
- in combination with [cisplatin] for the initial treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.[L40943,L44883] In the US, it is reserved for patients whose disease is unresectable or otherwise not candidates for curative surgery.[L40943]
|
Pemetrexed inhibited the in vitro growth of mesothelioma cell lines (MSTO-211H, NCI-H2052) and showed synergistic
effects when combined with cisplatin. Based on population pharmacodynamic analyses, the depth of the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) nadir correlates with systemic exposure to pemetrexed and supplementation with folic acid and vitamin B12. There is no cumulative effect of pemetrexed exposure on ANC nadir over multiple treatment cycles.[L40943]
|
Pemetrexed is an antifolate containing the pyrrolopyrimidine-based nucleus that exerts its antineoplastic activity by disrupting folate-dependent metabolic processes essential for cell replication. In vitro studies have shown that pemetrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), all folate-dependent enzymes involved in the de novo biosynthesis of thymidine and purine nucleotides. Pemetrexed is transported into cells by both the reduced folate carrier and membrane folate binding protein transport systems. Once in the cell, pemetrexed is converted to polyglutamate forms by the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase. The polyglutamate forms are retained in cells and are inhibitors of TS and GARFT. Polyglutamation is a time- and concentration-dependent process that occurs in tumor cells and, to a lesser extent, in normal tissues. Polyglutamated metabolites have an increased intracellular half-life resulting in prolonged drug action in malignant cells.[A973,A974,A975,A976,A253907,L40943]
|
The pharmacokinetics of pemetrexed when pemetrexed was administered as a single agent in doses ranging from 0.2 to 838 mg/m<sup>2</sup> infused over a 10-minute period have been evaluated in 426 cancer patients with a variety of solid tumors. Pemetrexed total systemic exposure (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>) increased proportionally with the increase in dose. The pharmacokinetics of pemetrexed did not change over multiple treatment cycles.[L43807]
|
Pemetrexed is not metabolized to an appreciable extent by the liver.[L43807,A253987]
| null |
The elimination half-life of pemetrexed is 3.5 hours in patients with normal renal function (creatinine clearance of 90 mL/min).[L43807]
|
In vitro studies indicated that pemetrexed is 81% bound to plasma proteins.[L43807]
|
Pemetrexed is primarily eliminated in the urine, with 70% to 90% of the dose recovered unchanged within the first 24 hours following administration. In vitro studies indicated that pemetrexed is a substrate of OAT3 (organic anion transporter 3), a transporter that is involved in the active secretion of pemetrexed.[L43807]
|
Pemetrexed has a steady-state volume of distribution of 16.1 liters.[L43807]
|
The total systemic clearance of pemetrexed is 91.8 mL/min in patients with normal renal function (creatinine clearance of 90 mL/min). As renal function decreases, the clearance of pemetrexed decreases, and exposure (AUC) of pemetrexed increases.[L43807]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
|
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L01BA",
"L01B",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "606.72",
"description": "Alimta 100 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "3033.6",
"description": "Alimta 500 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "3154.94",
"description": "Alimta 500 mg Solution Vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1993-06-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-03-29",
"number": "5217974"
},
{
"approved": "2009-09-15",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2021-02-12",
"number": "2400155"
},
{
"approved": "1999-10-19",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2016-10-19",
"number": "1340794"
},
{
"approved": "2010-08-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-05-24",
"number": "7772209"
},
{
"approved": "1994-09-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-01-24",
"number": "5344932"
},
{
"approved": "2017-03-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-10-28",
"number": "9604990"
},
{
"approved": "2021-10-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-03-26",
"number": "11147817"
},
{
"approved": "2016-02-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-02-19",
"number": "11793813"
}
] |
Pemetrexed | 2.1.1.45 | TS | TSase | 2.1.1.45 | CDC21 | TS | TSA1 | AICAR transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase | ATIC | PURH | 1.5.1.3 | PGFT | PRGS | ENT1 | Equilibrative NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporter | Equilibrative nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside-sensitive nucleoside transporter | es nucleoside transporter | hENT1 | Nucleoside transporter, es-type | Solute carrier family 29 member 1 | 2.7.1.74 | dCK | Deoxyadenosine kinase | Deoxyguanosine kinase | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | Cyclic dinucleotide:anion antiporter SLC19A1 | FLOT1 | Folate:anion antiporter SLC19A1 | FOLT | hRFC | hSLC19A1 | IFC-1 | Intestinal folate carrier 1 | Placental folate transporter | Reduced folate carrier protein | Reduced folate transporter 1 | RFC | RFC1 | RFT-1 | Solute carrier family 19 member 1 | G21 | HCP1 | Heme carrier protein 1 | hPCFT | HsPCFT | PCFT | PCFT/HCP1 | Solute carrier family 46 member 1 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | MOAT-C | MRP5 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter C | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5 | pABC11 | SMRP | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | OAT4 | Organic anion transporter 4 | Organic anion:dicarboxylate exchanger OAT4
|
[
"Act Pemetrexed",
"Act Pemetrexed",
"Act Pemetrexed",
"Alimta",
"Alimta",
"Alimta",
"Alimta",
"Alimta",
"Alimta",
"Armisarte",
"Armisarte",
"Armisarte",
"Armisarte",
"Axtle",
"Axtle",
"Ciambra",
"Ciambra",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Accord",
"Pemetrexed Baxter",
"Pemetrexed Baxter",
"Pemetrexed Dipotassium",
"Pemetrexed Dipotassium",
"Pemetrexed disodium",
"Pemetrexed disodium",
"Pemetrexed disodium",
"Pemetrexed disodium",
"Pemetrexed disodium",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection",
"Pemetrexed Disodium for Injection USP",
"Pemetrexed for Injection",
"Pemetrexed for Injection, USP",
"Pemetrexed for Injection, USP",
"Pemetrexed Fresenius Kabi",
"Pemetrexed Fresenius Kabi",
"Pemetrexed Fresenius Kabi",
"Pemetrexed Fresenius Kabi",
"Pemetrexed Fresenius Kabi",
"Pemetrexed Hospira",
"Pemetrexed Hospira",
"Pemetrexed Hospira",
"Pemetrexed Hospira",
"Pemetrexed Hospira",
"Pemetrexed Hospira",
"Pemetrexed Krka",
"Pemetrexed Krka Page 1/1",
"Pemetrexed Lilly",
"Pemetrexed Lilly",
"Pemetrexed Medac",
"Pemetrexed Medac",
"Pemetrexed Medac",
"Pemetrexed Pfizer",
"Pemetrexed Pfizer",
"Pemetrexed Pfizer",
"Pemetrexed Sandoz",
"Pemetrexed Sandoz",
"Pemetrexed Sandoz",
"Pemfexy",
"Pemrydi Rtu",
"Pemrydi Rtu",
"Pemrydi Rtu",
"Taro-pemetrexed",
"Taro-pemetrexed",
"Taro-pemetrexed"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P04818",
"P31939",
"P00374",
"P22102"
] |
[
"Q99808",
"P27707"
] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"Q8TCC7",
"P41440",
"Q96NT5",
"Q9UNQ0",
"O15440",
"Q4U2R8",
"Q9NSA0"
] |
DB00643
|
Mebendazole
|
A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with carbohydrate metabolism and inhibiting polymerization of microtubules. [PubChem]
|
solid
|
For the treatment of <i>Enterobius vermicularis</i> (pinworm), <i>Trichuris trichiura</i> (whipworm), <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> (common roundworm), <i>Ancylostoma duodenale</i> (common hookworm), <i>Necator americanus</i> (American hookworm) in single or mixed infections.
|
Mebendazole is a (synthetic) broad-spectrum anthelmintic. The principal mode of action for Mebendazole is by its inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerization which results in the loss of cytoplasmic microtubules.
|
Mebendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies.
|
Poorly absorbed (approximately 5 to 10%) from gastrointestinal tract. Fatty food increases absorption.
|
Primarily hepatic. Primary metabolite is 2-amino-5-benzoylbenzimidazole, but also metabolized to inactive hydroxy and hydroxyamino metabolites. All metabolites are devoid of anthelmintic activity.
|
Acute oral toxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>): 620 mg/kg [Mouse]. Symptoms of overdose include elevated liver enzymes, headaches, hair loss, low levels of white blood cells (neutropenia), fever, and itching.
|
2.5 to 5.5 hours (range 2.5 to 9 hours) in patients with normal hepatic function. Approximately 35 hours in patients with impaired hepatic function (cholestasis).
|
90-95%
|
In man, approximately 2% of administered mebendazole is excreted in urine and the remainder in the feces as unchanged drug or a primary metabolite.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzophenones
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"P02CA",
"P02C",
"P02",
"P",
"P02CA",
"P02C",
"P02",
"P"
] |
[
"Helminthic Microorganisms"
] |
[
{
"cost": "4.14",
"description": "Vermox 100 mg Chewable Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.03",
"description": "Mebendazole powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "5.32",
"description": "Mebendazole 100 mg tablet chew",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "16.42",
"description": "Mebendazole 100 mg Chew Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
}
] |
[] |
(5-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester | MBDZ | Mebendazol | Mébendazole | Mebendazole | Mebendazolum | 3.6.5.- | Alpha-tubulin 3 | TUBA3 | Tubulin alpha-3 chain | Tubulin B-alpha-1 | TUBB2C | Tubulin beta-2 chain | Tubulin beta-2C chain | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2
|
[
"Emverm",
"Emverm",
"Mebendazole",
"Mebendazole",
"Mebendazole",
"Vermox",
"Vermox",
"Vermox"
] |
[
"Lomper",
"Meberix",
"Mebex",
"Mebezol",
"Mebfil",
"Mebutar",
"Mebzol",
"Mendazole",
"Mezole",
"Minyoozole",
"Mopen",
"Multielmin",
"Necamin",
"Ovex",
"Panamox",
"Pantelmin",
"Tesical",
"Thelmox",
"Ticoquer"
] |
[] |
[
"Q71U36",
"P68371"
] |
[
"P04798",
"P08684",
"Q9HB55",
"P20815",
"P24462"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00644
|
Gonadorelin
|
Gonadorelin is another name for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is a synthetic decapeptide prepared using solid phase peptide synthesis. GnRH is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary.
|
liquid
|
For evaluating the functional capacity and response of the gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary also for evaluating residual gonadotropic function of the pituitary following removal of a pituitary tumor by surgery and/or irradiation.
|
Gonadorelin is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone from the anterior pitutitary. In the pituitary GnRH stimulates synthesis and release of FSH and LH, a process that is controlled by the frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses, as well as the feedback of androgens and estrogens. The pulsatility of GnRH secretion has been seen in all vertebrates, and it is necessary to ensure a correct reproductive function. Thus a single hormone, GnRH, controls a complex process of follicular growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance in the female, and spermatogenesis in the male. Its short half life requires infusion pumps for its clinical use
|
Systemic - Like naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadorelin primarily stimulates the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production and release is also increased by gonadorelin, but to a lesser degree. In prepubertal females and some gonadal function disorders, the FSH response may be greater than the LH response. For the treatment of amenorrhea, delayed puberty, and infertility the administration of gonadorelin is used to simulate the physiologic release of GnRH from the hypothalamus in treatment of delayed puberty, treatment of infertility caused by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and induction of ovulation in those women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. This results in increased levels of pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH, which subsequently stimulate the gonads to produce reproductive steroids.
|
Rapidly absorbed when injected
|
Rapidly hydrolyzed to inactive peptide components
|
LD<sub>50</sub>>3000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
|
Very short, initial, 2 to 10 minutes; terminal, 10 to 40 minutes
| null | null | null | null |
Organic Compounds
|
Organic Acids
|
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
|
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"V04CM",
"V04C",
"V04",
"V",
"H01CA",
"H01C",
"H01",
"H"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
GnRH | Gonadorelin | Gonadorelina | Gonadoréline | Gonadorelinum | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH receptor | GnRH-R | GRHR | GnRH II receptor | GnRH-II-R | Type II GnRH receptor
|
[
"Factrel Inj 0.5mg/vial",
"Factrel Pws 100mcg/vial",
"Factrel Pws 500mcg/vial",
"Gonadorelin Diacetate Tetrahydrate",
"Lutrepulse",
"Lutrepulse Pws 0.8mg/vial",
"Relisorm 100 for Inj.-pws Liq-kit Sc IV",
"Relisorm 500 for Inj.-pws Liq-kit IV Sc"
] |
[
"Fertagyl",
"Gonadorelin",
"HRF",
"Hypocrine",
"Kryptocur",
"Lutrelef",
"Relefact"
] |
[
"Relisorm 500 for Inj.-pws Liq-kit IV Sc",
"Relisorm 100 for Inj.-pws Liq-kit Sc IV"
] |
[
"P30968",
"Q96P88"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00645
|
Dyclonine
|
Dyclonine is an oral anaesthetic found in Sucrets, an over the counter throat lozenge. It may also be found in some Cepacol sore throat spray products.
|
solid
|
Used to provide topical anesthesia of accessible mucous membranes prior to examination, endoscopy or instrumentation, or other procedures involving the esophagus, larynx, mouth, pharynx or throat, respiratory tract or trachea, urinary tract, or vagina. Also used to suppress the gag reflex and/or other laryngeal and esophageal reflexes to facilitate dental examination or procedures (including oral surgery), endoscopy, or intubation. Also used for relief of canker sores, cold sores or fever blister.
|
Dyclonine is an oral anasthetic. If substantial quantities of local anesthetics are absorbed through the mucosa, actions on the central nervous system (CNS) may cause CNS stimulation and/or CNS depression. Actions on the cardiovascular system may cause depression of cardiac conduction and excitability and, with some of these agents, peripheral vasodilation.
|
Local anesthetics block both the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses by decreasing the neuronal membrane's permeability to sodium ions. This reversibly stabilizes the membrane and inhibits depolarization, resulting in the failure of a propagated action potential and subsequent conduction blockade.
|
Readily absorbed through mucous membranes into the systemic circulation. The rate of absorption is influenced by the vascularity or rate of blood flow at the site of application, the total dosage (concentration and volume) administered, and the duration of exposure. Absorption from mucous membranes of the throat or respiratory tract may be especially rapid.
| null |
Symptoms of overdose include cardiovascular system depression, CNS toxicity, and methemoglobinemia.
|
Approximately 30 to 60 minutes.
| null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Carbonyl compounds
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N01BX",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N",
"R02AD",
"R02A",
"R02",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "4.9",
"description": "Dyclonine hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
1-(4-Butoxyphenyl)-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanone | 2-(1-piperidyl)ethyl p-butoxyphenyl ketone | 3-piperidino-4'-butoxypropiophenone | 4-butoxy-β-piperidinopropiophenone | 4-n-butoxy-β-(1-piperidyl)propiophenone | 4'-butoxy-3-piperidinopropiophenone | Diclonina | Dyclocaine | Dyclonin | Dyclonine | Dycloninum | hPN3 | Peripheral nerve sodium channel 3 | PN3 | Sodium channel protein type X subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.8 | hH1 | Sodium channel protein cardiac muscle subunit alpha | Sodium channel protein type V subunit alpha | Voltage-gated sodium channel subunit alpha Nav1.5
|
[
"Ambix First Aid",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Benzethonium Chloride and Dyclonine Hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride and Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium Chloride and Dyclonine Hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Cepacol Sore Throat Spray",
"DycloPro",
"DycloPro",
"Leader Liquid Bandage",
"Liquid Bandage",
"Liquid Bandage",
"Liquid Bandage",
"PerioRinse",
"Premier Solutions Liquid Bandage",
"Salicylic Acid",
"Skin Shield",
"Skin Shield Liquid Bandage",
"Sore Throat Relief",
"Sucrets",
"Sucrets Black Cherry",
"Sucrets Childrens Cherry",
"Sucrets Complete",
"Sucrets Complete Cool Citrus",
"Sucrets Complete Sore Throat, Cough and Irritation",
"Sucrets Complete Vapor Cherry",
"Sucrets Extra Strength Mint Flav.loz 3mg",
"Sucrets for Kids",
"Sucrets for Kids",
"Sucrets MS Wintergreen",
"Sucrets Regular Strength Lemon Flav.loz 2mg",
"Sucrets Regular Strength Lemon Flavoured Lozenges",
"Sucrets Sore Throat",
"Sucrets Sore Throat Spray 0.1% Cherry",
"Sucrets Sore Throat Wild Cherry",
"Sucrets Vapor Cherry",
"Sucrets Wild Cherry",
"Tanac Medicated Gel"
] |
[
"Dyclone"
] |
[
"Skin Shield",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Cepacol Sore Throat",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium Chloride and Dyclonine Hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Benzethonium chloride and Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Salicylic Acid",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium Chloride and Dyclonine Hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Benzethonium chloride Plus Dyclonine hydrochloride",
"Sucrets Complete",
"Tanac Medicated Gel",
"Skin Shield Liquid Bandage",
"Sucrets Complete Sore Throat, Cough and Irritation",
"Sucrets Complete Vapor Cherry",
"Sucrets Complete Cool Citrus",
"Sucrets",
"Sucrets Vapor Cherry",
"Leader Liquid Bandage",
"Premier Solutions Liquid Bandage",
"Liquid Bandage",
"Liquid Bandage",
"Liquid Bandage"
] |
[
"Q9Y5Y9",
"Q14524"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00646
|
Nystatin
|
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug that has broad-spectrum fungicidal and fungistatic activity against a number of yeasts and fungi, most notably _Candida_ species.[L10686] It is one of the most effective antifungal agents synthesized by bacteria, in this case a strain of _Streptomyces noursei_,[L10776] and is closely related to [amphotericin B], differing only slightly in structure.[A188562] Nystatin has a greater antifungal activity than amphotericin B - parenterally administered nystatin, however, is associated with significant toxicity and is not available in a formulation appropriate for systemic use.[A188562] As it undergoes very little absorption following oral or topical administration, nystatin's efficacy is limited to the treatment/prevention of cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and gastrointestinal fungal infections.[L10686,L10728]
|
solid
|
Nystatin is available in oral formulations for the treatment and/or prevention of oral candidiasis (a.k.a. thrush), intestinal candidiasis, and anal candidiasis.[L10686,L10728] It is indicated topically for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis and other cutaneous candida infections.[L10728] A combination product containing nystatin alongside [neomycin], [gramicidin D], and [triamcinolone] (Viaderm K.C.®) is indicated in the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses caused by bacterial or candidal infections and for pruritus ani/vulvae.[L10731] It is also available in combination with [metronidazole] for the treatment of mixed infections due to _Trichomonas vaginalis_ and _Candida albicans_.[L10776]
Nystatin is also sometimes used off-label for the prevention of invasive candidiasis in low birth weight neonates,[A188565] though it is generally reserved as a second-line option after [fluconazole].
|
Nystatin is an antifungal that is both fungistatic and fungicidal in vitro against a wide variety of yeasts and yeast-like fungi. It exerts its antifungal effects via disruption of the fungal cell membrane. Resistance to nystatin is minimal in _Candida albicans_, but tends to develop in other species of _Candida_.[L10686] Nystatin carries no significant activity against bacteria, protozoa, or viruses. It carries significant systemic toxicity and is currently unavailable in a formula appropriate for systemic use - its efficacy is currently restricted, therefore, to topical, oral, and gastrointestinal infections.[A188562]
|
Nystatin is a channel-forming ionophore, meaning it exerts its therapeutic effect via formation of a membrane-spanning pore in the fungal plasma membrane.[A188592] The formation of this pore results in a change in membrane permeability that allows for leakage of intracellular contents and the subsequent disruption of electrochemical gradients necessary for proper cell function.[L10686,A188562] Selectivity for fungal cells over mammalian cells is due to nystatin’s greater binding affinity for ergosterol, a key sterol found in fungal cell walls, as opposed to its mammalian counterpart, cholesterol.[A16808]
|
Systemic absorption of nystatin is minimal following oral administration,[L10686] and no detectable plasma concentrations are attained following topical or vaginal administration.[L10749]
|
Because nystatin undergoes little-to-no systemic absorption it is not metabolized to any appreciable extent.[L10686]
|
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> in rats is 10 g/kg.[L10743] There have been no reports of serious toxic effects following overdosage of nystatin - doses in excess of five million units daily have resulted in nausea and gastrointestinal upset with no other associated effects.[L10686]
| null |
Nystatin is not absorbed into the systemic circulation[L10686] and is therefore not subject to plasma protein binding.
|
The majority of orally administered nystatin is eliminated unchanged in the feces.[L10686]
|
Nystatin is not absorbed into the systemic circulation[L10686] and thus does not undergo distribution.
