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# Frontenhausen
**Frontenhausen** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany. It is the filming location for the 2013 crime film Dampfnudelblues
| 26 |
Frontenhausen
| 0 |
10,076,257 |
# Gottfrieding
**Gottfrieding** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Gottfrieding
| 0 |
10,076,260 |
# Loiching
**Loiching** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Loiching
| 0 |
10,076,264 |
# Mamming
**Mamming** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Mamming
| 0 |
10,076,268 |
# Marklkofen
**Marklkofen** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Marklkofen
| 0 |
10,076,277 |
# Mengkofen
**Mengkofen** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany. It lies in the Aiterach River valley
| 22 |
Mengkofen
| 0 |
10,076,280 |
# Moosthenning
**Moosthenning** (*Moosdenning*) is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
Moosthenning
| 0 |
10,076,281 |
# Illana May
**Illana May** (born February 1976) is a South African singer-songwriter/guitarist.
She was educated in Messina, (now known as Musina), South Africa at Eric Louw High School.
Averaging over 180 live shows per year, she is the busiest female musician in South Africa. With 7 CDs and a DVD released, her music is popular across Southern Africa.
Whilst performing a wide range of cover songs, she also produces her own original music with a distinct rock feel. She sings in English and Afrikaans, and performs music in the genres of rock, pop, country and western and R&B.
Image:IllanaMay01.JPG\|Live on Stage in Rustenburg, North West Province. Image:IllanaMay03.JPG\|Live on Stage at Graceland Casino, Secunda, Mpumalanga Province Image:IllanaMay04.JPG\|Live on Stage at Bela Bela, Limpopo Province Image:IllanaMay05
| 125 |
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| 0 |
10,076,288 |
# Niederviehbach
**Niederviehbach** is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the Isar River
| 21 |
Niederviehbach
| 0 |
10,076,289 |
# Callum Reidford
**Callum Reidford** (born 26 May 1987, in Glasgow) is a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who last played for Stirling Albion.
## Career
Rediford began his career at Scottish Premier League side Rangers. He joined Scottish First Division side Dundee on loan for the 2006--07 season and went on to make four appearances for the Dens Park club.
Reidford left Ibrox in the May 2008 without making a top team appearance. He soon began to attract the attention of Scottish First Division side Dunfermline Athletic and was linked with a move to East End Park in June 2008. It was reported on the 27th that Dunfermline were about to enter talks with the unattached keeper and that the possibility of a move to Fife was becoming increasingly likely as he joined the Pars on their summer tour of Austria. He signed for Dunfermline in mid-July on a one-year deal, after impressing during his trial. He spent a year with the Pars, but didn\'t make a first team appearance for them, and signed for Clyde in July 2009.
After the 2009/10 season he chose not to renew his contract with Clyde and was signed by Stirling Albion following a successful trial. Reidford started the season as second choice although seized upon illness to claim the number 1 jersey and has since performed solidly. He left the club in May 2012.
Reidford signed for Stenhousemuir during the 2012 summer transfer window. He left the club due to work commitments in March 2013, and eventually rejoined former club Stirling Albion on a short-term deal in September before signing a deal with the club until the end of the season in December
| 280 |
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# Bo Harris
**Clinton Lee Harris Jr.**, known as **Bo Harris** (born January 16, 1953), is an American former professional football linebacker who played eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cincinnati Bengals. Harris played college football at Louisiana State University
| 44 |
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| 0 |
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# Percival Perry, 1st Baron Perry
**Percival Lea Dewhurst Perry, 1st Baron Perry** KBE (18 March 1878 -- 17 June 1956) was an English motor vehicle manufacturer who served as chairman of Ford Motor Company Limited in Britain for 20 years from its incorporation in 1928, completing almost a lifetime\'s work with Henry Ford. He also led the establishment of Slough Estates.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Percival Perry was born in Bristol, the third son of Alfred Thomas Perry and Elizabeth (née Wheeler). He won a scholarship to King Edward VI\'s Grammar School, Birmingham which he attended 1889--1894 then joined a solicitor\'s office but was unable to continue law studies from lack of funds.
## Career
At 17 Perry moved to London to work in the motor industry for H J Lawson. He prepared a technical report on the earliest Ford Model A cars imported to Britain. In 1904, Aubrey Blakiston established Ford\'s first British agency, the Central Motor Company, in Long Acre, London. Perry joined the company as a minority shareholder in 1905, and after Blakiston\'s departure became managing director in 1906. Cash flow was an issue despite loans from Perry\'s father-in-law, since Henry Ford insisted on payment up-front when cars for export were loaded at New York harbour.
Perry travelled to Detroit to seek improved credit terms or investment in the company from Henry Ford. Although the mission was unsuccessful, good personal relationships were established with Henry Ford. Perry came up with the idea of Ford manufacturing cars outside North America to be sold across the British Empire and Europe.
### Ford
By 1908, the Central Motor Company was in trouble, despite bringing in new partners and finance. Perry left the company, and briefly imported and sold REO cars. When Ford decided to pursue direct investment in Britain, he contacted Perry who in 1909 was appointed manager of a Ford branch company for Britain. Perry set up a network of exclusively Ford dealers, raced the company\'s cars and published comic verse promoting cars to the public.
#### Manufacture in Britain {#manufacture_in_britain}
In 1911 as head of the new Ford Motor Company (England) Limited he opened Ford\'s first factory outside North America in Trafford Park, Manchester. This operation, from 1914, included Britain\'s first mechanised chassis assembly system.
#### Unions
Perry broke trade unionism imposing job mobility, time wages and direct managerial control over production. He also followed Henry Ford\'s policy of paying his workers more than usual in their sector.
The 1915 McKenna import duties enforced manufacture in Britain. In 1916 Perry formed Automobiles Ford in Paris to take over Ford operations in France.
### 1914--18 war
Henry Ford\'s pacifist leanings did not make him or his company popular in wartime Britain. Perry, by contrast, devoted his time and effort to making Ford of Britain appear patriotic and loyal. From 1916 to 1919, this experience led to his strong objection to state controls over manufacturing, Perry served without remuneration as:
- deputy controller of food production (Board of Agriculture and Fisheries) 1916
- director agricultural machinery department (Ministry of Munitions) 1917--18
- deputy controller mechanical warfare department (Ministry of Munitions) 1918--19
- director of traction mechanical warfare department (Ministry of Munitions) 1918--19
For this unpaid work he was appointed CBE in 1917 and knighted in 1918.
After the armistice Perry was determined to run all European operations himself.\
Ford had supplied many vehicles to the war effort. Although successful in protecting Ford\'s UK position, Perry\'s active involvement in wartime British government did not play well with Ford\'s head office in Detroit. Their differences could not be reconciled and, in 1919, he was sacked.
Ford\'s British operations were then run by managers sent from Detroit.
### Slough Trading Estate Limited {#slough_trading_estate_limited}
Free from involvement with Ford, Perry was available to lead the consortium which in 1920 purchased the Slough military motor transport depot and converted it into a model manufacturing estate based on Trafford Park, Slough Trading Estate. In 1922 -- 1923, he persuaded André Citroen to begin building cars on the Slough Trading Estate. In 1922 he resigned as chairman and managing director though he retained his directorship and retired to live mostly on Herm in the Channel Islands where he wrote, with his wife *The Island of Enchantment* published in 1926.
### Henry Ford reviews his decision {#henry_ford_reviews_his_decision}
In the meantime, Ford\'s Detroit based management of Ford of Britain had not been successful.
In 1928, Henry Ford asked Perry to become chairman, find directors and float a new British public listed company, Ford Motor Company Limited, 60% owned by Dearborn, taking over Ford operations throughout Europe and the Middle East and developing the new plants at Dagenham---the largest automobile factory outside USA---and Cork in the Irish Free State.
Perry formulated Ford\'s new European strategy. Though frustrated at times by deteriorating economic and political conditions he maintained English control over all European operations superintending factories and assembly plants in Ireland, Denmark, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
In January 1932 Ford Dagenham began production of Ford Model Y the first Ford specifically designed for markets outside North America.
## Other involvements {#other_involvements}
In addition to Slough Trading Perry held directorships with National Provincial Bank, The London Assurance and Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company Limited and was briefly an advisor to the Minister of Food in 1939--40.
During the depression he arranged Fordson Farms at Boreham in Essex, an experiment in co-operative farming.
Many were surprised at his liking for poetry literature and the arts. He enjoyed writing and published *New Songs* in 1925 and *The International Balance of Trade* in 1932 also pamphlets advocating \'\"free enterprise\". He led a body formed in 1943 to promote his beliefs called Aims of Industry and was its first president.
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# Percival Perry, 1st Baron Perry
## Retirement
Henry Ford passed management to his grandson in 1945 and died in 1947. In April 1948 Perry retired, aged 70, and Dearborn purchased the European operations from the British company less than two years later.
## Honours and arms {#honours_and_arms}
In February 1938 Sir Percival Perry was raised to the peerage as **Baron Perry**, of Stock Harvard in the County of Essex. `{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]][[File:Perry Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Or on a bend Sable between two escallops Gules three crosses patonce of the field.
|crest = A pied wagtail Proper.
|supporters = On either side a hippocampus Proper gorged with a collar Or charged with four pearls Proper.
|motto = Look Beyond <ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1956}}</ref>
|badge = A pear slipped and leaved Proper enfiled with a circlet Or charged with four pearls also Proper.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Percival Perry married Catherine, daughter of John Meals, postmaster, of Hull, in 1902. They had no children. From 1923 to 1939, Perry was tenant of Herm. He died in June 1956 at New Providence Island in the Bahamas, aged 78. Lady Perry died six months later. The barony became extinct on his death
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# Pilsting
**Pilsting** (Central Bavarian: *Buisting*) is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 18 |
Pilsting
| 0 |
10,076,303 |
# Wallersdorf
**Wallersdorf** is a market town and municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany
| 18 |
Wallersdorf
| 0 |
10,076,319 |
# Buchdorf
**Buchdorf** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Buchdorf
| 0 |
10,076,325 |
# Daiting
**Daiting** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
## Archaeopteryx - Daiting Specimen {#archaeopteryx___daiting_specimen}
An eighth, fragmentary specimen of Archaeopteryx was discovered in the late 1980s in the somewhat younger sediments at Daiting. It is therefore known as the **Daiting Specimen**, and has been known since 1996 only from a cast, briefly shown at the *Naturkundemuseum* in Bamberg. Long having been missing and therefore dubbed the \'Phantom\', it was purchased by palaeontologist Raimund Albertsdörfer in 2009. It was on display for the first time with six other original fossils of *Archaeopteryx* at the *Munich Mineral Show* in October 2009. A first, quick look by scientists indicate that this specimen might represent a new species of *Archaeopteryx*. It was found in a limestone bed that was a few hundred thousand years younger than the other finds.
The quarry the specimen had been found has since been infilled. The area of the former quarry is in the possession of the municipality of Daiting, which does not have the financial means to carry out research. Daiting had expressions of interest for the area but has not decided as to whether it will sell it into private ownership
| 201 |
Daiting
| 0 |
10,076,330 |
# Deiningen
**Deiningen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Swabia, Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
Deiningen
| 0 |
10,076,333 |
# Ederheim
**Ederheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Ederheim
| 0 |
10,076,338 |
# Forheim
**Forheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Forheim
| 0 |
10,076,342 |
# Fremdingen
**Fremdingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Fremdingen
| 0 |
10,076,347 |
# Fünfstetten
**Fünfstetten** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Fünfstetten
| 0 |
10,076,353 |
# Genderkingen
**Genderkingen** (Swabian: *Genderkinga*) is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. Close to the village the river Lech flows into Danube
| 27 |
Genderkingen
| 0 |
10,076,356 |
# Jane Brigode
**Jane Brigode** (born **Jane Ouwerx**; 30 May 1870 -- 3 May 1952) was a Belgian liberal and politician. From 1940 until 1945 she was co-president of the Liberal Party. In 1921, she and Marthe Boël founded the *Union des femmes libérales de l'arrondissement de Bruxelles* and in 1923 they founded, together with Alice De Keyser-Buysse, the *National Federation of Liberal Women*.
## Honours
- Knight in the Order of Leopold.
- Officer in the Order of Leopold II
| 81 |
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| 0 |
10,076,358 |
# Huisheim
**Huisheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Huisheim
| 0 |
10,076,367 |
# Kaisheim
**Kaisheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. It was the location of Kaisheim Abbey.
## History
Kaisheim was the local High Reeve\'s office and belonged to Kaisheim Abbey, an Imperial Abbey. The Abbey was founded in 1133 by Graf Heinrich III von Lechsgemünd and his wife Liutgard. The abbey was likely given Imperial Abbey status before 1370, however it was not until 1656 that the Imperial immediacy was recognized.
Since the German Mediatisation of 1803, Kaisheim has belonged to Bavaria and from the Bavarian reform edict of 1818 the present day community arose. Kaisheim was given market rights and is sometimes referred to as Markt Kaisheim.
The Latin title given to the town was \"Caesarea\" from \"Kaisersheim\".
<File:Kaisheim> Chor.jpg\| Kaisheim Abbey <File:Kaisheim> Kirche 2.jpg\| Kaisheim Abbey <File:Kaisheim> Kirche 3.jpg\| Kaisheim Abbey <File:Kaisheim> Kirche 4.jpg\| Kaisheim Abbey <File:Kaisheim> Stiftergrab.jpg\|Kaisheim\'s Founder\'s Grave <File:D-DON-Landscape
| 149 |
Kaisheim
| 0 |
10,076,368 |
# Dawley Hamlets
**Dawley Hamlets** is a civil parish in the Telford and Wrekin district, in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England.
The parish covers Horsehay, Doseley, Little Dawley (also traditionally known as Dawley Parva), Lightmoor and Aqueduct.
In 2021 the parish had a population of 8,008. The parish was formed on 1 April 1988.
The name Dawley comes from Old English meaning *woodland clearing associated with a man called Dealla*
| 71 |
Dawley Hamlets
| 0 |
10,076,373 |
# Maihingen
**Maihingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Maihingen
| 0 |
10,076,381 |
# Marxheim
**Marxheim** (Swabian: *Marxa*) is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the river Danube
| 23 |
Marxheim
| 0 |
10,076,386 |
# Megesheim
**Megesheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Megesheim
| 0 |
10,076,388 |
# List of Bose home audio products
Home audio products sold by Bose Corporation are listed below.
## 2.1 channel amplifiers {#channel_amplifiers}
From 1990 until the early 2010s, Bose sold several 2.1 channel audio systems. The systems used two small satellite speakers and a subwoofer. Early versions of the systems used an in-built CD player, followed by a DVD player. Later versions were AV receivers that used external audio sources.
### CD players {#cd_players}
The first 2.1 audio system from Bose was the \"Lifestyle 10\", which was released in 1990. The Lifestyle 10 included a single-disk CD player, an AM/FM radio and \"Zone 2\" RCA outputs which could be configured to output a different source to the primary speakers.
A 6-disk magazine-style CD changer was introduced in 1996. A touchscreen remote was introduced in 1999.
### DVD players {#dvd_players}
The first 2.1 audio system from Bose to include a DVD player was the \"3-2-1\", released in 2001. The \"3-2-1 GS\" model was introduced in 2003, named for its use of Bose \"Gemstones\" small speakers, which have two drivers pointing forward and one pointing to the side.
The 3-2-1 was replaced by the \"321 Series II\" in 2004, which included two small speakers and a subwoofer. The 321 Series II was praised for its performance for movies, but was criticized for its performance with music and for lacking a HDMI connection. The 321 Series II GS had similar outcomes, however it was also criticised for value for money.
An internal hard drive for storing music (in mp3 and wma formats) was introduced in 2005 for the \"321 GSX\" model.
The \"321 Series III\" replaced the Series II in 2008, adding an HDMI output connection. A \"GSXL\" model was introduced with a larger hard drive advertised as having a capacity of 200 hours of music, however the bitrate used is not known.
### AV receivers {#av_receivers}
The first 2.1 AV receiver system from Bose was the \"Freestyle\", which was introduced in 2002 and used S/PDIF and RCA inputs. The system used the same speakers as the 3-2-1.
The Freestyle was replaced by the \"CineMate\" in 2005, which has only RCA connectors and uses the same speakers as the 321 Series II. A fibre optic input was added for the CineMate Series II, which was released in 2009.
The \"Lifestyle 235\" was released in 2010 and added an AM/FM radio, iPod dock and HDMI inputs.
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# List of Bose home audio products
## 5.1 channel amplifiers {#channel_amplifiers_1}
From 1994 until the mid-2010s, Bose sold several 5.1 channel audio systems, which used five small satellite speakers and a subwoofer. Early systems used an in-built CD player, followed by a DVD player and later models were AV receivers, which used external audio sources.
