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# Catherine Ryan Hyde
## Online works {#online_works}
- [Five Singing Gardeners and One Dead Stranger](http://www.literal-latte.com/1998/03/five-singing-gardeners-and-one-dead-stranger/), nominated for Pushcart Prize
- [\"Hurricane Laura\", *Virginia Quarterly Review*, Autumn 2000, pp.721-735](http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2000/autumn/hyde-hurricane-laura/)
## Current writing career {#current_writing_career}
Since the success of *Pay It Forward*, Hyde has gone on to publish a total of more than 24 novels, and many more short stories, including major YA works such as *The Year of My Miraculous Reappearance*, *Becoming Chloe*, and an LGBT /YA Novel *Jumpstart the World*, which garnered several nominations \"shortlist\" mentions for awards such as the \"Best Read of the Year award at the British Book Awards and as a Lambda Literary Award Finalist in 2011.
## Photography
Catherine has been posting digital versions of wildlife in and around Cambria and on many of her travels for many years, including some of her own \"pay it forward\" style activities. Featured subjects include wildlife, wildflowers, sunsets, and photographs of interesting cloud formations that she refers to as \"done by the Cloud Painter\". Many of her best photographs are included in a special \"coffee table\" book of photographs called More recently, Hyde
## Notable activities {#notable_activities}
She has served on the 1998 fiction fellowship panel of the Arizona Commission on the Arts, and on the editorial staff of the *Santa Barbara Review* and *Central Coast Magazine.* She teaches workshops at the Santa Barbara, La Jolla, and Central Coast Writers Conferences.
She is founder and past president of the Pay It Forward Foundation. As a professional public speaker she has addressed the National Conference on Education, twice spoken at Cornell University, met with Americorps members at the White House, and shared a dais with Bill Clinton.
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# Catherine Ryan Hyde
## Works
### Novels
- *Funerals for Horses* (1997). \"Earthquake Weather\", a related short story, appears in *Earthquake Weather and Other Stories* (1998)
- \'\'Pay It Forward (1999; Young Reader\'s Edition 2014)
- *Electric God* (UK Edition: *The Hardest Part of Love*)(2000)
- *Walter\'s Purple Heart* (2002)
- *Love in the Present Tense* (2006)
- *Becoming Chloe* (2006) (Related to \"Always Chloe\", a novella published in the eponymous 2013 short story collection.)
- *The Year of My Miraculous Reappearance* (2007)
- *Chasing Windmills* (2008)
- *The Day I Killed James* (2008)
- *Diary of a Witness* (2009)
- *When I Found You* (2009)
- *Second Hand Heart* (2010)
- *Jumpstart the World* (2010)
- *Don\'t Let Me Go* (2011)
- *When You Were Older* (2012)
- *Walk Me Home* (2013)
- *Where We Belong* (2013)
- *Take Me with You* (2014)
- *The Language of Hoofbeats* (2014)
- *Worthy* (2015)
- *Ask Him Why* (2015)
- *Leaving Blythe River* (2016)
- *Say Goodbye for Now* (2016)
- *Allie and Bea* (2017)
- *The Wake Up* (2017)
- \"Heaven Adjacent\" (2018)
- \"Just After Midnight\" (2018)
- \"Have You Seen Luis Velez?\" (2019)
- \"Stay (2019)
- \"Brave Girl, Quiet Girl\" (2020)
- \"My Name is Anton\" (2020)
- \"Seven Perfect Things\" (2021)
- \"Boy Underground : A Novel\" (2021)
- \"Dreaming of Flight\" (2022)
- \"So Long, Chester Wheeler\" (2022)
- \"Just A Regular Boy\" (2023)
- \"A Different Kind of Gone\" (2023)
- \"Life, Loss, and Puffins\" (2024)
### Short story collections {#short_story_collections}
- *Earthquake Weather and Other Stories* (1998)
- *Subway Dancer and Other Stories* (2013)
- *Always Chloe and Other Stories* (2013). (Includes the title novella.)
### Nonfiction
- *365 Days of Gratitude: Photos from a Beautiful World* (2014)
- *How to be a Writer in the E-Age\...And Keep Your E-Sanity* (2012, with Anne R
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# U.S. Special Delivery (postal service)
**U.S. Special Delivery** was a postal service paid for with additional postage for urgent letters and postal packets which are delivered in less time than by standard or first class mail service. Its meaning is different and separate from express mail delivery service. Essentially it meant that a postal packet was delivered from a post office to the addressee immediately once it arrived at the post office responsible for delivering it, rather than waiting for the next regular delivery to the addressee.
## Origin
The U.S. Post Office in conjunction with the Universal Postal Union established a basis for a special service for speedier delivery of mail for an extra fee beginning in 1885. Special Delivery was at first limited to post offices that operated in townships with populations of 4,000 or more. In 1886 Congress revised Special Delivery service to all U.S. post offices. Special Delivery service was in operation from 1885 to 1997 whereby the letter would be dispatched immediately and directly from the receiving post office to the recipient rather than being put in mail for distribution on the regular delivery route.
## Special Delivery stamps {#special_delivery_stamps}
In 1885 Congress enacted the use of *\"a special stamp of the face valuation of ten cents \... \[that\] when attached to a letter, in addition to the lawful postage thereon \... shall be regarded as entitling such letter to immediate delivery.\"* The first Special delivery stamp was printed by the American Bank Note Company and issued on October 1, 1885. It could not be used to prepay postage or any other service. The stamp bears the words *\"Secures immediate delivery at a special delivery office,\"*. In 1886 the Special Delivery service was expanded to all post offices and a new stamp was designed. The revised stamp was identical to the first issue of 1885 but instead bore the statement *\"Secures immediate delivery at any post office.\"* The release of the revised stamp was delayed by the Post Office until 1888, however, allowing supplies of the first issue to be sold beforehand. But the usage of such stamps had their drawbacks. Special Delivery only served communities whose population was over 4,000 people and could not guarantee delivery by a specific time. To be valid the Special Delivery stamp had to be affixed to the envelope along with all other postage and could not be used to prepay regular and airmail postage.
Five distinct issues showing the running messenger were made. Beginning in 1902 and continuing for 20 years, Special Delivery messengers were issued bicycles to deliver the mail and correspondingly a stamp was issued that year which depicted a messenger riding a bicycle and delivering the mail.
In 1908 a helmet of the god Mercury was briefly used for the design, with the stamp often called the *Merry Widow* issue after a popular opera in which the lead singer wore a large hat. The bicycle design was reinstated and continued with subsequent issues having differences in perforations and watermarks. The series ended in 1922 when a messenger riding a motorcycle was shown, replaced by a truck in 1925. In the following years the truck and motorcycle pictures reappeared as rates changed and various color, printing and perforation varieties were created.
Finally in 1954 a design featuring hands passing a letter went into use. The last image, instituted in 1969, portrayed arrows. Overall philatelists recognize 23 separate issues of special delivery stamps spanning the years 1885 to 1971. In addition, three Airmail Special Delivery stamps were issued in the 1930s, two regular ones and an imperforated issue specially produced by Postmaster General James Farley. In used condition none of the special delivery stamps are particularly scarce.
In 1977, the Postal Service introduced Express Mail; the two services operated concurrently for the next 20 years. On June 7, 1997, the United States Postal Service terminated Special Delivery mail service which left many unused Special Delivery stamps in circulation that were no longer valid for such postage. The remaining stamps were allowed to be returned to the Post Office for their face value as \"services were not rendered\"
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# Forrest, Western Australia
**Forrest** is a former small railway settlement and stopping place on the Nullarbor Plain, 85 km west of the Western Australia / South Australia state border, established in 1916 during construction of the Trans-Australian Railway. It is on the part of the railway that is the longest -- at 478.193 km -- stretch of straight railway line in the world.`{{refn|group=note|The "long straight" extends from about {{convert|4.0|km|mi|abbr=off}} east of Nurina in Western Australia to {{convert|11.3|km|mi|abbr=off}} east of [[Watson, South Australia|Watson]] in [[South Australia]]. The end-point coordinates are {{coord|30.975912|S|126.668499|E|format=dms}} and {{coord|30.469521|S|131.627055|E|format=dms}} respectively.<ref>{{cite conference |url= https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/6937092|title= History of the Australian National Railways Commission, part 1: 1978–1990 |last= Ramsey |first= John |date= 2008 |book-title= Proceedings of the 2008 convention |location=Adelaide |conference=Modelling the Railways of South Australia }}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} In the `{{CensusAU|2021}}`{=mediawiki}, the settlement and surrounding area had \"no people or a very low population\".
The settlement was named after Sir John Forrest, the explorer who became the first Premier of Western Australia. He was much involved in the push for Australia\'s federation and was the pre-eminent advocate for building the Trans-Australian Railway.
Forrest no longer functions as a minor station as it did when established to service steam locomotives and maintain track. For six decades, a succession of about a dozen railway families lived there to provide essential operational and engineering services. However, from 1951, when steam engines were replaced by diesel locomotives that did not have to stop regularly for water and were very reliable, fewer employees were needed. Later, successive engineering changes -- from timber to concrete sleepers, introduction of continuous welded rail, and mechanisation of track maintenance -- continued to reduce the need for labour. Eventually all railway facilities were demolished, except for a rest house to accommodate transiting railway workers. After 1997, when the assets of Australian National Railways were sold to private operators, all maintenance of track and facilities was undertaken by non-resident contractors. The track configuration `{{As of|2017|lc=yes}}`{=mediawiki} was a 2.6 km crossing loop, a goods loop of 540 m and a short camp-train siding for emergency use.
The sole passenger train on the western part of the Trans-Australian Railway, the *Indian Pacific*`{{spaces|thin}}`{=mediawiki} experiential tourism train, does not stop there.
Forrest Airport is an important stopping place on the east--west air route for refuelling aircraft with short-range flight capacity. It was established in 1929, when it was the overnight stop on the first scheduled passenger air service between Perth and Adelaide, operated by West Australian Airways from 1929 to 1934. It has been in continuous use since then. Today, the airfield consists of two sealed runways 1350 m and 1520 m long, a large aircraft parking hangar, and Avgas and Jet A1 aviation fuel refuelling points. `{{As of|2023}}`{=mediawiki}, nearby cottages could be booked for overnight accommodation.
By road, Forrest is accessible only by unsealed tracks from the Eyre Highway at Eucla and Mundrabilla, about 110 km to the south-east and south respectively.
## Popular Culture {#popular_culture}
In November 2024, filmmaker Yannick Jamey released a 14 minute documentary featuring the residents of Forrest titled \"The Big Wait\".
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# Forrest, Western Australia
## Climate
Forrest has a typical arid climate but it is cooler in summer than much of the Australian desert because it is 120 km from the Southern Ocean. Despite this, `{{As of|2021|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki} Forrest held the record for the equal 6th-hottest temperature in Australia, 49.8 C being recorded on 13 January 1979. `{{Weather box
|location = Forrest, Australia (averages: 1993–2025; temperature extremes: 1946–present.<small>note: a standard 30-year data compilation period has not been used</small>)
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|Jan record high C = 49.8
|Feb record high C = 47.5
|Mar record high C = 46.5
|Apr record high C = 40.9
|May record high C = 36.9
|Jun record high C = 31.3
|Jul record high C = 30.1
|Aug record high C = 34.4
|Sep record high C = 39.9
|Oct record high C = 43.3
|Nov record high C = 45.5
|Dec record high C = 49.5
|Jan high C = 33.1
|Feb high C = 32.3
|Mar high C = 29.3
|Apr high C = 26.3
|May high C = 22.3
|Jun high C = 19.2
|Jul high C = 18.9
|Aug high C = 21.1
|Sep high C = 24.7
|Oct high C = 27.6
|Nov high C = 29.8
|Dec high C = 31.7
|Jan record low C = 6.6
|Feb record low C = 6.3
|Mar record low C = 5.7
|Apr record low C = 2.3
|May record low C = -0.5
|Jun record low C = -4.3
|Jul record low C = -4.5
|Aug record low C = -3.3
|Sep record low C = -2.1
|Oct record low C = 0.9
|Nov record low C = 2.6
|Dec record low C = 4.6
|Jan low C = 16.5
|Feb low C = 16.4
|Mar low C = 14.6
|Apr low C = 12.0
|May low C = 8.6
|Jun low C = 6.0
|Jul low C = 5.0
|Aug low C = 6.0
|Sep low C = 8.2
|Oct low C = 10.8
|Nov low C = 13.1
|Dec low C = 15.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 22.6
|Feb rain mm = 26.0
|Mar rain mm = 23.2
|Apr rain mm = 15.2
|May rain mm = 15.0
|Jun rain mm = 14.5
|Jul rain mm = 13.8
|Aug rain mm = 12.9
|Sep rain mm = 13.2
|Oct rain mm = 11.5
|Nov rain mm = 25.1
|Dec rain mm = 23.7
|Jan rain days = 4.5
|Feb rain days = 3.6
|Mar rain days = 5.4
|Apr rain days = 4.8
|May rain days = 5.5
|Jun rain days = 7.9
|Jul rain days = 6.6
|Aug rain days = 5.4
|Sep rain days = 3.9
|Oct rain days = 4.4
|Nov rain days = 5.1
|Dec rain days = 4.4
|source = Bureau of Meteorology<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://reg.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_011052_All.shtml
|title = Climate Statistics for Forrest, WA
|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
|access-date = 21 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://reg.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_011004_All.shtml
|title = Climate Statistics for Forrest Aero, WA
|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]
|access-date = 21 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2019&mon=12&day=19|title=Highest daily maximum temperatures for Australia - 19 December 2019 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=bom.gov
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# John of Mirecourt
**John of Mirecourt**, also known as *Monachus Albus* (\'the White Monk\'), was a Cistercian scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century, from Mirecourt, Lorraine. He was a follower of William of Ockham; he was censured by Pope Clement VI.
## Life and Writings {#life_and_writings}
Very little is known of the life of John of Mirecourt, but it seems that he was born at Mirecourt in Lorraine between 1310 and 1315. He lectured at the Cistercian College of St. Bernard in Paris, and rose to the height of his philosophical and theological fame around the year 1345. He is credited with writing a commentary on Peter Lombard\'s Sentences, and two subsequent apologies which were responses to various criticisms of his commentary. He wrote two versions of his commentary; the first of which was attacked by a Benedictine called Johannes Normanus. Mirecourt replied by issuing a *Declaratio* in which he explained the meanings behind his propositions. Nevertheless, acting upon the recommendation of the faculty of theology at the University of Paris, Robert of Bardis, the University chancellor, condemned 41 propositions that were drawn from Mirecourt\'s writings on the Sentences. Mirecourt responded to this condemnation by writing a second apology to no avail: he was censured in Paris by Pope Clement VI in 1347. After this censure, nothing further is known of him, including any approximation as to the date of his death. There is some speculation that scholarly jealousy and academic politics made up a portion of the motivation behind Mirecourt\'s censure; and as Mirecourt was not radical in all of his philosophical views, it is not unsubstantiated that his censure was in part the result of some ill-will from various of the nominalist factions.
### Philosophical thought {#philosophical_thought}
#### Knowledge and Intuition {#knowledge_and_intuition}
Mirecourt reasoned that there are two kinds of certain knowledge: (1) \'the principle of non-contradiction,\' and (2) \'the immediate intuition of one\'s existence\'. The most undoubtedly of all things that can be known fall to this first kind of knowledge, as well as all analytic judgements that are reducible to it. Mirecourt distinguishes between two kinds of evidence of these kinds of knowledge: (1) special and (2) natural. Special evidence comes from the principle of non-contradiction, and natural evidence is that which is gained empirically. Mirecourt thought natural evidence to be weaker than special evidence because he understood God to be both absolutely powerful and the producer of miracles (as taken to be some occurrence outside of what is otherwise empirically observable).
It is speculated that Mirecourt was censured due to his rigid views regarding the reliance of everything upon the will of God. Mirecourt held the view that anything physical or moral is wholly depended on the entirely free will of God. This was a controversial view because it held God responsible for willing not only all that is good, but also all that is not good. This stood in rather severe contradistinction to the commonly accepted view of Mirecourt\'s contemporaries which were centered on the premise of an all-good God. Mirecourt stated that some temptations cannot be overcome without a miracle from God. Such temptations included resisting the urge to have sexual relations with another man\'s wife. If this miracle is not given, Mirecourt argued that the action is then to be called neither adultery, nor a sin.
Mirecourt is most well known for his theories on the infinite. He was chiefly concerned with species and perfections. God possessed the highest degree of perfection on his scale; and all creatures were infinitely distant from him. Mirecourt held that it is impossible to measure perfections because of the infinite distance they have from God. Thus, all that can be known is that any species either exceeds, or is exceeded by, some other species in a scale of perfections.
#### Nominalism
Mirecourt is generally thought to be a nominalist, and is often thought of as being a follower of William Ockham. Mirecourt rejected the idea of an imperfect intuitive cognition, however, which is a considerable departure from Ockham. The two, though, are generally in accord, especially with respect to their epistemological views.
#### Epistemology
Both Mirecourt and Ockham describe abstractive and intuitive cognition in very similar ways: both men think of knowledge as starting with intuitive cognition. Both men also distinguish between judgement and simple apprehension. In addition, both assert a need for close connections between a cognition and its object.
#### Influences
Mirecourt was chiefly influenced by the philosophy of Nicholas of Autrecourt, William Ockham, and to a minimal degree, Gregory of Rimini, and perhaps even Thomas Bradwardine. Nearly all of the major figures of Mirecourt\'s day accepted the basic tenets of nominalism, to some degree, and Mirecourt was no different in this respect. He was particularly influenced by the radical nominalist views of Nicholaus of Autrecourt, who was forced to burn his writings in 1347
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# Picos de Europa National Park
The **Picos de Europa National Park** (*Parque Nacional de Picos de Europa*) is a National Park in the Picos de Europa mountain range, in northern Spain. It is within the boundaries of three autonomous communities, Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León, which are represented on the body which runs the park. The park is also a popular destination for hikers and trekkers.
## History
It was the first of the National Parks of Spain. When it was created 22 July 1918 with help from Pedro Pidal, 1st Marquess of Villaviciosa de Asturias, it covered the western part of today\'s national park, centered on the Lakes of Covadonga. The *Parque Nacional de la Montaña de Covadonga*, as it then was called, had an area of 169.25 km². On 30 May 1995 and then on 3 December 2014, the park was extended to include its current total area of 671.27 km².
On 9 July 2003, UNESCO approved Biosphere Reserve status for the National Park. Picos de Europa is one of several biosphere reserves in the Cantabrian Mountains which are being integrated into a single super-reserve to be known as \"Gran Cantábrica\".
## Geography
The total area of the park is 671 km² and is shared by Castilla y León, Asturias, and Cantabria. The highest point of the park is in Torre de Cerredo peak, 2,648 m AMSL and the lowest point is 75 m AMSL in the Deva River, that is, a vertical drop of 2,573 m.
The geological features of the park show the effects of glacial erosion on the limestone massifs that form the Cantabrian Mountains. The human population is about 1300.
Vega de Liordes, an enclave in the León sector of Picos de Europa belonging to the municipality of Posada de Valdeón registered -35.8 C, a record low temperature, on January 7, 2021.
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
Several types of woods can be found in the area; trees include beeches and Cantabrian Holm Oaks.
There are many protected animal species, like the Cantabrian capercaillie (*Tetrao urogallus cantabricus*), the Bearded vulture (*Gypaetus barbatus*), the Cantabrian brown bear and the Iberian wolf (*Canis lupus signatus*). The most representative animal of the Picos de Europa is the Cantabrian chamois (*Rupicapra pyrenaica parva*) or rebeco, of which there are many sculptures around the park
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# 2005 Transnistrian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Transnistria on 11 December 2005. They were won by the Obnovlenie, an NGO which, together with their allies, beat long-time President Igor Smirnov\'s Republic party. Following its victory, in June 2006, Obnovlenie was registered as a political party.
## Results
According to PMR data, only 15 of the 43 members of its parliament (MPs) were born in the PMR territory (including 12 in Transnistria proper, and 3 in the Bessarabian area in and around the city of Bender, which is controlled by PMR), while 4 others in the rest of Moldova, with the remainder mainly born in Russia or Ukraine. Igor Smirnov, the leader of PMR, arrived in the region in 1987. Most of the MPs who were born elsewhere had moved to the region ten years or more before the conflict erupted.
## Aftermath
The victory of Obnovlenie enabled the party to change the long-term speaker of the Supreme Council, Grigore Mărăcuţă. On 28 December 2005, the leader of Renewal, Yevgeny Shevchuk was elected new speaker
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# Jules de Burlet
**Jules Philippe Marie de Burlet** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒyl filip maʁi də byʁlɛ}}`{=mediawiki}; 10 April 1844 -- 1 March 1897) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of Belgium from 1894 to 1896.
## Career
Born in Ixelles, de Burlet was educated as a lawyer. He practised law in Nivelles, where he made his home, and he served as mayor of the town from 1872 to 1891.
From 1884 he represented the Nivelles constituency in the Belgian Chamber of People\'s Representatives. In 1891 he became Interior minister and in 1894 he left the chamber and became a member of the Belgian Senate. At the same time he became the prime minister of Belgium until 1896. On leaving office he was made an honorary minister of State and served as Belgian ambassador to Portugal in 1896--1897.
He died in Nivelles in 1897
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# Advance Australia Party (1988)
The **Advance Australia Party** (**AAP**), founded in 1988 as the **Rex Connor Labor Party**, was a minor political party in Australia. It was a populist party founded on a platform of Australian nationalism.
## History
The party was founded in 1988 by Rex Connor Jr, the son of former Whitlam government Minister, Rex Connor, after leaving the Australian Labor Party. The party was formed in opposition to the embracing of social and economic liberalism by the Liberal and Labor parties. It was registered on 14 July 1989, but deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 5 December 2005 for failing to endorse a candidate in the previous four years.
Connor contested the 1990 federal election in the seat of Cunningham and received 12.8% of the vote, contesting Throsby in 1993 and received 10.48% of the vote. The party last contested a federal election in 2001.
As of 2006, the President of AAP was Rex Connor Jr.
## New South Wales party {#new_south_wales_party}
A party of the same name`{{which|when was the name changed?|date=January 2022}}`{=mediawiki} was formed in 2019 to contest the New South Wales state election. According to its website, the leader was Ray Brown, a former deputy mayor of The Hills Shire Council. Brown was also leader of the Building Australia Party
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# Andrey Savelyev
**Andrey Nikolayevich Savelyev** (*Андрей Николаевич Савельев*) is a Russian politician and a former member of the Russian State Duma. He was elected to the Duma in December 2003 as a member of the Rodina faction and is currently Chairman of the Great Russia Party. He did not stand for re-election in 2007 as his party was denied registration by the Central Election Commission of Russia.
## Background
Savelyev was born in Svobodny, Amur Oblast on 8 August 1962. He graduated from the Department of Molecular and Chemical Physics of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1985. During the years 1985--1990 Savelyev worked at N.N. Semyonov Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Energy Problems in Chemical Physics, RAS. He received his Ph.D. in chemical physics in 1991. He also received a doctorate in political science in 2000. Before being elected to the Duma he was a university lecturer, and had been involved in a number of nationalist and patriotic political organisations in Russia.
