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# Project Artemis
## Feasibility of permanent installation {#feasibility_of_permanent_installation}
The results of the experiments showed that the high power source was not at a developmental stage to develop the desired power. The large masts and unwieldy components of the receiving array, though reasonably successful and use continued beyond the scheduled experiment, were subject to failure. The experiment showed that knowledge of ocean acoustics required considerable advancement. The tests indicated that such a system was possible but considerable development would be required. Projected expenses were massive. Robert Frosch noted the Navy wanted the knowledge obtained but was not going to build systems. Gordon Hamilton observed funding such a system \"would have been horrendous.\"
Those factors combined with the fact that SOSUS was more than effective in detecting submarines resulted in it remaining an experiment.
## Political context {#political_context}
In 1959 the Soviet Union was deploying its first generation Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, R-7 Semyorka. They were capable of delivering its payload at around 8,800 km, with an accuracy (CEP) of around 5 km. A single nuclear warhead was carried with a nominal yield of 3 megatons of TNT. However, they were very new and turned out to be very unreliable.
*K-19*, the first Russian ballistic missile submarine was commissioned on 30 April 1961. The military at that time considered the single greatest security threat to the USA the possibility of a submarine-delivered nuclear warhead placed near a major American city. Artemis was considered part of an underwater Defense Early Warning system. However, it was discovered that the Soviet boats were particularly noisy. Rapid advances in computer technology and the development of signal processing algorithms, such as the Fast Fourier transform, quickly gave the West the superior military position using multiple passive SOSUS arrays. In 1961, SOSUS tracked USS *George Washington* from the United States to the United Kingdom. The next year SOSUS detected and tracked the first Soviet Diesel submarine.
The Artemis active systems were eventually retired, since the passive systems proved adequate to detecting submarines that threatened the American coast. Largely because of the spy ring operated by John Anthony Walker in 1968, and the development of the submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missiles, the need to send ballistic submarines directly to the American coast diminished. The Soviet Union began to rely more on a Bastion, whereby the latest generation of SSBN was deployed only in well-protected nearby waters. A mobile surveillance capability, called SURTASS, was developed in the mid-1970s. This system passed Operational Evaluation (OPEVAL) in 1980 and the ships began to be deployed. By 1985 Soviet naval exercises in the North Sea were using as many as a 100 vessels, including attack submarines. Chief of Naval Operations enacted the *Urgent Anti-Submarine Research Program* (CUARP), whose centerpiece was to activate the SURTASS fleet with a low-frequency system, and to develop tactics for such a system. The mobile system was considerably smaller than the Artemis transducer array, weighing roughly one-sixth as much.
With the diminished threat of the Atlantic SSBN, vessels were equipped with Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System and deployed in the Pacific. New generations of Attack submarines and Ballistic missile submarines were being deployed by several countries. The low frequency active system is currently being deployed on the USNS *Impeccable*
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# Vitamin World
**Vitamin World USA Corporation** is a global retailer of vitamins and nutritional supplements and is headquartered on Long Island, New York in the United States.
## History
Vitamin World, Inc. was founded in 1977 as a subsidiary of NBTY Inc, later the Nature\'s Bounty Company. NBTY manufactured and sold vitamin and mineral supplement products under the \"Vitamin World\" label, sports nutrition products under their \"Precision Engineered\" label, and numerous National Brand label products at the stores.
Vitamin World was acquired from Nature\'s Bounty by private equity firm Center Lane Partners in 2016.
## Information
Vitamin World USA Corp. operates between 50 and 60 stores (as of May 2023) in 17 states and in Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and Guam. The company employs 200+ associates, with the majority working in the stores.
Products are sold to 20 countries in North and South America, Europe, the Caribbean, Asia, Australia and New Zealand via the company website.
Vitamin World USA Corp is in good standing with the FDA, FTC, and other Regulatory bodies as of 5/2023, with no Warning Letters. Effective quality steps are taken when approving materials, suppliers and finished goods, and Vitamin World only partners with suppliers who follow current food safety rules. All labels are reviewed to ensure claims are properly supported by science.
Vitamin World retail offers 700+ SKUs of essential foundational and essential vitamins and minerals, supplements, botanical powders and extracts under its Private Label.
In 2021 the Ultra 360 Brand Multi Vitamin line was launched. The line contains options for men and women in various solutions to serve the needs of each.
In addition, sports, and active life products like protein powders, pre and post work out products and Amino Acid based products are sold under the company\'s Precision Engineered® brand.
## Bankruptcy
On September 11, 2017, Vitamin World, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It emerged after reorganization that included the closing of many stores, change of upper management, and a re-focus on core products, customer satisfaction, and relationship with strategic supplier partners.
In December, 2017 Vitamin World, Inc became a \"C\" class Corporation, \"Vitamin World USA Corp.\"
In January 2018, Vitamin World was purchased by Feihe International Inc. through a Section 363 sale process. Feihe International Inc. is the market-share leader in the manufacturing and distributing of infant formula in China
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# Jérôme Noetinger
**Jérôme Noetinger** (born 1966 in Marseille) is an improviser and composer of electroacoustic music based in Rives, Isère, France.
He also runs the record label and record distributor Metamkine and writes in the French magazine *Revue et corrigée*. He features on the album *Secret Curve* by Ron Anderson\'s PAK on John Zorn\'s Tzadik label
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# Stop price
A **stop price** is the price in a stop order that triggers the creation of a market order.
In the case of a Sell on Stop order, a market sell order is triggered when the market price reaches or falls below the stop price. For Buy on Stop orders, a market buy order is triggered when the market price of the stock rises to or above the stop price.
In addition, if a Stop Limit is also indicated in the stop order, the resultant order will be a corresponding limit order as opposed to a market order
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# Guban (instrument)
The term ***guban*** (`{{zh|c=[[wikt:鼓板|鼓板]]|p=gǔbǎn}}`{=mediawiki}) refers collectively to a small drum and *paiban* (clapper), which are played simultaneously, by a single player, in traditional Chinese music.
The drum, which may be a bangu or some other type of drum with a high-pitched head of small diameter, is played with a stick that is held in one hand, and the clapper, which is called *pāibǎn* (拍板), *bǎn* (板), *tánbǎn* (檀板, literally \"sandalwood clapper\"), *mùbǎn* (木板), or *shūbǎn* (书板), is played by the other hand. The clapper consists of two flat pieces of hardwood (either *zitan*, *hongmu*, or *hualimu* rosewood) or bamboo that are tied loosely together on one end. It is held vertically by one hand and clapped together, producing a sharp clacking sound. Somewhat confusingly, the clapper is sometimes also referred to, without the drum, as *guban*.
The *guban* is used to accompany some genres of *shuochang* (Chinese story-singing), as well as in Beijing opera, *kunqu*, and Yue opera. It is also used in instrumental music, such as *Jiangnan sizhu*, Chaozhou instrumental music, Sunan chuida (苏南吹打), *nanguan*, *shifan luogu* (十番锣鼓), and Shanxi batao (山西八套)
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# Aīn Taisō / Aīn! Dance no Uta
is the fifth single of the Hello! Project subgroup Minimoni. It was released on April 24, 2002 and sold 212,230 copies.
This single was a collaboration with comedian Ken Shimura in his Baka Tono-sama persona, and was jointly credited to `{{Nihongo|Baka Tono-sama to Minimoni Hime|バカ殿様とミニモニ。姫}}`{=mediawiki}. A double A-side, its title tracks were both built around the interjection \"Aiin!\", which Shimura had already established as a catch phrase.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
The lyrics to \"Aiin Taisō\" were written by Hiroyuki Tomonaga; its music was composed by Akihiko Takashima. \"Aiin! Dance no Uta\" was written and composed by Tsunku.
1.
2.
3. \"Aiin Taisō (Original Karaoke)\"
4
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# Connellsville station
**Connellsville station** is an Amtrak train station in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, United States. It is served by the daily `{{lnl|Amtrak|Floridian}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
The current station is the third station placed here. It was constructed during the winter of 2010-11 and cost \$1.25 million. Built primarily of dark red brick, the structure has an enclosed, one-story waiting room with large windows. From the outside, the waiting room is marked by projecting bays whose surfaces are covered in a rock-faced, coursed ashlar in a light beige tone. Developed by d+A design+Architecture of Yardley, Pennsylvania, the station design draws inspiration from historic late 19th and early 20th century depots found in small towns across the nation. It is similar to stations Amtrak has built in Okeechobee, Florida, Winnemucca, Nevada and Alliance, Ohio. In addition to the shelter, Amtrak installed a 550 ft concrete side platform, signage and light poles. The new station is in the vicinity of the former Baltimore & Ohio Railroad station, which no longer stands.
On November 10, 2024, the *Capitol Limited* was merged with the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Silver Star}}`{=mediawiki} as the *Floridian*
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# Modati Cinema
***Modati Cinema*** (`{{Translation|First movie}}`{=mediawiki}) (*మొదటి సినిమా*) is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film written and directed by Kuchipudi Venkat and starring Navdeep and Poonam Bajwa. It was directed by to music by Swaraj.
Despite the film\'s failure, the comedy was well received.
## Plot
Sreeram is from a rich family. Sindhu is a middle-class girl with a nagging and gold digger step mother and a strict father. Sreeram is impressed by Sindhu at first sight. He helps her solve her family problems. In the process, she misunderstands him. The rest of the movie is all about how the two understand the power of their love and tie the knot on the same day they meet.
## Cast
- Navdeep as Sreeram
- Poonam Bajwa as Sindhu
- Brahmanandam
- Tanikella Bharani as Sindhu\'s uncle
- Harish Shankar as Harish
- Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam as Subrahmanyam
- Rallapalli
- Suthivelu
- Ali
- Sunil
- Venu Madhav as Vankar Yadav
- L.B. Sriram
- Raghunatha Reddy
- Subhalekha Sudhakar as Sindhu\'s father
- Krishna Bhagawan
- Raghu Babu
- Gautam Raju
- Shankar Melkote
- Krishnudu
- Ravikant
- Raj
- Duvvasi Mohan
- Chitram Seenu
- Srinivasa Reddy
- Meka Suresh
- Telangana Shakuntala ad Shakuntala
- Pavala Syamala
- Satya Krishnan as Satya
## Production
Initially, Kuchipudi Venkat narrated the story to Kunduru Ramana Reddy, but said that the budget was too high. The script was narrated to Lagadapati Sridhar before Kuchipudi Venkat reverted back to Kunduru Ramana Reddy. The music director Swaraj took four months to compose the soundtrack.
## Soundtrack
The music was composed by Swaraj. The audio release function was held in Club Jayabheri, Hyderabad on 29 September 2005. Y. V. Subba Reddy and Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry graced the function as guests.
## Release and reception {#release_and_reception}
The film was initially scheduled to release on 12 October 2005.
Jeevi of *Idlebrain.com* rated the film two-and-three-quarters out of five and wrote that \"The basic point of destiny guiding a couple who just met into wedlock within a few hours is interesting. But the director tried to inject more comedy element (though is pretty hilarious in a couple of tracks) than what is necessary\". A critic from *Indiaglitz* wrote that \"Venkat, the director has lot of promise. But the problem is he has managed to deliver only a percentage on screen. If only he had worked a bit more diligently, we would have had a much more hardy entertainer on our hands\". \"The film is a youth romance, and won't give you nightmares or anything, but if you are just passing by the theater, you can continue along your way unmindful of the consequences\"
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# James Caldwell (Ohio politician)
**James Caldwell** (November 30, 1770`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}May 5, 1838) was the first member of the United States House of Representatives to represent Ohio\'s 4th congressional district.
## Early and family life {#early_and_family_life}
His father James Caldwell (1724-1804) and his wife Elizabeth were Irish gentry whose name reflected Castle Caldwell established in Ulster Plantation a century earlier. They had emigrated with nine children to Maryland in 1769 and then moved to what became Wheeling in what was then Virginia in 1772. During their sea voyage, Elizabeth Caldwell gave birth to Samuel Caldwell, and in Baltimore, Maryland she bore this James Caldwell Jr., then Susana Caldwell (b. 1772), Alexander Caldwell (1774-1838), and Joseph Caldwell (b. 1777). James Caldwell the elder became a Virginia justice of the peace and militia leader in the developing rural area, and his son/James\'s brother John Caldwell helped erect Fort Henry to defend the new settlement against Native American raiders.
## Career
In 1799, before his father\'s death, James Caldwell moved a few miles westward on the National Road to St. Clairsville, Ohio. He purchased the first lot in the village, and opened a store in 1801. He became wealthy and was the first president of the Belmont Bank of St. Clairsville. When Belmont County was organized in 1801, Northwest Territory Governor Arthur St. Clair named him Clerk of Courts.
He was a Belmont county delegate to the 1802 Ohio Constitutional Convention. He represented Belmont County in the Ohio Senate from 1809 to 1813.
Caldwell ran for his first term in Congress in 1812 as a captain in the militia supporting the administration and the War of 1812 against Federalist candidate Bezaleel Wells. All six seats in Ohio were won by Democratic-Republicans, but Caldwell was the only one who supported the Tammany wing of the party. He was elected to the 13th and 14th United States Congresses (March 4, 1813 to March 3, 1817).
After he retired from Congress, he resumed business in St. Clairsville.
He served as one of Ohio\'s Presidential elector in 1820 for James Monroe, and in 1824 for Henry Clay.
After his wife\'s death, Caldwell moved to Wheeling, which his father had helped establish, several brothers lived, and where his son Alfred Caldwell practiced law and was becoming a prominent politician. James Caldwell Jr. lived and ultimately died at Beemer\'s Tavern, essentially a residential hotel. During his final years, he was president of Wheeling\'s Merchants and Mechanics Bank, which later merged into the National Exchange Bank.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
James Caldwell died in Wheeling on May 5, 1838. His brother Alexander, who had become the U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, died the following year. His son Alfred was twice elected mayor of Wheeling in the 1850s, despite being a prominent abolitionist, and saw the village become a city. Alfred Caldwell also served in the Virginia Senate, helped establish the state of West Virginia after the American Civil War, and served as U.S. Consul to the Kingdom of Hawaii
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# Aktounta
**Aktounta** (*Ακτούντα*) is a village in the Rethymno regional unit in Crete, Greece. Aktounta belongs to the municipal unit of Lampi in the municipality of Agios Vasileios and it is 35 km away (south) from Rethymno. Population: 57 (2021). Altitude: 640 meters.
## History
Aktounta\'s history has been extensively studied by Emmanuel Dimitrakakis and presented in the \"Aktounta and its history\" book.
## Notable people from Aktounta {#notable_people_from_aktounta}
- Alekos Karavitis, Cretan music composer.
- Emmanuel Dimitrakakis, teacher and folklorer, awarded for his work by the Academy of Athens.
- Constantine Dimitrakakis, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Athens [Βιογραφικό,Κωνσταντίνος Δημητρακάκης,Γυναικολόγος χειρουργός μαστού](https://drdimitrakakis.gr/en/the-doctor/).
- Anthony Hatzimoysis, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Athens [Home](http://hatzimoysis.wixsite.com/philosophy).
- Vassilis Papadakis, Professor of Business Strategy, Athens University of Economics and Business [ΑΡΧΙΚΗ](http://www2.ode.aueb.gr/papadakis/).
- Georgios Smaragdakis, Professor of Cybersecurity at TU Delft [Georgios Smaragdakis \-- Bio](https://gsmaragd.github.io/).
## Gallery
<File:View> of Aktounta from Komatsoulia, Crete, Greece.jpg\|View from Komatsoulia <File:Aktounta> sleepy head.jpg\|Sleepy-head (Saint Mary) <File:Aktounta> School 2006.jpg\|School <File:Aktounta> Annunciation.jpg\|Annunciation (Saint Mary) <File:Aktounta> fauset.jpg\|Fauset <File:Aktounta> Friday.jpg\|Saint Friday <File:Aktounta> memorial.jpg\|Memorial <File:Aktounta> lord.jpg\|Lord (Jesus) <File:Aktounta> holy cross.jpg\|Holy Cross <File:PetradiAktounta
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# Loulad
**Loulad** (*لولاد*) is a town in Morocco. It is situated in the region of Casablanca-Settat.
## Demographics
ImageSize = width:220 height:220 PlotArea = left:70 right:40 top:20 bottom:20 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify Colors =
` id:gray1 value:gray(0
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# James Haskell
**James Andrew Welbon Haskell** (born 2 April 1985) is an English former rugby union player who played chiefly as a flanker for Wasps RFC and Northampton Saints in the Aviva Premiership, and internationally for England.
In August 2019 he announced he would become a professional mixed martial artist and is currently signed to Bellator MMA, where he is to compete in their Heavyweight division. In November 2019, it was announced that Haskell would be participating in the nineteenth series of *I\'m a Celebrity\...Get Me Out of Here!*.
## Early life {#early_life}
James Andrew Welbon Haskell was born on 2 April 1985 in Windsor, Berkshire.
He was educated at Papplewick School in Ascot, Berkshire and Wellington College in Crowthorne, also in Berkshire.
## Club career {#club_career}
Haskell played for Maidenhead Rugby Club prior to joining (Wasps RFC), where he was part of the highly successful Colts set up. He was a replacement as Wasps won the 2007 Heineken Cup Final. The following season he started as Wasps won the 2007--08 Premiership Final. It was announced on 17 February 2009 that Haskell would join Top 14 side Stade Francais at the end of the 2008--09 season.
Haskell played as a loose forward. He announced at the end of the 2010--11 season that he had been released from his contract at Stade Francais, and would instead be rejoining Wasps at the start of the 2012--13 season. During the season after the World Cup, he would play in Japan for the Rams, before seeking a Super Rugby contract for the rest of the season.
In 2011, Haskell agreed to join the Highlanders in Super Rugby, saying he has always wanted to play in new environments and to \"improve and become a better player for England\". While there, Haskell was competing for the Flanker position with future Scotland international, John Hardie.
In January 2018 it was announced he would leave Wasps at the end of the 2017--18 Aviva Premiership season.
On 7 May 2019 Haskell announced his retirement from professional rugby via an Instagram post.
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# James Haskell
## International career {#international_career}
### England
Haskell represented England at under-17, 18 and under-19 levels as well as playing for England Sevens. He also played for Wales at under-18 level, qualifying thanks to his Welsh mother, and is also qualified to play for Ireland. In the 2007 Six Nations, Haskell was called into the starting line-up for the final game of the tournament for England against Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, where he was part of a back row that was for the first time provided by one club - Joe Worsley and Tom Rees were the other players from Wasps. He just missed out on selection for the 2007 Rugby World Cup for England, despite spending the summer in their training camp. He played a prominent role in the England team in the 2008 Six Nations. Haskell appeared in both tests of the 2008 summer tour of New Zealand.
Haskell was selected by Martin Johnson for the 2008/2009 Elite Player Squad on 1 July 2008. He appeared in all three autumn internationals, starting against South Africa. Haskell participated in every game of the 2009 Six Nations, though he lost his starting berth to Tom Croft.
Haskell\'s performances for Stade and injury to Tom Croft meant he returned to the England squad, and he scored two tries against Wales in the first match of the 2010 Six Nations. He started all subsequent games. During a rest week in the Six Nations, Stade requested his return to Paris to face Toulouse that weekend. The RFU held firm, however, and he remained in England.
Haskell was a member of Stuart Lancaster\'s 31-man squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup, however, he was left on the bench in favour of Tom Wood as England crashed out in the group stages.
Haskell was named as the \'man of the series\' during England\'s 3--0 series victory over Australia in June 2016.
### British & Irish Lions {#british_irish_lions}
On 21 May 2017, Haskell was called up to the British & Irish Lions due to an injury to Billy Vunipola.
## MMA career {#mma_career}
In August 2019, Haskell signed to mixed martial arts promotion Bellator MMA as part of its Heavyweight division. Haskell had previously done analysis and commentary work for English promotions such as BAMMA and CFF.
In February 2020, it was announced that Haskell would make his professional mixed martial arts debut on 16 May 2020 at Wembley\'s SSE Arena. The event was ultimately postponed due to the Coronavirus outbreak.
After having numerous injuries still stemming from his rugby career and eventually having spinal surgery in September 2021, Haskell decided to forgo his MMA career.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Haskell was married to television presenter Chloe Madeley; the couple started dating in 2014. Haskell announced on *Good Morning Britain* in February 2022 that he and his wife Chloe were expecting a baby girl. Their daughter was born in August 2022. In October 2023 they announced they were separating.
Haskell was suspended from Wellington College for producing a non-consensual film showing his friend Paul Doran-Jones having sex with his then girlfriend in school accommodation using a hidden camera. They then showed classmates the film. Doran-Jones was expelled and Haskell suspended for the incident. Haskell later made light of the incident in a YouTube podcast in 2019 joking, \"All I am going to say is this. My idea, Paul was execution\" and \"I was nothing to do with it apart from, obviously, it was my idea\".
In 2011, Haskell was accused of sexually harassing a hotel worker alongside fellow England players Dylan Hartley and Chris Ashton.
James is also a DJ playing house music and producing his own music. He has built up a reputation having played around the world in places such as London, Dubai, Ibiza and Loughborough. He has a series for the renowned house label Defected Records called Backrow Beats.
In November 2019, it was announced that Haskell would be participating in the nineteenth series of *I\'m a Celebrity\...Get Me Out of Here!*\'. He ultimately became the fourth person to be voted off
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# Christopher M. Anderson
**Christopher Anderson** was the Director of Bands, Director of Instrumental Music Education, and an Associate Professor of Music at Arkansas Tech University.
## Career
Prior to his appointment at Arkansas Tech, he was the Associate Director of Bands, Director of Athletic Bands, and an Associate Professor of Music at Texas Tech University. He holds a Bachelor of Music Education from Abilene Christian University under Fred J. Allen, a Master of Music in Conducting from Northwestern University under John P. Paynter, and a Doctorate of Musical Arts in Conducting from University of Texas under Professor Jerry Junkin. Dr. Anderson served as the director of the Goin\' Band from Raiderland, the Court Jesters and the Symphonic Band from 2003-2011. He taught music education courses and was a member of the Graduate Faculty at Texas Tech. In addition to his teaching duties, he continues to do a great deal of arranging for college marching bands, competitive high school bands and previously for the Goin\' Band. He has also done arrangements for jazz ensemble, concert band, and saxophone quartet.