### CD players {#cd_players_1}
The first 5.1 audio system from Bose was the \"Lifestyle 12\", which was released in 1994. The Lifestyle 10 included a single-disk CD player and an AM/FM radio. Beginning in 1996, some models were sold with a 6-disk CD changer. The changer used a magazine, so changing CDs required stopping playback. In 1999, the \"Lifestyle 12 Series II\" models added a coaxial S/PDIF input.
### DVD players {#dvd_players_1}
The first products to include a DVD player were the \"Lifestyle 28\" and \"Lifestyle 35\" models, which were released in 2001.
The Series II versions of these products, released in 2004, used a \"BoseLink\" audio output instead of the previous \"Zone 2\" RCA outputs. The Lifestyle 38 was one of 22 products to be listed in the *Sound and Vision Magazine* 2004 Reviewer\'s Choice Awards. The Lifestyle 48 and Boston Acoustics Avidea 610 won the Home Theatre category in the 2006 AudioVideo International \"Hi-Fi Grand Prix Awards\".
In 2006, the Series II models were replaced by the Series III models, however the amplifier unit itself was unchanged.
The Series IV version of the DVD-based models were introduced in 2007 and saw HDMI inputs and outputs added to some models.
### AV receivers {#av_receivers_1}
The first 5.1 AV receiver from Bose was the 1998 \"Companion\" model, which used RCA, S-Video and Composite connections. The Companion was one of 100 products listed in Popular Science\'s 1996 \"Best of What\'s New\" article.
In 2007, the \"Lifestyle V20\" and \"Lifestyle V30\" products added HDMI and S/PDIF connections.
The \"Lifestyle T10\" and \"Lifestyle T20\" models, released in 2010, added a USB audio input. The \"Lifestyle V25\" and \"Lifestyle V35\", also released in 2010, added an iPod dock and two USB audio inputs.
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# List of Bose home audio products
## Speaker packages {#speaker_packages}
### Mono
#### 2201
The \"2201\" was released in 1966 and was Bose\'s first speaker system. It consisted of 22 five-inch drivers and was designed to be located in the corner of a room, using reflections off the walls and floor to disperse the sound. The system included tone controls and a switch to attenuate frequencies below 50 Hz. The 2201 was a market failure and Bose discontinued it after three or four years.
### Stereo
#### 901 {#section_1}
The 901 Series, released in 1968, was an unconventional design consisting of two floorstanding speakers and an active equaliser. The equaliser, connected between pre-amplifier output and power amplifier input, effectively flattens the speaker frequency response. Each speaker has nine identical 4-inch drivers per channel --- one on the front for direct sound, and eight on the rear designed to produce reflected sound.
<File:Bose> 901 on stand.jpg\|Bose 901 Series II on a black, metal pedestal stand <File:Bose> 901 II Lautsprecher.jpg\|Rear view of speaker with outer fabric removed
The 901 Series was not intended to be used without the included 901 Active Equalizer. The speakers had rubber feet to allow them to stand on flat surfaces; optional metal pedestal stands and ceiling mounts were also available.
It was sold until 2016, when the 901 Series VI was discontinued.
A review of the 901 by *Stereophile* magazine in 1979 concluded:
> If we were to judge the 901 in terms of the best sound available, then, we would say that it produces a more realistic semblance of natural ambience than any other speaker system, but we would characterize it as unexceptional in all other respects. It is ideal for rock enthusiasts to whom sheer sonic impact is of paramount importance, and for classical listeners who want the next best thing to ambient stereo without the cost and the bother of rear-channel add-ons. However, we doubt that the 901 will appeal to perfectionists who have developed a taste for subtleties of detail and timbre.
In the 1990s, Bose manufactured a \"Lifestyle 901\" system that integrated two 901 speakers, the 901 Active Equalizer, and a Lifestyle stereo receiver that integrated an A/M-F/M radio tuner and a CD player, as well as a remote control.
#### 301 {#section_2}
The \"301\" bookshelf speakers were released in 1975. The Bose 301 Series II is a direct/reflecting speaker system. It includes "bass effects" through a 8-inch woofer and surround sound effects through its asymmetrical design. Dual frequency crossover network in the Bose 301 Series II improves sound clarity by optimizing output frequencies. The most recent version, the \"301 Series V\" has been on sale since 2002.
#### 201 {#section_3}
The \"201\" bookshelf speakers were released in 1982. Similar in design to the larger 301 Series, the 201 Series featured smaller drivers (speakers). The most recent version, the \"201 Series V\" has been on sale since 2015.
#### Acoustimass
thumb\|right\|upright=0.8\|Acoustimass 5 Series I The \"Acoustimass 5\" was released in 1987 and consists of a bass module and two \"double cube\" satellite speakers. This was followed by an \"Acoustimass 3\" system in 1989, which consisted of two \"single cube\" satellite speakers and a smaller bass module.
, the Acoustimass 5 currently remains on sale, in the form of the Series V version.`{{Needs update|date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The Acoustimass 3 was discontinued in 2016.
The original Acoustimass bass module featured a wooden ported enclosure round port (which later changed to a new cabinet design with a round port) while the current Acoustimass module features a larger, square port (the Acoustimass 3 and 5 systems still use the older-style Acoustimass module). The cube speakers (called \"Jewel Cubes\") were recently redesigned with a slimmer profile, and are no longer adjustable. New mounting brackets allow the newly designed speakers to mount nearly flush to the wall.
In the past, Bose has manufactured a 6.1-channel Acoustimass system, the Acoustimass 16, which featured five \"double cube\" satellite speakers, a single center-channel speaker, and an Acoustimass bass module.
### Surround sound {#surround_sound}
The company\'s first surround sound speakers were the \"Acoustimass 6\" &\"Acoustimass 10\", both released in 1996. Both products were 5.0 passive systems, with the Acoustimass 6 using \"single cube\" satellite speakers and the Acoustimass 10 using \"double cube\" satellite speakers.
The \"Acoustimass 15\" 5.1 is a true 5.1 system was sold from 1998 until 2006 it includes an amplified sub, and the \"Acoustimass 16\" 6.1 system was sold from 2002 until 2006 also included an additional double cube and is amplified.
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# List of Bose home audio products
## Speaker packages {#speaker_packages}
### Computer speakers {#computer_speakers}
Bose has manufactured speaker systems for computers since 1987. Some models have a powered subwoofer. Bose and Apple Computer partnered and made a snow white edition of the Roommate Powered speakers to accompany the new audio features of the Apple IIGS. In 1997 Apple again partnered with Bose to create an integrated Bose audio solution for the Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, this borrowed 2 neodymium drivers from a Lifestyle 20 and a custom base module / power supply.
#### MediaMate
The computer speakers from Bose was the \"MediaMate\" system, which was released in 1987. The MediaMate included magnetic shielding so that they could be placed near a CRT computer monitor without causing the monitor\'s image to distort. They had dual inputs and two sources (such as a CD player and a computer game) to be played simultaneously, with a dial to adjust the relative level of the two sources. There is no on/off switch for the MediaMate speakers or any tone controls. Production of MediaMate speakers ended in 2005.
In Japan, the MediaMate was sold as the \"MM-1\". The MM-1 included an \"enhance\" function, which basically acted as a tone control. An \"MM-2\" system was also sold in Japan, which included a subwoofer.
#### Wave/PC
#### Companion 2 {#companion_2}
The \"Companion 2\" was released in 2005 as the replacement for the MediaMate. The Companion 2 speakers had two input ports, however (unlike its MediaMate predecessor) there was no control to adjust the level of each source. Virtual surround sound emulation (\"TrueSpace Stereo Everywhere\") was included.
The \"Companion 2 Series II\" were introduced in 2006. The appearance changed from round speaker grilles to rectangular speaker grilles.
Compared with the similarly priced M-Audio Studiophile AV20, the Companion 2 speakers were found to have inferior sound quality but the benefit of being able to play two sources simultaneously.
#### Companion 3 {#companion_3}
The \"Companion 3\" system was released in 2003 and consisted of two satellite speakers and a subwoofer. Control is via a wired remote. Dual inputs allow two sources to be played simultaneously, however it is not possible to adjust the relative level of each source.
The \"Companion 3 Series II\" was introduced in 2006. Changes included smaller satellite speakers with similar appearance to the Companion 5 system and the speaker grille on the subwoofer changing from circular to square shaped. Sales of the Companion 3 Series II ceased in 2016.
#### Companion 5 {#companion_5}
The \"Companion 5\" system was first listed on Amazon in 2004. It was a 2.1 system consisting of two satellite speakers, a subwoofer, a wired control unit and an inbuilt sound card, which connected to the computer via USB. The subwoofer was very similar to that used in the Companion 3 Series II system, however the Companion 5 used larger satellite speakers.
In Europe and Asia-Pacific, a \"Companion 50\" version of the system was also produced.
#### Companion 20 {#companion_20}
The \"Companion 20\" system was released in 2011 and consists of two satellite speakers and a wired control unit (called \"control pod\" by Bose). It was discontinued in 2021.
#### Computer MusicMonitor {#computer_musicmonitor}
The \"Computer MusicMonitor\" system was sold from 2007 and consisted of two satellite speakers and a remote control. The Computer MusicMonitor system was judged to have a convenient small size, but sub-standard audio quality for the price. Sales of the Computer MusicMonitor ended in 2017.
In Japan, a similar model called the \"Micro Music Monitor (M3)\" was released in 2006. The M3 was able to operate on battery power (unlike the Computer MusicMonitor).
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# List of Bose home audio products
## Speaker packages {#speaker_packages}
### Environmental Series {#environmental_series}
First introduced in 1994, the 111 Series Environmental speaker was an indoor/outdoor version of the Model 101 Music Monitor, which was introduced in the late 1980s. The 111 was replaced by the 151, which featured a similar design, but a revised metal speaker grille.
In 2004, the 151 was replaced by the 151 SE, which now featured \"Direct/Reflecting\" speaker technology for wider coverage, as well as the versatility of vertical or horizontal mounting using the included flushmount brackets.
Also introduced in 2004, the 251 Series Environmental Speaker was a larger version of the 151 Series.
The 131 Marine Speaker was a flushmount speaker that was meant to be installed on a boat, and could be connected to the boat\'s receiver.
The Freespace 51 is an \"in-ground\" landscape speaker that features omnidirectional, 360-degree sound projection, as well as a bass port. The speakers are designed to blend in with outdoor landscaping, and the wiring features \"Posi-Tap\" connectors, so that speaker wiring can be hidden underground.
### \"Virtually Invisible\" Series {#virtually_invisible_series}
In the early 2000s, Bose introduced the 191 Virtually Invisible in-ceiling/in-wall loudspeakers. These speakers included both round and rectangular speaker grilles that could be installed according to the homeowner\'s preferences.
The 191 has since been replaced by the \"x91 Series\" Virtually Invisible in-ceiling/in-wall loudspeakers (which include the 591, 691, 791, and 891 loudspeakers). Unlike the 191, which included two different styles of speaker grilles, the x91 Series included different models made specifically for in-wall or in-ceiling installation.
The speaker grilles can easily be painted to match the homeowner\'s decor, and the 191 Series could also included in a line of \"installed\" surround-sound systems in new home construction.
## Music Systems {#music_systems}
Bose Wave Music has been a long running range of home audio systems. The 3rd generation was released in 2012
| 315 |
List of Bose home audio products
| 4 |
10,076,390 |
# Mertingen
**Mertingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
The important Roman road, the Via Claudia Augusta was built in this area near the location of \"Burghoefe\" during the 1st century AD, linking Italy with the Danube river. It had its northern end around Mertingen, it then branched into a Roman military road following the Danube river from its origin in the West to Regensburg in the East.
The Zott dairy company has its headquarters and factory in the town
| 86 |
Mertingen
| 0 |
10,076,400 |
# Mönchsdeggingen
**Mönchsdeggingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Mönchsdeggingen
| 0 |
10,076,406 |
# Möttingen
**Möttingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Möttingen
| 0 |
10,076,407 |
# Gone Ain't Gone
***Gone Ain\'t Gone*** is Tim Fite\'s second album, his first for the ANTI- label. Many of the sounds on this record are sampled from CDs \"rescued\" from the dollar bins in used record stores. A music video for \"Away from the Snakes\" was released in September 2006.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"I Hope Yer There\" (3:26)
2. \"Toasted Rye\" (1:04)
3. \"No Good Here\" (3:34)
4. \"Eating at the Grocery Store with William\" (1:49)
5. \"Forty-Five Remedies\" (3:33)
6. \"I\'ve Kept Singing (feat. Paul Robeson)\" (1:25)
7. \"Not a Hit Song\" (3:51)
8. \"Took a Wife\" (2:23)
9. \"Shook\" (3:42)
10. \"If I Had a Cop Show\" (0:46)
11. \"Flowers-Bloom\" (1:43)
12. \"A Little Bit\" (3:11)
13. \"Disgrace\" (0:39)
14. \"Mascara Lies\" (2:37)
15. \"Time Comes Around\" (0:55)
16. \"Away from the Snakes\" (3:52)
17. \"The More You Do\" (10:02)
18
| 146 |
Gone Ain't Gone
| 0 |
10,076,414 |
# Munningen
**Munningen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Munningen
| 0 |
10,076,419 |
# 2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's combined
**Men\'s combined World Cup 2004/2005**
## Calendar
Round Race No Discipline Place Country Date Winner Second Third
------- --------- ------------ -------- --------- ------------------ ---------------- ------------ ---------------
1 20 Combined Wengen January 14, 2005 Benjamin Raich Lasse Kjus Didier Défago
For the first time the combined was held as a separate event.
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s combined World Cup 2004/05 only one competition was held.
Place Name Country Total Points 20`{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki}
------- --------------------- --------- -------------- ----------------------------------
1 Benjamin Raich 100 100
2 Lasse Kjus 80 80
3 Didier Défago 60 60
4 Daniel Albrecht 50 50
5 Kjetil André Aamodt 45 45
6 Pierrick Bourgeat 40 40
7 Christoph Gruber 36 36
8 Peter Fill 32 32
9 Markus Larsson 29 29
Hermann Maier 29 29
11 Andrej Jerman 24 24
12 John Kucera 22 22
13 Stefan Thanei 20 20
14 Ambrosi Hoffmann 18 18
15 Mario Scheiber 16 16
16 Scott Macartney 15 15
17 Patrik Järbyn 14 14
18 Alex Antor 13 13
19 Erik Guay 12 12
20 Marco Büchel 11 11
21 Paul Accola 10 10
No more finishers in time
| 197 |
2005 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's combined
| 0 |
10,076,424 |
# Münster, Bavaria
**Münster** (`{{IPA|de|ˈmʏnstɐ|-|De-Münster2.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; Central Bavarian: *Minschda am Leech*) is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
## Geography
Münster is located between Rain and Thierhaupten. The village is separated in a lower and a higher part, because it\'s built on the Lechrain.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
On the coat of arms of Münster in the lower part a swung line, representing the river Lech, is drawn on red and silver ground. The key and sword stand for the two patron saints of the local parish St. Peter and Paul
| 96 |
Münster, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,076,449 |
# Madeleine Grey
`{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
**Madeleine Grey** (11 June 1896 -- 13 March 1979) was a French classical singer whose voice is usually described as soprano but which also encompassed a mezzo-soprano repertoire.
## Early life {#early_life}
**Madeleine Grey** (née **Madeleine Nathalie Grumberg**) was born in Villaines-la-Juhel, Mayenne, in France in 1896 into a Jewish background. Her musical studies took her to the Paris Conservatoire to study both the piano, with Alfred Cortot, and singing, with Amédée-Louis Hettich (nl). Her exceptional promise as a singer was soon recognised, and she gave her début concert with the Pasdeloup Orchestra in Paris in 1919.
## Career
This first concert was attended by Gabriel Fauré and Maurice Ravel, both of whom went on to work closely with her in performances of their works. Fauré accompanied her in the first performance of his song cycle *Mirages* in December 1919. For Ravel she gave the first performances of the orchestral version of his *Deux mélodies hébraïques* in 1920, and the *Chansons madécasses* in 1926. Her other associations with Ravel included a concert tour with him in Spain in 1928, participation in the Ciboure festival for the composer in 1930, and singing at a memorial concert after his death. Joseph Canteloube dedicated to her a set of his *Chants d\'Auvergne*, and she gave the first performance of them in 1926, achieving considerable popular success. Her repertoire also included works by Ottorino Respighi, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Darius Milhaud and Arthur Honegger.
Madeleine Grey travelled widely, especially in Italy and the United States, appearing at many festivals. She sometimes experienced the rising influence of anti-semitism, as in 1933 when her engagement at a concert in Florence was abruptly cancelled and she was replaced by another singer. When the war with Germany broke out in 1939 she was abroad, and did not return to France until 1947. She lived in Paris again from 1952, and died there in 1979.
