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# Vierkirchen
**Vierkirchen** is a municipality in the district of Dachau in Bavaria in Germany.
## Meaning of town name {#meaning_of_town_name}
The name *Vierkirchen* (`{{translation|'four-churches'}}`{=mediawiki}) is a misnomer. There were never four churches in the village, only one (St. Jakobus). The name is most-likey a variation of the old-Bavarian dialect in the Middle Ages. Various names of *Feohtkiricha*, *Feochtkyricha*, *Fichtkiriha* and *Viechtkirchen* can be found in old church archives. These names suggest the original spruce wood (*Fichten*) church as the namesake.
## History
The boundaries of a parish in Vierkirchen were said to have been established around AD 779 under Bishop Aribo of Freising. Vierkirchen is first mentioned in a church record in 820 AD. A layman named Reginhelm comes to Vierkirchen, where Bishop Hitto von Freising is apparently holding a large meeting. This Reginhelm hands over the property of his dying uncle Kaganhart to the bishop. At the same time he transfers the little son of Kaganhart to the bishop for protection and for spiritual education. Other sizable donations are recorded in Vierkirchn in 823 and the mentioning of a church in 828. In addition, a noble family in \'Viechkirchen\' are recorded in the Indersdorfer documents between 1150 and 1160. A \'Dietrich der Vichtkircher\' was a judge in Kranzberg in 1375, and an \'Isegrim de Viechkirchen\' can also be read. The coat of arms of these nobles reflects today\'s municipal coat of arms, (stork head and neck).
By 1440 the nearby village of Pasenbach had a court with a small castle. The castle was destroyed by the Swedes in 1632 during the Thirty Years War. The castle was rebuilt after the war in 1662. By the 19th century the property passed through several hands and by the 1840s it was demolished.
The current parish church in its present form, St. Jacob, was built from 1763/65 after the old Gothic church collapsed in 1759 due to dilapidation.
Vierkirchen became a political community by 1808 under the Kingdom of Bavaria. At that time the town had about 350 inhabitants, consisting mainly of farmers and handworkers.
In 1867 the Munich-Ingolstadt railway line was built through Vierkirchen (Pasenbach-Esterhofen).
After the Second World War, Vierkirchen remained as a municipality in the rural area of the Dachau region. Its population was about 1041 people.
In the 1972 Bavarian regional reforms, several villages were merged into the community of Vierkirchen, (such as Giebing, Pasenbach, Ramelsbach and Rettenbach).
In 1979 the community celebrated its 1200th anniversary. The community wanted to celebrate 1200 years of the first mentioning of its church in 2020. However celebrations were hampered due to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Germany.
In 1999/2000 a partnership with the Italian municipality of Genazzano (about 50 km east of Rome) was formed.
## Politics, Industry and Sport {#politics_industry_and_sport}
Since 1972, Vierkirchen is part of the Munich S-Bahn commuter line.
The current mayor (Bürgermeister) of Vierkirchen is Harald Dirlenbach (SPD) since 2014.
In the early 2000s, a small industry park was built between Vierkirchen and Pasenbach. It houses several businesses such as Hanwag and Andritz AG.
Vierkirchen has a sports club: SC Vierkirchen e. V.
A natural swimming pool (2000 m2) has existed in Vierkirchen since 2003
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# Lipovička šuma
**Lipovica Forest** (*Lipovička šuma*, `{{IPA|sh|lîpoʋitʃkaː ʃûma|pron}}`{=mediawiki}), or only **Lipovica** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Липовица}}`{=mediawiki}), is a forest in the outer, metropolitan area of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Sremcica.
## Location
Lipovička šuma is located in the low Šumadija region, 20 kilometers south of downtown Belgrade. It covers the more or less forested area of over 30 km2, on the northern slopes of the *Parcanski vis* hill, 409 m northernmost extension of the Kosmaj mountain and spreads from the Ibar Highway and the valley of the Beljanica river on the west and south-west, to the upper valleys of the Topčiderka and Ralja rivers on the east. All three rivers originate in the wood\'s area itself.
## Characteristics
The forested area is uninhabited. Several settlements developed on the borders of the forest: Meljak on the west, Guncati and Barajevo on the south-west and Ripanj on the north-east.
The wood itself covers an area of 12 km2. The most common species of trees are the oak types, Hungarian oak and Turkey oak, though the name of the woods means \"small linden wood\". The area is a popular picnic area for the citizens of Belgrade and many restaurants, villas, weekend houses and sport\'s fields are located in Lipovička šuma. Attractions include the famed motel *Lipovička šuma* on the Ibarska magistrala and the youth hostel, the court for the hurdle riding and a vast hunting area in the woods, with wildlife including roe deers, hares, pheasants and partridges.
The area is for the most part organized as an official but unfenced hunting ground of Lipovička Šuma. It spreads between the altitudes of 160 to and covers 12.53 km2. Roe deer and wild boar are being bred in the facility.
The section of the forest, called Dugi Rt, was declared a protected area by the city on 29 November 2013. It is protected for both the biological (forest complex) but also for the geomorphological and hudrological values. The specificities of the Dugi Rt ridge and the bed of the Sremačka river helped the development of the diverse flora and fauna. The entire forest is part of the Belgrade\'s outer green ring which mitigates the aftermaths of the bad urbanization.
A chemical center of the Yugoslav army was located in the woods and was used as a reservoir for the rocket fuel. It was a target during the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia. Explosion and subsequent flames were visible kilometers away and caused an extensive damage to the woods itself which was burnt to the wide extent around the reservoir.
Lipovička šuma was the location of the headquarters of PTJ, the Counter-terrorist Units, a special operations and tactical unit of the Serbian Police. When PTJ merged into SAD, Special Anti-Terrorist Unit, in 2015, the SAJ took over the base
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# Chadraabalyn Lodoidamba
**Chadraabalyn Lodoidamba** (*Чадраабалын Лодойдамба*; 1917--1970) was a Mongolian writer.
He was born in Govi-Altai Province in 1917. In 1954 he graduated from National University of Mongolia, the same year that his first story \"Malgaitai Chono\" (The Wolf in the Cap) was published.
His novel *The Crystal Clear Tamir River*, set during Mongolia\'s 1921 revolution, was made into a movie trilogy (1970--1973) by Ravjagiin Dorjpalam. The book has also been translated into Russian and (from Russian) into German
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# Grefsen station
**Grefsen station** (*Grefsen stasjon*) is a railway station at Storo in Oslo, Norway on the Gjøvik Line. From the station there is also a short railway, the Alnabru--Grefsen Line, to Alna on the Hoved Line. The station is located 6.82 km from Oslo Central Station and is located between Tøyen and Nydalen at 109.2 metes above sea level. It was opened on 20 December 1900, two years before the railway to Gjøvik was finished.
The station is served by commuter and regional trains operated by Vy Gjøvikbanen. Along the line to the east runs the Ring 3 road, and across that there is a tram and bus stop. A bit further north of Grefsen Station there is a connection to the Oslo Metro, at Storo.
The station serves Nordre Åsen sports field.
## Tram Service {#tram_service}
There is also a tram stop with the same name across Ring 3. It is the terminating stop of line 17 and 18. Trams change routes here, without requiring a balloon loop. Here, a tram coming in from Sinsenkrysset (on line 17) will terminate and then change to route 18 and continue straight to Storo. The tram stop is also right next to Grefsen Depot, the main depot for the Oslo Tramway network and houses the headquarters of Sporveien Trikken
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# The Hanged Man (TV series)
***The Hanged Man*** is a British crime drama series that aired on ITV in 1975. It was created and written by Edmund Ward.
## Cast
- Colin Blakely -- Lew Burnett
- Michael Williams -- Alan Crowe
- Gary Watson -- John Quentin
- David Daker -- Piet Hollander
- John Rees -- Brian Nelson
- Angela Browne -- Elizabeth Hayden
- Brian Croucher -- Sammy Grey
- William Lucas -- George Pilgrim
- Frank Wylie -- David Larson
- Julian Glover -- Joe Denver
- Jenny Hanley -- Druscilla
- Peter Halliday -- Jean-Claud de Salle
- John Bay -- Sam Lambert
- William Russell -- Peter Kroger
- Michael Coles -- Hans Ericksen
- Gareth Hunt -- Eddie Malone
- Jack Watson -- Douglas McKinnon
- Bill Mitchell -- Harry Friedman
- Alan MacNaughtan -- Charles Galbraith
- Naomi Chance - Jane Cowley
- Tenniel Evans - Joseph
- Victor Brooks - Nightwatchman
- Fred Feast - Josef
- John F. Landry - Turtle
- Eric Mason -policeman
## Plot
Lew Burnett is a self-made man who owns a huge construction company. However, his success has bred resentment and after his wife is killed in a plane crash a third attempt`{{Clarify|date=April 2015}}`{=mediawiki} is made on Lew\'s life. He then decides to pretend to be dead to avoid any more attempts on his life and find out who is trying to kill him and why. He is helped by Alan Crowe, an old friend. Burnett travels around the world to trace the nine potential suspects. In each episode, Burnett is caught up in a fight of some sort.
## Episodes
1. \"Wheel of Fortune\" (15 February 1975)
2. \"Tower of Destruction\" (22 February 1975)
3. \"Knave of Coins\" (7 March 1975)
4. \"Chariot of Earth\" (14 March 1975)
5. \"The Bridge Maker\" (14 March 1975)
6. \"Grail and Platter\" (21 March 1975)
7. \"Laws of Fortune\" (28 March 1975)
8. \"Ring of Return\" (5 April 1975)
## Turtle
The series also introduces a shady thief called Turtle played by John F. Landry. This character would later have his own series called *Turtle\'s Progress*.
## Music
Music for the show was written by Alan Tew. The same score would turn up on such programmes like *The Two Ronnies*, *The People\'s Court*, *SpongeBob SquarePants* and the 2009 film *Black Dynamite*
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# Singleton Bank rail crash
The **Singleton Bank rail crash** occurred on 16 July 1961 near Weeton, Lancashire, England.
## Events
The 8:50 diesel multiple unit train from `{{rws|Colne}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{rws|Fleetwood}}`{=mediawiki} collided with the rear of a ballast train at about 45 mph. The latter had been working in the vicinity of Singleton Bank signal box and was about to leave to clear the section for the express.
## Victims
Seven were killed (the driver and six passengers) and 116 were injured.
## Report
The signalman at Singleton misunderstood a telephone message which led him to make a serious error and accept the diesel train irregularly. The accident report also strongly criticised the local inspectors for allowing poor working practices
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# Octave Dierckx
**Octave Victor Anna Dierckx** (15 October 1882 -- 21 March 1955) was a Belgian liberal and politician. Dierckx was a doctor in law and a lawyer
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# 1949 Ryder Cup
The **8th Ryder Cup Matches** were held 16--17 September 1949, at Ganton Golf Club in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. The United States team won the competition by a score of seven to five.
Still recovering from his near-fatal automobile accident in February, Ben Hogan was the non-playing captain of the U.S. team. He returned as a competitor for a final time in 1951.
The U.S. team\'s decision to bring a half ton of meat to England made headlines.
Hogan objected to the depth of the grooves on some British players\' irons, and they were modified before being allowed into the competition. Britain led three to one after the first day, but the U.S. won six of eight matches in singles on Saturday to keep the Cup.
The Ganton course measured 6632 yd for this Ryder Cup.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of four foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and eight singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
In April 1949 the British P.G.A. appointed a selection committee of five. The committee consisted of four ex-Ryder Cup players: Dick Burton, Arthur Havers, Alf Padgham and Charles Whitcombe to which would be added the chairman of the P.G.A. to be elected in July. In mid-July a list of 20 possible players was announced, although other players could be added to this list. Charles Whitcombe was announced as the non-playing captain. The list included Henry Cotton who later withdrew because he was returning to his golf school in Monte Carlo and would \"have no opportunity to sharpen up his game.\" The team was selected immediately after the News Chronicle Tournament, a tournament won by Dick Burton, one of the selectors, by 12 strokes. The team was chosen from the 19 remaining possible players announced in July.
-------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Charles Whitcombe
Jimmy Adams
Laurie Ayton, Jnr
Ken Bousfield
Dick Burton
Fred Daly
Max Faulkner
Sam King
Arthur Lees
Dai Rees
Charlie Ward
-------------------------
-----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Ben Hogan
Skip Alexander
Jimmy Demaret
Bob Hamilton
Chick Harbert
Dutch Harrison
Clayton Heafner
Lloyd Mangrum
Johnny Palmer
Sam Snead
-----------------
## Friday\'s foursome matches {#fridays_foursome_matches}
Results
-------------------- --------- ---------------------
**Faulkner/Adams** 2 & 1 Harrison/Palmer
**Daly/Bousfield** 4 & 2 Hamilton/Alexander
Ward/King 4 & 3 **Demaret/Heafner**
**Burton/Lees** 1 up Snead/Mangrum
3 Session 1
3 Overall 1
18 hole scores: Faulkner/Adams: 3 up, Daly/Bousfield: 2 up, Demaret/Heafner: 1 up, Burton/Lees v Snead/Mangrum: all square.
## Saturday\'s singles matches {#saturdays_singles_matches}
Results
----------------- --------- ---------------------
Max Faulkner 8 & 7 **Dutch Harrison**
**Jimmy Adams** 2 & 1 Johnny Palmer
Charlie Ward 6 & 5 **Sam Snead**
**Dai Rees** 6 & 4 Bob Hamilton
Dick Burton 3 & 2 **Clayton Heafner**
Sam King 4 & 3 **Chick Harbert**
Arthur Lees 7 & 6 **Jimmy Demaret**
Fred Daly 4 & 3 **Lloyd Mangrum**
2 Session 6
5 Overall 7
18 hole scores: Harrison: 7 up, Adams: 1 up, Snead: 1 up, Rees: 4 up, Burton: 1 up, Harbert: 5 up, Demaret: 5 up, Mangrum: 1 up.
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
--------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Jimmy Adams 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Ken Bousfield 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Dick Burton 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Fred Daly 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Max Faulkner 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Sam King 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Arthur Lees 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Dai Rees 1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Charlie Ward 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Laurie Ayton, Jnr did not play in any matches
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# Pennsylvania Route 519
**Pennsylvania Route 519** (**PA 519**) runs in a north--south route through central Washington County connecting the Glyde area of North Bethlehem Township at the southern terminus (US Route 40) with the Hickory area of Mt. Pleasant Township at the north end (PA Route 50).
The road intersects with I-70 in Somerset Township (Eighty Four area) and Interstate 79 in North Strabane Township near Houston. It also intersects with US Route 19 in North Strabane Township.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 519 begins at an intersection with US 40 in the community of Glyde in North Bethlehem Township, heading north on a two-lane undivided road. The route passes through wooded areas with some farms and development, crossing into Somerset Township and reaching an interchange with I-70. Past this interchange, the road runs through more rural areas before reaching the community of Eighty Four. Here, the road passes homes and businesses as it comes to an intersection with PA 136. After this intersection, PA 519 heads into North Strabane Township and passes areas of commercial development a short distance to the east of the Allegheny Valley Railroad\'s W&P Subdivision line, running through Wylandville. The route curves northeast into areas of farms before turning northwest and passing through the residential community of Gambles. The road crosses the W&P Subdivision and continues northwest through farmland and woodland with some residential development. PA 519 reaches an interchange with US 19, with a park and ride lot located within the northwestern quadrant, and comes to an intersection with PA 980 a short distance later.
At this point, the route turns to the west near areas of residential and commercial development, coming to an interchange with I-79. The road becomes Hill Church Houston Road here and heads northwest through commercial areas, crossing the Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad and Chartiers Creek. After the latter, PA 519 enters the borough of Houston and becomes South Main Street, passing homes and businesses. In the commercial center of Houston, the route briefly turns south onto West Pike Street before heading west on Western Avenue past more residences. The road forms the border between Houston to the north and Chartiers Township to the south before fully entering Chartiers Township. PA 519 continues northwest through areas of farmland and woodland with occasional residential and commercial development, passing through McConnells Mills and Export. The road turns more to the north and enters forested areas, heading into Mount Pleasant Township. The route passes through the residential community of Westland and comes into a mix of farm fields and woods. PA 519 turns northwest and reaches its northern terminus at PA 50.
## History
From 1936 to 1941, the original PA 519 was an Allegheny/Washington County route, running for 14.2 miles from the intersection of Saw Mill Run Blvd. and West Liberty Avenue (bordering the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Brookline and Beechview) to U.S. 19 (Morganza Road) in Morganza/North Strabane Township. In 1941, PA 519 was \"swapped\" with what was U.S. 19 at that time, now running along Morganza Road in North Strabane, joining then-PA 28 in South Fayette Township and ending at Crafton Boulevard/Noblestown Road (then-U.S. 22/U.S. 30) in Crafton Heights (PA 28/Noblestown Road continued with a right turn from here). In 1947, PA 519 was extended to its current southern terminus at U.S. 40 in Glyde. In 1954, the northern terminus was truncated to the intersection of Washington Ave. and PA 28 (Miller\'s Run Road, changed to PA 50 in 1961) in South Fayette Township. In 1972, the northern terminus (including the remaining segment in Allegheny County) was moved one last time to its current location at PA 50 in Mount Pleasant Township.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
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# Pennsylvania Route 519
## PA 519 Truck {#pa_519_truck}
**Pennsylvania Route 519 Truck** is a 21.5 mile truck route bypassing a weight-restricted bridge over a branch over Chartiers Run on PA 519 in Chartiers Township, on which trucks over 33 tons and combination loads over 37 tons are prohibited. It was signed in 2013. PA 519 Truck begins at its parent route at Exit 43 of I-79 in Houston, following I-79 north for 10.7 miles. The truck route runs concurrently with PA 50 west for 11.5 miles to PA 519\'s northern terminus in Mount Pleasant Township
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# Alix Kates Shulman
**Alix Kates Shulman** (born August 17, 1932) is an American writer of fiction, memoirs, and essays, and a prominent early radical activist of second-wave feminism. She is best-known for her bestselling debut adult novel, *Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen* (Knopf, 1972), hailed by the *Oxford Companion to Women\'s Writing* as \"the first important novel to emerge from the Women\'s Liberation Movement.\"
Her books have been translated into 12 languages. She has taught writing and women\'s literature widely in the U.S., including at the University of Hawaii at Manoa (Honolulu), where she held the Citizens Chair, New York University, The New School, the University of Southern Maine, the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Yale University. She received an honorary doctorate of humane letters from Case Western Reserve University in 2001.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Shulman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on August 17, 1932, to Dorothy Davis Kates, a community organizer, and Samuel Simon Kates, a labor arbitrator.