Previous to his appointment at Arkansas Tech and Texas Tech, Anderson held similar positions at Stephen F. Austin State University where he directed the Lumberjack Marching Band, and at Abilene Christian University as director of the \"Big Purple\" Marching Band. While a student at Abilene Christian University, Dr. Anderson was an admirer of Kenny G to a surprising degree. Additionally, he taught in the Texas public schools at Keller High School.
## Accreditation
Anderson is a member of the Texas Music Educators Association, Texas Bandmasters Association, College Band Directors National Association, and the College Music Society. He has sponsored and is an honorary member of both Tau Beta Sigma and Kappa Kappa Psi
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# Lü Jianjun
**Lü Jianjun** (`{{zh|s=吕建军|t=呂建軍|p=Lǚ Jiànjūn}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Chinese football player who currently plays as a defender for Shijiazhuang Ever Bright.
## Club career {#club_career}
Lü Jianjun played for the Dalian Shide youth team, where he was highly regarded and compared to the Chinese international player Sun Jihai as well as also acquiring the nickname \"Great White\" due to his pale complexion. He struggled to follow in the former Chinese internationals alumnus footsteps and break into the first team. He instead officially started his professional football career with Dalian Changbo, playing in the second tier of Chinese soccer. Making an immediate impact within the team in his debut season he played 23 games and scoring 2 goals in his debut season.
In the 2006 Chinese league season he transferred to ambitious third-tier club Harbin Yiteng where he immediately saw them win promotion to the second tier. This was soon followed by his selection for the Chinese U-23 football team before returning to his club where he played in 13 games throughout the 2007 league season. His performances for the Chinese youth team soon attracted the interests of Changchun Yatai who paid a transfer of CNY 1,000,000 and the chance to play in the Chinese Super League at the beginning of the 2008 league season.
On 4 May 2014, Lü returned to his former club Harbin Yiteng for the first time when Changchun played them in the league. The reunion was not a happy one for Lü as Changchun lost the Round 10 game 3-1 as well as picking up a Yellow Card on a tackle against Wang Dalong, which the Harbin manager Xin Duan thought was too lenient.
In February 2015, Lü transferred to Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye. Lü moved to another Super League club Shijiazhuang Ever Bright on 26 February 2016. Unfortunately he was part of the team that was relegated, however by the 2019 league season he would help the team win promotion back into the top tier.
## International career {#international_career}
After some decent performances for his club, Lü Jianjun was called up to the Chinese U-23 team that took part in the 2007 Lunar New Year Cup. The team became runner-up in the competition and Lü Jianjun went on to be selected for the senior national team in March 2007. He did not see any playing time and returned to the Under-23 team in hopes of playing in the Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics but lost his place to Tan Wangsong.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
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# Cowcliffe
**Cowcliffe** is an area of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.
It is situated between Fixby and Birkby based around Cowcliffe Hill Road. Cowcliffe is a discernible village, though the boundaries are not clear and is somewhat isolated from the rest of Huddersfield -- only two buses an hour go through the area, destined for either Halifax and Huddersfield (First Halifax services 549).
The area is home to a pub, St. Hilda\'s Parish Church, Cowcliffe Methodist Church, a shop, a park and [a club with bowling green.](https://web.archive.org/web/20070314081620/http://www.huddscamra.org.uk/candnhmcoty06.htm). At the west border of the area is Huddersfield Golf Club, to the north is Fixby (the golf course is known locally as Fixby Golf Course), to the south and east are Birkby and Fartown.
The ITV drama series *Where The Heart Is* shot a small number scenes in Cowcliffe\'s park in 2002, not long after the park had had a facelift from Kirklees Metropolitan Council, who installed goalposts and a designated play area.
At the top of North Cross Rd, a large house known locally as the Castle was renovated from a derelict state in the mid 1980s by a local developer and an 3 home estate built on the former gardens and the properties named after Castle features.
Cowcliffe Hill Road was once the main coach road from London to Gretna Green.
Notable former residents of Cowcliffe include the retired footballers Marcus Stewart and Chris Marsden
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# Arthur C. Cope
**Arthur C. Cope** (June 27, 1909 -- June 4, 1966) was an American organic chemist and member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. He is credited with the development of several important chemical reactions which bear his name including the Cope elimination and the Cope rearrangement.
Cope was born on June 27, 1909, in Dunreith, Indiana. He received a bachelor\'s degree in chemistry from Butler University in Indianapolis in 1929 and a PhD in 1932 from the University of Wisconsin--Madison. His research continued at Harvard University in 1933 as a National Research Council Fellow. In 1934, he joined the faculty of Bryn Mawr College. There, his research included the first syntheses of a number of barbiturates including delvinyl sodium. At Bryn Mawr, Cope also developed a reaction involving the thermal rearrangement of an allyl group which eventually became known as the Cope rearrangement.
In 1941, Cope moved to Columbia University where he worked on projects associated with the war effort including chemical warfare agents, antimalarial drugs, and treatments for mustard gas poisoning. In 1945, he moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to become the head of the Department of Chemistry.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- 1944 American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry
- 1945 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 1947 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
- 1961 Elected to the American Philosophical Society
Today, the Arthur C. Cope Award, in honor of his memory, is given out annually by the American Chemical Society to the most outstanding organic chemist
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# To tha X-Treme
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# Reebok Classic
**Reebok Classic** is a lifestyle shoe brand that consists of athletic shoes that became popular casual wear. The brand evolved from the Classic Leather, the Workout, the Ex-O-Fit, the Newport Classic and the Freestyle. Reebok Classic also includes Retro Running, Retro Basketball, InstaPump Fury and contemporary styles.
## Product history {#product_history}
### Franchise 5 {#franchise_5}
In 1982, the Freestyle, the first athletic shoe designed for women, was introduced. The shoe popularized the aerobic exercise movement, encouraged women to participate in sports and began the acceptance of athletic footwear as street and casual wear. In 1983, Reebok launched the Classic Leather, a running shoe. It gained popularity as casual wear because of its simple design in comparison to the technical running footwear designs that followed the Classic Leather\'s release. A print advertisement showing a couple on a motorcycle with the tag line \"You\'ve Arrived\" was created for the shoe. That year, the Newport Classic (NPC) and Ex-O-Fit were launched. The Ex-O-Fit was similar to the Freestyle, but designed for men. In 1985, the Workout was launched as a cross-training shoe. The shoe\'s simple look made it popular as casual wear.
### Retro Running {#retro_running}
Reebok Classic established the Retro Running line to re-introduce popular shoe styles from the past. The GL 6000 was a lightweight running and training shoe created to provide maximum stability. The shoe was first released in 1986 and has been re-released to honor the shoe\'s history and illustrate its timeless appeal. In 1990, the Ventilator, a lightweight flexible running shoe, was launched. The Ventilator\'s versatility made the shoe popular. Reebok Classic re-released the Ventilator \"Tonal Ballistic\" and \"Heritage\" limited edition packs in 2014. The DMX Run was launched in 1997. The shoe debuted Reebok\'s DMX technology, a system in which air runs through connected pods and releases energy. DMX was later used in Allen Iverson\'s second shoe. Reebok Classic re-released the shoe for the first time in October 2012.
### Retro Basketball {#retro_basketball}
The Reebok Pump was introduced as a basketball shoe in 1989. It was the first shoe to have an internal inflation mechanism designed to provide a customized fit. Over a four-year period the shoe sold over 20 million pairs worldwide. In 1992, the Shaq Attaq was released during the NBA season. It was Shaquille O\'Neal\'s first signature shoe and the first official shoe for a Reebok athlete. The shoe gained popularity because it was featured on basketball cards, video games, Pepsi commercials and movies. The retro version of the Shaq Attaq was released in April 2013. The Reebok Kamikaze, Shawn Kemp\'s signature line, was launched in 1995. That year, the Shaqnosis was launched. The shoe was worn by Will Smith in *Men in Black*. In 1996, the Reebok Question Mid, Allen Iverson\'s signature shoe, was launched. The shoe became popular because it was clean and wearable. Iverson\'s fan-base also attributed to the Reebok Question Mid\'s popularity.
### InstaPump Fury {#instapump_fury}
The InstaPump Fury was released in 1994. The shoe was lace-less and featured Reebok\'s pump technology, a reduced midsole, Hexalite cushioning and a fully synthetic upper. That year, Steven Tyler wore the shoe during a performance at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. The shoe was inducted into the Design Museum of London. It has received numerous re-releases and new colorways.
## In pop culture {#in_pop_culture}
Alicia Keys, Kendrick Lamar, 50 Cent, Jay-Z, Travi\$ Scott, Mike Skinner (musician) and Kid Ink have collaborated with Reebok Classic. Swizz Beatz, a hip-hop recording artist and producer, was the creative director of Reebok as of 2013
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# Central Hubei Operation
The **Central Hubei Operation** was one of the engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Known as the Central Hubei Operation, East and West of Hsiang River, in Japan it is called the 漢水作戦 (Han River Operation). The battle lasted from 25 to 30 November 1940.
After the battle of Zaoyang-Yichang in the summer of 1940, the Japanese controlled I-chang and Sha-shih. The Chinese controlled the area east and west of the Hsiang River. Their lines extended from the southwest of Yuan-an via Ching-men, north of Chung-hsiang, and the foothills of Ta-hung Shan, to the area northwest of Sui Hsien astride both banks of the Hsiang River. The Wu-tang Mountains were on the right and the Tung-po Mountains on the left.
In coordination with the guerrilla forces in the southeast, the Chinese repeatedly struck at the Japanese forces that had penetrated to I-chang. As a result, the Chinese believed that the Japanese forces at I-chang and Sha-shih found their flanks exposed and in a difficult position. To relieve themselves of this threat they launched an offensive against the Chinese forces in late November. Japanese sources say the purpose was to probe to find the location of the Army of Tang Enbo. If that was their purpose they were to be disappointed.
## Preparations
During early November the Japanese made preparations for their attack, repairing and constructing roads, bridges, defense works and airfields. Rations, ammunition, metal and rubber boats, were stored in the vicinity of Chung-hsiang. They also brought in additional troops into the area west of the Xiang River, estimated at five regiments bringing their strength to the equivalent of three Divisions. To the east at the Japanese increased their strength to a full division (3rd Division) at Sui Hsien along the Hsiang - Hua highway. They further brought in supporting units of tanks and artillery in these areas.
On 23 November the Japanese 11th Army preparations were complete and their unit deployed in their attack positions in five major forces:
- Kayashima Force at Tang-yang composed of the 18th Independent Mixed Brigade and elements of the 4th Division under Lt. Gen Taka Kayashima commander of the 18th Independent Mixed Brigade.
- Murakami Force, at Chingmen, the 39th Division under its commander Lt. Gen Keisaku Murakami.
- Hirabayashi Force, at Chung-hsiang, composed of a portion of the 17th Division and Kurahashi Detachment (the detached 60th Infantry Regiment from 15th Division) under the commander of 17th Division, Lt-General Morito Hirabayashi.
- Kitano Force north of Ching-shan in the vicinity of modern Shuanghe, composed of a portion of the 4th Division and the Kususe Armored force (7th and 13th Tank Regiments) under Lt. Gen Kenzo Kitano commander of the 4th Division.
- Teshima Force at Sui Hsien composed of the 3rd Division under its commander Lt. General Fusataro Teshima.
Li Zongren recognizing the Japanese build up foretold an attack, had his 5th War Area alerted. He ordered the River West Army Army Group (30th and 77th Corps), Right Army Group (44th and 67th Corps) and Central Army Group (41st and 45th Corps) to checking the coming Japanese advance by counterattacks on the flanks of their advancing columns when the opportunity presented itself.
## Order of Battle Central Hubei Operation (25--30 November 1940) {#order_of_battle_central_hubei_operation_2530_november_1940}
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# Central Hubei Operation
## The Offensive {#the_offensive}
On the morning of 25 November, the Japanese began their attack in several columns. On the Western Front between the Hsiang River and Tang-yang, over 1,000 Japanese from the Kayashima Force, advanced northward from Tang-yang toward Hengtien, and broke through the gap between the positions of the 179th and 37th Divisions of the Chinese 77th Corps at Yang-chi-ai.
Over 3,000 Japanese from Murakami Force from Ching-men broke through the positions of the 27th Division of the Chinese 30th Corps toward Yen-chih-miao. Meanwhile, the Japanese Kitano Force moving northwest from Chu-chia-fu to Tung-lin-ling and divided into several columns to drive north deep into the Chinese position at Liang-shui-ching, Hsia-chia-tzu, and northeast toward Kuai-huo-pu. At night, the River West Army Group swung reserves into blocking positions from Heng-tien to Yen-chih-miao and Kuai-huo-pu.
On 26 November, the Murakami Force reached Hsien-chu. On 27 November the Murakami Force attacked Liu-hou-chi and the two columns of Kitano Force attacked Li-chia-tang, both fighting bitterly for a day against the Chinese 30th Corps reserve, the 30th Division under Liu Chen-shan, who halted their advance. At dusk the Chinese 30th Corps launched a counterattack in force with elements of the 31st and 27th Divisions striking the Japanese rear areas. Unable to withstand this attack the Japanese retreated toward Ching-men and Chung-hsiang, with the Chinese in pursuit.
Meanwhile, east of the Hsiang River on the Ching-Chung Highway Front the Japanese Hirabayashi Force massed more than 3,000 men in an attack on Changshoudien and Wang-chia-tien attempting to encircle the Chang-chia-chi - Wu-lung-kuan line. On 26 November, the Japanese reinforced to 5,000 men, advanced a force east to San-li-kang, while the main force attacked Pien-chai, Wang-chia-ho and Yu-nan-men. Heavy fighting lasted until darkness ended the clash in a stalemate. On 27 November the Chinese 44th Corps counterattacked from Wang-chia-ho. Its converging attack with the main force of the 67th Corps towards the northwest, caused heavy casualties to the Japanese.
On 25 November the Japanese Teshima Force on the Sui Hsien Front launched a violent attack with a column of 2,000 men from Liang-chui-kou on the Chinese 123rd Division at Lishan. Two additional columns of more than 1000 men each advanced west toward Ho-yuan-tien and Ching-ming-pu. By darkness, the Japanese reinforced. On 26 November the Japanese fought a bitter battle with the Chinese 124th and 127th Divisions at Chin-chi Shan and Ching-ming-pu. Another Japanese force of 700--800 men moved from Hsi-ho via Lang-ho-tien to Tang-chia-fan. Having been attacked by the 41st Corps, the Japanese in the vicinity of Ching-ming-pu linked up with their force at Chin-chi Shan and moved to the vicinity of Ho-yuantien on 27 November. At night, the Japanese force near Tang-chia-fan reached the vicinity of Huan-tan Chen to confront the Chinese 125th Division.
Since its objective was to break the Japanese force 5th War Area command directed its forces to keep secure key localities and take advantage of mountainous terrain to conduct ambushes to stop the invaders. Heavy fighting lasted until 28 November when the Japanese retreated. Chinese forces west of the Hsiang River continued their pursuit. The Japanese force in front of the Chinese Right Army Group was routed on the same day, retreating by several routes. Subjected to a converging attack by Chinese forces of the Central Army Group, the Japanese forces facing them in the area of Ho-yuan-tien, and Huan-tan Chen, fell back to high ground in the vicinity of Ho-yuan-tien and Tang-chia-fan and were encircled by the Chinese.
The Japanese pulled a further 1,500--1600 infantry and cavalry from Sui Hsien and Yingshan via Shang-shih-tien and Sha-tien for a turning movement against the Chinese to retrieve the situation. Once again, the Japanese were ambushed. Under cover of airplanes and armour, the Japanese retreated toward Sui Hsien and Hsi-ho, as Chinese forces attacked along the line from Chun-chuan to Anchu, Li-shan, and Kao-cheng. On 30 November, the Chinese Army Groups recovered their original positions.
## Results
The Japanese suffered over 5,000 dead and 7,000--8,000 wounded. Some 1,000 Japanese bodies were left in the field according to Chinese sources. The Japanese hoped to have a victory at the time of the establishment of the Wang Ching-wei regime so as to dampen Chinese morale. The effect was the opposite of what was hoped
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# Summers baronets
The **Summers Baronetcy**, of Shotton in the County of Flint, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 2 July 1952 for Geoffrey Summers. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet, who did not use the title. On his death in 1993 the baronetcy became extinct
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# Tito Auger
**Alfonso** \"**Tito**\" **Auger Vega** (born 3 March 1968, in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican musician best known for being the lead singer of the Rock en Español band Fiel a la Vega. Auger is also the band\'s main songwriter, together with Ricky Laureano.
## Biography
### Early years and schooling {#early_years_and_schooling}
Auger was born in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, and grew up in the town of Vega Alta. He is the son of Alfonso Auger Cabrera and Olga Vega Colón. Auger studied in the *Nuestra Señora del Rosario* school in Vega Baja. He followed his studies at the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón in San Juan where he received a bachelor\'s degree in Communications in 1990. As a young man, he migrated to New Jersey in the hope of becoming a rock star.
### Interest in music {#interest_in_music}
Auger started in music when he was 15 years old, playing the guitar. When he was 18, he was invited by some childhood friends (Emilio and Jorge Arraiza among them) to play in a band called *Crossroads*. The band performed mostly in the local area of Vega Alta and Vega Baja, and primarily played cover songs of popular American artists of the time like Bryan Adams, REO Speedwagon, and others. Around this time, he began writing music, with his first song \"Neverending Wait\", written in English. Shortly after, Auger met guitarist Ricky Laureano. Together they formed another band called *Farenheitt*. The band recorded a single with the first writing collaborations of Auger and Laureano. Their first songs were titled \"Maryann\" and \"I\'d Been Looking\". His music and style have been termed latin rock and urban trova.
### With Fiel a la Vega {#with_fiel_a_la_vega}
After returning to Puerto Rico, Auger and Laureano reunited with friends Jorge and Pedro Arraiza, with whom they had played before and formed Fiel a la Vega. The band quickly achieved great success in the island releasing several radio hits and winning several awards. As of 2007, the band has released four studio albums. In 2001, Auger and Laureano took time away from their band to create \"Cancion para Vieques\" (Song to Vieques), to protest the United States occupation of the Puerto Rican island of Vieques.
### Other collaborations {#other_collaborations}
Outside of the band, Auger has collaborated with other artists as both a performer and songwriter. Recently, he collaborated with popular Puerto Rican folk singer, Roy Brown, and American folk musician Tao Rodríguez-Seeger (from The Mammals), in an album called *Que Vaya Bien*. The group toured the island together promoting a song called \"El Banquete de los Sánchez\" written by Brown, and based on a poem by Luis Rafael Sánchez. Brown is one of Fiel a la Vega\'s main influences and they had performed together previously. Brown\'s most famous song, \"Boricua en la Luna\", has been covered by the band and is a staple in the band\'s live set
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# Bad Heilbrunn
**Bad Heilbrunn** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Egling
**Egling** (`{{IPA|de|ˈeːɡlɪŋ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria
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# Gaißach
**Gaißach** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Greiling
**Greiling** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
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# Icking
**Icking** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany.
## People
- Anita Augspurg, lived in Icking from 1916 until she fled the Nazis
- Dieter Borsche, actor, lived in Icking in the beginning of the \'60s.
- Bernhard Buttersack, painter, died in 1925 in Icking.
- Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, painter.
- Klaus Doldinger, jazz musician.
- O. W. Fischer, Austrian actor, lived in Irschenhausen in the \'60s.
- Gert Fröbe, actor, buried in Icking in 1988.
- Max W. Kimmich, scriptwriter, lived in Icking until he died.
- D. H. Lawrence, English writer, lived in Icking in September 1927.
- Golo Mann, author and philosopher.
- Erich von Manstein, Generalfeldmarschall, died in 1973 in Icking.
- Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg died in 1974 in Irschenhausen.
## Geography
### Townships
It consists of:
- Attenhausen
- Dorfen
- Holzen
- Icking
- Irschenhausen
- Meilenberg
- Obere Alpe
- Schützenried
- Schlederloh
- Spatzenloh
- Wadlhausen
- Walchstadt
## History
The region belonged to the bursary of Munich and the district court of Wolfratshausen in the electorate of Bavaria and was a lordship of Schäftlarn until its secularization. In 1818, Icking became an autonomous political community following Bavaria\'s administrative reform.
## Public facilities {#public_facilities}
### Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
The Rainer-Maria-Rilke Gymnasium Icking was founded in 1921 through a parent initiative. On 23 August 1960, a contract was signed, making it a state institution. Today the school features three educational paths, focusing on humanities and the classics, the sciences, and modern languages. Current enrollment is around 900 students.
## Transport
Icking station was opened on 27 July 1891 with this section of the Isar Valley Railway and is served at 20-minute intervals by line S 7 of the Munich S-Bahn between Wolfratshausen and Kreuzstrasse.
## Recreational facilities {#recreational_facilities}
Beach volleyball complex, Ski jump (out of commission), tennis courts, soccer field, gymnasiums at the elementary school and Gymnasium
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# Jachenau
**Jachenau** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Münsing
**Münsing** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany.
Located in the Upper Bavarian district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, it borders Lake Starnberg to its west. Its municipal area extends from the shores of Lake Starnberg to the *Münsinger Rücken*, a ridge which rises between the lake and the Isar valley, and also includes the western Tischberg, which forms its southern crest. The eponymous village Münsing, is the seat of the municipal administration, which also contains the villages of Degerndorf, Ammerland, Ambach, Holzhausen am Starnberger See, and St. Heinrich
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# Monroe High School (Wisconsin)
**Monroe High School** (**MHS**) is a public high school in Monroe, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the School District of Monroe.