## Reputation
Ravel provided an early account of Madeleine Grey\'s voice in a letter recommending her to the conductor Ernest Ansermet: \"She is one of the most remarkable interpreters: an attractive voice, fairly powerful, and very clear. And, very notably, perfect diction. Thanks to her, people have heard *Shéhérazade* as something other than a symphonic poem.\" This view has been endorsed by a modern critic on the basis of her recordings: \"Her voice is strong and clear, her diction excellent, her interpretations were individual and intelligent.\"
## Recordings
Madeleine Grey\'s legacy of recordings is small but significant. In 1930, she made the first recording of a selection of the *Chants d\'Auvergne* by Canteloube (chosen from series I-III and filling 7 sides of 78 rpm records, 1 one of which was not issued). In 1932, she also made recordings of Ravel\'s *Chansons madécasses*, the *Deux mélodies hébraïques* and the *Chanson hébraïque* (6 sides of 78 rpm) which were supervised by the composer and which therefore give a unique insight into his expectations of performance. All of these recordings have been re-issued on CD (Pearl GEMM 0013).
## Publications
Grey, Madeleine. \"Souvenirs d\'une interprète\", in *Revue musicale*, n.185--187 (1938), (`{{p.|367}}`{=mediawiki})
| 519 |
Madeleine Grey
| 0 |
10,076,450 |
# Niederschönenfeld
**Niederschönenfeld** (Swabian: *Schänefeld*) is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the river Danube.
## Mayors
- 1978--1996: Johann Höringer
- 1996--2002: Manfred Rümmer
- 2002--2020: Peter Mahl
- since 2020: Stefan Roßkopf
## Penal institution Niederschönfeld {#penal_institution_niederschönfeld}
The prison exists since 1862. It is the biggest employer in Niederschönenfeld. There is room for 261 prisoners
| 65 |
Niederschönenfeld
| 0 |
10,076,453 |
# Oberndorf am Lech
**Oberndorf** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The river Lech flows through the village.
## Mayors
The mayor is Hubert Eberle, he was elected in 2002
| 36 |
Oberndorf am Lech
| 0 |
10,076,456 |
# Otting
**Otting** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
The village is located between Augsburg and Nuremberg, about 5 km east of Wemding and about 6 km west of Monheim
| 36 |
Otting
| 0 |
10,076,465 |
# Reimlingen
**Reimlingen** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Reimlingen
| 0 |
10,076,473 |
# Rögling
**Rögling** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Rögling
| 0 |
10,076,480 |
# Tagmersheim
**Tagmersheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Tagmersheim
| 0 |
10,076,484 |
# Romanian frigate Mărășești
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{{Infobox ship image
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``
| 20 |
Romanian frigate Mărășești
| 0 |
10,076,486 |
# Tapfheim
**Tapfheim** (Swabian: *Dapfa*) is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the river Danube
| 23 |
Tapfheim
| 0 |
10,076,490 |
# Wechingen
**Wechingen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvɛçɪŋən}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 16 |
Wechingen
| 0 |
10,076,497 |
# Wolferstadt
**Wolferstadt** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Wolferstadt
| 0 |
10,076,558 |
# What a Great Night
\"**What a Great Night**\" is a song by Australian group, Hilltop Hoods. It was released in 2006 as the third single from their fourth studio album, *The Hard Road*.
The song was given a positive [review](http://thedwarf.com.au/album_review/3518/what-a-great-night) by The Dwarf.
## Music video {#music_video}
The video for the song includes footage of the group performing live and together in a nightclub setting. As an editing technique, the camera pans vertically to reveal a new set or location.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
On the re-release of *The Hard Road* entitled *The Hard Road: Restrung*, there is a verse by Pressure replacing Suffa\'s second verse
| 107 |
What a Great Night
| 0 |
10,076,569 |
# The Tony Hancock Show
***The Tony Hancock Show*** is a black-and-white British sketch show starring Tony Hancock and was broadcast on ITV by the franchise contractor Associated-Rediffusion for two series in 1956 and 1957, either side of the first television series of *Hancock\'s Half Hour*. It was written by Eric Sykes, Larry Stephens, John Jose and (for the few last episodes) Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. All the episodes were broadcast live.
## Cast
- Tony Hancock
- June Whitfield
- John Vere
- Clive Dunn
- Dick Emery
- Sam Kydd
- Hattie Jacques
- Eric Sykes
- Sid James
## Episodes
### Series One (1956) {#series_one_1956}
1. Episode One (27 April 1956)
2. Episode Two (4 May 1956)
3. Episode Three (11 May 1956)
4. Episode Four (18 May 1956)
5. Episode Five (25 May 1956)
6. Episode Six (1 June 1956)
### Series Two (1956--57) {#series_two_195657}
1. \"Hancock - The Man of the Moment\" (16 November 1956)
2. \"Honneur Et Fidelité\" (30 November 1956)
3. \"The Further Adventures of Hancock\" (14 December 1956)
4. \"Weather or Not\" (28 December 1956)
5. \"Napoleon and Josephine\" (11 January 1957)
6. \"The Odd Job Man\" (25 January 1957)
## Missing episodes {#missing_episodes}
No episodes of the second series are thought to have survived
| 214 |
The Tony Hancock Show
| 0 |
10,076,581 |
# WOW Hits 2001
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{{album chart|Billboard200|36|artist=Various artists|rowheader=true|access-date=October 3, 2021}}
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``
| 22 |
WOW Hits 2001
| 0 |
10,076,583 |
# Qinhuangdao–Shenyang passenger railway
**Qinhuangdao--Shenyang passenger railway** or **Qinshen railway** (`{{zh|s=秦沈客运专线|t=秦瀋客運專線|p=Qínshěn Kèyùn Zhuānxiàn}}`{=mediawiki}) is a passenger-dedicated high-speed railway between Qinhuangdao, Hebei province and Shenyang, Liaoning province of China, spanning a distance of 404 km. Construction started on August 16, 1999. Formally opened on October 12, 2003, it is the first newly built high-speed railway in China, costing CN¥15.7 billion (US\$1.9 billion). It is an electrified dual-track railway designed for a top speed of 200 km/h. By 2007 its top speed was increased to 250 km/h. In 2002, high-speed train China Star achieved a top speed of 321 km/h on Qinshen railway, setting a record for Chinese train speed. `{{fact span|text=Currently, most of the passenger trains between [[Qinhuangdao]] to [[Shenyang]] are diverted to this railway from [[Jingha Railway|Shenshan railway]]
| 128 |
Qinhuangdao–Shenyang passenger railway
| 0 |
10,076,592 |
# Bobby Joe Green
**Bobby Joe Green** (May 7, 1936 -- May 28, 1993) was an American professional football player who was a punter for 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chicago Bears. He played college football for the Florida Gators.
## Early life {#early_life}
Green was born in Vernon, Texas, in 1936. He attended College High School in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and he played high school football for the College High Wildcats.
## College career {#college_career}
Green accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he was a punter and halfback for coach Bob Woodruff\'s Gators teams from 1958 and 1959. As a senior in 1959, he kicked fifty-four punts for an average distance of 44.9 yards---still the Gators\' single-season record. Woodruff ranked him and Don Chandler as the Gators\' best kickers of the 1950s. His 82-yard punt against the Georgia Bulldogs in 1958 remains the longest punt by a Gator in the modern era. Green was also a sprinter and high jumper on the Florida Gators track and field team. He was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a \"Gator Great.\"
Green also appeared on Oklahoma\'s 1956 National Championship roster.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Green was selected in the ninth round (102nd pick overall) of the 1959 NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers, and played fourteen seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chicago Bears. He played for the Steelers in `{{NFL Year|1960}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{NFL Year|1961}}`{=mediawiki}, and then was traded to the Bears, for whom he played from `{{NFL Year|1962}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{NFL Year|1973}}`{=mediawiki}. Green was a member of the Bears\' 1963 NFL Championship team, and was selected to the Pro Bowl after the `{{NFL Year|1970}}`{=mediawiki} season. Green was one of the last NFL players to play without a face mask and can be seen doing so in the late 1960s.
During his fourteen-season NFL career, Green appeared in 187 games, kicking 970 punts for 41,317 yards (an average of 42.6 yards per kick). He also completed six of ten passing attempts for 103 yards.
## Life after the NFL {#life_after_the_nfl}
Green returned to Gainesville, Florida after his professional football career ended, and started a specialty advertising business. Green also served as a volunteer kicking coach for the Florida Gators under head football coaches Charley Pell and Galen Hall from 1979 to 1989. In May 2019 Green was rated #97 on the Chicago Bears top 100 list.
Green died as a result of a heart attack in his Gainesville home on the morning of May 28, 1993; he was 57 years old. He was survived by his wife Martha Jane and their son and daughter
| 456 |
Bobby Joe Green
| 0 |
10,076,622 |
# Norman Hulbert
Wing Commander **Sir Norman John Hulbert**, DL (5 June 1903 -- 1 June 1972) was a British company director, Royal Air Force officer and politician who served as a member of parliament for the Conservative Party for nearly thirty years. Early in his career, he was an advocate of closer relations with Nazi Germany but he served in action during the Second World War. At the end of his career, he attracted unwelcome publicity by attacking the pioneering BBC satirical television programme *That Was The Week That Was*.
## Education
Hulbert was educated at Cranbrook School and Tonbridge School in Kent, both Independent schools. In 1918, Hulbert left school when the First World War was still going and enlisted in Royal Navy Transport.
## Business career {#business_career}
He became a director of public companies including in the field of aviation. In January 1927, he was appointed honorary Secretary of the Institute of Aeronautical Engineers. He was also a member of the Royal Aero Club and represented the Club at the memorial service for Sir Henry Segrave. Hulbert was also involved in the film world, and was chairman and managing director of Capital News Theatres until it was taken over in January 1938.
## Municipal affairs {#municipal_affairs}
At the 1934 election to the London County Council, Hulbert was one of the two Municipal Reform candidates in Islington East. The Municipal Reform party was effectively the vehicle through which the Conservative Party fought local elections in London. Hulbert succeeded in winning his seat; the Islington East division was the only one where the Municipal Reformers made a gain at the election.
## Parliamentary nomination {#parliamentary_nomination}
Hulbert\'s position on the LCC helped him in March 1935, when he was adopted as one of the Conservative Party candidates for the two-member Stockport constituency. He and his fellow candidate Sir Arnold Gridley safely held the seat at the 1935 general election. Shortly after his election, on 11 December 1935 Hulbert married Helen Margaret Tyler at St Clement Danes Church.
In 1936, Hulbert promoted the work of the London Police Court Mission, which attempted to place offenders in useful work as an alternative to prison. Hulbert was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship and served on that organisation\'s Council in 1936--7; he was a guest in Germany at the Nuremberg Rally on 12 September 1938. The next month, Hulbert divorced his first wife and within a week married Dr (Eileen) Pearl Gretton-Watson, who was like him active in politics; she also later served on the London County Council.
Pearl and Norman had two daughters Virginia (1941) and Alexandra(1946)
## Second World War {#second_world_war}
Hulbert remained involved in the Anglo-German Fellowship after the Munich Agreement, when it transformed into a private company; he was one of the directors. However, at the outbreak of the Second World War, Hulbert enlisted in the Royal Air Force, serving in combat and achieving the rank of Wing Commander. In 1943, he left to be British Liaison officer with the Free Polish forces. He was also Parliamentary Private Secretary to Oliver Lyttelton, who served as Minister of Production and later as President of the Board of Trade, from 1944. At the end of the war he was awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta.
## Post-war politics {#post_war_politics}
Hulbert remained involved in business and was Chairman of British Steel Constructions (Birmingham) Ltd in 1945; he left the board in 1949. At the 1945 general election Hulbert retained his seat by only 1,365 votes. He served on the Estimates Committee during the 1945--50 Parliament. He was loyal to the Conservative Party in Parliament, never voting against the whip; and in 1947 attacked proposals for a tax on advertising as \"a hindrance rather than an aid to the recovery of this country\'s prosperity\".
| 631 |
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| 0 |
10,076,622 |
# Norman Hulbert
## Stockport North {#stockport_north}
In boundary changes which took effect at the 1950 general election, Stockport was divided into two single-member constituencies. Hulbert was chosen for Stockport North, which was slightly better territory for the Conservatives than the South division. He retained the seat and in the new Parliament was designated as a Temporary Chairman of the House and as a Chairman of Standing Committees. From 1952, Hulbert was a Deputy Lieutenant of Middlesex, and he was also appointed as Honorary Colonel of no. 461 HAA Regiment of the Royal Artillery (Territorial Army) in the same year. He received a Knighthood in 1955.
## Business difficulty {#business_difficulty}
One of Hulbert\'s business posts was taken from him in September 1956. He had for a long time been a director of the R.F.D. Company, aeronautical engineers and fabric screen printers, and had been chairman since the 1940s. However, in the company\'s annual meeting in June 1956, he unsuccessfully proposed to appoint three additional directors. When the proposal was ruled out of order, Hulbert was asked to resign and agreed to do so in September. However, in the summer of 1956, Hulbert sent a letter to the company\'s shareholders asking for support to requisition an Extraordinary General Meeting to elect the new directors, which the board took as an indication that no resignation would be forthcoming and they therefore dismissed him as a director.
After the 1959 general election, Hulbert was elected Chairman of the House of Commons Motor Club. He led a Parliamentary delegation to Norway in March 1960. He was Chairman of the Standing Committee to which Margaret Thatcher\'s Private Members Bill, the Public Bodies (Admission of the Press) Bill, was committed. In June 1960, Lady Hulbert was granted a divorce from him on account of his adultery, and he married Mrs Betty Bullock in March 1962.
## *That Was The Week That Was* {#that_was_the_week_that_was}
Hulbert was incensed when, on 19 January 1963, the BBC television programme *That Was The Week That Was* broadcast an item identifying the 13 members of parliament who had not spoken in the Chamber since the general election. He raised the issue as a question of Parliamentary privilege, saying that it was a claim that the Members concerned had not been attentive to their Parliamentary duties, and was inaccurate. Many other MPs considered the complaint itself risible and laughed while he was making it. The Speaker gave the complaint the traditional overnight consideration but ruled that it did not *prima facie* amount to an affront to the House.
## Defeat
Later in 1963, Hulbert became an advocate of televising the House of Commons, urging a trial period of closed-circuit transmission so that the practicability could be investigated. Despite attracting some attention by campaigning in a red Mini decorated with blue ribbons, Hulbert lost his seat at the 1964 general election; his criticism of *That Was The Week That Was* probably damaged him. He swiftly decided not to seek to return to the House of Commons.
## Later life {#later_life}
He continued in business where he had been Chairman of Associated Motor Cycles for several years. In March 1966, he filed for divorce from his third wife. In the meantime, Associated Motor Cycles suffered economic difficulties and called in the receiver in August 1966. Hulbert married his fourth wife, Eliette von Tschirschky and Boegendorff CVO, on 27 September 1966
| 565 |
Norman Hulbert
| 1 |
10,076,624 |
# Auto Stacker
The **Auto Stacker**, also known as **Autostacker**, was an ambitious but ill-fated automated parking system in Woolwich, South East London in the early 1960s. The project was initiated by Woolwich Borough Council but failed to work and was demolished in 1965--66.
The Auto Stacker was an automated system for parking cars, and effectively an automated multi-storey car park, using a combination of conveyor belts, lifts and dollies to move vehicles from ground level to one of 256 car park spaces. It was situated above a car showroom, workshop and petrol station on Beresford Street, on the site of the former Empire Theatre. Being situated along the A206 road, close to Woolwich market (Beresford Square) and the town\'s main shopping street (Powis Street), it was thought that the Auto Stacker, along with the introduction of parking meters, would solve the town\'s parking problems.
The eight-storey Auto Stacker was designed by T. and P. Braddock and built by Mitchell Engineering Company, in collaboration with Shell-Mex & BP. It was built in 1960--61 at a cost of £100,000. It was constructed more or less simultaneously with the comparable Zidpark at Southwark Bridge, a private enterprise. The Woolwich Auto Stacker was officially opened by Princess Margaret on 11 May 1961. At the opening ceremony, the demonstration vehicle got stuck and had to be manhandled in. The mechanism failed to work that evening for Fyfe Robertson\'s *Tonight* television show, and the Auto Stacker never functioned properly; it was abandoned within months in 1961 and a few years later demolished at a cost of £60,000
| 262 |
Auto Stacker
| 0 |
10,076,671 |
# António Augusto dos Santos
**António Augusto dos Santos** (January 22, 1929 - October 13, 2004) was a Portuguese General and commander of the Portuguese forces in Mozambique from 1964 until he was relieved of command at the end of 1969. On the outbreak of the Mozambican War of Independence in 1964, Augusto dos Santos commanded the Portuguese forces in that Portuguese territory and favored the use of African units trained by Portuguese regulars who fought alongside the Portuguese Army regulars.