| null | null | null | null | null |
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"D01AA",
"D01A",
"D01",
"D",
"G01AA",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"A07AA",
"A07A",
"A07",
"A",
"G01AA",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G"
] |
[
"Fungi"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.6",
"description": "Nystop 100000 unit/gm powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "1.82",
"description": "Pedi-dri topical powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "5.0",
"description": "Nystatin vaginal tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.29",
"description": "Nystatin 100000 unit tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.5",
"description": "Nystatin 100000 unit/gm Cream 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "12.99",
"description": "Nystatin 100000 unit/gm Ointment 15 gm Tube",
"unit": "tube"
},
{
"cost": "19.75",
"description": "Nystatin 50 million unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "29.99",
"description": "Nystop 100000 unit/gm Powder 15 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "36.99",
"description": "Mycostatin 100000 unit/gm Powder 15 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "39.99",
"description": "Nystatin Nystatin Powder 50 Million unit Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "42.0",
"description": "Nystatin 150000000 unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "42.25",
"description": "Nystatin 150 million unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "94.5",
"description": "Nystatin 150mu Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "105.87",
"description": "Pedi-Dri 100000 unit/gm Powder 56.7 gm Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "130.75",
"description": "Nystatin 500 million unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "447.0",
"description": "Nystat-rx 5 billion unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "452.08",
"description": "Nystatin 1 billion unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "1116.9",
"description": "Nystatin 2 billion unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "2096.1",
"description": "Nystatin 5 billion unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "3014.1",
"description": "Nystatin 10 billion unit powder",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Pms-Nystatin 100000 unit/ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.05",
"description": "Ratio-Nystatin 100000 unit/ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.1",
"description": "Nystatin 100000 unit/gm cream",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Nystatin 100000 unit/ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Ratio-Nystatin 500000 unit Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.48",
"description": "Mycostatin 500000 unit orl tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.68",
"description": "Nystatin 500000 unit oral tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.71",
"description": "Nystatin 500000 unit tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Nistatina | NYS | Nystatin | Nystatine | Nystatinum | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 2 | LST-2 | LST2 | OATP-8 | OATP1B3 | OATP8 | Organic anion transporter 8 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 8 | SLC21A8 | Solute carrier family 21 member 8
|
[
"Candistatin Topical Powder - 100000 Unit/g",
"Dom-nystatin Suspension",
"FIRST BXN Mouthwash",
"FIRST Dukes Mouthwash Compounding",
"FIRST Marys Mouthwash Compounding",
"Flagystatin",
"Flagystatin",
"Flagystatin",
"Ftp-nystatin",
"Jamp-nystatin Oral Suspension USP",
"Kenacomb Cream",
"Kenacomb Mild Cream",
"Kenacomb Mild Ointment",
"Kenacomb Ointment",
"Kenacomb Ont",
"Klayesta",
"Lidecomb Cream",
"Mecomb Crm 0.1%",
"Mestatin",
"Mycolog-II",
"Mycolog-II",
"Mycostatin",
"Mycostatin",
"Mycostatin",
"Mycostatin Crm 100000unit/gm",
"Mycostatin Ont 100000iu/gm",
"Mycostatin Oral Suspension 100000iu",
"Mycostatin Oral Tab 500000iu",
"Mycostatin Topical Pwr 100,000units/gm",
"Mycostatin Vaginal Crm 25000unit",
"Nadostine Crm 100000iu/gm",
"Nadostine Ont 100000iu/gm",
"Nadostine Sus 100000iu/ml",
"Nadostine Tab 100000unit",
"Nadostine Tab 500000unit",
"Nilstat 25000units/g",
"Nilstat Oral Dps 100000iu/ml",
"Nilstat Orl Tab 500000unit",
"Nilstat Sucrose-free",
"Nilstat Top Crm 100000unit/gm",
"Nilstat Top Ont 100000unit/gm",
"Nilstat Vag Crm 100000unit/gm",
"Nilstat Vag Tab 100000unit",
"Nyaderm",
"Nyaderm",
"Nyaderm Ont 100000unit/gm",
"Nyaderm Oral Sus 100000unit/ml USP",
"Nyamyc",
"Nyamyc",
"Nyata",
"Nyata Nystatin Powder",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
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"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin Cream",
"Nystatin Cream",
"Nystatin Oral Suspension",
"Nystatin Oral Suspension",
"Nystatin Oral Suspension",
"Nystatin Topical Powder",
"Nystatin Topical Powder",
"Nystop",
"Nystop",
"Nystop",
"Nystop",
"Nystop",
"Nystop",
"Pedi-Dri",
"Pediaderm AF",
"PHL-nystatin Suspension 100000 Unit/ml",
"PMS-nystatin Suspension 100000 Unit/ml",
"Ratio-nystatin",
"Ratio-nystatin",
"Ratio-nystatin",
"Ratio-nystatin",
"Teva-nystatin",
"Teva-nystatin",
"Teva-triacomb",
"Theraderm Cream",
"Viaderm Kc Crm",
"Viaderm Kc Ont"
] |
[
"Adiclair",
"Afunginal",
"Biofanal",
"Candacide",
"Candermil",
"Candex",
"Candidias",
"Candistat",
"Candistin",
"Canstat",
"Cazetin",
"Diaper NZ",
"Dipni",
"Enystin",
"Fukangning",
"Fungatin",
"Fungicidin Leciva",
"Fungistin",
"Fungostatin",
"Funistatin",
"Gynostatin",
"Kandistatin",
"Kenalon",
"Lederlind",
"Ledernyst",
"Lystin",
"Nilstat",
"Nyaderm",
"Nystan"
] |
[
"FIRST BXN Mouthwash",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"FIRST Dukes Mouthwash Compounding",
"FIRST Marys Mouthwash Compounding",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Mycolog-II",
"Mycolog-II",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Flagystatin",
"Flagystatin",
"Kenacomb Mild Cream",
"Kenacomb Cream",
"Kenacomb Mild Ointment",
"Kenacomb Ointment",
"Lidecomb Cream",
"Flagystatin",
"Theraderm Cream",
"Viaderm Kc Crm",
"Viaderm Kc Ont",
"Kenacomb Ont",
"Mecomb Crm 0.1%",
"Teva-triacomb",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and triamcinolone acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide",
"Nystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q9Y6L6",
"Q9NPD5"
] |
DB00648
|
Mitotane
|
Mitotane is an adrenolytic isomer of the insecticide dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) - itself a metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) - that inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It has been in use since 1959 for the treatment of inoperable adrenocortical carcinoma[A263010] and is used off-label for the management of Cushing's syndrome.[A263016]
|
solid
|
Mitotane is indicated for the treatment of inoperable, functional or nonfunctional, adrenocortical carcinoma.[L49570]
|
The administration of mitotane alters the peripheral metabolism of steroids, leading to a reduction in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and an increase in 6-β-hydroxycortisol in addition to normal corticosteroid levels.[L49570]
|
The mechanism of action of mitotane is unknown, although data are available to suggest that the drug modifies the peripheral metabolism of steroids as well as directly suppressing the adrenal cortex.[L49570] The specificity of mitotane towards the adrenal cortex may derive from the metabolic transformation to its active form via an enzyme system unique to the adrenal cortex tissue.[A263010]
|
The bioavailability of mitotane following oral administration is 40%.[L49570]
|
Mitotane undergoes extensive metabolism - both hepatic and extrahepatic - and no unchanged parent drug is excreted in the bile or urine.[L49570] The major circulating metabolite of mitotane is 1,1-(o,p'-dichlorodiphenyl) acetic acid (o,p’-DDA).[L49570]
|
Overdosage with mitotane can occur when plasma levels are above 20 mg/L.[L49570] Symptoms can include central nervous system toxicity, including sedation, lethargy, and vertigo, as well as muscular weakness and gait disturbance.[L49570] Mitotane is lipophilic and may therefore take weeks to adequately clear from a patient. It is unlikely to be dialyzable. In the event of a suspected overdose, consider increasing the frequency of mitotane plasma level monitoring. Withhold mitotane as clinically indicated for signs or symptoms of toxicity.[L49570]
|
The plasma terminal half-life of mitotane ranges from 18 to 159 days, with a median of 53 days.[L49570]
|
6%
|
Approximately 10% of an administered dose is recovered in the urine as water-soluble metabolites, with a varying amount of metabolite (1%-17%) excreted in the bile.[L49570]
|
Mitotane is extensively distributed and found in most tissues in the body.[L49570] Fat is the primary site of distribution.[L49570]
| null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Diphenylmethanes
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L01XX",
"L01X",
"L01",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans"
] |
[
{
"cost": "5.13",
"description": "Lysodren 500 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "7.75",
"description": "Mitotane powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[] |
1-chloro-2-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-benzene | Mitotan | Mitotane | Mitotano | Mitotanum | o,p'-DDD | CYP11B1 | CYPXIB1 | Cytochrome P-450c11 | Cytochrome P450C11 | S11BH | Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase, CYP11B1 | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | NR3C3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 | PR | DHTR | Dihydrotestosterone receptor | NR3C4 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 | Adrenal ferredoxin | ADX | Ferredoxin-1 | Hepatoredoxin | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Lysodren",
"Lysodren",
"Lysodren",
"Lysodren"
] |
[
"Lisodren",
"Opeprim"
] |
[] |
[
"P15538",
"P03372",
"P06401",
"P10275",
"P10109"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462"
] |
[
"P05543",
"P04278",
"P08185"
] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00649
|
Stavudine
|
A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infections.
|
Stavudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Stavudine is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. The lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated.
|
Stavudine inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.
|
Following oral administration, stavudine is rapidly absorbed (bioavailability is 68-104%).
|
Phosphorylated intracellularly to stavudine triphosphate, the active substrate for HIV-reverse transcriptase.
|
Side effects include peripheral neuropathy tingling, burning, numbness, or pain in the hands or feet), fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in patients treated with stavudine (ZERIT) in combination with other antiretroviral agents, severe liver enlargement, inflammation (pain and swelling) of the liver, and liver failure.
|
0.8-1.5 hours (in adults)
|
Negligible
| null |
* 46 ± 21 L
|
* Renal cl=272 mL/min [Healthy subjects receiving 80 mg PO]
* 594 +/- 164 mL/min [HIV-infected adult and pediatric patients following 1-hour IV infusion]
* 9.75 +/- 3.76 mL/min/kg [HIV- Exposed or -Infected Pediatric Patients(Age 5 weeks – 15 years) following 1-hour IV infusion]
|
Organic compounds
|
Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
|
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues
| null |
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AF",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J",
"J05AR",
"J05A",
"J05",
"J"
] |
[
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus"
] |
[
{
"cost": "6.08",
"description": "Stavudine 15 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.33",
"description": "Stavudine 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.72",
"description": "Stavudine 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.89",
"description": "Zerit 15 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "6.99",
"description": "Stavudine 40 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.17",
"description": "Zerit 20 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.61",
"description": "Zerit 30 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.75",
"description": "Zerit 40 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "88.11",
"description": "Zerit 1 mg/ml Solution 200ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2006-11-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-08-18",
"number": "7135465"
}
] |
1-(2,3-Dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)thymine | 2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxythimidine | 3'-Deoxy-2'-thymidinene | Estavudina | Sanilvudine | Stavudin | Stavudine | Stavudinum | STV | Pr160Gag-Pol | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | CNT 1 | CNT1 | Concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 | hCNT1 | Na(+)/nucleoside cotransporter 1 | Sodium-coupled nucleoside transporter 1 | Solute carrier family 28 member 1
|
[
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Stavudine",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit",
"Zerit - Cap 15mg",
"Zerit - Cap 20mg",
"Zerit - Cap 30mg",
"Zerit - Cap 40mg"
] |
[
"Actastav",
"Ai Fu Ding",
"Avostav",
"Estavudox",
"Exvihr",
"Flamistav",
"Landstav",
"Lion",
"Mai Si Ting",
"S.T.V.",
"Sazi",
"Stadine",
"Stag",
"Stamar",
"Stavex",
"Stavir",
"Stavubergen",
"Zerit XR"
] |
[] |
[
"P03366"
] |
[] |
[
"P02768"
] |
[
"Q4U2R8",
"O00337"
] |
DB00651
|
Dyphylline
|
Dyphylline is a theophylline derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is typically used in the management of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.
|
solid
|
For relief of acute bronchial asthma and for reversible bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
|
Dyphylline, a xanthine derivative, is a bronchodilator used for relief of acute bronchial asthma and for reversible bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Dyphylline is a xanthine derivative with pharmacologic actions similar to theophylline and other members of this class of drugs. Its primary action is that of bronchodilation, but it also exhibits peripheral vasodilatory and other smooth muscle relaxant activity to a lesser degree.
|
The bronchodilatory action of dyphylline, as with other xanthines, is thought to be mediated through competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in cyclic AMP producing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle as well as antagonism of adenosine receptors.
| null |
Hepatic
|
LD<sub>50</sub>=1954 mg/kg (orally in mice)
|
2 hours (range 1.8 - 2.1 hours)
|
84%
|
Dyphylline exerts its bronchodilatory effects directly and, unlike theophylline, is excreted unchanged by the kidneys without being metabolized by the liver. Approximately 88% of a single oral dose can be recovered from the urine unchanged.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Imidazopyrimidines
|
Purines and purine derivatives
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"R03DA",
"R03D",
"R03",
"R",
"R03DB",
"R03D",
"R03",
"R",
"R03DA",
"R03D",
"R03",
"R",
"R03DA",
"R03D",
"R03",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.15",
"description": "Lufyllin 200 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.62",
"description": "Lufyllin-400 tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "234.75",
"description": "Afinitor 5 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "247.58",
"description": "Afinitor 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Dyphylline gg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.78",
"description": "Dyphylline gg es tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
(±)-7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline | (±)-diprophylline | (±)-dyphylline | (1,2-dihydroxy-3-propyl)thiophyllin | 1,3-dimethyl-7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)xanthine | 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine | 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione | 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline | 7-(β,γ-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline | Dihydroxypropyl theopylin | Diprofilina | Diprophylline | Diprophyllinum | Dyphylline | 3.1.4.53 | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4B | DPDE4 | PDE32 | 3.1.3.35 | 3.1.3.5 | 3.1.3.89 | 3.1.3.91 | 3.1.3.99 | 5'-deoxynucleotidase | 5'-NT | Ecto-5'-nucleotidase | IMP-specific 5'-nucleotidase | NT5 | NTE | Thymidylate 5'-phosphatase | 3.1.4.53 | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4A | DPDE2 | PDE46 | 3.1.4.53 | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4C | DPDE1 | PDE21 | 3.1.4.53 | cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D | DPDE3 | PDE43 | ADORA2
|
[
"Dilex-G 400",
"Dy G",
"Dyphylline and Guaifenesin",
"Dyphylline GG",
"Dyphylline Gg",
"Dyphylline GG ES",
"Jay-Phyl",
"Lufyllin",
"Lufyllin",
"Lufyllin -GG",
"Protophylline Elixir 100mg",
"Protophylline Inj 500mg/2ml",
"Protophylline Solution 100mg",
"Protophylline Sup 500mg Adultes",
"Protophylline Tab 200mg",
"Theospect Improved"
] |
[
"Corphyllin",
"Dilor"
] |
[
"Dilex-G 400",
"Dyphylline GG",
"Theospect Improved",
"Lufyllin -GG",
"Dyphylline and Guaifenesin",
"Dy G",
"Dyphylline Gg",
"Dyphylline GG ES",
"Jay-Phyl"
] |
[
"Q07343",
"P21589",
"P27815",
"Q08493",
"Q08499",
"P30542",
"P29274"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00652
|
Pentazocine
|
The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)
|
solid
|
For the relief of moderate to severe pain.
|
Pentazocine is a potent analgesic which when administered orally in a 50 mg dose appears equivalent in analgesic effect to 60 mg (1 grain) of codeine. Onset of significant analgesia usually occurs between 15 and 30 minutes after oral administration, and duration of action is usually three hours or longer. Onset and duration of action and the degree of pain relief are related both to dose and the severity of pretreatment pain. Pentazocine weakly antagonizes the analgesic effects of morphine and meperidine; in addition, it produces incomplete reversal of cardiovascular, respiratory, and behavioral depression induced by morphine and meperidine. Pentazocine has about 1/50 the antagonistic activity of nalorphine. It also has sedative activity.
|
The preponderance of evidence suggests that pentazocine antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the opioid mu receptor.
|
Well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.
|
Hepatic
| null |
2 to 3 hours
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"N02AD",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N",
"N02AD",
"N02A",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.64",
"description": "Talwin 30 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "4.86",
"description": "Talwin 30 mg/ml ampul",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "14.78",
"description": "Talwin 30 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.47",
"description": "Talwin 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
Pentazocin | Pentazocina | Pentazocine | Pentazocinum | Aging-associated gene 8 protein | hSigmaR1 | OPRS1 | SIG-1R | Sigma 1-type opioid receptor | Sigma1-receptor | Sigma1R | SR-BP | SR31747-binding protein | SRBP | hMOP | M-OR-1 | MOP | MOR-1 | MOR1 | Mu opiate receptor | Mu opioid receptor | K-OR-1 | KOR-1 | OPRK | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and Naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and Naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone hydrochlorides",
"Pentazocine HCl and Acetaminophen",
"Pentazocine HCl and Acetaminophen",
"Pentazocine HCl and Naloxone HCl",
"Pentazocine Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen",
"Pentazocine Hydrochloride and Naloxone Hydrochloride",
"Pentazocine Hydrochloride and Naloxone Hydrochloride",
"Talacen",
"Talwin",
"Talwin",
"Talwin",
"Talwin",
"Talwin",
"Talwin",
"Talwin",
"Talwin - Liq 30mg/ml",
"TALWIN Nx"
] |
[
"Fortal",
"Fortral",
"Fortwin",
"Pangon",
"Pentagin",
"Sosegon",
"Stopain",
"Talwin PX"
] |
[
"Pentazocine and naloxone hydrochlorides",
"Pentazocine HCl and Naloxone HCl",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine HCl and Acetaminophen",
"TALWIN Nx",
"Pentazocine Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen",
"Pentazocine HCl and Acetaminophen",
"Pentazocine Hydrochloride and Naloxone Hydrochloride",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and Naloxone",
"Pentazocine Hydrochloride and Naloxone Hydrochloride",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and Naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Pentazocine and naloxone",
"Talacen"
] |
[
"Q99720",
"P35372",
"P41145"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00653
|
Magnesium sulfate
|
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
|
solid
|
Used for immediate control of life-threatening convulsions in the treatment of severe toxemias (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) of pregnancy and in the treatment of acute nephritis in children. Also indicated for replacement therapy in magnesium deficiency, especially in acute hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany similar to those of hypocalcemia. Also used in uterine tetany as a myometriat relaxant.
|
Magnesium sulfate is a small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. Magnesium sulfate is gaining popularity as an initial treatment in the management of various dysrhythmias, particularly torsades de pointes, and dyrhythmias secondary to TCA overdose or digitalis toxicity.
|
Magnesium is the second most plentiful cation of the intracellular fluids. It is essential for the activity of many enzyme systems and plays an important role with regard to neurochemical transmission and muscular excitability. Magnesium sulfate reduces striated muscle contractions and blocks peripheral neuromuscular transmission by reducing acetylcholine release at the myoneural junction. Additionally, Magnesium inhibits Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-dependent channels. This accounts for much of its relaxant action on vascular smooth muscle.
| null |
None
|
LD<sub>50</sub> = 1200 mg/kg (rat, subcutaneous). May be harmful if swallowed. May act as an irritant. Adverse reactions include hypotension, ECG changes, diarrhea, urinary retention, CNS depression and respiratory depression.
|
43.2 hours (for newborns)
|
25-30%
|
Magnesium is excreted solely by the kidney at a rate proportional to the serum concentration and glomerular filtration.
| null | null |
Inorganic compounds
|
Mixed metal/non-metal compounds
|
Alkaline earth metal oxoanionic compounds
|
Alkaline earth metal sulfates
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"A06AD",
"A06A",
"A06",
"A",
"V04CC",
"V04C",
"V04",
"V",
"D11AX",
"D11A",
"D11",
"D",
"B05XA",
"B05X",
"B05",
"B",
"A12CC",
"A12C",
"A12",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "4.71",
"description": "Elliotts b solution ampule",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.01",
"description": "Epsom salt 100% powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.01",
"description": "Magnesium sulf 4% iv soln",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.02",
"description": "Magnesium-lr 50 g/500 ml bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Magnesium-lr 20 g/500 ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.03",
"description": "Magnesium-lr 40 g/500 ml bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.07",
"description": "Magnesium-d5w 1 gm/100 ml soln",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.24",
"description": "Magnesium sulfate-ns 1 gm bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.25",
"description": "Magnesium sulfate-ns 2 gm bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.26",
"description": "Magnesium-ns 3 g/50 ml bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.27",
"description": "Magnesium-ns 4 g/50 ml bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Magnesium sulfate powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Magnesium-ns 6 g/50 ml bag",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "0.92",
"description": "Magnesium Sulfate 50% Solution 2ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2005-09-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-03-07",
"number": "6946149"
},
{
"approved": "2018-12-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-08-04",
"number": "10143656"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-15",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-08-04",
"number": "11033498"
},
{
"approved": "2017-08-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-08-04",
"number": "11382864"
},
{
"approved": "2017-08-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2037-08-04",
"number": "11638697"
}
] |
Magnesium sulfate (1:1) | Magnesium sulfate anhydrous | Magnesium sulphate | magnesium(II) sulfate | Magnesiumsulfat | MgSO4 | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CACH3 | CACN4 | CACNL1A2 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 2 | CCHL1A2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.3 | CACNAF1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.4 | CACH1 | CACN1 | CACNL1A3 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 3, skeletal muscle | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.1 | CAB1 | CACNLB1 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 1 | CAB2 | CACNLB2 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 2 | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen B | MYSB | CAB3 | CACNLB3 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 3 | CAB4 | CACNLB4 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 4 | BI | Brain calcium channel I | CACH4 | CACN3 | CACNL1A4 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 4 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.1
|
[
"50% Magnesium Sulfate",
"Aqua De Folli Hair Booster",
"Aqua De Folli Hair Booster Mini",
"Aqua De Folli Hair Booster Pro",
"Assured Epsom Salt",
"Assured Epsom Salt",
"Calcium Lactate Et Magnesium Sulfate",
"Centratex",
"ColPrep Kit",
"Concept DHA",
"Concept OB",
"Daily Care Epsom Salt",
"Dexatran",
"Dothelle DHA",
"Eau Purgative Riga",
"Elliotts B",
"Elliotts B",
"Ellis Tonic",
"Epsal",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt",
"Epsom Salt Baby Beauty",
"Epsom Salt Magnesium Sulfate",
"Epsom Salt Magnesium Sulfate",
"Epsom Salt Magnesium Sulfate",
"Epsom Salt Pws 100%",
"Epsom Salt Saline Laxative",
"Epsom Salt Soaking Solution",
"Epsom Salt Wish care",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts",
"Epsom Salts Relief",
"Eucalyptus Scented Natural Epsom Salt",
"Eucalyptus Scented Natural Epsom Salt",
"Flex Capsules",
"Folivane-OB",
"Formule 1705 - Liq",
"Green Tea Chamomile Natural Epsom Salt",
"Green Tea Chamomile Natural Epsom Salt",
"Harmon Core Values Epsom Salt",
"Health Smart Natural Epsom Salt",
"Health Smart Natural Epsom Salt",
"Hemocyte Plus",
"Humco Epson Salt",
"Kabiven",
"Kanga Sport Vitamins B & C Plus Minerals",
"Kanga-kid Multi-vitamin & Mineral",
"Lucky Epsom Salt",
"Magnesium Cap",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate",
"Magnesium Sulfate Dressing",
"Magnesium Sulfate in 5% Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate In 5% Dextrose Inj(20mg/ml)",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate In Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Dextrose",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate in Water",
"Magnesium Sulfate In Water for Injection",
"Magnesium Sulfate In Water for Injection",
"Magnesium Sulfate Inj 50%",
"Magnesium Sulfate Inj 50%",
"Magnesium Sulfate Injection 50% USP",
"Magnesium Sulfate Injection USP",
"Magnesium Sulfate Injection USP",
"Magnesium Sulfate Injection, Bp 49.3%",
"Magnesium Sulfate Injection, USP",
"Medison Bell Pill Patch",
"Medison Bell Pill Patch",
"MORTON Natural Epsom Salt",
"Multiple Electrolyte Additive Inj",
"Natural Epsom Salt",
"Natural Epsom Salt",
"Natural Epsom Salt",
"Natural Epsom Salt",
"Natural Epsom Salt Lavender",
"Natural Epsom Salt Lavender",
"Natural Epsom Salts",
"NuValu Epsom Salt",
"NuValu Epsom Salt",
"Pepsom Flying P Epsom Salt",
"Pepsom Salt Peppermint",
"Pepsom Sports Spearmint",
"Pepsom Sports Wintergreen",
"Perikabiven",
"Pro-laxol Liq",
"PureFe OB Plus",
"PureFe Plus",
"Relief Epsom Salt",
"ROYAL Epsom Salt",
"Sel D Epsom",
"Smofkabiven",
"Smofkabiven Extra Nitrogen",
"Smofkabiven Peripheral",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate Oral",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, and Magnesium Sulfate Bowel Prep kit",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate Oral Soution",
"Solution Carda",
"Spearmint and Menthol scented Natural Epsom Salt",
"Spearmint and Menthol scented Natural Epsom Salt",
"Suclear",
"Suflave",
"SUPREP Bowel Prep",
"SUPREP Bowel Prep",
"Sutab",
"Tandem OB",
"Tandem Plus",
"Taron-C DHA",
"Tis-U-Sol",
"Tis-U-sol",
"Tis-U-sol Solution",
"Vamin N",
"Virt-C DHA",
"WesCap-C-DHA",
"Wish Ultra Natural Epsom Salt"
] |
[] |
[
"Ellis Tonic",
"Elliotts B",
"Tandem Plus",
"Tis-U-Sol",
"Suclear",
"SUPREP Bowel Prep",
"Elliotts B",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate",
"Tis-U-sol",
"Hemocyte Plus",
"Dothelle DHA",
"Taron-C DHA",
"Folivane-OB",
"Virt-C DHA",
"Centratex",
"PureFe OB Plus",
"ColPrep Kit",
"PureFe Plus",
"Tandem OB",
"SUPREP Bowel Prep",
"Aqua De Folli Hair Booster Mini",
"Aqua De Folli Hair Booster Pro",
"Aqua De Folli Hair Booster",
"Sutab",
"Tis-U-sol Solution",
"Magnesium Sulfate In 5% Dextrose Inj(20mg/ml)",
"Pro-laxol Liq",
"Formule 1705 - Liq",
"Multiple Electrolyte Additive Inj",
"Eau Purgative Riga",
"Solution Carda",
"Magnesium Cap",
"Calcium Lactate Et Magnesium Sulfate",
"Flex Capsules",
"Smofkabiven",
"Vamin N",
"Smofkabiven Peripheral",
"Kanga Sport Vitamins B & C Plus Minerals",
"Kanga-kid Multi-vitamin & Mineral",
"Smofkabiven Extra Nitrogen",
"WesCap-C-DHA",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate",
"Concept OB",
"Concept DHA",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate",
"Dexatran",
"Perikabiven",
"Suflave",
"Kabiven",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate Oral",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, and Magnesium Sulfate Bowel Prep kit",
"Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate Oral Soution",
"Medison Bell Pill Patch",
"Medison Bell Pill Patch"
] |
[
"Q13936",
"Q01668",
"O60840",
"Q13698",
"Q02641",
"Q08289",
"P54284",
"O00305",
"O00555"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00654
|
Latanoprost
|
Latanoprost is a prodrug analog of prostaglandin F2 alpha that is used to treat elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). It was initially approved by the FDA in 1998. Latanoprost is the first topical prostaglandin F2 alpha analog used for glaucoma treatment.[A184493] It has been found to be well-tolerated and its use does not normally result in systemic adverse effects like other drugs used to treat elevated intraocular pressure, such as [Timolol]. Another benefit latanoprost is that it can be administered once a day.[A184490]
|
liquid
|
Latanoprost is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients who have been diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.[L8357,L8402,L44401] It is available as monotherapy or in a combination product with [netarsudil] [L8369] or [timolol].[L15217]
In Canada, latanoprost is also indicated to treat elevated intraocular pressure due to angle-closure glaucoma that has been treated with peripheral iridotomy or laser iridoplasty.[L8402]
|
Latanoprost effectively decreases intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow.[A184490] A decrease in intraocular pressure has been measured within 3–4 hours post-administration, reaches a maximum decrease at 8–12 hours, and can be maintained for a period of 24 hours.[A184493]
**A note on eye and periorbital changes**
Between 3 to 10% of patients taking latanoprost have experienced iris pigmentation after about 3-4 months of latanoprost use.[A982,A184490] Patients should be notified of this risk before initiating treatment. It may occur in both patients with light-colored irides (green-brown or blue/grey-brown) or dark-colored (brown) irides, but is less pronounced in the latter group.[A982] This drug may also cause other ocular effects including infrequent conjunctival hyperemia, pigmentation of periocular tissues, eyelash changes, hypertrichosis, and ocular irritation.[A184493,L8357]
|
Elevated intraocular pressure leads to an increased risk of glaucomatous visual field loss. The higher the intraocular pressure, the higher the risk of damage to the optic nerve and loss of visual field.[L8357] Latanoprost selectively stimulates the prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor and this results in a decreased intraocular pressure (IOP) via the increased outflow of aqueous humor, which is often implicated in cases of elevated intraocular pressure.[A184490,L8357] Possible specific mechanisms of the abovementioned increased aqueous outflow are the remodeling of the extracellular matrix and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. These actions result in higher tissue permeability related to humor outflow pathways, which likely change outflow resistance and/or outflow rates.[A184493]
|
This drug is rapidly absorbed in the cornea as an isopropyl ester prodrug and is then activated by the process of hydrolysis. A small amount of this drug is systemically absorbed.[A184490] The Cmax of latanoprost in the systemic circulation is reached after 5 minutes and is measured to be 53 pg/mL. The Cmax in the aqueous humor is attained within 2 hours after administration.[A184493,L8357] and has been estimated to be 15-30 ng/mL.[A184493]
|
After corneal uptake, this prodrug is hydrolyzed and activated by esterases to become a pharmacologically active drug. The small portion of this drug that is able to reach the circulation is found to be metabolized by the liver to the 1,2-dinor and 1,2,3,4-tetranor metabolites through fatty acid beta-oxidation.[A184490,A184493,L8357]
|
The oral LD50 in the rat is > 50 mg/kg.[L8360]
An overdose of latanoprost is not expected to result in dangerous patient outcomes, however, conjunctival or episcleral hyperemia may occur.[L8357] An intravenous infusion of 3 μg/kg of latanoprost in healthy volunteers led to mean plasma concentrations 200 times higher than a normally administered therapeutic dose and no adverse effects were noted.[L8357] One study suggested that an overdose of latanoprost leads to cystoid macular edema after a large, unintended overdose. This resolved within 4 weeks after 4 weeks following treatment with nepafenac 0.3% eye drops in addition to oral acetazolamide.[A184538] Contact the local poison control center for updated guidance on managing a latanoprost overdose.