## Athletics
The school won state championships in boys\' cross country in 1973, 1974 and 1979.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Ken Behring, real estate developer
- Brett Davis, politician
- David G. Deininger, Wisconsin judge and state representative
- Nathan J
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# Reichersbeuern
**Reichersbeuern** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Sachsenkam
**Sachsenkam** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Schlehdorf
**Schlehdorf** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʃleːˌdɔʁf}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany. Schlehdorf Abbey is located there
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# Wackersberg
**Wackersberg** is a municipality in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
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# Denson
**Denson** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Abby Denson, American comic artist
- Al Denson (American football), American footballer
- Al Denson, American musician
- Autry Denson, American footballer
- Beasley Denson, Native American tribal chief
- Brandon Denson, American football player
- Damon Denson, American footballer
- David Denson, American baseball player
- Drew Denson, American baseball player
- ED Denson, American record producer
- G. Roger Denson, American art critic
- Henry Denny Denson, Irish-born Canadian judge
- Karl Denson, American musician
- Kate Denson, fictional character in the 2016 multiplayer horror game *Dead by Daylight*
- Kerry G. Denson, United States Army general
- Moses Denson, American footballer
- Rod Denson, American radio and television personality
- Seaborn McDaniel Denson, American musician
- Thomas Jackson Denson, American musician
- Vin Denson, English cyclist
- William D
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# June Travis
**June Travis** (born **June Dorothea Grabiner**; August 7, 1914 -- April 14, 2008) was an American film actress.
## Background
Born June Dorothea Grabiner, she was the daughter of Harry Grabiner, vice-president of the Chicago White Sox in the 1930s.
She had dark brown hair and green eyes. She stood 5\'4\" tall. She attended Parkside Grammar School in Chicago and the Starrett School for Girls. She later studied at UCLA. When she returned to Illinois, she matriculated at the University of Chicago.
## Marriage
On January 3, 1940, Travis married Fred Friedlob. They had two daughters, Cathy and June. Friedlob died in May 1979 in Chicago.
## Screen actress {#screen_actress}
A Paramount Pictures vice-president noticed her in Miami, Florida, at a White Sox exhibition game. He offered Travis a screen test when she came to Pasadena, California, where the major league baseball team trained. The first time she was presented with a screen contract, she suffered from screen fright and turned it down. She returned to Chicago and school and the next winter, accepted a film studio offer in Palm Springs, California.
Travis made her screen debut in *Stranded* (1935), a film which starred Kay Francis and George Brent. She played the role of Mary Rand. She followed this with a part in *Not On Your Life* (1935), with Warren William and Claire Dodd. Howard Hawks directed her in *Ceiling Zero* (1936), a Warner Bros. feature. In preparation for her role, Travis learned flying, navigation, and parachute jumping from Amelia Earhart. The aviator gave her instructions in September 1935, including the film stars James Cagney and Pat O\'Brien. Also in 1936, she portrayed secretary Della Street to Perry Mason as played by Ricardo Cortez in *The Case of the Black Cat*.
She was Ronald Reagan\'s leading lady in his first movie, *Love Is on the Air*, in 1937.
Her most notable film role was likely in *The Star* (1952) starring Bette Davis.
Travis became known as the Queen of the B-movies on the Warner Bros. lot. Later, she said that if she had remained in Hollywood two more years, she would have been a star. However, following three years, she came home to Chicago for Christmas with her parents. She did not return to making motion pictures. Travis stopped regularly appearing in films after 1938, though she made minor appearances in *The Star* and *Monster a Go-Go*.
## Radio
Travis played Stormy Wilson Curtis in the radio soap opera *Girl Alone* and Bernice in *Arnold Grimm\'s Daughter*, another soap opera.
## Death
On April 14, 2008, Travis, age 93, died in a hospital of complications from a stroke she suffered weeks earlier. She is buried in Chicago\'s Oak Woods Cemetery.
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# June Travis
## Filmography
- *Stranded* (1935) (with Kay Francis and George Brent) -- Mary Rand
- *Don\'t Bet on Blondes* (1935) (with Warren William and Guy Kibbee) -- Telephone Operator (uncredited)
- *Bright Lights* (1935) (with Joe E. Brown) -- Party Guest (uncredited)
- *Broadway Gondolier* (1935) (with Dick Powell and Joan Blondell) -- Hatcheck Girl (uncredited)
- *The Case of the Lucky Legs* (1935) (with Warren William and Genevieve Tobin) -- George\'s Lady Friend (uncredited)
- *Shipmates Forever* (1935) (with Dick Powell and Ruby Keeler) -- Cigarette Girl (uncredited)
- *Dr. Socrates* (1935) (with Paul Muni) -- Dublin
- *Broadway Hostess* (1935) -- Mrs. Bannister (uncredited)
- *Ceiling Zero* (1936) (with James Cagney) -- Tommy Thomas
- *Times Square Playboy* (1936) (with Warren William) -- Beth Calhoun,aka Fay Melody
- *Earthworm Tractors* (1936) (with Joe E. Brown) -- Mabel Johnson
- *Bengal Tiger* (1936) (with Barton MacLane) -- Laura Homan Ballenger
- *Jailbreak* (1936) (with Barton Maclane and Craig Reynolds) -- Jane Rogers
- *The Big Game* (1936) (with Philip Huston and James Gleason) -- Margaret Anthony
- *The Case of the Black Cat* (1936) (with Ricardo Cortez) -- Della Street
- *Join the Marines* (1937) (with Paul Kelly) -- Paula Denbrough
- *Circus Girl* (1937) (with Robert Livingston and Donald Cook) -- Kay Rogers
- *Men in Exile* (1937) (with Dick Purcell) -- Sally Haines
- *Love Is on the Air* (1937) (with Ronald Reagan) -- Jo Hopkins
- *Over the Goal* (1937) (with William Hopper and Johnnie Davis) -- Lucille Martin
- *Exiled to Shanghai* (1937) (with Wallace Ford and Dean Jagger) -- Nancy Jones
- *The Kid Comes Back* (1938) (with Wayne Morris) -- Mary Malone
- *Over the Wall* (1938) (with Dick Foran) -- Kay Norton
- *Go Chase Yourself* (1938) (with Joe Penner and Lucille Ball) -- Judy Daniels
- *The Marines Are Here* (1938) (with Gordon Oliver) -- Terry Foster
- *The Gladiator* (1938) (with Joe E. Brown) -- Iris Bennett
- *Mr
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# Astoria Symphony
The **Astoria Symphony Orchestra** is an orchestra of professional musicians based in Astoria, Queens, in New York City. The orchestra performs at least six programs annually. The Astoria Symphony is the only semi-professional orchestra that regularly serves western Queens.
The orchestra was founded by conductor Silas Nathaniel Huff in 2002, and performed fifteen concerts in its inaugural season. The Astoria Symphony\'s first performance in September 2003 under Huff\'s baton included Felix Mendelssohn\'s *The Hebrides*, Mozart\'s Flute Concerto No. 1, and Haydn\'s Symphony No. 103 (\"Drumroll\"). Since then, the orchestra has performed a wide range of repertoire including Vivaldi\'s Gloria, Schubert\'s Unfinished Symphony, Debussy\'s *Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun* (reduced orchestration), Brahms\' *A German Requiem*, Beethoven\'s *Choral Fantasy*, Symphonies No. 8 and 9, Piano Concertos 3 and 5, and *Egmont Overture*, Stravinsky\'s *Firebird*, Ives\' *The Unanswered Question*, Lukas Foss\' *Elegy for Anne Frank*, and many more, including a number of world premieres. These performances have taken place in LaGuardia Performing Arts Center (LaGuardia Community College, Long Island City), Symphony Space (Upper West Side), Riverside Church, Central Park\'s Naumburg Bandshell, and the Manhattan Jewish Community Center, among others.
The Astoria Symphony is the flagship ensemble of the Astoria Music Society, which also includes the Lost Dog New Music Ensemble
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# Telenor Kystradio
**Telenor Kystradio** (formerly **Telenor Maritim Radio**) is a part of Telenor and provides maritime telecommunication services along the coast of Norway, operating networks of marine VHF radio, medium frequency, high frequency and Navtex transmitters. As of January 2018 there are two coastal radio stations in Norway, Kystradio nord and Kystradio sør. The agency also issues marine radio licenses for both commercial- and pleasure ships, including callsigns and Maritime Mobile Service Identities, as well as radio operator certificates. Telenor Kystradio head office is based at Telenor Norway\'s head office at Fornebu. Telenor Kystradio also performs **GMDSS Radio inspections**, and are approved by the Norwegian Maritime Authority as well as most mayor classification authorities. The [Radioinspeksjonen](https://www.kystradio.no/bedrift/radioinspeksjon/) is located in Oslo, Stavanger, Bergen, Ålesund, Sandnessjøen, Bodø, Lofoten and Troms.
## History
The Royal Norwegian Navy was the first user of wireless telegraphy in Norway, when they purchased two Slaby--Arco units in 1901. They were installed on *Eidsvold* and *Frithjof* and tested the equipment out of the main base, Karljohansvern. Tests the first year failed to reach Færder Lighthouse, but when moved to Jeløya and the equipment recalibrated the following summer, the tests were successful. Additional sets were installed, especially after wireless telegraphy\'s successfully implementation in the Japanese Navy during the 1904--05 Russo-Japanese War. The Ministry of Defence approved the construction of two radio stations, Tjøme Radio near Tønsberg and Flekkerøy Radio near Kristiansand, in 1905. These and later ship radios were delivered by Telefunken. This was followed up with including telegraphy as part of the training at the Norwegian Naval Academy and the establishment of a workshop at Karljohansvern, allowing the navy to repair and build their own stations. All coastal defense ships and torpedo boats had received wireless stations by 1909.
The Telegraphy Administration took contact with the Marconi Company in 1899 to inquire about purchasing wireless systems. The thought had been to use a wireless connection to places where laying a cable would be prohibitively expensive, but high license costs caused them to dismiss a purchase. The agency established a cooperation with the navy in 1901, and the following year the decided to launch a program to establish wireless connections to the islands of Røst, Værøy, Træna and Grip. Røst and Værøy were selected for a trial to connected them to Sørvågen, based on the high costs of laying a cable in Moskstraumen, estimated at five times the cost of a wireless system. The system would also act as a trial to select a manufacturer. Marconi was disregarded because of its high price, but both Telefunken and Société Française de Télégraphes & Téléphones sans fils systems were installed in 1903 on a trial basis.
Røst was selected as the initial site and AEG started installing the system in 1905. When Røst Radio and Sørvågen Radio opened in 1906, it was the second wireless telegraphy system in the world connected to the wired telegraphy network. Following the decision to create an international conversion on wireless telegraphy, resulting in Parliament deciding in 1907 that a permit would be required for a ship to operate a radio. The law was also specified so that private and municipal entities could not operate their own wireless network. By then two Norwegian merchant ships were equipped with radios: *Ellis* and *Preston*. Both were owned by D. & A. Irgens and operating in American waters and had been equipped by the shipper, the United Fruit Company. The first ship in Norwegian waters was Det Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskap\'s *Kong Harald* in 1909. Two years there were 29 Norwegian ships with ship radios.
The navy\'s radio stations at Tjøme and Flekkerøy were taken over by the Telegraphy Administration in 1910, free of charge. The conditions were that the navy would have full control of all coast radio stations during war, that the navy\'s telegrams have the highest priority after distress and that they be consulted for further development of the network. Værøy Radio opened the same year. The Telegraphy Administration launched a national plan in 1910 for building a network of coast radio stations, which would cover the coastline and included plans for a transatlantic service and a radio on Spitsbergen. The politician\'s main motivation were not tied to Norway having the world\'s third-largest merchant marine, but rather tied to the use by fisheries and coastal traffic.
The Arctic Coal Company, based at Longyear City on Spitsbergen, took contact with the Telegraphy Administration in 1910 and requested that there be established a radio telegraphy network between the archipelago and Norway. Svalbard was then *terra nullus* and not part of Norway. To avoid an American company establishing a station on territory the authorities hoped would become part of Norway, the proposal was passed after three weeks\' administrative and political proceedings. This resulted in Spitsbergen Radio (from 1920 Svalbard Radio) and Ingøy Radio being established. The service made it popular to install radios on larger fishing vessels and allowed weather observations to be sent to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
The Telegraphy Administration proposed in 1911 that all larger passenger and post-carrying ships should be required to have a radio, but the proposal was rejected by the government. Bergen Radio was originally proposed as a joint venture between the Telegraphy Administration and the navy, whereby the former would build the station and the latter would operate it. Instead the station was built and operated by the civilian agency. It was placed on top of the mountain Rundemanen, at 560 m above mean sea level. With a 5-kilowatt transmitter, this allowed it to send telegrams to ships mid-way in the Atlantic. For the first year after it opened in 1912, it sent 1,500 telegrams. Bergen and Røst Radios were able to guide *Italia* to Narvik during a storm in 1913, and in 1915 *Irma* was able to help the drifting *Iris* after an SOS had been sent.
The Telegraphy Administration proposed in 1913 that all ship radios should be operated by the agency. Motivations included a desire to accelerate installation of such systems, difficulties controlling systems, which was at the time a problem with shortcomings on private telephone networks, and to avoid private monopolies. The proposal was dismissed by the government For the coast stations there were no proposals of permitting private installations. Funding was kept down, as it was competing with grants to expand the telephony network. Lack of coast stations caused ship-owners to not install ship radios, which again caused the authorities to down-prioritize construction of coast stations.
Plans for a direct connection between Scandinavia and the United States was launched in 1910. Prices on transatlantic telegrams were high because of transit fares and made Norway dependent on foreign cable companies. A sea cable was estimated to cost between 30 and 40 million Norwegian krone (NOK), while a wireless connection proposed in 1912 was estimated to cost 2 million. Early estimates showed that the project would not be profitable. The plans were passed in Parliament, but because of a slight delay, construction was placed on hold during World War I (1914--1918), and Stavanger Radio did not open until 1919. The spark-gap transmitter created interference with other American radio stations and was soon out of date. A new NOK 1.5-million vacuum tube transmitter was installed in 1922 and the receiver station, originally at Nærbø, was moved to Fornebu in 1925. Jeløy Radio was created a few years later and Stavanger Radio was closed.
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## History
By 1920 there were 149 Norwegian-registered ships with wireless telegraphy, a number which doubled the following year following a British requirement to have a ship radio to call at British ports. Focus shifted towards closing the \"radiofree gaps\" to allow continuous coverage along the coast. Utsira Radio opened in 1919 and could cover all of the North Sea, including those areas which could not be reached from Bergen. In 1920 Kristiania Radio (renamed Oslo Radio in 1924) and in 1921 Fauske Radio opened as transit radio stations; Svolvær Radio opened in connection with Fauske. Grip Radio opened in 1920, but only had sufficient capacity to communicate with Kristiansund Radio.
Bergen Radio became the first station to receive a vacuum tube transmitter in 1922. Because they produced continuous wave, Bergen Radio started transmitting a twice-daily audio weather forecast, in addition to the telegraphy weather forecasts. The first ships with vacuum receivers were the Norwegian America Line\'s *Bergensfjord* and *Stavangerfjord*. Vadsø Radio opened in 1923 and could reach the White Sea with its vacuum tube transmitters. Ålesund Radio opened in 1925, the same year as duplex operations began at Bergen with a receiver station in Fyllingsdalen. Medico services were launched out of Bergen Radio from 1923, a free service which allowed for medical diagnosis and treatment advice from physicians at Haukeland Hospital.
High frequency (HF) services were introduced in 1927, allowing messages to penetrate globally. The most important use was reaching fishing vessels in the Antarctic and increased the use of private telegrams by seamen. Implementation was slow: by 1935 HF transmitters had been installed on about 100 Norwegian ships, and 450 ships by 1940. Wireless telephony was introduced at Bergen Radio in 1931 and by 1939 the service covered the entire coast. In 1940 there were 70 communities which had their telephone network connected to the national network by wireless transmission. From 1927 new spark-gap transmitters over 300 watts were not permitted and all such transmitters had to be phased out by 1940. Implementation of vacuum tube transmitters was slow: by 1937, 600 of 1000 Norwegian ships with a ship radio still had spark-gap transmitters. The coast stations all received vacuum tube transmitters by 1935.
Jan Mayen Radio opened in 1927, Trondheim Radio and Hammerfest Radio opened in 1929 followed by Isfjord Radio on Svalbard in 1933, Bjørnøya Radio on Svalbard in 1934, and Rørvik Radio in 1935. The Telegraphy Administration established six radio stations on the east coast of Greenland in 1932: Karlsbakk, Myggbukta, Jonsbu, Storfjord, Torgilsbu and Finnbus. These were used for a combination of meteorological reports and serving the fishing fleet. The first two radio stations to close were Røst, Fauske and Flekkerøy, all in 1938. Flekkerøy was replaced by Farsund Radio, while Fauske was replaced with Bodø Radio. The same year Florø Radio opened. There were thirteen operational coast stations in 1939, and from the mid-1930s these were all staffed around the clock.
The German occupation of Norway during World War II (1940--45) caused a heavy wear on the radio equipment, and by the end of the war the coast radio network was non-operational. Ørlandet Radio opened in 1952. Norway had twenty-seven coast radio station in 1953, of which five were located in Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Twelve only had a telephony service, while the remainder had both telegraphy and telephony. The maritime VHF radio system was introduced in 1956. Because of the limited range of VHF compared to MF, an additional forty unstaffed stations were established, connected to a staffed station with relays.
By 1957 there were 1,300 Norwegian ships with HF transmitters and Bergen Radio handled half a million telegrams per year. There were 5,000 telephone calls transmitted via the coast radio stations. The demand exceeded the capacity, so the Telegraphy Administration decided to build a new main HF telegraphy station. Rogaland Radio was located in Sandnes, south of Stavanger, with the receiver and offices located at Høyland and the sender located at Nærbø, 18 km away. The facilities cost NOK 6 million and also took over Stavanger Radio\'s MF services. Up to nineteen operators were on duty at any given time. Its traffic peaked at half a million annual telegrams during the first decade, but the experienced a significant drop. An important reason was the 1971 introduction of the radio telex, which could be handled automatically instead of by an operator. An important driver of the telex traffic was the petroleum industry in the North Sea. Telex traffic peaked at 550,000 sent minutes in the late 1970s. Radio telegraphy and radio telex was from then gradually replaced with Inmarsat, a communications satellite system, with Eik Earth Station in Rogaland being Europe\'s first ground station for Inmarsat.
The coast stations has functioned as *de facto* rescue coordination centers. As more public and private resources were made available for search and rescue missions, problems with coordination became evident. Thus the government appointed a commission in the mid-1950s to look into the need for a coordinating body. It made its recommendations in 1959, which were implemented in 1970 with the creation of the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Southern Norway (JRCC SN) and the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway (JRCC NN).
The establishment of relayed VHF stations proved the reliability of unstaffed stations, and the Telecommunications Administration started a process to unman the least trafficked coast radio stations. Proposals of remote controlling stations often resulted in a heated local debate, in part caused by the press claiming that the stations would be closed instead of simply moving the employees. One of the advantages of remote controlling was that instead of having one person on duty, there would be two, of which one person would be a dedicated emergency transmission listener and one would handle other correspondence. In smaller stations there was only one employee for both tasks. An often-used argument against unmanning was that the operators had local knowledge. Operators were often from other parts of the country and typically did not have sufficient local knowledge for their section of the coastline for it to make a difference. Search and rescue operations would always be coordinated by the police and not the coast station.
Rørvik Radio closed down in 1986. During the late 1980s the cost of operating the coast radios had escalated to more than NOK 100 million. To cut costs, Ålesund, Hammerfest and Harstad Radio were closed in 1990 and all dedicated emergency listening rooms were closed in 1992, saving the agency NOK 23 million per year. All radio telegrams were from 1992 relayed via Rogaland Radio. The coast radios saw half its traffic disappear between 1983 and 1990. Jan Mayen Radio was remote controlled form Bodø Radio via satellite from 1994. With the deregulation of the telecom market in 1998, Telenor demanded that the government compensate NOK 50 million for the deficits of operating the coast radio stations. The radio stations were upgraded in 2000, allowing the JRCCs direct access to the emergency channels.
The five-member Ellingsen Committee, appointed by the government, recommended in November 2001 that the nine remaining coast radio stations be merged into two units and co-located with the two JRCCs. The rationale was costs savings and the existing possibilities of routing operations to adjacent stations and that fewer stations would not give less safety. The unmanning of three stations, Farsund, Bergen and Ørlandet, was carried out in 2004. The telephone number 120 was introduced on 1 February 2005, allowing recreational boaters to reach their closest coast radio station by mobile telephone. Telenor Maritim Radio also introduced a series of commercial services through the number; this was criticized by the JRCCs, who stated that the marketing could raise doubt as to whether contacting a coast radio station in an emergency was a free service or not. Svalbard Radio was remotely controlled from Bodø Radio from 2006. Rogaland and Bodø were moved and co-located with the JRCCs in Sola and Bodø. Tjøme Radio moved to Horten in 2008.
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# Telenor Kystradio
## History
On 1 March 2016, Telenor Maritim Radio changed its name to Telenor Kystradio.
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# Telenor Kystradio
## Coast radio {#coast_radio}
Regulations of the coast radio stations and services is regulated through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) of 1974, the International Maritime Organization\'s 1979 convention on sea rescue, and the Maritime Act of 1994. The responsibility lies with the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, which has delegated it to Telenor Maritim Radio. The public requirement to listen to emergency channels is the responsibility of the coast radio stations. These are also responsible to record messages of acute pollution at sea and transmission of navigational warnings.
Telenor operates five staffed coast radio stations: Tjøme Radio in Horten, Rogaland Radio in Sola, Florø Radio, Bodø Radio and Vardø Radio. Rogaland and Bodø are physically co-located with the respective joint rescue coordination center. The border between Tjøme and Rogaland Radios goes at Søgne, between Rogaland and Florø Radios in Fedje, between Florø and Bodø Radios at Vikna, and between Bodø and Vardø Radios at Tromsø. The coast radio stations are responsible for listening to the emergency channels and relaying relevant information to the JRCCs, issue safety and navigational warnings, alert other vessels of distress situations and manage medical advice and commercial communications. Coast stations can also be reached via mobile telephones where there is service. The stations handled 4,189 resistances in 2012, consisting of 2,402 commercial vessels, 1,321 recreational boats, 348 fishing vessels and 118 others.
As of 2012 Telenor Maritim Radio operates 154 VHF stations and 32 MF stations. MF stations are operated out of Tjøme, Farsund, Sola, Bergen, Florø, Ålesund, Ørland, Sandnessjøen, Bodø, Andenes, Tromsø, Hammerfest, Berlevåg, Vardø, Jan Mayen, Bjørnøya and Longyearbyen. Navtex transmitters are located at Tjøme, Sola, Ørland, Bodø, Vardø and Svalbard. In addition to the coast, there is a VHF transmitter with coverage for most of the lake Mjøsa. VHF stations are also located on offshore installations. Telenor Maritim Radio offers VHF Data, a wireless Internet connection provided via the VHF channels and offers the same coverage as the VHF radio. The Norwegian Armed Forces have a military network of about 35 VHF stations along the coast.