After attending Cleveland Heights public schools, in 1953 she received a BA in history and philosophy from Western Reserve University. She then moved to New York City to study philosophy at the Columbia University Graduate School and later received an MA in Humanities from New York University. She was an early member of the feminist organization Redstockings.
## Writing career {#writing_career}
### \"A Marriage Agreement\" {#a_marriage_agreement}
Shulman first emerged as the author of the controversial essay \"A Marriage Agreement\", which proposed that women and men split childcare and housework equally, and detailed a way of doing so. Originally published in the small feminist journal *Up From Under* in August 1970, it was widely reprinted in large-circulation mainstream magazines like *Life* and *Redbook*, as well as in the premier issue of *Ms.* magazine; it subsequently appeared in a number of anthologies, including a Harvard textbook on contract law.
### Fiction
Following several children\'s books, Shulman\'s first adult novel, the seriocomic million-copy *Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen* (Knopf, 1972), was published. A feminist classic, it is the coming-of-age story, from childhood through motherhood, of middle-class, white, sexually precocious and emotionally confused Sasha Davis, as she navigates the pressures, discrimination, and absurdities facing a pre-feminist mid-20th-century young woman of ambition. Almost continuously in print since 1972, it was reissued in a 25th anniversary edition in 1997 by Penguin, a 35th anniversary \"Feminist Classics\" edition in 2007 by Farrar, Straus & Giroux (FSG), as an e-book in 2012 by Open Road, and in many foreign language editions.
Her next book, *Burning Questions* (Knopf, 1978), is a historical novel about the rise of the women\'s liberation movement in late 1960s New York City, an experience Shulman knew firsthand. A fictional autobiography of a white middle-class rebel conscious of class ironies, the novel presents the new movement in a historical tradition of radical and revolutionary women, and "chronicles the important changes in women's lives and consciousness wrought by contemporary feminism." A 2017 literary blog described *Burning Questions* as \"the best, most accurate historical novel I have read about the Women\'s Liberation Movement.\"
*On the Stroll* (Knopf, 1981), her third novel, takes on the themes of homelessness, sexual exploitation, and prostitution through the story of a shopping-bag lady and a teenage runaway who is preyed upon by a pimp, over the course of one summer.
Her fourth novel, *In Every Woman\'s Life\...* (Knopf, 1987), is both a comedy of manners and a novel of ideas. It explores marriage and singleness in light of the social changes brought by second-wave feminism.
*Ménage* (Other Press, 2012), Shulman\'s fifth novel, represents a return to fiction after a twenty-five-year departure to memoir. A satire of the wealthy one percent and the literary life, *Ménage* explores what happens when a real-estate developer and his restless wife invite a literary star to live with them in their mansion. *Ménage* was described in reviews as "delightfully wicked, verging on the malevolent" (Kirkus Reviews) and \"wickedly funny.\" (Boston Globe)
### Memoirs
In the 1990s Shulman turned from fiction to memoir. *Drinking the Rain* (FSG, 1995) recounts her experience of going off at age fifty to live alone on an island off the coast of Maine, without electricity, plumbing, road, or phone. As she is thrown back on herself, she learns to love solitude, independence, and the natural world. *Drinking the Rain* won a 1995 Body Mind Spirit Award of Excellence and was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.
*A Good Enough Daughter* (Random House, Schocken Books, 1999) is a memoir of her life as a daughter to loving parents, to whom she returns in their old age to see them through their final years.
*To Love What Is* (FSG, 2008) is Shulman\'s account of caring for her husband following a 2004 accident that left him seriously brain-impaired. In it she describes their half-century-long love affair and the ways they adapted their lives to his increasing disability.
### Non-fiction {#non_fiction}
In 2021 Library of America published *Women's Liberation!: Feminist Writings That Inspired a Revolution & Still Can*, an anthology of major writings of feminism's second wave, 1963-1991, co-edited by Shulman and Honor Moore.
In 2012, the essay collection *A Marriage Agreement and Other Essays: Four Decades of Feminist Writing* was published by Open Road.
Her other non-fiction includes two books on anarchist-feminist Emma Goldman: the biography *To The Barricades* (T.Y.Crowell, 1971), which was a *New York Times* Outstanding Book of the Year, and *Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader* (Random House, 1972). Except for her three children\'s books--*Bosley on the Number Line* (David McKay, 1970), *Finders Keepers* (Bradbury Press, 1971), and *Awake or Asleep* (Addison Wesley, 1971)--all her titles are available as e-books.
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# Alix Kates Shulman
## Activism
In the early 1960s Shulman was active in the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). She named the theater arts chapter, 7-Arts CORE, prior to the group\'s attending the 1963 March on Washington, and with the group she demonstrated against racial discrimination in New York City.
She became opposed to the Vietnam War, counseling draftees on their rights at the Quaker Meeting House and the Washington Square Methodist Episcopal Church, both in Manhattan. In 1967 she was arrested at a sit-in at the Whitehall Street Induction Center in lower Manhattan. Later, while a visiting professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1985, she was arrested at a large demonstration to keep the CIA from recruiting on campus. On the bus that served as paddy wagon for arrested protesters, she and Beat poet Allen Ginsberg held an impromptu antiwar teach-in.
It was in late 1967 that Shulman first became involved in the Women\'s Liberation Movement (WLM) in New York City. She participated in the weekly discussion group New York Radical Women, one of the first women's liberation groups in New York City. Subsequently, she joined several small feminist consciousness-raising groups (Redstockings, WITCH, New York Radical Feminists) and political action groups (CARASA, No More Nice Girls, Feminist Futures, Take Back the Future).
In 1970, the \"Wall Street Ogle-In\", which involved Shulman and others, took place. The events of September 1968 regarding Francine Gottfried made an impression on second-wave feminists in New York City, and in March 1970, they retaliated in a raid on Wall Street which they dubbed the \"Ogle-In\", in which a large group of feminists, including Shulman, Karla Jay, and a number of women who had participated in the sit-in at *Ladies Home Journal* a few weeks before, sexually harassed male Wall Streeters on their way to work with catcalls and crude remarks.
Shulman's activism included the arts. In 1970 she helped organize Feminists on Children's Literature (later renamed Feminists on Children's Media), to examine widespread female stereotypes in children's books. The group presented its findings to the American Library Association's annual meeting.[1](http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/RF/FEMINIST_LOOK_CHILDRENS_BOOKS.pdf) In 1971, after their first production, \"Rape In,\" Shulman became a member of the Advisory Board of the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective -- a NYC-based feminist theater group -- and of the New York Feminist Art Institute. In 1977, she became an associate of the Women\'s Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP), an American nonprofit publishing organization that works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.
She was one of the planners of the first national demonstration of women\'s liberation, which catapulted the movement to national attention, the August 1968 Miss America protest in Atlantic City. The beauty standards that were being protested inspired, and became a major theme of, her debut novel, *Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen.*
Shulman\'s activism included participation, from 1969 onward, in a number of public speak-outs and conferences on such feminist issues as beauty standards, rape, violence against women, abortion, reproductive rights, prostitution, marriage, and motherhood. The goal of the speak-out was to initiate a public dialogue on experiences that at the time were widely considered private or taboo subjects of speech. In the film *Speak Out: I Had an Abortion*, Shulman and other subjects testify to having had multiple abortions. Shulman said that \"not one was the result of carelessness\" but, rather, all were due to the failure of the birth control devices she used.
In 1975, Shulman joined the faculty of Sagaris, a radical feminist institute held in Lyndonville, VT, which operated as a summer think tank and school for feminist activism (1975-1977).
Along with other \"sex-positive\" feminists, Shulman joined the Feminist Anti-Censorship Task Force (FACT), a group founded in 1989 to defend free speech from efforts by the anti-pornography wing of the movement to promote government intervention against pornography.
In 1992, as a visiting professor at the University of Hawaii, in Honolulu, she was a founder of a Pacific chapter of the pro-choice political action group No More Nice Girls. The Pacific chapter organized demonstrations, held a speak-out on abortion, and put on street theater in Honolulu.
In the 1990s, she was active on the board of THEA (The House of Elder Artists), an organization attempting to establish a new kind of retirement community in Manhattan for politically and artistically active seniors. That group did not succeed, but Shulman continued her anti-ageist activism through her writing.
In 2012, Shulman joined the Occupy Wall Street movement and soon became part of the women\'s caucus, Women Occupy Wall Street, which put on four Feminist General Assemblies around New York City.
Shulman is featured in three documentaries on second-wave feminist history: *She\'s Beautiful When She\'s Angry*; *Makers: Women Who Make America, Part I*; and *Feminist Stories from Women\'s Liberation 1963-1970*.
| 803 |
Alix Kates Shulman
| 1 |
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# Alix Kates Shulman
## Honors
In 1979 Alix Shulman was awarded a DeWitt Wallace/Reader\'s Digest Fellowship; in 1982 she was a visiting artist at the American Academy in Rome; in 1983 she received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in fiction; in 1982--1984 she was elected VP of the PEN America Center; in 1998 she was a fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation Center in Bellagio, Italy; in 2000 she received the Woman 2000 Trailblazer Award from the Mayor of Cleveland; in 2001 she was awarded an honorary doctorate from Case Western Reserve University; in 2010 she received the American Jewish Press Association Simon Rockower Award; in 2012 she became a fellow of the New York Institute for the Humanities; in 2016 she was awarded a Patricia & Jerri Magnione Fellowship from The MacDowell Colony; and in 2018 she received a Clara Lemlich award for a lifetime of social activism.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Shulman was married for a short time to a graduate student in the English department at Columbia. In 1959 she married her second husband, Martin Shulman, with whom she had two children. Following their divorce, in 1989 she married Scott York, whom she had first dated when she was in high school, and lived with him until his death in 2014. His 2004 traumatic brain injury led her to become an advocate for the elderly and disabled.
Shulman\'s daughter, Polly Shulman, is an author. Her son, Theodore Shulman, a pro-choice activist, was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in February 2011, on charges of making interstate threats to anti-abortion advocates. In October 2012 he was sentenced by federal judge Paul Crotty to 41 months in prison.
## Books
- *Bosley on the Number Line* (1970)
- *To The Barricades* (1971)
- *Finders Keepers* (1971)
- *Awake or Asleep* (1971)
- *Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen* (1972)
- *Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader* (1972)
- *Burning Questions* (1978)
- *On the Stroll* (1981)
- *In Every Woman\'s Life\..
| 335 |
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| 2 |
10,075,806 |
# Léon Dens
**Léon Pierre Alphonse Dens** (17 October 1869 -- 16 November 1940) was a Belgian politician and shipowner. A member of the Liberal Party, he was killed during the Blitz.
## Family
He was son of Charles Dens. He married Louise Lejeune, who predeceased him.
## Political career {#political_career}
- 1925--1940: senator for the district Antwerp
- 1931--1932: minister of defense
- 1935--1936: President of the Liberal Party
## Honours
*This list is incomplete*
- Grand Officer Order of Leopold (Belgium)
- Grand Cordon Order of Skanderbeg (Albania)
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom)
## Death
Following the German invasion of Belgium in the Second World War he became an exile in England and was killed during an air raid when the Savoy Hotel in London, was bombed in November 1940
| 138 |
Léon Dens
| 0 |
10,075,817 |
# CA postcode area
The **CA postcode area**, also known as the **Carlisle postcode area**, is a group of 28 postcode districts in north-west England, within 22 post towns. These cover northern Cumbria, including Carlisle, Penrith, Workington, Whitehaven, Maryport, Cockermouth, Egremont, Alston, Appleby-in-Westmorland, Beckermet, Brampton, Cleator, Cleator Moor, Frizington, Holmrook, Keswick, Kirkby Stephen, Moor Row, Ravenglass, Seascale, St Bees and Wigton, plus a small part of Northumberland.
Mail for the CA postcode area is processed at Carlisle Mail Centre, along with mail for the DG postcode area.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Coverage
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
\|- ! CA1 \| CARLISLE \| Carlisle (east) \| Cumberland \|- ! CA2 \| CARLISLE \| Carlisle (south and west) \| Cumberland \|- ! CA3 \| CARLISLE \| Carlisle (north) \| Cumberland \|- ! CA4 \| CARLISLE \| Warwick Bridge, Wetheral, Cumwhinton, Armathwaite \| Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA5 \| CARLISLE \| Dalston, Burgh by Sands, Thursby \| Cumberland \|- ! CA6 \| CARLISLE \| Longtown, Penton, Blackford \| Cumberland \|- ! CA7 \| WIGTON \| Wigton, Silloth, Aspatria, Caldbeck, Hesket Newmarket \| Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA8 \| BRAMPTON \| Brampton, Gilsland, Greenhead, Lambley, Slaggyford \| Cumberland, Northumberland \|- ! CA9 \| ALSTON \| Alston, Garrigill, Nenthead, Kirkhaugh \| Westmorland and Furness, Northumberland \|- ! CA10 \| PENRITH \| Penrith (Carleton Hall area), Shap, Tebay, Kirkby Thore, Langwathby, Lazonby, Pooley Bridge \| Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA11 \| PENRITH \| Penrith (most of), Stainton, Mungrisdale, Glenridding, Patterdale \| Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA12 \| KESWICK \| Keswick, Seatoller, Braithwaite, Bassenthwaite, Threlkeld \| Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA13 \| COCKERMOUTH \| Cockermouth, Lorton, Buttermere \| Cumberland \|- ! CA14 \| WORKINGTON \| Workington, Distington, Stainburn, Seaton \| Cumberland \|- ! CA15 \| MARYPORT \| Maryport, Dearham, Flimby, Allonby \| Cumberland \|- ! CA16 \| APPLEBY-IN-WESTMORLAND \| Appleby-in-Westmorland \| Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA17 \| KIRKBY STEPHEN \| Kirkby Stephen, Brough, Ravenstonedale \| Westmorland and Furness \|- ! CA18 \| RAVENGLASS \| Ravenglass \| Cumberland \|- ! CA19 \| HOLMROOK \| Holmrook, Santon Bridge, Eskdale \| Cumberland \|- ! CA20 \| SEASCALE \| Seascale, Sellafield, Gosforth, Wasdale Head \| Cumberland \|- ! CA21 \| BECKERMET \| Beckermet \| Cumberland \|- ! CA22 \| EGREMONT \| Egremont, Thornhill \| Cumberland \|- ! CA23 \| CLEATOR \| Cleator, Ennerdale Bridge \| Cumberland \|- ! CA24 \| MOOR ROW \| Moor Row \| Cumberland \|- ! CA25 \| CLEATOR MOOR \| Cleator Moor \| Cumberland \|- ! CA26 \| FRIZINGTON \| Frizington \| Cumberland \|- ! CA27 \| ST
| 431 |
CA postcode area
| 0 |
10,075,842 |
# John Ayers
**John Milton Ayers** (April 14, 1953 -- October 2, 1995) was an American professional football guard in the National Football League (NFL) from 1977 through 1987. During that span, he appeared in two Super Bowls: Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX for the San Francisco 49ers. Ayers was a key contributor on the final 89-yard drive that led to the play that has been immortalized as \"The Catch\" in the 1982 NFC Playoffs versus the Dallas Cowboys.
John Ayers played college football for the West Texas A&M Buffaloes. He was also a member of the 1987 Denver Broncos team that lost Super Bowl XXII, but did not appear in that game.
Ayers also served for a brief period as the figurehead President of Bill Watts\' Universal Wrestling Federation.
Ayers was diagnosed with liver cancer and died on October 2, 1995.
His daughter, Jolee, was a scholarship basketball player at Texas Tech University
| 156 |
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| 0 |
10,075,858 |
# Auerbach, Lower Bavaria
**Auerbach** (`{{IPA|de|audio=Auerbach.ogg|ˈaʊ̯ɐˌbax}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 18 |
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| 0 |
10,075,869 |
# Dreamin' Out Loud
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{{album chart|Billboard200|53|artist=Trace Adkins|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 3, 2021}}
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| 22 |
Dreamin' Out Loud
| 0 |
10,075,872 |
# Außernzell
**Außernzell** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany. It is part of the municipal union of Schöllnach.
## Geography
The village is in the Donau-Wald region and is situated in the valley of the Kleinen Ohe river, which empties into the Danube in the Bavarian Forest.
## History
The first mention of the village was as \"Cella antisna\" in the year 841, when Abbot Gotzbold of Niederaltaich Abbey declared that the village would pass to the Abbey after his death. The village had been granted to him by the king Louis the German the year before. In 1004, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II affirmed the Abbey\'s possession of Cella.
In 1149 Pope Eugene III acknowledged the Abbey\'s possession of a parish church. It was located on an estate that would become the center of the township. The plague struck after the conclusion of the Thirty Years\' War (1618--1648). The first school master was registered in the year 1716. During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1745), in June 1742, the enemy plundered the church and the inn. On the 13th of December 1742 Croatian troops plundered the village again.
Außernzell belonged to Bursar Straubing and to the district court of Hengersberg of the Elector Princes of Bavaria. The secularization of Bavaria brought the first parish school in the year 1803. The current parish was founded in 1818. The parish church of renovated in 1972 and its two aisles were widened. During the municipal reforms of 1978 Außernzell was combined with Markt Schöllnach to form the Municipal Union of Schöllnach.
### Population
In 2000 the population of the community was 1,435.
## Attractions
The cityscape is dominated by the Roman Catholic parish Church of the Assumption as well as the associated Saint Leonard church. The nave of the Church of the Assumption was constructed in 1550. A new transept was added in 1972. The tabernacle is late Gothic, and the chancel is Baroque. Außernzell is also the site of a pilgrimage of Saint Leonard. The new-Gothic Saint Leonard\'s Church was built in 1884 on the site of an older pilgrims\' chapel.