|
The elimination half-life of latanoprost from the plasma is about 17 minutes.[A184493,L8357] The elimination half-life of latanoprost from the eye is estimated at 2–3 hours.[A184493]
|
Latanoprost is about 90% plasma protein-bound.[L8402]
|
After hepatic beta-oxidation, the metabolites of latanoprost are primarily found to be excreted by the kidneys. About 88% of the latanoprost dose is recovered in the urine after topical administration.[A184490,L8357] About 15% of a dose is reported to be excreted in the feces.[L8402]
|
The volume of distribution of latanoprost is 0.16 ± 0.02 L/kg. The activated acid form of latanoprost can be measured in aqueous humor in the initial 4 hours post-administration, and it is measured in the plasma only for 1 hour following ophthalmic administration.[L8357] This drug is more lipophilic than its parent prostaglandin and easily penetrates the cornea.[A184490] It has been shown to cross the placenta in rats.[L8402]
|
The systemic clearance of latanoprost is 7 mL/min/kg.[L8357]
|
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Fatty Acyls
|
Eicosanoids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"S01EE",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S",
"S01EE",
"S01E",
"S01",
"S"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "12.18",
"description": "Xalatan 0.005 % Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "45.06",
"description": "Xalatan 0.005% eye drops",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "93.59",
"description": "Xalatan 0.005% Solution 2.5ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1994-03-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-03-22",
"number": "5296504"
},
{
"approved": "2002-08-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-09-06",
"number": "6429226"
},
{
"approved": "1997-07-29",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-07-29",
"number": "1339132"
},
{
"approved": "2017-01-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-04-20",
"number": "9539262"
},
{
"approved": "2017-04-25",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-09-12",
"number": "9629852"
},
{
"approved": "2013-03-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-11-10",
"number": "8394826"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-11",
"number": "9096569"
},
{
"approved": "2013-05-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-11",
"number": "8450344"
},
{
"approved": "2016-08-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "9415043"
},
{
"approved": "2018-04-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "9931336"
},
{
"approved": "2018-06-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "9993470"
},
{
"approved": "2019-01-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-01-27",
"number": "10174017"
},
{
"approved": "2020-01-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-11",
"number": "10532993"
},
{
"approved": "2020-03-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "10588901"
},
{
"approved": "2020-05-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-11-10",
"number": "10654844"
},
{
"approved": "2021-01-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-11",
"number": "10882840"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-01-27",
"number": "11028081"
},
{
"approved": "2021-06-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-07-11",
"number": "11021456"
},
{
"approved": "2021-12-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "11197853"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-30",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "11185538"
},
{
"approved": "2010-01-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-01-27",
"number": "11618748"
},
{
"approved": "2011-07-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2031-07-08",
"number": "8637054"
},
{
"approved": "2014-03-14",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2034-03-14",
"number": "11020385"
}
] |
5-HEPTENOIC ACID, 7-(3,5-DIHYDROXY-2-(3-HYDROXY-5-PHENYLPENTYL)CYCLOPENTYL)-1-METHYLETHYL ESTER, (1R-(1.ALPHA.(Z),2.BETA.(R*),3.ALPHA.,5.ALPHA.))- | isopropyl (Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-((3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl)cyclopentyl)-5-heptenoate | Isopropyl (Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]cyclopentyl]-5-heptenoate | Latanoprost | Latanoprostum | propan-2-yl (5Z)-7-{(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]cyclopentyl}hept-5-enoate | PGF receptor | PGF2-alpha receptor | Prostanoid FP receptor | OATP2A1 | PGT | PHOAR2 | Prostaglandin transporter | SLC21A2 | SLCO2A1 | Solute carrier family 21 member 2 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8
|
[
"Act Latanoprost/timolol",
"Ag-latanoprost",
"Apo-latanoprost",
"Apo-latanoprost-timop",
"Bl Latanoprost",
"Catiolanze",
"Catiolanze",
"Catiolanze",
"Catiolanze",
"Iyuzeh",
"Jamp Latanoprost",
"Jamp-latanoprost/timolol",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost",
"Latanoprost and Timolol Ophthalmic Solution",
"Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Latanoprost Ophthalmic Solution",
"Latanoprost PF",
"M-latanoprost",
"M-latanoprost-timolol",
"Med-latanoprost",
"Med-latanoprost-timolol",
"Mint-latanoprost",
"Mint-latanoprost/timolol",
"Monoprost",
"Mylan-latanoprost",
"Mylan-latanoprost/timolol",
"Mylan-latanoprost/timolol",
"PMS-latanoprost",
"PMS-latanoprost-timolol",
"Riva-latanoprost",
"Riva-latanoprost/timolol",
"Rocklatan",
"Roclanda",
"Roclanda",
"Sandoz Latanoprost",
"Sandoz Latanoprost/timolol",
"Taro-latanoprost",
"Teva-latanoprost",
"Teva-latanoprost",
"Teva-latanoprost/timolol",
"Tim-Brim-Dor-Lat",
"Tim-Dor-Lat",
"Tim-Lat -PF",
"Xalacom",
"Xalatan",
"Xalatan",
"Xalatan",
"Xalatan",
"Xalatan",
"Xelpros"
] |
[
"Arulatan",
"Gaap",
"Gaap Ofteno",
"Gaax",
"Glaucogesic",
"Glaumax",
"Glauprost",
"Hysite",
"Iopize",
"Ioprost",
"Ioptame",
"Klonaprost",
"Lanoprost",
"Lanotan",
"Laprost",
"Latacris",
"Latalux",
"Latan-Ophtal",
"Lataneau"
] |
[
"Tim-Lat -PF",
"Tim-Dor-Lat",
"Tim-Brim-Dor-Lat",
"Rocklatan",
"Xalacom",
"Mylan-latanoprost/timolol",
"Sandoz Latanoprost/timolol",
"PMS-latanoprost-timolol",
"Mint-latanoprost/timolol",
"Teva-latanoprost/timolol",
"Jamp-latanoprost/timolol",
"Mylan-latanoprost/timolol",
"Act Latanoprost/timolol",
"Riva-latanoprost/timolol",
"Med-latanoprost-timolol",
"Apo-latanoprost-timop",
"Latanoprost and Timolol Ophthalmic Solution",
"M-latanoprost-timolol",
"Roclanda",
"Roclanda"
] |
[
"P43088"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q92959",
"Q4U2R8",
"Q8TCC7"
] |
DB03175
|
Propyl alcohol
|
A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
|
solid
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic oxygen compounds
|
Organooxygen compounds
|
Alcohols and polyols
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"D08AX",
"D08A",
"D08",
"D",
"D08AX",
"D08A",
"D08",
"D"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
1-propanol | 1-proponol | N-propanol | N-propyl alcohol | Propanol | 1,4-beta-N-acetylmuramidase C | 3.2.1.17 | LZM
|
[
"(Fruli) Hand Antiseptic Rinse Free Gel",
"Aoliben ZHUSHI hand sanitizer gel",
"Aoliben ZHUSHI hand sanitizer gel",
"Hands-free Surgical Gel",
"Manorapid Synergy",
"ZHUSHI Hand sanitizer gel"
] |
[] |
[
"Hands-free Surgical Gel",
"(Fruli) Hand Antiseptic Rinse Free Gel",
"Aoliben ZHUSHI hand sanitizer gel",
"Aoliben ZHUSHI hand sanitizer gel",
"ZHUSHI Hand sanitizer gel",
"Manorapid Synergy"
] |
[
"P61626"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB03255
|
Phenol
|
Phenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. Phenol has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used as an oral analgesic or anesthetic in products such as Chloraseptic to treat pharyngitis. Additionally, phenol and its related compounds are used in surgical ingrown toenail treatment, a process termed phenolization. Research indicates that parental exposure to phenol and its related compounds are positively associated with spontaneous abortion. During the second world war, phenol injections were used as a means of execution by the Nazis. Phenol is a toxic compound whose vapours are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
|
solid
|
Phenol is primarily indicated for minor sore throat pain, sore mouth, minor mouth irritation, and pain associated with canker sores. Additionally, phenol is indicated in the treatment of focal spasticity.
| null |
Phenol is a potent proteolytic agent. Concentrations in the 5% to 7% range dissolve tissue on contact via proteolysis. In high concentrations when injected next to a nerve, phenol produces a chemical neurolysis which is nonselective across nerve fiber size and most prominent on its outer aspect. Local anesthetic effects occur within 5-10 minutes.
|
Phenol is rapidly absorbed through the skin and into the lungs.
|
Phenyl sulfate, phenyl glucuronide, quinol sulfate, and quinol glucuronide were detected in human beings as phenol metabolites.
|
Mouse, Subcutaneous, LD50: 0.3-0.35 g/kg. (Duplay and Cazin, 1891; Tollens, 1905).
Rat, Subcutaneous, LD50: 0.45. (Deichmann and Witherup, 1944).
Rat, Oral, LD50: 0.53. (Deichmann and Witherup, 1944).
Rat, Oral, LD50: 0.65. (Flickinger, 1976).
Rat, Cutaneous, LD50: 0.67. (Conning and Hayes, 1970).
| null | null |
The kidney is the primary route of elimination of phenol.
|
At I5 min after exposure, the liver contained the highest level of phenol, consisting mainly of free phenol. After 82 minutes post administration, phenol is uniformly distributed in the liver, blood, kidneys, lungs, along with the heart, testes, thymus and the spleen. With the passage of time, the proportion of free to conjugated phenol changed. By 360 minutes most phenol appears in conjugated forms.
|
In rabbits, 72% is excreted in the urine, 1% in the feces, 4% in the carcass following sacrifice, and trace amounts were exhaled.
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Phenols
|
1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids
|
[
"approved",
"experimental"
] |
[
"C05BB",
"C05B",
"C05",
"C",
"R02AA",
"R02A",
"R02",
"R",
"N01BX",
"N01B",
"N01",
"N",
"D08AE",
"D08A",
"D08",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Acide carbolique | Acide phénique | Benzenol | Carbolic acid | Carbolsäure | Fenol | Hydroxybenzene | Karbolsäure | Monohydroxybenzene | Oxybenzene | Phenic Acid | Phenol | Phenyl alcohol | Phenyl hydroxide | Phenylic acid | Phenylic alcohol | PHOH | 4.2.1.1 | CA-I | CAB | Carbonate dehydratase I | Carbonic anhydrase B | Carbonic anhydrase I | Cyanamide hydratase CA1 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-IV | Carbonate dehydratase IV | Carbonic anhydrase IV | 4.2.1.1 | CA-XII | Carbonate dehydratase XII | Carbonic anhydrase XII | Tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-II | CAC | Carbonate dehydratase II | Carbonic anhydrase C | Carbonic anhydrase II | Cyanamide hydratase CA2 | 4.2.1.1 | CA-XIV | Carbonate dehydratase XIV | Carbonic anhydrase XIV | 4.2.1.1 | CA-IX | CAIX | Carbonate dehydratase IX | Carbonic anhydrase IX | G250 | Membrane antigen MN | MN | P54/58N | pMW1 | RCC-associated antigen G250 | Renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 | 3.4.24.27 | Thermostable neutral proteinase
|
[
"ABC Sore Throat Menthol Flavor",
"ABC Sore Throat Menthol Flavor",
"Abridge Cold Sore Treatment",
"Absorbine Jr Pro Cream",
"Absorbine Jr Pro No Mess Roll-on Plus",
"ABSORBINE jr.",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Anbesol Gel",
"Anbesol Liquid",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid",
"Aseptil Rojo",
"Au Kah Chuen Skin Lotion",
"Balzarol Ont",
"Banana Boat Medicated Lip Balm",
"Bite and Sting Relief Stick",
"Bite Relief",
"BiteMD External Analgesic First Aid Antiseptic",
"Blistex Complete Care (Blistex Lip Medex, Blistex Medicated Lip, Blistex Five Star Lip Protection Broad Spectrum, and Blistex Complete Moisture)",
"Blistex Complete Care (Blistex Lip Medex, Blistex Medicated Lip, Blistex Five Star Lip Protection Broad Spectrum, and Blistex Complete Moisture)",
"Blistex con Medicacion Crema Labial",
"Blistex Dct",
"Blistex Lip",
"Blistex Lip Medex",
"Blistex Medicated",
"Blistex Medicated Lip Balm Variety Pack (Blistex Medicated Berry Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip)",
"Blistex Medicated Variety Pack (Blistex Medicated Berry Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip)",
"Boil Ease Drawing Salve Ont",
"Budpak First Aid",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Campho Phenique Cold Sore Treatment",
"Campho-Phenique Antiseptic",
"Campho-Phenique Antiseptic",
"CAMPHO-PHENIQUE ANTISEPTIC Gel",
"Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Treatment",
"Campho-Phenique Pain Relieving Antiseptic Liquid",
"CAMPHOR (SYNTHETIC) and PHENOL",
"Care One Sore Throat",
"CareOne Cold Sore Treatment",
"Carmex Lip Balm",
"Carmex Lip Ointment",
"Castellani Paint",
"Castellani Paint",
"Castellani Paint",
"Castellani Paint",
"Castellani Paint 1.5%",
"Castellani Paint 1.5%",
"Cepastat Cherry",
"Cepastat Extra Strength",
"ChapIce Camphor Phenol Gel",
"Chapstick Medicated",
"Chapstick Medicated",
"Chapstick Medicated Lip Balm - Jar",
"Chapstick Medicated Lip Balm - Stk",
"Chapstick Medicated Lip Balm - Tube",
"Chigarid",
"ChigaRid",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat (Kids Grape) Grape",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Cherry",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Cherry",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Citrus",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Citrus",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Max",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Max",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Menthol",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Menthol",
"Chloraseptic Warming Sore Throat",
"Chloraseptic Warming Sore Throat",
"Coghlan s Sting Relief",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"CVS Camphor Phenol Gel",
"CVS Health Maximum Strength Sore Throat Fast Relief",
"CVS Health Sore Throat Fast Relief Oral Anesthetic",
"DDM Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"Dermagesic",
"Dermaphy Ont",
"Dg Health Sore Throat",
"Diluent for Allergenic Extract Sterile Normal Saline With Phenol (0.4%)",
"Diluent Sterile",
"DRx Choice Sore Throat Menthol Flavor",
"eos Medicated Pain Relieving Lip Balm",
"eos Medicated Pain Relieving Lip Balm",
"Equaline Sore Throat",
"Equate Sore Throat",
"Exchange Select Cold Sore Treatment",
"First Aid",
"Fortinia ID",
"Freds Antiseptic Instant Pain Relief",
"Glycerinated Phenol Saline",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Sore Throat",
"Good Neighbor Pharmacy Sore Throat",
"Good Neighbor Sore Throat Cherry Flavor",
"Good Neighbor Sore Throat Cherry Flavor",
"Good Sense Sore Throat",
"Healthy Accents Sore Throat",
"HEB Camphor Phenol",
"HEB Sore Throat Cherry Flavor",
"HEB Sore Throat Menthol Flavor",
"Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"Kank-A with Blistex Medicated Lip",
"Labisan",
"Labisan Cold Sore",
"Leader Camphor Phenol Gel",
"Leader Sore Throat",
"Leader Sore throat",
"Lip Conditioner Lip Balm",
"Liver supplement",
"Major Camphor and Phenol",
"MAKESENSE First Aid",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Mecca Ointment",
"Medicated Blistex Dct Lip Balm",
"Medicated Lip Balm",
"Medicated Lip Balm",
"Medicated Lipbalm",
"meijer Maximum Strength Sore Throat Fast Relief",
"Meijer Sore Throat",
"Natur 911",
"NICE SORE THROAT Cherry",
"NICE SORE THROAT Honey Lemon",
"NICE SORE THROAT Spearmint",
"OFF Bite and Itch Relief First Aid Antiseptic",
"Oral Relief",
"Ozonol Ont",
"Pain A Lay",
"Pain Relieving Petro Carbo",
"Phen-oris - Ont Top",
"Phenaseptic Cherry",
"Phenol",
"Phenol",
"Phenol",
"Phenol 6%",
"Phenol Saline Inj",
"Phenoris Ont",
"Phylorinol",
"Poison Oak",
"Poison Oak and Ivy",
"Preferred Plus Medicated Lip Balm",
"Premier Value Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"PUBLIX Sore Throat Fast Relief Oral Anesthetic",
"PUBLIX Sore Throat Menthol Flavor",
"Rugby Cherry Flavor",
"Rx Act Sore Throat",
"Shopko Camphor Phenol Gel",
"Signature Care Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Smart Sense Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore throat cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore throat cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore throat cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Cherry",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat Menthol",
"Sore Throat ReadyInCase",
"Sore Throat Relief",
"Sore Throat Relief",
"Sore Throat Relief",
"Sore Throat Relief Cherry",
"Sore Throat Relief Cherry",
"Sore Throat Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Sore Throat Relief Cherry Flavor",
"Sore Throat Relief Menthol",
"Sore Throat Relief Menthol",
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Sting Eze",
"Sting Kure - Liq",
"Sting-eze-liq",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Max Insect Bite Relief",
"Sunmark Phenolated Calamine",
"Sunmark Sore Throat",
"Sunmark sore throat",
"Throat Relief",
"TopCare Cherry Flavor",
"Topcare Cold Sore Treatment",
"Topcare Sore Throat",
"Topcare Sore Throat",
"Topcare Sore Throat Menthol Flavor",
"Ulcerease",
"Vaseline Brand Lip Therapy Medicated Tube",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Vida Mia Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"Vortex Moisturizer Oral",
"Walgreens Camphor Phenol Gel",
"Walgreens Sore Throat Cherry Flavor",
"Wild Horse 777 Oral",
"Yat Tip Xiao",
"ZYCAZIN Antiseptic Liquid"
] |
[] |
[
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Sterile Diluent for Allergenic Extract",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"Vicks Formula 44 Sore Throat",
"CAMPHOR (SYNTHETIC) and PHENOL",
"Major Camphor and Phenol",
"Yat Tip Xiao",
"Budpak First Aid",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"StingEze Insect Bite Relief",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Shopko Camphor Phenol Gel",
"ChapIce Camphor Phenol Gel",
"StingEze Max Insect Bite Relief",
"Poison Oak",
"Dermagesic",
"Leader Camphor Phenol Gel",
"MAKESENSE First Aid",
"First Aid",
"ZYCAZIN Antiseptic Liquid",
"CVS Camphor Phenol Gel",
"Vida Mia Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"Walgreens Camphor Phenol Gel",
"Campho-Phenique Pain Relieving Antiseptic Liquid",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"HEB Camphor Phenol",
"DDM Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"Campho Phenique Cold Sore Treatment",
"CAMPHO-PHENIQUE ANTISEPTIC Gel",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Max",
"Coghlan s Sting Relief",
"Chloraseptic Sore Throat Max",
"Blistex con Medicacion Crema Labial",
"Ambix First Aid",
"Labisan Cold Sore",
"OFF Bite and Itch Relief First Aid Antiseptic",
"Sunmark Phenolated Calamine",
"Premier Value Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"meijer Maximum Strength Sore Throat Fast Relief",
"Freds Antiseptic Instant Pain Relief",
"Bite and Sting Relief Stick",
"Labisan",
"CVS Health Maximum Strength Sore Throat Fast Relief",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Instant Antiseptic Pain Relief",
"BiteMD External Analgesic First Aid Antiseptic",
"Phenol Saline Inj",
"Glycerinated Phenol Saline",
"Blistex Dct",
"Diluent Sterile",
"Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid",
"Vaseline Brand Lip Therapy Medicated Tube",
"Phenoris Ont",
"Phen-oris - Ont Top",
"Dermaphy Ont",
"Balzarol Ont",
"Mecca Ointment",
"Bite Relief",
"Ozonol Ont",
"Anbesol Liquid",
"Anbesol Gel",
"Chapstick Medicated Lip Balm - Stk",
"Chapstick Medicated Lip Balm - Jar",
"Chapstick Medicated Lip Balm - Tube",
"Medicated Blistex Dct Lip Balm",
"Sting Kure - Liq",
"Sting-eze-liq",
"Boil Ease Drawing Salve Ont",
"Banana Boat Medicated Lip Balm",
"Natur 911",
"Sting Eze",
"Carmex Lip Balm",
"Carmex Lip Ointment",
"Medicated Lipbalm",
"Lip Conditioner Lip Balm",
"Diluent for Allergenic Extract Sterile Normal Saline With Phenol (0.4%)",
"Au Kah Chuen Skin Lotion",
"Blistex Lip",
"Chapstick Medicated",
"Medicated Lip Balm",
"Medicated Lip Balm",
"Preferred Plus Medicated Lip Balm",
"Chigarid",
"Blistex Lip Medex",
"Blistex Medicated",
"Blistex Complete Care (Blistex Lip Medex, Blistex Medicated Lip, Blistex Five Star Lip Protection Broad Spectrum, and Blistex Complete Moisture)",
"Blistex Complete Care (Blistex Lip Medex, Blistex Medicated Lip, Blistex Five Star Lip Protection Broad Spectrum, and Blistex Complete Moisture)",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Blistex Medicated Lip Balm Variety Pack (Blistex Medicated Berry Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip)",
"CareOne Cold Sore Treatment",
"Blistex Medicated Variety Pack (Blistex Medicated Berry Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip Balm, Blistex Medicated Lip)",
"Kank-A with Blistex Medicated Lip",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Chapstick Medicated",
"Abridge Cold Sore Treatment",
"Exchange Select Cold Sore Treatment",
"Cold Sore Treatment",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Signature Care Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Maximum Strength Cold Sore Treatment",
"Topcare Cold Sore Treatment",
"Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Treatment",
"Campho-Phenique Antiseptic",
"Campho-Phenique Antiseptic",
"ChigaRid",
"Calamine Phenolated Topical Suspension",
"Absorbine Jr Pro Cream",
"Absorbine Jr Pro No Mess Roll-on Plus",
"ABSORBINE jr.",
"Poison Oak and Ivy"
] |
[
"P00915",
"P22748",
"O43570",
"P00918",
"Q9ULX7",
"Q16790",
"P02768"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB04573
|
Estriol
|
A hydroxylated metabolite of estradiol or estrone that has a hydroxyl group at C3-beta, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During pregnancy, large amount of estriol is produced by the placenta. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol. Though estriol is used as part of the primarily North American phenomenon of bioidentical hormone replacement therapy, it is not approved for use by the FDA or Health Canada. It is however available in the United States by prescription filled only by compounding pharmacies. It has also been approved and marketed throughout Europe and Asia for approximately 40 years for the treatment of post-menopausal hot flashes.