## Political career {#political_career}
He was elected to the Moscow City Duma in 1990 and worked on Alexander Lebed\'s campaign for the Russian Presidency in 1996. Between 1999 and 2000 he worked as a speechwriter for the nationalist deputy Dmitry Rogozin. Savelyev is currently Chairman of the committee for the Commonwealth of Independent States and Relations with Compatriots in the Duma. He also served on the governing body of Rodina before the party\'s merger with the Russian Pensioners\' Party and the Russian Party of Life in October 2006.
He gained some notoriety in 2004 when he was involved in a brawl with the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Savelyev is a grand master at Tai Kwon Do and the brawl had to be broken up by other lawmakers. The footage of the fight is available on YouTube. Savelyev gained further recognition when, alongside Rogozin and three other Rodina deputies, he went on hunger strike to protest against changes to the system of social welfare in Russia. The strike lasted a week before being called off by the participants.`{{when|date=December 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
Following the merger of Rodina into Fair Russia, Savelyev refused to join the new party. He is now a member of the Congress of Russian Communities along with his former boss, Dmitry Rogozin. Since April 2007, Savelyev has been Head of the Committee of the Great Russia Party. From May 2007 he has been the party\'s Chairman
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# Spreepark
**Spreepark** is a former amusement park in the north of the Plänterwald in the Berlin district Treptow-Köpenick (formerly part of the GDR-controlled East Berlin). It was also known by its earlier name **Kulturpark Plänterwald Berlin**.
## History
### 1969--1989 -- Kulturpark Plänterwald {#kulturpark_plänterwald}
The entertainment park was opened in 1969 as Kulturpark Plänterwald, covering an area of 29.5 hectares. The area is situated in the north of the Plänterwald, next to the river Spree. It was the only constant entertainment park in East Germany, and the only such park in either East or West Berlin.
### 1989--2001 -- Spreepark Berlin {#spreepark_berlin}
The VEB Kulturpark Berlin was de-nationalized in 1991, after East and West Germany were reunified, by the municipal authorities of Berlin. There were seven applicants to run the park; the company Spreepark Berlin GmbH received the contract. Crucially, the references of Norbert Witte of the company were not properly checked.
Under the Spreepark GmbH, new attractions were added and visitor numbers reached 1.5 million per annum. Later, the concept was changed, and the park was gradually transformed into a more Western-style amusement park. An entrance fee (adults: 29 DM, children: 27 DM) covering all individual attractions was charged, instead of visitors paying for each individual ride as before.
The asphalted surface around the Ferris wheel was taken up and converted into a water landscape. Roller coasters, two game water courses, a stage, a Western town and an English village were later added to the park.
From 1999 the park had large debts. An increase in the admission fee to 30 DM per person and the lack of parking contributed to a drop in visitor numbers, until, in 2001, only 400,000 visitors entered the park. In 2001, Spreepark GmbH announced that they were insolvent.
### After 2002 {#after_2002}
On 18 January 2002, Norbert Witte, together with his family and closest coworkers, moved to Lima, Peru. The authorities permitted them to ship six attractions (Fliegender Teppich, Butterfly, Spider, Baby-Flug, Wild River, and Jet Star), ostensibly for repair, in 20 shipping containers.
Since 2002, the park has not opened for visitors; in August 2002 it was declared insolvent. Debts at a level of €11,000,000 remained, and the area was allowed to fall into disrepair. The Ferris wheel was dismantled in 2021 and the parts kept for potential re-use. The remains of other attractions are still on the site.
In 2011, a scene for the action film *Hanna* was filmed at the park, as well as the music video for the single \"Run Dry\" by German band Sizarr.
Norbert Witte failed in his attempt to run a \"Lunapark\" in Lima. On 19 May 2004, he was sentenced to seven years in jail for attempting to smuggle 180 kg of cocaine with a value of £14 million from Peru to Germany in the masts of the Fliegender Teppich (Flying Carpet) ride. In October 2006, a Peruvian court sentenced Wittes\' son, Marcel Witte, to 20 years for drug smuggling.
After 2011, guided tours were offered to the public at restricted times.
In March 2014, the City of Berlin bought the Spreepark, and guided tours ended. On the evening of 10 August 2014, major parts of the park were destroyed in a fire. Reports indicated that firefighters discovered two blazes 200 m apart that soon merged, suggesting that the fires might have been deliberately set.
The city chose Grün Berlin to restore the park, with a plan presented to the public in 2018 to restore it with an overlay of cultural and ecological content.
## Gallery
Image:Berlin Spreepark UAV 04-2017 img5.jpg\|Aerial view with ferris wheel Berlin Spreepark UAV 04-2017 img3.jpg\|Ferris wheel, detail Berlin Spreepark UAV 04-2017 img4.jpg\|Ferris wheel, detail Image:Treptower rollercoaster.jpg\|SpreeBlitz Image:Treptower_swans.jpg\|Swan ride Image:Treptower_boat.jpg\|Pirate ship Image:Euroloop Europark 2
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# Gabriele Tagliaventi
**Gabriele Tagliaventi** (born 1960 in Bologna, Italy) is an Italian architect, associated with the European Urban Renaissance and New Urbanism movements in Europe.
## Biography
Tagliaventi was coordinator of the EU Program on medium-sized cities from 1993 to 1996 and visiting professor at the University of Miami School of Architecture from 1995 to 1997. Authors of various projects of architecture and town-planning, has received the 1st Prize at the International Competition for the Reconstruction of the Laeken Street in Brussels (1989), one of the five 1st Prizes at the International Competition for the Reconstruction of the Warsaw City Core (1992), the 1st Prize at the International Competition for the Reconstruction of the Marsham Street area in London (1996).
## Publications
- September 1992, (with Liam O\'Connor) \"A Vision of Europe. International Exhibition of Architecture and Urbanism\", catalogue of the Bologna Triennale I of Architecture and Urbanism, Alinea Editions, Firenze
- March 1994, \"Garden Cities\", Gangemi Editions, Roma
- March 1996, \"Urban Renaissance\", catalogue of the Bologna Triennale II of Architecture and Urbanism, Grafis Editions, Bologna
- March 2000, \"The Other Modern 1900--2000. Classical and Traditional Architectures in the Construction of the 20th century city\", Dogma Editrice, Savona
- October 2000, \"Tecniche e Tecnologie dell\'Architettura tra Eclettismo e Storicismo\", Alinea Editore, Firenze
- June 2002, "New Urbanism", A&C Documents N.1, Alinea Editrice, Firenze
- October 2004, "New Civic Architecture
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# Typenturm
A ***Typenturm*** (German for *standard tower*) is a standardised telecommunications tower built of reinforced concrete the former German federal post office (now Deutsche Telekom AG).
Different types of tower were developed and built at different locations, like the series FMT 1 to FMT 16. The individual series differ in each case in the number of antenna platforms and the size of the operating projectile. The types FMT 7 to 10 are without pulpit. The type towers were usually designed on the basis of economic and functional criteria and only secondarily for aesthetics. Compared with structural steelworks, the reinforced concrete construction way is easier in the establishment and maintenance. In Germany there are about 300 towers of this type.
The establishment of these towers began in the mid-1960s, when the Federal Postal Administration developed its radio relay system clearly. In the planning of the type towers engineer Fritz Leonhardt and the architect Erwin Heinle were considerably involved.
Examples of type towers are among other things: Köterberg (FMT 1), Ober-Olm (FMT 1/72), Hüfingen (FMT 1/73), Karlsruhe-Grünwettersbach (FMT 2), Waldenbuch (FMT 2/72), Hoherodskopf (FMT 2/73), Hemmoor (FMT 2/81), Hunau (FMT 3), Bielefeld (FMT 3/72), Gramschatzer Wald (FMT 5), Cleebronn (FMT 6), Seesen (FMT 7), Heidenheim an der Brenz (FMT 8), Saarlouis (FMT 8/73), Landau (FMT 9), Lahr/Schwarzwald (FMT 10), Fehmarn (FMT 11), sending refuge (FMT 12), Moers (FMT 13), Blauen (FMT 14), Schöppingen (FMT 15), Hamburg-Bergedorf (FMT 16).
The communications towers in Münster, Kiel, Bremen and Cuxhaven were planned by an architect of the regional directorate Kiel and actually do not belong to this type of tower. They are therefore called *Sondertürme*, to which e.g. also the Rheinturm, the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm and the Fremersbergturm belong. In addition, the telecommunication tower Koblenz reminded strongly of the type towers FMT 11 to 13, is a special tower, since it is larger substantially more highly and the pulpit than with the type towers
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# UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center
**UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center** is a Teaching hospital located within the city of Santa Monica, California. The hospital was founded in 1926, and is a member of the UCLA Health. The hospital is also known internationally for operating its Rape Treatment Center and the adjoining Stuart House for sexually abused children.
## History
The hospital was founded in 1926 by Drs. William S. Mortensen and August B. Hromadka. In 1942, the hospital was acquired by the Lutheran Hospital Society of Southern California, who also owned California Hospital Medical Center. In 1988, it joined UniHealth America.
In 1986, the \$36 million six-story Merle Norman Pavilion addition was constructed, which held 107 beds and two thirds of them being private rooms. In 1988, LHS merged with HealthWest, the parent company of Northridge Hospital, to form UniHealth.
In 1995, UCLA Medical Center bought Santa Monica Hospital from UniHealth.
In 2007, the 16,000 square foot Nethercutt Emergency Center was opened and contains 22 beds, named after J.B. Nethercutt.
In 2012, the hospital replacement project was finished which started in 2000 the new replacement wings opened. The tower built in 1967 was torn down and made room for a new courtyard. The north wing and central wing make up of the old tower and the only original building existing is the Merle Norman pavilion which is still in use today.
## Orthopedic hospital {#orthopedic_hospital}
The orthopedic practice group at UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center, has been recognized as one of the best orthopedic hospitals in the United States. In 2011, the UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center, opened a new facility next to the existing orthopedic hospital, on 15th Street and Wilshire Blvd.
## Notable births {#notable_births}
- Shirley Temple, actress and diplomat
- Shannon Lee, actress and martial artist
## Notable deaths {#notable_deaths}
- Virginius E. Clark, military aviation pioneer
- Jackie Coogan, actor
- Stan Freberg, voice actor, comedian
- Dick Martin, comedian [1](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-25-me-martin25-story.html)
- Mehli Mehta, violinist, conductor, orchestra founder, father of Zubin and Zarin
- Tom Petty, rock musician, singer-songwriter
- Gene Roddenberry, creator of *Star Trek*
- Clark Shaughnessy, American football coach and innovator of the T formation
- Tamara Toumanova, prima ballerina
- Michael Turner, comic book artist
- Glen A
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# University of Bristol admissions controversy
The **University of Bristol admissions controversy** refers to a historic dispute over the admissions process for the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom which occurred in 2003. The 2003 incident was caused by concerns over bias in the admissions system that were perceived as favouritism towards state school students after the rejection of some students with strong academic records who attended private schools. The university\'s widening participation policy allowed the awarding of slightly lower offers to promising applicants from schools with lower academic achievement. Controversy surrounding this policy resulted in a brief boycott of the university by some independent schools and intense media debate about the fairness of the admissions policy as well as praise and criticism of the policy and the boycott from politicians, student leaders and education groups. The boycott was lifted after two months when the Independent School\'s Council expressed satisfaction with the fairness of the admissions system. Two years later a survey of independent schools concluded that: \"It is likely that rejections which may have seemed discriminatory to parents and schools have in fact, been due to a large rise in suitably qualified applicants\" and independent evidence was compiled suggesting that claims of bias were wildly exaggerated. The controversy has now been superseded by the reality that all British universities have active \"widening participation\" policies designed to increase university applications from lower-achieving schools which tend, de facto, to be state schools.
## Context
Widening participation is a government policy in the United Kingdom which attempts to widen access to higher education by increasing numbers of under-represented groups including ethnic minorities, disabled people and those from lower income families. Widening participation is a strategic aim of the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the body which allocates funding to universities. The Bristol admissions dispute is one of two policial controversies over widening participation that occurred during the 2000s. In 2000 the Laura Spence Affair involved the rejection of a state school student who applied to study medicine at Oxford University and resulted in similar debate about widening participation. Bristol University first introduced a widening participation scheme in 1999 after the Dearing Report, a report which gave recommendations to the government on the expansion and funding of the British higher education system. Bristol\'s policy was in part a result of this report as well as being a principled attempt by the university to attract applications from state schools, something Bristol has traditionally struggled to do.
The aims of the 1999 Participation Strategy were to:
- Increase applications from students from under-represented groups
- Put in place an admissions system to enable admissions tutors to identify and make offers to applicants from under-represented groups who have the potential to complete our programmes successfully, with the aim of increasing the number of entrants from such groups
- Ensure that students from under-represented groups are given the support they need to achieve the learning outcomes and feel comfortable at Bristol, and to encourage integration of students from all backgrounds.
The university\'s widening participation policy was reviewed in 2001 when a report called *The Way Forward* set out how the university could meet HEFCE participation targets. Under the access initiative each UCAS application to Bristol was examined centrally before being passed to University Departments. Applications from schools where the average A-level grades were less than CCC were \"flagged-up\" to alert tutors to disadvantage. Bristol\'s state intake increased from 49.3% in 1998 to 60% in 2003 under the scheme.
Bristol has been described as \"one of the most competitive universities to get into\". At the time of the controversy the university had the third highest private school intake (only Oxbridge was higher) with only 57% of students coming from state school backgrounds. This has led some to label it elitist. In 2003 it was reported that the university has 39,000 applicants for its 3,300 undergraduate places each year. In 2002 Bristol had 2,000 students were hunting 100 places in history, and 1,500 students of English chasing only 47 places, leading *The Guardian* to argue that many well qualified students would be disappointed.
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# University of Bristol admissions controversy
## Boycott
Accusations of bias were first made in 2002 when the Headmasters\' and Headmistresses\' Conference stated that the admissions procedures for Bristol, Durham, London School of Economics, Manchester, UCL and Edinburgh should be examined for bias.
The boycott of the university was announced on 4 March 2003 by the Headmasters\' and Headmistresses\' Conference and the Girls\' Schools Association who expressed concern that the admissions policy could lead to the \"apparently arbitrary rejection of well-qualified candidates\".
In a joint statement they said:
> In these circumstances, we must send a clear message to Bristol. We cannot recommend to our colleagues that they should encourage young people to apply to Bristol until such time as the university can assure us that its procedures are fully documented, fair, objective, transparent and consistently applied.
However, as it is students who decide which Universities to apply to it was not possible for private schools to prevent their students from applying to Bristol, the \"boycott\" amounted to discouraging their students applying there. *The Telegraph* described an academic boycott of this kind as \"unprecedented\". Among the rejected candidates cited as evidence of bias was Rudi Singh a student at King Edward\'s School. Singh was rejected from Bristol yet accepted to the University of Cambridge. Four students with 10A\*s at GCSE and 4 As at A-level were rejected. Two had attended Bedford School. One student, Mark Smith, gained 9 A\*s at GCSE and was predicted 3 As at A-level yet had his application rejected. Sushila Phillips, a student at Westminster School, was rejected from Bristol despite gaining a mark of 296 out of 300 in AS level English. Phillips later stated that she did not believe that she had been rejected because she attended Westminster School and that it was important that Bristol had control over its admissions system.
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# University of Bristol admissions controversy
## Reaction
### University of Bristol {#university_of_bristol}
The university denied any discrimination in the admissions process but reserved the right to take the educational background of students into account when assessing their A-level grades. In a written response to the Independent Schools Council, Vice-Chancellor Eric Thomas stated that the university did not operate a quota system for students from any particular school or social background:
> The university does not practice unfair discrimination, it \[Bristol\] does not operate quotas and it will continue to recruit exceptionally able students from all backgrounds through a selection process that is as fair and straightforward as we can make it. Pupils, not schools, make the decisions about which universities to apply to and we are confident that they will continue to want to study at Bristol.
The university highlighted the fact that it is one of the most popular in the country with over 39,000 students for 3,000 places in 2002. In History, English, Economics and Law competition is so fierce that over 30 students can be competing for one place. In English there were 47 places and 1500 applicants of whom 500 had a perfect A-level score of AAA at A2, meaning that many top candidates were rejected.
Eric Thomas also emphasised the work the university was doing to \"reach out\" beyond the middle-classes. In a BBC interview he stated:
> a huge raft of initiatives have been implemented. Things like summer schools in which we bring students to the university during the summer to see it, we have relationships with local schools and further education colleges.
The University of Bristol stated that it is against any kind of discrimination in the admissions process and that the policy of making lower offers to exceptional students from state schools and disadvantaged backgrounds was not to satisfy the government or gain funding:
> There is no question of the University attempting to widen participation in order to gain Government cash. Bristol agreed its widening participation strategy in 1998 - long before widening participation became part of Government policy. Work in this field is resource-intensive and funding from the Government helps to cover the costs. The University is not motivated by money but by the desire to recruit the best students and by the recognition that if it is to act fairly and avoid missing out on some of the most able people, it must have regard to factors in addition to predicted A-level grades.
Newspapers reported that the admissions controversy created tensions between state and private school pupils at the university. Gus Glover a candidate who lost that year\'s University of Bristol Union presidential election attributed his loss to supporting the admissions policy. However, residents of Wills Hall wrote letters to the newspaper defending the hall against accusations of classism.
### Head teachers {#head_teachers}
The National Association of Head Teachers, a trade union which represents head teachers in the United Kingdom stated that the \"HMC and GSA are guilty of gesture politics of the worst kind\... They are merely shooting themselves in the foot by pursuing a boycott\".
### Media commentators {#media_commentators}
The *Daily Express* criticised the admissions policies in their headlines. The *Daily Express* stated \"More students being turned down for being middle class\".
The then-head of the Commission for Racial Equality Trevor Phillips expressed surprise that his daughter had been rejected. In *The Times* he stated \"Though I have no disagreement with greater access, I would have hoped universities and the government would have a slightly more sophisticated policy than simply \'blacklisting\' independent schools\".
### Politicians
Prime Minister Tony Blair commented on the controversy, stating that university should grant places on the basis of merit rather than class. He added that he wanted to see more working-class people in higher education but was forced to backtrack from comments made by Margaret Hodge which argued that Universities such as Bristol should be set formal targets for widening access.
Charles Clarke, then the Education Secretary, described independent school criticisms as \"ill-informed brouhaha\". He also stated that it would be inappropriate for government to become too involved in university admissions. The then Shadow Education Secretary Damian Green accused the government of trying to \"fiddle admissions for political ends\". Liberal Democrat MP Phil Willis said that \"social engineering is coming ahead of merit and the development of talent.\"
Sir Howard Newby chief-executive of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), the university funding body argued that Bristol\'s admissions policies were fair and accused sections of the media of becoming involved in a \"moral panic\" over positive discrimination.
## Resolution
The controversy resulted in applications to Bristol falling for the first time in a decade in the 2004/05 admissions cycle. Application numbers fell by 5% although Bristol downplayed this attributing the decrease to random fluctuations in the level of applications. The boycott ended on 29 April 2003 when the chairman of the Headmasters\' and Headmistresses\' Conference expressed satisfaction with the admissions policy for Bristol. In response to the controversy the university introduced a new, more transparent admissions policy. In 2005, the Independent Schools Council published a report which cleared Bristol of bias. The report surveyed applications by 20,000 private school pupils and found that in 60 of 300 courses surveyed 98% of private school pupils were offered a place.
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# University of Bristol admissions controversy
## Subsequent developments {#subsequent_developments}
Year State intake (%)
--------- ------------------
2002/3 63.8
2003/4 65.2
2004/5 64.1
2005/6 65.1
2006/7 63.1
2007/8 61.5
2008/09 61.5
2009/10 60.9
2010/11 60.2
2011/12 59.9
In 2009 Bristol rejected giving a \"head start\" to applicants to disadvantaged backgrounds as part of a scheme proposed by Lord Mandelson. Statistics available from the Higher Education Statistics Agency published in 2008 show that Bristol\'s state intake stood at 63.1% a decrease from 65.1% the previous year. Data from 2009/2010 shows Bristol\'s intake from state schools and colleges to be 60.0% an identical figure to 2003 when the controversy over admissions occurred.
In 2012 the university introduced a points based admissions system whereby poorer students "will be given an automatic weighting to their total academic score". During the 2012/13 admissions cycle all undergraduate courses used some form of contextual data but the university has refused to state exactly how their scoring system works.
In 2013 the head of the Headmasters\' and Headmistresses\' Conference Chris Ramsay said that independent schools could consider a repeat of the 2003 \'boycott\' if access agreements agreed by the Office for Fair Access led to systematic discrimination against applicants from independent schools.
> "We can influence \[universities'\] behaviour by advising good students to go or not to go to them, and that's obviously something that I suspect is very relevant to them\...There was a period just under a decade ago where we in independent schools advised students not to apply to Bristol and they didn't like that. It definitely had an impact. If in the end we felt that a university was systematically operating its admissions in a way which was disadvantaging the candidates for whom in the end we speak, we might say that
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# Kevin Holness
**Kevin Holness** (born September 25, 1971) is a former Canadian international soccer player.
## Club career {#club_career}
Holness spent his entire outdoor soccer career in Canada, playing for Winnipeg Fury, Toronto Blizzard, Montreal Impact, Toronto Lynx, Vancouver 86ers and Vancouver Whitecaps FC.
Also, Holness played indoor soccer with Toronto Shooting Stars, Wichita Wings and most prominently with Edmonton Drillers in the NPSL.
## International career {#international_career}
Holness played in all three of Canada\'s games at the 1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship which were held in Canada. He played there in a team also featuring Paul Peschisolido and Carl Fletcher.
He made senior his debut for Canada in a May 1995 Canada Cup match against Northern Ireland and earned a total of 9 caps, scoring 2 goals, both against Honduras at the 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup. His final international was a June 1996 friendly match against Costa Rica.
### International goals {#international_goals}
: *Scores and results list Canada\'s goal tally first.*
\# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
---- ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- ------------------------
1 10 January 1996 Edison International Field, Anaheim, United States 2-0 3-1 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup
2 10 January 1996 Edison International Field, Anaheim, United States 3-1 3-1 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Holness was the inaugural coach of the Saskatoon Accelerators of the Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League before resigning prior to the start of the 2009/2010 season. Holness is currently the technical director for FC Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan
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# Bingen–White Salmon station
**Bingen--White Salmon** is a train station in Bingen, Washington served by Amtrak. The unstaffed station is part of a larger BNSF dispatch center located one block south of Stuben Street (SR 14) in Bingen. The building is orangish-yellow in color.
Rail service through Bingen and nearby White Salmon began on December 15, 1907, when regular service began on the Portland and Seattle Railway. The station was named after both Bingen and nearby White Salmon by a court order in 1910, and formally introduced in 1930 by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway. The current station was built in 1992
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# Beechcraft CT-134 Musketeer
The **Beechcraft CT-134 Musketeer** is a military training derivative of the Musketeer built by Beechcraft for the Canadian Armed Forces. The CT-134 was a single engine, low-wing, four-seat light aircraft with fixed landing gear and a limited aerobatic capability.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
In the early 1960s, the Royal Canadian Air Force's standard elementary training aircraft was the de Havilland DHC-1 Chipmunk. Flight instruction was completed by student pilots on the DHC-1 before they progressed to the then-brand-new Canadair CT-114 Tutor jet trainer. A decision was made by RCAF HQ to remove the DHC-1s from service and not replace them, as it was felt that the CT-114 was easy enough to fly that initial training was not needed. The CT-114 quickly developed a failure rate of near 95% amongst student jet pilots and it was clear that an elementary trainer was needed. Due to the RCAF\'s previous customer relationship with Beechcraft while operating that company\'s Expeditor twin-engine aircraft, a hasty purchase of twenty-four B23 Musketeers was made in 1971. The first CT-134 arrived at CFB Portage la Prairie on March 23, 1971.
