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# Bonanza Gift Shop
**Bonanza Gift Shop** is a landmark located on the Las Vegas Strip between the Sahara Las Vegas and the Stratosphere Las Vegas. It is billed as the *World\'s Largest Gift Shop* with over 40000 sqft of shopping space.
According to British Airways, the shop \"won\'t let you down when looking for the perfect souvenir.\" However Fodor\'s says \"Ok, so it may not, in fact, be the world\'s largest, but it\'s the city\'s largest---and for that matter, the city\'s best---souvenir store.\"
## History
Bonanza Gifts was established in 1980. Before Bonanza, the corner mall contained several smaller shops and casinos.
Former casino occupants at the location included: **Honest John\'s** (c. 1963-1981), **Big Wheel Casino** (c. 1971-1977, renamed **Centerfold Casino** in 1975), and **Jolly Trolley** (c. 1977-1981). Jolly Trolley was reportedly secretly owned by reputed mafia boss Anthony Russo. Bonanza\'s website also lists **Jackpot Casino** and **Money Tree Casino** as also previously occupying the site.
It was the *Las Vegas Review-Journal*\'s online readers pick for *Best Gift Shop* in 2006.
In 2016, the property was sold for \$50 million to Haim Gabay, who had been operating the store as a tenant for a year.
### Film history {#film_history}
The shop was featured on the PBS show *Going Places*. This store features in the 2016 Nicolas Cage movie *The Trust*
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# Paul Harrison (ice hockey)
**Paul Douglas Harrison** (born February 11, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League with the Minnesota North Stars, Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Buffalo Sabres between 1975 and 1982, accumulating a record of 28-59--9.
## Career
Harrison was drafted in the third round, 40th overall, by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1975 NHL Amateur Draft. He was also drafted by the World Hockey Association\'s Cincinnati Stingers, but never played in that league.
After his NHL career finished, Harrison moved back to Timmins and became a police officer for the Ontario Provincial Police. He taught grade-school students about drug awareness through the D.A.R.E. Program.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Harrison and his wife Penny had two daughters, and they lived in Timmins
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# GPS animal tracking
**GPS animal tracking** is a process whereby biologists, scientific researchers, or conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement or migratory patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and optional environmental sensors or automated data-retrieval technologies such as Argos satellite uplink, mobile data telephony or GPRS and a range of analytical software tools.
A GPS tracking device will generally record and store location data at a predetermined interval or on interrupt by an environmental sensor. These data may be held pending recovery of the device or relayed to a central data store or internet-connected computer using an embedded cellular (GPRS), radio, or satellite modem. The animal\'s location can then be plotted against a map or chart in near real-time or, when analysing the track later, using a GIS package or custom software.
GPS tracking devices may also be attached to domestic animals, such as pets, pedigree livestock and working dogs. Some owners use these collars for geofencing of their pets.
**GPS wildlife tracking** can place additional constraints on size and weight and may not allow for post-deployment recharging or replacement of batteries or correction of attachment. As well as allowing in-depth study of animal behaviour and migration, the high-resolution tracks available from a GPS-enabled system can potentially allow for tighter control of animal-borne communicable diseases such as the H5N1 strain of avian influenza.
## Attachment
### Collar attachment {#collar_attachment}
Collar attachment is the primary technique where the subject has a suitable body type and behaviour. Tracking collars are typically used on the animal\'s neck (assuming the head has a larger circumference than the neck) but also on a limb, perhaps around an ankle. Suitable animals for neck attachment include primates, large cats, some bears, etc. Limb attachment works well in animals such as kiwi, where the foot is much larger than the ankle.
### Harness attachment {#harness_attachment}
Harness attachments may be used when collar attachment is unsuitable, such as for animals whose neck diameter may exceed that of the head. Examples of this type of animal may include pigs, Tasmanian devils, etc. Large, long-necked birds such as the greylag goose may also need to be fitted with a harness to prevent the removal of the tag by the subject.
### Direct attachment {#direct_attachment}
Direct attachment is used on animals where a collar cannot be used, such as birds, reptiles, and marine mammals.
In the case of birds, the GPS unit must be very lightweight to avoid interfering with the bird\'s ability to fly or swim. The device is usually attached by gluing or, for short deployments, taping to the bird. The unit will then naturally fall off when the bird subsequently moults.