|
solid
|
Used as a test to determine the general health of an unborn fetus.
|
Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. It is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta. In pregnant women with multiple sclerosis (MS), estriol reduces the disease's symptoms noticeably, according to researchers at UCLA's Geffen Medical School.
|
Estriol levels can be measured to give an indication of the general health of the fetus. DHEA-S is produced by the adrenal cortex of the fetus. This is converted to estriol by the placenta. If levels of "unconjugated estriol" are abnormally low in a pregnant woman, this may indicate a problem with the development of the child. The drug interacts with a target cell receptor. When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estriol upon the target cell. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
| null | null |
ORAL (LD50): Acute: >2000 mg/kg [Rat].
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Estrane steroids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"G03CC",
"G03C",
"G03",
"G",
"G03CA",
"G03C",
"G03",
"G"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
(16α,17β)-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol | 1,3,5(10)-Estratriene-3,16-alpha,17beta-triol | 16-alpha-Hydroxyestradiol | 16alpha-hydroxyestradiol | 16α-hydroxyestradiol | 16α,17β-estriol | 3,16alpha,17beta-Trihydroxy-delta(1,3,5)-estratriene | Estriol | Oestriol | Östriol | Trihydroxyestrin | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | ER-beta | ESTRB | NR3A2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 2 | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Advanced Formula Estro-Life",
"BiEST 2.5 Estrogen Cream",
"BiEST 2.5 Estrogen Cream (Lavender scented)",
"BiEST 5.0 Estrogen Cream",
"Estriol 5.0 Cream",
"Estro-Life"
] |
[
"Aacifemine",
"Colpoestriol",
"Estriel",
"Ovestin",
"Synapause E"
] |
[
"BiEST 2.5 Estrogen Cream",
"BiEST 2.5 Estrogen Cream (Lavender scented)",
"Estriol 5.0 Cream",
"BiEST 5.0 Estrogen Cream",
"Estro-Life",
"Advanced Formula Estro-Life"
] |
[
"P03372",
"Q92731",
"P04278"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P46721",
"P08183"
] |
DB00656
|
Trazodone
|
Trazodone is triazolopyridine derivative from the serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) class of antidepressants.[A181180] It is used in adults and has been shown to be comparable in efficacy to other drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine receptor inhibitor (SNRIs) in the treatment of depression.[T646] A unique feature of this drug is that it does not promote the anxiety symptoms, sexual symptoms, or insomnia, which are commonly associated with SSRI and SNRI therapy.[T646] Trazodone acts on various receptors, including certain histamine, serotonin, and adrenergic receptors, distinguishing it from other antidepressants that cover a narrow range of neurotransmitters.[T646] It was initially granted FDA approval in 1981.[L3484]
|
solid
|
Trazodone is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).[L3484] It has been used off-label for adjunct therapy in alcohol dependence, and off-label to treat anxiety and insomnia.[L3484] It may also be used off-label to treat symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and fibromyalgia due to its effects on various neurotransmitter receptors.[A31634]
|
Trazodone treats depressed mood and other depression-related symptoms and shows benefit in the treatment of insomnia due to its sedating effects.[T646] It is known to prolong the cardiac QT-interval.[L3484] Memory, alertness, and cognition may be decreased by trazodone, especially in elderly patients due to its central nervous system depressant effects.[A181177]
A note on priapism
Trazodone has been associated with the occurrence of priapism, a painful and persistent incidence of penile tissue erection that is unrelievable and can cause permanent neurological damage if left untreated. Patients must be advised to seek immediate medical attention if priapism is suspected.[A181198,L3484]
|
The mechanism of action of trazodone is not fully understood, however, it is known to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and block both histamine and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors.[T646] Despite the fact that trazodone is frequently considered a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, several reports have shown that other mechanisms including antagonism at serotonin 5-HT1a, 5-HT1c, and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes may occur.[A181177,T646] The strongest antagonism of trazodone is reported to occur at the serotonin
5-HT21c receptors, preventing serotonin uptake.[A985] In addition to acting on serotonin receptors, trazodone has been shown to inhibit serotonin transporters.[A4334,A181457] The antidepressant effects of trazodone result from the inhibition of receptor uptake, which normally decreases circulating neurotransmitters, contributing to depressive symptoms.[A181186,A175840]
|
Trazodone is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, with a bioavailability ranging from 63-91% [A181177] and an AUC0−t of 18193.0 ng·h/mL.[A181204] Food may impact absorption in a variable fashion, and may sometimes lead to decreases in the Cmax of trazodone.[A181177,A181201] In the fed state in 8 healthy volunteers, the Cmax was measured to be 1.47 +/- 0.16 micrograms/mL, and in the fasted state, was measured at 1.88 +/- 0.42 micrograms/mL. The average Tmax after a single dose of 300 mg was 8 hours. Food may increase absorption by up to 20%.[L7547]
|
Trazodone is heavily metabolized and activated in the liver by CYP3A4 enzyme to the active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP).[A987,A988] The full metabolism of trazodone has not been well characterized.[L7483] Some other metabolites that have been identified are a dihydrodiol metabolite and carboxylic acid.[A986]
|
The oral LD50 of trazodone is 690 mg/kg in rats.[L7483]
An overdose of trazodone may result in central nervous system, cardiac, respiratory effects. Signs and symptoms may include dyspnea, bradycardia, hypotension, mental status changes, lack of coordination, and coma, among others.[L7486] In addition, an overdose may result in priapism, a persistent unrelievable penile tissue erection that may cause permanent damage if not treated promptly.[A181198] No specific antidote exists for a trazodone overdose. If an overdose occurs, consider the possibility that trazodone may have been combined with other drugs. Contact a poison control center in case of overdose for the most current management guidelines.[L3484] Dialysis does not accelerate trazodone clearance.[A181177]
|
The plasma elimination half-life was markedly prolonged (13.6 versus 6 hours) elderly volunteers in the fasted state when compared with younger volunteers.[A181177] Another study of 8 healthy individuals taking a single dose of trazodone indicated a terminal elimination half-life of 7.3 +/- 0.8 hr.[A181201]
A two-phase pattern of trazodone elimination has been reported. Initially, the half-life is reported to range from 3 to 6 hours and the second phase of elimination to range from 5 to 9 hours.[L7547]
|
The plasma protein binding of trazodone is 89-95% according to in vitro studies.[L7483]
|
Less than 1% of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in the urine.[L7483] In a pharmacokinetic study, about 60-70% of radiolabeled was excreted urine within 48 hours. Approximately 9-29% was found to be excreted in feces over a range of 60 to 100 hours.[L7483] According to the FDA medical review, the kidneys are responsible for 70 to 75% of trazodone excretion. About 21% of trazodone is reported to be excreted by the fecal route and 0.13% of the parent drug is eliminated in the urine as unchanged drug.[L7547]
|
A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of 8 volunteers taking trazodone determined a volume of distribution of 0.84 +/- 0.16 L/kg.[A181201] The FDA medical review of trazodone reports a volume of distribution of 0.47 to 0.84 L/kg.[L7547]
|
A decrease in total apparent clearance (5.1 versus 10.8 L/h) was seen elderly volunteers in the fasted state when compared with younger volunteers.[A181177] Another pharmacokinetic study determined the total body clearance of trazodone to be 5.3 +/- 0.9 L/hr in 8 healthy patients taking a single dose of trazodone.[A181201]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Diazinanes
|
Piperazines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N06AX",
"N06A",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.33",
"description": "Desyrel 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.47",
"description": "Trazodone 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.53",
"description": "TraZODone HCl 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.39",
"description": "Desyrel 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.6",
"description": "Desyrel 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.44",
"description": "Trazodone 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.65",
"description": "TraZODone HCl 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "6.03",
"description": "Desyrel 300 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.26",
"description": "Trazodone hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Apo-Trazodone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Mylan-Trazodone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Novo-Trazodone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Nu-Trazodone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Pms-Trazodone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.23",
"description": "Ratio-Trazodone 50 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.34",
"description": "Pms-Trazodone 75 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Apo-Trazodone 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Desyrel 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Mylan-Trazodone 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Novo-Trazodone 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Nu-Trazodone 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Pms-Trazodone 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.41",
"description": "Ratio-Trazodone 100 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.57",
"description": "Trazodone 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.59",
"description": "TraZODone HCl 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Apo-Trazodone D 150 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Desyrel Dividose 150 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Novo-Trazodone 150 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Nu-Trazodone-D 150 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Ratio-Trazodone 150 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.73",
"description": "Trazodone 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "TraZODone HCl 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2012-03-13",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2029-03-13",
"number": "8133893"
},
{
"approved": "2003-08-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-06-29",
"number": "6607748"
},
{
"approved": "2010-11-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-03-27",
"number": "7829120"
}
] |
2-(3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3(2H)-one | Trazodona | Trazodone | Trazodonum | 5-HT-2 | 5-HT-2A | HTR2 | Serotonin receptor 2A | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-HT2C | 5-HTR2C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | HTR1C | Serotonin receptor 2C | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | H1-R | H1R | HH1R | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | ADRA2R | ADRAR | Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10 | Alpha-2A adrenoceptor | Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-2AAR | 5-HT-1C | 5-HT-2C | 5-HT1C | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1C | 5ht1c | Htr1c | Serotonin receptor 2C | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Ag-trazodone",
"Ag-trazodone",
"Ag-trazodone",
"Apo-trazodone D Tablets 150mg",
"Apo-trazodone Tablets 100mg",
"Apo-trazodone Tablets 50mg",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel",
"Desyrel Dividose Tab 300mg",
"Desyrel Dividose Tablet 150 mg",
"Desyrel Tab 100mg",
"Desyrel Tab 50mg",
"Dom-trazodone Tablets - 50mg",
"Dom-trazodone Tablets-100mg",
"Jamp Trazodone",
"Jamp Trazodone",
"Jamp Trazodone",
"Mylan-trazodone",
"Mylan-trazodone",
"Mylan-trazodone",
"Ntp-trazodone",
"Ntp-trazodone",
"Ntp-trazodone",
"Nu-trazodone - Tab 100mg",
"Nu-trazodone - Tab 50mg",
"Nu-trazodone-D - Tab 150mg",
"Oleptro",
"Oleptro",
"Oleptro",
"Oleptro",
"Penta-trazodone Tablets",
"Penta-trazodone Tablets",
"Penta-trazodone Tablets",
"PHL-trazodone",
"PHL-trazodone",
"PMS Trazodone HCl Tab 100mg",
"PMS Trazodone HCl Tab 50mg",
"PMS-trazodone",
"Raldesy Tm",
"Ratio-trazodone",
"Ratio-trazodone",
"Ratio-trazodone",
"Ratio-trazodone Tab 150mg",
"Ratio-trazodone Tablets 100mg",
"Ratio-trazodone Tablets 50mg",
"Scheinpharm Trazodone",
"Scheinpharm Trazodone",
"Teva-trazodone",
"Teva-trazodone",
"Teva-trazodone",
"Trazamine",
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"Trazodone",
"Trazodone",
"Trazodone HCl",
"Trazodone HCl",
"Trazodone HCl",
"Trazodone HCl",
"Trazodone HCl",
"Trazodone HCL",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
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"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone Hydrochloride",
"Trazodone-100",
"Trazodone-150 D",
"Trazodone-50",
"Trazorel",
"Trazorel",
"Trazorel",
"Zym-trazodone",
"Zym-trazodone",
"Zym-trazodone"
] |
[
"Beneficat",
"Deprax",
"Desirel",
"Desyrel Dividose",
"Mesyrel",
"Molipaxin",
"Thombran",
"Trialodine",
"Trittico"
] |
[
"Trazamine"
] |
[
"P28223",
"P28335",
"P31645",
"P08908",
"P35367",
"P35348",
"P08913"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00657
|
Mecamylamine
|
A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.
|
liquid
|
For the treatment of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension
|
Mecamylamine is a potent, oral antihypertensive agent and ganglion blocker, and is a secondary amine. Mecamylamine is indicated for the management of moderately severe to severe essential hypertension and in uncomplicated cases of malignant hypertension. Mecamylamine reduces blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. A small oral dosage often produces a smooth and predictable reduction of blood pressure. Although this antihypertensive effect is predominantly orthostatic, the supine blood pressure is also significantly reduced. Mecamylamine crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers.
|
Mecamylamine is a ganglionic blocker which prevents stimulation of postsynaptic receptors by acetylcholine released from presynaptic nerve endings. The hypotensive effect of Mecamylamine is attributed to reduction in sympathetic tone, vasodilation, and reduced cardiac output, and is primarily postural.
|
Mecamylamine is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
| null | null | null |
40%
|
Mecamylamine is excreted slowly in the urine in the unchanged form. The rate of its renal elimination is influenced markedly by urinary pH.
Alkalinization of the urine reduces, and acidification promotes, renal excretion of mecamylamine. Mecamylamine crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Prenol lipids
|
Monoterpenoids
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"C02BB",
"C02B",
"C02",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
Mecamylamine | NACHRA7 | NACRA4
|
[
"Inversine",
"Mecamylamine Hydrochloride",
"Mecamylamine Hydrochloride",
"Vecamyl",
"Vecamyl"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q15822",
"P36544",
"P43681",
"P17787"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00658
|
Sevelamer
|
Sevelamer is a phosphate binding drug used to prevent hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic renal failure. It is marketed by Genzyme under the trade name Renagel.
|
solid
|
For the control of serum phosphorus in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on hemodialysis.
|
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) retain phosphorus and can develop hyperphosphatemia. High serum phosphorus can precipitate serum calcium resulting in ectopic calcification. When the product of serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations (Ca x P) exceeds 55 mg<sup>2</sup>/dL<sup>2</sup>, there is an increased risk that ectopic calcification will occur. Hyperphosphatemia plays a role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal insufficiency. An increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels is characteristic of patients with chronic renal failure. Increased levels of PTH can lead to osteitis fibrosa, a bone disease. A decrease in serum phosphorus may decrease serum PTH levels. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia includes reduction in dietary intake of phosphate, inhibition of intestinal phosphate absorption with phosphate binders, and removal of phosphate with dialysis. Sevelamer taken with meals has been shown to decrease serum phosphorus concentrations in patients with ESRD who are on hemodialysis. <i>In vitro</i> studies have shown that the capsule and tablet formulations bind phosphate to a similar extent. Sevelamer treatment also results in a lowering of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total serum cholesterol levels.
|
Sevelamer prevents hyperphosphatemia by binding to dietary phosphate in the gut, preventing its absorption and thus decreasing serum parathyroid hormone levels.
|
Not absorbed following oral administration, however no absorption studies have been performed in patients with renal disease. Sevelamer may bind to dietary phosphates and prevent its gastrointestinal absorption when sevelamer is administered in combination with food.
| null |
Sevelamer has been given to normal healthy volunteers in doses of up to 14 grams per day for eight days with no adverse effects. Sevelamer has been given in average doses up to 13 grams per day to hemodialysis patients. There are no reported overdosages of sevelamer in patients. Since sevelamer is not absorbed, the risk of systemic toxicity is low.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Epoxides
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"V03AE",
"V03A",
"V03",
"V"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.66",
"description": "Renagel 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.17",
"description": "Renvela 800 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.41",
"description": "Renagel 800 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1996-03-05",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2013-08-11",
"number": "5496545"
},
{
"approved": "2003-05-27",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-08-10",
"number": "2310960"
},
{
"approved": "2000-07-04",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2014-08-10",
"number": "2169356"
},
{
"approved": "2011-07-26",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2025-10-27",
"number": "7985418"
},
{
"approved": "2004-05-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2020-10-18",
"number": "6733780"
},
{
"approved": "2015-08-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-12-06",
"number": "9095509"
}
] |
Sevelamer | Sévélamer | Sevelamero | Sevelamerum
|
[
"Accel-sevelamer",
"Intelli-sevelamer",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renagel",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Renvela",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate",
"Sevelamer Carbonate for Oral Suspension",
"Sevelamer Carbonate for Oral Suspension",
"Sevelamer Carbonate For Oral Suspension",
"Sevelamer Carbonate For Oral Suspension",
"Sevelamer Carbonate Zentiva",
"Sevelamer Carbonate Zentiva",
"Sevelamer Carbonate Zentiva",
"Sevelamer Carbonate Zentiva",
"Sevelamer Carbonate Zentiva",
"Sevelamer Carbonate Zentiva",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Sevelamer Hydrochloride",
"Tasermity"
] |
[
"Phosblock"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00659
|
Acamprosate
|
Alcohol use disorder is responsible for a large worldwide burden of morbidity, premature mortality, and economic consequences resulting from accidents, violence, incarceration, decreased productivity, and increased healthcare spending.[A229073]
Acamprosate, also known by the brand name Campral, is a drug used for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence. It is a structural analogue of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).[L31758] Acamprosate is the first medication specifically formulated for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence in ethanol-dependent patients after alcohol detoxification[A997], unlike [naltrexone] and [disulfiram]. It was first approved by the FDA in 2004 and initially marketed by Forest Laboratories.[L31783]
|
solid
|
Acamprosate is indicated for the maintenance of abstinence from alcohol in patients with alcohol dependence who are abstinent at treatment initiation. It is also indicated for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence in patients who have undergone alcohol detoxification. This drug should be used with a psychosocial support program providing adequate support.[L31738]
|
Acamprosate acts on the CNS, aiding in the restoration of normal glutaminergic neuron activity.[A993] Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that acamprosate calcium reduces alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent individuals, likely through effects on NMDA receptors and calcium channels.[A229038] It is a safe and well-tolerated drug for patients with alcohol dependency and improves the likelihood of alcohol abstinence.[A993,L31758]
|
The mechanism of action of acamprosate for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence has not been established. Chronic alcohol exposure is believed to modify the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. Results of studies in animals suggest acamprosate may interact with glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems in the CNS, supporting the hypothesis that acamprosate restores the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition.[A996,L31738] Evidence shows that acamprosate directly binds and inhibits GABA B receptors and indirectly affects GABA A receptors.[A229023,A229118]
|
Acamprosate is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. [A229023,A229033] The absolute bioavailability of acamprosate after oral administration is about 11%. The effect of food absorption is clinically insignificant and no adjustment of the dose is necessary with regard to meals.[L31738] After repeated oral doses of 666 mg 3 times a day, steady-state concentrations are achieved within 5 to 7 days, with plasma concentration ranging between 370 to 650 micrograms/L.[A229033]
|
Acamprosate is not metabolized.[A229033,L31738]
|
The intraperitoneal LD50 in male mice is 1.87 g/kg.[L31813] In reported cases of acute overdosage with acamprosate (doses of up to 56 grams of acamprosate calcium) diarrhea was the only reported symptom attributable to acamprosate. In the case of an overdose, supportive and symptomatic treatment is recommended.[L31738]
|
In pharmacokinetic studies, enteric-coated acamprosate tablets demonstrate a terminal elimination half-life 10-fold higher than reported 3 hour half-life after intravenous infusion of acamprosate.[A229033] After two oral doses of acamprosate 333mg, the terminal half-life ranges between 20 - 33 hours.[L31738]
|
Acamprosate is not protein bound.[A229033] Prescribing information mentions that acamprosate protein binding is negligible.[L31738]
|
Half of acamprosate excretion occurs as unchanged acetyl-homotaurine in urine, and the other half possibly by biliary excretion.[A229033] The kidneys are primarily responsible for the elimination of acamprosate.[L31738]
|
At steady state concentrations, the distribution of acamprosate is about 20L.[A229033] Following intravenous administration, the volume of distribution is about 72-109 L (an estimated 1 L/kg).[L31738]
|
Severe renal insufficiency decreases the elimination of acamprosate, and is a contraindication.[A229023,A229033] An acamprosate dose of 333mg, three times daily, is recommended for moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 30-50 mL/min).[L31738]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organic acids and derivatives
|
Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives
|
Organosulfonic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N07BB",
"N07B",
"N07",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "0.95",
"description": "Campral 333 mg dose pak",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "0.95",
"description": "Campral dr 333 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.98",
"description": "Campral 333 mg Enteric Coated Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
}
] |
[] |
3-Acetamido-1-propanesulfonic acid | Acamprosate | Acamprosato | Acamprosatum | N-acetyl homotaurine | N-Acetylhomotaurine | GluN1 | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1 | hNR1 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 | NMD-R1 | NMDAR1 | GluN2A | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 | hNR2A | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2A | NMDAR2A | NR2A | GluN2B | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2 | hNR3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3 | NMDAR2B | NR2B | NR3 | GluN2C | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2C | NMDAR2C | NR2C | EB11 | GluN2D | Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4 | N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2D | NMDAR2D | NR2D | GluN3A | KIAA1973 | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3A | NMDAR-L | NMDAR3A | NR3A | GluN3B | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 3B | NMDAR3B | NR3B | GPRC1E | MGLUR5 | GABA-B receptor 1 | GABA-B-R1 | GABA-BR1 | GABABR1 | Gb1 | GPRC3A | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1
|
[
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Acamprosate Calcium",
"Campral",
"Campral",
"Campral",
"Campral"
] |
[
"Regtect"
] |
[] |
[
"Q05586",
"Q12879",
"Q13224",
"Q14957",
"O15399",
"Q8TCU5",
"O60391",
"P41594",
"Q9UBS5"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Q4U2R8"
] |
DB00660
|
Metaxalone
|
Metaxalone is a moderate to strong muscle relaxant used in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions. It is marketed by King Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Skelaxin®. Its main mechanism of action is thought to involve general central nervous system depression. Metaxalone is associated with few side effects and is available as a 800 mg scored tablet.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of painful peripheral musculoskeletal conditions and spasticity from upper motor neuron syndromes.