General Dos Santos believed in a hearts and minds campaign that resulted in the construction of schools and other infrastructure and the training of African Units to build partner capacity (a technique that is used today by the U.S. Military in Africa). He was relieved by General Kaúlza de Arriaga who took over in 1970 and demonstrated poorer success for the Portuguese in the counterinsurgency operations (Gordian Knot Operation) in that the scorched earth policy he pursued turned the people against him. For his efforts in Mozambique, Gen dos Santos was awarded the Military Order of the Tower and Sword. A year later, Augusto dos Santos began serving as the Portuguese Army Chief of Staff (Chefes do Estado-Maior do Exército), a post he held until 1972. He was retired at the time of the military coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974, which overthrew the Portuguese government headed by Marcelo Caetano and would put to an end the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974) shortly thereafter. He refused to participate in the revolution even though he was asked to participate in the revolutionary government. He withdrew from public life and remained a private citizen until his death
| 276 |
António Augusto dos Santos
| 0 |
10,076,680 |
# Roger Motz
**Roger Jean Henri Motz** (8 July 1904 -- 27 March 1964) was a Belgian liberal politician. Motz was a mine-engineer and governor of companies. He was municipality council member and a member of parliament for Brussels and as from 1946 senator.
After World War II he was from 1945 up to 1953 President of the Liberal Party and once again of 1958 up to 1961 in run-up to the transformation of the liberal party to the PVV. From 1952 up to 1958 he was President of the Liberal International. He was also President of the Belgian League for European Cooperation
| 103 |
Roger Motz
| 0 |
10,076,686 |
# William Lees
**William Lees** (November 21, 1821 -- February 3, 1903) was an Ontario farmer, merchant and political figure. He represented Lanark South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as an independent Conservative and then a Conservative from 1879 to 1890.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lees was born in Bathurst Township, Lanark County, Upper Canada in 1821, the son of Scottish immigrants. Father, William Lees, and mother, Barbara Lees née Tait, had emigrated from Scotland in 1817. They settled as pioneer farmers in the Township of Bathurst in the county of Lanark, Ontario.
## Career
Lees began work as a farmer, later building a sawmill and a gristmill. He was named a justice of the peace in 1852. Lees served on the township and county councils from 1856 and served as reeve and county warden from 1874-1876. Lees also served as captain in the local militia. He was a Third Degree member of the local Masonic lodge.
As a politician Lees was a liberal conservative, quite liberal in his views and feelings, who paid close attention to his legislative duties. He did not believe there could be good legislation where extensive partyism exists.
For several years he was President of the Conservative Association; and took an active part in agricultural matters, and was for two years president of the agricultural society of his riding.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lees married Mary Playfair, the daughter of Colonel Andrew W. Playfair in 1844 and they had four children. After she died he then married Margaret Ward in 1857 who bore him two children. When his second wife died, Lees married school teacher Annie Irvine Laurie in 1868. They had five children before she also passed away. Lees fourth and final wife was Staffordshire-born Elizabeth Harriet Curtis née Smith, whom he married in 1886.
His eldest daughter, Sophia Elizabeth, married Peter McLaren, who later served in the Senate. His eldest son, William Robert, was one of the founders of Pincher Creek, Alberta. His youngest son, Frederick William, served as a lieutenant colonel during World War II. In total Lees had eleven children, four daughters and seven sons, by his first three wives.
## Death
Lees died on 3 February 1903 in Bathurst, at the age of 81 years. His fourth wife, Elizabeth Harriet, outlived him by eight years, passing away in 1911
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# Connor Robertson
**James Connor Robertson** (born September 10, 1981) is an American former right-handed Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He was drafted out of Birmingham Southern College in the 31st round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft by the Oakland Athletics.
## Career
Robertson was drafted in the 31st round of the 2004 MLB Draft by the Oakland Athletics out of Birmingham--Southern College. He spent four years working his way up the Oakland minor league system before making his major league debut on May 17 in which he pitched an inning and two thirds in an Oakland 4--7 loss to the Royals; Robertson made two more appearances in the 2007 season and was optioned back to AAA where he pitched as the closer before breaking his thumb and missing the rest of the 2007 season. On December 14, 2007, Robertson was traded with starting pitcher Dan Haren to the Arizona Diamondbacks for left-handed pitchers Brett Anderson, Dana Eveland and Greg Smith, infielder Chris Carter and outfielders Aaron Cunningham and Carlos Gonzalez.
In the 2008 season Robertson would make six appearances for the Diamondbacks before being traded in the off season to the New York Mets for Scott Schoeneweis. he would spend the entire 2009 season in the minor leagues and the Mets released him at the conclusion of the 2009 season. Robertson pitched for the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs in the 2010 season in their rotation and in the bullpen; he has not pitched professionally since the conclusion of the Blue Crabs 2010 season.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His brother David is a relief pitcher for the Texas Rangers.
## Pitch repertoire {#pitch_repertoire}
Robertson throws a hard, sinking fastball that has been clocked as high as 91 mph. He also has a sweeping slider and a changeup
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# Jersey Giant
The **Jersey Giant** is an American breed of domestic chicken. It was created in Burlington County, New Jersey, in the late nineteenth century.`{{r|albc}}`{=mediawiki} It is among the heaviest of all chicken breeds.
## History
The Jersey Giant was created by John and Thomas Black, with the intent of replacing the turkey, the kind of poultry used primarily for meat at the time. It was produced by crossing black Javas, black Langshans, and dark Brahmas, and was added to the Standard of Perfection of the American Poultry Association in 1922. The white variety was added in 1947, and the blue in 2002.`{{r|apa}}`{=mediawiki} The black is, on average, a pound heavier than the white. Though its present size is considerable, it was heavier in the past. For a time, these birds were raised as capons and as broilers by the meat industry until faster-growing modern industrial strains put an end to this use.
## Characteristics
A large amount of food and time is required for the Jersey Giant to reach its full size. It is a calm and docile breed; the cocks are rarely aggressive. The hens lay very large brown eggs, and are fair layers overall, known particularly as good winter layers. The birds are robust and fairly cold-hardy. The breed\'s plumage comes in blue as well as black and white; legs are willow in hue. Jersey Giant hens will go broody
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# 1937 Ryder Cup
The **6th Ryder Cup Matches** were held 29--30 June 1937 at the Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club in Southport, England. The United States team won the competition by a score of 8 to 4 points. It was the first time that the host team lost the competition and the second of seven consecutive wins for the U.S. side. The course had hosted the event four years earlier in 1933, Britain\'s last win until 1957.
Due to World War II, this was the final Ryder Cup for a full decade; the series resumed in 1947 in the U.S. at Portland, Oregon.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, `{{frac|6|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
From the start of 1937, Henry Cotton became professional to the Ashridge Golf Club and hence became eligible for selection for the British team. He had missed the 1931 edition because of a dispute and was not eligible in 1933 and 1935 because he was employed in Belgium. In April 1937, it was announced that, as in 1935, a selection committee of six would choose the Great Britain team for the 1937 Ryder Cup. In July, the team of ten was selected (as below). Charles Whitcombe was again chosen as the captain.
------------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Charles Whitcombe -- captain
Percy Alliss
Dick Burton
Henry Cotton
Bill Cox
Sam King
Arthur Lacey
Alf Padgham
Alf Perry
Dai Rees
------------------------------
----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Walter Hagen
Ed Dudley
Ralph Guldahl
Tony Manero
Byron Nelson
Henry Picard
Johnny Revolta
Gene Sarazen
Denny Shute
Horton Smith
Sam Snead
----------------
## Tuesday\'s foursome matches {#tuesdays_foursome_matches}
Results
------------------- --------- --------------------
Padgham/Cotton 4 & 2 **Dudley/Nelson**
Lacey/Cox 2 & 1 **Guldahl/Manero**
Whitcombe/Rees halved Sarazen/Shute
**Alliss/Burton** 2 & 1 Picard/Revolta
Session
Overall
18 hole scores: Padgham/Cotton v Dudley/Nelson: all square, Lacey/Cox: 1 up, Whitcombe/Rees v Sarazen/Shute: all square, Alliss/Burton: 3 up.
## Wednesday\'s singles matches {#wednesdays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------ --------- -------------------
Alf Padgham 8 & 7 **Ralph Guldahl**
Sam King halved Denny Shute
**Dai Rees** 3 & 1 Byron Nelson
**Henry Cotton** 5 & 3 Tony Manero
Percy Alliss 1 up **Gene Sarazen**
Dick Burton 5 & 4 **Sam Snead**
Alf Perry 2 & 1 **Ed Dudley**
Arthur Lacey 2 & 1 **Henry Picard**
Session
4 Overall 8
18 hole scores: Guldahl: 6 up, King v Shute: all square, Rees: 1 up, Cotton: 2 up, Alliss: 1 up, Snead: 2 up, Dudley: 1 up, Picard: 1 up.
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Percy Alliss 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Dick Burton 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Henry Cotton 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Bill Cox 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Sam King 0.5 0--0--1 0--0--1 0--0--0
Arthur Lacey 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Alf Padgham 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Alf Perry 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Dai Rees 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Charles Whitcombe 0.5 0--0--1 0--0--0 0--0--1
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
---------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Ed Dudley 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Ralph Guldahl 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Tony Manero 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Byron Nelson 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Henry Picard 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Johnny Revolta 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Gene Sarazen 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Denny Shute 1 0--0--2 0--0--1 0--0--1
Sam Snead 1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Horton Smith did not play in any matches
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# Bows (band)
**Bows** were a British-based band, who have released two albums on the Too Pure label.
## History
Following the dissolution of his former band Long Fin Killie, multi-instrumentalist Luke Sutherland formed Bows with the Danish singer Signe Høirup Wille-Jørgensen. Specializing in a kind of lush trip hop with grand arrangements, the band have met with some critical success.
The band\'s debut album, *Blush*, was released in 1999 to generally positive reviews.
Second album *Cassidy* followed in 2001
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# Gurusaday Dutt Road
**Gurusaday Dutt Road** (or Gurusaday Road) is one of the areas of Kolkata. Its old name was Ballygunge Store Road. It was named after Gurusaday Dutt, an ICS officer and a Bengali patriot.
## Localities
Gurusaday Dutt Road falls under the upscale locality of Ballygunge in South Kolkata. The Tagore Estate used to have large holdings in the area. Satyendra Nath Tagore, ICS\'s house on Gurusaday Dutt Road was later bought by the Birlas, and the house has now become The Birla Industrial & Technological Museum. Others like Sir K G Gupta ICS, Gurusaday Dutt ICS (founder of the Bratachari Movement -- after whom the road was later named) also lived on Gurusaday Dutt Road. Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, on Gurusaday Dutt Road, was inaugurated in 1959 as the first popular science museum in Asia. Modelled on the Deutsches Museum, it has interactive popular science exhibits and a significant collection of historical industrial holdings in India. Its collection of old gramophones, sound recorders, telephones, steam engines, road rollers and other industrial machinery of the period 1880--1950 is very significant. The museum sports a vintage model of the Rolls-Royce Phantom make. It also actively organizes summer camps, awareness programs and astronomy observations for school children.
The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (originally the Calcutta Cricket Club) is the second oldest cricket club in the world, after the Marylebone Cricket Club. Founded in 1792 as the Calcutta Cricket Club, it merged later with the Calcutta Football Club (founded 1872) to become the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club, and is located on 19/1 Gurusaday Dutt Road. It has arguably the most picturesque cricket ground in Kolkata. Recent evidence in the form of an article in Hicky\'s Bengal Gazette, suggests the club existed in 1780 -- which would make it the oldest cricket club in the world.
It also has a set of fine restaurants, perhaps the most notable of them is one of Kolkata\'s well-known Chinese restaurant, Mainland China. Also nearby are Birla Temple and Gandhara Art Gallery. The Indo-German Chamber of Commerce is based at Uniworth House.
## Landmarks
1. Birla Industrial & Technological Museum
2. Calcutta Cricket and Football Club
3. Birla Park (residential estate of The Birlas)
4. \'The Empire\' Complex
5. Tagore Hall
6. Kusum Apartments
7. Uniworth House (houses Mainland China restaurant)
8. Astral Apartments & Atria Shopping Plaza
9
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# Henri Liebaert
**Henri Marcel Hector Liebaert** (29 November 1895 -- 7 April 1977) was a Belgian liberal politician and minister. Liebaert was an industrialist and editor of the French-speaking Flemish daily *La Flandre Libéral*. He was a member of parliament (1955--1958) and senator (1958 -) and President of the Liberal Party (1953--1954). Liebaert was Minister for Economic Affairs (1946--1947) and of Finance (1949--1950 and 1954--1958)
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# Eric Moore (offensive lineman)
**Eric Patrick Moore** (born January 28, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants (1988--1993), the Cincinnati Bengals (1994), the Cleveland Browns (1995) and the Miami Dolphins (1995). Moore was selected in the first round (tenth overall) of the 1988 NFL draft. He was a starter for the Giants in their Super Bowl XXV triumph.
In 1993, Moore was sentenced to a six-month pretrial diversion program for steroid possession along with former New York Giants teammate Mark Duckens. They were described by federal agents as \"pawns in international steroid ring.\" Moore was also suspended for the first four weeks of the 1993 NFL season.
Moore lived in the Wolf Creek subdivision in Macon, Georgia for a while and his nickname in college was \"PK\"
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# Na Thom district
**Na Thom** (*นาทม*, `{{IPA|th|nāː tʰōm|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Nakhon Phanom province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise): Ban Phaeng and Si Songkhram of Nakhon Phanom Province; Akat Amnuai of Sakon Nakhon province; and Seka and Bueng Khong Long of Nong Khai province.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) Na Thom was established on 1 April 1992, when three *tambons* were split off from Ban Phaeng district. It was upgraded to a full district on 11 October 1997.
## Administration
The district is divided into three sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 35 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesabans*), and three tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Na Thom นาทม 15 8,310
2\. Nong Son หนองซน 12 8,331
3\
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# Mode Records
**Mode Records** is an American record label in New York City that concentrates on contemporary classical music and other forms of avant-garde music. The label was founded by Brian Brandt in 1984, with a goal of releasing music composed by John Cage.
Composers featured include John Cage, Morton Feldman, Iannis Xenakis, Giacinto Scelsi, and Harry Partch. Performers include Steve Lacy, Aki Takahashi, Martine Joste, the Arditti Quartet, and Gerry Hemingway. The label also has a commitment to younger composers with releases featuring Jason Eckardt, Joshua Fineberg, and Lei Liang.
An earlier unrelated Mode Records existed for a short time in the 1950s and was involved West Coast jazz. It is now controlled by VSOP
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# Imre Salusinszky
**Imre Salusinszky** (born 1955) is an Australian journalist, political adviser and English literature academic who is currently media adviser to former Australian Government Minister for Communications, Urban Infrastructure, Cities and the Arts, Paul Fletcher.`{{Update inline|date=May 2024|reason=not listed in Fletcher's recent media releases}}`{=mediawiki}
## Background and career {#background_and_career}
Born in Budapest, Salusinszky and his family came to Australia as refugees following the 1956 Hungarian uprising. He was educated at Melbourne High School, the University of Melbourne, and the University of Oxford, where he completed a DPhil in English literature. He lectured at Yale University and at the University of Melbourne, prior to taking up tenure as an associate professor in the English Department at the University of Newcastle. He started writing for *The Australian Financial Review* in 1994, and featured for several years on the *Coodabeen Champions*, on ABC Radio, as well as on *Life Matters*.
He was an editorial advisor for *Quadrant,* a political reporter and columnist for *The Australian*, and wrote for the *Sydney Morning Herald* and *Sun-Herald*. In 2006, he was appointed Chairman of the Literature Board of the Australia Council for a three-year term. Penguin publishing director Bob Sessions praised his appointment: \"I think it\'s terrific,\" he said. \"Fresh blood with a good knowledge of the industry.\" However, former Australia Council Chair, Hilary McPhee, criticised it as right-wing political bias. Salusinszky served as media adviser for former Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird, from 2013 and 2017.