The new trainers were designated **CT-134 Musketeer** in the then Canadian Armed Forces. The aircraft purchased were standard Model B23s equipped with the O-360-A4G engine of 180 hp, modified by the addition of a cowling strake, horizontal stabilizer strake and ventral fin to improve spin recovery performance. They were initially serial numbered as 13401-13424, but were re-numbered 134001-134024 to avoid confusion with other CF aircraft serial numbers.
The initial batch of CT-134s was replaced in late 1981 with a purchase of twenty-four more aircraft. These were 1982 model Beechcraft C23 Sundowners and were designated by the CF as **CT-134A Musketeer II**. These were numbered 134025-134048.
The CT-134 was approved for limited aerobatics, including loops, rolls, chandelles and lazy eights.DAOT: *C-12-134-000/MC-000 Canadian Forces Technical Order Operating Checklist Musketeer CT 134,*, CFTMPC, 10 Jul 79
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Both batches of Musketeers served with 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School and the Canadian Forces Flying Instructor School at CFB Portage la Prairie Manitoba and the Canadian Forces Central Flying School, in Winnipeg, until they were replaced by Slingsby Fireflys operated under contract by Bombardier Aerospace in 1992. During their 21 years of service, the CT-134 and CT-134A fleet at 3 CFFTS trained about 5,000 Canadian military pilot graduates.
In operational service, the CT-134 suffered very few accidents. One of the few serious accidents occurred on 23 March 1990 when Musketeer 134229 had an engine failure on take-off from Erickson Municipal Airport at Erickson, Manitoba, while giving familiarization flights to Royal Canadian Air Cadets. The accident was caused by fuel starvation and the aircraft was written off.
Maintenance of the CT-134 fleet was primarily carried out by the CFB Portage la Prairie Base Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Organization, with Depot Level Inspection and Repair (DLIR) being conducted by Field Aviation at Calgary International Airport in Calgary, Alberta.
Upon retirement, the CT-134s and CT-134As were not sold for flying use due to the structural problems they all suffered from years of aerobatics. Instead, they were donated to museums or used for air force and civil maintenance training. Some CT-134s still serve as monuments at a few current and former Canadian Forces Bases as well as Royal Canadian Legion halls, a distinction held by very few light aircraft in this class.
In Canadian military service, the aircraft was referred to by student and instructor pilots by the nickname Muskrat.
## Variants
CT-134
: Military version of the B23 Musketeer, powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A4G, 24 built.
`{{Visible anchor|CT-134A}}`{=mediawiki}
: Military version of the C23 Sundowner, powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A4K powerplant,DAOT: *C-12-134-A00/MC-000 Canadian Forces Technical Order Operating Checklist Musketeer CT 134A,*, CFTMPC, 06 Jan 83
24 built
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# Sonderturm
***Sondertürme*** (German for *special towers*) are communications towers of the former federal post office (now Deutsche Telekom AG), constructed of reinforced concrete, which were planned specially for a given location. A *Sonderturm* is typically better equipped than the *Typenturm* towers, and nearly always with a visitor centre. *Sonderturm* towers were established in close vicinity to large cities
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# Kalingi
**Kālingi** (also **Kalinga** and **Kālinji**) is a Hindu warrior caste residing in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. In Andhra, they are primarily found in the erstwhile Srikakulam district with smaller numbers in neighbouring districts. They are predominantly a caste of cultivators. Some of the community members also served as temple priests in the past. They are categorized as an Other Backward Classes (OBC) by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.
## Demographics
Kālingis are one of the dominant castes of Srikakulam district along with Turpu Kapu and Polinati Velama. Kālingis form around 10 percent of the total population of former Srikakulam district. They are heavily concentrated in the talukas of Sompeta, Tekkali and parts of Srikakulam and Palakonda in the district.
## Divisions
In the Telugu parts, the caste is called Kalinga or Kālingi and in the Oriya country they are known as Kālinji.
There are four further divisions among Kalingas like Buragam and Kinthali Kalingas. The other two unpopularly subgroups were Kalinga Brahmana with titles Panda, Patro, Sahoo, Panigrahi and Kalinga Raju. Both Kinthala and Buragam Kalingas are categorized as Other Backward Classes (OBCs) by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Kinthala widows are permitted to remarry if they have no male heir, but Buragam widows are not
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# Gholam Hossein Jahanshahi
**Gholam Hossein Jahanshahi** (Persian: غلامحسين جهانشاهی) was the second son of Mohammad Shafi Jahanshahi, the former head of the supreme court of Iran.
He was born in 1920 in Tehran where he attended his primary and secondary education prior to attending a degree course in law at the University of Tehran.
Subsequent to completing his undergraduate studies at Tehran University he travelled to France to pursue his academic studies at the University of Paris where he completed a PhD course in economics and law at Sorbonne in 1953.
After completion of his studies he returned to Tehran to rejoin his family and commence his career which spanned over 30 years of service in both Public and Private sectors. Some of his posts in Iran prior to 1979 were:
In 1953, he was appointed as a Senior Advisor to Bank Melli Iran followed by being appointed as a Director General of Ministry of Commerce and Economics. In 1957, he was elected as a member of Parliament where he worked until 1961. In 1961, he was appointed to become a founding member and Deputy Trustee of Pahlavi Foundation to lay the foundations of this organisation. in 1962, he was appointed as the minister of commerce to the first cabinet of Asadollah Alam in 1962. He was close to Shah and had intimate relationship with shah\'s sister Ashraf Pahlavi. Between 1964 and 1979 he had various posts which include the following:
• Honorary Economics Professor at Tehran University • Member of Senior Board of Directors of Iran Air • President of Board of Directors of Taavoni Va Towzie Bank • President of Board of Directors of Aria Insurance Company • Special Economic Advisor to Prime Minister's office during Dr Jamshid Amouzegar's Premiership.
Dr Jahanshahi left Iran after the revolution in 1981 and entered life of semi-retirement in France where he lived until his death in January 2005. He is buried at Passy Cemetery in Paris
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# Armstrong Siddeley Serval
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# Nigel Cole
**Nigel Cole** (born 1959) is an English film and television director.
## Career
Cole began his career in the 1980s, directing current affairs shows and documentaries for Central Independent Television. Into the 1990s, Cole co-wrote the play *Sod* with Arthur Smith, which he also directed and presented at the Pleasance during the 1993 Edinburgh Festival. Cole has also directed episodes of *Peak Practice* and *Cold Feet* for television. He also directed many episodes of the British television show *Doc Martin*, including four in the last season (2022). He has also directed *Saving Grace*, *Calendar Girls* and *A Lot Like Love* for cinema.
*Saving Grace* won the World Cinema Audience Award at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival and gained him a nomination for Best Director at that year\'s British Independent Film Awards. *Made in Dagenham* received a BAFTA nomination as Best British Film and a nomination for the Satellite Award for Best Film -- Musical or Comedy.
In 2014, he directed three episodes of the drama series *Last Tango in Halifax*, which aired in December 2014 and January 2015.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cole and actress Kate Isitt have two children, including Matilda Cole, a member of Loud LDN, who has appeared in her father\'s productions *Made in Dagenham* and *The Wedding Video*
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# Gérard Cooreman
**Gérard (Gerard) François Marie Cooreman** (25 March 1852 -- 2 December 1926) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from June to November 1918.
Born in Ghent, Cooreman was trained in law, and practised as a lawyer, but was more active as a businessman and financier, and became involved with Catholic social groups.
In 1892 Cooreman was elected to the Belgian Senate, and from 1898 to 1914 he represented Ghent in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, holding the position of leader of the Chamber from 1908 to 1912.
He held office as Labour and Industry minister for a short time in 1899, and on the fall of Frans Schollaert\'s government in 1911 he was asked to become the prime minister of Belgium and form the new government, but declined. He was appointed an honorary Minister of State in 1912 and left politics in 1914 to become a director of the Société Générale de Belgique.
During the First World War, Cooreman followed the Belgian government into exile at Le Havre. On the fall of Charles de Broqueville, King Albert I of Belgium appointed Cooreman to lead a new government on 1 June 1918. With the end of the war in November 1918, Cooreman resigned as the prime minister.
## Honours
- : Minister of State, by Royal Decree.
- : Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold, By royal Decree of 1918
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# Hubie White
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# Cumberland station (Maryland)
**Cumberland station** is a Amtrak train station in Cumberland, Maryland, United States. The station has one side platform serving the two tracks of the Cumberland Terminal Subdivision. It is served by the daily `{{lnl|Amtrak|Floridian}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
The current waiting shelter for Amtrak service in Cumberland sits on the original site of the Queen City Station. This was a 174-room hotel constructed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1871 with a ballroom, a 400-seat dining room, and gardens and fountains. The station was demolished in 1972, an act which spurred conservation efforts for architecturally and historically significant structures.
Amtrak took over intercity service in May 1971; no service was retained on the B&O mainline. Amtrak restored intercity service on the B&O on September 8, 1971, with the Parkersburg--Washington `{{lnl|Amtrak|West Virginian}}`{=mediawiki}. It was renamed *Potomac Turbo* on February 7, 1972, and *Potomac Special* on May 14, 1972.
The *Potomac Special* was replaced with the Cumberland--Washington `{{lnl|Amtrak|Blue Ridge}}`{=mediawiki} on May 7, 1973. The Cincinnati--Washington `{{lnl|Amtrak|Shenandoah}}`{=mediawiki} was introduced on October 31, 1976; the *Blue Ridge* was cut back to Martinsburg and later became part of the Brunswick Line. On October 1, 1981, the *Shenandoah* was replaced with the Chicago--Washington `{{lnl|Amtrak|Capitol Limited}}`{=mediawiki}. On November 10, 2024, the *Capitol Limited* was merged with the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Silver Star}}`{=mediawiki} as the *Floridian*
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# Đuro Đaković Series 732
The **Đuro Đaković Series 732** is a 44-ton diesel-hydraulic switcher model locomotive series.
<File:2132> locomotive Uljanik (6)
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# Lipgloss (song)
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# Đuro Đaković (company)
**Đuro Đaković Grupa d.d.** is a Croatian metal mechanical engineering group based in Slavonski Brod, Croatia. The company is named after Đuro Đaković, a prominent Yugoslav communist of the Interwar period.
The company\'s origins date to the establishment of a metal engineering factory in Brod in 1921, it expanded throughout the 20th century, becoming a major regional enterprise of its type, active in rail vehicle manufacture including locomotives, industrial boilers, power plant construction, and large scale metal structures including bridges. In the 1990s the company was privatised and a number of businesses became separate entities -- the remainder were grouped under the \'Đuro Đaković Holding d.d.\' group.
## History
### Background
In 1921, the company *Prva jugoslavenska tvornica vagona strojeva i mostova dd Brod na Savi* (First Yugoslavian wagon, machinery and bridge factory company, Brod on the Sava) was established, with 125000 shares of 400 crowns. The factory buildings were constructed by 1922. Croatian industrialist Aleksandar Ehrmann was leading in attracting foreign investment into the firm in 1923.
In 1926, the company constructed its first bridge (over the Tisza near Titel), and its first railway vehicle, and first steam boiler. In 1928 the company produced its first tram (for Belgrade). Development of the company continued in the 1930s with the factory beginning to produce vessels for the chemical industry, cranes, and powered railway vehicles.
During the Invasion of Yugoslavia of 1941 the factory was heavily damaged. Post World War II the factory employed 1330 people (1945), after reconstruction of the war damaged buildings it was renamed *Đuro Đaković Industrija šinskih vozila, industrijskih i energetskih postrojenja i čeličnih konstrukcija Slavonski Brod* in 1947, after Brod born communist politician Đuro Đaković. In the 1950s the company entered into a collaboration with Babcock & Wilcox (1952), and manufactured its first diesel engine (1955), the company also manufactured railway vehicles for domestic use and for export.
The company workforce expanded from 2500 (1952) to over 4500 by 1964; by 1969 the factory had become a major boiler and steel structure manufacturer. During this period the plant began manufacturing GM-EMD locomotives under license. In the 1970s the company\'s interest were extended to nuclear power plant manufacturing -- the company was involved in the construction of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant. Other large scale industrial construction projects included construction of Sugar and Cement factories, and an association with Belgian boiler manufacturer Wanson was formed. A company manufacturing industrial scale expansion joints was established in 1974 in association with Teddington Bellows (UK).
During the 1980s the company diversified into production of agricultural machinery (in association with Deutz-Fahr), vending machines, seamless cylinders (e.g. gas cylinders), and began serial production of the M-84 tank in 1983. Involvement in construction of railway vehicles (including liquified gas wagons), factories, and power plants also continued. By 1986 the company employed over 16000 people.
### Đuro Đaković Holding {#đuro_đaković_holding}
In 1991, the company ***Đuro Đaković*** was formed by shareholding investor founders the *Hrvatski fond za razvoj* (Croatian Development Fund) and the Croatian Railways; in 1993 it became a *dioničko društvo* (joint stock company). During the 1991-5 Croatian war of independence the company manufactured weapons for the Croatian army. In the post war period the company was involved in reconstruction projects, including the reconstruction of several steel river bridges.
The research, testing and certification branch of the company was split in 1993 forming *ĐURO ĐAKOVIĆ-Centar za istraživanje i razvoj d.o.o.* (Duro Dakovic research and development centre).
Several companies were divested from the group, including *Đuro Đaković Kompenzatori d.o.o.* (1995, expansion joints, formerly \'Đuro Đaković-Teddington\'), and *Đuro Đaković-Termoenergetska Postrojenja d.o.o.* (1997, boiler fabrication and commissioning), *Đuro Đaković -- Zavarene posude d.d.* (1996, welded containers, primarily for liquified gas). The steam boiler manufacturing plant became an independent company as *Kotlovi d.o.o.* in 2002, it was renamed *Đuro Đaković Kotlovi d.o.o.* in 2004.
The construction subsidiary *Đuro Đaković Montaža d.d.*, separate company since 1996, manufacturer and installer of power, petrochemical and other industrial plants, steel bridges (since 2004), and oil platforms (since 2003) became a subsidiary of Bilfinger Berger in the Bilfinger Berger Power Services division in 2009.
In 2005, the company was re-capitalised by the Croatian state (122 million Kr), giving a total capitalisation of over 640 million Kr. To balance losses accrued the company\'s shares were devalued (200Kr to 100Kr).
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# Đuro Đaković (company)
## Group structure and operations {#group_structure_and_operations}
The central operating company is Đuro Đaković Holding d.d., and it has stocks listed at the Zagreb Stock Exchange. The majority stakeholder is the Croatian state; in 2007 72% of the company shares were in state control, as of 2012 the state\'s shareholding remained at 72%.
As of 2012 the group is composed of seven companies:
Đuro Đaković Specijalna vozila d.d.
ĐĐ Specijalna vozila manufacturers armoured vehicles, including the M-84D tank, and the Patria AMV 8x8 (under contract from Patria, Finland.), as well as mine clearing vehicles. The companies other main activity is manufacture of rail freight wagons; as of 2012 the product range includes side tipping, bottom discharge, covered including curtain wall and sliding door, ISO container carrying, and tank wagons for bulk powders.
Đuro Đaković Elektromont d.d.
ĐĐ Elektromont provides electrical and other engineering services and products for industrial and public utility use. Products and services include electric process control equipment and power supply design and installation, traffic signals and related equipment, crane overhaul, light metal forming and assembly, and powder coating. Since the beginning of the 21st century the company began to provide civil engineering services for housing, factory, and business construction projects.
Đuro Đaković Inženjering d.d.
ĐĐ Inženjering undertakes design and management of large scale metal structure construction, including structures for power plants, the petrochemical industry (including spherical and cylindrical storage tanks, reactor vessels, columns etc.), other industrial plants (cement, food industry etc.), bridges, and cranes.
Đuro Đaković Proizvodnja opreme d.o.o.
ĐĐ Proizvodnja opreme manufactures large scale metal structures for power and industrial plants, including rotary kiln and mill structures for the cement industry and pressure vessels including columns, heat exchanges and reactors.
Đuro Đaković Strojna obrada d.o.o.
ĐĐ Strojna obrada manufactures rail vehicle wheelsets; locomotive frames; mechanical transmission components for locomotives, agricultural machinery, and other industries; oil well equipment (valves, well heads, pump units); and slewing rings for tanks and windmills.
Đuro Đaković Energetika i infrastruktura d.o.o.
ĐĐ Energetika i infrastruktura is an energy utility provided servicing the industrial complex of Đuro Đaković; it provides compressed air, natural gas, water, waste, telephone, heat and electricity.
Slobodna zona Đuro Đaković Slavonski Brod d.o.o.
The *Slobodna zona Đuro Đaković Slavonski Brod* (Freezone Đuro Đaković Slavonski Brod) is an area of the Đuro Đaković industrial zone in Slavonski Brod assigned to encourage new business developments -- the area has reduced customs, tax, and rates.
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# Đuro Đaković (company)
## Notable products {#notable_products}
### Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
Đuro Đaković manufactured many of the diesel locomotives used by the Yugoslav Railways. In the post World War II period these included over 150 units of JZ 642 and JZ 643 Bo\'Bo\' locomotives built in collaboration with Brissonneau and Lotz between 1961 and 1977, and the JZ 664 Co\'Co locomotives built under license from GM-EMD (EMD G26 type) from 1972 onwards (84 units). The company also built diesel hydraulic shunters (JZ 732 and JZ 733) (165 total) from the late 1960s onwards, as well as license built passenger railcars.
In November 2023, the Djuro Djakovic Special Vehicle unit has signed an agreement with Swiss company to manufacture Tagnpps 95 freight rail carriages worth 23.8 million euro (\$26 million).
Other rail vehicles manufactured included the Zagreb Tramway types TMK 101 and TMK 201.
### Military vehicles {#military_vehicles}
The M-84 tank was created in the 1980s as a local version of the Russian T-72. During the Croatian war of independence the company produced the LOV-1; the first indigenous APC. The M-95 Degman is a prototype Croatian Main Battle Tank developed from the M-84 based on experimental M-91 Vihor. The company also modernizes T-72 tanks, and manufactures rocket launcher and mine sweeping machines.
In 2023, the Bradley Fighting Vehicles for Croatian army are being transported to the Djuro Djaković Special Vehicles (DDSV) facility where they will be fully refurbished. The extensive refurbishment process will consist of an overhaul of the vehicles' drive train, installation of new weapons systems and armament, painting, and inspection to ensure the vehicles all meet the highest standards of performance.
In early 2024, up to 149 M-84AB tanks were sent to the Djuro Djakovic factory from Kuwait for refurbishment and repairs with the wide belief among military analysts they will be then sent to Ukraine
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# Puran Appu
**Weerahannadige Francisco Fernando**, colloquially known by his nickname **Puran Appu** (Sinhala පුරන් අප්පු) is one of the notable figures of Sri Lanka\'s post-Kandyan history. Regarded colloquially as a national hero, his staunch resistance against British rule made him a symbol of independence and patriotism within many Sri Lankans. He was born on 7 November 1812 and raised in the coastal town of Moratuwa. He left Moratuwa with his family at the age of 13 in the aftermath of a village dispute and stayed in Ratnapura with his uncle, who was the first Sinhalese proctor, eventually settling in Uva Province. In early 1847, he met and married Bandara Menike, the daughter of Gunnepana Arachchi in Kandy.
Despite being an instrumental leader in leading the Matale Rebellion in 1848, the subsequent brutal suppression of the uprising by the British led to his capture along with Gongalegoda Banda and Ven. Kudapola Thera. He was executed by a firing squad on August 8, 1848, with his body being buried in Matale.
## Legacy
Puran Appu lived in Sri Lanka during the period of British colonial rule. Like many other Sri Lankans, Appu gradually grew opposed towards the British. On the 28th of July 1848, Puran Appu initiated a decisive assault on Matale, leading to the city\'s successful capture, despite the failures of other rebel leaders who besieging Kurunegala and Wariyapola.
In a letter written by Governor George Byng, 7th Viscount Torrington towards Earl Grey, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in London dating to October 9, 1849, stated:
> "I remind you of the last words of Puranappu. He held up his hands and said if there had been half a dozen such men as me to lead, there would not be a white man living in the Kandyan Province. This is true. If there had been such leaders, without doubt for a time we should have lost the country."
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# Puran Appu
## Role in the Matale Rebellion {#role_in_the_matale_rebellion}
Francisco (Veera Puran Appu) attended the Wesleyan school in Moratuwa and was a very mischievous boy. After a fight and thrashing the village headman from Lakshapathiya, he fled from Moratuwa in 1825 at the age of 13. He traveled about the country, mostly the hill country -- Haldummulla to Badulla and other places. His uncle, W. Marcellenus Franciscu Fernando, was the first Sinhalese proctor who had a flourishing practice at Ratnapura and in 1840 Francisco stayed with him.
It was at this stage of his career that he headed a band of outlaws and initiated a reign of terror against European planters and officials in Uva, much to the delight of his people, his daring exploits against the Europeans in Sri Lanka soon made him a legendary hero in Sri Lanka.
He was now convinced of the necessity of expelling the British from Sri Lanka.
With this end in view, he conferred with the Sangha of Mahiyangana and Muthiyangana who pledged him their support. This was in 1845. He married a highland woman, Bandara Menike of Harispattuwa, in 1847. They had a daughter. Francisco was now called Puran Appu. He broke into House of Magistrate Dawson of Badulla and was imprisoned and then broke prison. He cursed Major Rodgers who brought a false charge against him and Major Rodgers was struck by lightning in Nuwara Eliya.
The Gazette notification by the Colonial Secretary, Sir James Emerson Tennent on January 1, 1847, offered 10 pounds for his apprehension and described him as follows
"Puranappu originally of Morette, lately of Kandy, trade -- unknown, caste -- fisher (Karava), aged 34 years, height 5 ft 71/2 inches, hair -- long and black, eyes -- light hazel, complexion -- light, well looking, make -- well made, stout, marks of punishment on the back and 4 vaccination marks.
After three weeks of preparation in the early hours of July 28, 1848, a crowd of eight to ten thousand men under Puranappu\'s leadership armed with guns, spears and knives set off for Kandy from Dambulla.
The plan was for Puranappu, Gongalagoda Banda and Dingirala to go in three different directions then meet at Katugastota and attack Kandy on Sunday, 30 July.
Puranappu\'s army first attacked Fort McDowl in Matale. Government buildings and property were ransacked -- kachcheries, jails, rest houses and court house records. The coffee stores of Lieutenant General Herbert Maddock, a key adviser to the Government in Kandy was set on fire. Puran Appu was successful in capturing Matale for a while and the people in another demonstration of popular fervor, proclaimed him King of Kandy.
His success, however, was short-lived. An ill-trained army, equipped with primitive weapons was no match for the superior arms and organisation of the British Half-way between Matale and Kandy, the Sinhala forces, depleted by desertions and their movements betrayed by traitors, were intercepted by British troops and Puran Appu himself was captured and taken to Kandy. With his capture, the Rebellion fizzled out.
Brought to trial before a Court Martial, he was found guilty of having waged war against H.M. Queen Victoria and condemned to be shot.
On August 8, 1848, on the banks of the Bogambara Wewa, Veera Puran Appu was executed.