|
Metaxalone is a skeletal muscle relaxant indicated as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures for the relief of discomforts associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. The mode of action of this drug has not been clearly identified, but may be related to its sedative properties. Metaxalone does not directly relax tense skeletal muscles in man.
|
The mechanism of action of metaxalone in humans has not been established, but may be due to general central nervous system depression.
|
The absolute bioavailability of metaxalone from Skelaxin tablets is not known.
|
Probably hepatic.
|
LD<sub>50</sub>=775mg/kg (Rat, oral); LD<sub>50</sub>=1690 mg/kg (Mouse, oral). When determining the LD<sub>50</sub> in rats and mice, progressive sedation, hypnosis and finally respiratoryfailure were noted as the dosage increased. In dogs, no LD<sub>50</sub> could be determined as the higher doses produced an emetic action in 15 to 30 minutes. Some adverse events associated with the drug include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and CNS side effects such as dizziness, headache, and irritability.
|
9.2 (+/- 4.8) hours
| null |
Metaxalone is metabolized by the liver and excreted in the urine as unidentified metabolites.
|
* 800 L
|
* 68 +/- 50 L/h [Subjects received 1×400mg tablet under fasted conditions]
* 66 +/- 51 L/h [Subjects received 2×400 mg tablets under fasted conditions]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Phenol ethers
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.84",
"description": "Skelaxin 800 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.88",
"description": "Metaxalone 800 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.84",
"description": "Skelaxin 400 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2002-06-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-03",
"number": "6407128"
},
{
"approved": "2006-10-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-02-06",
"number": "7122566"
},
{
"approved": "2010-05-11",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2021-12-03",
"number": "7714006"
},
{
"approved": "2019-07-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2039-07-29",
"number": "11918559"
}
] |
Metassalone | Metaxalon | Metaxalona | Metaxalone | Metaxalonum
|
[
"Lorvatus PharmaPak",
"Metaxall",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Metaxalone",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin",
"Skelaxin"
] |
[] |
[
"Lorvatus PharmaPak"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00661
|
Verapamil
|
Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias, and angina,[L8791] and was the first calcium channel antagonist to be introduced into therapy in the early 1960s.[A188514] It is a member of the non-dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers, which includes drugs like [diltiazem] and [flunarizine], but is chemically unrelated to other cardioactive medications.[L8791] Verapamil is administered as a racemic mixture containing equal amounts of the S- and R-enantiomer, each of which is pharmacologically distinct - the S-enantiomer carries approximately 20-fold greater potency than the R-enantiomer, but is metabolized at a higher rate.[A188435]
|
solid
|
Verapamil is indicated in the treatment of vasopastic (i.e. Prinzmetal's) angina, unstable angina, and chronic stable angina. It is also indicated to treat hypertension, for the prophylaxis of repetitive paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and in combination with digoxin to control ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.[L8791] Given intravenously, it is indicated for the treatment of various supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, including rapid conversion to sinus rhythm in patients with supraventricular tachycardia and for temporary control of ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.[L10481]
Verapamil is commonly used off-label for prophylaxis of cluster headaches.[A13983]
|
Verapamil is an L-type calcium channel blocker with antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive activity.[L8791] Immediate-release verapamil has a relatively short duration of action, requiring dosing 3 to 4 times daily,[L8791] but extended-release formulations are available that allow for once-daily dosing.[L10478,L10637] As verapamil is a negative inotropic medication (i.e. it decreases the strength of myocardial contraction), it should not be used in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as the decrease in contractility caused by verapamil may increase the risk of exacerbating these pre-existing conditions.[L10478]
|
Verapamil inhibits L-type calcium channels by binding to a specific area of their alpha-1 subunit,[L10478]Cav1.2, which is highly expressed on L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle and myocardial tissue where these channels are responsible for the control of peripheral vascular resistance and heart contractility.[A175396] Calcium influx through these channels allows for the propagation of action potentials necessary for the contraction of muscle tissue and the heart's electrical pacemaker activity. Verapamil binds to these channels in a voltage- and frequency-dependent manner, meaning affinity is increased 1) as vascular smooth muscle membrane potential is reduced, and 2) with excessive depolarizing stimulus.[L10478]
Verapamil's mechanism of action in the treatment of angina and hypertension is likely due to the mechanism described above. Inhibition of calcium influx prevents the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, causing relaxation/dilation of blood vessels throughout the peripheral circulation - this lowers systemic vascular resistance (i.e. afterload) and thus blood pressure. This reduction in vascular resistance also reduces the force against which the heart must push, decreasing myocardial energy consumption and oxygen requirements and thus alleviating angina.[L8791]
Electrical activity through the AV node is responsible for determining heart rate, and this activity is dependent upon calcium influx through L-type calcium channels. By inhibiting these channels and decreasing the influx of calcium, verapamil prolongs the refractory period of the AV node and slows conduction, thereby slowing and controlling the heart rate in patients with arrhythmia.[L8791]
Verapamil's mechanism of action in the treatment of cluster headaches is unclear, but is thought to result from an effect on other calcium channels (e.g. N-, P-, Q-, or T-type).[A13983]
Verapamil is known to interact with other targets, including other calcium channels,[A188490,A13984,A188502,A15331] potassium channels,[A188496,A13985,A13983] and adrenergic receptors.[A20291,A31755]
|
More than 90% of orally administered verapamil is absorbed - despite this, bioavailability ranges only from 20% to 30% due to rapid biotransformation following first-pass metabolism in the portal circulation.[L8791] Absorption kinetic parameters are largely dependent on the specific formulation of verapamil involved. Immediate-release verapamil reaches peak plasma concentrations (i.e. T<sub>max</sub>) between 1-2 hours following administration,[L8791] whereas sustained-release formulations tend to have a T<sub>max</sub> between 6 - 11 hours.[L10478,L10637]
AUC and C<sub>max</sub> values are similarly dependent upon formulation. Chronic administration of immediate-release verapamil every 6 hours resulted in plasma concentrations between 125 and 400 ng/mL.[L8791] Steady-state AUC<sub>0-24h</sub> and C<sub>max</sub> values for a sustained-release formulation were 1037 ng∙h/ml and 77.8 ng/mL for the R-isomer and 195 ng∙h/ml and 16.8 ng/mL for the S-isomer, respectively.[L10478]
Interestingly, the absorption kinetics of verapamil are highly stereospecific - following oral administration of immediate-release verapamil every 8 hours, the relative systemic availability of the S-enantiomer compared to the R-enantiomer was 13% after a single dose and 18% at steady-state.[L10478]
|
Verapamil is extensively metabolized by the liver, with up to 80% of an administered dose subject to elimination via pre-systemic metabolism - interestingly, this first-pass metabolism appears to clear the S-enantiomer of verapamil much faster than the R-enantiomer.[L10478,A415] The remaining parent drug undergoes O-demethylation, N-dealkylation, and N-demethylation to a number of different metabolites via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.[A415] Norverapamil, one of the major circulating metabolites, is the result of verapamil's N-demethylation via CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5,[A415] and carries approximately 20% of the cardiovascular activity of its parent drug.[L10478] The other major pathway involved in verapamil metabolism is N-dealkylation via CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP1A2 to the D-617 metabolite. Both norverapamil and D-617 are further metabolized by other CYP isoenzymes to various secondary metabolites. CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 have also been implicated in the metabolic pathway of verapamil, albeit to a minor extent.[A415] Minor pathways of verapamil metabolism involve its O-demethylation to D-703 via CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C18, and to D-702 via CYP2C9 and CYP2C18.[A415]
Several steps in verapamil's metabolic pathway show stereoselective preference for the S-enantiomer of the given substrate, including the generation of the D-620 metabolite by CYP3A4/5 and the D-617 metabolite by CYP2C8.[A415]
|
Verapamil's reported oral TDLo is 14.4 mg/kg in women and 3.429 mg/kg in men.[L10523] The oral LD<sub>50</sub> is 150 mg/kg in rats and 163 mg/kg in mice.[L10523]
As there is no antidote for verapamil overdosage, treatment is largely supportive. Symptoms of overdose are generally consistent with verapamil's adverse effect profile (i.e. hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia) but instances of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema have been observed following ingestion of large overdoses (up to 9 grams).[L10478] In acute overdosage, consider the use of gastrointestinal decontamination with cathartics and/or bowel irrigation. Patients presenting with significant myocardial depression may require intravenous calcium, atropine, vasopressors, or other inotropes. Consider the formulation responsible for the overdose prior to treatment - sustained-release formulations may result in delayed pharmacodynamic effects, and these patients should be monitored closely for at least 48 hours following ingestion.[L10478]
|
Single-dose studies of immediate-release verapamil have demonstrated an elimination half-life of 2.8 to 7.4 hours, which increases to 4.5 to 12.0 hours following repetitive dosing.[L8791] The elimination half-life is also prolonged in patients with hepatic insufficiency (14 to 16 hours) and in the elderly (approximately 20 hours).[L10478] Intravenously administered verapamil has rapid distribution phase half-life of approximately 4 minutes, followed by a terminal elimination phase half-life of 2 to 5 hours.[L10481]
|
Verapamil is extensively protein-bound in plasma. R-verapamil is 94% bound to serum albumin while S-verapamil is 88% bound. Additionally, R-verapamil is 92% bound to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and S-verapamil is 86% bound.[L8791]
|
Approximately 70% of an administered dose is excreted as metabolites in the urine and ≥16% in the feces within 5 days. Approximately 3% - 4% is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.[L8791]
|
Verapamil has a steady-state volume of distribution of approximately 300L for its R-enantiomer and 500L for its S-enantiomer.[A13983]
|
Systemic clearance following 3 weeks of continuous treatment was approximately 340 mL/min for R-verapamil and 664 mL/min for S-verapamil.[A188435] Of note, apparent oral clearance appears to vary significantly between single dose and multiple-dose conditions. The apparent oral clearance following single doses of verapamil was approximately 1007 mL/min for R-verapamil and 5481 mL/min for S-verapamil, whereas 3 weeks of continuous treatment resulted in apparent oral clearance values of approximately 651 mL/min for R-verapamil and 2855 mL/min for S-verapamil.[A188435]
|
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Phenylbutylamines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"C09BB",
"C09B",
"C09",
"C",
"C08DA",
"C08D",
"C08",
"C",
"C08DA",
"C08D",
"C08",
"C"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.12",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 120 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "1.18",
"description": "Verapamil 2.5 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.25",
"description": "Calan 80 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.34",
"description": "Isoptin Sr 120 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.41",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 180 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "1.43",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.46",
"description": "Calan sr 180 mg caplet sa",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "1.5",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.52",
"description": "Isoptin Sr 180 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.56",
"description": "Calan 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.6",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 240 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "1.69",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.77",
"description": "Calan sr 240 mg caplet sa",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "2.03",
"description": "Isoptin Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.04",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 100 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.1",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.11",
"description": "Covera-hs 180 mg tablet sa",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.13",
"description": "Calan sr 120 mg caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "2.16",
"description": "Isoptin SR 120 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "2.2",
"description": "Covera-HS 180 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.27",
"description": "Calan SR 120 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "2.29",
"description": "Isoptin sr 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.62",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 200 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "2.7",
"description": "Calan sr 180 mg caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "2.74",
"description": "Isoptin SR 180 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "2.8",
"description": "Calan SR 180 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "2.9",
"description": "Isoptin sr 180 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.97",
"description": "Covera-hs 240 mg tablet sa",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.09",
"description": "Calan sr 240 mg caplet",
"unit": "caplet"
},
{
"cost": "3.09",
"description": "Covera-HS 240 mg 24 Hour tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.13",
"description": "Verelan pm 100 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "3.14",
"description": "Isoptin SR 240 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "3.15",
"description": "Calan SR 240 mg Controlled Release Tabs",
"unit": "tab"
},
{
"cost": "3.24",
"description": "Verapamil hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "3.32",
"description": "Isoptin sr 240 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.82",
"description": "Verapamil HCl CR 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "3.87",
"description": "Verelan 120 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "4.04",
"description": "Verelan pm 200 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "4.06",
"description": "Verelan 180 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "4.22",
"description": "Verelan 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "4.58",
"description": "Verelan 240 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "4.76",
"description": "Verelan 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "5.87",
"description": "Verelan pm 300 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "6.73",
"description": "Verelan 360 mg cap pellet",
"unit": "pellet"
},
{
"cost": "6.82",
"description": "Verelan 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "0.28",
"description": "Verapamil 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Verapamil HCl 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Apo-Verap 80 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Mylan-Verapamil 80 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.29",
"description": "Nu-Verap 80 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.31",
"description": "Verapamil 80 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.39",
"description": "Verapamil 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.45",
"description": "Apo-Verap 120 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.45",
"description": "Mylan-Verapamil 120 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.45",
"description": "Nu-Verap 120 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.56",
"description": "Verapamil HCl 80 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Apo-Verap Sr 180 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.69",
"description": "Mylan-Verapamil Sr 180 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.71",
"description": "Verapamil HCl 120 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Apo-Verap Sr 120 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.72",
"description": "Mylan-Verapamil Sr 120 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.76",
"description": "Calan 40 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Apo-Verap Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Mylan-Verapamil Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Novo-Veramil Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.91",
"description": "Pms-Verapamil Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1998-07-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2009-10-22",
"number": "5785994"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-04-04",
"number": "6096339"
}
] |
Iproveratril | Vérapamil | Verapamil | Verapamilo | Verapamilum | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | BIII | Brain calcium channel III | CACH5 | CACNL1A5 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 5 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.2 | BI | Brain calcium channel I | CACH4 | CACN3 | CACNL1A4 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 4 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.1 | IKATP | Inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir6.2 | Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 11 | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | Low-voltage-activated calcium channel alpha1 3.2 subunit | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.2 | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | 5HT transporter | 5HTT | HTT | SERT | Solute carrier family 6 member 4 | ADRA1C | Alpha-1A adrenoceptor | Alpha-1A adrenoreceptor | Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1c | Alpha-1B adrenoceptor | Alpha-1B adrenoreceptor | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Alpha-1D adrenoceptor | Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor | Alpha-adrenergic receptor 1a | CACNLG | Dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type, skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit gamma | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-2 subunit | TARP gamma-2 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-2 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-3 subunit | TARP gamma-3 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-3 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-4 subunit | TARP gamma-4 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-4 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-5 subunit | TARP gamma-5 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-5 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-6 subunit | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-7 subunit | TARP gamma-7 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-7 | CACNG6 | Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel gamma-8 subunit | TARP gamma-8 | Transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein gamma-8 | CACNL2A | CCHL2A | MHS3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 | KIAA0558 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 | CACH2 | CACN2 | CACNL1A1 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 1, cardiac muscle | CCHL1A1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.2 | CACH3 | CACN4 | CACNL1A2 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 2 | CCHL1A2 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.3 | CACNAF1 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.4 | CACH1 | CACN1 | CACNL1A3 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 3, skeletal muscle | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav1.1 | CAB1 | CACNLB1 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 1 | CAB2 | CACNLB2 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 2 | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antigen B | MYSB | CAB3 | CACNLB3 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 3 | CAB4 | CACNLB4 | Calcium channel voltage-dependent subunit beta 4 | BIII | Brain calcium channel III | CACH5 | CACNL1A5 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 5 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.2 | BI | Brain calcium channel I | CACH4 | CACN3 | CACNL1A4 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide isoform 4 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.1 | BII | Brain calcium channel II | CACH6 | CACNL1A6 | Calcium channel, L type, alpha-1 polypeptide, isoform 6 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav2.3 | Cav3.1c | KIAA1123 | NBR13 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.1 | Low-voltage-activated calcium channel alpha1 3.2 subunit | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.2 | Ca(v)3.3 | KIAA1120 | Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha Cav3.3 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC18 | Cytochrome P450-6b/29c | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | AGP 1 | AGP1 | OMD 1 | Orosomucoid-1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | hOCT1 | OCT1 | Organic cation transporter 1 | Ergothioneine transporter | ET transporter | ETT | ETTh | OCTN1 | Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 | UT2H | High-affinity sodium-dependent carnitine cotransporter | OCTN2 | Solute carrier family 22 member 5 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 | CMOAT2 | MLP2 | MOAT-D | MRP3 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter D | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6 | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3 | 7.6.2.2 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 1 | Glutathione-S-conjugate-translocating ATPase ABCC1 | Leukotriene C(4) transporter | LTC4 transporter | MRP | MRP1 | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MOAT-B | MOATB | MRP/cMOAT-related ABC transporter | MRP4 | Multi-specific organic anion transporter B | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | MRP7 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 | SIMRP7 | hMATE-1 | MATE-1 | MATE1 | Solute carrier family 47 member 1 | hMATE-2 | Kidney-specific H(+)/organic cation antiporter | MATE-2 | MATE2 | Solute carrier family 47 member 2
|
[
"Alti-verapamil - 120mg",
"Alti-verapamil - 80mg",
"Apo-verap SR",
"Apo-verap SR",
"Apo-verap SR",
"Apo-verap Tab 80mg",
"Apo-verap Tablet 120mg",
"Calan",
"Calan",
"Calan",
"Calan",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Calan SR",
"Covera-HS",
"Covera-HS",
"Covera-HS",
"Covera-HS",
"Dom-verapamil SR 240mg Tablets",
"Isoptin Inj 2.5mg/ml",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin SR",
"Isoptin Tab 120mg",
"Isoptin Tab 80mg",
"Med Verapamil Tablets",
"Med Verapamil Tablets",
"Mylan-verapamil",
"Mylan-verapamil",
"Mylan-verapamil SR",
"Mylan-verapamil SR",
"Mylan-verapamil SR",
"Mylan-verapamil SR",
"Mylan-verapamil SR",
"Mylan-verapamil SR",
"Novo-veramil",
"Novo-veramil",
"Novo-veramil SR",
"Nu-verap SR",
"Nu-verap SR",
"Nu-verap SR",
"Nu-verap Tab 120mg",
"Nu-verap Tab 80mg",
"Penta-verapamil - 120mg",
"Penta-verapamil - 80mg",
"PHL-verapamil SR",
"PMS-verapamil SR",
"Pro-verapamil SR",
"Pro-verapamil SR",
"Pro-verapamil SR",
"Riva-verapamil SR",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Taro-verapamil Tab 120mg",
"Taro-verapamil Tab 80mg",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil",
"Verapamil Hci",
"Verapamil Hci",
"Verapamil Hci",
"Verapamil HCl",
"Verapamil HCl",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil hydrochloride",
"Verapamil hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride Injection USP",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride PM",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride PM",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride PM",
"Verapamil Hydrochloride PM",
"Verapamil Injection 2.5mg/ml",
"Verapamil SR",
"Verapamil Tab 80mg",
"Verapamil-120 Tab",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan",
"Verelan PM",
"Verelan PM",
"Verelan PM",
"Verelan PM",
"Verelan PM",
"Verelan PM",
"Verelan PM"
] |
[
"Bosoptin",
"Isoptin",
"Verisop",
"Vermin",
"Vermine",
"Verogalid",
"Verogalid ER",
"Verpamil",
"Vertab",
"Vetrimil",
"Zolvera"
] |
[
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Trandolapril and Verapamil Hydrochloride ER",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka",
"Tarka"
] |
[
"Q13936",
"Q00975",
"O00555",
"Q14654",
"O43497",
"O95180",
"Q12809",
"P31645",
"P35348",
"P35368",
"P25100",
"Q06432",
"Q9Y698",
"O60359",
"Q9UBN1",
"Q9UF02",
"Q9BXT2",
"P62955",
"Q8WXS5",
"P54289",
"Q9NY47",
"Q8IZS8",
"Q7Z3S7",
"Q13936",
"Q01668",
"O60840",
"Q13698",
"Q02641",
"Q08289",
"P54284",
"O00305",
"Q00975",
"O00555",
"Q15878",
"O43497",
"O95180",
"Q9P0X4",
"P08183"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P05177",
"P10632",
"P11712",
"P33260",
"P20815",
"P20813",
"P33261",
"P10635",
"P05181"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P02763"
] |
[
"P08183",
"O15245",
"Q9H015",
"O76082",
"O15438",
"Q9Y6L6",
"P46721",
"P33527",
"O15439",
"Q5T3U5",
"Q96FL8",
"Q86VL8"
] |
DB00662
|
Trimethobenzamide
|
Trimethobenzamide is a novel antiemetic which prevents nausea and vomiting in humans. Its actions are unclear but most likely involves the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). In dogs pretreated with trimethobenzamide HCl, the emetic response to apomorphine is inhibited, while little or no protection is afforded against emesis induced by intragastric copper sulfate.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting and for nausea associated with gastroenteritis.
|
Trimethobenzamide is a novel antiemetic which prevents nausea and vomiting in humans. Its actions are unclear but most likely involves the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). In dogs pretreated with trimethobenzamide HCl, the emetic response to apomorphine is inhibited, while little or no protection is afforded against emesis induced by intragastric copper sulfate.
|
The mechanism of action of trimethobenzamide as determined in animals is obscure, but may involve the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), an area in the medulla oblongata through which emetic impulses are conveyed to the vomiting center; direct impulses to the vomiting center apparently are not similarly inhibited.
|
The relative bioavailability of the capsule formulation compared to the solution is 100%.
|
Hepatic.
|
Oral LD<sub>50</sub> in mice is 1600 mg/kg.
|
The mean elimination half-life of trimethobenzamide is 7 to 9 hours.
| null |
Between 30 – 50% of a single dose in humans is excreted unchanged in the urine within 48–72 hours.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"R06AA",
"R06A",
"R06",
"R"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.1",
"description": "Trimethobenzamide 250 mg cap",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "1.47",
"description": "Trimethobenzamide 100 mg/ml",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1.52",
"description": "Tigan 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "1.7",
"description": "Trimethobenzamide HCl 300 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "7.06",
"description": "Tigan 100 mg/ml vial",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "44.24",
"description": "Trimethobenzamide hcl powder",
"unit": "g"
},
{
"cost": "0.99",
"description": "Trimethobenzamide 300 mg cap",
"unit": "each"
}
] |
[] |
N-[[4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide | Trimethobenzamide | Trimethobenzamidum | Trimetobenzamida | Dopamine D2 receptor
|
[
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan",
"Tigan(r) (trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride)",
"Trimethobenzamide",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydorchloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydorchloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride",
"Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride"
] |
[
"Benzacot",
"Stemetic",
"Tebamide",
"Tribenzagan",
"Trimazide"
] |
[] |
[
"P14416"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00663
|
Flumethasone
|
Flumethasone is a moderately potent difluorinated corticosteroid ester with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. As it is a privalate salt, its anti-inflammatory action is concentrated at the site of application. This local effect on diseased areas results in a prompt decrease in inflammation, exudation and itching.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, exczema, psoriasis, diaper rash and other skin conditions
|
Flumethasone pivalate is a moderately potent difluorinated corticosteroid ester with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. As it is a privalate salt, its anti-inflammatory action is concentrated at the site of application. This local effect on diseased areas results in a prompt decrease in inflammation, exudation and itching.