In 2019 Salusinsky published, *The Hilton Bombing: Evan Pederick and the Ananda Marga,* which denied the existence of evidence of a conspiracy and provided evidence that Pederick was responsible for the Sydney Hilton Bombing. It was shortlisted for the 2020 Nib Literary Award. In 2023, he was a visiting scholar at the ELTE School of English and American Studies
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# List of general aviation activities
The following are some of the activities that normally fall within the scope of general aviation, which encompasses all civil aviation other than scheduled air service:
<File:Cessna> 525 citationjet g-sfcj arp.jpg\|Business jet of the Cessna Citation family <File:Beautiful> flight! (4470589024).jpg\|Two Yakovlev Yak-52 near Moscow <File:Schempp-Hirth> Ventus 2b glider being launched at Lasham Airfield in UK.jpg\|Sailplane winch launch SDWG aircraft flies past Mount Rushmore
| 69 |
List of general aviation activities
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# International Cystinuria Foundation
The **International Cystinuria Foundation** (ICF) is a Colorado-based nonprofit organization that offers educational resources to individuals affected by cystinuria. Its mission is to enhance, educate, and promote the overall well-being of the cystinuric community. The ICF serves an international audience through its website and hosts a large community where individuals with cystinuria, parents of cystinuric children, and physicians can share experiences and information for educational and supportive purposes.
## History
The website www.cystinuria.org was founded on October 17, 2002 and was opened to the public later that month. The initial site featured the first version of the Cystinuria.org community forum as well as a dictionary to aid interested readers in understanding cystinuria-relevant scientific literature. In mid November, the first learning tutorial was published, providing readers with a basic understanding of amino acid structure and function with an emphasis on cysteine and cystine. More tutorials were added covering the relevant topics of stone formation, stone prevention, and antibiotic use (for patients with recurring infections). The development of educational tutorials continued into early 2004, when the site became the online home of the newly incorporated Cystinuria Foundation of America (CysFA). On August 8, 2005, following the successful organization of the first Cystinuria Sympoiusm, CysFA was dissolved and the International Cystinuria Foundation was incorporated in its place to reflect the goal of reaching out to affected individuals worldwide. On March 30, 2006, the ICF was awarded 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and classified as a public charity.
## Symposia
A main goal of the ICF is to hold annual symposia where top experts in the cystinuria-related fields of urology, nephrology, genetics, and psychological health present educational information and cutting-edge research findings to general members of the cystinuric community. To date, the ICF has held three such symposia, two in New York City and one in Chicago
| 311 |
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| 0 |
10,076,913 |
# 1831 in Ireland
Events from the year **1831 in Ireland**.
## Events
- January -- agrarian unrest breaks out in counties Clare and Limerick.
- February -- at a public meeting in Maryborough, Queen\'s County, farmer Patrick \"Patt\" Lalor declares that he will no longer pay tithes.
- 3 March -- the first clash of the Tithe War takes place at Graiguenamanagh, County Kilkenny, when a force of 120 yeomanry tries to enforce seizure orders on cattle belonging to a Roman Catholic priest.
- 30 May -- the first statistics for religion in Ireland are gathered in this year\'s Census. Around 80% of the population is Roman Catholic, 11% belong to the Church of Ireland and 8% (almost all in Ulster) are Presbyterian.
- 1 September -- Zoological Gardens, Dublin, open.
- Autumn -- first Catholic mass said in the new Ballina Cathedral.
- 15 October -- Board of Works formed as a department of state by merger of the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and the Navigation Board.
- 23 October -- George Joseph Plunket Browne is consecrated as first Bishop of the new Roman Catholic Diocese of Galway, created by the Holy See following abolition of the Wardenship of Galway (Edmund Ffrench being the last Warden).
- 7 November -- Ralahine commune established at Newmarket-on-Fergus, County Clare.
- 14 December -- the Carrickshock incident: Forty policemen confront a mob of over 2,000 in Carrickshock, County Kilkenny, protesting against the collection of tithes. Sixteen policemen are killed and seven wounded in the clash.
- Sisters of Mercy established in Dublin by Catherine McAuley.
- First of a series of annual meetings on prophecy at Powerscourt House which give rise to the Plymouth Brethren.
- Stanley letter is written
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- African American actor Ira Aldridge tours Ireland.
- James Hardiman\'s *Irish Minstrelsy, or Bardic remains of Ireland with English poetical translations* published.
## Births
- 22 January -- Samuel Hill Lawrence, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (died 1868).
- 26 January -- Hugh Annesley, 5th Earl Annesley, British military officer and MP (died 1908).
- 11 February -- Henry Mitchell Jones, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, Crimea (died 1916).
- 1 August -- George Richardson, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1859 at Kewane Trans-Gogra, India (died 1923).
- September
- Peter Gill, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 in Benares, India (died 1868).
- Jeremiah O\'Donovan Rossa, Fenian leader (died 1915).
- 18 November -- Albert Grant, born Abraham Gottheimer, dubious company promoter (died 1899)
- 28 November -- John William Mackay, businessman in America (died 1902).
- 3 December -- James Graham Fair, part-owner of the Comstock Lode, United States Senator and real estate and railroad speculator (died 1894).
- 17 December -- William George Nicholas Manley, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1864 near Tauranga, New Zealand (died 1901).
- December -- Richard Fitzgerald, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Bolandshahr, India (died 1884).
Full date unknown
:\*Daniel Connor, convict transported to Western Australia, businessman (died 1898).
:\*John Dunlay, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (died 1863).
:\*Frederick Falkiner, lawyer, judge and author (died 1908).
## Deaths
- 30 January -- William Hales, clergyman and scientific writer (born 1747).
- 8 December -- James Hoban, architect, designed the White House in Washington, D.C. (b. c1762).
Full date unknown
:\*Alexander Macomb, Sr., merchant and land speculator with Macomb\'s Purchase in New York (born 1748)
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# Maurice Destenay
**Maurice Jean Léon Destenay** (`{{IPA|fr|detənɛ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 18 February 1900 -- 1 September 1973) was a Belgian liberal politician and burgomaster. Destenay was a teacher and pedagogue and became the founder and director of the monthly magazine *Action Libérale*. He became alderman and burgomaster (1963--1973) in Liege and a member of parliament (1949--1965) in the district of Liege. Between 1954 and 1958, he was President of the Liberal Party
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| 0 |
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# Independence of Brazil
The **independence of Brazil** comprised a series of political and military events that led to the independence of the Kingdom of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves as the Brazilian Empire. It is celebrated on 7 September, the date when prince regent Pedro of Braganza declared the country\'s independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on the banks of the Ipiranga brook in 1822 on what became known as the Cry of Ipiranga. Formal recognition by Portugal came with the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, signed in 1825.
In 1807, the French army invaded Portugal, which had refused to participate in the continental blockade against the United Kingdom. Unable to resist the invasion, the Portuguese royal family and government fled to Brazil, which was then the richest and most developed of the Portuguese colonies. The installation of the House of Appeals and other public bodies of the Portuguese government in Rio de Janeiro represented a series of political, economic and social transformations that led to then prince regent John of Braganza (later king John VI of Portugal), to elevate the State of Brazil to the status of a kingdom on 16 December 1815, united with its former metropolis.
In 1820, a liberal revolution broke out in Portugal and the royal family was forced to return to Lisbon. Before leaving Brazil, however, the now king John VI named his eldest son, Pedro of Braganza, as prince regent of Brazil. Although Pedro was faithful to his father, the desire of the Portuguese courts to repatriate him (including demoting him from prince regent to governor-of-arms, that is, a mere military commander of the Portuguese Army, no longer holding any political position) and returning Brazil to its former colonial status led him to stay in Brazil and rebel.
During the war of independence that ensued`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}which began with the expulsion of the Portuguese troops from Pernambuco in 1821`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}the Brazilian Army was formed by hiring mercenaries, enlisting civilians and some Portuguese colonial troops. The army immediately opposed the Portuguese forces, which controlled some parts of the country, namely, in the then provinces of Cisplatina (currently Uruguay), Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão and Grão-Pará. At the same time that the conflict was taking place, a revolutionary movement broke out in Pernambuco and other neighboring provinces, which intended to form their own country, the Confederation of the Equator, with a republican government, but it was harshly repressed.
After four years of conflict, Portugal finally recognized Brazil\'s independence and the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was signed between the two countries on 29 August 1825. In exchange for recognition as a sovereign state, Brazil committed to paying a substantial compensation to Portugal and signing two treaties with the United Kingdom by which it agreed to ban the Atlantic slave trade and grant preferential tariffs to British goods imported into the country.
Officially, the date celebrated for Brazil\'s independence is 7 September 1822, when the event known as the Cry of Ipiranga took place on the banks of the Ipiranga brook in the city of São Paulo. Pedro of Braganza was acclaimed Emperor of Brazil on 12 October 1822, being crowned and consecrated on 1 December 1822, and the country became known as the Empire of Brazil.
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# Independence of Brazil
## Background
The land now called Brazil was claimed by the Kingdom of Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese naval fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered Indigenous peoples divided into several tribes, most of whom shared the same Tupi--Guarani language family, and shared and disputed territory. But the Portuguese, like the Spanish in their North American territories, had brought diseases with them against which many Indians were helpless due to lack of immunity. Measles, smallpox, tuberculosis, and influenza killed tens of thousands.
Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization only effectively started in 1534 when King John III divided the territory into fifteen hereditary captaincies. This arrangement proved problematic, however, and in 1549 the king assigned a governor-general to administer the entire colony. The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others slowly disappeared in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.
By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil\'s main export due to the increasing international demand. To profit from the situation, by 1700 over 963,000 African slaves had been brought across the Atlantic Ocean to work in the plantations of Brazil. More Africans were brought to Brazil up until that date than to all the other places in the Americas (and the entire Western Hemisphere) combined.
Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615. They sent military expeditions to the northwest of the South American continent to the Amazon River basin rainforest and conquered competing English and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far southeast and founded Colônia do Sacramento on the bank of the Río de la Plata, in the Banda Oriental region (present-day Uruguay).
At the end of the 17th century, sugar exports started to decline, but beginning in the 1690s, the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais, current Mato Grosso and Goiás saved the colony from imminent collapse. From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines in an early gold rush.
The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion northwest, west, southwest and southeast into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas division of the New World by the Bishop and Pope of Rome, Alexander VI (1431--1503, reigned 1492--1503) and succeeded in conquering the Banda Oriental region in 1777. However, this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian southeastern border.
During the French invasion of Portugal by Emperor Napoleon I in 1807, the Portuguese royal family (House of Braganza) fled across the Atlantic Ocean with the help of the British Royal Navy to Brazil, establishing Rio de Janeiro as the de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire during the ensuing worldwide Napoleonic Wars (1803--1815). This had the side effect of soon creating within Brazil many of the institutions required to exist as an independent state; most importantly, it freed Brazil to trade with other nations at will.
After Napoleon\'s Imperial French army was finally defeated at Waterloo in June 1815, in order to maintain the capital in Brazil and allay Brazilian fears of being returned to colonial status, King John VI of Portugal raised the de jure status of Brazil to an equal kingdom and integral part of the new United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, rather than a mere colony, a status which it enjoyed for the next seven years, appointing his son, Dom Pedro, as prince regent.
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# Independence of Brazil
## Path to independence {#path_to_independence}
### Portuguese *Cortes* {#portuguese_cortes}
In 1820 the Constitutionalist Revolution erupted in Portugal. The movement initiated by the liberal constitutionalists resulted in the meeting of the *Cortes* (or Constituent Assembly), that would have to create the kingdom\'s first constitution. The *Cortes* at the same time demanded the return of King Dom John VI, who had been living in Brazil since 1808, who elevated Brazil to a kingdom as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815 and who nominated his son and heir prince Dom Pedro as regent, to govern Brazil in his place on 7 March 1821. The king left for Europe on 26 April, while Dom Pedro remained in Brazil governing it with the aid of the ministers of the Kingdom (Interior) and Foreign Affairs, of War, of Navy and of Finance.
The Portuguese military officers headquartered in Brazil were completely sympathetic to the Constitutionalist movement in Portugal. The main leader of the Portuguese officers, General Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares, forced the prince to dismiss and banish from the country the ministers of Kingdom and Finance. Both were loyal allies of Pedro, who had become a pawn in the hands of the military. The humiliation suffered by the prince, who swore he would never yield to the pressure of the military again, would have a decisive influence on his abdication ten years later. Meanwhile, on 30 September 1821, the *Cortes* approved a decree that subordinated the governments of the Brazilian provinces directly to Portugal. Prince Pedro became for all purposes only the governor of Rio de Janeiro Province. Other decrees that came after ordered his return to Europe and also extinguished the judicial courts created by João VI in 1808.
Dissatisfaction over the *Cortes* measures among most residents in Brazil (both Brazilian-born and Portuguese-born) rose to a point that it soon became publicly known. Two groups that opposed the *Cortes*\' actions to gradually undermine Brazilian sovereignty appeared: Liberals, led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo (with the support of the Freemasons), and the Bonifacians, led by José Bonifácio de Andrada. The factions, with quite different views of what Brazil could and should be, agreed only on their desire to keep Brazil co-equal with Portugal, united in a sovereign monarchy, rather than Brazil being merely provinces controlled from Lisbon.
### Avilez rebellion {#avilez_rebellion}
The Portuguese members of the *Cortes* showed no respect towards Prince Pedro and openly mocked him. And so the loyalty that Pedro had shown towards the *Cortes* gradually shifted to the Brazilian cause. His wife, princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, favoured the Brazilian side and encouraged him to remain in the country which the Liberals and Bonifacians openly called for. Pedro\'s reply to the Cortes came on 9 January 1822, when, according to newspapers,`{{which|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} he said: \"As it is for the good of all and for the nation\'s general happiness, I am ready: Tell the people that I will stay\".
After Pedro\'s decision to defy the *Cortes* and remain in Brazil, around 2,000 men led by Jorge Avilez rioted before concentrating on mount Castelo, which was soon surrounded by 10,000 armed Brazilians, led by the Royal Police Guard. Dom Pedro then \"dismissed\" the Portuguese commanding general and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to Niterói, where they would await transport to Portugal.
Jose Bonifácio was nominated minister of Kingdom and Foreign Affairs on 18 January 1822. Bonifácio soon established a fatherlike relationship with Pedro, who began to consider the experienced statesman his greatest ally. Gonçalves Ledo and the Liberals tried to minimize the close relationship between Bonifácio and Pedro, offering to the prince the title of Perpetual Defender of Brazil. For the Liberals, the creation of a Constituent Assembly to prepare a Brazilian constitution was necessary, while the Bonifacians preferred that Pedro create the constitution himself, to avoid the possibility of anarchy similar to the first years of the French Revolution.
The prince acquiesced to the Liberals' desires, and signed a decree on 3 June 1822 calling for the election of deputies that would gather in a Constituent and Legislative General Assembly in Brazil.
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# Independence of Brazil
## Path to independence {#path_to_independence}
### From united kingdom under Portugal to independent empire {#from_united_kingdom_under_portugal_to_independent_empire}
Pedro departed to São Paulo Province to secure the province\'s loyalty to the Brazilian cause. He reached its capital on 25 August and remained there until 5 September. While on his way back to Rio de Janeiro on 7 September he received at Ipiranga mail from José Bonifácio and his wife, Leopoldina. The letter told him that the *Cortes* had annulled all acts of the Bonifácio cabinet, removed Pedro\'s remaining powers, and ordered him to return to Portugal. It was clear that independence was the only option left, which his wife supported. Pedro turned to his companions, that included his Guard of Honor, and said: \"Friends, the Portuguese *Cortes* want to enslave and pursue us. From today on our relations are broken. No ties can unite us anymore\". He removed his blue-white armband that symbolized Portugal: \"Armbands off, soldiers. Hail to the independence, to freedom and to the separation of Brazil from Portugal!\" He unsheathed his sword affirming that \"For my blood, my honor, my God, I swear to give Brazil freedom,\" and later cried out: \"Brazilians, Independence or death!\". This event is known as the \"Cry of Ipiranga\", the declaration of Brazil\'s independence,
Returning to the city of São Paulo on the night of 7 September 1822, Pedro and his companions announced the news of Brazilian independence from Portugal. The Prince was received with great popular celebration and was called not only \"King of Brazil\", but also \"Emperor of Brazil\".
Pedro returned to Rio de Janeiro on 14 September and in the following days the Liberals had distributed pamphlets (written by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo) that suggested that the Prince should be named Constitutional Emperor. On 17 September the President of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro, José Clemente Pereira, sent to the other Chambers of the country the news that the Acclamation`{{clarify|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} would occur on Pedro\'s birthday, 12 October. The official separation would only occur on 22 September 1822 in a letter written by Pedro to João VI. In it, Pedro still calls himself Prince Regent and his father is considered the King of the independent Brazil. On 12 October 1822, in the Field of Santana (later known as Field of the Acclamation) Prince Pedro was acclaimed Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil. It was at the same time the beginning of Pedro\'s reign and also of the Empire of Brazil. However, the Emperor made it clear that although he accepted the emperorship, if João VI returned to Brazil he would step down from the throne in favor of his father.