## Legacy {#legacy_1}
Weera Puran Appu Vidyalaya, a school in Moratuwa is named after him. A new frog species found from Adam\'s Peak, was named *Pseudophilautus puranappu*, by the researchers for his great dedication to protect the country from foreign invasions. A biographical film of Puran Appu was made on 1978, where Ravindra Randeniya acted as Puran Appu
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# Libération-sud
***Libération-sud*** (French for \"Liberation-South\") was a resistance group active between 1940-1944 and created in the Free Zone of France during the Second World War in order to fight against the Nazi occupation through coordinated sabotage and propaganda operations.
## Origins
Libération-Sud was established in a brothel of Clermont-Ferrand by an assortment of French intellectuals and activists including Emmanuel d\'Astier, Pierre Kaan, Jean Cavaillès, Lucie Aubrac and Raymond Aubrac. The first important Resistant group to emerge after the German occupation, it began publishing *Libération* in July 1941. With the support of Daniel Mayer and the clandestine French Section of the Workers\' International (SFIO, socialist party), the Libération-sud group grew rapidly.
## Relationship with other Resistance Movements {#relationship_with_other_resistance_movements}
In 1942 Emmanuel d\'Astier entered talks with Jean Moulin about the possibility of uniting all the resistance groups working in France. After much discussion Moulin persuaded the eight major resistance groups to form the *Conseil National de la Résistance* (CNR, National Council of Resistance). This included D\'Astier\'s *Libération-Sud* as well as *Combat* (Henri Frenay), *Franc-Tireur* (Jean-Pierre Lévy), National Front (Pierre Villon), *Comité d\'Action Socialiste* (Pierre Brossolette) and the *Armée secrète* (Charles Delestraint).
## Positioning
Libération-Sud attempted to oversee and coordinate all resistance activities in the southern zones of France that were unoccupied by Nazi troops. The group positioned itself as a movement \"of the left, with a strong worker presence, socialist, masonic and Christian\'\'
## *Libération* Newspaper {#libération_newspaper}
The first published edition of *Libération*, dated July 1941, resulted in the distribution of over 10,000 copies. In autumn 1942, Jules Meurillon was named in charge of the propaganda and distribution service of the organization and successfully increased the annual circulation of *Libération* to over 200,000 copies by August 1944.
The paper published by Libération-Sud is the same paper that Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July re-founded in 1973
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# Moluccella laevis
***Moluccella laevis***, the **Bells-of-Ireland**, **Bells of Ireland**, **Molucca balmis**, **shellflower** or **shell flower**, is a summer flowering annual, native to Turkey, Syria and the Caucasus. It is cultivated for its spikes of flowers. In the language of flowers, it represents luck.
The tiny white flowers are surrounded by apple green calyces which are persistent. The rounded leaves are pale green.
Fast growing, *Moluccella laevis* will reach 1 metre (3.28 feet) and spread to 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) with an erect, branching habit.
A member of the mint family, the blooming stems can be cut and used in fresh or dried flower arrangements. The domestic plant is self-seeding, prefers full sun and regular water and is unlikely to do well in hot, humid climates
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# James Buller (1717–1765)
**James Buller** (17 June 1717 -- 30 April 1765) of Morval in Cornwall and of Downes and King\'s Nympton in Devon, was a Member of Parliament for East Looe in Cornwall (1741-47) and for the County of Cornwall (1748-1765). He was ancestor of the Viscounts Dilhorne and the Barons Churston and built the Palladian mansion Kings Nympton Park in Devon.
## Origins
He was the eldest son of John Francis Buller (1695-1751), MP for Saltash 1718-1722, of Morval, Cornwall by his wife Rebecca Trelawney (d.1743), daughter and co-heiress of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet, Bishop of Winchester. His younger brothers were the politicians John Buller (1721--1786), MP and Lord of the Admiralty, Francis Buller (1723-1764), MP, and William Buller (1735-1796), Bishop of Exeter.
## Education
He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford.
## Career
Buller was elected MP for East Looe in Cornwall in 1741 and represented that constituency until 1747 In 1748 he was elected MP for Cornwall, sitting until his death in 1765.
## Marriages and children {#marriages_and_children}
Buller married twice:
- Firstly on 19 November 1739, to Elizabeth Gould (d.1742), daughter and co-heir of William Gould of Downes near Crediton, Devon, (which thenceforth became the principal Buller seat) and had by her a son:
- James Buller (1740-1772), the father of James Buller (1766--1827), MP.
- Secondly in 1744 to Lady Jane Bathurst (d.1794), second (or third) daughter of Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst. Between 1746--9 he built for her Kings Nympton Park in Devon. By his second wife, he had three sons and three daughters including:
- John Buller (1745-1793) (eldest son), of Morval, MP for Exeter 1768-74, Launceston 1774-80, West Looe 1780-2, a Lord of the Treasury. He inherited the estate of Morval from his father. John married Anne, the sister of Sir William Lemon in 1770 at Mylor, Cornwall. He was appointed Commissioner of Excise for Great Britain in 1790.
- Sir Francis Buller, 1st Baronet (3rd son) was a judge and was created a baronet in 1790 and was the ancestor of Baron Churston.
- Mary Buller, 3rd daughter, wife of James II Templer (1748-1813) of Stover House, Teigngrace, Devon.
## Death
Buller died in 1765
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# William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton
**William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton** (died 1454) was an important political figure in the late medieval Kingdom of Scotland.
## Life
The son of Sir John Crichton of Crichton, William Crichton is first attested to as one of the Scots noblemen and gentry who were given safe passage into England to meet James I of Scotland, following the latter\'s release from captivity.
Crichton was one of eighteen gentlemen to receive the honour of knighthood at the coronation of King James on 21 May 1424, and was later made a Gentleman of the Bedchamber (*Cambellano*).
In 1426, Crichton, described as a knight and chamberlain (*Dominus Willielmus de Chrichton miles cambellanus noster*), along with William Fowlis, the royal almoner, and Thomas de Cranston, King\'s squire, were sent as envoys to the court of Eric III of Norway to negotiate a continuation of the peace between their respective countries. Upon his return he was appointed governor of Edinburgh Castle, Master of the Royal Household and by 1435 Sheriff of Edinburgh.
In 1437 Crichton, as Keeper of Edinburgh, had control of the six-year-old James II and by 1439 had himself proclaimed Lord Chancellor of Scotland.
During the King\'s minority, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas was Regent. On 24 November 1440, after Archibald\'s death, Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston invited the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas and his brother to dinner in Edinburgh Castle, and murdered them, despite the young King\'s pleas for their lives. This brutal incident of murder and betrayal of hospitality has become known as the \"Black Dinner\" and was an inspiration for the \"Red Wedding\" massacre in the Game of Thrones series.
Crichton was sent in 1448 to the continent, accompanied by the Secretary of State, John de Ralston Bishop of Dunkeld and Nicholas Otterburn who would latterly assume that position. The purpose of this embassy was not only to ratify the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France but to find a bride for the as yet unmarried King James. Crichton and his company proceeded on to the Duchy of Burgundy, where they negotiated with Duke Philip for a suitable match for the King. Mary of Guelders, daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, and niece of Duke Philip was chosen. Crichton escorted the future Queen back to Scotland, where they landed at Leith on 18 June 1449.
In 1449 he founded a collegiate church on his estate at Crichton.
In 1450 he made a considerable loan to James II. He also invested his wealth in Crichton Castle, adding to it and transforming it into an impressive courtyard castle.
William, 1st Lord Crichton died before July 1454.
## Marriage and issue {#marriage_and_issue}
Lord Crichton had, by his wife Agnes (Maitland?), three children:
- Sir James Crichton of Frendraught, who succeeded his father as 2nd Lord Crichton;
- Elizabeth Crichton, married Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly;
- Agnes Crichton, married Alexander Lyon, 2nd Lord Glamis.
## Crichton in fiction {#crichton_in_fiction}
Crichton is portrayed as the villain of the story in *Black Douglas*, a 1968 novel by Nigel Tranter. He also features throughout *The Lion\'s Whelp*, a 1997 novel by the same author.
In addition, Crichton has a role in the 1899 novel *The Black Douglas* by Samuel Rutherford Crockett
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# Powers Hapgood
**Powers Hapgood** (1899--1949) was an American trade union organizer and Socialist Party leader known for his involvement with the United Mine Workers in the 1920s.
## Biography
### Early years {#early_years}
Powers Hapgood was born on December 28, 1899, the son of William Powers Hapgood, a Progressive canning factory owner in Indianapolis, and his wife, the former Eleanor Page. Hapgood graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts in 1917 and enrolled in Harvard University, from which he earned his bachelor\'s degree in 1921.
Even prior to graduation, Hapgood had spent time experiencing the life of the working class first hand. During the fall and early winter of 1920, he spent nearly four months working his way across the western United States. Hapgood worked as a miner at Hibbing, Minnesota, on the Northern Pacific Railroad and in a Montana sugar beet factory. Upon graduation, Hapgood decided to dedicate his life to mobilizing the working-class.
Hapgood went to work as an organizer for the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) in 1922. Hapgood was instrumental in organizing non-union coal mines in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during the Somerset Coal Strike of 1922--23, especially mines at Jerome, Boswell and Gray. Hapgood later aided John Brophy in his challenge to John L. Lewis for the leadership of the UMWA, a failed attempt which ultimately led to the ouster of both Hapgood and Brophy from the Union.
Following his ouster, Hapgood subsequently went abroad and worked himself as a miner in South Wales, France, Germany, and Soviet Russia. He finally returned to Pennsylvania again and became active in the UMWA. Hapgood was elected to the August 1927 annual convention of the UMWA as a delegate of the union\'s local from Cresson, Pennsylvania. Hapgood\'s presence at the scene of the convention was greeted by the UMWA officialdom with physical force, in which a false telephone message lured Hapgood into a hotel room where he was met by three toughs. A brawl ensued, which was interrupted by the hotel manager, who called the police.
Hapgood refused to be bullied into retreating from the UMWA convention, but with union leader Lewis firmly ensconced in his position of power by that gathering, in the aftermath Hapgood decided to depart the Pennsylvania mine fields. Instead, Hapgood went to work as a longshoreman to support himself. In his free time, Hapgood spoke on behalf of the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee in an effort to rally support in defense of two Italian-American anarchists accused of murder committed in the act of robbing a New England shoe factory.
On December 28, 1927, Hapgood married Mary Donovan (d. Aug. 1973), the Secretary of the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee. The couple had a daughter, Barta Donovan, in 1929 and adopted a son in 1930.
### Political career {#political_career}
Powers Hapgood joined the Socialist Party of America in 1926.
In 1928, he campaigned for his wife in her race for Governor of Massachusetts, heading the state Socialist Party ticket.
Hapgood ran for Governor of Indiana on the Socialist Party ticket in 1932, losing to Paul V. McNutt.
In the early 1930s, Hapgood was an organizer for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union.
Hapgood was the New England secretary for the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) during the middle 1930s, a position which landed him in jail for two months in 1937 for contempt of court for his role in continuing a strike of shoe-workers in Lewiston and Auburn in the wake of an injunction forbidding strike activity. Hapgood worked as an organizer for the CIO throughout the rest of the 1930s. From 1941 to 1947, Hapgood was named the CIO\'s regional director for Indiana. In 1948, he became an assistant to Allen Haywood, a vice president of the CIO and head of its national organization efforts.
### Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Powers Hapgood died February 4, 1949. Robert Bussel, in his biography of Hapgood, wrote that Hapgood died from a heart attack while driving his car on Feb. 4, 1949.
German-American author (and fellow Indiana native) Kurt Vonnegut pays homage to Hapgood in his novel *Jailbird*.
Powers Hapgood\'s papers are housed at the Lilly Library at the Indiana University in Bloomington.
## Works
### Books and pamphlets {#books_and_pamphlets}
- *In Non-Union Mines: The Diary of a Coal Digger in Central Pennsylvania, August--September, 1921.* New York: Bureau of Industrial Research, 1922.
- *Radio Address on \"A crisis with Coal Miners.\"* Taylorville, IL: Daily Courier Co., 1930.
- *Private Ownership of Coal Mines Brings Chaos, Tyranny and Hunger.* Pittsburgh: Socialist Party of Pennsylvania, 1932. --- leaflet
- *Slavery in the Coal Fields: What Shall We Do About It?* Chicago: Socialist Party of America, n.d. \[c. 1932\].
- *The Columbia Conserve Company, Indianapolis, Indiana: An Experiment in Workers\' Management and Ownership.* Indianapolis: Columbia Conserve Co., 1934.
- *Report and Recommendations of Industry Committee Number 6 for the Establishment of Minimum Wage Rates in the Shoe Manufacturing and Allied Industries.* Washington, DC: The Committee, 1939.
### Articles
- \"Workmen\'s Compensation --- Discussion.\" Contributor. *The American Economic Review,* vol. 12, no. 1 (March 1922), pp. 153--167.
- \"Hapgood Makes Hot Reply to John L. Lewis,\" *The Daily Worker,* vol. 3, no. 245 (October 29, 1926), pp. 1, 5
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# Friedrich Clemens Gerke Tower
**Friedrich Clemens Gerke Tower** is a 230 metre tall telecommunication tower of reinforced concrete in Cuxhaven in Germany. Friedrich Clemens Gerke Tower, which is named after Friedrich Clemens Gerke, was completed in 1991 and is not accessible for tourists. In spite of its size, it is only used as receiving point for cable TV, as a radio relay station and as a mobile phone transmitter, but not for broadcasting. The tower was designed by architects Gerhard Kreisel, Dipl. Ing. and Günter H. Müller Dipl. Ing., Kiel
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| 0 |
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# TSL Limited
**TSL** ( formerly **T**obacco **S**ales **L**td)(`{{Zimbabwe Stock Exchange|TSL}}`{=mediawiki}) is a company based in Harare, Zimbabwe. TSL was founded in 1957 as an auction house for tobacco, and in the late 1960s began to diversify into logistics and agronomy. The company\'s stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its stock index, the Zimbabwe Industrial Index
| 59 |
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| 0 |
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# Jean-Pierre Simb
**Jean-Pierre Simb** (born 4 September 1974) is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward.
## Career
Simb joined English Division Three side Torquay United in March 1999 from Red Star 93.
He made his league debut at home to Hartlepool United on 27 March 1999 as a 17th-minute substitute for O\'Neill Donaldson who went off with a broken leg that was to end his professional career. In the 37th minute Simb set off from just outside the penalty area on a run down the left wing. Eighty yards later, after a number of tricks, he was deep inside the Pool penalty-area. His cross was met by the head of Brian McGorry and fellow debutant, Eifion Williams was on hand to score Torquay\'s opener in a 3--0 win, with Williams scoring all three goals.
Simb\'s first goal for Torquay came a month later in a 2--0 win at home to promotion-chasing Rotherham United. Although popular with the fans for his trickery, it was not suited to the harsh realities of Third Division football and he spent much of the remainder of his time at Plainmoor on the substitutes\' bench, before being released in February 2000
| 200 |
Jean-Pierre Simb
| 0 |
10,072,316 |
# Radio Patrol (serial)
***Radio Patrol*** is a 1937 Universal movie serial based on the comic strip *Radio Patrol*.
## Premise
Pat O\' Hara, a police officer cop, joins forces with Molly Selkirk to try and stop an international criminal gang from getting their hands on the formula for a new flexible metal.
## Cast
- Grant Withers as Officer Pat O\'Hara
- Adrian Morris as Officer Sam Maloney
- Kay Hughes as Molly Selkirk
- Mickey Rentschler as Pinky Adams
- Silver Wolf as Irish, the German Shepherd
- Gordon Hart as W.H. Harrison
- Frank Lackteen as Mr. Tahata/Warner the Great
- C. Montague Shaw as Mr. Wellington
- Harry Davenport as John P. Adams, inventor
- Wheeler Oakman as Stevens, gang chemist
- Max Hoffman Jr. as Harry Selkirk
- Jack Mulhall as Desk Sergeant
- Earl Dwire as Jeremiah Crockett
- Leonard Lord as Franklin, the real Tahata
- Dick Botiller as Zutta, a henchman
- Tom London as Eddie Lewis (uncredited)
- Ray Teal as Perkins (uncredited)
## Production
*Radio Patrol* was based on the comic strip by Eddie Sullivan and Charles Schmidt.
### Stunts
- George Magrill
- Eddie Parker (doubling Grant Withers)
- Tom Steele
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
1. A Million Dollar Murder
2. The Hypnotic Eye
3. Flaming Death
4. The Human Clue
5. The Flash of Doom
6. The House of Terror
7. Claws of Steel
8. The Perfect Crime
9. Plaything of Disaster
10. A Bargain with Death
11. The Hidden Menace
12
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# Ventura County Medical Center
**Ventura County Medical Center** is a hospital in the city of Ventura, California, United States. It is a Level II Trauma Center with 274 bed acute care hospital. The county also operates a 49-bed campus in Santa Paula. As a teaching hospital, affiliated with University of California, Los Angeles, it was recognized as the best family-medicine residency program in the United States in 2014.
A 220,000 square-foot state-of-the-art replacement wing is currently under construction to meet California\'s updated seismic regulations, and is scheduled its completion mid 2017. replacing older facilities built in 1923 and 1953.
## Services
Ventura County Medical Center is a full-service acute care hospital with a 24-hour emergency center. Along with intensive care and definitive observation units, it also houses specialty care units such as medical/ surgical, telemetry and oncology, pediatric, and neonatal.
In November 2014, the county health center launched the public health initiative *How High Ventura County*. It is the largest teen marijuana education platform in California, launched in order to educate parents about the harm that consuming marijuana causes to the adolescent brain.
The county board of supervisors formed the Ventura County Health Care System Oversight Committee in 2022 to ensure the county medical system follows rules for billing federal health care programs
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| 0 |
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# Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center
**Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center** is the largest hospital in eastern Ventura County. It is a hospital and medical center complex in the city of Thousand Oaks, California. It is a 382-bed acute care hospital with a level II trauma center. The facility is owned by HCA−Hospital Corporation of America, and operated by their HCA Far West Division. Los Robles means \"The Oaks\" in Spanish, and the name refers to the thousands of oak trees in surrounding Thousand Oaks. It had 1,720 employees in 2016.
The hospital and medical center complex was built by the Linde family, and opened on November 12, 1968, as a 220-bed general acute-care facility. The first open-heart surgery in Ventura County was performed here on June 24, 1970. The hospital is known statewide for its Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, which was launched in June 1974. It was one of six such units in Southern California in the late 1980s. It is also known for being the most specialized heart center in Ventura County, and the first heart catheterization in the region was performed here in December 1969. Los Robles opened a Pacemaker Clinic in 1972, three years prior to the nation\'s first pacemakers being implanted.
Besides 24-hour emergency services, the hospital is also home of Los Robles SurgiCenter, Radiology and Breast Center, Conejo Medical Magnetic Resonance Systems, North Oaks Radiation, and the Conejo Renal Center. They had a total staff of over 400 physicians as of 2002. Among its medical services are critical- and intensive care units, a comprehensive cancer center, surgical- and medical care units, operating rooms, home services, a senior center, rehabilitation center, and a pain management facility.
## History
Los Robles Hospital, which was completed in November 1968, originally had a 223-bed facility which included modern maternity and pediatric sections, extensive specialized medical departments, and also a highly trained staff of over 400 employees. The four-story structure was the largest hospital in Southeast Ventura County as of 1973, and it overlooks the western reaches of Thousand Oaks.
Ventura County\'s first triplets were born at Los Robles in June 1976.
The site of the hospital was home to a Chumash summer camp in pre-colonial times.
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
The hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, and is nationally renowned for its cardiac care. It has earned multiple top honors for its specialized care. It has been rated one of the best hospitals in America for cardiac care by *Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services* (CMS). It is rated in the top 5% of U.S. hospitals for clinical excellence by *National Research Corporation*. It is the only California hospital to be certified by both Ventura- and Los Angeles County as a STEMI-designated site for rapid heart attack response. It has been a #1 Consumer Choice Award Winner by the *National Research Corporation*. Furthermore, Los Robles was the first Ventura County hospital to receive a full accreditation designation by National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers.
It was the first hospital in Ventura County to be awarded the comprehensive stroke certification from DNV GL in 2016. The accreditation is one of 14 in California, and reflects the highest level of competence for treating acute stroke.
## Deaths
- Tom Laughlin (1931-2013), actor
- Joseph Stefano (1922-2006), screenwriter for the film *Psycho*
- Sandra Dee (1942-2005), actress
- Eric Turner (1968-2000), NFL-player
- Jerry Heller (1940-2016), music manager
- Robert Urich (1946-2002), actor
- Robert E
| 585 |
Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center
| 0 |
10,072,364 |
# Islamic Foundation of Ireland
The **Islamic Foundation of Ireland** (**IFI**; *Fondúireacht Ioslamach na hÉireann*) was formed in 1959 by Muslim students in Ireland. The society established the first mosque in Ireland in 1976. It also helped to establish mosques in other cities in the country. The headquarters of the foundation is currently at the Dublin Mosque and Islamic Centre, 163 South Circular Road, Dublin 8. The Islamic Foundation of Ireland has been the official representative of Muslims in Ireland since its inception. It describes its role as looking after the religious, educational and social needs of Muslims in Ireland.
## Primary school education {#primary_school_education}
In September 1990, the first Muslim National School opened on a South Circular Road campus. It moved in 1993 to Clonskeagh. The school gained recognition from the Department of Education and acquired state funding, and in 2001 a second Muslim National school was established in north Dublin. Both are under the patronage of the Islamic Foundation of Ireland
| 163 |
Islamic Foundation of Ireland
| 0 |
10,072,386 |
# Joe Ely (album)
***Joe Ely*** is the 1977 debut album by Texas singer-songwriter Joe Ely. The album includes several tracks written by Ely\'s bandmates in the Flatlanders.
*Joe Ely* and the follow-up album, *Honky Tonk Masquerade*, helped establish Ely as a solo artist. Although the reissued CD doesn\'t credit Ely\'s backing musicians, the original LP included a one-page insert containing lyrics and musician credits. The core of the backing band that Ely had assembled for his debut was the same Lubbock-based crack team that appeared with him the following year on *Honky Tonk Masquerade* and continued to follow him on the road until 1982.
Years later Ely would recall that the band had not initially made plans for a recording career:
> \"We had recorded some songs at \[Don\] Caldwell\'s studio,\" Ely said. \"Don took that tape to Jerry Jeff Walker, and Jerry Jeff recorded one of the songs and played it for a guy with MCA Records. Then one night in 1975 at the Cotton Club, an A&R guy with MCA asked, \'Do y\'all want to make some records?\'\"
> \"I told him we\'d sure never planned on it. But we hadn\'t planned anything else either, so why not?\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Joe Ely; except where indicated
Side 1
1. \"I Had My Hopes Up High\" - 3:32
2. \"Mardi Gras Waltz\" - 2:50
3. \"She Never Spoke Spanish to Me\" (Butch Hancock) - 3:34
4. \"Gambler\'s Bride\" - 2:35
5. \"Suckin\' a Big Bottle of Gin\" (Butch Hancock) - 3:15
Side 2
1. \"Tennessee\'s Not the State I\'m In\" (Butch Hancock) - 3:04
2. \"If You Were a Bluebird\" (Butch Hancock) - 2:59
3. \"Treat Me Like a Saturday Night\" (Jimmie Dale Gilmore) - 3:02
4. \"All My Love\" - 3:09
5. \"Johnny Blues\" - 4:10
## Personnel
The following credits are summarized from track-by-track credits listed in the album\'s liner notes.