|
Flumethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. This complex binds to the nucleus causing a variety of genetic activation and repressions. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Flumethasone binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.
|
Minimal if applied topically
|
Primarily hepatic
|
Can lead to signs of irritation such as burning sensation, itching or skin rash at the site of application; hypersensitivity reactions.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
|
Steroids and steroid derivatives
|
Hydroxysteroids
|
[
"approved",
"vet_approved"
] |
[
"D07AB",
"D07A",
"D07",
"D",
"D07BB",
"D07B",
"D07",
"D",
"S02CA",
"S02C",
"S02",
"S",
"D07CB",
"D07C",
"D07",
"D",
"D07XB",
"D07X",
"D07",
"D"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
6alpha,9-Difluoro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione | Flumetasona | Flumétasone | Flumetasone | Flumetasonum | Flumethasone | GR | GRL | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 | ERR beta-2 | ERR-beta | ERRB2 | ESRL2 | Estrogen receptor-like 2 | Estrogen-related receptor beta | NR3B2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 2 | ERR gamma-2 | ERR3 | ERRG2 | Estrogen receptor-related protein 3 | KIAA0832 | NR3B3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 3 | ERR-alpha | ERR1 | ESRL1 | Estrogen receptor-like 1 | Estrogen-related receptor alpha | NR3B1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | CBG | Serpin A6 | Transcortin
|
[
"Locacorten .03%",
"Locacorten Vioform",
"Locacorten Vioform",
"Locacorten Vioform Eardrops",
"Locasalen",
"PMS-flumethasone-clioquinol"
] |
[
"Cerson",
"Locacorten",
"Locorten",
"Testohgen"
] |
[
"Locacorten Vioform",
"Locacorten Vioform Eardrops",
"Locasalen",
"Locacorten Vioform",
"PMS-flumethasone-clioquinol"
] |
[
"P04150",
"O95718",
"P62508",
"P11474"
] |
[
"P08684"
] |
[
"P08185"
] |
[] |
DB00664
|
Sulfametopyrazine
|
Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of urinary tract infection and chronic bronchitis.
|
Sulfametopyrazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic. The sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics with a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of <i>p</i>-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular fluids. Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF levels are high in meningeal infections. Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus.
|
Sulfametopyrazine is a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate of the enzyme is prevented from binding. The inhibited reaction is necessary in these organisms for the synthesis of folic acid.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzenesulfonamides
|
[
"approved",
"withdrawn"
] |
[
"G01AE",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"J01ED",
"J01E",
"J01",
"J",
"P01BF",
"P01B",
"P01",
"P"
] |
[
"Gram negative, positive bacteria and plasmodium"
] |
[] |
[] |
Solfametopirazina | Sulfalene | Sulfaleno | Sulfalenum | Sulfamethopyrazine | EC 2.5.1.15 | 2.5.1.15 | dhpS | Dihydropteroate pyrophosphorylase
|
[] |
[
"Kelfizina"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00665
|
Nilutamide
|
Nilutamide is an antineoplastic hormonal agent primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nilutamide is a pure, nonsteroidal anti-androgen with affinity for androgen receptors (but not for progestogen, estrogen, or glucocorticoid receptors). Consequently, Nilutamide blocks the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin that stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate cancer is mostly androgen-dependent and can be treated with surgical or chemical castration. To date, antiandrogen monotherapy has not consistently been shown to be equivalent to castration.
|
solid
|
For use in combination with surgical castration for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer involving distant lymph nodes, bone, or visceral organs (Stage D2).
|
Nilutamide is an antineoplastic hormonal agent primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nilutamide is a pure, nonsteroidal anti-androgen with affinity for androgen receptors (but not for progestogen, estrogen, or glucocorticoid receptors). Consequently, Nilutamide blocks the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin that stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate cancer is mostly androgen-dependent and can be treated with surgical or chemical castration. To date, antiandrogen monotherapy has not consistently been shown to be equivalent to castration. The relative binding affinity of nilutamide at the androgen receptor is less than that of bicalutamide, but similar to that of hydroxuflutamide.
|
Nilutamide competes with androgen for the binding of androgen receptors, consequently blocking the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin that stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. This blockade of androgen receptors may result in growth arrest or transient tumor regression through inhibition of androgen-dependent DNA and protein synthesis.
|
Rapidly and completely absorbed, yielding high and persistent plasma concentrations.
|
The results of a human metabolism study using 14C-radiolabelled tablets show that nilutamide is extensively metabolized and less than 2% of the drug is excreted unchanged in urine after 5 days.
|
Symptoms of overdose include dizziness, general discomfort, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
|
38.0-59.1 hours
| null |
Nilutamide is extensively metabolized andless than 2% of the drug is excreted unchanged in urine after 5 days. Fecal elimination is negligible, ranging from 1.4% to 7% of the dose after 4 to 5 days.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Azolidines
|
Imidazolidines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"L02BB",
"L02B",
"L02",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "18.03",
"description": "Nilandron 150 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
5,5-Dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-4-nitro-m-tolyl)hydantoin | Nilutamida | Nilutamide | Nilutamidum | DHTR | Dihydrotestosterone receptor | NR3C4 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.6.2.4 | CPR | CYPOR | P450R
|
[
"Anandron",
"Anandron - Tab 100mg",
"Anandron Tab 100mg",
"Anandron Tab 100mg",
"Anandron Tab 50mg",
"Anandron Tab 50mg",
"Nilandron",
"Nilandron",
"Nilandron",
"Nilandron",
"Nilutamide",
"Nilutamide",
"Nilutamide"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P10275"
] |
[
"P33261",
"P16435"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00666
|
Nafarelin
|
Nafarelin is a potent synthetic agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central precocious puberty and endometriosis.
|
solid
|
For treatment of central precocious puberty (true precocious puberty, GnRH-dependent precocious precocity, complete isosexual precocity) in children of both sexes and for the treatment of endometriosis.
|
Nafarelin is a potent agonistic analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). At the onset of administration, nafarelin stimulates the release of the pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting in a temporary increase of gonadal steroidogenesis. Repeated dosing abolishes the stimulatory effect on the pituitary gland. Twice daily administration leads to decreased secretion of gonadal steroids by about 4 weeks; consequently, tissues and functions that depend on gonadal steroids for their maintenance become quiescent. After nafarelin therapy is discontinued, pituitary and ovarian function normalize and estradiol serum concentrations increase to pretreatment levels. Recurrences of endometriosis are frequent after cessation of any hormonal therapy, or surgery that leaves the ovaries and/or uterus intact.
|
Like GnRH, initial or intermittent administration of nafarelin stimulates release of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn transiently increases production of estradiol in females and testosterone in both sexes. However, with continuous daily administration, nafarelin continuously occupies the GnRH receptor, leading to a reversible down-regulation of the GnRH receptors in the pituitary gland and desensitization of the pituitary gonadotropes. This causes a significant and sustained decline in the production of LH and FSH. A decline in gonadotropin production and release causes a dramatic reversible decrease in synthesis of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone by the ovaries or testes. Like normal endometrium, endometriotic implants contain estrogen receptors. Estrogen stimulates the growth of endometrium. Use of nafarelin induces anovulation and amenorrhea and decreases serum concentrations of estradiol to the postmenopausal range, which induces atrophy of endometriotic implants. However, nafarelin does not abolish the underlying pathophysiology of endometriosis. In children with central precocious puberty receiving nafarelin, serum LH, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations return to prepubertal levels. This results in the supression of secondary sexual characteristics and decrased rate of linear growth and skeletal maturation. Following disconinuation of nafarelin, the effects of the drug is reversed, meaning FSH and LH concentrations usually return to pretreatment levels.
|
Rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation after intranasal administration. Bioavailability from a 400 µg dose averaged 2.8% (range 1.2 to 5.6%). Not absorbed after oral administration.
|
Enzymatic hydrolysis.
|
In experimental animals, a single subcutaneous administration of up to 60 times the recommended human dose (on a µg/kg basis, not adjusted for bioavailability) had no adverse effects. At present, there is no clinical evidence of adverse effects following overdosage of GnRH analogs.
|
3 hours
|
Approximately 80%.
| null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organic Polymers
|
Polypeptides
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"H01CA",
"H01C",
"H01",
"H"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "39.53",
"description": "Synarel 2 mg/ml Solution",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "138.24",
"description": "Synarel 2 mg/ml nasal spray",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "1150.16",
"description": "Synarel 2 mg/ml Solution 8ml Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1999-07-25",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2012-07-25",
"number": "1336401"
}
] |
Nafarelin | Nafarelina | Nafaréline | Nafarelinum | GnRH receptor | GnRH-R | GRHR | GnRH II receptor | GnRH-II-R | Type II GnRH receptor
|
[
"Synarel",
"Synarel",
"Synarel Nas Sol 2mg/ml"
] |
[
"Nafarelil",
"Nasanyl",
"Synarela",
"Synrelina"
] |
[] |
[
"P30968",
"Q96P88"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00669
|
Sumatriptan
|
Sumatriptan is a serotonin receptor agonist commonly used to treat migraines and sometimes cluster headaches.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811] Sumatriptan is the first of the triptans and was made available in Europe in 1991 to treat migraines.[A179761] Sumatriptan was granted FDA approval on 28 December 1992.[L6805]
|
solid
|
A combination sumatriptan and [naproxen] tablet is indicated for the treatment of migraines with or without auras in patients 12 years of age and older.[L6793] Sumatriptan nasal powder, nasal spray, subcutaneous injection, and tablets are indicated to treat migraines with or without auras in adults.[L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811] One of the subcutaneous formulations of sumatriptan is also indicated to treat cluster headaches in adults[L6805], while the other subcutaneous formulation is not.[L6808]
|
Sumatriptan constricts cranial blood vessels and prevents the release of vasoactive peptides.[A179734] The dose of sumatriptan varies widely by route of administration and in most cases, no more than 2 doses should be given daily.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811] Medication overuse headaches may occur in patients who use sumatriptan frequently.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811]
|
Sumatriptan is an agonist of 5-HT<sub>1B</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1D</sub>.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811] This agonism leads to constriction of cranial blood vessels and inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811] Sumatriptan decreases carotid arterial blood flow, but increases blood flow velocity in the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery.[A179734 Agonism of the 5-HT<sub>1B</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1D</sub> receptors also inhibits sensory neurons, preventing the release of vasoactive peptides.[A179734 Sumatriptan does not cross the blood brain barrier.[A179734]
|
A 6mg subcutaneous injection of sumatriptan reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 69.5ng/mL (95% CI of 62.8-76.9ng/mL) with a T<sub>max</sub> of 0.17h (95% CI of 0.08-0.33h), an AUC of 9.0h\*ng/mL (95% CI of 7.5-10.9h\*ng/mL), and a bioavailability of 100%.[A179737]
A 25mg oral dose of sumatriptan reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 16.5ng/mL (95% CI of 13.5-20.1ng/mL) with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1.50h (95% CI of 0.50-2.00h), an AUC of 8.7h\*ng/mL (95% CI of 6.1-12.5h\*ng/mL), and a bioavailability of 14.3% (95% CI of 11.4-17.9%).[A179737]
A 20mg intranasal dose of sumatriptan reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 12.9ng/mL (95% CI of 10.5-15.9ng/mL) with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1.50h (95% CI of 0.25-3.00h), an AUC of 7.4h\*ng/mL (95% CI of 5.0-10.8h\*ng/mL), and a bioavailability of 15.8% (95% CI of 12.6-19.8%).[A179737]
A 25mg rectal dose of sumatriptan reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 22.9ng/mL (95% CI of 18.4-28.6ng/mL) with a T<sub>max</sub> of 1.00h (95% CI of 0.75-3.00h), an AUC of 14.6h\*ng/mL (95% CI of 11.3-18.8h\*ng/mL), and a bioavailability of 19.2% (95% CI of 15.3-24.1%).[A179737]
|
Sumatriptan is predominantly metabolized by monoamine oxidase A[L6799,L6811,L6805,L6811,L6793,L6808]. The main metabolites are the inactive indole acetic acid and indole acetic acid glucuronide.[L6799,L6811,L6805,L6811,L6793,L6808]
|
Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, tremor, paralysis, inactivity, ptosis, erythema of the extremities, abnormal respiration, cyanosis, ataxia, mydriasis, salivation, and lacrimation.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811] Overdoses may be fatal and patients should be monitored for 3-5 half lives or while symptoms persist.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811]
|
Subcutaneous sumatriptan has a half life of 1.9h (95% CI of 1.7-2.0h).[A179737] Oral sumatriptan has a half life of 1.7h (95% CI of 1.4-1.9h).[A179737] Rectal sumatriptan has a half life of 1.8h (95% CI of 1.6-2.2h).[A179737] Intrsnasal sumatriptan has a half life of 1.8h (95% CI of 1.7-2.0h).[A179737]
|
Sumatriptan is 14%-21% bound to protein in circulation.[L6793,L6796,L6799,L6805,L6808,L6811]
|
22±4% is excreted in the urine as unchanged sumatriptan and 38±7% in urine as indole acetic acid[L6799,L6805] approximately 40% is excreted in the feces[L6811,L6793].
|
Sumatriptan has a volume of distribution of 50±8L for a 6mg subcutaneous dose[L6799], or 2.7L/kg.[L6811]
|
Subcutaneous sumatriptan has a clearance of 0.22L/min (95% CI of 0.19-0.25L/min).[A179737] Oral sumatriptan has a clearance of 0.17L/min (95% CI of 0.14-0.21L/min).[A179737] Rectal sumatriptan has a clearance of 0.17L/min (95% CI of 0.14-0.21L/min).[A179737] Intrsnasal sumatriptan has a clearance of 0.21L/min (95% CI of 0.18-0.25L/min).[A179737] Total plasma clearance of sumatriptan is approximately 1200mL/min.[L6796]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Indoles and derivatives
|
Tryptamines and derivatives
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"N02CC",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N",
"G01AE",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"N02CC",
"N02C",
"N02",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "25.14",
"description": "Sumatriptan succ 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "25.14",
"description": "Sumatriptan succ 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "26.15",
"description": "Sumatriptan Succinate 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "26.15",
"description": "Sumatriptan Succinate 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "27.06",
"description": "Sumatriptan succ 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "28.14",
"description": "Sumatriptan Succinate 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "30.16",
"description": "Imitrex 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "30.16",
"description": "Imitrex 50 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "32.45",
"description": "Imitrex 25 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "38.89",
"description": "Sumatriptan 20 mg nasal spray",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "38.89",
"description": "Sumatriptan 5 mg nasal spray",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "43.44",
"description": "Imitrex 20 mg/act Solution Nasal Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "45.73",
"description": "Imitrex 20 mg nasal spray",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "45.73",
"description": "Imitrex 5 mg nasal spray",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "55.49",
"description": "Imitrex 5 mg/act Solution Nasal Inhaler",
"unit": "inhaler"
},
{
"cost": "98.93",
"description": "Imitrex 6 mg/0.5ml Solution 0.5ml Vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "106.84",
"description": "Imitrex 6 mg/0.5 ml vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "184.44",
"description": "Sumatriptan 4 mg/0.5 ml refill",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "184.46",
"description": "Sumatriptan 6 mg/0.5 ml refill",
"unit": "each"
},
{
"cost": "191.84",
"description": "SUMAtriptan Succinate Refill 6 mg/0.5ml Kit Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "216.92",
"description": "Imitrex 4 mg/0.5 ml kit refill",
"unit": "kit"
},
{
"cost": "216.92",
"description": "Imitrex 6 mg/0.5 ml kit refill",
"unit": "kit"
},
{
"cost": "217.16",
"description": "Imitrex STATdose Refill 1 Ea = 2 unit Refill Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "229.02",
"description": "Imitrex 4 mg/0.5 ml syringe kit",
"unit": "kit"
},
{
"cost": "229.02",
"description": "Imitrex 6 mg/0.5 ml syringe kit",
"unit": "kit"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1998-01-06",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-12-10",
"number": "5705520"
},
{
"approved": "2005-09-13",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2022-12-04",
"number": "2469019"
},
{
"approved": "2001-10-16",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2011-12-10",
"number": "2098302"
},
{
"approved": "2000-05-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-02-14",
"number": "6060499"
},
{
"approved": "2008-02-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-04-02",
"number": "7332183"
},
{
"approved": "2003-07-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-02-14",
"number": "6586458"
},
{
"approved": "1999-02-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-02-14",
"number": "5872145"
},
{
"approved": "2011-09-20",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-02-14",
"number": "8022095"
},
{
"approved": "2013-07-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2022-11-21",
"number": "8491524"
},
{
"approved": "2004-01-27",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-12-13",
"number": "6681810"
},
{
"approved": "2012-10-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2024-12-06",
"number": "8287489"
},
{
"approved": "2000-10-24",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-03-21",
"number": "6135979"
},
{
"approved": "2001-08-28",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-03-27",
"number": "6280410"
},
{
"approved": "2001-01-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2015-12-13",
"number": "6174304"
},
{
"approved": "2013-01-01",
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"number": "8343130"
},
{
"approved": "2012-08-14",
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"expires": "2023-08-10",
"number": "8241243"
},
{
"approved": "2012-08-14",
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"number": "8241244"
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{
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"expires": "2016-03-08",
"number": "5957886"
},
{
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"country": "United States",
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"number": "8267903"
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{
"approved": "2011-03-08",
"country": "United States",
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"number": "7901385"
},
{
"approved": "2001-06-26",
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"expires": "2016-12-09",
"number": "6251091"
},
{
"approved": "2012-02-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2023-08-10",
"number": "8118771"
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{
"approved": "2010-08-17",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2026-11-22",
"number": "7776007"
},
{
"approved": "2010-10-12",
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"expires": "2027-08-26",
"number": "7811254"
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{
"approved": "2011-07-05",
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"expires": "2027-04-12",
"number": "7973058"
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{
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"number": "8155737"
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{
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"number": "8366600"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"number": "10398859"
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{
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"expires": "2036-01-29",
"number": "10537554"
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{
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"expires": "2030-06-16",
"number": "10603305"
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{
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"expires": "2028-12-30",
"number": "10722667"
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{
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"expires": "2030-06-16",
"number": "11337962"
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{
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"expires": "2036-01-29",
"number": "11364224"
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{
"approved": "2006-02-23",
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"expires": "2026-02-23",
"number": "11571531"
},
{
"approved": "2010-06-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2030-06-16",
"number": "12090139"
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{
"approved": "2016-01-29",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2036-01-29",
"number": "12097183"
}
] |
(3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-yl)-N-methylmethanesulfonamide | 1-[3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide | 3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N-methyl-1H-indole-5-methanesulfonamide | 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylindole-5-methanesulfonamide | Sumatriptan | Sumatriptán | Sumatriptanum | 5-HT-1A | 5-HT1A | ADRB2RL1 | ADRBRL1 | G-21 | Serotonin receptor 1A | 5-HT-1D | 5-HT-1D-alpha | 5-HT1D | HTR1DA | HTRL | Serotonin 1D alpha receptor | Serotonin receptor 1D | 5-HT-1B | 5-HT-1D-beta | 5-HT1B | HTR1DB | S12 | Serotonin 1D beta receptor | Serotonin receptor 1B | 5-HT-1F | 5-HT1F | HTR1EL | Serotonin receptor 1F | 1.4.3.21 | 1.4.3.4 | MAO-A | Monoamine oxidase type A | OATP | OATP-1 | OATP-A | OATP1 | OATP1A2 | Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 | SLC21A3 | Sodium-independent organic anion transporter | Solute carrier family 21 member 3 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | Liver-specific organic anion transporter 1 | LST-1 | LST1 | OATP-2 | OATP-C | OATP1B1 | OATP2 | OATPC | Organic anion transporter SLC21A6 | SLC21A6 | SLCO1B1 | Sodium-independent organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2 | Solute carrier family 21 member 6
|
[
"Act Sumatriptan",
"Act Sumatriptan",
"Act Sumatriptan",
"Ag-sumatriptan",
"Ag-sumatriptan",
"Ag-sumatriptan",
"Alsuma",
"Alsuma",
"Apo-sumatriptan",
"Apo-sumatriptan",
"Apo-sumatriptan",
"Apo-sumatriptan",
"Apo-sumatriptan",
"Ava-sumatriptan",
"Ava-sumatriptan",
"Dom-sumatriptan",
"Dom-sumatriptan",
"Dom-sumatriptan",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex",
"Imitrex - Tab 50mg",
"Imitrex Df - Tab 100mg",
"Imitrex Df - Tab 25mg",
"Imitrex Df - Tab 50mg",
"Imitrex Inj 12mg/ml",
"Imitrex Tab 100mg",
"Jamp Sumatriptan",
"Jamp Sumatriptan",
"Jamp Sumatriptan",
"Jamp Sumatriptan DF",
"Jamp Sumatriptan DF",
"Jamp Sumatriptan DF",
"Migranow",
"Mylan-sumatriptan",
"Mylan-sumatriptan",
"Mylan-sumatriptan",
"Ntp-sumatriptan DF",
"Ntp-sumatriptan DF",
"Ntp-sumatriptan DF",
"Nu-sumatriptan",
"Nu-sumatriptan",
"Nu-sumatriptan",
"Onzetra",
"Onzetra Xsail",
"PHL-sumatriptan",
"PHL-sumatriptan",
"PHL-sumatriptan",
"PMS-sumatriptan",
"PMS-sumatriptan",
"PMS-sumatriptan",
"Q-sumatriptan",
"Q-sumatriptan",
"Q-sumatriptan",
"Ratio-sumatriptan",
"Ratio-sumatriptan",
"Riva-sumatriptan",
"Riva-sumatriptan",
"Riva-sumatriptan",
"Sandoz Sumatriptan",
"Sandoz Sumatriptan",
"Sdz-sumatriptan",
"Sdz-sumatriptan",
"SumaChip",
"Sumansetron",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan DF",
"Sumatriptan DF",
"Sumatriptan DF",
"Sumatriptan Injection",
"Sumatriptan Injection, USP",
"Sumatriptan Injection, USP",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate",
"Sumatriptan Succinate and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumavel DosePro",
"Sumavel DosePro",
"Sumavel DosePro",
"Sumavel DosePro",
"Suvexx",
"Taro-sumatriptan",
"Teva-sumatriptan",
"Teva-sumatriptan DF",
"Teva-sumatriptan DF",
"Teva-sumatriptan DF",
"Tosymra",
"Tosymra",
"Tosymra",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Zecuity",
"ZEMBRACE SymTouch",
"Zembrace Symtouch",
"Zembrace SymTouch"
] |
[
"Adracon",
"Altaxa",
"Apigrane",
"Boots Pharmacy Migraine Relief",
"Cinie",
"Frimig",
"Illument",
"Imigen",
"Imigran",
"Imigran mite",
"Imigran Radis",
"Imigrane",
"Imitrex Oral",
"Migralgin",
"Migraneitor",
"Nazdav",
"Sapphirex",
"Sumatran",
"Sumax",
"Suminat",
"Youshu"
] |
[
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Sumatriptan Succinate and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Treximet",
"Treximet",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumatriptan and Naproxen Sodium",
"Sumansetron",
"Suvexx",
"SumaChip",
"Migranow"
] |
[
"P08908",
"P28221",
"P28222",
"P30939"
] |
[
"P21397"
] |
[] |
[
"P46721",
"P08183",
"Q9UNQ0",
"Q9Y6L6"
] |
DB00670
|
Pirenzepine
|
An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients.
|
solid
|
For the treatment of peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer.
|
Pirenzepine belongs to a group of medications called antispasmodics/anticholinergics. These medications are used to relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines, and bladder. Pirenzepine is used to treat duodenal or stomach ulcers or intestine problems. It can be used together with antacids or other medicine in the treatment of peptic ulcer. It may also be used to prevent nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness.
|
Pirenzepine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and binds to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins.