## People
- Michael Kurz (1876--1957), architect, was born here
- Josef Fottner (1909--1983), painter, lived here from 1975 to 1982
| 378 |
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| 0 |
10,075,874 |
# Bernried
**Bernried** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Bernried
| 0 |
10,075,877 |
# Gardunha
The **Gardunha** mountain range (*Serra da Gardunha*), so called by the Moors (*Gardunha* or *Guardunha* meaning refuge), is located in central Portugal, in Centro Region, beyond the Serra da Estrela range, giving way to an extensive plain called Beira Baixa Province. It was covered with vineyards in the time of King Denis, who reigned in the 13th and 14th centuries. But the sovereign decided to pull them up and replace them with chestnut trees all over the Alcambar valley. The valley became known as the King\'s groves. Unfortunately though, due to man\'s negligence, violent fires destroyed a significant number of trees, although some areas were reforested. *Pirâmide* (1,223m/4,013ft), is the highest point in Gardunha mountain range
| 118 |
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| 0 |
10,075,887 |
# Buchhofen
**Buchhofen** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Buchhofen
| 0 |
10,075,893 |
# Grafling
**Grafling** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany.
## Geography
Grafling lies in the Danube Forest Planning Region (*Planungsregion Donau-Wald*). Its lowest point is in Großtiefenbach at 326 m above sea level (NN). The highest points of the municipality are the Steinberg (999 m), the Geißriegel (1,043 m), the Dreitannenriegel (1,090 m) and the Einödriegel (1,121 m) which rise above the valley of the Graflinger Tal to the east. To the north the valley ends at the Hochberg (727 m), to the west it is guarded by the Butzen (775 m) and the Vogelsang (1,022 m) in the municipality of Bernried. To the south the valley opens up towards Deggendorf, the Danube Plain, and the Gäuboden
| 123 |
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| 0 |
10,075,897 |
# LA postcode area
The **LA postcode area**, also known as the **Lancaster postcode area**, is a group of 23 postcode districts in north-west England, within 17 post towns. These cover north Lancashire (including Lancaster, Morecambe and Carnforth) and southern Cumbria (including Barrow-in-Furness, Kendal, Ulverston, Windermere, Dalton-in-Furness, Milnthorpe, Sedbergh, Grange-over-Sands, Askam-in-Furness, Kirkby-in-Furness, Broughton-in-Furness, Coniston and Ambleside and Millom), and part of North Yorkshire.
Mail for the LA postcode area is processed at Preston Mail Centre, along with mail for the PR, BB and FY postcode areas
| 86 |
LA postcode area
| 0 |
10,075,907 |
# Victor de Laveleye
**Victor Auguste de Laveleye** (6 November 1894 -- 14 December 1945) was a Belgian liberal politician and minister. He also served as announcer on *Radio Belgique* during World War II.
De Laveleye was a doctor in law, and was municipality Council member of Sint-Gillis, President of the Liberal Party (1936--1937) and Liberal member of parliament (1939--1945) for the district Brussels. De Laveleye was minister of justice (1937) and of public education (1944--1945). During World War II he was newsreader for Radio Belgique, a BBC station transmitted to occupied Belgium.
## Biography
Victor de Laveleye was born in Brussels on 6 November 1894. He was a son of Auguste-Albert and Emma Lynen, who belonged to a well-known Antwerp liberal family. He also was a great nephew of the Liege professor Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye. He studied law at the Free University of Brussels (ULB) and became a lawyer at the Brussels Court of Appeal.
In 1926 he became a municipal councilor in Saint-Gilles, Brussels. He also gave lectures at the ULB and was a reporter at the Liberal Congress in 1932. He became a member of parliament, chairman of the Liberal Party (1936--1937) and for a few months Minister of Justice in Paul Van Zeeland\'s second government (1937).
In 1940 he fled to London via France. At the end of July 1940 he received the proposal to take charge of the broadcasts of the BBC that were intended for German-occupied Belgium. On 28 September 1940, the first broadcast of Radio Belgique was aired.
## V sign {#v_sign}
In a radio broadcast on 14 January 1941, de Laveleye asked all Belgians to use the letter \"V\" as a rallying sign, being the first letter of *victoire* (victory) in French and of *vrijheid* (freedom) in Dutch. This was the beginning of the \"V campaign\" which saw \"V\" graffities on the walls of Belgium and later all of Europe and introduced the use of the \"V sign\" for victory and freedom. Winston Churchill adopted the sign soon afterwards, though he sometimes got it the wrong way around by displaying the back of his hand, a gesture that is widely used in Great Britain as a lewd and vulgar insult (it means \"fuck off\").
## Later life {#later_life}
After the liberation Victor de Laveleye became Minister of Public Education in the governments Pierlot V and VI, who did not last for five months (September 1944 -- February 1945). He was already ill and on 16 December 1945, being 51 years old, he died.
## Sports
He competed for Belgium in tennis at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and was an alternate, who did not play, on the Belgian 1928 hockey team. He was nephew of Baron Edouard de Laveleye, chairman of the Belgian Olympic Committee
| 466 |
Victor de Laveleye
| 0 |
10,075,928 |
# Mborje
`{{Commons category|Mborje}}`{=mediawiki}
**Mborje** is a settlement in the Korçë County, southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Korçë. It is a southeastern suburb of Korçë.
## History
The Holy Resurrection Church (*Kisha e Ristozit*), a 14th-century church (13 November 1389), is one of the most important cultural monuments of the settlement.
By the end of the 15th century, after Korçë was founded by Ilias Bey Mirahori, a local converted Muslim Albanian lord, the new town must have been dominated initially by the old castle of Mborje. Throughout the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century the castle was maintained by the Ottomans. The Tapu Defter of 1519 records a cemaat of Christian *müsellems* in the castle. According to this document the village of Mborje (*Enboryo*), which depended on Korçë (*Görice*), numbered 88 households of Christians and 18 households of Muslims
| 151 |
Mborje
| 0 |
10,075,930 |
# 2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's slalom
**Men\'s slalom World Cup 2004/2005**
## Calendar
Round Race No Place Country Date Winner Second Third
------- --------- --------------- --------- ------------------- ----------------- -------------------- --------------------
1 7 Beaver Creek December 5, 2004 Benjamin Raich Giorgio Rocca Rainer Schönfelder
2 10 Sestriere December 13, 2004 Bode Miller Silvan Zurbriggen Kalle Palander
3 15 Flachau December 22, 2004 Giorgio Rocca Rainer Schönfelder Alois Vogl
4 18 Chamonix January 9, 2005 Giorgio Rocca Benjamin Raich Markus Larsson
5 22 Wengen January 16, 2005 Alois Vogl Ivica Kostelić Benjamin Raich
6 23 Kitzbühel January 23, 2005 Manfred Pranger Mario Matt Ivica Kostelić
7 25 Schladming January 25, 2005 Manfred Pranger Benjamin Raich André Myhrer
8 30 Kranjska Gora February 27, 2005 Giorgio Rocca André Myhrer Benjamin Raich
9 36 Lenzerheide March 13, 2005 Mario Matt Alois Vogl Rainer Schönfelder
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s slalom World Cup 2004/05 all results count.
Place Name Country Total Points 7`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} 10`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} 15`{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} 18`{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} 22`{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} 23`{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} 25`{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} 30`{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} 36`{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki}
------- ---------------------- --------- -------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
1 Benjamin Raich 552 100 50 40 80 60 32 80 60 50
2 Rainer Schönfelder 408 60 29 80 29 \- 50 50 50 60
3 Manfred Pranger 396 36 36 24 32 50 100 100 18 \-
4 Giorgio Rocca 390 80 \- 100 100 \- \- 10 100 \-
5 Alois Vogl 310 \- 22 60 22 100 26 \- \- 80
6 Mario Matt 294 29 \- 45 40 \- 80 \- \- 100
7 Ivica Kostelić 263 \- \- 36 45 80 60 \- 16 26
8 Manfred Mölgg 256 24 32 \- 26 24 40 36 29 45
9 André Myhrer 247 45 18 \- \- 12 \- 60 80 32
10 Kalle Palander 227 50 60 \- 50 \- 16 \- 22 29
11 Markus Larsson 191 12 \- \- 60 45 29 \- 45 \-
12 Silvan Zurbriggen 170 11 80 \- 36 32 \- 11 \- \-
13 Jean-Pierre Vidal 152 \- 14 11 \- 11 20 45 15 36
14 Akira Sasaki 144 22 45 26 \- 29 \- \- \- 22
15 Bode Miller 140 \- 100 \- \- \- \- \- \- 40
16 Thomas Grandi 134 \- 20 22 \- 8 45 32 7 \-
17 Michael Janyk 113 \- 15 9 \- \- \- 29 40 20
18 Johan Brolenius 112 16 26 16 \- 14 \- 40 \- \-
19 Patrick Thaler 104 \- \- 12 12 \- 24 \- 32 24
20 Giancarlo Bergamelli 103 7 \- 14 \- 40 \- \- 24 18
21 Kentaro Minagawa 101 13 24 \- 10 \- \- 18 36 \-
Pierrick Bourgeat 101 \- \- 10 15 10 36 22 8 \-
23 Kurt Engl 99 \- 16 32 \- 36 15 \- \- \-
24 Ted Ligety 89 16 \- \- 16 \- 22 9 26 \-
25 Truls Ove Karlsen 78 \- \- 29 14 15 \- 20 \- \-
26 Tom Rothrock 77 \- 40 \- 2 22 13 \- \- \-
27 Mitja Dragšič 75 5 \- 50 \- \- \- \- 20 \-
28 Patrick Biggs 66 \- \- \- 26 26 \- 14 \- \-
29 Martin Marinac 64 \- 12 \- 8 16 14 \- 14 \-
Kilian Albrecht 64 \- \- \- 6 \- 18 26 14 \-
31 Cristian Deville 55 20 \- \- 9 18 8 \- \- \-
32 Jure Košir 53 \- \- 13 13 \- 11 16 \- \-
33 Felix Neureuther 51 40 \- \- 11 \- \- \- \- \-
34 Daniel Albrecht 50 18 \- 18 \- 14 \- \- \- \-
35 Andrej Šporn 44 32 \- \- \- \- 12 \- \- \-
36 Jukka Leino 38 8 \- \- 18 \- \- 12 \- \-
37 Aksel Lund Svindal 35 \- \- 4 20 \- \- \- 11 \-
38 Ryan Semple 30 6 \- 15 \- \- 9 \- \- \-
39 Hannes Paul Schmid 27 \- \- \- \- 20 \- \- 7 \-
40 Stéphane Tissot 26 26 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
Reinfried Herbst 26 11 \- \- \- \- \- 15 \- \-
42 Jean-Philippe Roy 24 \- \- \- \- \- \- 24 \- \-
43 Martin Hansson 23 \- \- \- \- 9 \- \- 14 \-
44 Drago Grubelnik 21 \- 12 \- \- \- \- \- 9 \-
45 Lucas Senoner 20 \- \- 20 \- \- \- \- \- \-
46 Jukka Rajala 18 \- \- \- 8 \- 10 \- \- \-
Chip Knight 18 \- \- \- 5 \- \- 13 \- \-
48 Mitja Valenčič 17 \- \- \- \- \- 7 \- 10 \-
49 Mitja Kunc 14 14 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
50 Hans Petter Buraas 13 \- 13 \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
51 Naoki Yuasa 10 \- 10 \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
Erik Schlopy 10 \- \- \- 3 7 \- \- \- \-
53 Sébastien Amiez 9 9 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
Lasse Kjus 9 \- 9 \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
55 Tom Stiansen 8 \- \- 8 \- \- \- \- \- \-
56 Rishu Okada 7 \- \- 7 \- \- \- \- \- \-
57 Michael Walchhofer 6 \- \- 6 \- \- \- \- \- \-
58 Kjetil Jansrud 5 \- \- 5 \- \- \- \- \- \-
59 Andreas Nilsen 4 4 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
Alain Baxter 4 \- \- \- 4 \- \- \- \- \-
Note:
In the last race only the best racers were allowed to compete and only the best 15 finishers were awarded with points
| 984 |
2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's slalom
| 0 |
10,075,963 |
# Insect biodiversity
**Insect biodiversity** accounts for a large proportion of all biodiversity on the planet---over half of the estimated 1.5 million organism species described are classified as insects.
## Species diversity {#species_diversity}
Estimates of the total number of insect species or those within specific orders are often highly variable. Globally, averages of these predictions estimate there are around 1.5 million beetle species and 5.5 million insect species, with around 1 million insect species currently found and described. Between 950,000--1,000,000 of all described animal species are considered insects, so over 50% of all described eukaryotes (1.8 million species) are insects (see illustration). With only 950,000 known non-insects, if the actual total number of insects is 5.5 million, they may represent over 80% of the total, and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most insect species likely will remain undescribed, unless species descriptions greatly increase in rate.
Of the 24 identified orders of insects, five dominate in terms of numbers of described species, namely Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Diptera (flies and mosquitoes), Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps and sawflies) and Hemiptera (true bugs, e.g. cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers, bed bugs and assassin bugs). At least 900,000 described species --- about 90% of all known insects --- belong to the five aforementioned orders, each of which has over 100,000 species, while the next (sixth) most diverse order, Orthoptera (locusts, grasshoppers and crickets), has just under 24,000 species.
Order Extant species described
------------------ --------------------------
Archaeognatha 513
Zygentoma 560
Ephemeroptera 3,240
Odonata 5,899
Orthoptera 23,855
Phasmatodea 3,014
Embioptera 463
Grylloblattidae 34
Mantophasmatodea 15
Plecoptera 3,743
Dermaptera 1,978
Zoraptera 37
Mantodea 2,400
Blattodea 7,314
Psocoptera 5,720
Phthiraptera 5,102
Thysanoptera 5,864
Hemiptera 103,590
Hymenoptera 116,861
Strepsiptera 609
Coleoptera 386,500
Neuroptera 5,868
Megaloptera 354
Raphidioptera 254
Trichoptera 14,391
Lepidoptera 157,338
Diptera 155,477
Siphonaptera 2,075
Mecoptera 757
: Number of described extant insect species
The fossil record concerning insects stretches back for hundreds of millions of years. It suggests there are ongoing background levels of both new species appearing and extinctions. Very occasionally, the record also appears to show mass extinctions of insects. The Permian--Triassic extinction event saw the greatest level of insect extinction, with the Cretaceous--Paleogene being the second highest. Insect diversity has recovered after past mass extinctions, due to periods where new species originate with increased frequency, though the recovery can take millions of years.
| 396 |
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| 0 |
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# Insect biodiversity
## Species diversity {#species_diversity}
### In the Holocene {#in_the_holocene}
Several studies seemed to indicate that some insect populations are in decline in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and has also been popularized as the windshield phenomenon. For many studies, factors such as abundance, biomass, and species richness are often found to be declining for some, but not all locations in many studies; some species are in decline while others are not. Every species is affected in different ways by changes in the environment, and it cannot be inferred that there is a consistent decrease across different insect groups. When conditions change, some species easily adapt to the change while others struggle to survive.
Concerns of declines in insect abundance in the holocene have been attributed to habitat loss from land use changes such as urbanization or agricultural use, pesticide use, invasive species, and artificial lighting. The use of increased quantities of insecticides and herbicides on crops have affected not only non-target insect species, but also the plants on which they feed. Climate change and the introduction of exotic species that compete with the indigenous ones put the native species under stress, and as a result they are more likely to succumb to pathogens and parasites.
As of 2017, at least 66 insect species extinctions had been recorded in the previous 500 years, which generally occurred on oceanic islands. For 203 insect species that had IUCN-documented population trends in 2013, 33% were in decline with variation in documented species across orders. Most scientific and public attention has been focused on the conservation of larger, charismatic vertebrates, and relatively fewer studies have been done on insect groups, especially Diptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera. Data from the past from which to calculate trends is largely unavailable, and what does exist is mostly related to Western Europe and North America. Insect population assessments that have been undertaken were largely concentrated on the more popular insect groups, butterflies and moths, bees, dragonflies and beetles.
Some studies have suggested a large proportion of insect species (up to a third of the known species) are threatened with extinction in the 21st century, such as a 2019 review by Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, though ecologist Manu Sanders notes that many of these findings are often biased limited to specific geographic areas and specific groups of species. The methodology of the Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys study has been questioned; the search string used to sift through the scientific literature was \"(insect\* + decline\* + survey)\". This meant that the authors identified studies finding insect declines, but may have missed those that found increases in insect populations or stability. In assessing the study methodology, an editorial in Global Change Biology stated, \"An unbiased review of the literature would still find declines, but estimates based on this \'unidirectional\' methodology are not credible. However, according to the authors of that review \"more than half of the surveys were obtained from references cited in other reports\" and \"the 73 insect surveys cover all species in a particular taxon -- irrespective of them exhibiting declines, stable or increasing trends in their distribution or abundance\". Entomology professor Simon Leather suggested that media reports of an \"Ecological Armageddon\" may be exaggerated and advocated for more funding to allow better collection of long term data on the decline.
Claims of pending mass insect extinctions or \"insect apocalypse\" based on a subset of studies have been popularized in news reports, but often make claims extrapolated beyond the study data or hyperbolize study findings. The Entomological Society of America has stated there are not sufficient data to predict an imminent mass extinction of insects. For some insect groups such as some butterflies, bees, and beetles, declines in abundance and diversity have been documented in European studies. Other areas have shown increases in some insect species, although trends in most regions are currently unknown. It is difficult to assess long-term trends in insect abundance or diversity because historical measurements are generally not known for many species. Robust data to assess at-risk areas or species is especially lacking for arctic and tropical regions and a majority of the southern hemisphere.
| 691 |
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| 1 |
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# Insect biodiversity
## Conservation
While biodiversity loss is a global problem, conserving habitat for species of insects is uncommon and generally of low priority, although there are exceptions. More commonly insect conservation occurs indirectly, either through the setting aside of large portions of land using \"wilderness preservation\" as the motive, or through protection of \"charismatic vertebrates\". Some studies estimate that global insect populations are in rapid decline, perhaps by as much as 80% in recent decades. The windshield phenomenon describes people noticing vastly fewer insects flying into the path of their cars after long drives, and this may reflect worldwide loss of insect abundance.