### Musicians
- Bass - Gregg Wright
- Drums - Steve Keeton
- Piano, electric piano, clavinet, organ - Bobby Emmons
- Electric guitars - Joe Ely, Rick Hulett, Jesse Taylor, Chip Young
- Acoustic guitars - Ray Edenton, Joe Ely, Rick Hulett, Lloyd Maines, Chip Young
- Gut-string guitar, 12-string guitar - Jesse Taylor
- F-hole guitar - Ray Edenton
- Steel guitar - Lloyd Maines
- Dobros - Rick Hulett, Jesse Taylor
- Slide dobro - Joe Ely (\"Treat Me Like A Saturday Night\")
- Harmonica - Joe Ely
- Percussion - Farrell Morris
- Horns - The Muscle Shoals Group
- Trumpet - Harrison Callaway
- Tenor saxophone - Harvey Thompson
- Baritone saxophone - Ron Eades
- Trombone - Charles Rose
- Vocal harmonies - Joe Ely (\"Johnny Blues\"), Rick Hulett (\"Mardi Gras Waltz\", \"She Never Spoke Spanish\", \"Tennessee\", \"All My Love\")
### Production
- Recorded at Young \'Un Sound Studios, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
- Engineer -- Chip Young
- Mastered at MCA Recording Studio, Universal City, California
- Mastering Engineer -- Larry Boden
### Artwork
- Cover illustration -- Paul Milosevich
- Back cover photo (of Ely and band in cafe) -- Jim Eppler
## Releases
The album was digitally remastered and released on CD and cassette in 1991. In 2000, a remastered edition of Ely\'s first two albums (*Joe Ely* and *Honky Tonk Masquerade*) were released together on a single disk. *Dirty Linen* reported that this disk was especially worth seeking out since it was (at least at the time), \"the only place on two continents you can get Ely\'s debut.\" The reviewer described Ely\'s first two albums together: \"Ely\'s self-titled effort and *HTM* are a bit leaner than most of his other honky-tonk rockers, with a bit more piano than electric guitar backing his lonesome warble \-- dry and forceful as the wind whistling through Waco
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# Saint-Laurent, Côtes-d'Armor
**Saint-Laurent** (`{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ loʁɑ̃|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-Saint-Laurent.wav}}`{=mediawiki}; *Sant-Laorañs*) is a commune in the Côtes-d\'Armor department of the region of Brittany in northwestern France.
## Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Laurent are called *saint-laurentais* in French
| 33 |
Saint-Laurent, Côtes-d'Armor
| 0 |
10,072,400 |
# Settrington
**Settrington** is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) east of Malton. It was historically part of the East Riding of Yorkshire until 1974 and part of the Ryedale district from 1974 until 2023.
## History
Settrington is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as belonging to Berengar of Tosny, and having 16 villagers, two ploughlands, and 20 acre of meadow. The book lists its entry as *Sendriton*, and the name derives from a personal name of Old English *Sǣtere* and *tūn* meaning town.
Sir Francis Bigod of Settrington launched Bigod\'s Rebellion against King Henry VIII in January 1537. Sir Francis Bigod was hanged, drawn and quartered on Tyburn Hill on 2 June 1537. His manor was granted to Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox and Lady Margaret Douglas by Henry VIII.
Settrington was served by Settrington railway station on the Malton and Driffield Railway between 1853 and 1950. The station was to the south of the village on Grimston Lane.
The village has a church at the south end of the village, whilst the primary school is on the northern side. The middle of Settrington is divided by the village stream; Settrington Beck. An Ofsted inspection of the primary school in 2023 rated it as being *Good*. The Church of All Saints was built in the late 12th/early 13th century, and is listed with Historic England as a grade II\* structure. Settrington Beck flows for 11 km from the south, northwards through Settrington to join the River Derwent at Scagglethorpe. There is a mill-pond on the beck at the south end of the village.
The long-distance path, the Centenary Way passes through the village.
## Governance
The village and parish were historically in the wapentake of Buckrose, in the old East Riding of Yorkshire. In 1974, it was moved into the county of North Yorkshire, as part of the Ryedale District.
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1951 1961 1971 2001 2011 2015
--------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------
Village 414 510 535 527 492 550 556 512 555 488 475 495 448 411 355 325 323
Parish 614 729 757 779 741 825 871 777 802 685 669 339 316 290{{#tag:ref\|Estimated population
| 397 |
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| 0 |
10,072,403 |
# Moelfre Isaf
**Moelfre Isaf** is a 317 m hill located to the south of the town of Abergele. There are views towards the Clwydian Range, Snowdonia, and the Isle of Man and the Cumbrian Mountains can be seen on a clear day. Nearby is the small settlement of Moelfre, Conwy. Almost opposite is the higher hill of Moelfre Uchaf
| 60 |
Moelfre Isaf
| 0 |
10,072,406 |
# Attorney General of Alabama
The **attorney general of Alabama** is an elected, constitutional officer of the State of Alabama. The office of the attorney general is located at the state capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. Henry Hitchcock was elected Alabama\'s first attorney general in 1819.
## Duties
As is common in many states, the attorney general is the chief lawyer of the state. He is called upon as the chief defender of the laws of Alabama, the lawyer for state officials and represents the state in all matters brought before a court of law or tribunal. The attorney general (AG) also provides advisory opinions to local and state governments when questions arise about the constitutionality of proposed laws and regulations. It is the task of the attorney general to represent the state when questions arise concerning various criminal sentences including the death penalty.
From time to time, the attorney general may begin legal proceedings on behalf of the state or on behalf of consumers damaged by illegal or bad faith commercial transactions.
## Organization
Eight divisions comprise the attorney general\'s office. Those divisions include: a General Crimes Division, a Public Corruption Division, Civil Division, Appellate Division, Consumer Protection Division, Constitutional Defense Division and a Medicaid Fraud Control Unit. Division chiefs include Clay J. Crenshaw, Olivia Martin, Billington Garret, M. Matt Hart, Bruce M. Lieberman, and Azzie Taylor.
## List of attorneys general of Alabama {#list_of_attorneys_general_of_alabama}
The chief deputy attorney general is Alice Martin Andrew Brasher previously served as the solicitor general from 2014-2019; Edmund LaCour is the current solicitor general.
\# Image Name Took office Left office Party
---- ------- ---------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
1 Henry Hitchcock 1819 1823
2 Thomas White 1823 1825
3 Constantine Perkins 1825 1832
4 Peter Martin 1832 1836
5 Alexander Meek 1836 1836 \|-`{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}
8 Matthew W. Lindsay 1839 1843
9 Thomas D. Clarke 1843 1847
10 William H. Martin 1847 1847
11 Marion A. Baldwin 1847 1865
12 John W. A. Sanford 1865 1868
13 Benjamin Gardner 1868 1870
14 John W. A. Sanford 1870 1872
15 Henry Tompkins 1878 1884
16 Thomas McClellan 1884 1889
17 William L. Martin 1889 1894
18 William C. Fitts 1894 1898
19 Charles G. Brown 1898 1903
20 Massey Wilson 1903 1907 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}
23 William Logan Martin 1915 1918
24 F. Lloyd Tate 1918 1918
25 Emmet S. Thigpen 1918 1919 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}
28 Charlie C. McCall 1927 1931 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}
30 Albert A. Carmichael 1935 1939 \|-`{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}
31 Thomas S. Lawson 1939 1942 \|- `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}
33 Albert A
| 430 |
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| 0 |
10,072,408 |
# Erik Espinosa
**Erik Osbaldo Espinosa Delgadillo** (born 13 January 1980) is a Mexican former footballer who played as a midfielder.
Espinosa has been capped once while in the Mexico national team -- it was at the 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup, where he played in a 1--0 win over El Salvador
| 51 |
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| 0 |
10,072,428 |
# Diego de la Torre
Diego Torres}} `{{family name hatnote|de la Torre|Muciño|lang=Spanish}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox football biography
| name = Diego de la Torre
| image =
| fullname = Diego Javier de la Torre Muciño
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|2|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]], Mexico
| height = {{height|m=1.79|precision=0}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Atlas F.C.|Atlas]] (assistant)
| youthyears1 = 2003–2004
| youthclubs1 = [[Atlético Mexiquense|Atl. Mexiquense]]
| years1 = 2003–2004
| clubs1 = [[Atlético Mexiquense|Atl. Mexiquense]]
| caps1 = 50
| goals1 = 8
| years2 = 2004–2012
| clubs2 = [[Deportivo Toluca F.C.|Toluca]]
| caps2 = 288
| goals2 = 8
| years3 = 2010–2011
| clubs3 = → [[San Luis F.C.|San Luis]] (loan)
| caps3 = 30
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2012–2014
| clubs4 = → [[Querétaro F.C.|Querétaro]] (loan)
| caps4 = 61
| goals4 = 8
| years5 = 2014–2017
| clubs5 = [[Chiapas F.C.|Chiapas]]
| caps5 = 57
| goals5 = 5
| years6 = 2017–2019
| clubs6 = [[Cafetaleros de Tapachula]]
| caps6 = 16
| goals6 = 1
| managerclubs1 = [[Cafetaleros de Tapachula]] (interim player-manager)
| manageryears1 = 2018
| managerclubs2 = [[Cafetaleros de Chiapas]] (Interim)
| manageryears2 = 2019
| managerclubs3 = [[Cafetaleros de Chiapas]]
| manageryears3 = 2020
| managerclubs4 = [[Atlanta United FC|Atlanta United]] (assistant)
| manageryears4 = 2021–2024
| managerclubs5 = [[Atlas F.C.|Atlas]] (assistant)
| manageryears5 = 2025–
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Diego Javier de la Torre Muciño** (born 5 February 1984) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a midfielder and current assistant coach for Major League Soccer club Atlanta United FC. De la Torre also has American citizenship, as his paternal grandmother was born in the United States. After the Apertura 2009 season, Diego was sent on loan to San Luis F.C. for the Clausura 2010 season, after playing his whole career with Toluca
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Diego de la Torre
| 0 |
10,072,430 |
# Dunlewey
***Dún Lúiche***, known in English as **Dunlewey** or **Dunlewy**, is a small *Gaeltacht* village in the Gweedore district in the north-west of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The village sits in the Poisoned Glen, at the foot of Errigal and on the shore of Dunlewey Lough. The Cronaniv Burn flows along the southern edge of the village. Dunlewey has a tourist centre, called the Lakeside Centre or *Ionad Cois Locha*, which offers boat trips of the lake. To the west of the lake is a ruined church.
The Irish language name *Dún Lúiche* means \"fort of Lugh\", an ancient Irish god. Near the Lakeside Centre is a modern wooden sculpture of the god. Folklore says that the Poisoned Glen is where Lugh slew Balor, and that it is so named because poison seeped from Balor\'s \'evil eye\'.
Dunlewey is the home of the Dunlewey Connemara ponies
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| 0 |
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# Leo Putt
**Putthipong Sriwat** (*พุฒิพงศ์ ศรีวัฒน์*, more popularly known as **Leo Putt** (ลีโอ พุฒ), born April 1, 1976) is a Thai singer and actor. His films include *Fake*, *Dynamite Warrior*, and *The Sperm*.
He has Thai-dubbed for Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in Raimi\'s Spider-Man trilogy
| 47 |
Leo Putt
| 0 |
10,072,440 |
# Ladywell Leisure Centre
**Ladywell Leisure Centre** was a leisure centre located in Lewisham, London. The leisure centre was owned by London Borough of Lewisham and managed on their behalf by Lifestyle Fusion. The building was demolished in 2014, as a result of the new Glass Mill Leisure Centre being opened.
The building featured as the main character\'s workplace in Sean Lock\'s sitcom *15 Storeys High*
| 66 |
Ladywell Leisure Centre
| 0 |
10,072,460 |
# The Golden Key (novel)
***The Golden Key*** is a 1996 fantasy novel co-written by authors Jennifer Roberson (first act), Melanie Rawn (second act), and Kate Elliott (third act).
Set in what might loosely be described as an alternative Spain, the novel traces a family of painters who, by nature of their Gifts, can influence events around them. In the Grijalva family, the Gifted males are usually sterile and short-lived; the women, who may have a talent for painting, but do not have the Gift for the particular type of painting that alters what it portrays, are generally kept within the family to produce children. However, one woman per generation is official mistress to the ruling Duke\'s Heir, so that the family maintains its influence at Court. The story develops when a particularly Gifted and unscrupulous Grijalva painter finds a way to continue living through successive generations. As the political and social climate changes, including revolutions in neighboring countries and democratic challenges to the ruling Dukes, this increasingly conservative painter seeks to hold on to the past, and especially his first love, whom he has imprisoned in a painting.
Throughout the book, special emphasis is placed on iconography and a set of possibly Arabic/Moorish spells that bend events to the will of the painter. The connection between the ruling Dukes and the Grijalva family is shown to be more far-reaching and subtle than at first appears. The development in painting styles is used as a metaphor for political changes that mirror western European history, especially in France and Italy from 1500 to (say) 1820. The succession of paintings in the ducal gallery (which turns into the national gallery) is the lens through which we see the historical and personal events that make up this fantasy history.
## Further plans {#further_plans}
The original plan for *The Golden Key* was that it would lead to three more novels, one by each of the authors. Melanie Rawn would write *The Diviner* (or *The Diviner\'s Key*), Kate Elliott would write *The Warrior*, and Jennifer Roberson would write *The Seeker*. *The Diviner* has been published in August 2011, but plans for the other two books are respectively described as \"cancelled\" and \"on indefinite hold
| 369 |
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| 0 |
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# Cefn yr Ogof
**Cefn yr Ogof** is the highest point of the hill to the west of Gwrych Castle near Abergele and Llanddulas. Ownership of the hillside is divided into three categories; an area managed by Welsh National Resources on behalf of the National Assembly of Wales, private ownership including the land immediately around Gwrych Castle and the western slopes which are predominantly common land and therefore open access. It is 204 m (669 ft) high, with views towards the Clwydian Hills, Denbigh Moors, (Mynydd Hiraethog) Snowdonia, the Great Orme, Anglesey and the Dulas valley. The name refers to the caves located on the hill. It has recently been promoted to HuMP status, having a prominence of over 100 metres. Large parts of Cefn yr Ogof are designated an SSSI
| 131 |
Cefn yr Ogof
| 0 |
10,072,466 |
# Tim Tyler's Luck (serial)
***Tim Tyler\'s Luck*** (1937) is a Universal movie serial based on the comic strip Tim Tyler\'s Luck.
## Premise
Tim Tyler stows away on a ship bound for Africa to find his father, Professor James Tyler. He meets, and is joined by, Lora Lacey, who is chasing the criminal \"Spider\" Webb, the man responsible for framing her brother.
## Cast
- Frankie Thomas as Tim Tyler
- Frances Robinson as Lora Lacey, posing as Lora Graham
- Norman Willis as \"Spider\" Webb
- Jack Mulhall as Sargeant Gates
- Al Shean as Professor James Tyler, Tim\'s father
- Anthony Warde as Garry Drake
- Earl Douglas as Jules Lazarre
- William \'Billy\' Benedict as Spud
- Frank Mayo as Jim Conway
- Alan Gregg as Brent, one of Spider\'s henchman
- Stanley Blystone as Captain Clark
- Everett Brown as Mogu, Spider\'s native henchman
- Skippy as Ju Ju, the Chimp
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Author Raymond William Stedman considers *Tim Tyler\'s Luck* to be perhaps the best of Universal\'s \"Jungle Thrillers.\" *Tim Tyler\'s Luck* has good direction and convincing performances. The serial has quiet moments balancing the action, which was rare for a serial. The characterization is more nuanced than \"might have been expected in an action serial\".
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
1. Jungle Pirates
2. Dead Man\'s Pass
3. Into the Lions\' Den
4. The Ivory Trail
5. Trapped in the Quicksands
6. The Jaws of the Jungle
7. The King of the Gorillas
8. The Spider Caught
9. The Gates of Doom
10. A Race for a Fortune
11. No Man\'s Land
12. The Kimberley Diamonds
~Source:~
## Home media {#home_media}
All 12 chapters were released on a single DVD on February 28, 2006 with special features including a 2005 interview with Frankie Thomas, bios, the original theatrical trailer, and bonus classic cliffhanger trailers
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# Lesser striped swallow
The **lesser striped swallow** (***Cecropis abyssinica***) is a large swallow. It breeds in Sub-Saharan Africa from Sierra Leone and southern Sudan south into eastern South Africa. It is partially migratory with South African birds wintering further north. West African birds leave the north of the breeding range in the dry season.
## Habitat
This is a bird of wooded, mainly lowland habitats. The lesser striped swallow prefers less open habitats, and is replaced in montane grassland by the greater striped swallow, *Hirundo cucullata*. It is common and often found around human habitation.
## Description
The lesser striped swallow is 15--10 cm long. It has dark blue upperparts with a red rump and a rufous-chestnut crown, nape and sides of the head. The underparts are white with dark streaking, and the upper wings and underwing flight feathers are blackish-brown. The underwing coverts are tawny. The blackish tail has very long outer feathers; these are slightly longer in the male than the female. Juveniles are duller and browner, with less contrast and shorter outer tail feathers. There are five or six subspecies differing in the extent of the underpart streaking.
The lesser striped swallow has heavier and darker underparts striping, a deeper red rump, and a brighter head colour than the larger greater striped swallow.
## Distribution
The species is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa and is relatively sedentary. A single record is known for Oman, and, from May 2025, one in Kuwait, the first for the Western Palaearctic.
## Behavior
It feeds mainly on flying insects, but has been known to eat small fruits. The flight is erratic, and the call is a nasal *zeh zeh zeh zeh zeh*.
### Breeding
The lesser striped swallow builds a bowl-shaped mud nest with a tubular entrance on the underside of a suitable structure. The nest has a soft lining, and may be reused in later years. The nest may be built in a cave, under a rock overhang or a tree branch. This species has benefited from its willingness to use buildings, bridges, culverts and similar structures. Given the choice, it will select a high nest site.
The eggs are glossy white sometimes with a few brown spots; three eggs are a typical clutch. Incubation is by the female alone for 14--16 days to hatching. Both parents then feed the chicks. Fledging takes another 17--19 days, but the young birds will return to the nest to roost for a few days after their first flight.
## Gallery
<File:Lesser> Striped Swallow, Cecropis abyssinica at Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa (10536463865).jpg\|`{{center|The heavy streaking and rufous ear coverts are diagnostic field marks}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Lesser> Striped Swallow, Cecropis abyssinica at Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa (10536244406).jpg\|`{{center|Adult with nest lining}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Lesser> Striped Swallow (Cecropis abyssinica) in nest \... (30437073874).jpg\|`{{center|Completing nest}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Cecropis> abyssinica MHNT
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# Dublin Mosque
**Dublin Mosque** (*Mosc Átha Cliath*; *Masjid Dublin*) is a mosque on the South Circular Road, Dublin in Ireland. It is the headquarters of the Islamic Foundation of Ireland.
The Donore Presbyterian Church was constructed in the 1860s in the style of a 13th-century English church. In 1983 the building on the South Circular Road was bought by the Islamic Foundation of Ireland and converted into a mosque
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# Josué Castillejos
**Josué Castillejos Toledo** (born 14 April 1981) is a Mexican football coach and a former holding midfielder. He is an assistant coach with Durango.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Toluca, Castillejos is a product of Deportivo Toluca F.C.\'s youth system. He made his Mexican Primera División debut with Toluca in 2002.
In 2008, Castillejos left Toluca to play on loan with Chiapas, and then for Primera A side Veracruz. Castillejos returned to Toluca in January 2009, but would not appear again for the club in the Primera División
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# Burbiszki
**Burbiszki** (`{{IPAc-pl|b|u|r|'|b|i|sz|k|i}}`{=mediawiki}; *Burbiškiai*) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania
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# Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali
**Aguelmame Sidi Ali** is a lake in Khénifra Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Morocco. Located at an altitude of 2,080 metres, Aguelmame Sidi Ali has a surface area of approximately 500 hectare and a depth of 36 m. It is near the boundary of the province of Ifrane in the Middle Atlas mountains. It is part of Khenifra National Park, a 842 km2 protected area created in 2008.
## Description
The lake is located in the Middle Atlas mountains at an altitude of 2080 m and has a catchment area of about 15.6 km2. It was formed in the Upper Miocene/Quaternary at the intersection of two faults. It is located in a natural hollow in the basalt rock and is formed from two basins, separated by a basal ridge which is exposed when the water level falls. It is fed by runoff, snowmelt and karst springs. The pH is 9.1 and the mineral content is relatively low with a conductivity of 1200--1600 uScm-1.
## Ecology
The area surrounding the lake was once well-forested with Atlas cedar (*Cedrus atlantica*), but more recently, this forest has become degraded and the area around the lake has become dry, thorny scrubland dominated by Spanish juniper (*Juniperus thurifera*). The plankton and sediment in the lake is rich in diatoms, particularly of the genus *Cyclotella*, and these have been used to provide evidence of the paleohydrology and related hydroclimatic changes the lake has undergone over the aeons.
In 2005, the Aguelmams Sidi Ali / Tifounassine complex, three mountain wetlands at altitudes between 1900 and, have been designated as a Ramsar site; they provide important over-wintering sites for migratory wetland birds including the ruddy shelduck (*Tadorna ferruginea*) and the crested coot (*Fulica cristata*). A decreasing trend in precipitation has lowered the water level of the lake, and a marsh that used to be at the southwest end no longer exists. The grazing of flocks of sheep and goats by nomadic herdsmen in the spring and summer has all but eliminated the aquatic vegetation at the edge of the lake. A reduced number of water birds visit the lake in winter and the great crested grebe no longer breeds here. Despite being protected, the ruddy shelduck and other wildfowl suffer from poaching.
The lake used to be the only place in the world where *Salmo pallaryi*, a native species of trout, lived but that fish became extinct after the common carp (*Cyprinus carpio*) was released into the lake in 1934. The northern pike (*Esox lucius*) and the zander (*Sander lucioperca*), are other non-native fish species also introduced in the lake
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# Sacramentum caritatis
`{{Eucharistic Adoration}}`{=mediawiki} ***Sacramentum caritatis*** (*The Sacrament of Charity*) is the first post-synodal (Rome, 2 October 2005 -- 23 October 2005) apostolic exhortation by Pope Benedict XVI. It was signed 22 February 2007.
The document expounded on the sacrament of the Eucharist. Following an introduction, it consisted of three parts, each presenting a different perspective of the Church\'s understanding of the Eucharist.
## Content
Pope Benedict examines the important relationship between the Eucharist and the other sacraments. He also highlights the social implications of the Eucharist and connects it with the Church\'s social teaching. The document is divided in three parts revolving around the Eucharist as a mystery (1) to be believed, (2) to be celebrated, and (3) to be lived.
To be believed
In *Sacramentum caritatis*, Benedict quotes John 6:51, \"\"I am the living bread which came down from heaven; if anyone eats of this bread, he will live forever; and the bread which I shall give for the life of the world is my flesh\". He points out that the Eucharist is essentially Trinitarian. \"Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, in his Catecheses, states that we \"call upon God in his mercy to send his Holy Spirit upon the offerings before us, to transform the bread into the body of Christ and the wine into the blood of Christ.\" The epiclesis of the Mass is a petition to the Father to send down the gift of the Spirit so that the bread and the wine will become the body and blood of Jesus Christ.