The reason for the imperial title was that the title of king would symbolically mean a continuation of the Portuguese dynastic tradition and perhaps of the feared absolutism, while the title of emperor derived from popular acclamation as in Ancient Rome or at least reigning through popular sanction as in the case of Napoleon. On 1 December 1822, Pedro I was crowned and consecrated.
## International recognition {#international_recognition}
According to the Brazilian government and researcher Rodrigo Wiese Randig, the first country to recognize Brazil was the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (today\'s Argentina), in June 1823, followed by the United States in May 1824, and the Kingdom of Benin in July 1824. However, according to historian Toby Green, the African states of Dahomey and Onim were the first two to recognize the new empire in 1822 and 1823 respectively. These states had traditionally maintained close diplomatic and economic contacts with South America.
| 602 |
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| 3 |
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# Independence of Brazil
## War of Independence {#war_of_independence}
Upon the declaration of the independence, the authority of the new regime only extended to Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and the adjacent provinces. The rest of Brazil remained firmly under the control of Portuguese juntas and garrisons. It would take a war to put the whole of Brazil under Pedro\'s control. The fighting began with skirmishes between rival militias in 1822 and lasted until January 1824, when the last Portuguese garrisons and naval units surrendered or left the country.
Meanwhile, the Imperial government had to create a regular Army and Navy. Forced enlistment was widespread, extending to foreign immigrants, and Brazil made use of slaves in militias, as well as freeing slaves to enlist them in army and navy. The campaigns on land and sea covered the vast territories of Bahia, Cisplatina, Grão-Pará, Maranhão, Pernambuco, Ceará and Piauí.
By 1822, Brazilian forces were firmly in control of Rio de Janeiro and the central area of Brazil. Loyal militias began insurrections in the aforementioned territories, but strong, and regularly reinforced Portuguese garrisons in the port cities of Salvador, Montevideo, São Luís and Belém continued to dominate the adjacent areas and to pose the threat of a reconquest that the irregular Brazilian militias and guerrilla forces, which were loosely besieging them by land supported by newly created units of the Brazilian army, would be unable to prevent.
For the Brazilians, the answer to this stalemate was to seize control of the sea. Eleven former Portuguese warships, great and small, had fallen into Brazilian hands in Rio de Janeiro and these formed the basis of a new navy. The problem was manpower: the crews of these ships were largely Portuguese who were openly mutinous, and although many Portuguese naval officers had declared allegiance to Brazil their loyalty could not be relied on. The Brazilian Government solved the problem by recruiting 50 officers and 500 seamen in secret in London and Liverpool, many of them veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, and appointed Thomas Cochrane as commander-in-chief. On 1 April 1823, a Brazilian squadron of 6 ships sailed for Bahia. After an initial disappointing engagement with a superior Portuguese fleet, Cochrane blockaded Salvador. Deprived now of supplies and reinforcements by sea and besieged by the Brazilian army on land, on 2 July the Portuguese forces abandoned Bahia in a convoy of 90 ships. Leaving the frigate 'Niteroi' under Captain John Taylor to harry them to the coasts of Europe, Cochrane then sailed north to São Luís (Maranhão). There he tricked the Portuguese garrison into evacuating Maranhão by pretending that a huge Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon. He then sent Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to play the same trick on the Portuguese in Belém do Pará at the mouth of the Amazon. By November 1823, the whole of the north of Brazil was under Brazilian control, and the following month, the demoralized Portuguese also evacuated Montevideo and the Cisplatine Province. By 1824, Brazil was free of all enemy troops and was *de facto* independent.
There are still today no reliable statistics related to the numbers of, for example, the total of the war casualties. However, based upon historical registration and contemporary reports of some battles of this war as well as upon the admitted numbers in similar fights that happened in these times around the globe, and considering how long the Brazilian independence war lasted (22 months), estimates of all killed in action on both sides are placed from around 5,700 to 6,200.
### In Pernambuco {#in_pernambuco}
- Siege of Recife
### In Piauí and Maranhão {#in_piauí_and_maranhão}
- Battle of Jenipapo
- Siege of Caxias
### In Grão-Pará {#in_grão_pará}
- Siege of Belém
### In Bahia {#in_bahia}
- Battle of Pirajá
- Battle of Itaparica
- Battle of 4 May
- Siege of Salvador
### In Cisplatina {#in_cisplatina}
- Siege of Montevideo
## Peace treaty and aftermath {#peace_treaty_and_aftermath}
The last Portuguese soldiers left Brazil in 1824. The Treaty of Rio de Janeiro recognizing Brazil\'s independence was signed by Brazil and Portugal on 29 August 1825.
> The Brazilian aristocracy had its wish: Brazil made a transition to independence with comparatively little disruption and bloodshed. But this meant that independent Brazil retained its colonial social structure: monarchy, slavery, large landed estates, monoculture, an inefficient agricultural system, a highly stratified society, and a free population that was 90 percent illiterate
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# Woking Palace
**Woking Palace** is a former manor house of the Royal Manor of Woking on the outskirts of Woking, near the village of Old Woking, Surrey.
The manor was in the gift of the Crown, and was held by numerous nominees of the Crown until 1466 when Lady Margaret Beaufort and her third husband, Sir Henry Stafford obtained the Manor by royal grant. Margaret Beaufort was the mother of Henry VII of England.
## History
The first mention of a house on the site is in 1272. There is also later recorded use by Lady Margaret Beaufort, her son Henry VII and her grandson Henry VIII. Woking Manor House was converted into a palace by Henry VII in 1503 and was subsequently remodelled by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The site comprises buried and exposed ruins of its old buildings on a cut and grazed water meadow.
It was held by numerous nominees of the Crown until 1466 when Lady Margaret Beaufort and her third husband (of four), Sir Henry Stafford obtained the Manor by royal grant. Depicted as the successful, unlikely kingmaker in *The Red Queen* by historian Philippa Gregory, she regularly figures at the Palace. She rose to prominence through astute marriages and through careful co-campaigning installed the Tudor dynasty. She then founded many educational and religious institutions, such as Christ\'s College, Cambridge and St John\'s College, Cambridge. Her son was Henry VII of England. Historians differ on whether her House of Lancaster forces, close alliances and efforts contributed more to her success than mistakes, betrayals and unpopularity of Richard III of England. Her son\'s first parliament recognised for her a right to hold property independently from her husband, as if she were unmarried, exempting her from coverture. Towards the end of her son\'s reign she was given a special commission to administer justice in the north of England. The palace was moated and can be separated into four parts: north east quadrant; the medieval barrel vault and the King\'s Hall, built by Henry VII in 1508, in the south east; the King\'s Garden on the south west; and the Copse to the north west, once the orchard. Woking Borough Council, as custodians, have built a protective roof over the barrel vault, installed a lockable door and carried out protective repairs to the remaining Tudor wall. The King\'s Garden was originally a formal kitchen garden but is now a rough meadow. The Copse contains two large linear fish ponds and a smaller round pond. The moat is on three sides whilst the River Wey enclosed the site on the fourth side.
Henry VIII often visited Woking Palace and throughout his reign it underwent regular maintenance as well as some alterations. Additions approved commissioned by him included a new wharf by the river Wey and two new bowling alleys. Maintenance works included the replacement of bridge planks, alterations to room partitions, plastering and painting, replacement of glass in windows, retiling of roofs and fireplaces, and, the installation of new windows.
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# Woking Palace
## History
### King James and Edward Zouch {#king_james_and_edward_zouch}
King James VI and I visited Woking in March 1606. While he was there, a false rumour spread in London that he had been assassinated with some of his courtiers by Catholic conspirators using poisoned knives or pistol shot. Whitehall Palace and the Tower of London were secured. The king quickly returned to London unharmed and the church bells were rung at St Margaret\'s, Westminster.
Sir Edward Zouch, the Knight Marshal, was made steward of Woking Manor or Palace and keeper of the park on 9 May 1609 by King James. In June 1609 Simon Basil, the surveyor of the royal works, came to Woking to estimate costs for repairs to the manor, office houses, a wharf, and two bridges. The King\'s Lodging was already in good repair. Zouch asked Basil to estimate for cleaning out the moat and building a new bridge over the river at the front of the house. This would increase the privacy of the king\'s garden. King James was a frequent visitor to Woking, often coming in the month of March.
Zouch was granted the estate in 1620. He may well have allowed its buildings to be plundered to build a new mansion nearly a mile away, Hoe Bridge Place. Zouch was one of the proprietors of the Plymouth Colony in America and the North Virginia Company. He was first keeper of Woking Park, including the Palace, and in 1620 acquired it from a cash-strapped crown for a rent of £100 a year and the duty of serving the first dish to the king on a feast on St James\'s Day.
When the King was at Oatlands Palace he often came for revels with Zouch playing the fool, singing bawdy songs and telling bawdy tales. He stayed with Zouch at the start of September 1624 and hunted towards Busbridge. He wrote to the Duke of Buckingham that he would stay longer, \"so earnest I am to kill more of Zouch\'s great stags.\" In 1631, not long before Zouch died, his tenants made a long list of grievances and exploitations. In his will he contributed to the maintenance of Old Woking Church, and requested that he was to be buried at night.
By the reign of Charles II (1660--1685), the palace appears to have been abandoned and virtually ruined.
## Archaeology
The Portable Antiquities Scheme records cover many finds, including those subject to the Treasure Act 1996, creating the criminal offence of not declaring finds of precious metals, prehistoric base metal, and finds in association with them.
The public record for the site as at `{{CURRENTYEAR}}`{=mediawiki} comprises:
1. a 1400 to 1550 gold brooch/pin set with a fleur de lys made from amethyst (an inlay).
2. a \"close parallel\" to a c.1750-1900 copper alloy object, perhaps originally cylindrical and in the form of a lid, with a lead or solder filling. The parallelled object bears the image of a horse prancing to the left.
### Preservation, visitor facilities and future work {#preservation_visitor_facilities_and_future_work}
Woking Palace has been assessed among royal sites of the pre-16th century as an \"excellent survival\", highly diverse, with large archaeological potential spanning the island and the waterlogged moats. A high \"amenity value\" in legal planning terms (see listed building) attaches to the site equating to its relatively important national historic, architectural and archaeological values.
The site is designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument (under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended by the in 1983). It is owned by Woking Borough Council
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# Education in Missouri
**Education in Missouri** is provided by both public and private schools, colleges, and universities, and a variety of public library systems. All public education in the state is governed by the Missouri State Board of Education, which is made up of eight citizens appointed by the Governor of Missouri and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.
## History
## Elementary and secondary education {#elementary_and_secondary_education}
Administration of primary and secondary public schools in the state is conducted by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Education is compulsory from ages seven to seventeen in Missouri, commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers: elementary school, middle school or junior high school, and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHAA). Missouri education also includes a virtual school program called Missouri Course Access and Virtual School Program (MOCAP).
The Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) is an annual set of mandatory standardized tests taken by students in grades 3 through 8. Students also complete exams at the end of completing certain courses, with certain exams required for graduation, including Algebra I (required), Algebra II, American History, Biology (required), English I, English II (required), Geometry, Government (required), and Personal Finance. There also is an alternate MAP test designed for students with cognitive disabilities who meet grade level and eligibility criteria, and an assessment of English proficiency for students classified as English Learners.
### Homeschooling
Homeschooling in Missouri is not regulated by the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. The state does not provide any monetary assistance or curriculum or materials to home schoolers. Parents who decide to home-school must provide 1,000 hours of instruction during the school year pursuant to [Section 167.031](http://www.moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/16700000311.html?&me=167.031) of the Missouri revised statutes. Parents must also keep a daily log and sample of academic work. Homeschool students frequently attend their local colleges and universities. According to Missouri State University\'s Enrollment department, homeschool students had higher than average ACT scores and better end-of-semester GPA than their peers.
### Charter schools {#charter_schools}
Charter schools are permitted in metropolitan and urban areas of the state. The state board of education considers them public schools and there are no tuition charges.
## Colleges and universities {#colleges_and_universities}
Public colleges and universities in Missouri are administered by the Missouri Department of Higher Education. The state system of higher education includes 13 four-year universities and 20 two-year colleges, which includes the University of Missouri System, the state\'s public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri--St. Louis, University of Missouri--Kansas City and Missouri University of Science and Technology. The state also maintains another set of public universities that are not part of the University of Missouri system, which include Southeast Missouri State University in Cape Girardeau, Missouri State University in Springfield, Truman State University in Kirksville, Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville and the University of Central Missouri in Warrensburg. The state also funds a \$2000, renewable merit-based scholarship known as Bright Flight, which is given to Missouri students attending an in-state university who earned a composite score on the ACT or SAT in the top 3 percent in Missouri, or a score among the top 5% of test takers nationally.
Private universities in Missouri include Saint Louis University, Washington University in St. Louis, Maryville University and Rockhurst University in Kansas City. There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, theological seminaries, and church universities
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# Rom 5:12
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{{album chart|France|198|artist=Marduk|album=Rom 5:12|rowheader=true|access-date=2 December 2021}}
^
``
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# 1935 Ryder Cup
The **5th Ryder Cup Matches** were held at the Ridgewood Country Club in Paramus, New Jersey, a suburb northwest of New York City in Bergen County. The United States team won the competition by a score of 9--3 points to regain the cup.
The U.S. took a 3--2 lead in the series, all of which were won on home soil. It was the first of seven consecutive wins by the U.S. side, which did not lose again until 1957 in England.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
-------------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Walter Hagen -- captain
Olin Dutra
Ky Laffoon
Sam Parks
Henry Picard
Johnny Revolta
Paul Runyan
Gene Sarazen
Horton Smith
Craig Wood
-------------------------
In February 1935, it was announced that a selection committee of six would choose the Great Britain team for the 1935 Ryder Cup. As in 1933, Henry Cotton would not be considered as he was employed by a Belgium club. In July, the first eight players were selected: Alliss, Burton, Busson, Cox, Jarman, Padgham, Perry and Charles Whitcombe. Whitcombe was chosen as captain. In August the remaining two, Ernest and Reg Whitcombe were selected.
The British team sailed from Southampton on the Empress of Australia for Quebec on September 14 following the conclusion of the News of the World Match Play the previous day. They returned from New York on board Aquitania leaving on October 17.
------------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Charles Whitcombe -- captain
Percy Alliss
Dick Burton
Jack Busson
Bill Cox
Ted Jarman
Alf Padgham
Alf Perry
Ernest Whitcombe
Reg Whitcombe
------------------------------
## Saturday\'s foursome matches {#saturdays_foursome_matches}
Results
------------------------------- --------- --------------------
Perry/Busson 7 & 6 **Sarazen/Hagen**
Padgham/Alliss 6 & 5 **Picard/Revolta**
Cox/Jarman 9 & 8 **Runyan/Smith**
**C. Whitcombe/E. Whitcombe** 1 up Dutra/Laffoon
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------ --------- --------------------
Jack Busson 3 & 2 **Gene Sarazen**
Dick Burton 5 & 3 **Paul Runyan**
Reg Whitcombe 2 & 1 **Johnny Revolta**
Alf Padgham 4 & 2 **Olin Dutra**
**Percy Alliss** 1 up Craig Wood
Bill Cox halved Horton Smith
Ernest Whitcombe 3 & 2 **Henry Picard**
Alf Perry halved Sam Parks
2 Session 6
3 Overall 9
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
---------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Olin Dutra 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Walter Hagen 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Ky Laffoon 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Sam Parks 0.5 0--0--1 0--0--1 0--0--0
Henry Picard 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Johnny Revolta 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Paul Runyan 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Gene Sarazen 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Horton Smith 1.5 1--0--1 0--0--1 1--0--0
Craig Wood 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Percy Alliss 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Dick Burton 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Jack Busson 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Bill Cox 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0
Ted Jarman 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Alf Padgham 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Alf Perry 0
| 570 |
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| 0 |
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# Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
Haiti faces key challenges in the water supply and sanitation sector: Notably, access to public services is very low, their quality is inadequate and public institutions remain very weak despite foreign aid and the government\'s declared intent to strengthen the sector\'s institutions. Foreign and Haitian NGOs play an important role in the sector, especially in rural and urban slum areas.
## Access
Haiti\'s coverage levels in urban and rural areas are the lowest in the hemisphere for both water supply and sanitation. Sewer systems and wastewater treatment are nonexistent.