Single-species insect conservation can preserve other species indirectly; this preservation-by-default is referred to as the umbrella effect. Showy insects such as butterflies or large, colourful beetles serve as flagship species, and can expand public awareness and financial contributions for conservation efforts. Wealthy nations such as the United States do list species of concern, and occasionally insects are placed on its Endangered Species List. In 2017 this list had classified over 80 insects as endangered species, the majority of them beetles or butterflies; a significant percentage of these listed insects are native only to the Hawaiian Islands. Migratory species, such as the well-known monarch butterfly (*Danaus plexippus*), are in need of special conservation methods. One species may require several habitat locations, even across international boundaries, for the different periods of their migratory patterns.
Insect conservation has been labelled in the past as a concern only for the affluent. The developing country of Papua New Guinea has a \"happily ever after\" ending in their attempts to preserve the world\'s largest butterfly, Queen Alexandra\'s birdwing (*Ornithoptera alexandrae*). This species is restricted to a very small range of habitat due to specificity in their diet. In the international market of insect collecting, the butterfly can retrieve up to US\$2000. In 1978, the government of Papua New Guinea set up the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to regulate the exploitation and conservation of Queen Alexandra\'s birdwing and other valuable butterflies.
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# Insect biodiversity
## Agriculture
In agricultural ecosystems, biodiversity is important for the production of food and for ecological services such as the recycling of nutrients, regulation of microclimate and local hydrological processes, and biological control of pests.
In the United States alone, pollination by bees accounts for over US\$9 billion of economic revenue. According to some estimates, over ⅓ of the human diet can be traced directly or indirectly to bee pollination. Losses of key pollinators have been reported in at least one region or country on every continent except Antarctica, which has no pollinators. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment concluded that with the global decline in the amount of pollinators, there is not a complete loss of fruit or seeds, but a significant decrease in quantity and viability in fruits, and a lower number of seeds
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# Dan Audick
**Daniel James Audick** (born November 15, 1954) is an American former professional football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) from 1977 through 1984. A second generation Lithuanian American, Dan was born into a large military family as the son of Col. Albert E. Audick, Sr. and Stella (née Matulevich) Audick. After his birth, he and his nine siblings moved to military bases in France, Virginia, Tennessee, Japan, Colorado, and Los Angeles, California. As a high school senior at Wasson High School in Colorado Springs, Audick earned All-State honors as an offensive lineman while contributing to the winning of what was then the AAA-Colorado high school football championship in 1971. In 2005, Audick was inducted with his teammates and coaches into the Colorado Springs Sports Hall of Fame. Audick was a scholarship student-athlete for the University of Hawaii Warrior football team from 1972 to 1977 and a team captain in the 1976 football season. Under the pioneering leadership of Coach Larry Price, he was one of the few former Warriors who made the transition from Division II Independent to Division IA Independent and who would go on to NFL careers and coaching careers.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Audick was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1977 NFL draft. He started in 33 of 76 regular season games while playing for the St. Louis Cardinals, San Diego Chargers, and San Francisco 49ers. In post-season play, Audick started in 5 of 6 playoff games. Under the leadership of Coach Don Coryell, Audick played on a Chargers\' team that clinched two consecutive playoff berths (1979 and 1980). With the 1980 Chargers, Audick started at the right tackle position in the AFC Championship game versus the Oakland Raiders where he protected Dan Fouts\' frontside in the \"Air Coryell\" offense.
In 1981, Audick was traded to the San Francisco 49ers. Though he was considered to be \"undersized\" for the left tackle position, he was tasked with the responsibility of protecting Joe Montana\'s \"blindside.\" Under the guidance of Coach Bill Walsh, Audick was a key contributor on the final 89-yard drive that led to the play that has been immortalized as \"The Catch\" in the 1982 NFC Playoffs versus the Dallas Cowboys. Audick subsequently started in Super Bowl XVI wearing number 61 for the 49ers\' 26-21 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals.
When Michael Lewis was researching for his 2006 book, *The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game*, he called upon several former NFL coaches and players who had played the left tackle position including Audick. Audick helped Lewis understand the role of the \"undersized\" versus the \"prototypical.\" In Lewis\'s book, Audick is credited with having played a contributing role in the evolution of the \"undersized\" left tackle position. In 2009, the book was made into a movie called *The Blind Side*.
Audick was the first student athlete to graduate from the University of Hawaii and to contribute to a winning Super Bowl team.
Dan was the defensive line coach in 1991 for Grossmont College in El Cajon, California.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
- Bachelor of Business Administration from University of Hawaii (1977)
- Master of Business Administration from San Diego State University (1986)
- Master of Arts in Organizational Management from University of Phoenix (1996)
- Doctor of Education from University of Southern California (2004)
In addition to his professional football career, Audick pursued three advanced degrees in the field of Sports Administration. Subsequent to his NFL retirement, he completed his MBA at San Diego State University in 1986. In honing his studies to Sports Administration, he crafted his coursework and thesis toward the design and development of a computerized feedback system for college and professional football teams. It was not until 2006 that SDSU formally graduated the official first class for a Sports MBA program [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20090326103207/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~cba/sports/). Audick was also an early participant in Internet education when he earned his second master\'s degree at the University of Phoenix\'s online program from 1994 to 1996. Audick completed his education by earning a doctorate in education in the field of Human Performance Technology at the University of Southern California. For his Ed.D dissertation, Audick used an instructional design enhancement to augment the instruction and communication of offensive passing routes and formations as compared with traditional approaches by using \"eight points of a compass\" coupled with measurable distances down field and a \"grid and code\" system, respectively
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# Grattersdorf
**Grattersdorf** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf, Bavaria, Germany.
## History
In the course of the administrative reforms in Bavaria in 1818, the municipalities of Grattersdorf, Nabin, Oberaign and Winsing were formed, which were merged on January 1, 1971 to form the municipality of Grattersdorf.
## Politics
### Mayor
The first mayor since May 2020 is Robert Schwankl (CSU). In the local elections on March 15, 2020 , he was elected 1st mayor in the first ballot with 66.0 percent. While in 2002, it was Norbert Bayerl (CSU), until his death at the end of October 2017. In 2002 he succeeded Josef Reitberger (CSU). Until the new elections on January 28, 2018, the second mayor, Alfons Gramalla, was in charge and was elected first mayor with 79 percent
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# River Owenabue
The **River Owenabue** (`{{lga|Abhainn na Baoi}}`{=mediawiki}), also spelled \"Owenboy\", is a river in County Cork, Ireland.
## Geography
River Owenabue rises just north of Crossbarry and flows east towards the sea for roughly 20 miles. It flows through Crossbarry and on to the small village of Halfway. It then reaches Ballinhassig where it widens into Ballygarvan. It then meanders through Ballea Woods into Carrigaline, and onto Crosshaven where it enters Cork Harbour near Curraghbinny. The area is known as the Owenabue Valley. Otters and herons are seen on the river, and the heron has become a symbol of the area.`{{fact|date=May 2018}}`{=mediawiki} 10 bridges cross the river.
## History
The Royal Munster Yacht Club (now merged with the Royal Cork Yacht Club) was based on the Owenabue River
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# Iggensbach
**Iggensbach** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
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# Künzing
**Künzing** (`{{IPA|de|ˈkʏnt͡sɪŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf, Bavaria, Germany
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# Lalling
**Lalling** is a municipality in the Lower Bavarian district of Deggendorf in Germany. It is a nationally recognized resort town.
## Geography
Lalling is located along the Danube in the south of the Bavarian Forest, specifically in what is called the Lallinger angle.
## History
Lalling and its community were first mentioned in a letter of protection from Pope Eugene III in 1148. From the early 13th Century until 1803 the Niederaltaich Abbey was its largest landlord. Lalling was considered part of the lands held by the Electorate of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, it became municipality in 1818
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# Metten
**Metten** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany. The town grew up around the Benedictine Metten Abbey, founded in 766. Metten is also the birthplace of former Bayern Munich goalkeeper Sepp Maier
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| 0 |
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# Oberpöring
**Oberpöring** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Oberpöring
| 0 |
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# Offenberg
**Offenberg** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Offenberg
| 0 |
10,076,038 |
# Otzing
**Otzing** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Otzing
| 0 |
10,076,045 |
# Gandhi Memorial International Foundation
**Gandhi Memorial International Foundation**, also known as the **Mahatma Gandhi International Foundation**, was a controversial non-profit organization run by Yogesh K. Gandhi, born Yogesh Kathari, who claims to be related to Mahatma Gandhi. However, an immediate descendant of Mahatma Gandhi, publicly stated that Yogesh K. Gandhi was a \"scam artist\", and \"interested primarily in enriching himself.\" Yogesh Gandhi described the organization as dedicated to \"social betterment through nonviolence.\" The organization gave out the \"**Mahatma Gandhi Humanitarian Award**\".
The organization\'s business dealings were investigated by the United States Senate, in March 1998. *Mother Jones* referred to the organization as: \"a shadowy non-profit enterprise devoted in principle to \'promoting the philosophy of non-violence\'.\" On March 8, 1999, Yogesh Gandhi was charged by the United States Department of Justice with \"tax evasion, mail and wire fraud and perjury\" for dealings related to the Gandhi Memorial International Foundation. He had previously been indicted by the Justice Department\'s Campaign Financing Task Force in August 1998. In 1999, Yogesh Gandhi entered a guilty plea to the charges of mail fraud, tax evasion and violating federal election law over his contributions involving the Gandhi Memorial International Foundation and the Democratic National Committee in 1996. The Foundation was reported to have ceased its activities in 1999.
## Gives out \"awards\" {#gives_out_awards}
Yogesh Gandhi was charged with mail fraud by the United States Department of Justice. Prior to the charges, Gandhi had presented Bill Clinton with the \"Gandhi Peace Award\" accompanied by a bust of Mohandas Gandhi, and had his picture taken with the president.
In 1987, Gandhi gave an award to Ryochi Sasakawa, an individual the United States Senate investigation referred to as \"a controversial, wealthy Japanese businessman who was jailed by the Americans after World War II for suspected war crimes and has been accused of links to organized crime and extreme rightists.\" A year after Sasakawa received the Gandhi award from Yogesh Gandhi, Sasakawa donated \$500,000 to the Gandhi Memorial International Foundation.
In 1988 the Gandhi Memorial International Foundation gave Werner Erhard, Joan Baez, Shirley Temple Black, and David Packard its \"Mahatma Gandhi Humanitarian Award\". This award was also given in 1995 to Hogen Fukunaga, an individual that a United States Senate investigation described as \"a Japanese multimillionaire who runs a controversial religious organization in Japan and faces multiple legal problems in Japan from people claiming to have been defrauded by his organization.\" According to *SF Weekly*: \"Tanaka, a Japanese health-food magnate, would channel money Fukunaga had raised through his huge Japanese cult following to Yogesh Gandhi, who would use his phony Gandhi Memorial Foundation to bribe world leaders, who would then help elevate Fukunaga\'s stature.\"
## DNC returns donation {#dnc_returns_donation}
CNN reported that Yogesh Gandhi used funds solicited for his Gandhi Memorial International Foundation, in order to pay off his own personal debts. In 1996, the Democratic National Committee had to give back \$325,000 to Yogesh Gandhi, because they could not verify that he was the source of the donations. Gandhi refused to supply proof of the money\'s origins, and maintained that it had come from his own personal sources. The contribution had been the single largest received by the Democratic Party in 1996. An investigation by the United States Senate determined that these funds initially came from a Japanese national. The donation had originally been solicited from Yogesh Gandhi by Democratic Party fund-raiser Charles Yah Lin Trie.
## Forged accounts {#forged_accounts}
Donald Shimer was a past executive director for the organization from 1987 to 1992. Shimer resigned when he was denied credit while attempting to use his personal American Express credit card, in May 1996. Shimer later learned that corporate accounts had been opened in his name in 1995 by Yogesh Gandhi, who Shimer believes had forged his signature. Yogesh Gandhi testified that he was not a United States citizen, had no financial assets in the country, and was living off his brother\'s credit. *Mother Jones* reported that the foundation \"hadn\'t filed the required tax returns for years.\"
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# Gandhi Memorial International Foundation
## Defunct
In 1999, the Foundation was reported to have ceased its activities
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# 1947 Ryder Cup
The **7th Ryder Cup Matches** were held November 1--2, 1947 at Portland Golf Club in Portland, Oregon, marking a resumption of the competition after a full decade. World War II forced cancellations from 1939 to 1945; the last competition was in 1937. The United States overwhelmed the British team, 11--1.
An invitation to renew the Ryder Cup was sent by the American P.G.A. in November 1946, which was accepted by the British P.G.A. the next month. However, it was not until August 1947 that the dates and venue were agreed.
The revival of the Ryder Cup in 1947 was initiated by Portland businessman Robert A. Hudson, who paid for the expenses of the teams and chaired the event. He even met the British team in New York City, threw a lavish party at the Waldorf Astoria hotel, and accompanied them on the four-day rail journey across the U.S. to Portland.
The course had hosted the stroke play Portland Open on the PGA Tour in 1944 and 1945, won by Sam Snead and Ben Hogan, and the match play PGA Championship in August 1946, won by Hogan.
The American team won all four matches on the opening day and continued to dominate by winning all but one singles match. The only British victory in the competition came when Sam King beat Herman Keiser 4 & 3.
Played in the Pacific Northwest in November in wind and rain, soft course conditions prevailed as a week-long rain preceded the event. The next several matches in the U.S. were played in more southerly venues.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
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# 1947 Ryder Cup
## Teams
Source:
This was the first of only two Ryder Cups for Hogan as a player and the second and final appearance for Byron Nelson, later the non-playing captain in 1965. Hogan was to be a non-playing captain in 1949 and 1967.
----------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Ben Hogan -- captain
Herman Barron
Jimmy Demaret
Dutch Harrison
Herman Keiser
Lloyd Mangrum
Byron Nelson
Ed Oliver
Sam Snead
Lew Worsham
----------------------
In January 1947 the British P.G.A. appointed a selection committee of five. This committee included three ex-Ryder Cup players: Bill Davies, George Duncan and Charles Whitcombe. In early August they announced a list of 14 players from which the final 10 would be chosen. The winner of the News of the World Match Play would also be included in the list. In early September they announced the first seven members of the team: Cotton (captain), Daly, Rees, King, Adams, Ward and Horne. They also added two new names to the list of possible players (Arthur Lees and Laurie Ayton, Jnr), leaving nine or ten players competing for the remaining three places. Later in September two more players were selected: Green and Lees, to which would be added the winner of the Match Play Championship or Max Faulkner if the winner of that tournament should already be in the team or ineligible. The final place fell to Faulkner on September 26 when three of the semi-finalists in the Match Play Championship were already in the team and the fourth (Flory Van Donck, a Belgian) was ineligible.
The British team was accompanied by Commander R.C.T. Roe, Secretary of the British P.G.A., who acted as manager of the team. They left from Southampton for New York on the Queen Mary on October 18.
-------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Henry Cotton -- captain
Jimmy Adams
Fred Daly
Max Faulkner
Eric Green
Reg Horne
Sam King
Arthur Lees
Dai Rees
Charlie Ward
-------------------------
## Saturday\'s foursome matches {#saturdays_foursome_matches}
Results
---------------- --------- --------------------
Cotton/Lees 10 & 9 **Oliver/Worsham**
Daly/Ward 6 & 5 **Snead/Mangrum**
Adams/Faulkner 2 up **Hogan/Demaret**
Rees/King 2 & 1 **Nelson/Barron**
0 Session 4
0 Overall 4
18 hole scores: Oliver/Worsham: 6 up, Snead/Mangrum: 6 up, Adams/Faulkner: 2 up, Rees/King: 1 up.
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
-------------- --------- --------------------
Fred Daly 5 & 4 **Dutch Harrison**
Jimmy Adams 3 & 2 **Lew Worsham**
Max Faulkner 6 & 5 **Lloyd Mangrum**
Charlie Ward 4 & 3 **Ed Oliver**
Arthur Lees 2 & 1 **Byron Nelson**
Henry Cotton 5 & 4 **Sam Snead**
Dai Rees 3 & 2 **Jimmy Demaret**
**Sam King** 4 & 3 Herman Keiser
1 Session 7
1 Overall 11
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
---------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Herman Barron 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Jimmy Demaret 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Dutch Harrison 1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Ben Hogan 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Herman Keiser 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Lloyd Mangrum 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Byron Nelson 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Ed Oliver 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Sam Snead 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Lew Worsham 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
-------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Jimmy Adams 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Henry Cotton 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Fred Daly 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Max Faulkner 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Sam King 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Arthur Lees 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Dai Rees 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Charlie Ward 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Eric Green and Reg Horne did not play in any matches
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# Schaufling
**Schaufling** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
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10,076,054 |
# Buccal fat pad
The **buccal fat pad** (also called **Bichat's fat pad**, after Xavier Bichat, and the **buccal pad of fat**) is one of several encapsulated fat masses in the cheek. It is a deep fat pad located on either side of the face between the buccinator muscle and several more superficial muscles (including the masseter, the zygomaticus major, and the zygomaticus minor). The inferior portion of the buccal fat pad is contained within the buccal space. It should not be confused with the malar fat pad, which is directly below the skin of the cheek. It should also not be confused with jowl fat pads. It is implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold, but not in the formation of jowls.
## Nomenclature and structure {#nomenclature_and_structure}
The buccal fat pad is composed of several parts, although exactly how many parts seems to be a point of disagreement and no single consistent nomenclature of these parts has been observed. It was described as being divided into three lobes, the anterior, intermediate, and posterior, "according to the structure of the lobar envelopes, the formation of ligaments, and the source of the nutritional vessels". Also, there are four extensions from the body of the buccal fat pad: the sublevator, the melolabial, the buccal, and the pterygoid. The nomenclature of these extensions derives from their location and proximal muscles.
The anterior lobe of the buccal fat surrounds the parotid duct, which conveys saliva from the parotid gland to the mouth. It is a triangular mass with one vertex at the buccinators, one at the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and one at the orbicularis oris. The intermediate lobe lies between the anterior and posterior lobes over the maxilla. The intermediate lobe seems to lose a significant amount of volume between childhood and adulthood. The posterior lobe of the buccal fat pad runs from the infraorbital fissure and temporal muscle to the upper rim of the mandible and back to the mandibular ramus.