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Benzodiazepines
|
1,4-benzodiazepines
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"A02BX",
"A02B",
"A02",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[] |
[] |
11-((4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)benzodiazepin-6-one | Pirenzepin | Pirenzepina | Pirenzépine | Pirenzepine | Pirenzepinum
|
[
"Gastrozepin Tab 50mg"
] |
[
"Anquwei",
"Folinzepin",
"Garendopine",
"Gaspin",
"Gastrozepin",
"Gastsion",
"Gaszepin",
"Karoderin",
"Kawaipin",
"Kiccalzin",
"Lizepine",
"Lonzepin",
"Muszepin",
"Pilenzel",
"Pin",
"Pirepine",
"Pirodeine",
"Pizepine",
"Ranclic",
"Regastric",
"Stomazepin",
"Ulopine"
] |
[] |
[
"P11229"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
DB00671
|
Cefixime
|
Bacteria possess a cell wall comprising a glycopeptide polymer commonly known as peptidoglycan, which is synthesized and remodelled through the action of a family of enzymes known as "penicillin-binding proteins" (PBPs).[A232920] β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, are PBP inhibitors that, through inhibition of essential PBPs, result in impaired cell wall homeostasis, loss of cell integrity, and ultimately bacterial cell death.[A232920, A232925, A232930] Cefixime is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and an orally-active third-generation semisynthetic cephalosporin.[A262894,A263011 ,L49293] Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics and can be used to treat gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections which include conditions such as skin infections, resistant bacteria, and meningitis.[A262995] Examples of third-generation cephalosporins are [ceftriaxone], [cefotaxime], and [ceftazidime].[A262995]
Third-generation cephalosporins are often a first-line therapy against certain bacterial infections.[A263026] However, cefixime is not recommended as a first-line of treatment for uncomplicated urogenital, anorectal, or pharyngeal gonorrhea because cefixime does not provide the same bactericidal effect as [ceftriaxone].[L49686,A263021] Generally, cefixime is used to treat uurinary tract infections, middle ear infections, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and uncomplicated gonorrhea.[L49293] The beta-lactam ring of cefixime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin-binding proteins which will then result in lysis.[A262995,A262945,A262950] Specifically, cephalosporins inhibit penicillin-sensitive enzymes responsible for the final 3D structure of the bacterial cell wall which in turn inhibit bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis.[T894, T322] Additionally, third-generation cephalosporins have been shown to have more stability in the presence of beta-lactamases compared to first- and second-generation cephalosporins.[A263031] Cefixime was first approved in the United States in 1986.[L49293]
|
solid
|
Cefixime is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by _Escherichia coli_ and _Proteus mirabilis_, otitis media caused by _Haemophilus influenzae_, _Moraxella catarrhalis_, and _Streptococcus pyogenes_, pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by _Streptococcus pyogenes_, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by _Streptococcus pneumoniae_ and _Haemophilus influenzae_, and uncomplicated gonorrhea (cervical/urethral) caused by _Neisseria gonorrhoeae_ (penicillinase-and non-penicillinase-producing isolates).[L49293]
|
Cefixime, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is an orally-active third-generation semisynthetic cephalosporin.[A262894,L49293] Like other cephalosporins, the antibacterial action of cefixime results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis.[L49293] Also like other cephalosporins, cefixime is stable when in the presence of certain beta-lactamase enzymes, which means certain organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases could be susceptible to cefixime.[L49293]
Use of cefixime can result in hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions and _Clostridium difficile_-associated diarrhea (CDAD); it may also be associated with a fall in prothrombin activity.[L49293] Cefixime doses should be adjusted for patients that have renal impairment and patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD), while patients on dialysis should be monitored while taking cefixime.[L49293]
|
The bacterial cell wall, which is located at the periphery of Gram-positive bacteria and within the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria, comprises a glycopeptide polymer synthesized through cross-linking of glycans to peptide stems on alternating saccharides, which is known commonly as peptidoglycan.[A232920] Cell wall formation, recycling, and remodelling require numerous enzymes, including a family of enzymes with similar active site character despite distinct and sometimes overlapping roles as carboxypeptidases, endopeptidases, transpeptidases, and transglycosylases, known as "penicillin-binding proteins" (PBPs). The number of PBPs differs between bacteria, in which some are considered essential and others redundant. In general, inhibition of one or more essential PBPs results in impaired cell wall homeostasis, loss of cell integrity, and is ultimately bactericidal.[A232920, A232925, A232930]
Cefixime is a cephalosporin and cephalosporins work by using their beta-lactam rings to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin-binding proteins transpeptidases on bacteria.[A262995,A262945,A262950] The inhibition of synthesis of the bacteria cell wall will cause lysis, particularly in fast growing organisms such as bacteria.[A262945] Specifically, cephalosporins inhibit penicillin-sensitive enzymes responsible for the final 3D structure of the bacterial cell wall which in turn inhibit bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis.[T894, T322]
|
With oral administration of cefixime, about 40%-50% is absorbed whether administered with or without food.[L49293] However, time to maximal absorption is increased approximately 0.8 hours when administered with food.[L49293]
Cefixime administered as an single oral 200 mg tablet in healthy male volunteers had a corresponding C<sub>max</sub> of 3.25 mg/L and a corresponding T<sub>max</sub> of 4 hours.[A263000] Administration of cefixime as a 200 mg oral solution in healthy volunteers results in a C<sub>max</sub> of 3.22 micrograms/mL, while administration of 200 mg and 400 mg cefixime capsules results in a C<sub>max</sub> of 2.92 micrograms/mL and 4.84 micrograms/mL, respectively.[A263005] Administration of cefixime as a 200 mg intravenous solution, a 200 mg oral solution, a 200 mg capsule, and 400 mg capsule results in mean areas under the curve (AUC) of 47.0 μg.h/mL, 26.0 μg.h/mL, 23.6 μg.h/mL, and 39.4 μg.h/mL, respectively.[A263005]
|
There is no evidence of metabolism of cefixime _in vivo_.[L49293]
|
Toxicity information specific to cefixime is not conclusive. Symptoms of overdose can include severe vomiting and seizures.[L49419] As cefixime is a cephalosporin, it may trigger seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced.[L49293] Additionally, patients experiencing an overdose are at an increased risk of severe adverse effects such as diarrhea, nausea, loose stools, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and vomiting.[L49293] In case of overdose, no specific antidote exists and this drug is not removed in significant quantities from the circulation by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis; however, gastric lavage may be indicated.[L49293] Symptomatic and supportive measures are recommended.
Animal studies revealed an oral LD<sub>50</sub> greater than 10g/kg in rats.[L49545]
|
Cefixime has a serum half-life averaging 3 to 4 hours in healthy subjects and is independent of dosage form.[A262934,L49293] It has ranged up to 9 hours in some normal volunteers.[L49293] In individuals with severe renal impairment (5 to 20 mL/min creatinine clearance), the half-life of cefixime increased to an average of 11.5 hours.[L49293]
|
Approximately 65% of cefixime is bound to serum protein, the serum protein binding is also concentration-independent.[L49293]
|
Approximately 50% of absorbed cefixime is excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours.[L49293]
|
Cefixime has a volume of distribution averaging 0.1 L/kg of body weight when administered orally.[A262939]
|
Cefixime administered as an oral suspension with a dose of 8 mg/kg in children with urinary tract infections aged from 6 to 13 years resulted in a mean apparent total clearance rate of 4.74 ml/min/kg.[A262980]
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Lactams
|
Beta lactams
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"J01DD",
"J01D",
"J01",
"J",
"J01RA",
"J01R",
"J01",
"J",
"J01RA",
"J01R",
"J01",
"J"
] |
[
"Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria"
] |
[
{
"cost": "2.8",
"description": "Suprax 100 mg/5ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
},
{
"cost": "3.86",
"description": "Suprax 400 mg Tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.45",
"description": "Suprax 20 mg/ml Suspension",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2016-01-12",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2028-12-14",
"number": "9233112"
}
] |
(−)-cefixim | Cefixim | Cefixima | Céfixime | Cefixime | Cefixime anhydrous | Cefiximum | 3.4.16.4 | Beta-lactamase | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-5 | Penicillin-binding protein 5 | pfv | 3.4.16.4 | D-alanyl-D-alanine endopeptidase | DD-carboxypeptidase | DD-endopeptidase | PBP-4 | Penicillin-binding protein 4 | 3.4.16.4 | DD-carboxypeptidase | PBP-6 | Penicillin-binding protein 6 | PBP-1a | ponA | Murein polymerase | PBP-1b | pbpF | ponB | PBP-2 | pbpA | 2.4.1.129 | PBP-3 | pbpB | Penicillin-binding protein 3 | Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase 3 | PBP-2 | pbpA | Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform | PEPT1 | Peptide transporter 1 | hOAT2 | NLT | Novel liver transporter | OAT2 | Organic anion transporter 2 | hOAT3 | OAT3 | Organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger | Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | Kidney H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform | PEPT2 | Peptide transporter 2
|
[
"Auro-cefixime",
"Auro-cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime",
"Cefixime 400 mg UD",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax",
"Suprax - Tab 200mg"
] |
[
"Cefixoral",
"Cefspan",
"Cephoral",
"Fixam",
"Fixspor",
"Hifen",
"InfectoOpticef",
"Kuracef",
"Letix",
"Ofex",
"Omnatax-O",
"Oracef",
"Oroken",
"Sancefix",
"Secef",
"Supran",
"Suprax 125",
"Tricef",
"Unixime",
"Uro-Cephoral"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"P46059",
"Q9Y694",
"Q8TCC7",
"Q16348"
] |
DB00672
|
Chlorpropamide
|
Chlorpropamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Medications in this class differ in their dose, rate of absorption, duration of action, route of elimination and binding site on their target pancreatic β cell receptor. Sulfonylureas also increase peripheral glucose utilization, decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis and may increase the number and sensitivity of insulin receptors. Sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain, though less so than insulin. Due to their mechanism of action, sulfonylureas may cause hypoglycemia and require consistent food intake to decrease this risk. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased in elderly, debilitated and malnourished individuals. Chlorpropamide is not recommended for the treatment of NIDDM as it increases blood pressure and the risk of retinopathy (UKPDS-33). Up to 80% of the single oral dose of chlorpropramide is metabolized, likely in the liver; 80-90% of the dose is excreted in urine as unchanged drug and metabolites. Renal and hepatic dysfunction may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
|
solid
|
For treatment of NIDDM in conjunction with diet and exercise.
|
Chlorpropamide, a second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent, is used with diet to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. Chlorpropamide is twice as potent as the related second-generation agent glipizide.
|
Sulfonylureas such as chlorpropamide bind to ATP-sensitive potassium channels on the pancreatic cell surface, reducing potassium conductance and causing depolarization of the membrane. Depolarization stimulates calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, raising intracellular concentrations of calcium ions, which induces the secretion, or exocytosis, of insulin.
|
Readily absorbed from the GI tract. Peak plasma concentrations occur within 2-4 hours and the onset of action occurs within one hour. The maximal effect of chlorpropamide is seen 3-6 hours following oral administration.
|
Up to 80% of dose is metabolized likely through the liver to to 2-hydroxylchlorpropamide (2-OH CPA), p-chlorobenzenesulfonylurea (CBSU), 3-hydroxylchlorpropamide (3-OH CPA), and p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (CBSA); CBSA may be produced by decomposition in urine. It is unknown whether chlorpropamide metabolites exert hypoglycemic effects.
|
IPN-RAT LD<sub>50</sub> 580 mg/kg
|
Approximately 36 hours with interindividual variation ranging from 25-60 hours. Duration of effect persists for at least 24 hours.
|
Highly bound to plasma proteins.
|
80-90% of a single oral dose is excreted in the urine as unchaged drug and metabolites within 96 hours.
| null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzenesulfonamides
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"G01AE",
"G01A",
"G01",
"G",
"A10BB",
"A10B",
"A10",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.34",
"description": "Diabinese 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.33",
"description": "Chlorpropamide 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.46",
"description": "Chlorpropamide 250 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "0.61",
"description": "Diabinese 100 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
}
] |
[] |
1-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-3-propylurea | 1-(p-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-propylurea | 1-propyl-3-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)urea | 4-chloro-N-((propylamino)carbonyl)benzenesulfonamide | 4-chloro-N-[(propylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide | Chlorpropamid | Chlorpropamide | Chlorpropamidum | Clorpropamida | N-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-N'-propylurea | N-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)-N'-propylurea | n-propyl-N'-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)urea | n-propyl-N'-p-chlorophenylsulfonylcarbamide | HRINS | Sulfonylurea receptor 1 | SUR | SUR1 | ATP-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 | Inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir1.2 | Potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 10 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1.14.99.1 | COX-1 | COX1 | Cyclooxygenase-1 | PGH synthase 1 | PGHS-1 | PHS 1 | Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 | Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform | PEPT1 | Peptide transporter 1 | Kidney H(+)/peptide cotransporter | Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform | PEPT2 | Peptide transporter 2 | hOAT1 | hPAHT | hROAT1 | OAT1 | Organic anion transporter 1 | PAH transporter | PAHT | Renal organic anion transporter 1
|
[
"Apo Chlorpropamide Tab 100mg",
"Apo Chlorpropamide Tab 250mg",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide",
"Chlorpropamide 100 Tab USP",
"Chlorpropamide Tab 250mg",
"Chlorpropamide Tab 250mg",
"Diabinese",
"Diabinese",
"Diabinese Tab 100mg",
"Diabinese Tab 250mg",
"Novo-propamide 250mg"
] |
[
"Abemide",
"Chloronase",
"Dabinese",
"Diabeedol",
"Diabemide",
"Diabezin",
"Diabitex",
"Dibecon",
"Glycemin",
"Hypomide",
"Litangen",
"Propamide",
"Trane"
] |
[] |
[
"Q09428",
"P78508"
] |
[
"P11712",
"P33261",
"P23219"
] |
[] |
[
"P46059",
"Q16348",
"Q4U2R8"
] |
DB00673
|
Aprepitant
|
Aprepitant, an antiemetic, is a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist which, in combination with other antiemetic agents, is indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT3), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CI NV).
|
solid
|
For the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including high-dose cisplatin (in combination with other antiemetic agents).
|
Aprepitant, an antiemetic, is a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist which, in combination with other antiemetic agents, is indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT<sub>3</sub>), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CI NV).
|
Aprepitant has been shown in animal models to inhibit emesis induced by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, via central actions. Animal and human Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies with Aprepitant have shown that it crosses the blood brain barrier and occupies brain NK1 receptors. Animal and human studies show that Aprepitant augments the antiemetic activity of the 5-HT<sub>3</sub>-receptor antagonist ondansetron and the corticosteroid
ethasone and inhibits both the acute and delayed phases of cisplatin induced emesis.
|
The mean absolute oral bioavailability of aprepitant is approximately 60 to 65%.
|
Aprepitant primarily undergoes CYP3A4-mediated metabolism, as well as minor metabolism mediated by CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. About seven metabolites of aprepitant have been identified in human plasma, which all retain weak pharmacological activity.
| null |
9-13 hours
|
Protein binding is reported to be >95%.
|
Aprepitant is eliminated primarily by metabolism; aprepitant is not renally excreted. Aprepitant is excreted in the milk of rats. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk.
|
* 70 L
|
* Apparent plasma cl=62-90 mL/min
|
Organic compounds
|
Organoheterocyclic compounds
|
Oxazinanes
|
Morpholines
|
[
"approved",
"investigational"
] |
[
"A04AD",
"A04A",
"A04",
"A"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "55.89",
"description": "Emend 40 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "58.17",
"description": "Emend 40 mg capsule Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "108.76",
"description": "Emend 80 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "161.34",
"description": "Emend 125 mg capsule",
"unit": "capsule"
},
{
"cost": "226.21",
"description": "Emend 2 80 mg capsule Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "232.82",
"description": "Emend 115 mg vial",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "242.13",
"description": "Emend 115 mg Solution 1 Vial = 10ml",
"unit": "vial"
},
{
"cost": "415.76",
"description": "Emend 3 80 & 125 mg capsule Disp Pack",
"unit": "disp"
},
{
"cost": "553.13",
"description": "Emend 5 80 mg capsule Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "678.62",
"description": "Emend 6 80 mg capsule Box",
"unit": "box"
},
{
"cost": "1046.01",
"description": "Emend 6 125 mg capsule Box",
"unit": "box"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "1992-09-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2011-01-25",
"number": "5145684"
},
{
"approved": "2008-12-02",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2022-12-19",
"number": "2469315"
},
{
"approved": "2012-09-04",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2027-09-26",
"number": "8258132"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-01",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-07-01",
"number": "6096742"
},
{
"approved": "2017-02-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "9561229"
},
{
"approved": "2017-11-07",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "9808465"
},
{
"approved": "2018-05-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "9974794"
},
{
"approved": "2018-05-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "9974793"
},
{
"approved": "2018-05-22",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "9974742"
},
{
"approved": "2019-12-10",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "10500208"
},
{
"approved": "2020-04-21",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "10624850"
},
{
"approved": "2021-03-23",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "10953018"
},
{
"approved": "2021-11-16",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "11173118"
},
{
"approved": "2015-09-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "11744800"
},
{
"approved": "2015-09-18",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2035-09-18",
"number": "11878074"
}
] |
Aprepitant | Aprépitant | Aprepitantum | NK-1 receptor | NK-1R | NK1R | SPR | TAC1R | Tachykinin receptor 1 | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase
|
[
"Aponvie",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Cinvanti",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Emend Tri-pack",
"Emend Tri-pack"
] |
[
"Aprecap"
] |
[
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Emend",
"Emend",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Aprepitant",
"Emend Tri-pack",
"Emend Tri-pack"
] |
[
"P25103"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P33261",
"P11712"
] |
[] |
[] |
DB00674
|
Galantamine
|
Galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid and reversible, competitive inhibitor of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which is a widely studied therapeutic target used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[A1018] First characterized in the early 1950s, galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid that was extracted from botanical sources, such as _Galanthus nivalis_.[A201968] Galantamine was first studied in paralytic and neuropathic conditions, such as myopathies and postpolio paralytic conditions, and for reversal of neuromuscular blockade.[A182993,A201968] Following the discovery of its AChE-inhibiting properties, the cognitive effects of galantamine were studied in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and autism; however, re-development of the drug for Alzheimer’s disease did not commence until the early 1990s due to difficulties in extraction and synthesis.[A201968] Galantamine blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing acetylcholine neurotransmission. It also acts as an allosteric modulator of the nicotinic receptor, giving its dual mechanism of action clinical significance.[A182993]
The drug was approved by the FDA in 2001 for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. As Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, galantamine is not known to alter the course of the underlying dementing process. Galantamine works to block the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thereby enhancing cholinergic neuron function and signalling. Under this hypothesized mechanism of action, the therapeutic effects of galantamine may decrease as the disease progression advances and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact.[L13571] It is therefore not considered to be a disease-modifying drug.[A203558] Galantamine is marketed under the brand name Razadyne, and is available as oral immediate- and extended-release tablets and solution.[L13571]
|
solid
|
Galantamine is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.[L13571]
|
Galantamine is a competitive and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that works to increase acetylcholine levels.[L13571] Galantamine acts both centrally and peripherally to inhibit both muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing cholinergic tone.[A201968] Galantamine is also a positive allosteric modulator of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.[A1022,A201968] As dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, galatamine has a negligible effect in altering the course of the underlying process of dementia [L13571] and may exert its therapeutic effectiveness for a short period of time.[A203558] However, galantamine promoted improvements in cognition, global function, activities of daily living, and behavioural symptoms in clinical studies of Alzheimer’s disease.[A1018,A182993]
Galantamine exhibited therapeutic efficacy in studies of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease.[A182993] In one study, galantamine reversed scopolamine-induced acute anticholinergic syndrome that was characterized by drowsiness, disorientation, and delirium.[A201968]
|
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by progressive, irreversible degeneration of acetylcholine-producing neurons, cognitive impairment, and the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.[A182993,A203558] The cholinergic system plays a critical role in memory, alongside other important neural functions such as attention, learning, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information. Studies show that acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the modulation of acquisition, encoding, consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction, and retrieval of memory. The gradual loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may, therefore, contribute to the memory loss exhibited by AD patients.[A203558]
Acetylcholinesterase is secreted by cholinergic neurons to rapidly hydrolyze ACh at the synaptic cleft to release acetate and choline. Choline is later recycled back into the presynaptic cholinergic neuron via reuptake by the high-affinity choline transporter. There is some evidence demonstrating the potential involvement of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the formation of amyloid fibrils.[A203558] Galantamine competitively and reversibly inhibits the anticholinesterase enzyme in the CNS (namely in the frontal cortex and hippocampal regions) [A1022] by binding to the choline-binding site and acyl-binding pocket of the enzyme active site.[A1019] By blocking the breakdown of ACh, galantamine enhances ACh levels in the synaptic cleft.[A203558]