Urban (52% of the population) Rural (48% of the population) Total
----------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------
Improved water source 78% 49% 64%
Improved sanitation 34% 17% 26%
*Source*: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO/UNICEF
In rural areas those without access to an improved water source got their drinking water primarily from unprotected wells (5%), unprotected springs (37%) and rivers (8%). In urban areas those without access to an improved source got their drinking water primarily from \"bottled water\" (20%), from carts with drums (4%) and unprotected wells (3%). Water in bottles or in small plastic bags is treated, bottled and sold by local private companies, often using reverse osmosis for treatment. Bottled water is also imported, especially in the aftermath of disasters such as the 2010 earthquake.
Those without access to improved sanitation either used shared latrines or defecate in the open. According to the Demographic and Health Survey of 2006, 10% of those living in urban areas and 50% of those living in rural areas defecated in the open.
Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative in 2019, Haiti is only doing 9.5% of what should be possible at its level of income on the right to water.
## Service quality {#service_quality}
Coverage figures do not give an indication of service quality, which is generally quite poor. In rural areas, systems have often fallen into disrepair. They either do not provide any water service at all or provide service only to those close to the source, with those at the end of the system (\"tail-enders\") remaining without water. In almost all urban areas water supply is intermittent.
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# Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
## History and recent developments {#history_and_recent_developments}
In 1964 the government of François Duvalier created CAMEP, the *Centrale Autonome Métropolitaine d\'Eau Potable*, responsible for the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area. Subsequently, in 1977 the government of his son Jean-Claude Duvalier created SNEP (*Service National d\'Eau Potable*) to be in charge of water supply in the rest of the country. Shortly afterwards a rural water and hygiene unit called POCHEP after its French acronym was created in the Ministry of Health, since SNEP was focusing on secondary towns and did not have the ability to serve rural areas. All three entities struggled to increase coverage at the desired pace and to provide adequate levels of service quality. Nevertheless, the 1980s witnessed a certain increase of coverage as part of the International Water and Sanitation Decade, supported by numerous donors including the World Bank and the IDB as well as by numerous NGOs.
The 1990s witnessed a series of setbacks for the country and consequently for the water and sanitation sector as well. After a 1991 military coup foreign aid was suspended for three years. Aid began to flow in again after the return of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1994, a period which witnessed the emergence of water committees in Port-au-Prince. These community organizations sell water to slum dwellers at a small profit, which is reinvested in small-scale community infrastructure such as sports facilities or sanitary facilities. The water is bought from the utility, for which the water committees are one of their best-paying customers. In the late 1990s aid began to dry up again, which in turn again affected the performance of the sector and condemned a large share of the population to be without adequate services. External aid picked up again after the departure of Aristide in 2004 under a transition government and the second government of René Préval. The external assistance is particularly focused at towns in the interior of the country and on rural areas, while the staggering problem of supplying the metropolitan area of the capital with sufficient clean water and a sewer system remains unresolved.
The Preval government has engaged in a reform of the water sector by establishing a national directorate for water and sanitation and regional service providers through a framework law passed in 2009. The law aims at strengthening the government\'s policy and regulatory functions, to provide more orientation to the numerous NGOs active in water and sanitation.
In January 2010 parts of Haiti including the capital were hit by a massive earthquake. More than 1.5 million people were displaced and had to live in refugee camps without piped water supply or sanitation, where most of them still lived one year after the earthquake.
In October 2010 a cholera epidemia broke out that killed 6,435 people until September 2011. According to the US Center for Disease Control the suspected source for the epidemic was the Artibonite River, from which some of the affected people had drunk water. An article in the journal Nature argues that \"the limited resources available to combat the country\'s cholera epidemic should be spent on sanitation and clean water, rather than on vaccination\".
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# Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
## Responsibility
The main public institution in the Haitian water sector is the National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation in the Ministry of Public Works, called DINEPA, after its French acronym (*Direction Nationale d\'Eau Potable et d\'Assainissement*), directed in part by Edwige Petit. The directorate is in charge of implementing the sector policy, coordinating donor assistance and regulating service providers.
Regional service providers under the authority of the DINEPA are called OREPA (*Offices Régionaux de l\'Eau Potable et de l\'Assainissement*) and provide water supply in urban areas. Municipalities are supposed to become responsible for water supply and sanitation in the long run as per the framework law, but their capacity is limited and currently they play almost no role in the sector. Private operators and what are called \"professional operators\" can also operate water systems according to the water and sanitation framework law of 2009.
There are hundreds of water committees, called CAEPAs (*Comités d\'Aprovisionnement en Eau Potable et d\'Assainissement*) or simply *Comités d\'Eau*, in charge of water systems in rural areas and some small towns. They consist of elected community members. Their degree of formalization and effectiveness varies considerably. The best water committees meet regularly, closely interact with the community, regularly collect revenues, hire a plumber who performs routine repairs, have a bank account and are registered and approved by DINEPA. However, many water committees fall short of these expectations. There is no national or regional registry of water committees or water systems and there are no associations of water committees at the municipal, departmental or national level. Another public entity that invests in water supply is FAES, a Social fund.
Sector agencies have lost qualified and trained staff, often to NGOs and donor agencies, because of their low pay levels. NGOs perform a wide variety of functions and often attract the most qualified and motivated staff due to their higher salary levels. They are particularly active in rural areas, but also in small towns and urban slums.
## Tariffs, cost recovery and financing {#tariffs_cost_recovery_and_financing}
Tariffs in Haiti are flat rates due to the absence of metering for most customers, and can vary greatly depending on location and provider. Tariffs in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince are much higher than those in provincial towns. Tariffs are lowest in rural areas, if they are charged at all. In 2008 water tariffs in small towns varied from about the equivalent of \$1 per month in the central plateau to roughly \$7.30 per month in Kenscoff near the capital.
Metering is rare outside the capital and even there only a fraction of customers are metered, in particular water committees in the informal settlements in Port-au-Prince as well as industrial customers. Many private citizens and some major consumers, such as luxury hotels, have disconnected from the public network and receive all their water via tanker trucks.
The revenues of the OREPA barely cover operating costs, leaving insufficient resources for maintenance and no resources to self-finance investments. This problem is also evident in the myriad of community-operated and privately operated smaller systems throughout the country. Sometimes water is cut off to enforce payments, partly because payments cannot be enforced through the legal system. However, many customers reconnect illegally.
| 542 |
Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
| 2 |
10,077,085 |
# Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
## External cooperation {#external_cooperation}
Almost all investments are financed by grants from NGOs or official development assistance, chiefly the IDB, the World Bank, USAID and the European Union. As of 2013, for the first time a venture capital firm announced it would finance investments in the Haitian water sector.
### Non-governmental organizations {#non_governmental_organizations}
*Non-governmental organizations* (NGOs): Many NGOs finance their activities through both individual contributions and grants that come directly from government donors or indirectly through the Haitian government.
Some of the NGOs active in drinking water supply in Haiti are:
- Action Contre la Faim (French),
- AMURT Haïti in Anse Rouge commune, Artibonite Department
- the *Association haïtienne pour la maîtrise des eaux et des sols* (ASSODLO) (Haitian).
- CARE (US),
- the Comité Protos Haïti (Haitian),
- the Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) (Canadian),
- le Groupe de recherche et d\'échanges technologiques (GRET) (French),
- Helvetas (Swiss),
- Inter Aide (French),
- International Action (US),
- [Haiti Outreach](https://www.haitioutreach.org) (US),
- Oxfam (UK and Canada),
- Pan American Development Foundation (linked to the Organisation of American States)
- World Vision (US).
- Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL) (US)
- Living Waters for the World (US)
- Water Project For Haiti (Canada),
Most NGOs are not specialized in water supply, but rather undertake community development across various sectors in specific localities. However, some NGOs - like International Action, Helvetas, ACF and GRET - focus on water supply and some also focus on sanitation.
### Official Development Assistance {#official_development_assistance}
**Inter-American Development Bank**
The Inter-American Development Bank is the largest donor for water supply and sanitation in Haiti with on-going projects in Port-au-Prince (since 2010), secondary cities (since 1998) and in rural areas (since 2006) implemented by DINEPA. The Spanish government provides substantial grant funding for IDB water and sanitation projects in Haiti.
**World Bank**
The World Bank supports two rural water supply and sanitation project implemented by DINEPA with total funding of US\$10m and a series of community-driven development (CDD) projects that allow communities to choose the type of investment they want to undertake, including small-scale drinking water supply activities. The CDD project is implemented by community-based organizations with the close support of NGOs that work on behalf of the Haitian government.
### Venture capital {#venture_capital}
In May 2013 the venture capital firm Leopard Capital, through its Leopard Haiti private equity fund, announced that it intends to sell water for profit in Haiti at yet undisclosed locations and at an undisclosed price through a newly founded private company called dloHaiti. It has raised US\$3.4 million with the aim to build 40 water kiosks that would use solar-powered high-tech water purification systems. The company\'s investors also include the International Finance Corporation\'s InfraVentures Fund, the Netherlands Development Finance Company (FMO), Miyamoto International, and Jim Chu, dloHaiti\'s CEO and Founder
| 477 |
Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
| 3 |
10,077,093 |
# Make Way for Dionne Warwick
***Make Way for Dionne Warwick*** is the third studio album by American singer Dionne Warwick. It was released by Scepter Records on August 31, 1964, in the United States. Propelled by the hit singles \"Walk On By\", \"You\'ll Never Get to Heaven\", and \"Wishin\' and Hopin\'\", it became Warwick\'s first album to enter the US charts, reaching the top ten of Hot R&B LP\'s.
## Background
*Make Way for Dionne Warwick* is notable for including the singles \"Walk On By\", Warwick\'s second top ten hit on the US *Billboard* Hot 100. Also featured are \"You\'ll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart)\", \"A House Is Not a Home\", \"Reach Out for Me\", and one of the first recordings of \"(They Long to Be) Close to You.\" \"Get Rid of Him\" is actually a 1962 track by the Shirelles, with Warwick\'s vocal replacing that of Shirley Alston. The album was digitally remastered and reissued on CD on November 29, 2011, by Collectables Records.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic editor Lindsay Planer gave the album three stars out of five. He remarked that while \"Wishin\' and Hopin\'\" and \"I Smiled Yesterday\" had \"also been included on Warwick\'s debut album, *Presenting Dionne Warwick*. However, that didn\'t seem to deter listeners eager for new tunes. Warwick\'s musical mentors and collaborators Burt Bacharach and Hal David also presented the singer with several additional compositions that would become signature songs for other performers in the ensuing years.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks are written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, except where noted
| 266 |
Make Way for Dionne Warwick
| 0 |
10,077,116 |
# Li Ying College
**Li-Ying College** was the first recorded academy in Imperial Hong Kong. It was founded circa 1075 AD during the Song dynasty (960`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1279).
## History
The school\'s founder, `{{Interlanguage link|Deng Fuxie|zh|3=鄧符協}}`{=mediawiki} (Cantonese: Tang Fu Heep), was a native of Jiangsu province in mainland China. The school was located in the area known today as Kai Kung Leng (*雞公嶺*) Kam Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. The academy was well known for its large library of Chinese classics. In imperial times, academies were designed with a strong emphasis on the imperial examination system used to prepare scholar-officials for government work. By the time of the Qing dynasty (1644`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1911), the Chinese government in 1662 and 1664 closed down schools as a strategy to counter Ming dynasty (1368`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1644) loyalists. The academy was in ruins by the early 19th century.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- 1259 -- The first *jìnshì* (*进士*) degree under the imperial examination system was granted to \"Huang Shih\".
- 1685 -- A descendant of the founder, \"Tang Wen Wei\" was granted a *jìnshì* degree and was appointed district magistracy in Zhejiang.
- 1754 -- Chiang Shih Yuan from the Tai Po District earned a *jìnshì* degree and became well known for his literary accomplishments in southern China.
- 1789 -- Tang Ying Yuen (Tang Kuen Hin), a well-known local calligrapher, passed his military examination. He later built the \"So Lay Yuen Study Hall\" at \"Shui Tau Tsuen\" in Kam Tin
| 242 |
Li Ying College
| 0 |
10,077,129 |
# The Dark End of the Street
\"**The Dark End of the Street**\" is a 1967 soul song, written by songwriters Dan Penn and Chips Moman and first recorded by James Carr. It became his trademark song, reaching number 10 on *Billboard Magazine\'s* R&B Chart, and crossing over to number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100.
## History and original recording {#history_and_original_recording}
The song was co-written by Penn, a professional songwriter and producer, and Moman, a former session guitarist at Gold Star Studio in Los Angeles and also the owner of American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. The song itself was ultimately recorded across town at Royal Studios, home of HI Records.
In the summer of 1966, while a DJ convention was being held in Memphis, Penn and Moman were cheating while playing cards with Florida DJ Don Schroeder, and decided to write the song while on a break. Penn said of the song "We were always wanting to come up with the best cheatin' song. Ever." The duo went to the hotel room of Quinton Claunch, another Muscle Shoals alumnus, and founder of Hi Records, to write. Claunch told them \"Boys, you can use my room on one condition, which is that you give me that song for James Carr. They said I had a deal, and they kept their word." The song, lyrics and all, was written in about 30 minutes.
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
+--------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1967) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+======================================+==========+
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 77 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+
| US Billboard Top Selling R&B Singles | 10 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+
## Influences
Van Morrison\'s song \"Bright Side of the Road\" includes the lyrics \"From the dark end of the street, to the bright side of the road,\" which some people believe was influenced by Penn and Moman\'s song.
## Cover versions {#cover_versions}
Many artists have recorded versions of the song, but none charted as highly as Carr\'s version. In 1970, Aretha Franklin released a version on her album *This Girl\'s in Love with You*; this interpretation was praised by musicologist Craig Werner as adding \"something absolutely original\", with Franklin implying a further final step in the song\'s story, a determination of the illicit couple to stand together
| 376 |
The Dark End of the Street
| 0 |
10,077,148 |
# Comparison of bootloaders
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of available bootloaders.
## General information {#general_information}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| Name | Developer / Publisher | Current version | Initial release date | Latest release date | License | Cost | Website / documentation |
+===========================================================================+=================================================================================================+==================================+==================================+==================================+============================================================================================================+======+=========================+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Acronis OS Selector | Acronis International GmbH | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| AiR-BOOT | Martin Kiewitz\ | | | | | | |
| | Ben Rietbroek | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| AKernelLoader | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Barebox | Sascha Hauer\ | | | | | | |
| | the barebox community | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| BOOTBOOT | bzt | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| BootIt Bare Metal (formerly BootIt Next Generation) | TeraByte Unlimited | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| BootKey | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| BootManager | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| BootX (Apple) | Apple Inc. | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| BootX (Linux) | Benjamin Herrenschmidt | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Clover (fork of rEFIt) | <https://github.com/CloverHackyColor/CloverBootloader/graphs/contributors> Multi Contributors\] | 5157 | | | /BSD-2-Clause | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Darwin Boot Loader | Apple Inc. | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Das U-Boot | DENX Software Engineering | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Easyboot | bzt | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| FreeBSD loader | FreeBSD | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| GAG | Raster Software | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| GRUB Legacy | GNU Project | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| GNU GRUB | | | 1995 | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Grub2Win | Drummerdp | 2.4.2.4 | 2010 | April 2, 2025 | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| GRUB4DOS | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Gujin | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| systemd-boot / Gummiboot | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| iBoot | Apple Inc. | iBoot-11881.62.2\~1 | June 29, 2007 | December 9, 2024 | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| LILO | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Limine | mintsuki | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| loadlin | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| MasterBooter | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| NTLDR | Microsoft | | (Windows NT 3.1) | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| OpenCore | Acidanthera | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Ozmosis | The Hermit Crabs Lab | 167X-MASS (unofficial 167X-XMAX) | | 25 December 2015 | CCPL 3.0 License | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| OSL2000 Boot Manager | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| PLoP Boot Manager | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| quibble | maharmstone | 20210111 | | `{{dts|29.03.2023}}`{=mediawiki} | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| RedBoot | | | | | mod `{{open source|[[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPL-2.0-or-later]]}}`{=mediawiki} (eCos license) | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| rEFInd (fork of rEFIt) | Roderick W. Smith | 0.14.4.2 | `{{dts|2012|03|14}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{dts|06.04.2024}}`{=mediawiki} | /BSD-3-Clause | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| rEFIt | Christoph Pfisterer | 0.14 | | | /BSD-3-Clause | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Simpleboot | bzt | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Smart Boot Manager | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| SPFdisk | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| SYSLINUX | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| TianoCore EDK II | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| Windows Boot Manager | Microsoft | | (Windows Vista) | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| XOSL | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| FreeLoader (ReactOS Boot Loader) | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| class=\"table-rh\" \| wolfBoot | wolfSSL | v2.4.0 | `{{dts|2018-12-04}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{dts|07.01.2025}}`{=mediawiki} | and Commercial Licensing | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| Name | Developer / Publisher | Current version | Initial release date | Latest release date | License | Cost | Website / documentation |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-------------------------+
| 831 |
Comparison of bootloaders
| 0 |
10,077,148 |
# Comparison of bootloaders
## Technical information {#technical_information}
Note: The column **MBR** (Master Boot Record) refers to whether or not the boot loader can be stored in the first sector of a mass storage device. The column **VBR** (Volume Boot Record) refers to the ability of the boot loader to be stored in the first sector of any partition on a mass storage device.