## Function
Some people describe the buccal fat pad's primary function in relation to chewing and suckling, especially in infants. This theory derives some support from the loss of volume to the intermediate lobe, which would be most directly involved in chewing and sucking, from infancy to adulthood.
Another proposed function is as gliding pads that facilitate the action of the muscles of mastication.
The buccal fat pad may also function as a cushion to protect sensitive facial muscles from injury due to muscle action or exterior force.
right\|300px
## Clinical uses {#clinical_uses}
The buccal fat pad is commonly used in facial recontouring. Several authors discuss the importance of the buccal fat pad in attaining good results from a facelift.
Buccal flaps (not always including the buccal fat pad) are used in reconstruction of the periorbital area after injury. They are also used to repair congenital defects of the oral cavity or for repair of congenital cleft palate.
Removal of the buccal fat pad is also sometimes used to reduce cheek prominence, although this procedure may carry with it a significant risk of damage to the buccal branch of the facial nerve and the parotid ducts
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# Émile Coulonvaux
**Émile Maurice Léon Coulonvaux** (`{{IPA|fr|emil kulɔ̃vo}}`{=mediawiki}; 26 February 1892 -- 10 March 1966) was a Belgian liberal lawyer and politician. Coulonvaux was doctor in law and a lawyer. He became an alderman (1927--1928) in Dinant and was also liberal senator (1939--1946 and 1949--1961) and President of the Liberal Party in 1937--1940
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| 0 |
10,076,077 |
# Kim Røntved
**Kim Røntved** (born 9 May 1960), known as \"the Rocket\", is a Danish former professional soccer player and head coach. A 17-time all-star in various leagues, and a fan favorite with the Wichita Wings, he was inducted into the Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame in February 2014.
## Career
Born in Copenhagen, Røntved is the younger brother of Per Røntved. He started his career in Brønshøj BK before turning out for Randers Freja. In 1980, the Wichita Wings of the Major Indoor Soccer League purchased Røntved\'s contract. He spent seven seasons in Wichita. In 1982, he played outdoor soccer with the Tulsa Roughnecks of the North American Soccer League. In 1983, he played for the Dallas Americans of the American Soccer League. In 1987, financial difficulties led the Wings to release Røntved and several other veteran players. On 8 July 1987, he signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Comets. When the Comets folded in the summer of 1991, Rontved became a free agent. In September 1991, he signed as a player-assistant coach with the Wings. He was the 1993 NPSL Defender of the Year. On 5 July 1992, he signed with the Colorado Foxes of the American Professional Soccer League. In 1992, the Wichita Wings moved to the National Professional Soccer League. In 1998, the Wings came under new ownership and they released Rontved, who then signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Attack.
Røntved served as the head coach of the Missouri Comets from 16 August 2010, to 29 August 2013. In October 2014, he was named Director of Operations for the Wichita B-52s; two months later, he became head coach. On 8 February 2015, he and Missouri Comets head coach Vlatko Andonovski came out of retirement to play against each other in a regular season game
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# Battle of Fontaine-Française
The **Battle of Fontaine-Française** occurred on 5 June 1595 between the French royal forces of King Henry IV of France and troops of Spain and the Catholic League commanded by Juan Fernández de Velasco and Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, during the eighth and final war (1585--1598) of the French Wars of Religion.
## Background
In response to Henry IV\'s forces, led by Charles de Biron, taking Beaunne, Autun, and besieging Dijon, Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías, traversed the Alps with 2,000 horse and 8,000 foot soldiers in early June 1595. He joined the surviving members of the Catholic League including 400 horse and 1,000 foot soldiers, led by Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne. They besieged and took Vesoul. Velasco and Mayenne then advanced toward Dijon intending to relieve the besieged city. Henry IV, hearing of their movements, quickly assembled 3,000 troops and hastened to Troyes.
## The battle {#the_battle}
On 5 June, Henry narrowly avoided death near Fontaine-Francaise when he ran into a large contingent of Spanish horsemen, while conducting reconnaissance with 1,200 cavalry and 600 mounted arquebusier. Henry charged right away and, after an intense struggle, was able make his escape. The king then gathered his soldiers and the local peasantry on a hill, arming them with scythes and any other metal object that would catch sunlight, thus attempting to make his opponents believe he had a larger army. Fernández de Velasco, seeing reconnaissance forces rejoining Henry\'s main force, became convinced that Henry\'s forces had superior numbers, and decided to retreat.
## Aftermath
The French royal victory marked an end to the Catholic League, although the Wars of Religion would not come to a complete end until the signing of the Peace of Vervins on 2 May 1598, under which the Spanish ceded their remaining captured French towns
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# Schöllnach
**Schöllnach** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Schöllnach
| 0 |
10,076,093 |
# Stephansposching
**Stephansposching** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Stephansposching
| 0 |
10,076,098 |
# Rhizocarpon geographicum
***Rhizocarpon geographicum*** (the **map lichen**) is a species of lichen, which grows on rocks in mountainous areas of low air pollution. Each lichen is a flat patch bordered by a black line of fungal hyphae. These patches grow adjacent to each other, leading to the appearance of a map or a patchwork field.
When circular, or roughly circular, the diameter of this lichen species has been widely used to help determining the relative age of deposits, e.g. moraine systems, thus revealing evidence of glacial advances. The process is termed lichenometry. This technique is generally attributed to the work of Roland Beschel in the Alps.
Lichenometry is based on the assumption that the largest lichen growing on a rock is the oldest individual. Generally, the five largest lichen thalli diameters are taken, although several statistical methods have been used. If the growth rate is known, the maximum lichen size will give a minimum age for when this rock was deposited. The growth rate curve, a graph of age of a lichen against the date of the substrate on which it is found has to be constructed for an area. Beschel originally used gravestones to produce a calibration curve. Growth rates for different areas and species can be obtained by measuring maximum lichen sizes on substrates of known age, such as gravestones, historic or prehistoric rock buildings, or moraines of known age (e.g. those deposited during the Little Ice Age).
## Distribution
This lichen species is broadly distributed and may be found in most cold areas with exposed rock surfaces. The North American range includes the Sierra Nevada and northern Boreal forests of Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Fennoscandia and Siberia. In the tropics it only occurs at high altitudes such as the Andes of Peru and Colombia. Further south the map lichen is found broadly across Patagonia, in the Falkland Islands, the sub Antarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.
In Britain it can be found commonly growing on hard siliceous rocks, especially in upland regions. Its range covers virtually all of Scotland, much of North West England, and other upland areas in much of the rest of England, Wales and Ireland too.
In Spain it is found primarily in siliceous mountain ranges, although occasionally it can be found near sea level, even in southern Spain, where it is known from Cabo de Gata.
## Ecology
*Rhizocarpon geographicum* is a known host to the lichenicolous fungus species *Muellerella pygmaea*.
## Life span {#life_span}
One specimen of *Rhizocarpon geographicum* on East Baffin Island has an estimated age of 9500 years. Thalli of *Rhizocarpon geographicum* in the central Brooks Range of northern Alaska have been given a maximum possible age of 10,000--11,500 years.
## Outer space {#outer_space}
In an experiment, this lichen species was placed in a capsule and launched into space. The capsule was opened, exposing the lichen to space conditions for 10 days before being brought back down to Earth, where it showed minimal changes or damage
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# Wallerfing
**Wallerfing** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria, Germany
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# Winzer
**Winzer** is a municipality in the district of Deggendorf in Bavaria in Germany
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# GPM (software)
**GPM** (\"General Purpose Mouse\") software provides support for mouse devices in Linux virtual consoles. It is included in most Linux distributions.
ncurses supports GPM; many applications use ncurses mouse-support. Other applications that work with GPM include Midnight Commander, Emacs, and JED
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# Aislingen
**Aislingen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaɪslɪŋən}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Bachhagel
**Bachhagel** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The current mayor is Ingo Hellstern.
## Sons and daughters of the municipality {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_municipality}
- Ulrich Graf (1878-1950), national socialist politician, party official and member in SA and SS
- Hubert Schonger (1897-1978), film director and filmproducer
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# Bächingen
**Bächingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Gundelfingen an der Donau
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# Binswangen
**Binswangen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Wertingen.
The town\'s 1836 synagogue, designed by Friedrich von Gärtner and notable as the first to use the horseshoe arch of Moorish architecture for windows and portals, was plundered in the Reichskristallnacht but not set ablaze because of its proximity to other buildings. It was restored beginning in 1987 and since 1996 has served as a community center, open to visitors on Sundays. Other remnants of Binswangen\'s former Jewish community, which dates back to at least 1609, are the memorial site of the Jewish cemetery destroyed by the Nazis and the landmark Schilling House (ca. 1840)
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# Bissingen, Bavaria
**Bissingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Buttenwiesen
**Buttenwiesen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany.
## Community structure {#community_structure}
The comune **Buttenwiesen** belongs to the region of Augsburg. The community consists the main town Buttenwiesen and the municipality parts Frauenstetten, Lauterbach, Oberthürheim, Pfaffenhofen an der Zusam, Unterthürheim and Wortelstetten.
## Facts
**Area:** The municipality of Buttenwiesen includes 6023 hectares and owns about 80 kilometers of community road.
**Population Development:** Since 1970 the population in Buttenwiesen is steadily increasing. In 1970 they counted 4490, in 1987 4864 and in 2000 5627 people. At the end of 2009 there were 5740 inhabitants. Currently it\'s about 6040 inhabitants.
**Economy:** In Buttenwiesen there are many companies. For example, the companies Erwin Müller Versandhaus GmbH, Romakowski GmbH & Co. KG, and the BauschLinnemann GmbH, which are quite important for the municipality.
**Workstations:**
In Buttenwiesen there are 1700 non-agricultural workstations, which leads to a solid economic position.
## History
In the 12th and 13th centuries Buttenwiesen was owned by the Lords of Eberstall-Reisensburg. In 1270 it became part of the Markgrafschaft Burgau, which had the power over Buttenwiesen up to the 19th century. In 1805 it became part of bavaria. In 1978 the municipalities of Buttenwiesen, Frauenstetten, Lauterbach, Oberthürheim, Pfaffenhofen a.d.Zusam, Unterthürheim and Wortelstetten were united to one comune called Buttenwiesen. In the 1970s existed the idea to build a nuclear powerplant in Pfaffenhofen a. d. Zusam. Only in 1999 this idea was cancelled. Before that they also had the idea of building a test track for transrapid. But the citizens who were against these plans luckily won.
## Politics
Between 2004 and 2016 Norbert Beutmüller (Member of the Free Voters Buttenwiesen) was the Mayor of Buttenwiesen. He succeeded Leo Schrell, who was elected for the District Administrator of Dillingen. In July 2010 Beutmüller was reelected in a runoff election with 54.88% of the votes. In June 2016 Hans Kaltner was elected mayor.
## Leisure facilities and museums {#leisure_facilities_and_museums}
For the freetime there are many activities in about 90 clubs. Also there are many bike and hiking trails, the Heritage Museum in the Zehentstadel, asolar-heated swimming pool in Lauterbach, the Riedblickhalle and in the winter there is an ice rink.
## Education
Buttenwiesen has its own school. In Pfaffenhofen there is the *Ulrich-von-Thürheim-Volksschule Buttenwiesen* and for the younger children, there are five kindergartens.
## Renewable energy {#renewable_energy}
Buttenwiesen is a rolemodel for other communities in relation to renewable energy. There are two solar parks, two biogas plants, three hydroelectric plants. Also the number of households, which are using solar energy is very high. Furthermore, produces the municipality on all of its public buildings solar energy
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# Finningen
**Finningen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈfɪnɪŋən}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. It is 7 km north of the town of Dillingen. The population is 1206 (as of 2017). The town is a member of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau
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# Glött
**Glött** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany.
## History
Glött castle and estates were purchased by Anton Fugger in 1537. The Lordship of Glött became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806. The current municipality was founded in 1818. The castle remained in the ownership of the counts Fugger von Glött until 1869. Thereafter they moved to Kirchheim in Schwaben
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# Traditional story
**Traditional stories**, or stories about traditions, differ from both fiction and nonfiction in that the importance of transmitting the story\'s worldview is generally understood to transcend an immediate need to establish its categorization as imaginary or factual. In the academic circles of literature, religion, history, and anthropology, categories of traditional story are important terminology to identify and interpret stories more precisely. Some stories belong in multiple categories and some stories do not fit into any category.
## Anecdote
An *anecdote* is a short and amusing or interesting story about a biographical incident. It may be as brief as the setting and provocation of a *bon mot*. An anecdote is always presented as based on a real incident involving actual persons, whether famous or not, usually in an identifiable place; whether authentic or not, it has verisimilitude or truthiness. Over time, modification in reuse may convert a particular anecdote to a fictional piece, one that is retold but is \"too good to be true\". Sometimes humorous, anecdotes are not jokes, because their primary purpose is not simply to evoke laughter, but to reveal a truth more general than the brief tale itself, or to delineate an institutional or character trait in such a light that it strikes in a flash of insight to the very essence. Novalis observed, \"An anecdote is a historical element --- a historical molecule or epigram.\" A brief monologue beginning \"A man pops in a bar \...\" will be a joke. A brief monologue beginning \"Once J. Edgar Hoover popped in a bar \...\" will be an anecdote. An anecdote thus is closer to the tradition of the parable than the patently invented fable with its animal characters and generic human figures --- but it is distinct from the parable in the historical specificity which it claims.
Anecdotes are often of satirical nature. Under the totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union numerous political anecdotes circulating in society were the only way to reveal and denounce vices of the political system and its leaders. They made fun of such personalities as Lenin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and other Soviet leaders. In contemporary Russia there are many anecdotes about Vladimir Putin.
The word \'anecdote\' (in Greek: \"unpublished\", literally \"not given out\") comes from Procopius of Caesarea, the biographer of Justinian I, who produced a work entitled *Ἀνέκδοτα* (*Anekdota*, variously translated as *Unpublished Memoirs* or *Secret History*), which is primarily a collection of short incidents from the private life of the Byzantine court. Gradually, the term *anecdote* came to be applied to any short tale utilized to emphasize or illustrate whatever point the author wished to make.
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# Traditional story
## Apologue
An *apologue* or *apolog* (from the Greek ἀπόλογος, a \"statement\" or \"account\") is a brief fable or allegorical story with pointed or exaggerated details, meant to serve as a pleasant vehicle for a moral doctrine or to convey a useful lesson without stating it explicitly. It is like a parable, except that it contains supernatural elements like a fable, often the personification of animals or plants. Unlike a fable, the moral is more important than the narrative details. As with the parable, the apologue is a tool of rhetorical argument used to convince or persuade.
Among the best known ancient and classical examples are that of Jotham in the Book of Judges (9:7-15); \"The Belly and its Members\", by the patrician Agrippa Menenius Lanatus in the second book of Livy; and perhaps most famous of all, those of Aesop. Well-known modern examples of this literary form include George Orwell\'s *Animal Farm* and the Br\'er Rabbit stories derived from African and Cherokee cultures and recorded and synthesized by Joel Chandler Harris. The term is applied more particularly to a story in which the actors or speakers are either various kinds of animals or are inanimate objects. An apologue is distinguished from a fable in that there is always some moral sense present in the former, which there need not be in the latter. An apologue is generally dramatic, and has been defined as \"a satire in action.\"
An apologue differs from a parable in several respects. A parable is equally an ingenious tale intended to correct manners, but it can be *true* in the sense that \"when this kind of actual event happens among men, this is what it means and this is how we should think about it\", while an apologue, with its introduction of animals and plants, to which it lends ideas, language and emotions, contains only metaphoric truth: \"when this kind of situation exists anywhere in the world, here is an interesting truth about it.\" The parable reaches heights to which the apologue cannot aspire, for the points in which animals and nature present analogies to man are principally those of his lower nature (hunger, desire, pain, fear, etc.), and the lessons taught by the apologue seldom therefore reach beyond prudential morality (keep yourself safe, find ease where you can, plan for the future, do not misbehave or you\'ll eventually be caught and punished), whereas the parable aims at representing the relations between man and existence or higher powers (know your role in the universe, behave well towards all you encounter, kindness and respect are of higher value than cruelty and slander). It finds its framework in the world of nature as it actually is, and not in any parody of it, and it exhibits real and not fanciful analogies. The apologue seizes on that which humans have in common with other creatures, and the parable on that which we have in common with a greater existence. Still, in spite of the difference of moral level, Martin Luther thought so highly of apologues as counselors of virtue that he edited and revised Aesop and wrote a characteristic preface to the volume. The parable is always blunt and devoid of subtlety, and requires no interpretation; the apologue by nature necessitates at least some degree of reflection and thought to achieve understanding, and in this sense it demands more of the listener than the parable does.
The origin of the apologue is extremely ancient and comes from the Middle East and its surrounding area (Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, etc.), which is the Classical fatherland of everything connected with allegory, metaphor and imagination. Veiled truth was often necessary in the Middle East, particularly among the slaves, who dared not reveal their minds too openly. It is noteworthy that the two fathers of apologue in the West were slaves, namely Aesop and Phaedrus. La Fontaine in France; Gay and Dodsley in England; Gellert, Lessing and Hagedorn in Germany; Tomas de Iriarte in Spain, and Krylov in Russia, are leading modern writers of apologues.
Length is not an essential matter in the definition of an apologue. Those of La Fontaine are often very short, as, for example, \"Le Coq et la Perle\" (\"The Cock and the Pearl\"). On the other hand, in the romances of Reynard the Fox we have medieval apologues arranged in cycles, and attaining epical dimensions. An Italian fabulist, Corti, is said to have developed an apologue of \"The Talking Animals\" reaching twenty-six cantos.
La Motte, writing at a time when this species of literature was universally admired, attributes its popularity to the fact that it manages and flatters amour-propre by inculcating virtue in an amusing manner without seeming to dictate or insist. This was the ordinary 18th-century view of the matter, but Rousseau contested the educational value of instruction given in this indirect form.
A work by P. Soullé, *La Fontaine et ses devanciers* (1866), is a history of the apologue from the earliest times until its final triumph in France.