Benedict also expands on the relationship between the Eucharist and the Sacrament of Penance. \"We know that the faithful are surrounded by a culture that tends to eliminate the sense of sin and to promote a superficial approach that overlooks the need to be in a state of grace in order to approach sacramental communion worthily. The loss of a consciousness of sin always entails a certain superficiality in the understanding of God\'s love. Bringing out the elements within the rite of Mass that express consciousness of personal sin and, at the same time, of God\'s mercy, can prove most helpful to the faithful.\"
Since the beauty of the Eucharist pertains directly to Christ in his person, it enables the participants a glimpse into the eschatological dimension inherent in the Eucharist as a pledge of future glory.
To be celebrated
In the celebration of the Eucharist, Jesus Christ shows us how the truth of love can transform even the dark mystery of death into the radiant light of the resurrection. Through the Eucharist, He becomes all in all, present in his totality within the members of the Church (par #36). The individual members make up the spiritual stones of the Church. Singing is an expression of joy and, if we consider the matter, an expression of love. The new man sings a new song
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# De Havilland Gipsy Queen
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}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
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# Bremen TV tower
**Bremen-Walle Telecommunication Tower** (official designation of Bremen TV tower), which is not accessible for the public, is, like the telecommunication tower at Münster and the Friedrich-Clemens-Gerke Tower in Cuxhaven, a reproduction of the telecommunication tower Kiel. It is 235.70 meters high. The diameter of the operating pulpit, which is 108.20 meters above ground, is 40 meters. The telecommunication tower is located in the Bremen quarter Walle at the Utbremer road, about 2.5 kilometers northwest from the city center (market place with city hall, pc. Petri cathedral, Roland and the city musicians of Bremen). All FM-radio and TV programs of radio Bremen in Bremen are transmitted today from this tower. A 70 cm amateur radio repeater, DB0OZ, with an output frequency of 438.820 MHz, is also located on the tower.
In 2000, installing a restaurant in the operating pulpit was considered, but these plans were once again rejected.
## Transmitted programmes {#transmitted_programmes}
### FM
Programme Frequency ERP
------------------------------------------ ----------- --------
Bremen Zwei 88.3 MHz 100 kW
Energy Bremen 89.8 MHz 1 kW
Radio Weser.TV Bremen 92.5 MHz 0.2 kW
Bremen Eins 93.8 MHz 100 kW
NDR Info / Bremen Fünf (Parlamentsradio) 95.0 MHz 1 kW
COSMO 95.6 MHz 0.2 kW
Radio Roland 96.1 MHz 0.2 kW
Bremen Next 96.7 MHz 50 kW
Radyo Metropol FM 97.2 MHz 0.5 kW
Deutschlandfunk Kultur 100.3 MHz 1 kW
Bremen Vier 101.2 MHz 100 kW
Radio Teddy 104.8 MHz 0.1 kW
Deutschlandfunk 107.1 MHz 100 kW
Radio 21 107.6 MHZ 0.2 kW
### DAB+
+--------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Block | Programme |
+================================+========================================+
| 5C DR Deutschland (D\_\_00188) | - Dlf (104 kbps) |
| | - Dlf Kultur (112 kbps) |
| | - Dlf Nova (104 kbps) |
| | - DRadio DokDeb (48 kbps) |
| | - Energy Digital (72 kbps) |
| | - ERF Plus (64 kbps) |
| | - Klassik Radio (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio Bob (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio Horeb (48 kbps) |
| | - Radio Schlagerparadies (64 kbps) |
| | - Schwarzwaldradio (64 kbps) |
| | - sunshine live (72 kbps) |
| | - DRadio Daten (32 kbps data) |
| | - EPG Deutschland (16 kbps data) |
| | - TPEG (16 kbps data) |
| | - TPEG_MM (16 kbps data) |
+--------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 5D Antenne DE (D\_\_00364) | - 80s80s (72 kbps) |
| | - 90s90s (72 kbps) |
| | - Absolut Bella (72 kbps) |
| | - Absolut Germany (72 kbps) |
| | - Absolut HOT (72 kbps) |
| | - Absolut Oldie (72 kbps) |
| | - Absolut TOP (72 kbps) |
| | - AIDAradio (72 kbps) |
| | - Ballermann Radio (72 kbps) |
| | - Beats Radio (72 kbps) |
| | - Brillux Radio (72 kbps) |
| | - Nostalgie (72 kbps) |
| | - Oldie Antenne (72 kbps) |
| | - RTL Radio (72 kbps) |
| | - Rock Antenne (72 kbps) |
| | - Toggo Radio (72 kbps) |
+--------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 6A Bremen K6A (D\_\_00389) | - Antenne Schlager (72 kbps) |
| | - bigFM (72 kbps) |
| | - Energy Bremen (72 kbps) |
| | - Star FM Maximum Rock (72 kbps) |
| | - Oldie Antenne (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio 21 (72 kbps) |
| | - radio ffn (HB/OL) (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio Nordseewelle (WHV) (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio Roland (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio Weser.TV HB (72 kbps) |
| | - Radio Weser.TV BHV (72 kbps) |
| | - The Wolf Bremen (72 kbps) |
+--------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 6D Radio Bremen (D\_\_00294) | - Bremen Eins (128 kbps) |
| | - Bremen Zwei (128 kbps) |
| | - COSMO (112 kbps) |
| | - Bremen Vier (128 kbps) |
| | - Bremen Next (128 kbps) |
| | - Die Maus (96 kbps) |
+--------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 8D NDR NDS OL (D\_\_00423) | - NDR 1 NDS (Oldenburg) (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR 2 (Lower Saxony) (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR Kultur (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR Info (Lower Saxony) (104 kbps) |
| | - N-Joy (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR Blue (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR Schlager (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR Info Spezial (104 kbps) |
| | - NDR BWS (16 kbps) |
| | - ARD TPEG (16 kbps) |
+--------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
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# Bremen TV tower
## Transmitted programmes {#transmitted_programmes}
### TV (DVB-T2) {#tv_dvb_t2}
All private programmes are broadcast encrypted via freenet TV, except where noted.
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| Channel | Frequency | Programmes |
+=========+===========+======================================+
| 22 | 482 MHz | - WELT HD |
| | | - DMAX HD |
| | | - Eurosport1 HD |
| | | - Disney Channel HD |
| | | - nick HD / CC +1 HD |
| | | - Comedy Central HD |
| | | - bibel.TV |
| | | - QVC |
| | | - QVC 2 |
| | | - HSE24 |
| | | - 1-2-3.tv |
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 29 | 538 MHz | - Das Erste HD |
| | | - phoenix HD |
| | | - arte HD |
| | | - tagesschau24 HD |
| | | - one HD |
| | | |
| | | *Radio*: |
| | | |
| | | - NDR Blue |
| | | - NDR Info Spezial |
| | | - NDR Kultur |
| | | - NDR Schlager |
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 30 | 546 MHz | - NDR Fernsehen HD (Lower Saxony) |
| | | - WDR Fernsehen HD (Cologne) |
| | | - hr-Fernsehen HD |
| | | - mdr Fernsehen HD (Saxony-Anhalt) |
| | | - BR Fernsehen HD (South) |
| | | |
| | | *Radio*: |
| | | |
| | | - N-Joy |
| | | - NDR 1 NDS (Hanover) |
| | | - NDR 2 |
| | | - NDR Info |
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 35 | 586 MHz | - ZDF HD |
| | | - 3sat HD |
| | | - KiKa HD |
| | | - ZDFneo HD |
| | | - ZDFinfo HD |
| | | - freenet TV connect |
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 42 | 642 MHz | - RTL HD (Lower Saxony/Bremen) |
| | | - RTL Zwei HD |
| | | - Super RTL HD |
| | | - VOX HD |
| | | - n-tv HD |
| | | - NITRO HD |
| | | - Tele 5 HD |
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 46 | 674 MHz | - Radio Bremen TV HD |
+---------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 48 | 690 MHz | - kabel eins HD |
| | | - ProSieben HD |
| | | - Sat.1 HD (Niedersachsen/Bremen) |
| | | - ProSieben Maxx HD |
| | | - Sat
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# Nir Shaviv
**Nir Joseph Shaviv** (*ניר יוסף שביב*; born July 6, 1972) is an Israeli‐American physics professor. He is professor at the Racah Institute of Physics of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
He is known for his solar and cosmic-ray hypothesis of climate change which disagrees with the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change. In 2002, Shaviv hypothesised that passages through the Milky Way\'s spiral arms appear to have been the cause behind the major ice-ages over the past billion years. In his later work, co-authored by Jan Veizer, a low upper limit was placed on the climatic effect of `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki}.
His best known contribution to the field of astrophysics was to demonstrate that the Eddington luminosity is not a strict limit, namely, that astrophysical objects can be brighter than the Eddington luminosity without blowing themselves apart. This is achieved through the development of a porous atmosphere that allows the radiation to escape while exerting little force on the gas. The theory was correctly used to explain the mass-loss in Eta Carinae\'s giant eruption, and the evolution of classical nova eruptions.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Shaviv started taking courses at the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa at age 13. After a 3-year service in the IDF Unit 8200, he received in 1994 a Master of Science in physics and a doctorate during 1994--96. During 1996--99, he was a Lee DuBridge Prize Fellow at Caltech\'s TAPIR (Theoretical Astrophysics) group. During 1999--2001, he was in a postdoctorate position at the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics. In 2001--2006, he was a senior lecturer at Racah Institute of physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2006--2012, he was an associate professor, and full professor since 2012. Between 2008 and 2011, he was the head of the faculty union of the Hebrew University, and he served as the chairman of coordinating council of faculty unions between 2010 and 2014. In 2014, he became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and served as the chairman of The Racah Institute of Physics between 2015 and 2019.
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# Nir Shaviv
## Scientific research {#scientific_research}
### Eddington luminosity limit {#eddington_luminosity_limit}
In 1999, Shaviv has shown that inhomogeneities in stellar atmospheres reduce the effective opacity and thus increase the Eddington luminosity. Shaviv later showed that atmospheres are inherently unstable as the Eddington luminosity is approached, that these atmospheres will develop continuum driven winds that explain the appearance of eta-Carinae and classical nova eruptions.
In 2010, Shaviv made the prediction that Type IIn supernova should have super-Eddington outbursts before the main supernova explosions since the super-Eddington states can naturally explain the circum-stellar material present around the supernova at the time of explosion (Giving the narrow lines observed in the spectrum, i.e., the "n" in the Type IIn). Such precursors were later detected with the Palomar Transient Factory, making them the first systematically detected supernova precursors.
### Cosmic rays and climate {#cosmic_rays_and_climate}
Shaviv has been one of the proponents of a cosmic ray climate link. In 2003 he has shown that the cosmic ray flux over the past billion years can be reconstructed from the exposure ages of Iron meteorites, that these flux variations are expected from spiral arm passages, and they correlate with the appearance of ice age epochs on Earth. In a later work with Ján Veizer, it was demonstrated that the temperature reconstruction over the Phanerozoic correlates with the cosmic ray flux, but it does not correlate with the `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki} reconstruction, thus placing an upper limit on the effects of `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki}. This prompted several reactions by the climate community and rebuttals by Shaviv and his colleagues.
He has also shown that the cosmic ray climate link explains part the faint young Sun paradox, since the slowly decreasing solar wind will give rise to a cooling effect that compensates the solar irradiance increase. Moreover, long term star formation activity in the Milky Way correlate with long term climate variations.
In a more recent work with Andreas Prokoph and Ján Veizer, it was argued that the reconstructed temperature has a clear 32 million year oscillation that is consistent with the Solar System\'s motion perpendicular to the galactic plane. The oscillation also appears to have a secondary modulation consistent with the radial epicyclic motion of the Solar System.
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# Nir Shaviv
## Scientific research {#scientific_research}
### Solar variation and climate sensitivity {#solar_variation_and_climate_sensitivity}
Because the existence of a significant cosmic ray climate link implies that solar variability will also have a large effect on the climate, Shaviv advocated the idea that natural climate variations play a significant role in 20th century climate change. Moreover, if solar activity increase over the 20th century contributed to warming in addition to the anthropogenic forcing, then the overall climate sensitivity should be lower than advocated by standard scenarios which do not include solar forcing.
In 2008, Shaviv used the oceans as a giant calorimeter to quantify the solar radiative forcing. He found that the peak to peak variations are close to 1 W/m^2^, significantly more than can be expected from the changes in the solar irradiance. In 2011, he published a paper with Shlomi Ziskin arguing that the solar variability explains about half the 20th century warming, with the other half attributable to anthropogenic forcing.`{{primary source inline|date=February 2016}}`{=mediawiki}
Shaviv\'s solar hypothesis has been disputed by Mike Lockwood and Claus Froehlich (1936--2019) in an analysis of the Sun\'s output over the last 25 years. They argue that the Sun\'s activity has been decreasing since 1985 while global temperatures have continued to rise. Shaviv argues that Lockwood and Froehlich\'s analysis is flawed for a number of reasons. Firstly, while sunspot activity declined after 1985, cosmic ray flux reached a minimum in 1992 and contributed to warming during the 1990s. Secondly, Shaviv argues that short term variations in radiative forcing are damped by the oceans, leading to a lag between changes in solar output and the effect on global temperatures. While the 2001 maximum was weaker than the 1990 maximum, increasing solar activity during previous decades was still having a warming effect, not unlike the lag between noon and the hottest hour of the day. Later quantitative modeling showed that indeed there is no discrepancy. The perceived \"hiatus\" in the early 2000s is a natural consequence of the decreased solar activity.
## Rejection of human-caused climate change {#rejection_of_human_caused_climate_change}
Shaviv disagrees with the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change. He claims that solar activity changes have contributed between half to two thirds of the warming over the 20th century, and that climate sensitivity should be on the low side ΔT~x2~=1.3±0.4 °C compared with IPCC\'s range of ΔT~x2~=1.5 to 4.5 °C per `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki} doubling.
Shaviv was interviewed for *The Great Global Warming Swindle* documentary. In the film he states:
In 2012, he contributed, along with Werner Weber, Henrik Svensmark and Nicola Scafetta, to the book *Die kalte Sonne. Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet* (The Cold Sun) of Fritz Vahrenholt and Sebastian Lüning, a book expressing climate change denial, which attracted considerable interest in Germany. Numerous scientists criticised the book and considered its underlying assumptions to be either outdated or highly speculative.
In 2018, the German Bundestag\'s environment committee invited him as an expert to the German Parliament. There he denied that carbon dioxide had a substantial effect on climate change and claimed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was ignoring information that the sun was the primary cause for climate change.
Nir Shaviv has been a speaker for the Heartland Institute.
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# Nir Shaviv
## Prizes and awards {#prizes_and_awards}
- 1996 Wolf foundation award for excellence as PhD student
- 1996 Lee A
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| 3 |
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# Brunei at the 2007 SEA Games
**Brunei Darussalam** participated in the **2007 Southeast Asian Games**, held in the city of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand from December 6, 2007, to December 16, 2007
| 32 |
Brunei at the 2007 SEA Games
| 0 |
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# Rekola railway station
**Rekola railway station** (*Rekolan rautatieasema*; *Räckhals station*) is a Helsinki commuter rail station located in the district of Rekola in the city of Vantaa, Finland. It is located approximately 20 km from Helsinki Central railway station.
The Rekola station was moved to its current location in 1980, coinciding with the replacement of the Hanala station by the contemporary Koivukylä stop.
## Connections
- K-line trains (Helsinki--Kerava)
- T-line trains (Helsinki--Riihimäki), nighttime
## Departure tracks {#departure_tracks}
There are four tracks at Rekola railway station, of which two (3, 4) have a platform for passenger trains.
- Track 3 is used by `{{Ric|HSL|K}}`{=mediawiki} trains to Kerava and `{{Ric|VR commuter rail|T}}`{=mediawiki} trains to Riihimäki.
- Track 4 is used by `{{Ric|HSL|K}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Ric|VR commuter rail|T}}`{=mediawiki} trains to Helsinki
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# Flaming Frontiers
***Flaming Frontiers*** (1938) is a Universal movie serial starring Johnny Mack Brown. It was a remake of *Heroes of the West* (1932). It was re-edited into a TV series in 1966. Much of the material was reused in Lon Chaney Jr.\'s 1942 serial *Overland Mail*.
## Synopsis
Prospector Tom Grant discovers a rich gold vein up South. His findings however, soon attract landowner Bart Eaton. Tom\'s sister Mary heads for the gold fields with Eaton and his men following. Eaton teams up with Ace Daggett who plans to doublecross him and get the gold for himself. They then frame Tom for murder and then try to get him to sign over his claim. The scout Tex Houston is on hand, escaping the attempts on his life, saving Mary from various perils, and trying to bring in the real killer and clear Tom...
## Cast
- Johnny Mack Brown as Tex Houston
- Eleanor Hansen as Mary Grant
- James Blaine as Bart Eaton
- Charles Stevens as Henchman Breed
- William Royle as Henchman Crosby
- Edward Cassidy as Henchman Joe
- Jack Rutherford as Buffalo Bill Cody / Daggett Henchman Rand
- Charles Middleton as Ace Daggett
- Ralph Bowman as Tom Grant
- Chief Thundercloud as Thundercloud
- Horace Murphy as The Sheriff
- Karl Hackett as Daggett Henchman Jake
- Charles King as Daggett Henchman Blackie
- Jack Roper as Wolf Moran
- Bill Hazlett as Chief Spotted Elk
- James Farley as Wagonmaster Hawkins
- Eddy Waller as Andy Grant
## Production
Along with *Heroes of the West* (1932) this serial was based on \"The Tie That Binds\" by Peter B. Kyne.
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
1. The River Runs Red
2. Death Rides the Wind
3. Treachery at Eagle Pass
4. A Night of Terror
5. Blood and Gold
6. Trapped by Fire
7. The Human Target
8. The Savage Horde
9. Toll of the Torrent
10. In the Claws of the Cougar
11. The Half Breed\'s Revenge
12. The Indians Are Coming
13. The Fatal Plunge
14. Dynamite
15
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# Carlos Esquivel
**Carlos Esquivel Silva** (born 10 April 1982) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a winger.
## Club career {#club_career}
Esquivel uprooted through the younger divisions of Toluca, and debuted in Apertura 2005 with then coach Américo Gallego. That season precisely Toluca became champions. Esquivel stayed there until Clausura 2008 when Esquivel was sent on loan to Tigres UANL for that one season. He returned to Toluca afterwards.
On 13 December 2017, Esquivel was loaned to Veracruz in a 6-month deal.
In June 2019, Esquivel joined UAEM of Ascenso MX.
## International career {#international_career}
Esquivel made four appearances for the Mexico national team in the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup where Mexico won its fifth title.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### International
National team Year Apps Goals
--------------- ------ ------ -------
Mexico 2008 1 0
2009 7 0
2015 11 1
Total 19 1
### International goals {#international_goals}
: *Scores and results list Mexico\'s goal tally first.*
Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
------ ------------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------------
1\. 4 September 2015
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# Sten Malmquist
**Sten Malmquist** (1917 -- March 11, 2004) was a Swedish economist and statistician. Among his contributions he is famous for having constructed the Malmquist index.
Malmquist was born in Lund, and his father\'s work as an astronomer took the family first to Saltsjöbaden and then to Uppsala. After collaborating with Herman Wold on econometric studies of consumer demand, Malmquist got his Ph.D. in statistics from Uppsala University in 1948. Malmquist\'s work on duality and the metric theory of utility is still used in microeconomic theory. In 1954, he was appointed professor at Stockholm University College, later known as Stockholm University, and remained there until his retirement in 1983.
Malquist also published in probability theory, where he found a formula for the boundary probability for the Brownian motion within a finite time interval
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# Run for the Sun
***Run for the Sun*** is a 1956 American Technicolor thriller adventure film released by United Artists, the third film to officially be based on Richard Connell\'s classic 1924 suspense story, \"The Most Dangerous Game\", after both RKO\'s *The Most Dangerous Game* (1932), and their remake, *A Game of Death* (1945). This version stars Richard Widmark, Trevor Howard, and Jane Greer, and was directed by Ray Boulting from a script written by Boulting and Dudley Nichols. Connell was credited for his short story.
In this loose adaptation, the expatriate Russian general of the original story is transformed into a British traitor hiding in the Mexican jungle with a fellow Nazi war criminal played by Peter van Eyck. Their prey are Widmark, portraying a Hemingway-like but reclusive novelist, and Greer, playing a magazine journalist who has tracked down the novelist\'s whereabouts. In this version, the Nazis are hunting them not for sport, but to prevent them revealing their whereabouts.`{{TOC limit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Plot
While working for *Sight* magazine, journalist Katie Connors goes to San Marcos, a remote Mexican fishing village. She seeks novelist and adventurer Mike Latimer, who has abandoned writing \"at the peak of his fame\" and dropped from sight. He is in the village, indulging in drinking, fishing, hunting, and flying his aircraft. Katie contrives to meet Latimer, who is smitten. Over the next days, Katie starts falling in love with him but conceals the reason she is there.
After Latimer explains that his wife was the muse behind his literary success, and that he quit writing because she left him to be with his best friend, Katie decides to return to New York. Latimer offers to fly her to Mexico City and asks Katie to write down her address to keep in touch. During the flight, the magnetized notebook in Katie\'s purse affects the aircraft\'s magnetic compass, and they find themselves lost over jungle. The aircraft runs out of fuel and Latimer crash-lands in a clearing. Knocked unconscious, he wakes up to find himself in a bed in the main house of a hacienda.
Katie introduces him to their rescuers, the Englishman Browne and the Dutch archaeologist Dr. Van Anders, who live on the estate with Jan, another European. When asked about a rifle bullet that Latimer carries, he says that it is a souvenir and good luck charm from the D-Day invasion, a time when his courage failed him.
Browne, a big game hunter, claims that he has no contact with the outside world. He keeps savage dogs to prowl the estate and control the local populace. When Latimer goes to examine the condition of his aircraft, it has disappeared. Later, a newscast on the radio announcing their disappearance reveals Katie\'s identity and original purpose. Katie tries to persuade an offended Latimer that she no longer intends to write the story but he rebuffs her.
That night, Latimer finds a storeroom containing military gear with Nazi markings, items from his missing aircraft supposedly stolen by the local natives, and hunting rifles. The dogs\' barking awakens Browne and Van Anders. Latimer overhears them talking in German and tells Katie what he found. He says that they need to work together to escape. They discover that Browne has been concealing from them his own \"flyable\" aircraft.
Latimer eventually recognizes Browne\'s voice; the latter turns out to be an infamous turncoat who during the war broadcast Nazi propaganda from Berlin to Britain after having married a German woman. Browne admits the truth and adds that his wife was Van Anders\' sister, killed in a British air raid. Van Anders is Colonel Von Andre, a German war criminal who massacred an entire village and intends to kill Latimer and Katie. The two try to steal the aircraft, but when Jan shoots at them, they flee into the jungle.
Browne, leading Van Anders, Jan and the dogs, follows their trail, failing to catch them the first day when wild pigs attack the dogs. The next day, Latimer rigs a crude booby trap that kills Jan. With Katie nearing exhaustion, Latimer doubles back, and when Browne and Van Anders find Jan\'s dead body, they realize that the aircraft has been left unguarded. Stopping for the night, Latimer finds that she wrote down the office address of *Sight* magazine as her own, proving that she had been truthful about her feelings.