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# Telenor Kystradio
## Inspection and licensing {#inspection_and_licensing}
Approval of a ship radio is required as part of the vessels classification. Two agencies in Norway are approved for radio inspection: Telenor Maritim Radio and Emil Langva. Telenor has radio inspectors at ten locations: Oslo, Stavanger, Haugesund, Bergen, Ålesund, Trondheim, Bodø, Svolvær, Tromsø and Hammerfest. The division conducts two thousand inspects per year on Norwegian-registered ships and two hundred inspections per year on foreign vessels on behalf of classification societies and foreign agencies.
Issuing of ship radio licenses are awarded by Telenor Maritim Radio for ships registered in Norwegian Ship Register and the Norwegian International Ship Register, based on a contract with the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. This includes other facilities using the maritime frequencies, such as offshore installations, schools and stores. The responsibility includes licensing Inmarsat terminals, and awarding callsigns and Maritime Mobile Service Identities. There were 37,234 licensed vessels in 2012.
For vessels operating under SOLAS regulations, Telenor Maritim Radio issues Restricted Operator\'s Certificate (ROC) for vessels entire operating within the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System A1 areas (VHF coverage) and a General Operator\'s Certificate (GOC) for operating in all areas. The agency also issues Short Range Certificates (SRC) and Long Range Certificates (LRC) for recreational users. It operates a course center at Rogaland Radio where it offers ROC, GOC and SRC courses. Telenor Maritim Radio issued 4,876 certificates in 2012
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# Girma Yohannes Iyasu
Prince *(Abeto Lij)* **Girma Yohannes Iyasu** (born 1961) is the Iyasuist claimant to the throne of Ethiopian Empire. He is also known by the name **Girma Amente Ghebresillasie**.
## Life
He is the son of *Dejazmatch* Yohannes Iyasu (1915-1977). Through his father, *Lij* Girma is a grandson of *Lij* Iyasu, Emperor-designate of Ethiopia from 1913 until 1916 when he was deposed by *Dejazmach* Teferi Mekonen with the support of the British, French and Italian Ministers (Thesiger, Brice and Coli) and excommunicated by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which deprived him of his rights of succession. Iyasu was the son of *Negus* Mikael of Sion, and matrilineal grandson of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. *Lij* Girma Yohannes grew up in the monasteries of Asebot, Dega Estifanos (Lake Tana) and Debre Damo. At the age of 7 he left Ethiopia in 1968 with the help of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, grandson of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany in collaboration with *Lij* Mered and *Lij* Mesfin Birru (sons of *Ras* Birru Woldegabriel) plus the then Governor of Djibouti. He received his education at the London School of Economics (United Kingdom), University of California, Berkeley (USA) and Universities of Heidelberg, Bielefeld and Bremen (Germany). He has also worked as an instructor and researcher at the University of Bremen, University of Miami, London School of Economics and Haramaya University (as chairman of the governing board of the university).
## Iyasuist claimant {#iyasuist_claimant}
*Lij* Girma claims that not only the governments of Empress Zewditu and Emperor Haile Selassie were illegitimate, but also that Haile Selassie himself was too far down the line of succession to claim the crown according to the rule of the Ethiopian royal house since Menelik I. As such, as a grandson of *Lij* Iyasu, he claims to be the leading core member of the Solomonic dynasty from the house of David and rightful monarch of Ethiopia. This however is not based or supported by any constitutional or traditional procedure, since Ethiopia did not receive its first modern constitution addressing order of succession until 1931, and the old traditional male line succession would have gone to *Dejazmach* Taye Gulilat after Menelik II and not to *Lij* Iyasu; *Lij* Iyasu, *Ras* Kassa and Emperor Haile Selassie were all descended from the royal house through female lines, and had roughly equivalent claims to each other. The claim of the Iyasuist line is based solely on the legal will of Emperor Menelik II which designated *Lij* Iyasu as his heir, and which opponents argue was cancelled by *Lij* Iyasu\'s excommunication.
The Iyasuist claims are challenged by the excommunication of *Lij* Iyasu (Iyasu V) by Mattheos X, Abuna of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church, and the fact that Iyasu declined to be crowned, citing the fact that he did not want to occupy a higher office before he united the Ethiopians and throw out the Italians from Eritrea. He was the founder of the first Ethiopian government auditing systems, municipality, the police force and judicial reforms. He was the first monarch to build Mosques for the neglected and highly disadvantaged Muslims of Ethiopia. *Lij* Girma is the only one currently making an active Iyasuist claim to the throne. His pretentions are however undermined due to the very large number of descendants of *Lij* Iyasu that exist with an equal or arguably superior claim. His claim may also be subject to the test of loyalties according to which members who have abjured their citizenship, faith, or married non-Ethiopians may fail. *Lij* Girma himself, being married to a non-Ethiopian, would fail this test.
*Lij* Girma uses the title of H.I.H. *Abeto-Hoy Lij* Girma Yohannes Iyassu Menelik II (\"Crown Prince of Ethiopia\") as his title of pretence. The title of Crown Prince is also claimed by *Leul* Zera Yacob Amha Selassie the grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie I. The throne of Ethiopia since the reign of HIM *Atse* (Emperor) Menelik II have been subject to the guardianship of the Imperial Crown Council of Ethiopia. It was the Imperial Crown Council headed by *Fitawrari* Habtegiorgis Dinagde that removed the sitting(if uncrowned) *Lij* Iyasu (Iyasu V) for cause. The same Council elevated a royal cousin, Tafari Makonnen to be Crown Prince of Ethiopia, and proclaimed Zauditu Menelik as Queen of Kings, Lion of Judah, Elect of God and Empress of Ethiopia. The Crown Council actions paid heed to one of the wishes of Menelik II, who while alive had all but elevated his first cousin (father of *Ras* Tafari), *Ras* Makonnen, to be his successor. *Ras* Tafari Makonnen went on to become, again by consent of the Crown Council of the time, Emperor Haile Selassie I. The functions of the Imperial Crown Council, verification not only of constitutional legitimacy of an intendant monarch but also compliance of the same with the ancient code of the Fetha Negest is one of the most important in the Ethiopian crowns orders of succession. The Fetha Negest codes require an Emperor to be able to function in his role both as head of the nation, as well as head of the armed forces in times of conflict. The 1930 constitution of Ethiopia attempts to codify the order of succession in modern terms. But the centuries-old Fetha Negest and Fetha Negest scholars still prevail in discussions on points of law and conflict between the old and the new. Under the old Fetha Negest rules, *Lij* Girma\'s claims would be far junior to those of the male line heirs of *Dejazmatch* Taye Gulilat, and under the 1930 and 1955 constitutions, his claims would be non-existent. The male line heirs of *Dejazmatch* Taye Gulilat do not however currently make a claim on the Imperial throne.
*Lij* Girma\'s claim to fame came in the 1999 re-interment of H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I when a newspaper article suggested in an interview with him that he felt the late monarch deserved his fate. He demanded to know what was done with the remains of his grandfather *Lij* Iyasu, and also suggested that a search be conducted for his remains and that his bones should be placed in the tomb currently occupied by those of Princess Tsehai Haile Selassie in the crypt of the Ba\'eta Le Mariam Monastery where Emperor Menelik II is buried. He suggested that the Princess be reinterred at Holy Trinity Cathedral alongside Haile Selassie I and his heirs. The article was used by the EPRDF government as one of its many attempts to shed a negative light on the period of mourning for Emperor Haile Selassie and show that there were rifts within the monarchist movement. *Lij* Girma was widely condemned at the time for his lack of traditional Ethiopian etiquette and for the very coarse language he used in the article. Little has been heard of him in Ethiopia since.
He is President of the Ethiopian Democratic Party in Germany.
## Family
*Lij* Girma is married to Claudia Bertram, who, since their marriage, goes by the name Princess Claudia Iyasu Menelik. They have one son:
- *Lij* Kaerrod Girma (Iyasu V Kifle Yacob).
*Lij* Girma also has two daughters from a previous relationship with the daughter of an American industrialist.
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# Girma Yohannes Iyasu
## Notable published works {#notable_published_works}
- \"Strategische Marktforschung Und Instrumente Des Strategischen Marketings\" (1989).
- \"Kalter Krieg Am Horn Von Afrika: Regional-Konflikte Athiopien Und Somalia Im Spannungsfeld Der Supermachte 1945-1991\" (1999)
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# Burgebrach
**Burgebrach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈbʊʁk ˈeːbʁax}}`{=mediawiki}) is a market town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and the seat of the administrative community (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Burgebrach.
## Geography
Burgebrach is said to be the eastern gateway to the Steigerwald (forest), where the Mittlere Ebrach empties into the Rauhe Ebrach. It is to be found on *Bundesstraße* 22 halfway between Bamberg and Ebrach.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Lisberg, Stegaurach, Frensdorf, Pommersfelden, Mühlhausen (Erlangen-Höchstadt district), Schlüsselfeld, Burgwindheim, Schönbrunn im Steigerwald and Walsdorf all border on Burgebrach.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Burgebrach\'s main and namesake centre is by far the biggest of its *Ortsteile* with a population of 3,316. The market town furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure:
+-----------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
| - Ampferbach 366 | - Klemmenhof 27 | - Schatzenhof 15 |
| - Büchelberg 77 | - Krumbach 31 | - Stappenbach 365 |
| - Dietendorf 228 | - Küstersgreuth 39 | - Tempelsgreuth 83 |
| - Dippach 79 | - Magdalenenkappel 8 | - Treppendorf 183 |
| - Dürrhof 65 | - Manndorf 33 | - Unterharnsbach 119 |
| - Failshof 22 | - Mönchherrnsdorf 198 | - Unterneuses 238 |
| - Försdorf 12 | - Mönchsambach 102 | - Vollmannsdorf 51 |
| - Grasmannsdorf 247 | - Oberharnsbach 301 | - Wolfsbach 106 |
| - Hirschbrunn 138 | - Oberköst 219 | |
+-----------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
: as of 31 December 2004
## History
The first known name for the place was *Urbs Ebraha* in 1023. Emperor Heinrich II donated it to the Bishopric of Würzburg, which then sold it to the High Monastery at Bamberg. Burgebrach was the original parish for more than 40 outlying places. It was granted market rights on 21 August 1472 by Bamberg Bishop Georg von Schaumburg.
In 1499, on the Bishop\'s demands, three defensive towers had to be built, for which the Bishop exempted the market town from taxes. Walls were needless, as the boggy meadows and the Ebrach\'s two arms had long been thwarting enemy attacks. Thus Burgebrach was spared the fury of the Hussite and German Peasants\' Wars. Only in 1550 was it beset by the notorious Margrave Albrecht Alkibiades's, and on 16 February 1632 in the Thirty Years\' War by the Swedes' plundering and pillaging. In 1706, a great deal of money and goods were forced out of the townsfolk by the French.
Since the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* of 1803, the community has no longer belonged to the High Monastery at Bamberg, but rather to Bavaria.
Burgebrach once had Jewish inhabitants who had at their disposal a synagogue and a mikvah. The former has been converted into a home, while the latter, a ritual bath, is used nowadays as a garage. The dead were buried in Walsdorf.
### Population development {#population_development}
Within town limits, 4,761 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 5,037 in 1987, 6,212 in 2000 and 6479 in 2006. In 2007 it was 6,438.
## Politics
From 1990 to 2014, the mayor has been Georg Bogensperger (CSU). From 2014 on, the mayor is Johannes Maciejonczyk (CSU).
The town council is made up of 20 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds, since the 2020 local elections:
- CSU 7
- Freie Wähler - Überparteiliche Christliche Wählergemeinschaft 3
- Wählergemeinschaft Oberer Grund 3
- Ampferbach-Dietendorfer Liste 2
- Wählergemeinschaft Oberköst-Hirschbrunn-Treppendorf 2
- Christliche Wählergemeinschaft Grasmannsdorf 1
- Christliche Wählergemeinschaft Stappenbach 1
- Wählergemeinschaft Unterneuses 1
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €2,610,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €776,000.
### Town partnership {#town_partnership}
There is a partnership arrangement with the community of Kapsweyer in Rhineland-Palatinate.
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# Burgebrach
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Buildings
- The St. Vitus parish church with Gothic and Baroque elements has been witnessed since 1154. Building work on the tower was begun in the 13th century. On the right side in the choir space stand figures from the Veit Stoss school of those who endowed the Bishopric of Bamberg: Emperor Heinrich and his wife Kunigunde.
- On the church square stands a Mount of Olives group in a hexagonal sandstone housing with rib vaulting, facing tracery and an off-centre cupola.
- The parish house was once the Prince-Bishop's hunting palace and in 1909 it was remodelled in the Neo-Renaissance style.
- From the town's fortifications the Upper Gate still remains (gatehouse from 1720), which still houses the town hall today with the administration building built onto it.
- Windeck ruins in Ampferbach
- Former *Amt* court/district hospital, now a community centre.
### Wayside shrines {#wayside_shrines}
- Wayside shrine at the bridge, known as *Beichtenmarter* or *Luthermarter*. Outside the former gate fortifications stands today on a lobe of the fairgrounds, field no. 728, the *Beichtenmarter* (\"Confessional Shrine\"), and not very much farther is the *Galgenberg* -- the Gallows Mountain.
The local historical inscription from 1958 describes \"Hans Leisentritt's\" last minutes: \"\...The sun was climbing on this last day of September in full brightness high above the Jura. Hans Leisentritt did not see it, nor did he see the blue sky as he faltered through the North Gate. Before the *Marter* at the brook he knelt down and the sentence was read out once again. 'Crucified Lord Jesus Christ, have pity with me!' In holy mercifulness the Lord on the Cross looked upon the poor sinner. A picture of misery of a man stumbled in fetters on towards the gallows. Nobody ran up to cut the ropes off from him so that he could run back into the market town, flee into the church and thereby be saved. None wanted to help him. Thus, he staggered on, up to the gallows. There, the hangman carried out his duty.\"
The Gothic *Marter* bears on its octagonal shaft the year 1522 and on the lantern 1512.
The lantern itself is adorned on both front and back by a Crucifixion scene, and on the edges are found Emperor Heinrich and Empress Kunigunde.
On the octagonal shaft, on the side towards the road -- when the light is just right -- the outlines of a human figure can be made out. At this wayside shrine, it is believed that Martin Luther preached on his way to Heidelberg, leading some to believe that the shape that could be seen on the shaft was Martin Luther\'s, thereby also leading others to batter the image with stones into unrecognizability. Whatever the truth is about this story, it cannot be confirmed that Martin Luther ever came to Burgebrach.
On 8 June 1968, Alfred Seel noted this 220-cm tall memorial with its 60-cm wide lantern in his description of field memorials in the City and District of Bamberg. In 1976, Hanns Leitherer strengthened and restored the memorial and the municipality laid a sandstone plaque at the foot of the shrine bearing both names.
- Wayside shrine on the heights, known as *Ursula-Marter* or *Otto-Marter*. This wayside shrine standing at field no. 401 is particularly worthy of mention, as it can be used as an outdoor altar. The Baroque 280-cm tall shrine was, according to the inscription on the back, made in 1703; the initials above -- J. G. H. and M. C. H. -- may refer to those who endowed the shrine. The lantern shows the following pictures: on the side towards the road (east side) is a representation of the Trinity; on the back (west side) is an image of Saint George fighting the dragon; the side towards Burgebrach (south side) was adorned with Saint John of Nepomuk; the side towards Ampferbach (north side) was adorned with Saint Catherine. Fruit hangers decorate the lantern and post. The acanthus that caps the images forms the base on the lantern for the crowning cross which was removed at some unknown time. The lantern and post have the same dimensions (50 × 30 cm).
The inscription \"Ren. 1811\" points to a renovation. The last restoration -- in the 20th century -- was financed by the *Heimatverein Burgebrach* (\"homeland club\").
Two legends, although neither one\'s provenance can be confirmed, are connected with this place:
1. When the newly chosen Bamberg Bishop, coming from Würzburg reached here on 1 February 1203, a delegation from Bamberg was already waiting to greet the new landlord.
2. Ursula von Windeck (14th century) was driving to Burgebrach for church services on Trinity Sunday (the first Sunday after Whitsun) with a team of horses. As the coach coming from the castle turned into the main road, the firecrackers were set off in Burgebrach; the horses shied. Ursula sent an ejaculatory prayer to the Holy Trinity and the approaching misfortune was averted. Ursula thereupon endowed a wayside shrine.
In the front relief described as a representation of the Trinity, one does not see the usual representation of an at once glorious and dolorous Trinity, but rather God the Father gazes out from the clouds with outstretched arms, the dove, symbol of the Holy Ghost, sweeps across the middle of the relief over the Christ Child, who is being led by Mary and Joseph.
### Regular events {#regular_events}
- The church consecration festival (*Kirchweih*, or locally, *Kerwa*), known well beyond the community, takes place yearly on the Sunday after Michaelmas (29 September), so on the last weekend in September or the first in October.
- Every three months -- quarterly, on the second Sunday in March, June, September and December -- markets are held in Burgebrach, which are well patronized.
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# Burgebrach
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Events
- 1000 Jahre Burgebrach was celebrated in June 2023. [burgebrach2023.de](https://burgebrach2023.de/)
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# Burgebrach
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
Burgebrach is a subcentre and has its own hospital, the *Steigerwaldklinik*. Moreover, there are many retail businesses in Burgebrach. The firm `{{interlanguage link|Ideal Automotive|de}}`{=mediawiki} and the Musikhaus Thomann with worldwide online mail order further enhance the economy.
### Transport
Through Burgebrach run *Staatsstraße* 2262 and *Bundesstraße* 22. The town may be reached by Autobahn through the Schlüsselfeld or Pommersfelden interchange on the A 3.
## Famous people {#famous_people}
### Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- : After his training at the *Otto-Falckenberg-Schule* in Munich, this artist, born in 1972, went into a firm engagement at the Lower Saxony State Theatre (*Niedersächsisches Staatstheater*), where he played many lead rôles onstage. With artistic director `{{interlanguage link|Ulrich Khuon|de}}`{=mediawiki} he changed in the summer of 2000 to the *Hamburger Thalia Theater*, where he can be seen as, among others, *Prinz Friedrich von Homburg*. In the mid-1990s began his film career. He was seen in, among other films, *`{{interlanguage link|Japaner sind die besseren Liebhaber|cy}}`{=mediawiki}* (1994), *Nach fünf im Urwald* (1995), *Ein todsicheres Geschäft* (1999) and *Die Einsamkeit der Krokodile* (2000). For television, *Nur für eine Nacht* (1997), *Ein Dorf sucht seinen Mörder*, *Und die Braut wusste von nichts* (both 2002) *Der Mörder ist unter uns* (2003) and the three *Tatort* productions *`{{interlanguage link|Tatort: Der Prügelknabe|lt=Der Prügelknabe|de}}`{=mediawiki}*, *`{{interlanguage link|Tatort: Die Liebe und ihr Preis|lt=Die Liebe und ihr Preis|de}}`{=mediawiki}* and *`{{interlanguage link|Tatort: Teufelskreis|lt=Teufelskreis|de}}`{=mediawiki}* were produced. In 1998, he was awarded the *O. E.-Hasse-Förderpreis* by the Berlin Academy of Arts (*Akademie der Künste Berlin*).
## Other
- Where St. Vitus\'s parish church now stands, a magnificent and much bigger church was to have been built according to building master Balthasar Neumann's plans. The Abbot of Ebrach, however, objected to the project, and so the church was never built.
- In the outlying centre of Treppendorf is found Europe\'s biggest music retailer, Thomann.
- From 1999 to 2005 the label Musico Records was a part of Burgebrach
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# Burgwindheim
**Burgwindheim** is a municipality with market rights in the west of the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Ebrach.
## Geography
Burgwindheim lies west-southwest of Bamberg in the Steigerwald (forest). It is found between Ebrach in the west and Burgebrach in the east, on the Mittlere Ebrach.
## History
The name's meaning is unclear. Could it have something to do with an early settler named "Wind", or does the community's Wendish past yield the name? The leaping greyhound (a Wendish symbol) in the coat of arms might offer a clue.
The community had its first documentary mention in 1140. It is believed to have been settled at the time of the Frankish taking of the land.
In 1278, the knight Ludewig von Windeheim bequeathed his estate to the Cistercian Monastery at Ebrach.
In 1363, Burgwindheim was granted market rights by Emperor Karl IV, making it the Steigerwald's oldest market.
Since the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* of 1803, the community has belonged to Bavaria. Direct Imperial authority over the Monastery at Ebrach was only recognized once Secularization had taken place, meaning that its property, unlike the Würzburg High Monastery's belongings, never passed temporarily to the Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany, but remained with Bavaria.
In the course of administrative reform, the communities of Kötsch, Untersteinach and Unterweiler were amalgamated with Burgwindheim in 1972. The ten -- or eleven -- constituent communities are listed here with their population figures:
- Burgwindheim 799
- Kappel 65
- Kehlingsdorf 48
- Kötsch 101
- Mendenmühle 2 (counted demographically as part of Untersteinach)
- Mittelsteinach 88
- Obersteinach 7
- Oberweiler 68
- Schrappach 55
- Untersteinach 127 (with Mendenmühle)
- Unterweiler 60
The community also has four traditional rural land units, known in German as *Gemarkungen*, named Kötsch, Untersteinach, Unterweiler and Burgwindheim, the same names as four of the constituent communities (it is traditional for a *Gemarkung* to be named after a town or village lying nearby).
### Population development {#population_development}
Within municipal limits, 1,375 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 1,350 in 1987 and 1,445 in 2000. In 2007 it was 1,423.
## Politics
The mayor is Johannes Polenz, elected in March 2020.
The community council is made up of 12 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds, since the 2020 local elections:
- CSU 4
- Demokratische Liste Burgwindheim 3
- Christlich Unabhängige Wählergemeinschaft 3
- Bürgerblock 2
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €616,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €157,000.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Burgwindheim's arms might heraldically be described thus: Argent a greyhound salient sable crowned Or with a collar of the same.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, there were 616 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses in 1998, and in trade and transport none. In other areas, 45 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 461 such workers worked from home. In processing businesses there was one business, and in construction two, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 64 agricultural operations with a working area of 1 404 ha, of which 914 ha was cropland and 489 ha was meadowland.