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the CNS are mostly expressed at the presynaptic neuronal membrane to control the release of multiple neurotransmitters, such as ACh, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine.[A182993,A203558] Agonists of nAChRs improve performance in cognitive tasks, while antagonists of nAChR impair cognitive processes.[A203558] Some studies show a decrease in the expression and activity of nAChRs in patients with AD, which may explain the reduction in central cholinergic neurotransmission in these patients.[A1022] Galantamine binds to nAChRs at the allosteric site,[A182993,A203591] leading to a conformational change of the receptor, increased ACh release, and increased activity of neighbouring glutaminergic and serotoninergic neurons.[A182993] The modulation of nAChRs facilitates both excitatory and inhibitory cholinergic transmissions in brain tissues and increases receptor sensitivity. The modulated release of other neurotransmitters by galantamine may also contribute to the upregulation of nAChRs and amelioration of behavioural symptoms in AD.[A182993]
|
Over a dose range of 8-32 mg/day, galantamine exhibits a dose-linear pharmacokinetic profile. The oral bioavailability of galantamine ranges from 90-100%. Following oral administration, the Tmax is about 1 hour.[L13571] Following 10 hours of administration, the mean galantamine plasma concentrations were 82–97 µg/L for the 24 mg/day dose and 114–126 µg/L for the 32 mg/day dose.[A182993]
|
_In vitro_ study findings suggest that about 75% of the drug is metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. CYP2D6 promotes O-demethylation of the drug to form O-desmethyl-galantamine and the CYP3A4-mediated pathway forms the galantamine-N-oxide.[A182993] Important metabolic pathways also include N-demethylation, epimerization, and sulfate conjugation.[A203444] Other metabolites include norgalantamine, O-desmethyl-galantamine, O-desmethyl-norgalantamine, epigalantamine and galantaminone, which do not retain clinically significant pharmacology activities.[A1022]
Galantamine can also undergo glucuronidation: in one oral radiolabeled drug study in poor and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, about 14-24% of the total radioactivity was identified as galantamine glucuronide 8 hours post-dose. O-demethylation by CYP2D6 becomes prominent in patients with who are extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6, but unchanged galatamine (39-77%) and its glucuronide metabolite (14-24%) predominated in the plasma of both poor and extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6 in a radiolabelled drug study.[L13571] The total plasma clearance, or nonrenal clearnace, accounts for 20–25% of drug elimination.[A182993]
|
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> of the active ingredient, galantamine hydrobromide, in rats is 75 mg/kg.[L13709] Symptoms of overdose are expected to be similar to those of cholinomimetics, which involve the central nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the neuromuscular junction. Effects of a cholinergic crisis include severe nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal cramping, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, collapse, and convulsions. Muscle weakness or fasciculations may also occur, with respiratory muscle weakness having the potential to bring fatal results. In one patient who consumed an oral daily dose of 32 mg developed bradycardia, QT prolongation, ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes accompanied by a brief loss of consciousness. In one patient with a history of hallucinations who consumed a daily dose of 24 mg galantamine, hallucinations requiring hospitalization occurred. A patient who ingested 160 mg of galantamine from an oral solution developed sweating, vomiting, bradycardia, and near-syncope one hour following consumption.[L13571]
As in any case of overdose, general supportive measures should be initiated. Tertiary anticholinergics such as intravenous atropine may be used to reverse the cholinergic effects of galantamine. The recommended initial dose of atropine intravenously administered for galantamine overdose ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 mg. It is not known whether galantamine can be removed by dialysis.[L13571]
|
Galantamine has a terminal half-life of about 7 hours.[L13571]
|
The plasma protein binding of galantamine is 18% at therapeutically relevant concentrations.[L13571]
|
Renal clearance accounts for about 20–25% of total plasma clearance of the drug in healthy individuals: the elimination of galantamine has been shown to be decreased in subjects with renal impairment.[A1022] Following oral or intravenous administration, approximately 20% of the dose is excreted as unchanged in the urine within 24 h.[A182993] In a radiolabelled drug study, about 95% and 5% of the total radioactivity was recovered in the urine and feces, respectively. Of the dose recovered in the urine, about 32% was in the unchanged parent compound, and 12% was in the glucuronide form.[L13571]
|
The mean volume of distribution is 175 L. About 52.7% of galantamine is distributed to blood cells, the blood to plasma concentration ratio of galantamine is 1.2.[L13571] Galantamine penetrates the blood–brain barrier.[A201968]
|
The renal clearance is 65 mL/min and the total plasma clearance is about 300 mL/min.[A182993]
|
Organic compounds
|
Alkaloids and derivatives
|
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids
|
Galanthamine-type amaryllidaceae alkaloids
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"N06DA",
"N06D",
"N06",
"N"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "3.18",
"description": "Galantamine hbr 12 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.18",
"description": "Galantamine hbr 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.18",
"description": "Galantamine hbr 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.66",
"description": "Razadyne 8 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "5.36",
"description": "Razadyne 4 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "8.3",
"description": "Razadyne 12 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "198.58",
"description": "Galantamine Hydrobromide 30 16 mg 24 Hour Capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
},
{
"cost": "198.58",
"description": "Galantamine Hydrobromide 30 8 mg 24 Hour Capsule Bottle",
"unit": "bottle"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2006-12-19",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2019-12-20",
"number": "2358062"
},
{
"approved": "2001-11-20",
"country": "Canada",
"expires": "2017-06-06",
"number": "2310926"
},
{
"approved": "2002-03-19",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-06-06",
"number": "6358527"
},
{
"approved": "2000-08-08",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2017-06-06",
"number": "6099863"
},
{
"approved": "2007-01-09",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2019-12-20",
"number": "7160559"
}
] |
(-)-Galanthamine | Galantamina | Galantamine | Galanthamine | 3.1.1.7 | AChE | NACHRA7 | 3.1.1.8 | Acylcholine acylhydrolase | Butyrylcholine esterase | CHE1 | Choline esterase II | Pseudocholinesterase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1
|
[
"Apo-galantamine",
"Apo-galantamine",
"Apo-galantamine",
"Auro-galantamine ER",
"Auro-galantamine ER",
"Auro-galantamine ER",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine",
"Galantamine ER",
"Galantamine ER",
"Galantamine ER",
"Galantamine ER",
"Galantamine ER",
"Galantamine ER",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Galantamine Hydrobromide",
"Ipg-galantamine ER",
"Ipg-galantamine ER",
"Ipg-galantamine ER",
"Mar-galantamine ER",
"Mar-galantamine ER",
"Mar-galantamine ER",
"Mylan-galantamine ER",
"Mylan-galantamine ER",
"Mylan-galantamine ER",
"Pat-galantamine ER",
"Pat-galantamine ER",
"Pat-galantamine ER",
"Pendo-galantamine ER",
"PMS-galantamine",
"PMS-galantamine",
"PMS-galantamine",
"PMS-galantamine ER",
"PMS-galantamine ER",
"PMS-galantamine ER",
"Ratio-galantamine",
"Ratio-galantamine",
"Ratio-galantamine",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Razadyne",
"Reminyl -(12mg)",
"Reminyl -(4mg)",
"Reminyl -(8mg)",
"Reminyl ER",
"Reminyl ER",
"Reminyl ER",
"Sandoz Galantamine ER",
"Sandoz Galantamine ER",
"Sandoz Galantamine ER",
"Teva-galantamine ER",
"Teva-galantamine ER",
"Teva-galantamine ER"
] |
[
"Lycoremine",
"Nivalin",
"Reminyl"
] |
[] |
[
"P22303",
"P36544",
"A9X444",
"P06276"
] |
[
"P08684",
"P10635"
] |
[] |
[
"P08183"
] |
DB00675
|
Tamoxifen
|
Tamoxifen is a non-steroidal antiestrogen used to treat estrogen receptor positive breast cancers as well as prevent the incidence of breast cancer in high risk populations.[A1025,L7799,L7802] Tamoxifen is used alone or as an adjuvant in these treatments.[L7799,L7802] Tamoxifen may no longer be the preferred treatment for these types of cancers as patients generally have better survival, side effect profiles, and compliance with [anastrozole].[A1026]
Tamoxifen was granted FDA approval on 30 December 1977.[L7799]
|
solid
|
Tamoxifen is indicated to treat estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in adults, as an adjuvant in the treatment of early stage estrogen receptor positive breast cancer in adults, to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer after surgery and radiation in adult women with ductal carcinoma in situ.[L7802]
|
Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis in estrogen receptor positive tumors.[A1025,A182195] It has a long duration of action as the active metabolite N-desmethyltamoxifen has a half life of approximately 2 weeks.[L7799,L7802] It has a narrow therapeutic index as higher doses can lead to breathing difficulty or convulsions.[L7799,L7802] Tamoxifen administration is also associated with an increased incidence of uterine malignancies.[L7799,L7802]
|
Tamoxifen competitively inhibits estrogen binding to its receptor, which is critical for it's activity in breast cancer cells.[A1025] Tamoxifen leads to a decrease in tumor growth factor α and insulin-like growth factor 1, and an increase in sex hormone binding globulin.[A1025] The increase in sex hormon binding globulin limits the amount of freely available estradiol.[A1025] These changes reduce levels of factors that stimulate tumor growth.[A1025]
Tamoxifen has also been shown to induce apoptosis in estrogen receptor positive cells.[A182195] This action is thought to be the result of inhibition of protein kinase C, which prevents DNA synthesis.[A182195] Alternate theories for the apoptotic effect of tamoxifen comes from the approximately 3 fold increase in intracellular and mitochondrial calcium ion levels after administration or the induction of tumor growth factor β.[A182195]
|
An oral dose of 20mg reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 40ng/mL with a T<sub>max</sub> of 5 hours.[L7799,L7802] The metabolite N-desmethyltamoxifen reaches a C<sub>max</sub> of 15ng/mL.[L7799,L7802] 10mg of tamoxifen orally twice daily for 3 months results in a C<sub>ss</sub> of 120ng/mL and a C<sub>ss</sub> of 336ng/mL.[L7799,L7802]
|
Tamoxifen can by hydroxylated to α-hydroxytamoxifen which is then glucuronidated or undergoes sulfate conjugation by sulfotransferase 2A1.[A182102,A182108] Tamoxifen can also undergo N-oxidation by flavin monooxygenases 1 and 3 to tamoxifen N-oxide.[A182102,A182108,A182111] Tamoxifen is N-dealkylated to N-desmethyltamoxifen by CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1B1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5.[A14873,A182102,A182105,A182108,A182111] N-desmethyltamoxifen can be sulfate conjugated to form N-desmethyltamoxifen sulfate, 4-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to form endoxifen, or N-dealkylated again by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen.[A182102,A182105,A182183] N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen undergoes a substitution reaction to form tamoxifen metabolite Y, followed by ether cleavage to metabolite E, which can then be sulfate conjugated by sulfotransferase 1A1 and 1E1 or O-glucuronidated.[A182183,A182249]
Tamoxifen can also by 4-hydroxylated by CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 to form 4-hydroxytamoxifen.[A14873,A182102,A182105,A182108] 4-hydroxytamoxifen can undergo glucuronidation by UGT1A8, UGT1A10, UGT2B7, and UGT2B17 to tamoxifen glucuronides, sulfate conjugation by sulfotransferase 1A1 and 1E1 to 4-hydroxytamoxifen sulfate, or N-dealkylation by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to endoxifen.[A182102,A182105]
Endoxifen undergoes demethylation to norendoxifen, a reversible sulfate conjugation reaction via sulfotransferase 1A1 and 1E1 to 4-hydroxytamoxifen sulfate, sulfate conjugation via sulfotransferase 2A1 to 4-endoxifen sulfate, or glucuronidation via UGT1A8, UGT1A10, UGT2B7, or UGT2B15 to tamoxifen glucuronides.[A182183,A182102,A182105]
|
High doses of tamoxifen in animals lead to respiratory difficulty and convulsions.[L7799,L7802] High doses in advanced metastatic cancer patients resulted in acute neurotoxicity seen by tremor, hyperreflexia, unsteady gait, and dizziness.[L7799,L7802] Patients experiencing and overdose should be given supportive treatment as no specific treatment for overdose is suggested.[L7799,L7802]
|
The terminal elimination half-life of tamoxifen is 5 to 7 days, while the half-life of N-desmethyltamoxifen, the primary circulating metabolite, is approximately 14 days.[L7799,L7802]
|
The protein binding of tamoxifen in plasma is over 98% and mostly to serum albumin.[A182207]
|
Tamoxifen is mainly eliminated in the feces.[L7799,L7802] Animal studies have shown 75% of radiolabelled tamoxifen recovered in the feces, with negligible collection from urine.[A182201] However, 1 human study showed 26.7% recovery in the urine and 24.7% in the feces.[A182204]
|
The volume of distribution of tamoxifen is approximately 50-60L/kg.[A182207]
|
The clearance of tamoxifen was 189mL/min in a study of six postmenopausal women.[A182213]
|
Organic compounds
|
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
|
Stilbenes
| null |
[
"approved"
] |
[
"L02BA",
"L02B",
"L02",
"L"
] |
[
"Humans and other mammals"
] |
[
{
"cost": "1.89",
"description": "Tamoxifen 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "1.97",
"description": "Tamoxifen Citrate 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "2.04",
"description": "Nolvadex 10 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.79",
"description": "Tamoxifen 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "3.94",
"description": "Tamoxifen Citrate 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "4.46",
"description": "Nolvadex 20 mg tablet",
"unit": "tablet"
},
{
"cost": "50.03",
"description": "Tamoxifen citrate powder",
"unit": "g"
}
] |
[
{
"approved": "2000-10-03",
"country": "United States",
"expires": "2018-06-26",
"number": "6127425"
}
] |
(Z)-2-(4-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine | (Z)-2-(para-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylamine | 1-p-beta-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene | 1-para-beta-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene | Tamoxifen | Tamoxifène | Tamoxifene | Tamoxifeno | Tamoxifenum | trans-Tamoxifen | ER | ER-alpha | ESR | Estradiol receptor | NR3A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1 | ER-beta | ESTRB | NR3A2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 2 | 2.7.11.13 | PKC-A | PKC-alpha | PKCA | PRKACA | 2.7.11.13 | PKC-B | PKC-beta | PKCB | PRKCB1 | 2.7.11.13 | nPKC-delta | PKCD | Tyrosine-protein kinase PRKCD | 2.7.11.13 | nPKC-epsilon | PKCE | 2.7.11.13 | PKC-gamma | PKCG | 2.7.11.13 | aPKC-lambda/iota | Atypical protein kinase C-lambda/iota | DXS1179E | nPKC-iota | PRKC-lambda/iota | 2.7.11.13 | nPKC-theta | PRKCT | 2.7.11.13 | nPKC-zeta | PKC2 | ABP | SBP | Sex steroid-binding protein | SHBG | TeBG | Testis-specific androgen-binding protein | Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin | Testosterone-estrogen-binding globulin | 5.3.3.5 | Cholestenol Delta-isomerase | D8-D7 sterol isomerase | Delta(8)-Delta(7) sterol isomerase | Emopamil-binding protein | DHTR | Dihydrotestosterone receptor | NR3C4 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 | Eag homolog | Eag-related protein 1 | ERG | ERG-1 | ERG1 | Ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 | Ether-a-go-go-related protein 1 | H-ERG | HERG | hERG-1 | hERG1 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 | Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 | Orphan nuclear receptor PAR1 | Orphan nuclear receptor PXR | Pregnane X receptor | PXR | Steroid and xenobiotic receptor | SXR | ERR gamma-2 | ERR3 | ERRG2 | Estrogen receptor-related protein 3 | KIAA0832 | NR3B3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group B member 3 | 2.7.11.24 | c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 | JNK-46 | JNK1 | MAP kinase 8 | MAPK 8 | PRKM8 | SAPK1 | SAPK1C | Stress-activated protein kinase 1c | Stress-activated protein kinase JNK1 | 1.14.14.- | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2DL1 | CYPIID6 | Cytochrome P450-DB1 | Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming) | Albendazole sulfoxidase | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP3A3 | CYPIIIA3 | CYPIIIA4 | Cytochrome P450 3A3 | Cytochrome P450 HLp | Cytochrome P450 NF-25 | Cytochrome P450-PCN1 | Nifedipine oxidase | Quinine 3-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA5 | Cytochrome P450-PCN3 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIIA7 | Cytochrome P450-HFLA | P450HLp2 | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYP2C10 | CYPIIC9 | Cytochrome P-450MP | Cytochrome P450 MP-4 | Cytochrome P450 MP-8 | Cytochrome P450 PB-1 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC17 | CYPIIC19 | Cytochrome P450-11A | Cytochrome P450-254C | Fenbendazole monooxygenase (4'-hydroxylating) | Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.13.- | CYPIIB6 | Cytochrome P450 IIB1 | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIA1 | Cytochrome P450 form 6 | Cytochrome P450-C | Cytochrome P450-P1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIB1 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 1.14.13.148 | 1.14.13.8 | Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 | Dimethylaniline oxidase 1 | Fetal hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 | FMO 1 | Trimethylamine monooxygenase | 1.14.13.148 | 1.14.13.32 | 1.14.13.8 | Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 | Dimethylaniline oxidase 3 | FMO 3 | FMO form 2 | FMO II | Hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 | Trimethylamine monooxygenase | 1.14.14.1 | CYPIIC8 | Cytochrome P450 form 1 | Cytochrome P450 IIC2 | Cytochrome P450 MP-12 | Cytochrome P450 MP-20 | S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase | ACAT | Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase | Brain carboxylesterase hBr1 | Carboxylesterase 1 | CE-1 | CEH | CES2 | Cholesteryl ester hydrolase | Cocaine carboxylesterase | Egasyn | hCE-1 | HMSE | Methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase 1 | Monocyte/macrophage serine esterase | REH | Retinyl ester hydrolase | Serine esterase 1 | SES1 | TGH | Triacylglycerol hydrolase | 1.14.14.14 | ARO1 | CYAR | CYP19 | CYPXIX | Cytochrome P-450AROM | Cytochrome P450 19A1 | Estrogen synthase | 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase | 1.14.14.- | Coumarin 7-hydroxylase | CYP2A3 | CYPIIA6 | Cytochrome P450 IIA3 | Cytochrome P450(I) | 1.14.14.1 | 4-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase | CYP2E | CYPIIE1 | Cytochrome P450-J | 2.4.1.17 | GNT1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-J | UDPGT 1-10 | UGT-1J | UGT1 | UGT1-10 | UGT1.10 | UGT1*10 | UGT1A10 | UGT1J | 2.8.2.1 | Aryl sulfotransferase 1 | HAST1/HAST2 | P-PST 1 | Phenol sulfotransferase 1 | Phenol-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase 1 | ST1A1 | ST1A3 | STP | STP1 | Thermostable phenol sulfotransferase | Ts-PST | 2.8.2.2 | Bile salt sulfotransferase | Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase | DHEA-ST | DHEA-ST8 | HST | Hydroxysteroid Sulfotransferase | ST2 | ST2A1 | STD | SULT2A3 | 1.14.14.1 | Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase | CYPIA2 | Cytochrome P(3)450 | Cytochrome P450 4 | Cytochrome P450-P3 | Hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase | 2.4.1.17 | 3,4-catechol estrogen-specific UDPGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B9 | UDPGT 2B7 | UDPGT 2B9 | UDPGTh-2 | UGT2B7 | UGTB2B9 | 2.4.1.17 | C19-steroid-specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferase | C19-steroid-specific UDPGT | UDPGT 2B17 | UGT2B17 | 2.8.2.4 | EST-1 | Estrogen sulfotransferase | ST1E1 | STE | Sulfotransferase, estrogen-preferring | Serpin A7 | T4-binding globulin | TBG | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 | MDR1 | Multidrug resistance protein 1 | P-glycoprotein 1 | PGY1 | Phospholipid transporter ABCB1 | 7.6.2.2 | ABCP | ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 | BCRP | BCRP1 | Breast cancer resistance protein | CDw338 | Mitoxantrone resistance-associated protein | MXR | Placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter | Urate exporter | 7.6.2.- | 7.6.2.2 | 7.6.2.3 | Canalicular multidrug resistance protein | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | CMOAT | CMOAT1 | CMRP | MRP2 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 | 7.6.2.- | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 11 | BSEP | 7.6.2.1 | ABC-1 | ABC1 | ATP-binding cassette 1 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 | ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 | CERP | Cholesterol efflux regulatory protein
|
[
"Apo-tamox Tab 10mg",
"Apo-tamox Tab 20mg",
"Dom-tamoxifen",
"Dom-tamoxifen",
"Mylan-tamoxifen",
"Mylan-tamoxifen",
"Nolvadex",
"Nolvadex",
"Nolvadex Tab 10mg",
"Nolvadex-D Tab 20mg",
"Nuvya",
"Penta-tamoxifen Tablets",
"Penta-tamoxifen Tablets",
"PMS-tamoxifen",
"PMS-tamoxifen",
"Soltamox",
"Soltamox",
"Soltamox",
"Tamofen 10",
"Tamofen 20",
"Tamone - (10 Mg)",
"Tamone - (20 Mg)",
"Tamone Tab 10mg",
"Tamone Tab 20mg",
"Tamoplex Tab 10mg",
"Tamoplex Tab 20mg",
"Tamoxifen",
"Tamoxifen",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifen Citrate",
"Tamoxifene - 10",
"Tamoxifene - 20",
"Teva-tamoxifen",
"Teva-tamoxifen"
] |
[
"Adifen",
"Adopan",
"Bilem",
"Caditam",
"Citofen",
"Crisafeno",
"Doctamoxifene",
"Ebefen",
"Fenahex",
"Genox",
"Gynatam",
"Istubal",
"Mammonex",
"Neophedan",
"Noltam",
"Nolvadex-D",
"Novofen",
"Oncomox",
"Tadex",
"Tamifen",
"Tamizam",
"Tamofen",
"Tamoneprin",
"Tamoplex",
"Tamoxen",
"Tamoxilon",
"Tamtero",
"Tecnotax",
"Tomifen",
"Valodex",
"Zemide"
] |
[
"Nuvya"
] |
[
"P03372",
"Q92731",
"P17252",
"P05771",
"Q05655",
"Q02156",
"P05129",
"P41743",
"Q04759",
"Q05513",
"P04278",
"Q15125",
"P10275",
"Q12809",
"O75469",
"P62508",
"P45983"
] |
[
"P10635",
"P08684",
"P20815",
"P24462",
"P11712",
"P33261",
"P20813",
"P04798",
"Q16678",
"Q01740",
"P31513",
"P10632",
"P23141",
"P11511",
"P11509",
"P05181",
"Q9HAW8",
"P50225",
"Q06520",
"P05177",
"P16662",
"O75795",
"P49888"
] |
[
"P02768",
"P05543"
] |
[
"P08183",
"Q9UNQ0",
"Q92887",
"O95342",
"O95477"
] |
DB00676
|
Benzyl benzoate
|
Benzyl benzoate is one of the older preparations used to treat scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterised by severe itching (particularly at night), red spots, and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is lethal to this mite and so is useful in the treatment of scabies. It is also used to treat lice infestation of the head and body. Benzyl benzoate is not the treatment of choice for scabies due to its irritant properties.
|
liquid
|
Used to kill lice and the mites responsible for the skin condition scabies.
|
Benzyl benzoate is one of the older preparations used to treat scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterised by severe itching (particularly at night), red spots, and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is lethal to this mite and so is useful in the treatment of scabies. It is also used to treat lice infestation of the head and body. Benzyl benzoate is not the treatment of choice for scabies due to its irritant properties.
|
Benzyl benzoate exerts toxic effects on the nervous system of the parasite, resulting in its death. It is also toxic to mite ova, though its exact mechanism of action is unknown. In vitro, benzyl benzoate has been found to kill the Sarcoptes mite within 5 minutes.
|
No data are available on percutaneous absorption of benzyl benzoate. Some older studies have suggested some percutaneous absorption, however the amount was not quantified.
|
Rapidly hydrolyzed to benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol, which is further oxidized to benzoic acid. The benzoic acid is conjugated with glycine to form hippuric acid.
|
Oral, rabbit: LD<sub>50</sub> = 1680 mg/kg; Skin, rabbit: LD<sub>50</sub> = 4000 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include blister formation, crusting, itching, oozing, reddening, or scaling of skin; difficulty in urinating (dribbling); jerking movements; sudden loss of consciousness.
| null | null | null | null | null |
Organic compounds
|
Benzenoids
|
Benzene and substituted derivatives
|
Benzoic acids and derivatives
|
[
"approved"
] |
[
"P03AX",
"P03A",
"P03",
"P"
] |
[
"Sarcoptes scabiei"
] |
[
{
"cost": "0.16",
"description": "Benzyl benzoate",
"unit": "ml"
}
] |
[] |
Acarobenzyl | Benylate | Benzevan | Benzoate de benzyle | Benzoesäurebenzylester | Benzoic acid phenylmethylester | Benzoic acid, benzyl ester | Benzoic acid, phenylmethyl ester | Benzyl benzoat | Benzyl benzoate | Benzylis benzoas | Phenylmethyl benzoate | 3.1.1.79 | HSL | Monoacylglycerol lipase LIPE | REH | Retinyl ester hydrolase
|
[] |
[
"Acaril-S",
"Acarilbial",
"Acarsan",
"Acil",
"Antiscabiosum",
"Antiscabiosum für Kinder",
"Ascabiol",
"Ascalol",
"B.B. Lotion",
"BE BO",
"Benzalcor",
"Benzilbenzoat",
"Benzogal",
"Benzotal",
"Bezo",
"Finsarna",
"Gensarna",
"Miticocan",
"Novoscabin",
"Opele",
"Pharcobenzyl",
"Sanasar",
"Saniscabis",
"Scabicon",
"Scabiex",
"Scabin",
"Scabisol",
"Scabitox",
"Tekoce",
"Zilaben"
] |
[] |
[
"Q05469"
] |
[] |
[] |
[] |
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