They reach the hacienda before their pursuers and barricade themselves in the chapel. Van Anders pretends to negotiate with Latimer and shoots through the door. Latimer ridicules him, and when Van Anders goes to bring workers to break down the door, he is forced to lock up the dogs to get their cooperation. Browne fears the Nazi, and offers to shoot Van Anders if Latimer flies him to South America. Latimer refuses and uses the bullet hole in the door as a makeshift gun barrel, striking the primer with a chisel and fatally shooting Browne. Latimer and Katie take off in Browne\'s aircraft, killing Van Anders with the propeller when he tries to block their path. They manage to escape safely.
## Cast
- Richard Widmark as Michael Latimer
- Trevor Howard as Browne
- Jane Greer as Katie Connors
- Peter van Eyck as Dr. Van Anders / Colonel Von Andre
- Juan García as Fernandez
- José Antonio Carbajal as Paco
- José Chávez as Pedro (as José Chávez Trowe)
- Guillermo Calles as Paco
- Margarito Luna as Gran-Hotel Proprietor
- Guillermo Bravo Sosa as Gran-Hotel Waiter
- Enedina Díaz de León as Paco\'s Wife
- Carlos Henning as Jan
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# Run for the Sun
## Production
*Run for the Sun* was one of four films produced for United Artists release by a company owned by actress Jane Russell and her then husband, former NFL star Bob Waterfield. Originally Russell and Robert Mitchum were announced as stars. Then Eva Marie Saint was going to play the female lead.
Robert Wilder wrote the original script and Dudley Nichols was brought in to work on it.
Roy Boulting was signed to direct in August 1955. The original stars were to be Richard Widmark and Leo Genn. Jane Greer later joined the cast.
Genn was meant to play the head villain, and he had script approval at a rate of \$3,500 a week plus expenses. The script was rewritten and Genn did not like the result when he arrived in Mexico to start filming. He pulled out, and Trevor Howard was cast instead. Genn later sued Waterfield, who eventually had to pay Genn his complete salary.
The jungle sequences were shot about 50 miles from Acapulco, Mexico. The location used for Browne and Van Anders\' base was a vast, ruined, 16th century hacienda and sugar plantation/refinery built by Hernán Cortés at Atlacomulco, southeast of Cuernavaca. In the 1980s, the principal house and several other buildings were restored and turned into a hotel. The interior and patio of the house used in the film, as well as the interior of the small hotel where Katie Connors and Mike Latimer meet, were sets built at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City. The house interior was reputed to be the largest set yet built in a Mexican studio. {{#tag:ref\|In the film, the supporting villain is a German, \"von Andre,\" who passes as a Dutchman, \"Van Anders.\" In actuality, the actor playing him, Peter van Eyck -- a Dutch name -- was born Götz von Eick and changed his name when becoming an actor.\|group=N}}
## Reception
Film reviewer Leslie Halliwell in *Leslie Halliwell\'s Film Guide* (1989), noted that *Run for the Sun* was a \"\... tame remake of \'The Most Dangerous Game\' with Count Zaroff replaced by Lord Haw-Haw; sluggish plot development mars the action.\"
Film reviewer Adrian Turner in the *Time Out Film Guide* (2004), said that *Run for the Sun*: \"\... never really gets to grip with the grotesquerie of the original story, though Howard as a dead ringer for Lord Haw-Haw, is excellent
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# Categorical distribution
In probability theory and statistics, a **categorical distribution** (also called a **generalized Bernoulli distribution**, **multinoulli distribution**) is a discrete probability distribution that describes the possible results of a random variable that can take on one of *K* possible categories, with the probability of each category separately specified. There is no innate underlying ordering of these outcomes, but numerical labels are often attached for convenience in describing the distribution, (e.g. 1 to *K*). The *K*-dimensional categorical distribution is the most general distribution over a *K*-way event; any other discrete distribution over a size-*K* sample space is a special case. The parameters specifying the probabilities of each possible outcome are constrained only by the fact that each must be in the range 0 to 1, and all must sum to 1.
The categorical distribution is the generalization of the Bernoulli distribution for a categorical random variable, i.e. for a discrete variable with more than two possible outcomes, such as the roll of a die. On the other hand, the categorical distribution is a special case of the multinomial distribution, in that it gives the probabilities of potential outcomes of a single drawing rather than multiple drawings.
## Terminology
Occasionally, the categorical distribution is termed the \"discrete distribution\". However, this properly refers not to one particular family of distributions but to a general class of distributions.
In some fields, such as machine learning and natural language processing, the categorical and multinomial distributions are conflated, and it is common to speak of a \"multinomial distribution\" when a \"categorical distribution\" would be more precise. This imprecise usage stems from the fact that it is sometimes convenient to express the outcome of a categorical distribution as a \"1-of-*K*\" vector (a vector with one element containing a 1 and all other elements containing a 0) rather than as an integer in the range 1 to *K*; in this form, a categorical distribution is equivalent to a multinomial distribution for a single observation (see below).
However, conflating the categorical and multinomial distributions can lead to problems. For example, in a Dirichlet-multinomial distribution, which arises commonly in natural language processing models (although not usually with this name) as a result of collapsed Gibbs sampling where Dirichlet distributions are collapsed out of a hierarchical Bayesian model, it is very important to distinguish categorical from multinomial. The joint distribution of the same variables with the same Dirichlet-multinomial distribution has two different forms depending on whether it is characterized as a distribution whose domain is over individual categorical nodes or over multinomial-style counts of nodes in each particular category (similar to the distinction between a set of Bernoulli-distributed nodes and a single binomial-distributed node). Both forms have very similar-looking probability mass functions (PMFs), which both make reference to multinomial-style counts of nodes in a category. However, the multinomial-style PMF has an extra factor, a multinomial coefficient, that is a constant equal to 1 in the categorical-style PMF. Confusing the two can easily lead to incorrect results in settings where this extra factor is not constant with respect to the distributions of interest. The factor is frequently constant in the complete conditionals used in Gibbs sampling and the optimal distributions in variational methods.
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# Categorical distribution
## Formulating distributions {#formulating_distributions}
A categorical distribution is a discrete probability distribution whose sample space is the set of *k* individually identified items. It is the generalization of the Bernoulli distribution for a categorical random variable.
In one formulation of the distribution, the sample space is taken to be a finite sequence of integers. The exact integers used as labels are unimportant; they might be {0, 1, \..., *k* − 1} or {1, 2, \..., *k*} or any other arbitrary set of values. In the following descriptions, we use {1, 2, \..., *k*} for convenience, although this disagrees with the convention for the Bernoulli distribution, which uses {0, 1}. In this case, the probability mass function *f* is:
:
f(x=i\\mid \\boldsymbol{p} ) = p_i ,
where $\boldsymbol{p} = (p_1,\ldots,p_k)$, $p_i$ represents the probability of seeing element *i* and $\textstyle{\sum_{i=1}^k p_i = 1}$.
Another formulation that appears more complex but facilitates mathematical manipulations is as follows, using the Iverson bracket:
:
f(x\\mid \\boldsymbol{p} ) = \\prod\_{i=1}\^k p_i\^{\[x=i\]} ,
where $[x=i]$ evaluates to 1 if $x=i$, 0 otherwise. There are various advantages of this formulation, e.g.:
- It is easier to write out the likelihood function of a set of independent identically distributed categorical variables.
- It connects the categorical distribution with the related multinomial distribution.
- It shows why the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior of the categorical distribution, and allows the posterior distribution of the parameters to be calculated.
Yet another formulation makes explicit the connection between the categorical and multinomial distributions by treating the categorical distribution as a special case of the multinomial distribution in which the parameter *n* of the multinomial distribution (the number of sampled items) is fixed at 1. In this formulation, the sample space can be considered to be the set of 1-of-*K* encoded random vectors **x** of dimension *k* having the property that exactly one element has the value 1 and the others have the value 0. The particular element having the value 1 indicates which category has been chosen. The probability mass function *f* in this formulation is:
:
f( \\mathbf{x}\\mid \\boldsymbol{p} ) = \\prod\_{i=1}\^k p_i\^{x_i} ,
where $p_i$ represents the probability of seeing element *i* and $\textstyle{\sum_i p_i = 1}$. This is the formulation adopted by Bishop.`{{NoteTag|However, Bishop does not explicitly use the term categorical distribution.}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Categorical distribution
## Properties
- The distribution is completely given by the probabilities associated with each number *i*: $p_i = P(X = i)$, *i* = 1,\...,*k*, where $\textstyle{\sum_i p_i = 1}$. The possible sets of probabilities are exactly those in the standard $(k-1)$-dimensional simplex; for *k* = 2 this reduces to the possible probabilities of the Bernoulli distribution being the 1-simplex, $p_1+p_2=1, 0 \leq p_1,p_2 \leq 1 .$
- The distribution is a special case of a \"multivariate Bernoulli distribution\" in which exactly one of the *k* 0-1 variables takes the value one.
- $\operatorname{E} \left[ \mathbf{x} \right] = \boldsymbol{p}$
- Let $\boldsymbol{X}$ be the realisation from a categorical distribution. Define the random vector *Y* as composed of the elements:
:
: $Y_i=I(\boldsymbol{X}=i),$
: where *I* is the indicator function. Then *Y* has a distribution which is a special case of the multinomial distribution with parameter $n=1$. The sum of $n$ independent and identically distributed such random variables *Y* constructed from a categorical distribution with parameter $\boldsymbol{p}$ is multinomially distributed with parameters $n$ and $\boldsymbol{p} .$
- The conjugate prior distribution of a categorical distribution is a Dirichlet distribution. See the section below for more discussion.
- The sufficient statistic from *n* independent observations is the set of counts (or, equivalently, proportion) of observations in each category, where the total number of trials (=*n*) is fixed.
- The indicator function of an observation having a value *i*, equivalent to the Iverson bracket function $[x=i]$ or the Kronecker delta function $\delta_{xi},$ is Bernoulli distributed with parameter $p_i .$
## Bayesian inference using conjugate prior {#bayesian_inference_using_conjugate_prior}
In Bayesian statistics, the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior distribution of the categorical distribution (and also the multinomial distribution). This means that in a model consisting of a data point having a categorical distribution with unknown parameter vector **p**, and (in standard Bayesian style) we choose to treat this parameter as a random variable and give it a prior distribution defined using a Dirichlet distribution, then the posterior distribution of the parameter, after incorporating the knowledge gained from the observed data, is also a Dirichlet. Intuitively, in such a case, starting from what is known about the parameter prior to observing the data point, knowledge can then be updated based on the data point, yielding a new distribution of the same form as the old one. As such, knowledge of a parameter can be successively updated by incorporating new observations one at a time, without running into mathematical difficulties.
Formally, this can be expressed as follows. Given a model
: \\begin{array}{lclcl}
\\boldsymbol\\alpha &=& (\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_K) &=& \\text{concentration hyperparameter} \\\\ \\mathbf{p}\\mid\\boldsymbol\\alpha &=& (p_1, \\ldots, p_K) &\\sim& \\operatorname{Dir}(K, \\boldsymbol\\alpha) \\\\ \\mathbb{X}\\mid\\mathbf{p} &=& (x_1, \\ldots, x_N) &\\sim& \\operatorname{Cat}(K,\\mathbf{p}) \\end{array}
then the following holds:
: \\begin{array}{lclcl}
\\mathbf{c} &=& (c_1, \\ldots, c_K) &=& \\text{number of occurrences of category }i, \\text{ so that } c_i = \\sum\_{j=1}\^N \[x_j=i\] \\\\ \\mathbf{p} \\mid \\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol\\alpha &\\sim& \\operatorname{Dir}(K,\\mathbf{c}+\\boldsymbol\\alpha) &=& \\operatorname{Dir}(K,c_1+\\alpha_1,\\ldots,c_K+\\alpha_K) \\end{array}
This relationship is used in Bayesian statistics to estimate the underlying parameter **p** of a categorical distribution given a collection of *N* samples. Intuitively, we can view the hyperprior vector **α** as pseudocounts, i.e. as representing the number of observations in each category that we have already seen. Then we simply add in the counts for all the new observations (the vector **c**) in order to derive the posterior distribution.
Further intuition comes from the expected value of the posterior distribution (see the article on the Dirichlet distribution):
: $\operatorname{E}[p_i \mid \mathbb{X},\boldsymbol\alpha] = \frac{c_i+\alpha_i}{N+\sum_k\alpha_k}$
This says that the expected probability of seeing a category *i* among the various discrete distributions generated by the posterior distribution is simply equal to the proportion of occurrences of that category actually seen in the data, including the pseudocounts in the prior distribution. This makes a great deal of intuitive sense: if, for example, there are three possible categories, and category 1 is seen in the observed data 40% of the time, one would expect on average to see category 1 40% of the time in the posterior distribution as well.
(This intuition is ignoring the effect of the prior distribution. Furthermore, the posterior is a *distribution over distributions*. The posterior distribution in general describes the parameter in question, and in this case the parameter itself is a discrete probability distribution, i.e. the actual categorical distribution that generated the data. For example, if 3 categories in the ratio 40:5:55 are in the observed data, then ignoring the effect of the prior distribution, the true parameter -- i.e. the true, underlying distribution that generated our observed data -- would be expected to have the average value of (0.40,0.05,0.55), which is indeed what the posterior reveals. However, the true distribution might actually be (0.35,0.07,0.58) or (0.42,0.04,0.54) or various other nearby possibilities. The amount of uncertainty involved here is specified by the variance of the posterior, which is controlled by the total number of observations -- the more data observed, the less uncertainty about the true parameter.)
(Technically, the prior parameter $\alpha_i$ should actually be seen as representing $\alpha_i-1$ prior observations of category $i$. Then, the updated posterior parameter $c_i+\alpha_i$ represents $c_i+\alpha_i-1$ posterior observations. This reflects the fact that a Dirichlet distribution with $\boldsymbol\alpha = (1,1,\ldots)$ has a completely flat shape --- essentially, a uniform distribution over the simplex of possible values of **p**. Logically, a flat distribution of this sort represents total ignorance, corresponding to no observations of any sort. However, the mathematical updating of the posterior works fine if we ignore the $\cdots-1$ term and simply think of the **α** vector as directly representing a set of pseudocounts. Furthermore, doing this avoids the issue of interpreting $\alpha_i$ values less than 1.)
### MAP estimation {#map_estimation}
The maximum-a-posteriori estimate of the parameter **p** in the above model is simply the mode of the posterior Dirichlet distribution, i.e.,
:
` \operatorname{arg\,max}\limits_{\mathbf{p}} p(\mathbf{p} \mid \mathbb{X}) = \frac{\alpha_i + c_i - 1}{\sum_i (\alpha_i + c_i - 1)}, \qquad \forall i \; \alpha_i + c_i > 1`
In many practical applications, the only way to guarantee the condition that $\forall i \; \alpha_i + c_i > 1$ is to set $\alpha_i > 1$ for all *i*.
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# Categorical distribution
## Bayesian inference using conjugate prior {#bayesian_inference_using_conjugate_prior}
### Marginal likelihood {#marginal_likelihood}
In the above model, the marginal likelihood of the observations (i.e. the joint distribution of the observations, with the prior parameter marginalized out) is a Dirichlet-multinomial distribution:
:
\\begin{align} p(\\mathbb{X}\\mid\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}) &= \\int\_{\\mathbf{p}}p(\\mathbb{X}\\mid \\mathbf{p})p(\\mathbf{p}\\mid\\boldsymbol{\\alpha})\\textrm{d}\\mathbf{p} \\\\ &= \\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\sum_k \\alpha_k\\right)} {\\Gamma\\left(N+\\sum_k \\alpha_k\\right)}\\prod\_{k=1}\^K\\frac{\\Gamma(c\_{k}+\\alpha\_{k})}{\\Gamma(\\alpha\_{k})} \\end{align}
This distribution plays an important role in hierarchical Bayesian models, because when doing inference over such models using methods such as Gibbs sampling or variational Bayes, Dirichlet prior distributions are often marginalized out. See the article on this distribution for more details.
### Posterior predictive distribution {#posterior_predictive_distribution}
The posterior predictive distribution of a new observation in the above model is the distribution that a new observation $\tilde{x}$ would take given the set $\mathbb{X}$ of *N* categorical observations. As shown in the Dirichlet-multinomial distribution article, it has a very simple form:
:
\\begin{align} p(\\tilde{x}=i\\mid\\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}) &= \\int\_{\\mathbf{p}}p(\\tilde{x}=i\\mid\\mathbf{p})\\,p(\\mathbf{p}\\mid\\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha})\\,\\textrm{d}\\mathbf{p} \\\\ &=\\, \\frac{c_i + \\alpha_i}{N+\\sum_k \\alpha_k} \\\\ &=\\, \\mathbb{E}\[p_i \\mid \\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol\\alpha\] \\\\ &\\propto\\, c_i + \\alpha_i. \\\\ \\end{align}
There are various relationships among this formula and the previous ones:
- The posterior predictive probability of seeing a particular category is the same as the relative proportion of previous observations in that category (including the pseudo-observations of the prior). This makes logical sense --- intuitively, we would expect to see a particular category according to the frequency already observed of that category.
- The posterior predictive probability is the same as the expected value of the posterior distribution. This is explained more below.
- As a result, this formula can be expressed as simply \"the posterior predictive probability of seeing a category is proportional to the total observed count of that category\", or as \"the *expected count* of a category is the same as the total observed count of the category\", where \"observed count\" is taken to include the pseudo-observations of the prior.
The reason for the equivalence between posterior predictive probability and the expected value of the posterior distribution of **p** is evident with re-examination of the above formula. As explained in the posterior predictive distribution article, the formula for the posterior predictive probability has the form of an expected value taken with respect to the posterior distribution:
:
\\begin{align} p(\\tilde{x}=i\\mid\\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}) &= \\int\_{\\mathbf{p}}p(\\tilde{x}=i\\mid\\mathbf{p})\\,p(\\mathbf{p}\\mid\\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha})\\,\\textrm{d}\\mathbf{p} \\\\ &=\\, \\operatorname{E}\_{\\mathbf{p}\\mid\\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}} \\left\[p(\\tilde{x}=i\\mid\\mathbf{p})\\right\] \\\\ &=\\, \\operatorname{E}\_{\\mathbf{p}\\mid\\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}} \\left\[p_i\\right\] \\\\ &=\\, \\operatorname{E}\[p_i \\mid \\mathbb{X},\\boldsymbol\\alpha\]. \\end{align}
The crucial line above is the third. The second follows directly from the definition of expected value. The third line is particular to the categorical distribution, and follows from the fact that, in the categorical distribution specifically, the expected value of seeing a particular value *i* is directly specified by the associated parameter *p~i~*. The fourth line is simply a rewriting of the third in a different notation, using the notation farther up for an expectation taken with respect to the posterior distribution of the parameters.
Observe data points one by one and each time consider their predictive probability before observing the data point and updating the posterior. For any given data point, the probability of that point assuming a given category depends on the number of data points already in that category. In this scenario, if a category has a high frequency of occurrence, then new data points are more likely to join that category --- further enriching the same category. This type of scenario is often termed a preferential attachment (or \"rich get richer\") model. This models many real-world processes, and in such cases the choices made by the first few data points have an outsize influence on the rest of the data points.
### Posterior conditional distribution {#posterior_conditional_distribution}
In Gibbs sampling, one typically needs to draw from conditional distributions in multi-variable Bayes networks where each variable is conditioned on all the others. In networks that include categorical variables with Dirichlet priors (e.g. mixture models and models including mixture components), the Dirichlet distributions are often \"collapsed out\" (marginalized out) of the network, which introduces dependencies among the various categorical nodes dependent on a given prior (specifically, their joint distribution is a Dirichlet-multinomial distribution). One of the reasons for doing this is that in such a case, the distribution of one categorical node given the others is exactly the posterior predictive distribution of the remaining nodes.
That is, for a set of nodes $\mathbb{X}$, if the node in question is denoted as $x_n$ and the remainder as $\mathbb{X}^{(-n)}$, then
:
\\begin{align} p(x_n=i\\mid\\mathbb{X}\^{(-n)},\\boldsymbol{\\alpha}) &=\\, \\frac{c_i\^{(-n)} + \\alpha_i}{N-1+\\sum_i \\alpha_i} &\\propto\\, c_i\^{(-n)} + \\alpha_i \\end{align}
where $c_i^{(-n)}$ is the number of nodes having category *i* among the nodes other than node *n*.
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# Categorical distribution
## Sampling
There are a number of methods, but the most common way to sample from a categorical distribution uses a type of inverse transform sampling:
Assume a distribution is expressed as \"proportional to\" some expression, with unknown normalizing constant. Before taking any samples, one prepares some values as follows:
1. Compute the unnormalized value of the distribution for each category.
2. Sum them up and divide each value by this sum, in order to normalize them.
3. Impose some sort of order on the categories (e.g. by an index that runs from 1 to *k*, where *k* is the number of categories).
4. Convert the values to a cumulative distribution function (CDF) by replacing each value with the sum of all of the previous values. This can be done in time *O(k)*. The resulting value for the first category will be 0.
Then, each time it is necessary to sample a value:
1. Pick a uniformly distributed number between 0 and 1.
2. Locate the greatest number in the CDF whose value is less than or equal to the number just chosen. This can be done in time *O(log(k))*, by binary search.
3. Return the category corresponding to this CDF value.
If it is necessary to draw many values from the same categorical distribution, the following approach is more efficient. It draws n samples in O(n) time (assuming an O(1) approximation is used to draw values from the binomial distribution).
function draw_categorical(n) // where n is the number of samples to draw from the categorical distribution
r = 1
s = 0
for i from 1 to k // where k is the number of categories
v = draw from a binomial(n, p[i] / r) distribution // where p[i] is the probability of category i
for j from 1 to v
z[s++] = i // where z is an array in which the results are stored
n = n - v
r = r - p[i]
shuffle (randomly re-order) the elements in z
return z
### Sampling via the Gumbel distribution {#sampling_via_the_gumbel_distribution}
In machine learning it is typical to parametrize the categorical distribution, $p_1,\ldots,p_k$ via an unconstrained representation in $\mathbb{R}^k$, whose components are given by:
:
\\gamma_i = \\log p_i + \\alpha where $\alpha$ is any real constant. Given this representation, $p_1,\ldots,p_k$ can be recovered using the softmax function, which can then be sampled using the techniques described above. There is however a more direct sampling method that uses samples from the Gumbel distribution. Let $g_1,\ldots,g_k$ be *k* independent draws from the standard Gumbel distribution, then
$$c = \operatorname{arg\,max}\limits_i \left( \gamma_i + g_i \right)$$ will be a sample from the desired categorical distribution. (If $u_i$ is a sample from the standard uniform distribution, then $g_i=-\log(-\log u_i)$ is a sample from the standard Gumbel distribution
| 468 |
Categorical distribution
| 4 |
10,072,724 |
# Chris Warner (comics)
**Chris Warner** (born 1955) is an American comic book writer, artist, and editor for Dark Horse Comics. He worked extensively on their mid-1990s line of Comics\' Greatest World and Dark Horse Heroes. Warner has also worked sporadically for other companies, such as DC Comics and Marvel Comics.