### Education
In 1999, the following institutions existed in Burgwindheim:
- 50 kindergarten places with 53 children
- Primary school with 6 teachers and 144 pupils
## The Miracle of the Host {#the_miracle_of_the_host}
A wonder that happened at the Corpus Christi procession in 1465 made Burgwindheim into a pilgrimage place.
The Monstrance happened on an altar "without outside help and without the wind's influence". The Host bread fell to the ground. The priest could not free it from the ground, even with all his strength. A wooden shed was built to keep watch on the bread. The convent at Ebrach prepared itself in an eight-day prayer to lift the bread up again. It was managed, and the Abbot of Ebrach brought the Host back into the parish church again. The event was regarded as a miracle, and only two years later arose a chapel to the "Holy Blood". The number of pilgrims rose when in 1625 a spring sprang up, which was soon said to be miraculous.
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# Burgwindheim
## Burgwindheim in popular culture {#burgwindheim_in_popular_culture}
Burgwindheim, along with one other community in the Bamberg district -- Gundelsheim -- is mentioned in a poem entitled simply *A Poem*[1](https://web.archive.org/web/20090925013754/http://petevincent.com/apoem.html), whose authorship is unclear. However, it is likely by either Terry Jones or Michael Palin, since it does appear in a book that they wrote together, Bert Fegg\'s Nasty Book for Boys and Girls. The poem itself uses only one rhyme, and both communities' names happen to fit the rhyme
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# Buttenheim
**Buttenheim** is a market town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and lies in the Regnitz Valley between Bamberg and Nuremberg, Germany.
Buttenheim is Levi Strauss\'s birthplace: the future inventor of blue jeans emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1847.
## Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The market community of Buttenheim has the following constituent communities:
- **Buttenheim**, the namesake community
- Dreuschendorf
- Frankendorf
- Gunzendorf
- Hochstall
- Kälberberg
- Ketschendorf bei Buttenheim
- Senftenberg
- Stackendorf
- Tiefenhöchstadt
## History
Buttenheim -- \"Botho\'s Home\" -- had its first documentary mention in 1017. It lies on the north-south Regnitz Valley transport axis and was probably founded about 550. During a river journey from Forchheim to Würzburg in 793, Charlemagne ordered churches to be built in the Regnitz area to convert the Slavs. It is assumed that one of Charlemagne\'s 14 \"Slavic Churches\", which were built about 800 in the Radenzgau (a county roughly corresponding to today\'s Upper Franconia), stood in Buttenheim.
Until the mid-17th century, Buttenheim was the most important place between Bamberg and Forchheim. Through Buttenheim ran the old trade road from Regensburg to Bamberg/Hallstadt and on to Magdeburg. Furthermore, the Saxon Road, another old connection, this one east-west, ran from the Steigerwald forest by way of Hirschaid to \"Franconian Switzerland\". Parts of that road are still used, having been incorporated into the modern road *Staatsstraße* 2260.
The Lords of Schlüsselberg, who had their first documentary mention in 1304, were resident in Buttenheim and until 1762 held an estate, the court and lordship over the village. These, however, later belonged to the Barons of Seefried. By the Act of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, the community passed to Bavaria.
### Population development {#population_development}
Within municipal limits, 2,619 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 2,786 in 1987 and 3,092 in 2000. In early 2005 it was 3,442.
## Politics
The community\'s politics is dominated by a coalition that calls itself the *CSU /Zum Wohl der Gemeinde/Neue Wählergemeinschaft* and furnishes the mayor. The SPD and FDP are not represented on municipal council, but instead various other voter communities are, such as *Bürgerblock Gunzendorf*, *WG Dreuschendorf*, *WG Ketschendorf* or *WG Frankendorf*.
In 1999, municipal tax revenue amounted to €1,896,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €789,000.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Buttenheim\'s arms might heraldically be described thus: Party per pale, dexter party per fess argent and sable, in argent a boar spear gules per pale, sinister in argent the chief gules, thereunder a knife azure per pale.
The black and silver half of the shield is a reduced form of the arms borne by the old Lords of Stiebar, who were resident in Buttenheim. Their arms were parted and out of the parting line sprouted a *Schweinsfeder* (\"swine\'s feather\" -- a spearlike war weapon somewhat similar to the boar spear mentioned in the blazon, which itself in German has a similar name: *Saufeder*, or \"sow\'s feather\") with a golden bend.
The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) are the old Bamberg High Monastery\'s colours. This monastery had holdings in the community. The blue knife is an attribute of Saint Bartholomew, the patron saint of the Buttenheim church.
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# Buttenheim
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Breweries
In Buttenheim there are currently two breweries, St-Georgen-Bräu and Löwenbräu; the outlying centres of Gunzendorf and Dreuschendorf each have one brewery.
### Parish church in Buttenheim {#parish_church_in_buttenheim}
The *Pfarrkirche St. Bartholomäus* in Buttenheim was likely among the 14 \"Slavic Churches\" built in the Radenzgau by the Bishop of Würzburg at Charlemagne\'s behest.
### Schloss Buttenheim {#schloss_buttenheim}
In Buttenheim, two castles were once to be found: the *Oberes Schloss* (\"Upper Castle\", also called *Deichselburg*) and the *Unteres Schloss* (\"Lower Castle\"). Both were owned by the Imperial Barons of Stiebar, who further owned three others in Aisch, Pretzfeld and Ermreuth. The Stiebar noble family can be traced back to 1253 and belonged to the former knighthood of the canton of Gebürg, which was under direct Imperial authority, and which stretched among Kronach, Nuremberg, Buttenheim and Kulmbach. This noble family put many abbesses, Teutonic Knights and capitulars in the High Monasteries of Bamberg and Würzburg. Between 1377 and 1560, at least fourteen members of this family were capitulars in the High Monasteries of Bamberg and Würzburg.
The *Oberes Schloss* (square with wall and four corner towers) was burnt down during the German Peasants\' War in 1525 and never built again.
The castle that still stands today in Buttenheim is the so-called *Unteres Schloss*, which originally served the von Lichtenstein family as a bower, was taken over by the Stiebars, along with other pieces of real estate in Buttenheim in 1438.
The Stiebars had at their disposal in Buttenheim at that time jurisdiction over life and death, having inherited this from the von Schlüsselbergs. Under the Stiebars\' ownership, the Lower Castle was burnt down several times: in 1492 in \"bloody feud between Albrecht Stiebar the Younger and Prince-Bishop Heinrich III of Bamberg\", in 1525 by \"rebellious people from out of town\" and once again in 1561 through a castle servant\'s carelessness when he went to bed, forgetting to put the light in his room out. Hans Joachim von Stiebar, who in 1574 was elected to the First Knightly Council (*Erster Ritterrat*) of the canton of Gebürg for the Bamberg and Forchheim area, thereby enjoying great prestige, repaired the damage.
The Stiebars embraced Lutheranism quite early on, as witnessed by, among other things, the appointment of an Evangelical preacher at Schloss Buttenheim, which was mentioned in a document as early as 1591.
In 1630, the Stiebars were stripped of their holdings at Imperial behest for having taken part in the Protestant Union\'s struggles, putting Buttenheim, and thereby the Lower Castle, under Prince Georg Ludwig von Schwarzenberg\'s ownership. The Stiebars, however, got their belongings back in 1648 under the Peace of Westphalia.
In 1741, the chapel, which still stands today, was built next to the rubble of the castle, which had been destroyed by war. The castle lords, however, had to live in a side building.
In 1762, with Imperial Baron Johann Georg Christoph Wilhelm von Stiebar\'s death, this noble family\'s main Franconian line died out. Their fiefdom went to the High Monasteries of Bamberg and Würzburg, and also partly back to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg. Ownership stayed with the heirs, the widow and the daughters.
In 1761 the *Kammerjunker* (variously translated as \"page\" or \"chamberlain\") Wilhelm Christian Friedrich von Seefried wed Elisabeth Sofie von Stiebar, whom he had come to know while he was a student of jurisprudence in Erlangen. A few years later, they moved to Buttenheim. Since the Lower Castle \"\...had been destroyed or wiped out by fire (down to) the mediaeval, massive, square tower topped with a mansard roof\...\", Wilhelm Christian Friedrich von Seefried built the current Baroque castle in 1774 onto the one tower that still stood, and in which is still found the Evangelical castle chapel.
Wilhelm Christian saw to it that the Evangelical castle parish was newly confirmed. In 1790, Wilhelm Christian, who had set himself all his life to strengthening the Evangelical faith, was raised to the Imperial Barony. In 1814, a \"Protestant castle parish\" from the \"Castle Chaplaincy\" was consecrated, and on 27 August 1826, the castle chapel was consecrated as a communal House of God.
Even today, the castle chapel still serves the Buttenheim Evangelical parish, which since that time has been put in the care of the parish of Hirschaid, as a House of God.
Since Wilhelm Christian\'s time, the castle has been occupied almost uninterruptedly by his descendants.
### Curacy Church in Gunzendorf {#curacy_church_in_gunzendorf}
From the Baroque *Kuratie-Kirche St. Nikolaus* begins the *Georgiritt* (roughly \"George\'s Ride\") to the Senftenberg, a nearby mountain.
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# Buttenheim
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Senftenberg with St. George\'s Chapel {#senftenberg_with_st._georges_chapel}
The Baroque community chapel of St. George on the Senftenberg is the destination of the *Georgiritt*.
### \"Golden Village\" of Frankendorf with climbing park {#golden_village_of_frankendorf_with_climbing_park}
Frankendorf, a village of timber-frame houses, became the winner of the contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden* (\"Our village ought to become lovelier\") in 1981. The district evaluation jury came to this conclusion in 1980:
> The almost fully preserved timber-frame ensemble with its 31 one-floor farmers houses under memorial protection is without peer in Upper Franconia.
It goes on to say:
> The townsfolk\'s community spirit and readiness to sacrifice were always exemplary for the district.
About the landscape, this was stated:
> Orchards green the place in exemplary fashion; the valley is covered with groves of trees. The transition to free landscape is fluid.
### Levi-Strauss-Museum {#levi_strauss_museum}
Levi Strauss, the inventor of blue jeans was born in Buttenheim on 26 February 1829 as Löb Strauß. The house where he was born is now a museum. Built in 1687, the timber-frame structure was expanded in 1733 to house two families. Among the permanent exhibits can be seen the Strauss family\'s emigration documents and the publication of their emigration in the official journal.
### Museums
The *Kleines Haus der Kunst* (\"Little House of Art\") shows paintings, graphics, sculpture and photographs by Eastern European artists.
### Regular events {#regular_events}
The tradition-rich Georgiritt takes place on 23 April (Saint George\'s Day) and leads from Gunzendorf up onto the Senftenberg. This is a kind of pilgrimage to Saint George traditionally done on horseback.
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# Buttenheim
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, there were 334 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses in 1998, and in trade and transport 267. In other areas, 104 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 1,139 such workers worked from home. In processing businesses there were no businesses, and in construction three. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 75 agricultural operations with a working area of 1 661 ha, of which 1 226 ha was cropland and 429 ha was meadowland.
### Transport
Buttenheim lies right on Bundesautobahn 73 with its own interchange and on the Bamberg--Nuremberg railway line with its own station.
### Telecommunications
The 142-meter-tall Deutsche Telekom AG transmission tower, built in 1973 (49 51 10 N 11 3 37 E type:landmark_region:DE-BY), stands on the Sommeranger Berg
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# Ebrach
**Ebrach** is a municipality with market rights in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and the seat of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association) of Ebrach.
## Geography
Ebrach lies between Bamberg in the east and Würzburg in the west. It is located in the Steigerwald on the river Mittlere Ebrach.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Ebrach's main and namesake centre is by far the biggest of its *Ortsteile* with a population of 1,078. The market community furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure:
- Buch bei Ebrach: 55
- Eberau bei Ebrach: 122
- Großbirkach: 68
- Großgressingen: 251
- Hof bei Ebrach: 15
- Kleinbirkach: 36
- Kleingressingen: 40
- Meierei bei Ebrach: 7
- Neudorf bei Ebrach: 93
- Schmerb: 4
- Winkelhof: 6
The community also has five traditional rural land units, known in German as *Gemarkungen*, named Buch, Ebrach, Großbirkach, Großgressingen and Neudorf bei Ebrach, the same names as five of the constituent communities (it is traditional for a *Gemarkung* to be named after a town or village lying nearby).
## History
The former Cistercian *Kloster Ebrach* was founded in 1127 as one of the first Cistercian monasteries east of the Rhine by Berno and Richwin von Eberau, Frankish noblemen. In 1147, twelve monks from the mother monastery, Morimond, moved here. In 1200, Abbot Hermann I set to work on building the church, which was finished in 1280. It is 86 m long was built in the Gothic style. More than 50 windows, 26 altars and, above the portal, a rose window adorn the building. The windows were newly painted in 1887. The organ, with its 36 stops, is hailed as a masterwork. The abbey was dissolved in 1803 in the course of Secularization. Since the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* of 1803, the community has belonged to Bavaria. Ebrach Abbey only fell under direct Imperial authority once it had been shut down. Until 1803, this had been successfully disputed by the *Hochstift* of Würzburg. The abbey church became a parish church. Since 1851, the abbey buildings have served as a prison, nowadays known as *Justizvollzugsanstalt Ebrach*.
## Demographics
Within municipal limits, 1,403 inhabitants were counted in 1900, 2,471 in 1970, 1,774 in 1987 and 2,017 in 2000. By 30 June 2007, however, the figure had fallen to 1,839.
## Governance
The mayor is Daniel Vinzens, elected in March 2020.
The community council is made up of 12 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds, since the 2020 local elections:
- Ebracher Neue Liste: 4 seats
- CSU: 3 seats
- Freie Wähler Ebrach und Umland: 2 seats
- SPD: 2 seats
- Junge Ebracher Liste: 1 seat
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Ebrach's arms might heraldically be described thus: Party per fess downwards Or and gules, in Or a boar sable springing, in his mouth an abbot's crozier argent bendwise, in gules a bend argent wavy.
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Eisbach in the Steiermark, Austria
- Georgenthal in Thuringia
## Economy
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €969,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €353,000.
Owing to the community's location in the Steigerwald, wood is a significant economic factor.
According to official statistics, there were 23 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in agriculture or forestry, 330 in producing businesses in 1998, and in trade and transport 36. In other areas, 100 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 476 such workers worked from home. In processing businesses and in construction there was one business each. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 52 agricultural operations with a working area of 1 077 ha, of which 766 ha was cropland and 310 ha was meadowland.
## Infrastructure
- *Naturbad* (a swimming pool fed by a natural water source, reopened 2005)
- *Justizvollzugsanstalt Ebrach*
### Transport
Ebrach lies on *Bundesstraße* 22. The railway line to Bamberg was abandoned and has since been torn up.
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# Ebrach
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Sightseeing
- Ebrach Abbey
- *St. Johanniskirche* (church) in Großbirkach
### Regular events {#regular_events}
- *Ebrach Summer Music Festival*
- *Ebracher Kirchweih* (church consecration festival)
## Education
In 1999, the following institutions existed in Ebrach:
- 50 kindergarten places with 36 children
- Primary school with 8 teachers and 142 pupils
- *Steigerwaldschule* (state *Realschule*) with 35 teachers and 682 students
## Notable people {#notable_people}
### Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- (b. 9 February 1908, missing since January 1943), German composer
- Heinrich Aigner (b 25 May 1924; d. 24 March 1988), German politician (CSU), MdB, MdEP
### Persons connected with the community {#persons_connected_with_the_community}
- (b. 1933 in Nuremberg), forester and specialized book author, lives in Ebrach. He was from 1972 to 1998 leader of the Ebrach Forest Office.
## Other
- In June 2003, Ebrach was a staging point for the Deutschland Tour
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# Richard Dempsey
**Richard Dempsey** is an English actor.
## Career
Dempsey\'s first role came at the age of 15, when he appeared as Peter Pevensie in the BBC\'s adaptation of *The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe* in 1988. The following year, he appeared in the adaptation of *Prince Caspian and the Voyage of the Dawn Treader*. His subsequent TV appearances have included *Doc Martin*, *Dracula*, *Sherlock Holmes* (*The Last Vampyre*), *Crime Traveller*, *Island at War* and *Egypt*.
He made his professional stage debut in the role of Jack in the original London production of the musical *Into the Woods* with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim at The Phoenix Theatre. After training at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama he starred as Nick Piazza in the original cast of West End musical *Fame* and played *Ugly* in the original UK production of *Honk!* He has since performed in a variety of roles in television, film and on stage with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Royal National Theatre, Michael Grandage Company, Frantic Assembly and Propeller. In the Michael Grandage West End production of *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream*, he played Peter Quince. In the 2015 London revival of TS Eliot\'s *The Cocktail Party* he played Edward Chamberlain, directed by Abby Wright. In 2022, Dempsey appeared as Nicholas II of Russia in *Doctor Who* and as Paul Crouch in the world premiere, at London's Almeida Theatre, of the musical *Tammy Faye*, written by Elton John, Jake Shears, and James Graham.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------- ------------------- -------
1994 *Prince of Jutland* Sigurd
1998 *The Barber of Siberia* The stutterer
2000 *24 Hours in London* Olly Walsh
2016 *Genius* Director
2019 *1917* Mackenzie Officer
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
---------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
1988--89 *The Chronicles of Narnia* Peter Pevensie 8 episodes
1991 *Tonight at 8
| 311 |
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# Follow the Girls
***Follow the Girls*** is a musical with a book by Guy Bolton, Eddie Davis and Fred Thompson and music and lyrics by Dan Shapiro, Milton Pascal, and Phil Charig.
A major wartime hit in both New York City and London, its thin plot about a burlesque striptease queen who becomes the star attraction at the Spotlight, a servicemen\'s club in Great Neck, Long Island, serves as an excuse for a series of songs, dance numbers, and comedy routines.
## Productions
The Broadway production, produced by Albert Borde, conceived and directed by Harry Delmar and choreographed by Catherine Littlefield, opened on April 8, 1944 at the New Century Theatre. It transferred to the 44th Street Theatre and then the Broadhurst to complete its 888-performance run. The cast included Jackie Gleason, Danny Aiello, Walter Long, and Gertrude Niesen.
The West End production, presented by Jack Hylton, opened on October 25, 1945 at His Majesty\'s Theatre, where it ran for 572 performances. The cast included Arthur Askey and Evelyn Dall. The Australian production was presented by J. C. Williamson\'s and starred Don Nicol and Lois Green. The show opened at the Theatre Royal, Sydney on October 12, 1946. The Melbourne season commenced April 10, 1947 at Her Majesty\'s Theatre, followed by a Perth season commencing May 22, 1948 at His Majesty's Theatre
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# Sir George Warrender, 4th Baronet
**Sir George Warrender of Lochend, 4th Baronet**, PC, FRS, FRSE (5 December 1782 -- 21 February 1849) was a Scottish politician. In 1799, he succeeded to his father\'s baronetcy. Due to his lifestyle, he was nicknamed **Sir Gorge Provender**.
## Life
Born in Dunbar, he was the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Patrick Warrender, 3rd Baronet and H. Blair. Warrender was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1799 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with an MA in 1811. He was commissioned as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Berwickshire, Haddington, Linlithgow and Peebles Militia on 11 March 1805.
Warrender was Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddington Burghs from 1807 to 1812 and for Truro from 1812 to 1818. He was further Member of Parliament for Sandwich from 1818 to 1826, for Westbury from 1826 to 1830, as well as for Honiton from 1830 to 1832.
Between 1812 and 1822, Warrender was Lord of the Admiralty and between 1822 and 1828, Commissioner of the Board of Control. On 4 February 1822, he was sworn of the Privy Council.
On 3 October 1810, he married Hon. Anne Evelyn Boscawen, daughter of the 3rd Viscount Falmouth in St James\'s in Westminster. Their marriage was childless and unhappy.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1823, his proposer being Sir Henry Jardine.
In the 1830s he was living at 625 Castlehill at the top of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.
He died in Upper Berkeley Street in London on 21 February 1849 aged 66, and was succeeded by his younger brother John Warrender
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# 1959 Ryder Cup
The **13th Ryder Cup Matches** were held November 6--7, 1959 at the Eldorado Country Club in Indian Wells, California. The United States team won the competition by a score of 8`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points.
The British were again led by Dai Rees, but were unable to repeat the heroics of two years earlier and were comprehensively beaten on American soil. The Americans took a 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}--1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} lead in the foursomes before finishing off the British challenge in the singles by winning five matches with two matches finishing all square to win the cup back. The British won just one foursome match with Christy O\'Connor and Peter Alliss beating Art Wall Jr. and Doug Ford by 3 & 2 and one singles match when Eric Brown beat Cary Middlecoff by 4 & 3 however by the time his match was won the United States had already won the competition.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. Since the inaugural event in 1927, the format consisted of four foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and eight singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup, and all matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes. This was the last Ryder Cup played under this format.
## Teams
Source:
----------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Sam Snead -- captain
Julius Boros
Jack Burke Jr.
Dow Finsterwald
Doug Ford
Jay Hebert
Cary Middlecoff
Bob Rosburg
Mike Souchak
Art Wall Jr.
----------------------
Seven members of the British team were chosen using a Ryder Cup points system based on performances during the 1959 season. The first event was the PGA Close Championship starting on 8 April with the final event being the Irish Hospitals Tournament finishing on 12 July. The seven qualifiers were Hunt, Rees, Weetman, Mills, Alliss, Drew and O\'Connor. The remaining three, Bousfield, Brown and Thomas, were selected by the P.G.A. tournament committee in late September, after the Dunlop Masters.
The British team sailed from Southampton on 15 October on the *Queen Elizabeth*. Mills had a back injury while the team was in Washington and was to be replaced by John Panton. However, he recovered enough to attend the event, although he was not chosen to play any matches; Hunt was also not in full health, suffering from bronchial trouble. The British team had a rough trip on a short flight from Los Angeles to Palm Springs and nearly all the players were ill, with some taking several days to recover.