Montesquieu wrote a propos his *Persian Letters* \"There are certain truths of which it is not enough to persuade, but which must be made to be *felt*. Such are the moral verities. Perhaps a bit of history will be more touching than subtle philosophy.\"
## Chivalric romance {#chivalric_romance}
As a literary genre of high culture, *romance* or *chivalric romance* is a style of heroic prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a knight errant portrayed as having heroic qualities, who goes on a quest. Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with ironic, satiric or burlesque intent. Romances reworked legends, fairy tales, and history to suit the readers\' and hearers\' tastes, but by *c*.1600 they were out of fashion, and Miguel de Cervantes famously satirised them in his novel *Don Quixote*. Still, the modern image of \"medieval\" is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre, and the word *medieval* invokes knights, distressed damsels, dragons, and other romantic tropes.
Originally, romance literature was written in Old French, Anglo-Norman and Occitan, later, in English and German. During the early 13th century romances were increasingly written as prose. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love, such as faithfulness in adversity.
During the Gothic Revival, from *ca.* 1800 the connotations of \"romance\" moved from the magical and fantastic to somewhat eerie \"Gothic\" adventure narratives.
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# Traditional story
## Creation myth {#creation_myth}
A *creation myth* is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it. They develop in oral traditions and therefore typically have multiple versions; and they are the most common form of myth, found throughout human culture. In the society in which it is told, a creation myth is usually regarded as conveying profound truths, metaphorically, symbolically and sometimes even in a historical or literal sense. They are commonly, although not always, considered *cosmogonical myths*---that is they describe the ordering of the cosmos from a state of chaos or amorphousness.*See:*
-
-
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Creation myths often share a number of features. They often are considered sacred accounts and can be found in nearly all known religious traditions. They are all stories with a plot and characters who are either deities, human-like figures, or animals, who often speak and transform easily.
## Etiological myth {#etiological_myth}
An etiological myth, or origin myth, is a myth intended to explain the origins of cult practices, natural phenomena, proper names and the like, or create a mythic history for a place or family. For example, the name Delphi and its associated deity, *Apollon Delphinios*, are explained in the Homeric Hymn which tells of how Apollo carried Cretans over the sea in the shape of a dolphin (**delphis**) to make them his priests. While Delphi is actually related to the word **delphus** (\"womb\"), many etiological myths are similarly based on folk etymology (the term \"Amazon\", for example). In the *Aeneid* (published circa 17 BC), Vergil claims the descent of Augustus Caesar\'s Julian clan from the hero Aeneas through his son Ascanius, also called Iulus. The story of Prometheus\' sacrifice-trick in Hesiod\'s *Theogony* relates how Prometheus tricked Zeus into choosing the bones and fat of the first sacrificial animal rather than the meat to justify why, after a sacrifice, the Greeks offered the bones wrapped in fat to the gods while keeping the meat for themselves.
One type of origin myth is the creation myth (or *cosmogonic myth*), which describes the creation of the world. However, many cultures have stories set after the cosmogonic myth, which describe the origin of natural phenomena and human institutions within a preexisting universe.
In Western classical scholarship, the word *aition* (from the Ancient Greek αἴτιον, \"cause\") is sometimes used for a myth that explains an origin, particularly how an object or custom came into existence.
## Fable
A *fable*, as a literary genre, is a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphised, and that illustrates a moral lesson (a \"moral\"), which may at the end be expressed explicitly in a pithy maxim.
A fable differs from a parable in that the latter *excludes* animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech and other powers of humankind.
Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished. In the King James Version of the New Testament, \"*μύθος*\" (\"*mythos*\") was rendered by the translators as \"fable\" in *First* and *Second Timothy*, in *Titus* and in *First Peter*.
## Factoid
A *factoid* is a questionable or spurious (unverified, false, or fabricated) statement presented as a fact, but with no veracity. The word can also be used to describe a particularly insignificant or novel fact, in the absence of much relevant context. The word is defined by the *Compact Oxford English Dictionary* as \"an item of unreliable information that is repeated so often that it becomes accepted as fact\".
*Factoid* was coined by Norman Mailer in his 1973 biography of Marilyn Monroe. Mailer described a factoid as \"facts which have no existence before appearing in a magazine or newspaper\", and created the word by combining the word *fact* and the ending *-oid* to mean \"similar but not the same\". The *Washington Times* described Mailer\'s new word as referring to \"something that looks like a fact, could be a fact, but in fact is not a fact\".
Factoids may give rise to, or arise from, common misconceptions and urban legends.
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# Traditional story
## Fairy tale {#fairy_tale}
A fairy tale (pronounced /ˈfeəriˌteɪl/) is a type of short story that typically features folkloric fantasy characters, such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants, mermaids or gnomes, and usually magic or enchantments. However, only a small number of the stories refer to fairies. The stories may nonetheless be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described) and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables.
In less technical contexts, the term is also used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness, as in \"fairy tale ending\" (a happy ending) or \"fairy tale romance\" (though not all fairy tales end happily). Colloquially, a \"fairy tale\" or \"*fairy story*\" can also mean any far-fetched story or tall tale.
In cultures where demons and witches are perceived as real, fairy tales may merge into legends, where the narrative is perceived both by teller and hearers as being grounded in historical truth. However, unlike legends and epics, they usually do not contain more than superficial references to religion and actual places, people, and events; they take place once upon a time rather than in actual times.
Fairy tales are found in oral and in literary form. The history of the fairy tale is particularly difficult to trace because only the literary forms can survive. Still, the evidence of literary works at least indicates that fairy tales have existed for thousands of years, although not perhaps recognized as a genre; the name \"fairy tale\" was first ascribed to them by Madame d\'Aulnoy in the late 17th century. Many of today\'s fairy tales have evolved from centuries-old stories that have appeared, with variations, in multiple cultures around the world. Fairy tales, and works derived from fairy tales, are still written today.
The older fairy tales were intended for an audience of adults, as well as children, but they were associated with children as early as the writings of the *précieuses*; the Brothers Grimm titled their collection *Children\'s and Household Tales*, and the link with children has only grown stronger with time.
Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways. The Aarne-Thompson classification system and the morphological analysis of Vladimir Propp are among the most notable. Other folklorists have interpreted the tales\' significance, but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales.
A fairy tale with a tragic rather a happy ending is called anti-fairy tale.
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# Traditional story
## Folklore
*Folklore* (or *lore*) consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics. The word \'folklore\' was first used by the English antiquarian William Thoms in a letter published in the London journal *The Athenaeum* in 1846. In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and mythology. Stith Thompson made a major attempt to index the motifs of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new motifs can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs.
Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.
## Folkloristics
*Folkloristics* is the term preferred by academic folklorists`{{dubious |date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki} for the formal, academic discipline devoted to the study of folklore. The term itself derives from the nineteenth-century German designation *folkloristik* (i.e., folklore). Ultimately, the term *folkloristics* is used to distinguish between the materials studied, folklore, and the study of folklore, folkloristics. In scholarly usage, *folkloristics* represents an emphasis on the contemporary, social aspects of expressive culture, in contrast to the more literary or historical study of cultural texts.
## Ghost story {#ghost_story}
A *ghost story* may be any piece of fiction, or drama, or an account of an experience, that includes a ghost, or simply takes as a premise the possibility of ghosts or characters\' belief in them. Colloquially, the term can refer to any kind of scary story. In a narrower sense, the ghost story has been developed as a short story format, within genre fiction. It is a form of supernatural fiction and specifically of weird fiction, and is often a horror story. While ghost stories are often explicitly meant to be scary, they have been written to serve all sorts of purposes, from comedy to morality tales. Ghosts often appear in the narrative as sentinels or prophets of things to come. Whatever their uses, the ghost story is in some format present in all cultures around the world, and may be passed down orally or in written form.
## Joke
A *joke* is something spoken, written, or done with humorous intention. Jokes may have many different forms, e.g., a single word or a gesture (considered in a particular context), a question-answer, or a whole short story. The word \"joke\" has a number of synonyms.
To achieve their end, jokes may employ irony, sarcasm, word play and other devices. Jokes may have a punch line, i.e. an ending to make it humorous.
A practical joke or prank differs from a spoken one in that the major component of the humour is physical rather than verbal (for example placing salt in the sugar bowl).
## Legend
A *legend* (Latin, *legenda*, \"things to be read\") is a narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within human history and to possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive participants includes no happenings that are outside the realm of \"possibility\", defined by a highly flexible set of parameters, which may include miracles that are perceived as actually having happened, within the specific tradition of indoctrination where the legend arises, and within which it may be transformed over time, in order to keep it fresh and vital, and realistic.
The Brothers Grimm defined legend as folktale historically grounded. A modern folklorist\'s professional definition of *legend* was proposed by Timothy R. Tangherlini in 1990:
> Legend, typically, is a short (mono-) episodic, traditional, highly ecotypified historicized narrative performed in a conversational mode, reflecting on a psychological level a symbolic representation of folk belief and collective experiences and serving as a reaffirmation of commonly held values of the group to whose tradition it belongs.\"
## Mythology
The term *mythology* can refer either to the *study* of myths, or to a *body or collection* of myths. As examples, comparative mythology is the study of connections between myths from different cultures, whereas Greek mythology is the body of myths from ancient Greece. In the field of folkloristics, a *myth* is defined as a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind came to be in their present form and how customs, institutions and taboos were established. Many scholars in other fields use the term \"myth\" in somewhat different ways. In a very broad sense, the word can refer to any story originating within traditions.
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# Traditional story
## Oral tradition {#oral_tradition}
*Oral tradition* and *oral lore* is cultural material and tradition transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledges across generations without a writing system.
A narrower definition of oral tradition is sometimes appropriate. Sociologists might also emphasize a requirement that the material is held in common by a group of people, over several generations, and might distinguish oral tradition from testimony or oral history. In a general sense, \"oral tradition\" refers to the transmission of cultural material through vocal utterance, and was long held to be a key descriptor of folklore (a criterion no longer rigidly held by all folklorists). As an academic discipline, it refers both to a set of objects of study and a method by which they are studied---the method may be called variously \"oral traditional theory\", \"the theory of Oral-Formulaic Composition\" and the \"Parry-Lord theory\" (after two of its founders; see below) The study of oral tradition is distinct from the academic discipline of oral history, which is the recording of personal memories and histories of those who experienced historical eras or events. It is also distinct from the study of orality, which can be defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population.
## Parable
A *parable* is a succinct story, in prose or verse, that illustrates one or more moral, religious, instructive, or normative principles or lessons. It differs from a fable in that fables use animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech and other powers of humankind, while parables generally feature human characters. It is a type of analogy.
Some scholars of the Canonical gospels and the New Testament apply the term \"parable\" only to the parables of Jesus, though that is not a common restriction of the term. Parables such as \"The Prodigal Son\" are central to Jesus\' teaching method in both the canonical narratives and the apocrypha.
## Political myth {#political_myth}
A *political myth* is an ideological explanation for a political phenomenon that is believed by a social group.
In 1975, Henry Tudor defined it in *Political Myth* published by Macmillan. He said `{{cquote|A myth is an interpretation of what the myth-maker (rightly or wrongly) takes to be hard fact. It is a device men adopt in order to come to grips with reality; and we can tell that a given account is a myth, not by the amount of truth it contains, but by the fact that it is ''believed'' to be true, and above all, by the dramatic form into which it is cast ... What marks a myth as being political is its subject matter ... [P]olitical myths deal with politics ... A political myth is always the myth of a particular group. It has a hero or protagonist, not an individual, but a tribe, a nation, a race, a class ... [and] it is always the group which acts as the protagonist in a political myth.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Yolanda Flores |editor1-last=Niemann |editor2-first=Susan |editor2-last=Armitage |editor3-first=Patricia |editor3-last=Hart |editor4-first=Karen |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Weathermon |title=Chicana leadership: the Frontiers reader |year=2002 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=0803283822 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdxTkGIL1osC&q=Henry+Tudor%27s+definition&pg=PA52}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2001, Christopher G. Flood described a working definition of a political myth as `{{cquote|an ideologically marked narrative which purports to give a true account of a set of past, present, or predicted political events and which is accepted as valid in its essentials by a social group.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political Myth |last=Flood |first=Christopher |year=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0415936322 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoS7q5nTY78C&q=working+definition&pg=PA44 }}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
## Tall tale {#tall_tale}
A *tall tale* is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. Some such stories are exaggerations of actual events, for example fish stories such as, \"That fish was so big, why, I tell ya, it nearly sank the boat when I pulled it in!\" Other tall tales are completely fictional tales set in a familiar setting, such as the European countryside, the American Old West, the Canadian Northwest, or the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Tall tales are often told so as to make the narrator seem to have been a part of the story. They are usually humorous or good-natured. The line between myth and tall tale is distinguished primarily by age; many myths exaggerate the exploits of their heroes, but in tall tales the exaggeration looms large, to the extent of becoming the whole of the story.
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# Traditional story
## Urban legend {#urban_legend}
An *urban legend*, *urban myth*, *urban tale*, or *contemporary legend*, is a form of modern folklore consisting of stories that may or may not have been believed by their tellers to be true. As with all folklore and mythology, the designation suggests nothing about the story\'s veracity, but merely that it is in circulation, exhibits variation over time, and carries some significance that motivates the community in preserving and propagating it.
Despite its name, an urban legend does not necessarily originate in an urban area. Rather, the term is used to differentiate modern legend from traditional folklore in pre-industrial times. For this reason, sociologists and folklorists prefer the term *contemporary legend*.
Urban legends are sometimes repeated in news stories and, in recent years, distributed by e-mail. People frequently allege that such tales happened to a \"friend of a friend\"; so often, in fact, that \"friend of a friend\" (\"FOAF\") has become a commonly used term when recounting this type of story.
Some urban legends have passed through the years with only minor changes to suit regional variations. One example is the story of a woman killed by spiders nesting in her elaborate hairdo. More recent legends tend to reflect modern circumstances, like the story of people ambushed, anesthetized, and waking up minus one kidney, which was surgically removed for transplantation (a story which folklorists refer to as \"The Kidney Heist\")
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# Haunsheim
**Haunsheim** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Gundelfingen an der Donau
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# Holzheim, Dillingen
**Holzheim** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria. Until its demolition in 1811, Fultenbach Abbey stood in the town
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Holzheim, Dillingen
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# Laugna
**Laugna** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Wertingen
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Laugna
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# Lutzingen
**Lutzingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau
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# Medlingen
**Medlingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Gundelfingen an der Donau
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Medlingen
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# Mike Wilson (offensive lineman)
**Mike Wilson** (born May 28, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cincinnati Bengals and the Seattle Seahawks. He also played with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1977. He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs.
## Career
He attended Johnson High School in Gainesville, Georgia.
Wilson played college football at the University of Georgia. As a sophomore, he started for the Bulldogs as a defensive tackle as the Bulldogs went 6-6. In 1975 as a junior he was switched to offense and became the Bulldogs\' starting left tackle as the team went 9-3. In 1976 as a senior he remained a starter as Georgia went 10-2 and won the Southeastern Conference championship. His nickname was \"Moonpie.\"
He was chosen in the fourth round (103rd overall) of the 1977 NFL draft. However, he signed with the CFL\'s Argonauts for the 1977 season. He had an outstanding season, as he was named runner-up for the CFL Outstanding Lineman Award and he was named an All-Canadian All-Star.
His first NFL season was with the Bengals in 1978, and he made an immediate impact, starting eight of the nine games he played on his way to becoming a perennial starter. For each of his next seven seasons with the Bengals, he did not miss a game, starting all but one.
Wilson helped lead the Bengals to the Super Bowl XVI in 1982. He was with the Bengals for eight seasons, from 1978 through 1985.
He then played for the Seahawks for four seasons, joining them in 1986 and starting all 16 games. In his final three NFL seasons, he played 12, 16, and 16 games, starting them all through the 1989, the final season of his 12-year NFL career
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# Mödingen
**Mödingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany.
The municipality includes the villages Bergheim and Mödingen
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# Schwenningen, Bavaria
**Schwenningen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau
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| 0 |
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# Syrgenstein
**Syrgenstein** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany
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# David Vanacore
**David Vanacore** is an American television music composer. Dubbed by television music industry insiders as \'The King of Reality\', David Vanacore is the composer behind many reality television series, such as *Survivor*, *The Apprentice*, *Big Brother*, *Ink Master*, *American Chopper*, *Dirty Jobs*, *Hell\'s Kitchen*, *Wipeout*, *Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader* and *Whale Wars*.
Vanacore began studying piano at the age of seven. Prior to his career as a composer, he worked as a studio session pianist/keyboardist and toured with Cher, among other artists. He studied orchestration at the Dick Grove School of Music. After meeting television composer Mike Post led to an offer as his studio keyboard player, which introduced him to the world of music supervision for television.
Vanacore\'s first major breakout as a TV composer occurred when he landed a job with Mark Burnett for the first season of *Survivor* in 2000. Originating with *Survivor,* Vanacore developed a technique that he describes as \"layers and structures,\" in which the composer provides music editors with a completed mix as well as isolated layers. Vanacore put together a team of composers, editors, musicians, engineers and producers, and founded Vanacore Music, a composing house headquartered in Valencia, California, that produces music for unscripted television series.
As of 2023, Vanacore has won *ASCAP\'s Most Performed Themes and Most Performed Underscore* awards every year since 2005*
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# Villenbach
**Villenbach** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Wertingen
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# Wittislingen
**Wittislingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany
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# Kongeparken
58 46 43 N 5 50 26 E display=title ***Kongeparken*** (The King\'s Park) is an amusement park in the village of Ålgård, near Stavanger in Norway. *Kongeparken* is the biggest amusement park in the south-west of Norway, and the main tourist destination in the county of Rogaland. The park has more than 50 different rides and attractions. and has won multiple awards.
## History
*Kongeparken* was opened by Gabriel Ålgård in May 1986 and intended to be a park with outdoor activities such as BMX, roller-skating and golf. Construction cost about 220 million Norwegian kroner. *Kongeparken* had more than 200,000 visitors in its opening year but was bankrupt by July. In 1997, the park was bought by its current owners, the Lund family, who had more than a hundred years experience through the Lunds Tivoli amusement parks. The Lund family added new themes and increased activities, reversing a decline in visitor numbers. *Kongeparken* is owned and operated by Rogaland Fritidspark AS. Haakon Lund, the son of Bjoern and Veslemoey Lund, is currently in charge.