### Storage medium support {#storage_medium_support}
Name Can reside in
------------------------------------- --------------- ------------
ESP (UEFI) MBR VBR
\| Acronis OS Selector
\| AiR-BOOT
\| AKernelLoader
\| Barebox
\| BOOTBOOT
\| BootIt Bare Metal
\| BootKey
\| BootManager
\| BootX (Apple)
\| BootX (Linux)
\| Clover
\| Darwin Boot Loader
\| Das U-Boot
\| Easyboot
\| FreeBSD loader
\| GAG (SafeBoot)
\| GRUB Legacy
\| GNU GRUB
\| Grub2Win
\| GRUB4DOS
\| Gujin
\| systemd-boot / Gummiboot
\| iBoot
\| LILO
\| Limine
\| loadlin
\| MasterBooter
\| NTLDR
\| OpenCore
\| OSL2000 Boot Manager
\| PLoP Boot Manager
\| quibble
\| RedBoot
\| rEFInd
\| rEFIt (not maintained)
\| Simpleboot
\| Smart Boot Manager
\| SPFdisk
\| SYSLINUX
\| Tianocore EDK II
\| Windows Boot Manager
\| XOSL
\| FreeLoader (ReactOS Boot Loader)
Name Can reside in
ESP (UEFI) MBR
### Operating system support {#operating_system_support}
Name Can boot
------------------------------------- ---------------
MS-DOS Windows 9x/Me
\| Acronis OS Selector
\| AiR-BOOT
\| AKernelLoader
\| Barebox
\| BOOTBOOT
\| BootIt Bare Metal
\| BootKey
\| BootManager
\| BootX (Apple)
\| BootX (Linux)
\| Clover
\| Darwin Boot Loader
\| Das U-Boot
\| Easyboot (FreeDOS)
\| FreeBSD loader
\| FreeLoader (ReactOS Boot Loader)
\| GAG
\| GRUB Legacy and GRUB4DOS
\| GNU GRUB
\| Grub2Win
\| Gujin
\| systemd-boot / Gummiboot
\| iBoot
\| LILO
\| loadlin
\| Limine
\| MasterBooter
\| NTLDR
\| OpenCore
\| OSL2000 Boot Manager
\| PLoP Boot Manager
\| quibble
\| RedBoot
\| rEFInd (fork of rEFIt)
\| rEFIt (not maintained)
\| Simpleboot
\| Smart Boot Manager
\| SPFdisk
\| SYSLINUX
\| Tianocore EDK II
\| Windows Boot Manager
\| XOSL
Name Can boot
MS-DOS
### File-system support {#file_system_support}
#### Non-journaled {#non_journaled}
Name FAT Minix ext2 btrfs HFS APFS AFFS F2FS
-------------------------- --------------------------------- ------- ------- -------- -------- ------ ------- ----- ------ ------ ------
FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 exFAT YAFFS1 YAFFS2
Acronis OS Selector
AiR-BOOT
AKernelLoader
Barebox
BOOTBOOT
BootIt Bare Metal
BootKey
bootload
BootManager
BootX (Apple)
BootX (Linux)
Clover
Darwin Boot Loader
Das U-Boot
Easyboot
extipl
FreeLoader (ReactOS)
GAG
GNU GRUB 2
GRUB Legacy
Grub2Win
GRUB4DOS
Gujin
systemd-boot / Gummiboot
iBoot
LILO
Limine
loader (FreeBSD)
loadlin
LOLO
MasterBooter
Multiple Boot Manager
NTLDR
OpenCore
OSL2000 Boot Manager
PLoP Boot Manager
quibble
RedBoot
rEFInd colspan=3 `{{yes}}`{=mediawiki}
rEFIt
Simpleboot
Smart Boot Manager
SPFdisk
Syslinux
Tianocore EDK II
Windows Boot Manager
XOSL
yaboot
#### Journaled
Name NTFS ext3 ext4 ReiserFS Reiser4 JFS XFS UFS UDF HFS+ BeFS AFS SFS UBIFS JFFS2
-------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ---------- --------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ------- -------
Acronis OS Selector
AiR-BOOT
AKernelLoader
Barebox
BOOTBOOT
BootIt Bare Metal
BootKey
bootload
BootManager
BootX (Apple)
BootX (Linux)
Clover
Darwin Boot Loader
Das U-Boot
extipl
FreeLoader (ReactOS)
GAG
GNU GRUB 2
GRUB Legacy
Grub2Win
GRUB4DOS
Gujin
systemd-boot / Gummiboot
iBoot
LILO
Limine
loader (FreeBSD)
loadlin
LOLO
MasterBooter
Multiple Boot Manager
NTLDR
OpenCore
OSL2000 Boot Manager
PLoP Boot Manager
quibble
RedBoot
rEFInd
rEFIt
Simpleboot
Smart Boot Manager
SPFdisk
Syslinux
Tianocore EDK II
Windows Boot Manager
XOSL
yaboot
#### Read-only {#read_only}
Name cpio tar ISO 9660 romfs SquashFS cramfs
-------------------------- ------ ----- ---------- ------- ---------- --------
Acronis OS Selector
AiR-BOOT
AKernelLoader
Barebox
BOOTBOOT
BootIt Bare Metal
BootKey
bootload
BootManager
BootX (Apple)
BootX (Linux)
Clover
Darwin Boot Loader
Das U-Boot
extipl
FreeLoader (ReactOS)
GAG
GNU GRUB 2
GRUB Legacy
Grub2Win
GRUB4DOS
Gujin
systemd-boot / Gummiboot
iBoot
LILO
Limine
loader (FreeBSD)
loadlin
LOLO
MasterBooter
Multiple Boot Manager
NTLDR
OpenCore
OSL2000 Boot Manager
PLoP Boot Manager
RedBoot
rEFInd
rEFIt
Simpleboot
Smart Boot Manager
SPFdisk
Syslinux
Tianocore EDK II
Windows Boot Manager
XOSL
yaboot
| 652 |
Comparison of bootloaders
| 1 |
10,077,148 |
# Comparison of bootloaders
## Technical information {#technical_information}
### Other features {#other_features}
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Name | Advanced command | Scriptable | Supported architecture | Supported executable | Supported protocol | Supported decompression | Others |
+================================+==================+============+==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=====================================================================================================================+===================================================================+================================+=====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| GRUB Legacy | | | x86 (PC) | Multiboot 1, Linux zImage, Linux bzImage and others | TFTP | gzip | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRUB 2 | | | x86 (PC, EFI, UEFI, coreboot, OLPC), IA-64, ARM (U-Boot, UEFI), PowerPC (OpenFirmware), MIPS, SPARC (OpenFirmware) | Multiboot and others | TFTP, HTTP | gzip, xz | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| LILO | | | x86 (PC) | Linux zImage, Linux bzImage | | bzip2, gzip | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| loader (FreeBSD) | | | x86 (PC, EFI, UEFI, coreboot, OLPC), ARM (U-Boot, UEFI), MIPS, PowerPC (OpenFirmware), SPARC v9 (OpenFirmware) | FreeBSD ELF kernel image, Multiboot (incomplete, for Xen image only) | TFTP, NFS | gzip, bzip2 | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| loadlin | | | x86 (PC) | Linux zImage, Linux bzImage | | gzip | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| LOLO (Logic PD) | | | ARM7, ARM9, ARM11, Cortex-A8, StrongARM, SH, ColdFire | ELF, binary, BIN (WinCE), SREC | TFTP | | Supported devices: MCF54xx, MCF5329, MCF5373, LLH7A400, LLH7A404, LLH79520, LLH79524, LSH7727, LSH7750, LSH7760, PXA270, PXA320, IMX31, IMX27, OMAP35xx, OMAP37xx |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SYSLINUX | | | x86 (PC) | Linux zImage, Linux bzImage, Multiboot, MBR image | TFTP | gzip, bzip2, lzo, zip, lzma, ? | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AKernelLoader | | | x86 (PC) | ELF, Binary | | | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| BOOTBOOT | | | x86-64 (PC, UEFI, El Torito CDROM, BSS Expansion ROM, UEFI Option ROM), ARM AArch64 (Raspberry Pi 3 and up) | ELF64 / PE32+ | serial | gzip | comes with a multiplatform, dependency-free bootable hybrid image creator (FOSS) |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Easyboot | | | x86-64 (BIOS, UEFI), ARM AArch64 (Raspberry Pi 3 and up) | ELF32, ELF64, PE32+/COFF, a.out, Multiboot2, MZ, Linux zImage, Linux bzImage, FreeBSD BTX, OpenBSD ELF kernel image | | gzip | comes with a multiplatform, dependency-free bootable hybrid image creator (FOSS), Multiboot2 extensions (clean 64-bit, higher-half, embedded-tags-free, EDID and SMP support) |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yaboot | | | PowerPC (Open Firmware) | Linux ELF image | TFTP | | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| RedBoot | | | ARM, ColdFire, H8300, x86, Freescale/Motorola 68000, MIPS, PowerPC, SH, SPARC, SPARCLite | ELF | TFTP, serial (X-modem) | gzip | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Das U-Boot | | | PowerPC, ARM, AVR32, Blackfin, ColdFire, IXP, Leon2, m68k, MicroBlaze, MIPS, NIOS, NIOS2, PXA, x86, RISC-V, StrongARM, SH2, SH3, SH4, \... | EFI, ELF, U-Boot image format, Linux zImage, raw | TFTP, NFS, serial (S-Record, Y-Modem, Kermit binary protocol) | bzip2, gzip, lzma | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Barebox | | | ARM, Blackfin, NIOS2, MIPS, x86, PowerPC | ELF, U-Boot image format | TFTP, NFS, serial (S-Record, Y-Modem, Kermit binary protocol) | bzip2, gzip, lz4, xz, lzo | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Linux kexec | | | x86, ARM, ARM64, PowerPC, PowerPC 64, IA-64, IBM Z, RISC-V | Linux bzImage, Multiboot, other ELF image | | | The **kexec** system call can start another kernel, replacing the current running Linux, thus turning a Linux-based operating system into a fancy bootloader. |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NTLDR | | | x86 (PC) | Windows NT kernel image (PE), MBR image | | | default bootloader on Windows NT |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Simpleboot | | | x86-64 (PC, UEFI) | Linux zImage, Linux bzImage, ELF32 / ELF64 / COFF / PE32+ with Multiboot2 | | any | comes with a multiplatform, dependency-free image creator (FOSS), supports 64-bit higher-half kernels with Multiboot2 |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| TianoCore EDK II | | | ARM, RISC-V, x86 | EFI | HTTPS | | UEFI reference implementation |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Windows Boot Manager | | | x86 (PC), ARM (only on Windows Mobile remake) | Portable Executable | | | Successor of NTLDR; used on Vista and up. |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| FreeLoader (ReactOS) | | | x86 (PC), ARM, PowerPC | | | | clone of NTLDR |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| extipl | | | | | | | IBM IPL upper compatible |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Multiple Boot Manager | | | | | | | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| bootload (Technologic Systems) | | | ARM | | | | Proprietary |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Limine | | | x86 (PC, UEFI), ARM, RISC-V, LoongArch{{cite news\|last=Larabel\|first=Michael\|date=2024-08-03\|url=<https://www.phoronix.com/news/Limine-8.0-Bootloader%7Ctitle=Limine> 8.0 Bootloader Released With LoongArch Support | access-date=2025-02-09}} | Multiboot 1 and 2, Limine boot protocol, Linux zImage and bzImage | TFTP | gzip |
+--------------------------------+------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| wolfBoot | | | ARM, RISC-V, PowerPC, x86 | Binary, ELF32/ELF64, Multiboot2 | | | Open-source, OS-agnostic (run alongside RTOS, Linux or bare-metal), ARM TrustZone-M support, Hardware Security Module support (including TPM 2.0), Integrity and authenticity verification of firmware images
| 802 |
Comparison of bootloaders
| 2 |
10,077,153 |
# Diogenes of Oenoanda
**Diogenes of Oenoanda** (`{{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ˈ|ɒ|dʒ|ɪ|n|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki}; *Διογένης ὁ Οἰνοανδεύς*) was an Epicurean Greek from the 2nd century AD who carved a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus onto a portico wall in the ancient Greek city of Oenoanda in Lycia (modern day southwest Turkey). The surviving fragments of the wall, originally extended about 80 meters, form an important source of Epicurean philosophy. The inscription, written in Greek, sets out Epicurus\' teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics. It was originally about 25,000 words long and filled 260 square meters of wall space. Less than a third of it has been recovered.
## Life
Nothing is known about the life of Diogenes apart from the limited information he reveals to us. The inscription itself, which had been dated to the late 2nd century, has now been assigned on epigraphic grounds to the Hadrianic period, 117--138{{ }}AD. Diogenes was wealthy enough to acquire a large tract of land in the city of Oenoanda to construct (or possibly buy) a piazza to display his inscription. As a man who had found peace by practicing the doctrines of Epicurus, he tells us that in his old age he was motivated \"to help also those who come after us\" and \"to place therefore the remedies of salvation by means of this porch.\"
## The inscription {#the_inscription}
Diogenes constructed a rectangular piazza surrounded by a portico, and furnished with statues. On one of the smaller sides he placed a portal, with perhaps his mausoleum on the opposite side. On the two larger sides he inscribed a lengthy account of Epicurean doctrines. The inscription was 2.37 meters high, and extended about 80 meters. It was originally about 25 000 words long and filled about 260 square metres of wall space. It was discovered in 1884, and the first 64 fragments were published in 1892. Since then, more fragments have been discovered, notably in a series of excavations led by Martin Ferguson Smith. Perhaps a quarter of the inscription has been recovered. New parts are being discovered in the excavations of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut; among the parts discovered in 2008 was a statement on Plato\'s theory of cosmogony.
The inscription contains three treatises written by Diogenes as well as various letters and maxims:
- *A Treatise on Ethics*, which describes how pleasure is the end of life; how virtue is a means to achieve it; and explains how to achieve the happy life.
- *A Treatise on Physics*, which has many parallels with Lucretius, and includes discussions on dreams, the gods, and contains an account of the origin of humans and the invention of clothing, speech and writing.
- *A Treatise on Old Age*, which appears to have defended old age against the jibes of the young, although little of this treatise survives.
- *Letters from Diogenes to his friends*, which includes a letter addressed to a certain Antipater concerning the Epicurean doctrine of innumerable worlds.
- *Epicurean maxims*, a collection of the sayings of Epicurus and other eminent Epicureans, which was appended to the end of the treatise on ethics.
- *Letters of Epicurus*, which includes a letter to Epicurus\' mother on the subject of dreams.
Jürgen Hammerstaedt, philologist from the University of Cologne, and epigrapher Martin Ferguson Smith, have translated some of the fragments discovered in Oenoanda. \"He was a remarkable man and a cosmopolitan man,\" says Hammerstaedt, commenting upon a quote from Smith\'s translation of a passage in which Diogenes declares that he set up the inscription: \"Not least for those who are called foreigners, for they are not foreigners. For, while the various segments of the Earth give different people a different country, the whole compass of this world gives all people a single country, the entire Earth, and a single home, the world
| 631 |
Diogenes of Oenoanda
| 0 |
10,077,156 |
# Dee Robson
**Dee Robson (Dee Kelly)** is a former costume designer for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). Mrs. Robson was born in Liverpool, studied art at the Southport School of Fine Arts, Lancashire, and design for the theatre at the Wimbledon College of Art. She is now based in London. The inspiration for her monster and costume designs comes from many sources, such as Russian ballet and Memento mori statues. Mrs. Robson worked for a time under the fashion designer Mary Quant and her style continues to reflect the clarity and directness of fashion drawing. No compilation of her works exist due to copyright issues, but she owns a vast portfolio. She has worked for some of Britain\'s leading theatres:
- The London Ballet company (run by Walter Gore and Paula Hinton).
- The Oxford Playhouse
- Prospect Productions
- Liverpool Playhouse
- Pitlochry Festival Theatre
- Century Theatre, Keswick, Cumbria
- Century Theatre, Carlisle
- Yvonne Arnaud Theatre
- Welsh Theatre company
- Atheneum Theatre, Plymouth
- The Delfont Organization
## List of TV work {#list_of_tv_work}
- *Moonbase 3* (1973)
- *The Goodies*:
- \"The Goodies Rule -- O.K
| 191 |
Dee Robson
| 0 |
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