-------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Dai Rees -- captain
Peter Alliss
Ken Bousfield
Eric Brown
Norman Drew
Bernard Hunt
Peter Mills
Christy O\'Connor Snr
Dave Thomas
Harry Weetman
-------------------------
## Friday\'s foursome matches {#fridays_foursome_matches}
Two matches went to the last hole. Boros and Finsterwald were 1 up against Rees and Bousfield playing the last. The match ended when the British pair put their second shot in the water and took 4 to reach the green. Weetman and Thomas were 1 up against Snead and Middlecoff at the last. Snead put his second in the water but rather than playing short, Weetman also put his second in the water. Middlecoff then chipped to 8 feet and Snead holed the putt to win the hole and halve the match. Weetman received some criticism for his decision not to lay-up.
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Hunt/Brown 5 & 4 **Rosburg/Souchak**
Rees/Bousfield 2 up **Boros/Finsterwald**
**O\'Connor/Alliss** 3 & 2 Wall/Ford
Weetman/Thomas halved Snead/Middlecoff
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
18 hole scores: Rosburg/Souchak: 6 up, Boros/Finsterwald: 1 up, O\'Connor/Alliss: 2 up, Snead/Middlecoff: 1 up.
## Saturday\'s singles matches {#saturdays_singles_matches}
The Americans got off to a good start in many of the matches and had large leads in five of the matches at lunch. Eric Brown was the only British winner on the day.
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Norman Drew halved Doug Ford
Ken Bousfield 3 & 2 **Mike Souchak**
Harry Weetman 6 & 5 **Bob Rosburg**
Dave Thomas 6 & 5 **Sam Snead**
Christy O\'Connor 7 & 6 **Art Wall Jr.**
Dai Rees 1 up **Dow Finsterwald**
Peter Alliss halved Jay Hebert
**Eric Brown** 4 & 3 Cary Middlecoff
2 Session 6
3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 8`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
18 hole scores: Ford: 1 up, Souchak: 4 up, Rosburg: 4 up, Snead: 4 up, Wall: 5 up, Finsterwald: 5 up, Alliss: 1 up, Brown: 3 up.
| 739 |
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| 0 |
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# 1959 Ryder Cup
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
----------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Julius Boros 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Dow Finsterwald 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Doug Ford 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0
Jay Hebert 0.5 0--0--1 0--0--1 0--0--0
Cary Middlecoff 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1
Bob Rosburg 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Sam Snead 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Mike Souchak 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Art Wall Jr. 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Jack Burke Jr. did not play in any matches.
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Peter Alliss 1.5 1--0--1 0--0--1 1--0--0
Ken Bousfield 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Eric Brown 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Norman Drew 0.5 0--0--1 0--0--1 0--0--0
Bernard Hunt 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Christy O\'Connor 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Dai Rees 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Dave Thomas 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1
Harry Weetman 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1
Peter Mills did not play in any matches
| 174 |
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# Marcus McBeth
**Marcus Andre McBeth** (born August 23, 1980) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) right-handed relief pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds in 2007.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
A native of Spartanburg, South Carolina, McBeth attended Woodruff High School and the University of South Carolina, and in 2000 he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A\'s of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected in the fourth round of the June 2001 Major League Baseball Draft by the Oakland Athletics as a center fielder.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
McBeth did not produce much with the bat during his first three years of professional baseball; he batted just .233 (205 for 881) with 19 home runs and 111 runs batted in. He did, however, show a strong arm and was persuaded to give pitching a shot. Splitting 2005 between Kane County (Single-A), the Arizona A\'s (Rookie League) and Stockton (Single-A), McBeth posted a 2--2 record and an earned run average of 3.62 over 25 appearances (all relief) and 31.1 innings pitched.
McBeth started the 2006 season in Stockton as the team\'s closer. He was not scored upon in eight appearances, while also racking up seven saves. He was immediately promoted to Midland (Double-A), where he saved 25 games, posted an ERA of 2.48 and allowing opposing hitters to a paltry .213 batting average.
His success at the Double-A level prompted yet another promotion, to the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats. Success was harder to come by at the minors\' highest level; in 7.1 innings, he surrendered nine runs and failed to register a single save. Still, McBeth\'s composite 2006 numbers were impressive: 3--3 record, 3.07 ERA, 32 saves and an opponents\' batting average of .198 in `{{frac|70|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched.
In November 2006, McBeth was placed on the A\'s 40-man roster, preventing him from being chosen by another team via the Rule 5 Draft. In April 2007, McBeth was traded by the A\'s to the Cincinnati Reds, along with minor league pitcher Ben Jukich, for outfielder Chris Denorfia.
McBeth made his major league debut with the Reds on June 6, 2007, against the St. Louis Cardinals. Four days later, on June 10 he recorded his first win against AL rival Cleveland Indians.
On August 13, 2008, McBeth was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox, and was optioned to their Triple-A team, the Pawtucket Red Sox.
On July 31, 2009, McBeth was called up to join the Red Sox bullpen following the trade of Justin Masterson. He was optioned the following day without making an appearance. In October 2009, McBeth was granted free agency.
In 2010, he returned to the Athletics, and appeared in 14 games for the River Cats. He was granted free agency after the 2010 season.
McBeth featured a fastball that in 2005 was clocked as high as 93 miles per hour. He also features a slider and a changeup. His changeup has improved with the assistance of A\'s pitching coordinator (and former big-league hurler) Ron Romanick.
## Personal
As of `{{by|2015}}`{=mediawiki}, McBeth lives in Chandler, Arizona, and is an area scout for the St. Louis Cardinals
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# Rattelsdorf
**Rattelsdorf** is a municipality with market rights in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg.
## Geography
Rattelsdorf lies in the Upper Franconia-West region. It consists of 13 smaller population centres which are all found within the same area. Among them, Ebing is the second-biggest. What follows is a list of all centres with population figures:
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+
| - Busendorf bei Rattelsdorf 107 | - Höfenneusig 35 | - Zaugendorf 50 |
| - Ebing 1,284 | - Medlitz 176 | |
| - Freudeneck 47 | - Mürsbach 492 | |
| - Helfenroth 14 | - Poppendorf 59 | |
| - Hilkersdorf 57 | - Rattelsdorf 2,102 | |
| - Höfen 150 | - Speiersberg 45 | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+
as of May 2005
The community also has 7 traditional rural land units, known in German as *Gemarkungen*, named Busendorf, Ebing, Höfen b. Rattelsdorf, Medlitz, Mürsbach, Rattelsdorf and Daschendorfer Forst, six of which have the same names as six of the constituent communities (it is traditional for a *Gemarkung* to be named after a town or village lying nearby).
## History
Until Secularization in 1803, The Benedictine Monastery at Michelsberg held sway over Rattelsdorf. Michelsberg was one of the monasteries incorporated into the High Monastery at Bamberg. Since the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* of 1803, the community has belonged to Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, today's community came into being under the *Gemeindeedikt* ("Community Edict") of 1818. Until 1972, Rattelsdorf belonged to Staffelstein district. The constituent community of Höfen, with Höfenneusig and Freudeneck, as well as Mürsbach, with Zaugendorf and Helfenroth, belonged to Ebern district until 1972, and thereby to Lower Franconia.
### Population development {#population_development}
Within municipal limits, 3,413 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 3,987 in 1987 and 4,566 in 2000. In May 2005, 4,681 inhabitants were counted.
### Infrastructure
All together, Rattelsdorf has four breweries: the Schwanenbräu in Ebing, the Brauerei Endres in Höfen, the Sonnenbräu in Mürsbach and the Brauerei Fischer in Freudeneck (the smallest place in Bamberg district that has a brewery). In all three brewery inns, one can enjoy Franconian beer and bread specialities.
Also, in Medlitz there was the Brauerei Schwarzer Adler until 1986 and until 2002, Mürsbach also had the Brauerei Feiler.
## Politics
The mayor is Bruno Kellner (Vereinigtes Umland). The community council is made up of 16 members, shown here according to party affiliation:
- Ebinger Liste 4 seats
- CSU 4 seats
- SPD 3 seats
- Christliche-Wähler-Union 2 seats
- Vereinigtes Umland 2 seats
- Christlich-Bürgerliche-Wählergruppe 1 seat
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €1,642,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €195,000.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Rattelsdorf\'s coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: Argent on ground vert a church gules with roof and cupola azure, the latter surmounted by a Latin cross Or, before the church a pine tree vert, above the church and sinister, an arm clad sable, the hand holding a Latin cross sable.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, there were 318 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses, and in trade and transport none. In other areas, 1,673 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls worked from home. In processing businesses there was one business, and in construction there were seven. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 108 agricultural operations with a working area of 1 729 ha, of which 1 294 ha was cropland and 434 ha was meadowland.
### Transport
Through the municipal area runs Bundesstraße 4. Being discussed at one time was a local airport to be built on a district plain north of Rattelsdorf. Plans were, however, dropped owing to citizens' protests
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# Delaware Route 14
**Delaware Route 14** (**DE 14**) is a state highway in the southern part of Kent County, Delaware. The route runs from the Maryland state line near Burrsville, Maryland, where the road continues as Maryland Route 317 (MD 317), east to DE 1 in Milford. The route passes through Harrington, where it intersects U.S. Route 13 (US 13), and heads to the north of Houston before coming to Milford, where it intersects DE 15, US 113, and DE 1 Business (DE 1 Bus.). DE 14 has a truck bypass of Harrington known as DE 14 Truck.
DE 14 was first designated by 1936 to run from the Maryland state line near Burrsville east to DE 26 in Bethany Beach. The road was extended south to Fenwick Island in 1939. In the 1940s, the road was realigned to bypass Rehoboth Beach. The route between Nassau and Rehoboth Beach was widened into a divided highway in the 1950s, with all of DE 14 southeast of Milford being upgraded to a divided highway by the 1970s. In 1977, most of DE 14 east of Milford was replaced with DE 1, with the eastern terminus being realigned to its current location by 1984. The DE 1 intersection became an interchange in 2019.
## Route description {#route_description}
DE 14 begins at the Maryland state line near Burrsville, Maryland, where the road continues west into that state as MD 317. From the state line, the route heads east on two-lane undivided Vernon Road, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with occasional homes and crossing Marshyhope Creek in the community of Vernon. The road curves to the northeast before bending east at the Whiteleysburg Road intersection. The route becomes Walt Messick Road and enters the city of Harrington. DE 14 runs past homes and some businesses before intersecting the western terminus of DE 14 Truck, which bypasses Harrington to the south. At this point, DE 14 heads northeast on Commerce Street into the downtown area. Here, the route turns east onto Clark Street and passes north of the Harrington Tower Railroad Museum before it crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad\'s Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade adjacent to the Harrington Yard. On the eastern edge of Harrington, DE 14 intersects US 13 and the eastern terminus of DE 14 Truck in a commercial area.
Past this intersection, the route leaves Harrington and becomes Milford Harrington Highway, heading through a mix of farms and woods with some residential development and crossing Browns Branch. The road continues east through more rural areas, intersecting Killens Pond Road/Deep Grass Lane before passing to the north of the town of Houston. Broad Street heads south from the route to provide access to Houston. Farther east, DE 14 bends southeast and intersects the southern terminus of DE 15, crossing into the city of Milford. The road enters commercial areas, passing south of the Milford Solar Farm, and gains a center left-turn lane, coming to an intersection with US 113. Past this intersection, the route becomes Northwest Front Street and runs past homes and businesses a short distance to the north of the Delmarva Central Railroad\'s Indian River Subdivision line and Silver Lake along the Mispillion River, narrowing back to two lanes. The road curves to the east, passing to the south of the Parson Thorne Mansion, and heads through the downtown of Milford, becoming Northeast Front Street at the junction with North Walnut Street. DE 14 passes a short distance to the north of the Mispillion River, curving northeast and coming to an intersection with DE 1 Bus. Past this intersection, the route runs through areas of farmland with some commercial development, ending at an interchange with the DE 1 bypass of Milford. At this interchange, access to and from southbound DE 1 is provided by South Silicato Parkway. The road continues as New Wharf Road past the interchange.
The section of DE 14 west of US 113 serves as part of a secondary hurricane evacuation route from coastal areas in southern Delaware. The section of the route between Maple Avenue and DE 1 in Milford is designated as part of the Delaware Bayshore Byway, a Delaware Byway and National Scenic Byway. DE 14 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 15,509 vehicles at the US 113 intersection to a low of 2,358 vehicles at the eastern terminus at DE 1.
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# Delaware Route 14
## History
What would become DE 14 originally existed as a county road between the Maryland border in Burrsville and Rehoboth Beach by 1920. By 1924, the road was built as a state highway between Burrsville and Milford and was proposed as one between Nassau and Rehoboth Beach. A year later, the state road was completed between Milford and Cedar Creek and from Nassau to just west of Rehoboth Beach, with the sections between Cedar Creek and Nassau and into Rehoboth Beach under proposal. A bascule bridge was constructed over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal in Rehoboth Beach in 1926. In 1927, the state highway between Milford and Rehoboth Beach was finished with the construction of a bascule bridge over the Broadkill River.
In 1931, a state gravel road was extended from Bethany Beach to the Indian River Inlet along the Atlantic Ocean, providing access to the inlet for recreational purposes. By this time, the county road between Rehoboth Beach and Dewey Beach was paved. In January 1933, bids were made for construction of a gravel road from Dewey Beach south to the Indian River Inlet as well as for a timber bridge across the inlet, connecting with the gravel road between the Indian River Inlet and Bethany Beach. This gravel road would provide a direct connection between Bethany Beach and Rehoboth Beach and would provide better access to the Atlantic coast for recreation. The Ocean Highway between Bethany Beach and Rehoboth Beach was completed in 1933. In fall of that year, the roadway between Bethany Beach and Indian River Inlet was paved, with recommendations to pave the road north from the Indian River Inlet toward Rehoboth Beach. In 1934, the Ocean Highway between the Indian River Inlet and Rehoboth Beach was paved. The same year, recommendations were made to extend the Ocean Highway south from Bethany Beach to Fenwick Island, where it would lead to a Maryland state highway continuing to Ocean City.
DE 14 was designated to run from the Maryland state line in Burrsville east to DE 26 in Bethany Beach by 1936. In 1939, a southern extension of DE 14 was built between Bethany Beach and the Maryland state line in Fenwick Island as a gravel road. In 1940, a swing bridge opened across the Indian River Inlet. The same year, work began for a bypass of the route between Dewey Beach and west of Rehoboth Beach, which included a bascule bridge over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal. In 1942, the Rehoboth Beach bypass for DE 14 was completed. In addition, the roadway was paved between Fenwick Island and Bethany Beach by that year. In 1952, a new swing bridge opened across the Indian River Inlet after the previous bridge was destroyed by ice and tides in 1948.
The route was widened into a divided highway between DE 18 (now US 9/DE 404) in Nassau and Rehoboth Beach in 1954 in order to provide relief to traffic heading to the beaches. Channelized intersections were built at DE 18 in Nassau and Rehoboth Avenue in Rehoboth Beach. As part of this widening, DE 14 was moved to a new alignment to bypass Wescoats Corner, removing a concurrency with DE 18; the bypassed alignment is now US 9 Bus. (which replaced DE 18) and Wescoats Road. In 1956, DE 14 was realigned slightly north to its current alignment in Burrsville to meet a new routing of MD 317; the former alignment is now Knife Box Road. In 1965, a new dual bridge was constructed across the Indian River Inlet. By 1966, DE 14A was designated onto the former alignment of DE 14 through Rehoboth Beach. The divided highway portion of DE 14 was extended north from DE 18 to DE 16, which included a bypass of Nassau, and between the Indian River Inlet and South Bethany in 1967. The former alignment through Nassau is now Nassau Road. In 1971, the divided Miford Bypass between DE 14 southeast of Milford and US 113 north of Milford was completed. In 1971, a contract was awarded to widen DE 14 to a divided highway between Fenwick Island and South Bethany. This widening project was completed a year later. In 1973, construction was underway to make DE 14 a divided highway from the Milford Bypass to DE 16, which included a bypass of Argos Corner; this was completed in 1974. The former alignment through Argos Corner is now Argos Corner Road.
In 1974, DE 1 was signed concurrent with DE 14 east of Milford and on the Milford Bypass. In 1977, DE 14 was truncated to the southern terminus of the Milford Bypass southeast of Milford, with DE 1 replacing the route between Fenwick Island and the south end of the Milford Bypass and DE 1 Bus. becoming concurrent with route between the Milford Bypass and Northeast Front Street. As a result of this, DE 14A was renumbered to DE 1A. DE 14 was realigned to follow Northeast Front Street to end at DE 1 on the Milford Bypass by 1984. On March 26, 2018, a groundbreaking ceremony was held to construct an interchange at the eastern terminus at DE 1 in Milford, with Governor John Carney, U.S. Senator Tom Carper, U.S. Representative Lisa Blunt Rochester, and DelDOT secretary Jennifer Cohan in attendance. Construction of the interchange at DE 1 in Milford eliminated the at-grade intersection and also built a connector road from DE 14 to Northeast 10th Street. A ribbon-cutting ceremony for the interchange at DE 1 took place on May 18, 2019, with DelDOT secretary Cohan, Senator Carper, and State Representative Bryan Shupe in attendance.
| 939 |
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# Delaware Route 14
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## Special routes {#special_routes}
### DE 14 Truck {#de_14_truck}
**Delaware Route 14 Truck** (**DE 14 Truck**) is a truck bypass of DE 14 in Harrington. The route heads south from DE 14 on two-lane undivided Farmington Road, leaving Harrington and heading through farmland. DE 14 Truck turns east onto Tower Hill Road and crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad\'s Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade before coming to an intersection with US 13. At this point, the truck route turns north to form a concurrency with US 13 on South Dupont Highway, a four-lane divided highway. The road heads back into Harrington and runs through commercial areas, passing to the east of the Delaware State Fairgrounds, which is where the Delaware State Fair is held and the Harrington Raceway & Casino and Centre Ice Rink are located. US 13/DE 14 Truck crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad\'s Indian River Subdivision line at-grade, with the median widening to include businesses in it. DE 14 Truck ends at another intersection with DE 14. On March 24, 2007, construction began on a truck bypass of Harrington along Farmington Road, Tower Hill Road, and US 13 by making road improvements to accommodate truck traffic such as widening pavement and work on turning and acceleration lanes. The project, which cost \$8.5 million, was completed on August 20, 2008, with Senator Carper and other officials in attendance for a ribbon-cutting ceremony. DE 14 Truck was designated in 2008 onto the truck bypass of Harrington.
Major intersections
### Former DE 14A {#former_de_14a}
**Delaware Route 14A** (**DE 14A**) was the designation of the former alignment of DE 14 through Dewey Beach and Rehoboth Beach. The route began at DE 14 in Dewey Beach and headed north into Rehoboth Beach, where it turned to the west and intersected DE 14 again west of Rehoboth Beach. The route was a former segment of DE 14 that was bypassed by 1942 and received the DE 14A designation by 1966. By 1974, the route became cosigned with DE 1A, with DE 1A replacing DE 14A in 1977
| 349 |
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| 2 |
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# Kaifun
**Kaifun** (*كيفون*), (also transliterated Kaifoun, Keyfoun and Kayfoun) is a village in Aley District, Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon. It is bordered by Souk El Gharb to the north, Ain Aanoub and Bechamoun to the west and Baissour to the south. It is around 800 meters above sea level and 26 kilometers away from Beirut.
Kaifun is a popular summer recreational destination for Beirut\'s residents, and is famous for its Pine forest and view of the Mediterranean Sea.
## History
When Mamluks intensified their persecution against Shia Muslims in 1363, a group of Shiites from Beirut (Burj Beirut) settled in Qmatiye and Kaifun, the only major Shia villages in Aley District. Feudal Shiite families from Jabal Amel also settled the town in 19th century.
In 1838, Eli Smith noted the place, called *Keifun*, located in *El-Ghurb el-Fokany*; *Upper el-Ghurb*.
On October 3 2024 Kaifun was bombed by the IDF during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
## Demographics
Kaifun\'s natives are Shia Muslims
| 163 |
Kaifun
| 0 |
10,074,847 |
# Panamanian golden frog
\| taxon = Atelopus zeteki \| authority = Dunn, 1933 \| synonyms = *Atelopus varius zeteki* Dunn, 1933 }}
The **Panamanian golden frog** (***Atelopus zeteki***), also known as **Cerro Campana stubfoot toad** and other names, is a species of toad endemic to Panama. Panamanian golden frogs inhabit the streams along the mountainous slopes of the Cordilleran cloud forests of west-central Panama. While the IUCN lists it as Critically Endangered, it may in fact have been extinct in the wild since 2007. Individuals have been collected for breeding in captivity in a bid to preserve the species. The alternative common name, **Zetek\'s golden frog**, and the epithet *zeteki* both commemorate the entomologist James Zetek.
## Description
Despite its common name, the Panamanian golden frog is a true toad, a member of the family Bufonidae. It was first described as a subspecies of *Atelopus varius*, but is now classified as a separate species.
The Panamanian golden frog is a national symbol and is considered to be one of the most beautiful frogs in Panama. The skin colour ranges from light yellow-green to bright gold, with some individuals exhibiting black spots on their backs and legs. Females are generally larger than males; females typically range from 45 to in length and 4 to in weight, with males between 35 and in length and 3 and in weight.
### Toxicity
The Panamanian golden frog has a variety of toxins, including steroidal bufadienolides and guanidinium alkaloids of the tetrodotoxin class. One of the latter, zetekitoxin AB, has been found to be a blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels several orders of magnitude more potent than its analog saxitoxin. Their toxin is water-soluble and affects the nerve cells of anyone who comes in contact with it. Panamanian golden frogs use this toxin to protect themselves from most predators. Due to the risk of testing the poison on humans, it has been done with mice. Large doses can be fatal in 20 or 30 minutes. Death is preceded by clonic (*grand mal*) convulsions until the functions of the circulatory and respiratory systems cease.
## Distribution
The Panamanian golden frog is endemic to Panama, living close to mountain streams on the eastern side of the Tabasará mountain range in the Coclé and Panamá provinces. Its geographic range previously extended as far east as the town of El Copé in western Coclé Province before the onset of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, which caused the El Copé population to rapidly collapse in 2004. Vital habitat is lost each year to small farms, commercialized agriculture, woodlot operations, livestock range, industrial expansion, and real estate development. Individuals are kept in captive-breeding programmes in more than 50 institutions across North America and Panama.