## Bears theme {#bears_theme}
The Lund family rebuilt *Kongeparken* around the theme of bears. In the late 1800s, the family had been the first importers in Europe of teddy bears from America. In 1997, a pair of bears, Brumle and Brumleline, were brought to the park. Named the King and Queen of Bears, they are housed in a castle which features one of the park\'s biggest rides, a roller coaster with spinning gondolas. Other bears in the park are named the Bie Queen, Pysjamas, Tranbamsen, Storm, and the Icebear. The park also has a day spa, the BearBotel, where children can leave their teddy bears.
## Rides and adventures {#rides_and_adventures}
*Kongeparken* is targeted at children aged from three to 12 years old but also has more challenging activities for older children. The park has more than 50 rides, along with restaurants and other attractions. New rides are introduced each year, such as the *Fossen* water ride in 2013. Other attractions include a bobsleigh track, a do-it-yourself chocolate factory, and a children\'s fire station.
## Christmas in Kongeparken {#christmas_in_kongeparken}
*Jul i Kongeparken* (Christmas in Kongeparken) is held in November and December and features fairy lights, Christmas trees, elves, carol singing and family workshops.
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# Kongeparken
## Attractions and rides {#attractions_and_rides}
Opened Name Type Height Limit Status Information Producer
------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1986 **Ormen Lange** (The Long Serpent) Bobsleigh 140 cm (90 cm with adult) Renewed 2007 The bobsleigh Ormen Lange is 1000 meter long, making it the longest Bobsleigh in Norway. Wiegand, Germany
1986 **Gulliver** Climbing structure No limit Was given away in 2013 A themed climbing structure, built in the shape of Gulliver the giant. Hags, Sweden
1986 **Kapteinskolen** (The School of Captains) Motorized boats 140 cm (90 cm with adult) Currently in use Motorized boats, the children can drive themselves. Engine; Honda, boat; Foster, both from the US.
Before 1997 **Plogen** (The Plow) Bumpercars 130 cm (90 cm with adult) Sold to Sweden in 2011 Traditional bumbercars Preston & Barbieri, Italy
Before 1997 **Gårdsskyting** (The Farm shooting) Game No limit Renewed in 2010 A shooting game, with a farm theme. Tornado, UK
Before 1997 **Zyklon** Roller coaster Removed, sold to France A transportable roller coaster. Pinfari, Italy
Before 1997 **Dyrene i Afrika** (The Animals of Africa) Carousel No limit Currently in use Rotating animals and vehicles, suitable for all ages. S&W, UK
Before 1997 **Gravemaskinene** (The Excavators) Mini excavators No limit Currently in use, renewed in 2011 Mini excavators for children and adults. Norway
1997 **Grizzly** Roller coaster, model ZL42 Removed in 1999 A transportable roller coaster with a loop. Pinfari, Italia
1997 **Kakaokoppene** (The Cocoacups) Carousel No limit Currently in use Rotating cocoa cups. S&W, UK
1997 **Brumletoget** (The Bear Train) Mini railway No limit Currently in use A miniature train, with carriages for the children. This was the first attraction bought by the Lund family for the opening of the park in 1997. Zamperla, Italy
1997 **Bjørneløypa** (The Bear Track) Gocart track 90 cm, max 140 cm Currently in use A gocart track where the children can drive for themselves. Formula K
1997 **Humla** (The Bumblebee) Troika 120 cm In storage as of July 2023. Norway\'s largest carousel, originally moved from Alton Towers. HUSS Park Attractions, Germany
1997 **Marihøna** (The Ladybug) Carousel No limit Removed 2019 Colourful carousel for all ages. Zamperla, Italy
1997 **Ballongen** (The Balloon) Carousel No limit Removed 2011 Children\'s ride with colourful balloons. Zamperla, Italy
1998 **Freia Sjokoladefabrikk** (The Chocolate Factory) Interactive show 90 cm, max 12 years Currently in use, shows throughout the day in the openinghours of the park. The Chocolate Factory: A small chocolate factory, only for children. The children learn about chocolate, its origin, and how it is produced. They get to make their own chocolate to enjoy. Adults can attend the last show of the day. Free tickets in the Bamsebotell in the park. Kongeparken, Norway
1998 **Svalbard Ekspressen** (The Svalbard Express) Roller coaster 90 cm Currently in use. The first themed roller coaster in Norway. Vekoma, Netherlands
1999 **Roller Coaster** Zyklon Removed in 2001 A transportable roller coaster Pinfari, Italy
2000 **Bamsebotell** (The Teddy Bear Hotel) A teddybear hotel and souvenir shop No limit Currently in use A hotel where the teddybears can relax and enjoy while the owners are visiting the park. Also a souvenir shop with a lot of different items and clothing articles, and a lobbystop, that is a kiosk with a lot of different sweets. Kongeparken, Norway
2001 **Grizzly 2** Zyklon ZL 42 Removed in 2003 A transportable rollercoaster, with a loop. Pinfari, Italy
2001 **Kongeraften** (The King\'s Rafting) Waterslide 130 cm, 90 cm with adults, max 110 kg Currently in use Waterslide where guests sit in a boat down the ride, it is possible to be two people in one boat. Metabau, Germany
2002 **MegaSplash** (The Big Splash) A jumping boat 140 cm, 90 cm with adult Currently in use A boat that is thrown ut in the air and lands in the water. Heege, Germany
2002 **Stjerneskudd** (The Shooting Star) A free fall bungy Only in use for the 2002 season In a bungy, two people are dropped in free fall. Fabri, Italy
2002 **BrumleBand** (The Bear Band) A teddybear show No limit Removed 2019 A teddybear show for the children. Here you meet the local bear Bjørnulf, the singer Ferdinand, the Paris-madam Mimi, the explorer Ranja and The hotel manager Bastian. Currently in storage. Norway
2003 **Fabeldyrene** (The Fairytale Animals) Carousel 90 cm, max 12 years Removed 2013 Made by the artist Oscar Wiese for the 2003 EXPO in Switzerland. Doppelmayr, Switzerland
2003 **Svanesjøen** (The Swan Lake) Pedal boats shaped like swans Removed in 2007 Swanshaped boats for the guests to enjoy the waterside.
2003 **Luftskipet** (The Airship) Carousel 90 cm Currently in use Norway\'s tallest carousel, which stretches 32 meters in the air Sanoyas Hishino Meisho, Japan
2004 **Helspinn** (The Full Spinn) Carousel 90 cm Currently in use Spinning cups, where you can decide what speed to rotate. Originally from Sanoyas Hishino Meisho, Japan, bought in France.
2004 **Fuji Smil Med Meg** (Fuji Smile With Me) Free 3D camera rental No limit Currently in use Free use of 3D cameras from Fuji, the ability to obtain images digitally, or printed directly in the park. Partnership between Kongeparken and Fujifilm Norway
2004 **Lag en venn** (Make a Friend) Build a bear No limit Currently in use Make yourself a friend, a teddy bear or soft toy, children can decide whether it should be hard or soft, large or small, clothing, eye color and much more. A big heart and a personal birth certificate is also included. Developed by Kongeparken
2005 **Storm** (The Storm) Tilt a whirl ride 120 cm, 90 cm with adult Currently in use Spinning shells placed in the water, themed around Captain Storms sinking ship. bought in France. Originally from Sanoyas Hishino Meisho, Japan, bought in France together with Helspinn.
2005 **Redningssentralen** (The Rescue Center) Cable car 125 cm, max 100 kg Currently in use Cable car where you are thrown out over the pond. Heege, Germany
2005 **Borte Vekk** (The Long Gone) Climbing structure No limit Currently in use Climbing structure and playground for the children. Haags
2006 **Nordavinden** (The North Wind) Gravitron-Starship 125 cm Currently in use, Themed around the story of the boy who went to the North Wind to regain his flour. The guests are exposed to 2G, and everything happens in a tremendous speed., Closed in 2020 - 2021 for infection control measures. Kongeparken, ARM (Wisdom Rides )
2007 **Høydeskrekk** (Scared of heights) Climbing trail 130 cm, max 100 kg Currently in use Climbing Trail running up to 13 meters above the ground. Children and adults can challenge themselves and climb through the suspension bridges and go walk on lines. One of a kind in northern Europe. Kongeparken
2007 **Redningsskøyta** (The Rescue Ship) Carousel 130 cm, 100 cm with adult Currently in use Themed carousel, fits 2 people, the passenger can steer the boat while the carousel goes around. Zierer, Germany
2008 **Bukkerittet** (The Buck Ride) Spinning Mouse, Rollercoaster with rotating gondolas 120 cm Currently in use2 Themed roller coaster with spinning gondolas, this is unprecedented in Norway. Can attain a speed of about 70 km / h and the guests are exposed to nearly 2.5 G. Reverchon Industries,France.
2008 **Bamsehulene** (The Bear Caves) Play area for the children, outside No limit Currently in use First launched as Growing up green in 2008, during Stavanger as the European Capital of Culture project in 2008. Kongeparken and landscape architecture students from all over Europe
2009 **Vepsen** (The Wasp) Boomerang, original Frisbee (ride), Pendulum ride 130 cm Currently in use A pendulum type attraction where both the gondola and shuttle goes around, 360 degree rotation, 15 meters above the ground, 3.5 G. Fabbri Group, Italy
2009 **Lorta-Lars** Animated person who tells the local dialect No limit Currently in use Lorta-Lars is situated in the front of Jærgården. His monologues are written by the Jæren author Tobias Skretting, and the voice is borrowed from Ingar Lode. Kongeparken, Norway
2010 **Tiltetårnet** (The Tilt Tower) Tilt tower 125 cm, 110 cm with adults Currently in use Tilt Tower where you get shot in the air and dropped down again. The first of its kind in Scandinavia. ABC Rides, Switzerland
2010 **Sverd i Sten** (Sword in the Stone) Interactive show, outdoors No limit Currently in use One of a kind attraction, pull out the sword from the stone and you\'ll be king for a day. Closed 2020 - 2021 for infection control measures. Kongeparken
2010 **Kongen på haugen** (The King on the Hill) A climbing mountain for children No limit Currently in use Climbingmountain built over the restaurant Den Glade Rustning Metabau, Germany
2011 **Barnas Brannstasjon** (The Children\'s Fire Station) Interactive show 90 cm, max 12 years Currently in use The Children\'s Fire Station: Interactive show where kids learn fire safety in the home and can attempt to put out a fire, the attraction was awarded the THEA awards in 2011, for the world\'s best attraction with a limited budget. Concept and production developed by Kongeparken. Other suppliers: Metallbau Emmeln, GW Group, Visiual Terrain, Kool Fog, Sigma Services & Alcorn McBride Kongeparken
2011 **Bamsespinn** (The Bearspinn) Carousel No limit Currently in use Original name: The Bear Affair, spinning, giant Bears, suitable for everyone. Sellner Manufacturing, US
2011 **Brannbåtene** (The Fireboats) Remote controlled boats No limit New in 2011 Themed as fire boats, remote controlled, launched together with the Children\'s Fire Station in 2011. Tornado
2011 **Kræsjebilene** (The Crashcars) Bumbercars 130 cm, 90 cm with adult Replaced Plogen in 2011 Themed bumper cars, designed specifically for Kongeparken. Design of cars and houses by Kongeparken
2012 **Spinnvidle** (The Crazy Spinner) Swing ride 120 cm, 100 cm with adult Currently in use First swing ride in Norway with double seating. Zierer, Germany
2013 **Fossen** (The Waterfall) Log flume (ride) 140 cm, 90 cm with adult Currently in use First of its kind in Scandinavia, with gondolas shaped like bathtubs. A 4 minutes long water ride where you get really wet if you sit in the wrong place in the bathtub. Here it goes forwards and backwards down wild rapids Kongeparken, ride structure: ABC Engineering
2014 **Sætra**
2015
Source: Kongparken, Errors might occur.
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# Kongeparken
## Attractions and rides {#attractions_and_rides}
## Awards
*Kongeparken* has won many awards in Norway and internationally.
- In 2012: The Children\'s Fire Station (Barnas Brannstasjon) won the THEA Awards for best new attraction!.
- In 2012: Kongeparken got top score (6/6) by the Norwegian newspaper VG.
- In 2011: Kongeparken got top score (6/6) by the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet.
- In 2010: Kongeparken was the biggest attraction in Rogalands, Norway, with 215 303 visitors.
- In 2009 and 2010: Kongeparken got a score of 5/6 by the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet.
- In 2008: Kongeparken was named one of the two best amusement parks in Norway by the national newspaper Dagbladet.
- In 2006: Spirit Award for the best leadership training program. The prize is awarded in the U.S.
- In 2005: Rogaland Travel Award.
- In 2004: Brass Ring Award for best print advertising in a park with 250 000 visitors. The prize is awarded in the U.S.
- Pony Award. The prize is awarded in Italy
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# Ziertheim
**Ziertheim** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany
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Ziertheim
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# Lm sensors
**lm_sensors** (Linux-monitoring sensors) is a free open-source software-tool for Linux that provides tools and drivers for monitoring temperatures, voltage, humidity, and fans. It can also detect chassis intrusions.
## Issues
During 2001/2004, the lm_sensors package was not recommended for use on IBM ThinkPads due to potential EEPROM corruption issues on some models when aggressively probing for I^2^C devices. This has since been dealt with, and the separate README file dedicated to ThinkPads was removed in 2007.
In 2013, the `{{code|sensors-detect}}`{=mediawiki} command of lm-sensors began disrupting the gamma correction settings of some laptop display screens. This occurs while it is probing the I2C/SMBus adapters for connected hardware monitoring devices. Probing of these devices was disabled by default
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# Live at the Ryman: The Greatest Show Ever Been Gave
***Live at the Ryman: The Greatest Show Ever Been Gave*** is the fourth live album (and thirteenth overall) from Robert Earl Keen. The recording was released via Koch Records on July 11, 2006 in the United States and six days later in the United Kingdom.
A version of the recording was also released on DVD, and includes footage of the concert.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Feelin\' Good Again\" -- 3:15
2. \"Gringo Honeymoon\" -- 4:56
3. \"What I Really Mean\" -- 3:53
4. \"Shades of Gray\" -- 5:01
5. \"Amarillo Highway\" (Terry Allen) -- 2:48
6. \"Merry Christmas from the Family\" -- 5:06
7. \"Corpus Christi Bay\" -- 4:15
8. \'Furnace Fan\" -- 3:51
9. \"Broken End of Love\" -- 3:18
10. \"Long Chain\" -- 5:28
11. \"Train Trek\" -- 6:01
12. \"I\'m Comin\' Home\" -- 4:39
13. \"The Road Goes On Forever\" -- 11:03
14
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# Lima leaf-toed gecko
The **Lima leaf-toed gecko** (***Phyllodactylus sentosus***) has been registered in six archeological sites in Lima, Peru, where it is endemic. It is considered a species in critical danger
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Lima leaf-toed gecko
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# Live at the Ryman
| 5 |
Live at the Ryman
| 0 |
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# Zöschingen
**Zöschingen** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany.
## Mayors
Since 2014 Tobias Steinwinter (Gemeinschaftsliste) is the mayor. The predecessor was Norbert Schön
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10,076,241 |
# Zusamaltheim
**Zusamaltheim** is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. The town is a member of the municipal association Wertingen.
## Mayor
The mayor is Stephan Lutz, elected in March 2020
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Zusamaltheim
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# Chinese sword
Historically, **Chinese swords** are classified into two types, the *jian* and the *dao*. A *Jian* is a straight, double-edged sword mainly used for stabbing; the term has been commonly translated into the English language as a longsword. Meanwhile, a *dao* is a single-edged sword (mostly curved from the Song dynasty forward) mainly used for cutting, and the term has been translated as a saber or a \"knife\".
Bronze *jian*s appeared during the Western Zhou period and switched to the more durable wrought iron and steel during the late Warring States period. In modern times, the ceremonial commissioned officer\'s sword of the Chinese navy has been patterned after the traditional *jian* since 2008. Besides specialty weapons like the butterfly *dao*, Chinese swords are usually 70--110 cm in length. However, longer swords have been found on occasion.
Outside of Ancient China, Chinese swords were also used in Ancient Japan from the 3rd to the 6th century AD, but they were succeeded by native Japanese swords by the middle Heian era.
## Bronze age: Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC--c. 1046 BC) to Spring and Autumn period (771--476 BC) {#bronze_age_shang_dynasty_c._1200_bcc._1046_bc_to_spring_and_autumn_period_771476_bc}
Knives were found in Fu Hao\'s tomb, dated c. 1200 BC.
Bronze jians appeared during the Western Zhou. The blades were a mere 28 to long. These short stabbing weapons were used as a last defense when all other options had failed.
By the late Spring and Autumn period, jians lengthened to about 56 cm. At this point, at least some soldiers used the jian rather than the dagger-axe due to its greater flexibility and portability. China started producing steel in the 6th century BC. Still, iron and steel tools were not produced in significant quantities until much later. By around 500 BC, however, the sword and shield combination began to be regarded as superior to the spear and dagger-axe.
### Legendary swords {#legendary_swords}
According to the *Yuejue shu* (Record of Precious Swords), the swordsmith Ou Yezi forged five treasured swords for Gan Jiang and King Zhao of Chu, named, respectively, Zhanlu (湛盧), Juque (巨闕), Shengxie (勝邪), Yuchang (魚腸) and Chunjun (純鈞). He also made three swords for King Goujian of Yue, named Longyuan (龍淵), Tai'e (泰阿) and Gongbu (工布).
- Chungou/Chunjun (Purity) -- Its patterns resembled a row of stars in a constellation.
- Zhanlu/Pilü (Black) -- A sword made from the finest of the five metals and imbued with the essence of fire. It was said to be sensitive to its owner\'s behaviour and left of its own accord for the state of Chu when Helü\'s conduct offended it. When Helü became aware of King Zhao of Chu\'s possession of Zhanlu, he attacked Chu.
- Haocao/Panying (Bravery/Hard) -- Said to have been imbued with the aspect of lawlessness and was, therefore, of no use to anyone. It was used as a burial object.