## Career
Warner illustrated several comics based on the *Predator* franchise and came up with the idea for an *Aliens vs. Predator* crossover. He is listed as the creator of *Barb Wire* and the developer of the setting of Steel Harbor for these lines. His work on this line includes writing and penciling the mini-series *Barb Wire: Ace of Spades* (#1--4), penciling issues #10--12 of *X*, being the image illustrator (i.e., the visual creator) of characters like *Ghost* and is given creator credit on *[Wolf Gang](https://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/93-151/Comics-Greatest-World-Wolf-Gang)*, *Pit Bulls* and *Motorhead*. He also worked on *Will to Power* (issues #4--6 as writer & #10--12 as penciler) and the second volume of *Ghost*, on which he acted as writer and later co-writer for the majority of that title\'s run. Warner later became a senior editor for Dark Horse
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Chris Warner (comics)
| 0 |
10,072,725 |
# List of bats of Borneo
| 6 |
List of bats of Borneo
| 0 |
10,072,727 |
# Goodman Games
**Goodman Games** is an American game publisher best known for the *Dungeon Crawl Classics* series of adventure modules and role-playing game, its science fiction offshoot *Mutant Crawl Classics*, and *Original Adventures Reincarnated*, a line of updated, annotated, and expanded republications of classic RPG adventures and supplements, mostly from TSR, Inc.\'s *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons*. Additionally, Goodman Games produces RPGs using versions of the *DCC* rules for Fritz Leiber\'s Lankhmar and Jack Vance\'s Dying Earth settings, under license. The company has also produced licensed adventures for *Wicked Fantasy Factory*, *Judges Guild*, *Xcrawl*, *Iron Heroes*, *Castles and Crusades*, and *Death Dealer*.
## History
Joseph Goodman started Goodman Games in 2001 and took advantage of the new d20 System license by publishing his first RPG, *Broncosaurus Rex*. Goodman Games released a series of *Complete Guides* beginning with *Complete Guide to Drow* (2002), and another 10 books after that, several of which focused on unusual races that were not being covered by other publishers, such as *Complete Guide to Doppelgangers* (2002), *Complete Guide to Rakshasas* (2003), *Complete Guide to Treants* (2003), and *Complete Guide to Wererats* (2003). Despite success with *Broncosaurus Rex* and then moving to fantasy dungeon crawls, Goodman did not hire any in-house game designers and continued to work with freelance creators. With the Dungeon Crawl Classics label, Goodman intended to publish intelligent dungeon crawl adventures and to serve the growing demographic of older gamers. Goodman Games expanded into a wide range of fantasy and science fiction role playing game (RPG) supplements, mostly for the d20 license; which meant adventures compatible with the 3rd edition of Dungeons & Dragons ruleset.
Their card games include *Geek Wars*, *World Championship Dodge Ball*, and *Scavenger Hunt*.
In 2010, Goodman Games published Amethyst RPG, a science-fiction setting for 4th edition Dungeons and Dragons.
In 2018, Goodman Games released *Mutant Crawl Classics*, a post-apocalyptic role playing game compatible with the *Dungeon Crawl Classics Role Playing Game* ruleset.
In 2019, Goodman Games released *Dungeon Crawl Classics: Lankhmar,* a setting-specific game using *DCC* mechanics taking place in Fritz Leiber\'s fantasy world of Nehwon, home to his sword-and-sorcery duo of Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser.
Leaked documents from Wizard of the Coast in January 2023 suggested that Wizards planned to change the Open Game License (OGL), developed for its *Dungeons & Dragons* products, to be more restrictive and potentially harm third-party content creators. Goodman Games stated that \"WotC\'s proposed changes to the OGL would have no impact on their lines\". In response to the OGL leak, Paizo announced plans to develop a new license called the Open RPG Creative License (ORC) -- this would be an open, perpetual, and irrevocable system-agnostic license stewarded by a nonprofit. This license will be open to publishers besides Paizo; Goodman Games joined the ORC License Alliance on January 13, 2023. *Polygon* reported that \"in the weeks that Hasbro spent publicly flailing, customers spent an extraordinary amount of money investing in its competition\". Goodman Games stated that January 2023 was \"the best sales month in its two-decade history. Sales through the Goodman Games online store reached an all-time high, exceeding even prior Black Friday and holiday special events, while other channels saw similar growth. *Dungeon Crawl Classics* core rulebooks moved at a brisk pace throughout the month, as several accessories and adventure modules sold out, and the *DCC* core rulebook accelerated toward the end of its current print run\".
In April of 2023, Goodman Games released another game in the *DCC* family, this time based on the Dying Earth stories of Jack Vance. *Dungeon Crawl Classics: Dying Earth* uses core *DCC* mechanics with setting-specific additions to better capture the feel of Vance\'s stories, and was launched with a Boxed Set core game and nine all-new adventure modules set in Vance\'s world.
A forthcoming title in the *DCC* line of products is *Xcrawl Classics* \-- a new edition of Xcrawl using *DCC* mechanics. *Xcrawl Classics* offers arena-style dungeon crawling in an alternate reality setting in which adventurers are star athletes competing for fame and fortune in deadly engineered dungeons. *XCC* was the subject of a successful Kickstarter in August of 2023.
| 688 |
Goodman Games
| 0 |
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# Goodman Games
## Games
### *Amethyst* campaign setting {#amethyst_campaign_setting}
**Amethyst** is a campaign setting released for both the 3rd edition via the Open Gaming License and the D&D 4th edition via the Game System License. It is published by Dias Ex Machina, featuring the artwork of Nick Greenwood and Jaime Jones. Some of the rules are adapted to the setting to include elements such as vehicles and guns, making magic less powerful and additionally changes many of the \"core\" classes by opening up new paths of advancement via the class focus system. Additionally the game shares its combat rules with other future supplements of the same publisher and it is meant to be compatible with standard GSL rules. The setting makes fey playable. *Amethyst* was originally published under 3.5 rules and recognized with an Honorable Mention for Best Setting in the 2008 Gen Con ENnie Awards. *Amethyst: Foundations* by Chris Dias was previewed at the Free RPG Day of 2009, and then published in 2010 by Goodman Games as a science fantasy setting for 4th edition *Dungeons & Dragons* under the Game System License from Wizards of the Coast.
### *Dungeon Crawl Classics* role playing game {#dungeon_crawl_classics_role_playing_game}
In May 2012, Goodman Games released an original OGL-based role-playing game named after their earlier series of D&D-compatible adventures called Dungeon Crawl Classics Role Playing Game (DCC RPG). The design intention was \"to create a modern RPG that reflects D&D's origin-point concepts with decades-later rules editions.\"
### *Mutant Crawl Classics* role playing game {#mutant_crawl_classics_role_playing_game}
*Mutant Crawl Classics*, inspired by the post-apocalyptic RPG *Gamma World*, was released in April 2018 after a successful Kickstarter campaign. A stand-alone game, it uses the *Dungeon Crawl Classics* rules engine and claims to be 100% compatible with *DCC*.
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| 1 |
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# Goodman Games
## Community activity {#community_activity}
In July 2009, Goodman Games held a contest to award a Game Store with the award of **\"**America\'s Favorite Game Store**\"**. The award went to Yottaquest.
Since 2007, Goodman Games has participated in the annual Free RPG Day, often creating new adventures and supplements in their popular *DCC* and *MCC* lines intended to be distributed for free to fans who visit their local Friendly Local Gaming Store on the day.
Goodman Games organizes and sponsors a *DCC* Day event once a year as a way of encouraging fans to visit their local game stores and play public games of *DCC*, *MCC*, and other Goodman Games. Beginning in 2020, *DCC* Day features exclusive products that are available at participating stores.
## Reception
Goodman Games won the 2006 Gold Ennie Award for \"The Grognard Award\".
Goodman Games won the 2013 Silver Ennie Award for \"Fans' Choice for Favorite Publisher\"
| 154 |
Goodman Games
| 2 |
10,072,752 |
# Liberty Property Trust
**Liberty Property Trust** was a real estate investment trust that invested in office buildings and industrial properties. As of December 31, 2017, the company owned interests in 461 industrial and 48 office properties comprising 86.0 million square feet.
## History
The company traces its history to Rouse & Associates, which was formed in 1972 by Willard Rouse, George Congdon, David Hammers, and Menard Doswell to develop warehouse space in South Jersey.
In 1974, Rouse & Associates purchased the Great Valley Corporate Center (GVCC) in Malvern, Pennsylvania, which was the first office park to incorporate a graduate college, a business development and training center, and a day care center.
In 1987, Rouse & Associates opened One Liberty Place, the first skyscraper in Philadelphia to be taller than Philadelphia City Hall, and the tallest building in Pennsylvania from 1987 to 2007. Elsewhere their UK subsidiary Rouse Kent developed Kings Hill in the United Kingdom.
In 1994, Rouse & Associates changed its name to Liberty Property Trust and became a public company via an initial public offering.
In 1995, the company acquired Lingerfelt Development Corporation in a \$125 million transaction.
In 1997, the company acquired 2 portfolios of properties for \$130 million.
In 2003, founder and chief executive officer Willard Rouse died from lung cancer.
In 2014, in a joint venture with Comcast, the company began construction of the Comcast Technology Center, which at 1142 ft, is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere outside of Manhattan and Chicago and was designed by Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank. The company owns a 20% interest in the project.
In 2016, the company sold a portfolio of 8 properties for \$131.1 million, an 8 building portfolio in Herndon, Virginia for \$97 million, and a portfolio of 108 properties for \$969 million.
On February 4, 2020, the company was acquired by Prologis
| 312 |
Liberty Property Trust
| 0 |
10,072,796 |
# Joseph Goodman (game designer)
**Joseph Goodman** is a role-playing game designer and the owner of Goodman Games. He is best known for the *d20* adventure series, *Dungeon Crawl Classics* and the Dungeon Crawl Classics Role Playing Game.
## Career
Joseph Goodman has worked as a professional in the gaming field since self-publishing *The Dark Library* in 1994, a fanzine for his interest in miniatures games such as *Warhammer 40k*. Heartbreaker Hobbies & Games later hired him to be the editor-in-chief of their publication, *Forge: The Magazine of Miniature Gaming*. Goodman then started his own game publishing company, Goodman Games, with his first RPG being *Broncosaurus Rex* (2001). Despite success with *Broncosaurus Rex* and then moving to fantasy dungeon crawls, Goodman did not hire any in-house game designers and worked with creators freelance instead. Goodman started publishing the Dungeon Crawl Classics line in 2003, with the intent to publish intelligent dungeon crawl adventures like those he enjoyed playing, and he wanted to serve the large part of the demographic market made up of older gamers. Goodman also developed the *Dragonmech* setting, which he released in 2004 under the Sword and Sorcery Studios imprint of White Wolf
| 196 |
Joseph Goodman (game designer)
| 0 |
10,072,799 |
# Veerapandi, Salem
**Veerapandi** is a suburb of Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, 14 km from the old bus stand, 13 km from the new bus stand and 14 km from Salem Junction. Today it has the main college area in Salem. The biggest center for higher learning is the Vinayaga Missions University near Veerapandi.
## Temples
It had lot of hindu religious Temple , Especially 1008 Shiv Linnga and several religious temple. It have Church too. Around 4kilometere.
## Festivals
The main festivals such as marriyaman kovil, angalamman kovil, etc. take place in the city. In the month of April the marriyaman festival is celebrated around 15 Days with lot of formalities and procedures.
## Economy
The main occupation is agriculture.. Textiles and finance are common business in this area. Both Genders have been working all around the city.
## Amenities
In general Veerapandi has all its basic amenities and can be reached at any time from anywhere because of the excellent road transport facility it has with the nearest town \"Salem\".
It has a railway station name is Virapandy road railway station with passenger train service to go to Erode and Salem Junction.
It has a government high school and elementary school.
It has polytechnic Colleges
- Kongu Polytechnic College
- Rajaji Indtitute of Technology
It has Medical College
- Vinayaka Mission Kirubananda Variyar Medical College
It has Engineering College
- Annapoorana Engineering College
- Vinayaka Mission Kirubananda Variyar Engineering College
It has Arts & Science College
- VMKV Arts & Science College
It has Physical Education College
- Vinayaka Missions College of Physical Education
## Politics
Veerapandi assembly constituency is part of Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)
| 278 |
Veerapandi, Salem
| 0 |
10,072,803 |
# Red Barry (serial)
***Red Barry*** is a 1938 13-chapter Universal movie serial based on the comic strip *Red Barry* by Will Gould.
## Plot
An undercover police detective sets out to discover who stole \$2 million in bonds.
## Cast
- Buster Crabbe as Red Barry. This was one of the few serial roles for Buster Crabbe in normal clothing.
- Edna Sedgewick as Natacha
- Frances Robinson as Mississippi
- Cyril Delevanti as Wing Fu
- Frank Lackteen as Quong Lee
- Wade Boteler as Inspector Scott
- Hugh Huntley as Harry Dycer, aka Valentine Vane
- Philip Ahn as Hong Kong Cholly
- William Ruhl as C.E. Mannix
- William Gould as Commissioner
- Wheeler Oakman as Weaver
- Stanley Price as Petrov
- Earl Douglas as Igor
- Charles Stevens as Captain Moy
- Eric Wilton as Tubbs, Vane\'s Butler
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
~Source:~
1. Millions for Defense
2. The Curtain Falls
3. The Decoy
4. High Stakes
5. Desperate Chances
6. The Human Target
7. Midnight Tragedy
8. The Devil\'s Disguise
9. Between Two Fires
10. The False Trail
11. Heavy Odds
12. The Enemy Within
13
| 193 |
Red Barry (serial)
| 0 |
10,072,812 |
# Christian democracy in the Netherlands
This article gives an overview of Christian democracy in the Netherlands, which is also called confessionalism, including political Catholicism and Protestantism.
## History
Christian democracy is the second oldest political ideology in the Netherlands, although before 1977 it was called \"confessionalism\" (politics based on the Christian confession).
Christian democracy in the Netherlands is separated by roughly two kinds of cleavages---religious cleavages and political cleavages---which sometimes coincide.
The strongest religious cleavage is between Catholicism and Protestantism. Before the 1920s Catholics were treated as second class citizens and they were strongly despised by Protestants, who combined their Dutch nationalism with fierce anti-papism. There also are strong cleavages within Protestantism, most notably between the Dutch Reformed Church (*Hervormd*) and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (*Gereformeerd*). There are also cleavages within the Reformed Churches. The religious cleavages were reinforced by pillarisation---self-imposed religious segregation.
Christian democratic parties were also divided on political matters. The left-right cleavage split left-wing, centrist and right-wing strands of Christian democracy within the movement.
Before the 1880s the dominant political division in the Netherlands was between liberalism and conservatism. Orthodox strands of Protestantism were allied with the conservatives, while political Catholicism was allied with liberalism.
### Origins and party formation {#origins_and_party_formation}
One of the issues that led to the rise of Christian democracy in the Netherlands was the school struggle. Since the French period, public education in the Netherlands had been secular. After failed attempts to restore the Christian nature of public education, several Christian politicians such as Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer started promoting the establishment of private Christian schools. An 1878 act of parliament put higher demands on the quality of school buildings and the wages and education of teachers. These higher demands were accompanied by additional funding from the government for secular public schools, but not for Christian schools, many of which were unable to sustain the financial burden. This intensified the Christians\' call for equal funding for Christian schools.
On 3 April 1879, the theologian Abraham Kuyper founded the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), the first national political party in the Netherlands. It was accompanied by the formation of a separate orthodox Protestant pillar, social group, which involved a separate church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and a separate system of Protestant schools, including the Free University. This separate organisation was based on a particular interpretation of the separation between church and state, namely sphere sovereignty. It also advocated the extension of suffrage to all fathers of households.
Kuyper, who had taken over leadership of the school struggle after Groen van Prinsterer\'s death in 1876, advocated cooperation with the Catholics in order to form united opposition to the liberals, a concept known as the antithesis. The Catholics lacked a political organisation, but were informally led by Herman Schaepman, who had been the first priest elected to the States General of the Netherlands. They had a solid electoral base in the predominantly Catholic south and an organisation in the Catholic Church. They lacked a shared political position, but tended to favour the extension of suffrage and equal finance for Catholic schools. The Catholics had allied with the liberals in previous decades, but the school struggle, as well as the *Quanta cura* and the *Syllabus of Errors* of 1864, led Schaepman to move closer the Protestants instead.
In the 1880s the ARP\'s strategy became successful, both electorally, as it became an important political actor, and politically, as it was able to form an alliance, the Coalition, with the Catholics. After the 1888 cabinet formation this resulted in the first cabinet comprising both Protestant and Catholic ministers, led by Æneas Mackay.
The Coalition returned to the opposition benches in 1891, and the new liberal government introduced a bill which would have effectively enfranchised nearly all male adults. This proposal split the Anti-Revolutionary Party in two groups. Kuyper, who intended for his party to represent **kleine luyden**, or \"small folk\", supported the bill. However, a number of Anti-Revolutionaries led by Alexander de Savornin Lohman were more reluctant to support extension of suffrage. Other issues also became the source of division between the two groups. Firstly, De Savornin Lohman\'s group rejected the party discipline which Kuyper had expected of his MPs, instead valuing the independence of representatives. Secondly, the group was still strongly anti-papist, and thus rejected Kuyper\'s antithesis. Thirdly, the group generally represented Protestants who had not joined Kuyper\'s *Doleantie* and remained *Hervormd*. De Savornin Lohman and his followers formed a separate parliamentary group after the 1894 general election, and founded the Free Anti-Revolutionary Party four years later. A series of mergers eventually led to the formation of the Christian Historical Union (CHU) in 1908.
After the Coalition won a majority in the 1901 general election, Kuyper came to lead the Kuyper cabinet including ARP and Catholic ministers, while De Savornin Lohman\'s group stayed out of the government but provided confidence and supply support. Schaepman\'s vision of a united Catholic party became a reality on 15 October 1904, a year after his death, when local Catholic electoral associations united to form the national General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations. In 1913 a liberal cabinet was formed which sought to address all the major political issues of the time in the Pacification of 1917, which involved the extension of suffrage, the implementation of proportional representation, and equalisation of school finance. Although in opposition, the Catholics and Protestants participated in the reform talks.
| 906 |
Christian democracy in the Netherlands
| 0 |
10,072,812 |
# Christian democracy in the Netherlands
## History
### Pillarisation and dominance {#pillarisation_and_dominance}
The extension of suffrage proved especially favourable for the religious parties. From the 1918 election onward, one or more of those parties was always part of the government. Between 1918 and 1939 the Catholics, CHU, and ARP always formed the governing coalition, sometimes joined by liberals. The policy of these cabinets was characterised by conservatism: in the social sense, by strengthening pillarisation and enforcing public morality; in the economic sense, by keeping income and expenditure on the same level, which proved detrimental in the Great Depression; and in foreign policy, by adhering to armed neutrality and maintaining colonialism. These cabinets were led in turn by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, the Anti-Revolutionary Hendrikus Colijn and the CHU politician Dirk Jan de Geer.
The extension of suffrage also gave smaller Christian Democratic parties a chance to enter Parliament. A pair of left-wing Protestant parties entered Parliament, the Christian Democratic Party and Christian Social Party, as did a pair of anti-papist orthodox religious parties, the Political Reformed Party (which is still represented in Parliament) and the Reformed Reformed State Party. In both pairs the first is the *Gereformeerd* and the second is the *Hervormd* variant. A smaller left-wing Catholic party also gained representation, the Roman Catholic People\'s Party. In response the Catholics reformed their party to the more centralised Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP).
Between 1940 and 1945 the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Prominent Catholic and Protestant politicians were involved in resistance work, while their political leaders were in London, where they formed a national cabinet with the liberals and the socialists.
In 1945 the first cabinet was formed after the World War II. The Queen appointed an explicitly progressive cabinet composed of the KVP and the Labour Party (PvdA), a new party formed by the Social Democratic Workers\' Party, the Free-thinking Democratic League, the left-wing Protestant CDU and several prominent Catholics. This started a series of Roman/Red cabinets formed by the KVP and PvdA, most of which were led by social democrat Willem Drees. The two main coalition partners, which gained around 30% of the vote were joined by smaller parties, including the CHU and the ARP, which gained only 10% of the vote. The cabinets were progressive and implemented a broad range of reforms---including the formation of a welfare state, a mixed economy, decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies, and joining NATO and the European Economic Community. Decolonisation, which the ARP and prominent KVP members opposed, led to a split within the KVP and resulted in the formation in 1948 of the short-lived Catholic National Party. A religious conflict within the Dutch Reformed Church in the same year split the ARP and the Reformed Political League.
| 462 |
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| 1 |
10,072,812 |
# Christian democracy in the Netherlands
## History
### Decline and unification {#decline_and_unification}
In the 1960s the position of the religious parties weakened. In 1957 they swapped the PvdA for the conservative liberal People\'s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). This led to internal dissent. More importantly however the religious parties were affected by the decline of pillarisation. Since the mid-1960s, the Christian democrats had lost the majority and needed to rely on the VVD. In 1968 a group of left-wing, labour-oriented Catholics broke away from the KVP to form the Political Party of Radicals, and in 1971 they were joined by prominent Protestants. It joined an alliance with the Labour Party and the progressive liberal Democrats 66 (D\'66). This alliance was unsuccessful at gaining a majority however in the 1971 and 1972 elections and they were forced to form a tenuous coalition with the KVP and ARP.
Meanwhile, pressured by their declining popularity, the KVP, ARP and CHU formed a federation in 1973. They fought the 1977 elections under a single electoral list, the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which became a unified party in 1980. The formation of this centre-right broad Christian democratic party led to splits: on the right flank by the anti-papist orthodox reformed (the Reformed Political Party) and on the left by radical evangelicals (the Evangelical People\'s Party). Between 1977 and 1994 the CDA was the largest partner in a coalition with either the conservative liberals (1977--81; 1982--89) or the social democrats (1981--82; 1989--94), and always with a CDA member as prime minister.
Ruud Lubbers, who served as prime minister from 1982 to 1984, personified the CDA\'s no-nonsense policies of welfare state reform and privatisation. In 1989 the two left-wing Christian parties merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party and the Communist Party of the Netherlands to form GroenLinks, a Green party without a strict Christian democratic profile.
In 1994 the CDA suffered a decisive electoral defeat. The party lost half its vote and was confined to opposition for the first time in its history. It was also the first time since 1918 that a Christian Democratic Party was not part of the government. Over the next eight years, it took this period to renew its political program. Meanwhile, the orthodox Protestant RPF and the GPV merged to form the social-Christian Christian Union. In the 2002 elections, which were characterised by considerable insecurity, the CDA performed particularly well. CDA leader Jan Peter Balkenende served as prime minister for eight years, first heading a right-wing cabinet with the populist Pim Fortuyn List and the People\'s Party for Freedom and Democracy, a centrist cabinet with the VVD and the Democrats 66 and since 2007 a centre-left cabinet with the Labour Party and the Christian Union.
The CDA was roundly defeated in the 2010 election, but managed to become junior partner in a government led by the VVD.
The CDA won 5 seats in the 2023 Dutch general election and got 3.3% of the popular vote. The lowest vote share and number of seats in the party\'s history. However, another, more socially oriented Christian democratic party, New Social Contract, won 12.88% of the popular vote and 20 seats in the House of Representatives, joining the new government
| 537 |
Christian democracy in the Netherlands
| 2 |
10,072,829 |
# Manuel de la Torre
**Manuel Alejandro De la Torre Urbina** (born June 13, 1980) is a former Mexican football defender.
## Career
De la Torre began playing football as a defender with Club Universidad Nacional\'s youth sides. He progressed to Pumas\' senior side where he played in the Mexican Primera División until 2004.
He signed with Deportivo Toluca F.C. and would win four league titles with the club. In February 2011, he was named a member of Toluca\'s Hall of Fame
| 82 |
Manuel de la Torre
| 0 |
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