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# Panamanian golden frog
## Ecology
thumb\|right\|Panamanian golden frogs mating The lifespan of the Panamanian golden frog is 12 years. This toad is unusual in that it communicates by a form of semaphore, waving at rivals and prospective mates, in addition to the sounds more usual among frogs. This adaptation is thought to have evolved in the Panamanian golden frog because of the noise of the fast-moving streams which formed its natural habitat. The male tends to stay near the streams where breeding occurs, while in the nonbreeding season, the female retreats into the forests. The male uses a soft call to entice prospective mates, then grabs the female and hangs on when she crosses his path. If she is receptive, she will tolerate amplexus; if not, she will attempt to buck him off by arching her spine. Amplexus can last from a few days to a few months, with oviposition usually taking place in a shallow stream.
### Life history {#life_history}
The development of *A. zeteki* can be divided into four stages: larva or tadpole, juvenile, subadult, and adult. During the larval stage, individuals emerge from their eggs after 2 to 10 days of development. They are entirely aquatic creatures at this stage and are found in waters with a temperature range from 20.4 to 21.3 °C and with depths of 5 to 35 cm. After emerging, they mostly spend time resting in shallow pools below cascades. This behavior is similar to *A. certus*. Wherever water pools in a stream, they are likely to be found, as long as it is connected to moving channels. The tadpoles, however, do not venture into the moving channels. Clinging to surfaces by suction of their flattened bellies, the larvae can be characterized as *gastromyzophorous*. They are typically around 5.8 mm in length and 4.3 mm in width. Their snouts are rounded, as well as their tails. The longest caudal fins on their tails are about three-fifths the length of the tail. Their mouths are large and ventral surrounded by labia which form an unbroken oral disc about 3.6 mm wide. The posterior lip has no papillae, but other lips are lined with single rows of small, blunt papillae. They are colored from dark brown to black dorsally, with golden flecks on their bodies. They develop this black and gold coloration as melanin floods their dermal layers, giving the larvae protection from the sun. When metamorphosing, their golden flecks are replaced with dark green ones. The tadpoles feed on algae and spend 6 to 7 months developing and growing.
The juveniles of this species are amphibious, but have a far smaller range than subadults and adults. Normally, the juveniles are not found more than 2 m from their streams, and recently metamorphosed juveniles are more likely to be found next to the stream pools teeming with tadpoles. Like their adult counterparts, the juveniles go to higher elevations and recede into trees to prevent predation; however, due to their small size, the juveniles are not able to cover as much elevation and climb as highly into trees and shrubbery. At the onset of heavy and consistent rains, the juveniles flee from the open streamsides, which are normally where the grown adult males, which are very territorial, are known to roam. Territorial behaviors by adult males could be initiated by these rains. Visually, the juvenile has snout-to-vent lengths ranging from 8.4 to 17.1 mm. Their dorsal coloration is a deep and vivid green which matches the color of the moss that grows on the rocks in and around the streams of their habitat. There are also dark brown to black dorsal markings. Some of the juveniles are also known to have small dark markings on their digits. Their abdomen is either white or goldenrod yellow, occasionally with dark markings that do not match the ground color.
The subadults of this species have full ranges, but they are sometimes found near adult males which is noteworthy because males of this species are fairly solitary and combative in the presence of other males. The subadult is about 28.3 mm long and weights about 1.1 g. They are more greenish in color which more closely resembles the color of the metamorphic juvenile than the brilliant and sometimes spotted golden color of the adult. The patterning of subadults is significantly darker than the adults.
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# Panamanian golden frog
## Ecology
### Behavior
The Panamanian golden frog appears to socialize with other amphibians using sounds from the throat and hand-waving, like the semaphore motion used in courtship. The movements may be friendly or aggressive warnings. It is an \"earless\" species of frog, meaning it lacks tympanum. This, however, does not inhibit its ability to communicate with other members of its species through throat sounds. Despite lacking eardrums, the \"earless\" frog responds to vocalizations produced by members of its own species. The male frog responds to a pulsed vocalization, characterized by lower frequencies followed by higher frequencies, and so on, by exhibiting antagonistic behaviors such as turning to face the source of the sound and producing a pulsed vocalization in response. The pulsed call is used to demonstrate male position during combative situations. Like *Atelopus varius*, it is very territorial, living in the same site most of its life. As a result of this site fidelity, it will not hesitate to vocalize when another male frog encroaches on its territory. If this is not enough to get the intruder away, the frog is not hesitant to defend its territory through aggressive behavior. When encountering another male, male frogs will wave their forefeet as a sign of defense.
The Panamanian golden frog, apart from recognizing sounds, is also able to locate the origin of a sound. This means it is capable of directional hearing. In all other species of frogs, the role of the eardrum is to pinpoint the direction of sound. Due to the very small size of the Panamanian golden frog, it is difficult to imagine another system of hearing that does not involve an eardrum apparatus.
When *A. zeteki* encounters a predator, it often waves and lifts its foot at the predator to call attention to its stunning and beautiful coloring. This coloring is a warning of its toxicity, which is enough to make a predator no longer consider the frog as a meal. If the predator continues to approach, undeterred by the frog\'s warnings about its toxicity, the foot waving, often accompanied with vocalizations, will continue and increase in frequency and volume. Its toxicity is not a foolproof method of protection, since some animals, such as the colubrid snake *Liophis epinephalus*, are able to metabolize the frogs\' poison. Ways to ward off predators and prevent predation are different in their diurnal habits versus their nocturnal ones, especially because the poison alone will not ward off every predator. Adult males, which are active on the ground during the day, recede into the trees and perch there at night. This is most likely a defense mechanism. If the predator is approaching at night, the frog cannot rely on a visual strategy for fleeing. They perch on trees because it gives them the advantage of hearing approaching predators or feeling their weight on the tree branch. The noise and tactile advantages of climbing a tree are better than the advantages of burrowing in the ground.
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# Panamanian golden frog
## Conservation
The Panamanian golden frog began vanishing from its high mountain forests in the late 1990s, prompting a scientific investigation and rescue process that continues today. It was filmed for the last time in the wild in 2006 by the BBC Natural History Unit for the series *Life in Cold Blood* by David Attenborough. The remaining few specimens were taken into captivity and the location of filming was kept secret to protect them from potential poachers. Although captive populations seem to thrive well, reintroducing them to an area will not stop the threat of chytridiomycosis. No current remedies prevent or control the disease in the wild, but efforts are being made. One attempt was made to protect a wide variety of frogs from the disease by using the bacterium *Janthinobacterium lividium* that produces a chemical against the infections; however, the skin of Panamanian golden frogs was unsuitable for the bacterium used. The San Diego Zoo started a conservation effort and received their first frogs in 2003. Since then, they have been able to successfully breed 500 individuals in captivity but will not release them into the wild until the fungal disease is less of a threat. The San Diego zoo also sends money to Panama to keep up the conservation effort in the frogs\' native country.
Populations of amphibians, including the Panamanian golden frog, suffered major declines possibly due to the fungal infection chytridiomycosis. The infection is caused by an invasive fungal pathogen that reached El Valle, the home of the Panamanian golden frog, in 2006. Additional factors, such as habitat loss and pollution, may have also played a role.
The temperature at which these amphibians keep may be correlated to chytridiomycosis; the fungus is more prevalent in colder conditions. If a cold period occurs, the behavior and immunity of the frogs may change around the same time more spores are released. When these frogs are infected with the fungus, their body temperatures rise to fight off the fungus. However, even if the infection leaves the frogs and body temperatures return to previous normal levels, the infection can re-emerge. Another study found that dry conditions added an average 25 days to the lifespan of infected individuals, while higher temperatures only added 4 days.
Not only do these frogs face the threat of the fungal disease, but they also are threatened by human development. As trees are cleared for housing and urbanization, the habitat of *A. zeteki* is destroyed. Other threats include encroachment by agriculture, pollution, pet trade, and aquaculture.
Project Golden Frog is a conservation project involving scientific, educational, and zoological institutions in the Republic of Panama and the United States. The intended outcomes of this project include a greater understanding of the Panamanian golden frog, a coordinated conservation effort by governmental agencies and nongovernmental organizations, heightened awareness of current global amphibian declines, greater respect for wildlife among Panamanians and global citizens, and greater land preservation for threatened and endangered species throughout the world. This organization will use education and field studies, producing offspring through the already captive frogs, and offering financial support to help preserve these frogs.
Two significant efforts to save these frogs have been made. The Amphibian Recovery Conservation Coalition, which started in 2004, exported the endangered amphibians to the US, believing it was a better environment for the endangered species. In 2005, the Houston Zoo established the El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center (EVACC) in Panama, so the endangered frogs could have protected facilities in their native country. EVACC has become a tourist attraction and the populations of the housed species are watched closely by researchers.
In early 2006, EVACC exceeded its capacity for housing golden frogs. In order to continue collection efforts, a partnership was formed with the Hotel Campestre in El Valle whereby rooms 28 and 29 of the resort were loaded with terrariums as a stop-gap measure. This was one of several conservation efforts covered in Elizabeth Kolbert\'s *The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History*. Over 300 frogs were kept in the so-called \"golden frog hotel\" and treated to daily cleansing rinses, 24-hour room service, and exotic lunches of specialty crickets until space could be made available in the EVACC.
### Experiment
Prior to the spread of the *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* fungus into Panamanian golden frog habitat, conservation organizations collected Panamanian golden frogs and placed them in captive survival assurance colonies. The skin of amphibians is host to a diverse resident bacterial community, which acts as a defense mechanism in some amphibians to inhibit pathogens. Researchers characterized the bacterial community from wild and captive Panamanian golden frogs originating from the same population with sequencing to assess how long-term captivity has affected this community. Species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and community structure of the skin microbiota were found to be significantly different between wild and captive Panamanian golden frogs. However, after approximately eight years of living in captivity, the offspring of the original captive Panamanian golden frogs still shared 70% of their microbial community with wild frogs. These results demonstrate that host-associated microbial communities can be significantly altered by captive management, but most of the community composition can be preserved.
Reintroduction efforts from captive assurance colonies are unlikely to be successful without the development of methods to control chytridiomycosis in the wild. Researchers have experimented by using *Janthinobacterium lividium* to control the skin temperature in hopes the fungus would be kept at bay. It seemed to be a protective treatment at the early stage, but the frogs began to die after two weeks as the *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis. Other methods of focusing on the phenotypic and genetic concordance to do the conservation have been used. Researchers designated *A. various* and *A. zeteki* as separate species, but they are poorly sorted based on physical characteristics, and better sorted based on mitochondrial DNA.
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# Panamanian golden frog
## In culture {#in_culture}
The Panamanian golden frog is something of a national symbol, appearing on state lottery tickets and in local mythology. When the toad dies, it is thought to turn to gold and to bring good luck to those fortunate enough to see it. In 2010, the Panamanian government passed legislation recognizing August 14 as \"National Golden Frog Day\". The main celebration event is marked annually by a parade in the streets of El Valle de Anton, and a display of Panamanian golden frogs at the El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center in the El Nispero Zoo, El Valle. The highly toxic skin of the frog has also been used for centuries by the native people of the Panamanian forests for arrow poison
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# Stadelhofen
**Stadelhofen** is a municipality in the Upper Franconian (German: *Oberfranken*) district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Steinfeld.
## Geography
The community lies on the edge of the "Franconian Switzerland" on the Autobahn from Bamberg to Bayreuth.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Stadelhofen's namesake centre is not the biggest of its *Gemeindeteile* with Steinfeld being more than twice its size. The community has these centres, each given here with its own population figure:
+------------------------+--------------------------+
| - Steinfeld (383) | - Pfaffendorf (102) |
| - Stadelhofen (185) | - Hohenhäusling (80) |
| - Schederndorf (147) | - Roßdorf am Berg (71) |
| - Eichenhüll (108) | - Wotzendorf (54) |
| - Wölkendorf (103) | - Hopfenmühle (5) |
+------------------------+--------------------------+
The community also has 5 traditional rural land units, known in German as *Gemarkungen*, named Hohenhäusling, Schederndorf, Stadelhofen, Steinfeld and Wölkendorf, four of which have the same names as four of the constituent communities (it is traditional for a *Gemarkung* to be named after a town or village lying nearby).
## History
The community had its first documentary mention in 1248. The placename Stadelhofen is believed to mean "at the farms furnished with a barn". However, it could also have come from a corrupted personal name.
Stadelhofen lies at the spot where an old army road from Bamberg to Kulmbach once crossed the way from Weismain to Hollfeld. Even if Stadelhofen had its first documentary mention rather late, it is clear that the area was already settled by the year 630. On a map from 1595, the area around Stadelhofen bears the description *Uf dem Gebürg*.
In 1386, the Counts of Truhendingen sold the place at a price of 2,000 heller to the Bishop of Bamberg. Since the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* of 1803, before which the community had belonged to the High Monastery at Bamberg, Stadelhofen has belonged to Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, today's community came into being under the *Gemeindeedikt* ("Community Edict") of 1818. Since 1978, the community has consisted of the formerly autonomous communities of Stadelhofen, Wölkendorf, Schederndorf and Steinfeld.
Besides Stadelhofen there was also once in the area a now lost parish called Leuchnitz, which lay somewhere between Weismain and Steinfeld.
The Catholic parish church, consecrated to Saint Peter and Saint Catherine, comes from the 18th century. The tower with its pointed cupola is one of the area's landmarks. The high altar was bought in 1721 from the people in Litzendorf.
### Population development {#population_development}
Within municipal limits, 1404 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 1291 in 1987 and 1274 in 2000. In 2004-2005 it was 1200.
## Politics
The mayor is Volker Will (Überparteiliche Wählergemeinschaft), elected in 2020.
### Municipal council {#municipal_council}
At the 2002 municipal election, the *Überparteiliche Wählergemeinschaft* voters' group won 6 seats (49.7%), the CSU won 3 (26.6%) and the *Freie Wähler* won 3 (23.7%). Voter turnout was 90.1%.
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €382,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €37,000.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Stadelhofen's arms might heraldically be described thus: Party per pale Or and azure, Or a fess gules, thereover a chess-rook argent, azure a fess argent, thereover a rose with button Or and sepals vert.
The charge described above as a "chess-rook" -- even though it looks nothing like the rooks seen on a chessboard -- is called a *Doppelspringer* in German, and presumably the sense of "knight" is to be understood. This charge recalls the Neustätter family. The red fess (horizontal bar) on the golden field refers to the Counts of Truhendingen. The rose is from the arms borne by the Lords of Aufseß. The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) refer to the Giech and Förtsch families, who were ministeriales to the Counts of Andechs-Merania.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, there were 61 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses, and in trade and transport none. In other areas, 30 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 468 such workers worked from home. In processing businesses there were 5 businesses, and in construction 1. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 138 agricultural operations with a working area of 2 286 ha, of which 2 043 ha was cropland and 242 ha was meadowland.
### Breweries
Within municipal limits are found today two breweries, the Brauerei Will in Schederndorf and the Brauerei Hübner in Steinfeld. Until 1985, there was also the Brauerei Schrenker in Stadelhofen
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# Zapfendorf
**Zapfendorf** is a municipality with market rights in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg in Bavaria, Germany with roughly 5,000 inhabitants.
## Geography
Lying as it did on a transport corridor along the Main running east--west as well as from Thuringia to Bavaria, Zapfendorf in the Main Valley was always a way station. On the Main itself, log drivers floated wood from the Frankenwald (forest) down to the Rhine and even as far as Rotterdam.
### Population development {#population_development}
On 30 June 2006, Zapfendorf had 5,063 inhabitants, and on 31 December 2006, 5,083. In the next half year, the figure fell to 5,016 by 30 June 2007.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Zapfendorf\'s main and namesake centre is by far the biggest of its *Gemeindeteile* with a population of 2,796. The community furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure:
- Kirchschletten 113
- Lauf 689
- Oberleiterbach 254
- Oberoberndorf 97
- Reuthlos 93
- Roth 68
- Sassendorf 269
- Unterleiterbach 630
- Weihersmühle 7
: (as of 30 June 2005)
## History
The place was already settled quite early on, as witnessed by finds from the Bronze Age. Zapfendorf had its first documentary mention in 904. The name stems from "Zapfo" (*Dorf* meaning "village" in German), and may well refer to an innkeeper who tapped beer (*zapfen* means "draw", as from a beer keg, in German). The original overlords were the Meranians, who were followed by the Truhendingens, who in turn sold the community in 1390 to the High Monastery at Bamberg. Since the *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* of 1803, the community has belonged to Bavaria.
On 1 April 1945, a munitions train on a siding in Zapfendorf was struck by low-level bombers. Burning parts of this train rained down on the village and destroyed it utterly, leaving only a few houses unscathed.
In 1955, Zapfendorf was designated a market. In 1972, the communities of Lauf, Oberleiterbach, Kirchschletten, Sassendorf, Reuthlos, Roth and Oberoberndorf were amalgamated with Zapfendorf, as was Unterleiterbach in 1978. Until 1972, Zapfendorf belonged to the Staffelstein district before it passed to the Bamberg district. Today, it is classed as a small centre in the Upper Franconia-West region.
## Politics
The first mayor is Michael Senger from the Wählergemeinschaft Sassendorf, elected in 2020.
The community council is made up of 16 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds:
- CSU 7
- VU (Wählergruppe Vereintes Umland) 5
- SPD 2
- WS (Wählergruppe Sassendorf) 1
- independent 1
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Zapfendorf\'s arms might heraldically be described thus: Party per fess gules and Or, gules two cloakpins Or per saltire, Or a lion rampant sable armed and langued gules, thereover a bendlet argent.
## Established businesses {#established_businesses}
In Zapfendorf is found *Werk IV* of the *Bayerische Milchindustrie eGmbH* (BMI for short, the "Bavarian Milk Industry"), which was founded in 1952 with the goal of processing and marketing the excess low-fat milk yield.
Within Zapfendorf\'s municipal limits, one brewery may still be found, the Brauerei Hennemann in the outlying centre of Unterleiterbach. Until a few years ago, the Drei Kronen brewery had also been brewing in Zapfendorf. In Unterleiterbach, there was until the mid-1990s another brewery, the Brauerei Mahkorn.
## Sightseeing
In the market community of Zapfendorf stand the following points of interest:
- *Valentinskapelle* (chapel) by Johann Jakob Michael Küchel
- *Schloss Unterleiterbach* (castle) in Unterleiterbach
- *St.-Laurentius-Kirche* (church) in Oberleiterbach with settler Ivo Hennemann\'s grave, from 1859 to 1897 he was a hermit on the Staffelberg (Lichtenfels district), and the poet Joseph Victor von Scheffel's friend
- *Abtei Maria-Frieden* (abbey) in Kirchschletten
- Oberleiterbach with its lovely timber-frame houses won the gold medal in 1977 in the contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden* ("Our village ought to become lovelier")
Image:Zapfendorf-Aqarena Logo.jpg\|Aquarena swimming pool's logo Image:Zapfendorf-Rutsche.jpg\|Slide Image:Zapfendorf-Aquarena
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# Ahorntal
**Ahorntal** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in the *state (Bundesland)* of Bavaria in Germany.
Ahorntal is known for its generally temperate weather. The town focuses on environmental conservation. Tourism provides revenue for the local economy
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| 0 |
10,074,902 |
# David Pickering (rugby union)
**David Francis Pickering** (born 16 December 1960) is a rugby union administrator, coach and former player who played as a flanker for Llanelli RFC and Neath RFC. He played for Llanelli for a decade making over 200 appearances and scored 40 tries. He won 23 caps for the Wales national team between 1983 and 1987, and captained the national team on eight occasions.
Pickering went on to coach Neath RFC for five years before becoming Team Manager of the Wales A team and subsequently the Wales national team. He later became Chairman of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU), the board of the Millennium Stadium and a member of the International Rugby Board Council. He spent 5 years as Director of the Rugby World Cup. A recent profile noted that he nearly died playing against Fiji
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David Pickering (rugby union)
| 0 |
10,074,908 |
# Aufseß
**Aufseß**, also sometimes spelled **Aufsess**, is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria, Germany.
Located in Franconian Switzerland on the Castle Road and the Franconian *Bierstraße*, or Beer Road, Aufseß is best known for its connection with the noble family of Aufsess, Knights of the Empire. Notable members of the family include Jobst Bernhard von und zu Aufsees, the founder of the Aufseesianum in Bamberg, Friedrich III von Aufseß, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg (1421--1431), and Hans von und zu Aufseß, who in 1852 was the principal founder of the *Germanisches Nationalmuseum* (formerly the *\"Germanischen Museums"*) in Nuremberg
| 100 |
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| 0 |
10,074,914 |
# Bindlach
**Bindlach** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Upper Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. The town is adjacent immediately north of the town of Bayreuth. The population count of December 2006 was 7197 inhabitants.
## History
The name Bindlach is derived from the Slavic *Pnetluky* containing the verb *tlouki* which means \"to chop\". Thus Bindlach can be translated with \"Village of the people chopping trunks\" as the village is situated in an area rich with woods and a clearance had to be created prior to settlement.
More recent research traces the name back to the Old Saxon word *Binutlaka* meaning \"Small, standing lake overgrown with juncus\". Charlemagne supposedly resettled deported Saxons in the area.
Archaeological excavations have produced Celtic leftovers as well as remains from the Urnfield culture and the Bronze Age giving proof of settlement as early as 1300 BC.
The first official mentioning in modern times occurred in a private charter on April 6, 1178 as *bintlvke*.
Being part of the Prussian Principality of Bayreuth, Bindlach was ceded to France in 1807 following the Treaties of Tilsit. In 1810 it became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The town as it is known today was formed in 1818.
## Culture
Bindlach\'s Protestant church St. Bartholomew was built in the baroque style between 1766 and 1768 by Carl Phillip von Gontard and Rudolf Heinrich Richter. The altar with integrated pulpit and the organ are of extraordinary beauty.
## Economy
The German clothing discount store chain NKD (retailer) is headquartered in Bindlach.
## Infrastructure
Bindlach is situated on the Bayreuth--Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg line and is served by local trains. The Autobahn A9 crosses through Bindlach at the western edge of the old part of the town, separating it from the newer parts built in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. Bundesstraße 2 runs through the old part of the town linking Bayreuth and Bad Berneck. Bayreuth Airport is on top of the hills on the eastern side of town; despite the name on Bindlach territory.