- Yuchang (Fish Belly) -- A short dagger said to be capable of cleaving through iron as if it were mud. Used by Helü of Wu to assassinate his uncle, Liao of Wu. It was hidden in a cooked fish presented to King Liao at a banquet. As a result, it gained a reputation for causing its user to be disloyal.
- Juque (Great Destroyer) -- Said to be incredibly durable and withstand even hitting or stabbing rock.
- Shengxie (Victor over Evil)
- Longyuan (Dragon Gulf) -- Its shape resembled a high mountain and a deep gulf. Goujian used it to cut a gash in his thigh as self-punishment when he mistakenly executed an innocent person.
- Taie (Great Riverbank) -- Had patterns like the waves of a flowing river. The King of Chu used it to direct his army against a Jin invasion.
- Gongbu (Artisanal Display) -- Had patterns like flowing water that stop like pearls at the spine.
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# Chinese sword
## Bronze age: Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC--c. 1046 BC) to Spring and Autumn period (771--476 BC) {#bronze_age_shang_dynasty_c._1200_bcc._1046_bc_to_spring_and_autumn_period_771476_bc}
### Gan Jiang and Mo Ye {#gan_jiang_and_mo_ye}
According to the *Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue*, Ou Yezi was also the teacher of Gan Jiang, who was married to Mo Ye. King Helü of Wu ordered Gan Jiang and Mo Ye to forge a pair of swords for him in three months. However, the blast furnace failed to melt the metal. Mo Ye suggested that there was insufficient human *qi* in the stove, so the couple cut their hair and nails and cast them into the furnace, while 300 children helped to blow air into the bellows. In another account, Mo Ye sacrificed herself to increase human *qi* by throwing herself into the furnace. The desired result was achieved after three years, and the two swords were named after the couple. Gan Jiang kept the male sword, Ganjiang, for himself and presented the pair\'s female sword, Moye, to the King. The King, already upset that Gan Jiang had failed to supply the blades in three months but three years, became enraged when he discovered the smith had kept the male sword and thus had Gan Jiang killed.
Gan Jiang had already predicted the King\'s reaction, so he left behind a message for Mo Ye and their unborn son, telling them where he had hidden the Ganjiang Sword. Several months later, Mo Ye gave birth to Gan Jiang\'s son, Chi (赤), and years later, she told him his father\'s story. Chi was eager to avenge his father, and he sought the Ganjiang Sword. At the same time, the King dreamed of a youth who desired to kill him and placed a bounty on the youth\'s head. Chi was indignant and filled with anguish. He started crying on his way to enact his vengeance. An assassin found Chi, who told the killer his story. The assassin then suggested that Chi surrender his head and sword, and the assassin himself will avenge Ganjiang in Chi\'s place. He did as told and committed suicide. The killer was moved and decided to help Chi fulfil his quest.
The assassin severed Chi\'s head and brought it, along with the Ganjiang sword, to the overjoyed King. The king was, however, uncomfortable with Chi\'s head staring at him. The assassin asked the King to have Chi\'s head boiled, but Chi\'s head was still staring at the King even after 40 days without any sign of decomposition; thus, the assassin told the king that he needed to take a closer look and stare back for the head to decompose under the power of the King. The King bent over the cauldron, and the assassin seized the opportunity to decapitate him, his head falling into the pot alongside Chi\'s. The killer then cut off his own head, which also fell into the boiling water. The flesh on the heads was boiled away such that none of the guards could recognize which head belonged to whom. The guards and vassals decided that all three should be honoured as kings due to Chi and the assassin\'s bravery and loyalty. The three heads were eventually buried together at Yichun County, Runan, Henan, and the grave is called \"Tomb of Three Kings\".
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# Chinese sword
## Warring States period (475--221 BC) {#warring_states_period_475221_bc}
Iron and steel swords of 80 to in length appeared during the mid Warring States period in the states of Chu, Han, and Yan. Most weapons were still made of bronze, but iron and steel were starting to become more common. By the end of the 3rd century BC, the Chinese had learned how to produce quench-hardened steel swords, relegating bronze swords to ceremonial pieces.
The Zhan Guo Ce states that the state of Han made the best weapons, capable of cleaving through the strongest armour, shields, leather boots and helmets.
### Wu and Yue swords {#wu_and_yue_swords}
During the Warring States period, the Baiyue people were known for their swordsmanship and for producing fine swords. According to the *Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue*, King Goujian met a female sword fighter called Nanlin (Yuenü) who demonstrated mastery over the art. So he commanded his top five commanders to study her technique. Ever since the method came to be known as the \"Sword of the Lady of Yue\". The Yue were also thought to have possessed mystical knives embued with the talismanic power of dragons or other amphibious creatures.
The *Zhan Guo Ce* mentions the high quality of southern swords and their ability to cleave through oxen, horses, bowls, and basins. However, they would shatter if used on a pillar or rock. Wu and Yue\'s swords were highly valued, and those who owned them would hardly ever use them for fear of damage. However, these swords were commonplace in Wu and Yue and treated with less reverence. The *Yuejue shu* (Record of Precious Swords) mentions several named swords: Zhanlu (Black), Haocao (Bravery), Juque (Great Destroyer), Lutan (Dew Platform), Chunjun (Purity), Shengxie (Victor over Evil), Yuchang (Fish-belly), Longyuan (Dragon Gulf), Taie (Great Riverbank), and Gongbu (Artisanal Display). Many of these were made by the Yue swordsmith Ou Yezi.
Even after Wu and Yue were assimilated into larger Chinese polities, the memory of their swords lived on. During the Han dynasty, Liu Pi King of Wu (195--154 BC) had a sword named Wujian to honour the history of metalworking in his kingdom.
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# Chinese sword
## Qin dynasty (221--206 BC) {#qin_dynasty_221206_bc}
Sword dances are first mentioned shortly after the end of the Qin dynasty. Swords up to 110 cm in length began to appear.
<File:WarringStatesBronzeSword.JPG%7CWarring> States bronze jians <File:Sword> of Goujian, Hubei Provincial Museum, 2015-04-06 01.jpg\|Sword of Goujian <File:Warring> States Iron Sword.jpg\|Warring States iron jian <File:Bronze> jian of the Terracotta Army.jpg\|Qin dynasty jian <File:Bronze> Swords from the qin dynasty (2667710662).jpg\|Qin bronze jians <File:Сиань> 7.jpg\|Qin jian
## Han dynasty (206 BC--220 AD) {#han_dynasty_206_bc220_ad}
The jian was mentioned as one of the \"Five Weapons\" during the Han dynasty, the other four being dao, spear, halberd, and staff. Another version of the Five Weapons lists the bow and crossbow as one weapon, the jian and dao as one weapon, in addition to halberd, shield, and armour.
The jian was a popular personal weapon during the Han era, and a class of swordsmen emerged who made their living through fencing. Sword fencing was also a popular pastime for aristocrats. A 37-chapter manual known as the *Way of the Jian* is known to have existed but is no longer extant. South and central China were said to have produced the best sworders. Han dynasty swords made between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD have been found in Japan; a ring-pommel dao with an inscription \"thirty-fold refined\" and a jian with the inscription \"fifty-fold refined\". A jian in Nara Prefecture was also found with an inscription saying it was produced in the Zhongping era (184--189 AD) and \"hundredfold refined.\"
There existed a weapon called the \"Horse Beheading Jian\" because it was supposedly able to cut off a horse\'s head. However, another source says it was an execution tool used on special occasions rather than a military weapon.
The ring-pommel backsword (環首刀) also became widespread as a weapon of cavalry warfare during the Han era. Being single-edged, the backsword had the advantage of a thickened dull side that strengthen the whole sword, making it less prone to breaking. When paired with a shield, it made for a suitable replacement for the *jian*. Hence it became the more popular choice as time went on. After the Han, sword dances using the dao rather than the jian are mentioned to have occurred. Archaeological samples range from 86 to in length.
An account of Duan Jiong\'s tactical formation in 167 AD specifies that he arranged \"...three ranks of halberds (長鏃 changzu), swordsmen (利刃 liren) and spearmen (長矛 changmao), supported by crossbows (強弩 qiangnu), with light cavalry (輕騎 jingji) on each wing.\"
<File:Western> Han Iron Swords.jpg\|Han jians <File:漢鐵劍.jpg%7CHan> jian and dao <File:Western> Han Iron Sword.jpg\|Western Han jian <File:五十湅钢剑> 人面纹格挡剑(2).jpg\|Han jian with elaborate sword guard <File:Warring> States Dian Bronze Sword (9965317716).jpg\|Dian Kingdom bronze dagger <File:Han> bronze and iron swords.jpg\|Han knives and jians <File:Han> Bronze Dao (Single-edge Sword).jpg\|Han ring-pommel backsword (環首刀) Restored Han iron sword and sword replicas.jpg\|Restored replica of Han ring-pommel backsword (環首刀) and Han jian.
## Three Kingdoms (184/220--280) {#three_kingdoms_184220280}
Swords of idiosyncratic sizes are mentioned. One individual named Chen apparently wielded a great sword over two meters in length.
Sun Quan\'s wife had over a hundred female attendants armed with daos.
By the end of the Three Kingdoms the dao had completely overtaken the jian as the primary close combat weapon. The lighter and less durable double-edged jian entered the domain of court dancers, officials, and expert warriors.
## Northern and Southern dynasties (420--589) {#northern_and_southern_dynasties_420589}
In the 6th century, Qimu Huaiwen introduced to Northern Qi the process of \'co-fusion\' steelmaking, which used metals of different carbon contents to create steel. Apparently, daos made using this method were capable of penetrating 30 armour lamellae. It\'s not clear if the armour was of iron or leather.
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# Chinese sword
## Tang dynasty (618--907) {#tang_dynasty_618907}
The dao was separated into four categories during the Tang dynasty. These were the Ceremonial Dao 儀刀, Defense Dao 障刀, Cross Dao 橫刀, and Divided Dao 陌刀. The Ceremonial Dao was a court item usually decorated with gold and silver. It was also known as the \"Imperial Sword\". The Defense Dao does not have any specifications but its name is self-explanatory.`{{Explain|reason=Name is not in fact self-explanatory.|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The Cross Dao was a waist weapon worn on the belt, hence its older name, the Belt Dao. It was often carried as a sidearm by crossbowmen. The Divided Dao, also called a Long Dao (long saber), was a cross between a polearm and a saber. It consisted of a 91 cm blade fixed to a long 120 cm handle ending in an iron butt point, although exceptionally large weapons reaching 3 m in length and weighing 10.2 kg have been mentioned. Divided daos were wielded by elite Tang vanguard forces and used to spearhead attacks.
## Song dynasty (960--1279) {#song_dynasty_9601279}
Some warriors and bandits duel wielded daos to break deadlocks in confined terrain during the late Song dynasty.
Many of the Song dynasty\'s soldiers wielded 2 handed long swords as their weapon to fight against the incoming nomadic cavalry of the North. According to the *Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian*, written in 1183, the \"Horse Beheading Dao\" (*zhanmadao*) was a two handed long saber with a 93.6 cm blade, 31.2 cm hilt, and ring pommel. The zhanmadao was the main 2 handed long sword used against cavalry, but other long sabers like the podao and modao were also used.
Besides very long swords, the Song dynasty also used short but wide daos as sidearms called Shou Dao(手刀), meaning \"hand saber\". These daos were good for short range melee, being short and easy to move but also thick and having the force to chop through heavy armor.
<File:Song> soldiers from a tomb in Pengshan, Sichuan.png\|Song soldiers carrying daos <File:宋朝雕刻> 08.jpg\|Song stone relief of a swordsman wearing mountain pattern and mail armour <File:Sword> Truncheon, Northern Song, Heirloom (33549743291).jpg\|Truncheon, Song dynasty <File:Liao> and Jin swords.jpg\|Liao and Jin swords <File:大定二十九年战刀.jpg%7CJin> dao sabre <File:Yuan> Iron Sword (19791478201).jpg\|Yuan dao
## Yuan dynasty (1279--1368) {#yuan_dynasty_12791368}
The Yuan dynasty was ruled by Mongols. The Mongolian (Turko-Mongol) saber, also called the Mongolian scimitar, became the standard sword. Because the Mongols and Turks specialized in horse riding, the standard sword was a cavalry-use sword that could be used with ease on horseback or as a sidearm to bows.
## Ming dynasty (1368--1644) {#ming_dynasty_13681644}
The dao continued to fill the role of the basic close combat weapon. The jian fell out of favor again in the Ming era but saw limited use by a small number of arms specialists. It was otherwise known for its qualities as a marker of scholarly refinement.
The \"Horse Beheading Dao\" was described in Ming sources as a 96 cm blade attached to a 128 cm shaft, essentially a glaive. It\'s speculated that the Swede Frederick Coyett was talking about this weapon when he described Zheng Chenggong\'s troops wielding \"with both hands a formidable battle-sword fixed to a stick half the length of a man\".
Qi Jiguang deployed his soldiers in a 12-man \'mandarin duck\' formation, which consisted of four pikemen, two men carrying daos with a great and small shield, two \'wolf brush\' wielders, a rearguard officer, and a porter.
<File:Ming> whip, blade, and truncheon.jpg\|Ming whip, truncheon, and dao <File:Ming> Iron Sword and Whip (19791306721).jpg\|Ming truncheon <File:Ming> Iron Dao.jpg\|Ming dao <File:山文甲.jpg%7CMing> soldiers carrying a dao and jian <File:Ming> jian sword.jpg\|Ming soldier carrying a jian
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# Chinese sword
## Ming-Qing sword types {#ming_qing_sword_types}
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \|Image | Name | Era | Description |
+=========+=================+============================+===================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| | Butterfly sword | | Sometimes called butterfly knives in English. It was originally from southern China, though it has seen use in the north. It is usually wielded in pairs and has a short dao (single-edged blade), with a length approximately that of the forearm. This allows for easy concealment within the sleeves or inside boots and for greater manoeuvrability to spin and rotate in close-quarters fighting. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Changdao | Ming dynasty | A type of anti-cavalry sword used in China during the Ming dynasty. Sometimes called *miao dao* (a similar but more recent weapon), the blade greatly resembles a Japanese ōdachi in form. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Dadao | | Also known as the Chinese great sword. Based on agricultural knives, dadao have broad blades generally between two and three feet long, long hilts meant for \"hand and a half\" or two-handed use, and naturally a weight-forward balance. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Hook sword | | The *hook sword* is an exotic Chinese weapon traditionally associated with Northern styles of Chinese martial arts, but now often practised by Southern styles as well. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Jian | | The *jian* is a double-edged straight sword used in China for the last 2,500 years. The first Chinese sources that mention the *jian* date to the 7th century BC during the Spring and Autumn period; one of the earliest specimens being the Sword of Goujian. Historical one-handed versions have blades varying from 45 to 80 centimeters (17.7 to 31.5 inches) in length. The weight of an average sword of 70-centimeter (28-inch) blade-length would be in a range of approximately 700 to 900 grams (1.5 to 2 pounds). There are also larger two-handed versions used for training by many styles of Chinese martial arts. |
| | | | |
| | | | In Chinese folklore, it is known as the \"Gentleman of Weapons\" and is considered one of the four major weapons, along with the *gun* (staff), *qiang* (spear), and the *dao*. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Liuyedao | | The *liuye dao*, or \"willow leaf saber\", is a type of dao that was commonly used as a military sidearm for both cavalry and infantry during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This weapon features a moderate curve along the length of the blade. This reduces thrusting ability (though it is still fairly effective at same) while increasing the power of cuts and slashes. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Miaodao | Republican era | A Chinese two-handed dao or saber of the Republican era, with a narrow blade of up to 1.2 m or more and a long hilt. The name means \"sprout saber\", presumably referring to a likeness between the weapon and a newly sprouted plant. While the miaodao is a recent weapon, the name has come to be applied to a variety of earlier Chinese long sabers, such as the zhanmadao and changdao. Along with the dadao, miaodao were used by some Chinese troops during the Second Sino-Japanese War. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Nandao | | *Nandao* is a kind of sword that is nowadays used mostly in contemporary wushu exercises and forms. It is the southern variation of the \"northern broadsword\", or Beidao. Its blade bears some resemblance to the butterfly sword, also a southern Chinese single-bladed weapon; the main difference is the size and the fact that the butterfly swords are always used in pairs |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Niuweidao | Late Qing dynasty | A type of Chinese saber (dao) of the late Qing dynasty. It was primarily a civilian weapon, as imperial troops were never issued it. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Piandao | Late Ming dynasty | A type of Chinese sabre (dao) used during the late Ming dynasty. A deeply curved dao meant for slashing and draw-cutting, it bore a strong resemblance to the shamshir and scimitar. A fairly uncommon weapon, it was used by skirmishers in conjunction with a shield. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Wodao | Ming dynasty | A Chinese sword from the Ming dynasty. Apparently influenced by Japanese sword design, it bears a strong resemblance to a tachi or ōdachi in form: extant examples show a handle approximately 25.5 cm long, with a gently curved blade 80 cm long. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Yanmaodao | Late Ming---Qing dynasties | The *yanmao dao*, or \"goose quill saber\", is a type of dao made in large numbers as a standard military weapon from the late Ming dynasty through the end of the Qing dynasty. It is similar to the earlier zhibei dao, is largely straight, with a curve appearing at the center of percussion near the blade\'s tip. This allows for thrusting attacks and overall handling similar to that of the jian, while preserving much of the dao\'s strengths in cutting and slashing. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Zhanmadao | Song dynasty | A single-edged, broad-bladed sword with a long handle suitable for two-handed use. Dating to 1072, it was used as an anti-cavalry weapon. |
+---------+-----------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | This list is incomplete
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# Fernand Demets
**Fernand Charles Gustave Demets** (`{{IPA|fr|dəmɛ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 8 March 1884 -- 29 September 1952) was a Belgian liberal politician, burgomaster, and defense minister. Demets was an industrialist and became a municipal council member (1911--1929) and burgomaster (1919--1927) in Anderlecht, then a Liberal senator (1929--1945) in the district of Brussels. Demets was co-president of the Liberal Party (1940--1945). He was minister of defense in 1944-1945 and afterwards became governor of the province of Brabant (1945--1951)
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