## Military
Overlooking Bindlach from the east, a large American military base was maintained on top of the hills east of Bindlach (Bindlacher Berg). Its official name was *Christensen Barracks* but it was jocularly called *The Rock* by the soldiers stationed there. The main function of the base was securing the borders to the GDR and Czechoslovakia, both borders being only 70 km (43 mls) away. This was home to the 1st Squadron, 2nd ACR, (2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)) from the late 1950s into the 1990s. The base closed down in the early 1990s after German reunification and the opening of the borders to the east
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| 0 |
10,074,920 |
# Eckersdorf
**Eckersdorf** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany.
## Geography
The municipality of Eckersdorf is located on the northern edge of an area called \"Little Switzerland\" (German: Fränkische Schweiz), close to the world-famous festival town of Bayreuth. The highest elevation in the region of Eckersdorf is the *Sophienberg* with an altitude of 593 m.
### Districts
The present-day municipality of Eckersdorf was created in the course of municipal reform in 1978.
According to the information given by the local government, there are 22 official districts.
District Population
-------------- ------------
Busbach 209
Donndorf 2017
Eckersdorf 2048
Eschen 124
Forst 149
Hardt 22
Heisenstein 4
Lahm 30
Lochau 22
Lohe 20
Melkendorf 17
Neustädtlein 175
Oberwaiz 350
Pleofen 32
Schanz 27
Simmelbuch 65
Stein 0
Tröbersdorf 71
Vorlahm 15
Waldhütte 0
Windhof 8
Wolfsgraben 1
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The neighboring communities of Eckersdorf are (starting north in clockwise order): Thurnau, Bayreuth, Mistelbach, and Mistelgau.
## History
Eckersdorf was first mentioned in 1149 in the so-called *Giechburgvertrag*. The Counts of Andechs-Meranien (Grafen von Andechs-Meranien) owned the current area of Eckersdorf until they died off in 1248. The lords of Berg Plassenberg (Herren von Plassenberg) acquired first property in the Eckersdorf area in 1420. A hundred years later, the lords were in full possession of Eckersdorf. After the last representative of the family died in 1552, Eckersdorf came to the Lords of Lüchau, and then it fell to the *Markgrafschaft Bayreuth* in 1757. As part of the Prussian Principality of Bayreuth, Eckersdorf became a French possession through the Treaties of Tilsit, until 1810, when it became part of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria in 1818, today\'s municipality Eckersdorf was created.
## Politics
At the latest elections for mayor in 2020, Sybille Pichl (Freie Wählergemeinschaft Eckersdorf-Donndorf und Umgebung) was re-elected. She has been in office since 2010.
## Sights
Johann Jacob Spindler built *Schloss Fantaisie* for Margravine Elisabeth Fredericka Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth from 1758 to 1765. Today, there is a garden museum in this rococo palace. The listed town hall in the Donndorf district was built around 1830
| 355 |
Eckersdorf
| 0 |
10,074,925 |
# Emtmannsberg
**Emtmannsberg** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Upper Franconia in Bavaria, Germany.
The Ölschnitz river begins near Emtmannsberg-Unterölschnitz at the confluence of the Laimbach and Bieberswöhrbach
| 31 |
Emtmannsberg
| 0 |
10,074,936 |
# Fichtelberg, Bavaria
**Fichtelberg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈfɪçtl̩bɛʁk|-|De-Fichtelberg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. It is a state-recognised climatic spa (Luftkurort).
## Geography
Fichtelberg lies on the southeastern slopes of the Ochsenkopf, the second highest summit of the Fichtel Mountains, and the most populous place in the Fichtel Mountain Nature Park. Fichtelberg lies on a major European watershed. Two rivers rise above the suburb of Neubau, the White Main, one of the two headstreams of the Main, which flows westwards to the Rhine, and the Fichtelnaab, which flows south and enters the Danube.
Since 1857 Fichtelberg has belonged to the Bavarian provinces of Upper Franconia.
### Municipal divisions {#municipal_divisions}
- Fichtelberg
- Hüttstadl
- Neubau
### Neighbouring parish {#neighbouring_parish}
The only parish that borders immediately on Fichtelberg is Mehlmeisel.
## Etymology
The origin of the name Fichtelberg, as well as the Fichtel Mountains is probably to be found in mining lore and not, as long suspected, its dense, spruce forests. At the time the name originated, pollen analysis shows that in the North Bavarian region mixed forests of beech, fir and spruce existed. It was only due to the mining and smelting industry, that hardwood species were decimated and faster-growing spruce was planted to supply wood for the mines. At first, only a mountain called *Vythenberg* where the St. Vitus mine was located, was mentioned in a charter of 1317; this later became the Ochsenkopf. The original name later evolved into the word *Vichtel* or *Fichtel* and was eventually used for the entire terrain of present-day Fichtel Mountains. The first written record of the *Viechtlpergs* dates to 1508.
| 271 |
Fichtelberg, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,074,936 |
# Fichtelberg, Bavaria
## History
The history of the site at Fichtelberg is dominated by ore mining of the mining company *Erzgrube Gottesgab im Gleißingerfels am Fichtelberg*. In 1600 the uppermost reaches of the Fichtelnaab valley near the present villages of Neubau and Fichtelberg was still covered with a rugged, forest-covered wilderness. Finds, such as a serpentine pendant in 1922 on the Ochsenkopf or a stone axe head excavated in 1935 east of Fichtelberg, suggest that the area around Fichtelberg was already inhabited in the Neolithic period, at least by hunters passing through. The absence of other finds, however, rules out any permanent settlement until the beginning of the 17th century. This was probably due to the steep slopes and significantly higher altitude along with a harsh climate and less fertile soils. Iron ore mining in the upper Fichtelnaab valley began in 1478, but only a small settlement of a few houses extended from the south up to the outskirts of what is now Fichtelberg today.
In 1602, Johann Glaser founded a company of six influential and financially powerful men, in order to work with them to begin mining on Gleißingerfels (about halfway between the modern villages of Hütten und Neubau), to search for suitable iron ore lodes, smelt them in blast furnaces using the most modern and profitable methods of the day and to process them profitably. The wood that was needed in large quantities in the furnaces, forges, hammers and foundries, was available in the extensive forests of the region. There was also enough water at first for the water wheels of the ironworks; when eventually the available water finally became insufficient, they promptly drove channels from the highest headstreams of the Main and the Steinach, and diverted the water. One example was the *Bocksgraben*. A thriving iron industry rapidly developed. Iron ore was processed in the royal foundry. At first, the mines were open cast, because the ore veins were on the surface. But eventually these pits collected too much water and there were no powerful pumps at hand. So adits were driven to enable the water to drain out. These hand-hewn tunnels were so big, that a large man could easily walk through them.
The mine on the Gleißinger Fels was called *Gottesgab am Fichtelberg* as was the important mining office established later far up the Fichtelnaab valley. The first accommodation huts appeared, the beginnings of a now growing and thriving mining settlement, and four furnaces smelted the silver iron that was mined in the Fichtelberg area. At this time, the region around Fichtelberg was the most important mining operation in the Electorate of Bavaria. Fichtelberg came under the Amberg *Rentamt* and the Waldeck district court (*Landgericht*) in the Electorate of Bavaria. The mining office had the legal status of a royal estate (*Hofmark*). In 1808 the Fichtelberg Mining Office, as a border region, changed hand repeatedly between the Kingdom of Bavaria and Margrave of Bayreuth. Since 1857, when the district of the then Bayreuth District Court was enlarged, it has been part of the province of Upper Franconia. Ore mining and smelting had been *the* economic factor in Fichtelberg, but with the beginning of industrialization, ore mining became less and less profitable. On 26 March 1859 work ceased and, in 1862, the mining company closed. It was initially followed by an economic decline which could only be partially compensated for by quarrying of granite and \'greenstone\' (*Proterobas*), which had already since been worked on the Ochsenkopf massif since the beginning of the 17th century - and which was used especially for glass production - and by the timber industry. Many residents left the area.
After the Second World War, settlers came, mainly glass blowers from Gablonz, and helped Fichtelberg to renewed prosperity as an industrial site based on the glass and button production.
Since then it has largely lost its industrial importance, but survives because of its scenic location on the southwestern slope of the Ochsenkopf, mainly from tourism, and its function as a winter sports centre.
The *Gleißinger Fels* mines are the oldest in northern Bavaria and are the only silver iron (*Silbereisen*) mine in the world, which is still accessible to the public.
## Tourism
- 1,100 beds in the hotels, inns, guest houses, holiday homes and private homes
- Highest campsite in northern Bavaria
| 722 |
Fichtelberg, Bavaria
| 1 |
10,074,936 |
# Fichtelberg, Bavaria
## Government
### Parish council {#parish_council}
The council has 14 members:
- CSU 5 seats
- Christlich Sozialer Förderkreis 2 seats
- Freie Wähler (independents) 2 seats
- Wählergruppe Fichtelberg 2.0 3 seats
(as at local elections in 2014)
### Mayor
The mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Sebastian Voit (CSU), elected in 2020.
## Culture and points of interest {#culture_and_points_of_interest}
- Baroque mining office church (Roman Catholic) 1708 to 1711, with altar from 1730 and wood carvings. The baroque glass windows in the altar room have mining motifs. Currently they are fully restored
| 94 |
Fichtelberg, Bavaria
| 2 |
10,074,938 |
# WOJB
**WOJB** is a National Public Radio member on 88.9 MHz, and serves northwestern Wisconsin from the Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation southeast of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1982 with the intention of bridging the culture gap between the Native American population in the area and their non-Native neighbors in a time of heightened racial tension, the station is now a fixture of the northwestern Wisconsin airwaves, presenting a variety of programming, much of it presenting the culture of the local Ojibwa community and the wider Anishinaabe culture.
The station also webcasts its programming via its website
| 99 |
WOJB
| 0 |
10,074,942 |
# Gesees
**Gesees** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Gesees
| 0 |
10,074,945 |
# Glashütten, Bavaria
**Glashütten** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
Glashütten, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,074,957 |
# Heinersreuth
**Heinersreuth** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Heinersreuth
| 0 |
10,074,965 |
# Hummeltal
**Hummeltal** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Hummeltal
| 0 |
10,074,971 |
# Kirchenpingarten
**Kirchenpingarten** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Kirchenpingarten
| 0 |
10,074,976 |
# Mehlmeisel
**Mehlmeisel** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Mehlmeisel
| 0 |
10,074,980 |
# Michael Hill (diplomat)
**Michael Hill** is a British diplomat. Hill held the post of high commissioner to Vanuatu until September 2005 when he became the Administrator of Ascension Island, a dependency of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena. Hill was succeeded as Administrator by Ross Denny in September 2008. He is married to Elizabeth and has four children: Alastair, Victoria, Richard and Alexander
| 65 |
Michael Hill (diplomat)
| 0 |
10,074,983 |
# Mistelbach, Bavaria
**Mistelbach** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Upper Franconia in Bavaria, Germany
| 18 |
Mistelbach, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,074,987 |
# Optonica
**Optonica** was a subdivision of Japanese electronics manufacturer Sharp that made high-end hi-fi products and systems.
## History
### 1975
The Optonica brand was created and first launched by Sharp of Japan in 1975 to compete in the high-end audio market along with established brands such as Sansui Electric, Sony, Panasonic, Sanyo, Yamaha, Nakamichi, Onkyo, Fisher Electronics, Technics (brand), Pioneer Corporation, Kenwood Corporation, JVC, Harman Kardon and Marantz. The brand was designed, built and marketed by Sharp in Japan.
The first series of receivers, the SA-2121, SA-3131, SA-4141 and SA-5151, were designed and built with silver front faces, knobs and switches. The SA-5151 was the most powerful unit, with minimum ratings of 85 watts RMS per channel into 8 Ohms from 20 Hz to 20 kHz with no more than .09% total harmonic distortion. The early line included a selection of AM-FM tuners and amplifiers (SM-4646, SM-3636 and ST-1515) that were of similar design and build characteristics as the receiver line. Tuners were analogue as were amps, and silver face plated with same switches and knobs. Cassette players and recorders were offered, most with the silver faceplates, but a small line known as the \"designer series\" offered a black faceplate in model number ST-1515B and SM-1515B for both tuner and amplifier respectively.
One notable product during the first run was their direct drive turntable RP-3636 that is sought after by collectors and audiophiles today due to the unique construction of Mikage granite stone that was developed by Optonica for use in turntable design. It was a compound that virtually eliminated feedback, thus preventing resonance from reaching the tonearm. The turntable was very heavy, weighing in at 35.4 pounds.
### 1976--1978: Optonica SM-4646 {#optonica_sm_4646}
Sharp\'s 1975 introduction of Optonica filled the same role that Technics did for Panasonic\'s high-end audio display. When Optonica initially came into the public eye in 1976--1977, the market was already approaching a decline. Though Optonica is best known for its futuristic designs from the 1970s and \'80s, which embodied Sharp\'s typical aesthetic, the company made separates even before then. The SM-4646 is one of such attempts.
The SM-4646 employs a 4-gang volume attenuator, three \"Delta Power\" power transformers, two enormous 13,600-F main caps, low-noise FETs, and differential amplifiers, with a total unit weight of 16 kg.The centre transformer supplies power to the preamp and driver stages in Class A, and the other two independent transformers power the L and R output stages in Class B.
In spite of earning a French Laurier d\'Or (Golden Laurel) in 1977 for \"outstanding function, design, and performances,\" Sharp\'s Optonica series never enjoyed good sales in France or anyplace else.
| 441 |
Optonica
| 0 |
10,074,987 |
# Optonica
## History
### 1979--1982 {#section_1}
The second series was offered in 1979 and the line was expanded and redesigned with products that covered the entire spectrum of the high-end market. The receiver line consisted of model numbers SA-5901/5905, SA-5601/5605, SA-5401/5405, SA-5201/5205 and SA-5101/5105. The receivers were offered in both silver and black. The top of the line consisted of model numbers SA-5901 and SA-5905, and this series offered 125 watts minimum RMS per channel into 8 Ohms from 20 Hz-20 kHz with no more than 0.02% T.H.D. One of the unique features of the top-of-the-line product SA-5901/5905 and SA-5601/5605 was the ability to turn off the radio section while still using the receiver as an amplifier.
The top-of-the-line turntable RP-3636 was continued along with turntables from the original run. New tuners ST-4201/4205 were added to the existing line, and new amplifiers SM-3201/3205 were added. A computer-controlled cassette deck RT-6501/6505 was introduced, but was shared with an identical model Sharp cassette deck. Component cabinets SY-9406 and SY-800U were offered and an array of handles for the various components. In 1980 the line was expanded again, introducing unique design features into the products. The most notable was the dual-arm system turntable RP-7705, famous for an APLD (auto program locate device) that enabled the operator to select a cut on the album and the tone arm would automatically be placed on the desired song. This turntable had a sensor arm that was built next to the tonearm. The RP-4705 turntable was similar, but without the APLD system.
During this period Optonica still offered analog AM-FM tuners and amplifiers, but they were being eliminated, especially the high-powered and expensive models. The new digital tuners and amps were now offered with a Toroidal power transformer that allowed for high performance in a smaller size, offering two to three times the capacity of conventional transformers. This allowed for the new digital tuners and receivers to be much smaller in size, compared with the conventional line of analogue receivers, amps and tuners. Model numbers consisted of ST-7405 and ST-4405 for tuners and SM-7305 and SM-4305 for amplifiers. One notable product offering was SM-9005. An integrated amplifier featuring a new zero-switching direct coupled amp circuitry with 0% switching distortion. This amplifier produced 100 watts minimum RMS per channel into 8 ohms from 20 Hz to 20 kHz with no more than 0.0095% THD!.
The cassette recorder line was increased with unique computer-controlled devices, among them model number RT-6905. This cassette deck was large and heavy, weighing over 34 lbs.
The speaker line consisted of the original models offered in 1976, but model CP-5151 became CP-5151A, providing circuit protection.
All products came with a two-year parts and labor guarantee, and the speakers were given a five-year guarantee. Digital systems were offered with matched components consisting of an electronic time processor, electronic tape processor, electronic tuning processor, electronic stereo control amplifier, and electronic power amplifier. They were modernistic in design, with the 9100 series as the top-of-the-line. It was offered in silver and bronze colors, with lower output models being offered and sold as a complete system with matched components. The APLD turntable now offered model RP-9100 as a remote control turntable. A tape processor (RT-9100 H/HB) was offered, similar to the unit introduced in 1979. The speaker line was expanded with CP-9100HW the top offering, and lower output models matched to each lower output system, and others were available for separate use.
Separate component digital receivers were available. Model SA-5107, SA-5207, and SA-5407 were offered and a unique high powered amp (SM-110H) incorporated a freon cooling system to keep unit cool.
A last series of advanced turntable equipment was offered, most notably RP-114VL BLST, a linear tracking upright turntable, that could play both sides of a record without having to change sides. It was fully automatic and available in both silver and black. This technology was offered in many Sharp portable systems and stereo systems as well.
The end would come to Optonica in 1982 as a competitor in the high-end audio market; however, the brand would emerge in 1988 as a high-end line of stereo television receivers, portable cassette players and recorders, stereo Hi-Fi VCRs, voice-activated remote controls for VCRs, and a limited number of surround-sound receivers. Marketed for a few years, the line and brand would be discontinued in 1991.
## Products
Optonica\'s products were mainly hi-fi components such as single and dual cassette decks, turntables, speakers, receivers and amplifiers. Later Optonica products released from 1988 to 1991 included 20\", 27\", 32\" CRT TVs, and VHS/S-VHS VCRs
| 762 |
Optonica
| 1 |
10,074,989 |
# Mistelgau
**Mistelgau** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. The eponymous village is the seat of both the municipality as well as the municipality association Mistelgau.
## Name
The name \"Mistelgau\" is a compound of \"Mistel\" (German for mistletoe) and \"Gau\" (here: shire), possibly referring to the abundance of mistletoes in a nearby oak forest, which was cut down in 1780.
Today, mistletoes are not quite as common in the area as the name would suggest.
## Geography
### Location
The main village Mistelgau is located 10 km to the west of Bayreuth. It is the centre of the so-called Hummelgau, the north-northeastern boundary of Franconian Switzerland and its transition into the Obermain foothills. The eastern part of the municipality is located on modestly hilly terrain used for agriculture, whereas the (south-)western parts are already part of the Franconian Switzerland with its steeper relief and wooded slopes. Roughly 5 km southwest of the main town, but still within the municipality, lies Neubürg, a table hill offering views of the surrounding area. To the east, the Red Main valley opens up, granting views of the Fichtel Mountains in the distance.
#### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
Beginning in the north and continuing clockwise, Mistelgau shares borders with the following municipalities: Eckersdorf, Mistelbach, Hummeltal, Glashütten, Plankenfels, Hollfeld, and Thurnau.
### Fossil pit {#fossil_pit}
The Mistelgau fossil pit is considered one of the hundred most beautiful geotopes in Bavaria. Until 2005, the Mistelgau pit was used to mine clay for brick production.
It gained supraregional fame because of its impressive fossils. A "belemnite battlefield" and remains of dinosaurs make it one of the most important fossil sites in Europe. Some of the finds are exhibited at the Urwelt Museum Oberfranken in Bayreuthin.
The Bavarian State Office for the Environment has designated the pit as a valuable geotope (geotope number 472A016).
### Subdivisions
The municipality consists of the following 42 districts: Äußerer Graben, Außerleithen, Bärnreuth, Böhnershof, Braunersberg, Culm (obere), Culm (untere), Engelmeß, Eschenmühle, Frankenhaag, Friedrichsruh, Geislareuth, Gollenbach, Göritzen, Gries, Hardt, Harloh, Hundshof, Kammer, Klingenmühle, Kreckenmühle, Laimen, Lenz, Mengersdorf, Mistelgau, Moosing, Obernsees, Ochsenholz, Pensenleithen, Plösen, Schnackenwöhr, Schobertsberg, Schobertsreuth, Schöchleins, Seitenbach, Sorg, Streit, Striegelhof, Tennig, Truppach, Wohnsgehaig.
| 365 |
Mistelgau
| 0 |
10,074,989 |
# Mistelgau
## History
Source:
The area of the current municipality was first populated during the Stone Age: on top of the Neubürg, a fortified settlement existed between the Neolithic and the La Tène period.
During the Frankish Empire, around the year 700, peasants (*Hummelbauern*) from the Moselle and Middle Rhine regions settled in the area. Also, tumuli from the times of the Carolingian dynasty have been found.
Mistelgau proper is one of the older villages in the western part of Bayreuth district. Its first documentary mention was in 1379. From 1386 onwards, a noble family resided within the village.
In 1422, the characteristic church St. Bartholomäus was first mentioned.
Most historic sources were destroyed in the course of the Hussite (1433), German Peasants\' (1525), Second Margrave (1552--55), Thirty Years\' and Seven Years\' Wars.
In 1634, more than half of the population died of the plague.
In 1791, Mistelgau along with the remaining Principality of Bayreuth was ceded to Prussia.
During the Napoleonic Wars, a part of the municipality served as a staging area for French artillery in a battle against the Austrians (1806). After the Treaties of Tilsit, Mistelgau was briefly under French control until the Kingdom of Bavaria purchased it alongside the remainder of the former Principality of Bayreuth. Since then, Mistelgau has been part of Bavaria.
In 1904, a railroad line from Bayreuth to Hollfeld (see main article: Bayreuth--Hollfeld railway) with a stop in the village of Mistelgau was opened. The village was electrified and a couple of manufacturing plants constructed.
A public school was created in 1964.
In 1972, several other formerly independent municipalities (Seitenbach, Engelmeß, Truppach, Mengersdorf, Frankenhaag, Plösen, Gollenbach, Wohnsgehaig) were incorporated into Mistelgau.
The railroad connection to Bayreuth and Hollfeld was discontinued in 1974. In the time since then, the tracks have been dismantled and the former railroad route has been converted into a road (in the direction of Obernsees) and a bike path (in the direction of Bayreuth, linking Mistelgau to Hummeltal).
In 1978, the hitherto independent Obernsees was incorporated into the municipality.
In 1980, the Catholic church St. Peter and Paul was opened.
The thermal bath Therme Obernsees was inaugurated in 1998.
In 2003, the permanent exhibit *NaturKunstRaum Neubürg* on top of the hill Neubürg was opened
| 376 |
Mistelgau
| 1 |
10,074,994 |
# Plankenfels
**Plankenfels** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Plankenfels
| 0 |
10,075,000 |
# Plech
**Plech** is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Plech
| 0 |
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