In the case of reptiles such as crocodiles and turtles, gluing the unit onto the animal\'s skin or carapace using epoxy (or similar material) is the most common method and minimises discomfort.
In deployments on marine mammals such as phocids or otariids, the device would be glued to the fur and fall off during the annual moult. Units used with turtles or marine animals have to resist the corrosive effects of seawater and be waterproof to pressures of up to 200bar.
### Other attachment methods {#other_attachment_methods}
Other applications include rhinoceros tracking, for which a hole may be drilled in the animal\'s horn and a device implanted. Compared to other methods, implanted transmitters may suffer from a reduced range as the large mass of the animal\'s body can absorb some transmitted power.
There are also GPS implants for large snakes, such as ones offered by [Telemetry Solutions](https://www.telemetrysolutions.com).
## Software
### Embedded
Duty Cycle Scheduling - GPS devices typically record data about the animal\'s exact location and store readings at pre-set intervals known as duty cycles. By setting the interval between readings, the researcher can determine the device\'s lifespan - persistent readings drain battery power more rapidly. In contrast, longer intervals between readings might provide lower resolution over a more extended deployment.
Release Timers - Some devices can be programmed to drop off at a set time/date rather than requiring recapture and manual retrieval. Some may also be fitted with a low-power radio receiver allowing a remote signal to trigger the automatic release.
### Analytical
Locational data provided by GPS devices can be displayed using Geographic information system (GIS) packages such as the open-source GRASS or plotted and prepared for display on the World Wide Web using packages such as Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), [FollowDem](https://github.com/PnEcrins/FollowDem) (developed by Ecrins National Park to track ibex) or [Maptool](http://www.seaturtle.org/maptool/).
Statistical software such as R can be used to display and examine data and may reveal behavioural patterns or trends.
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# GPS animal tracking
## Data retrieval {#data_retrieval}
### Argos
GPS tracking devices have been linked to an Argos Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT), enabling them to transmit data via the Argos System, a scientific satellite system that has been in use since 1978. Users can download their data directly from Argos via telnet and process the raw data to extract their transmitted information.
Where satellite uplink fails due to antenna damage, it may be possible to intercept the underpowered transmission locally using a satellite uplink receiver.
### GSM
GPS location data can be transmitted via the GSM mobile/cell phone network, using SMS messages or internet protocols over a GPRS session. The [EPASTO](http://www.EPASTO.eu) GPS is dedicated to following and locating cows.
### UHF/VHF
GPS data may be transmitted via short-range radio signals and decoded using a custom receiver.
## Complications
### Effects on animals {#effects_on_animals}
It was believed that GPS collars used on animals affected their behavior. This theory was tested on elephants that lived in a zoo in the United States. They studied how the elephants behaved with and without the collars simultaneously for both scenarios and saw no change in behavior.
A study was done with mantled howler monkeys to see if GPS Ball and Chain collars affected the monkeys behavior. The study involved observing a group of collared and uncollared female howler monkeys. There was no significant difference in the collared and uncollared behavior, but when the study was over, it was discovered that the monkeys had injuries. The collars had caused damage to the necks of the monkeys; one had minor scratches and some swelling, while four other monkeys had deep cuts from the collar. Two of the monkeys with the lacerations had their tissue healing over the collar.
### Tracking technology and battery life {#tracking_technology_and_battery_life}
GPS animal tracking uses satellite technology to monitor the real-time location, movement patterns, and behavior of wildlife or pets, aiding in research, conservation, and pet safety.
There is a need for Internet-enabled tracking collars for animals to be designed with a multiple-year lifespan to avoid interference with the animals. Satellite tracking devices are deployed in ultra-remote areas. To preserve battery power, the device only powers on when required. GSM or cellular technology is widely deployed where connectivity is available - however, GSM is also highly intensive on battery power. Devices, like Airtag from Apple, either have a large battery or are only powered on when required, and may need to be constantly recharged.
Sigfox or LoRa are new technologies powering the Internet of Things connectivity. These technologies are beginning to be deployed in remote areas due to their ease of deployment and incredibly long range. The advantages of these technologies for an animal tracking collar are that the device form size can be minimised, and the battery life is considerably extended. Sigfox has already covered large parts of the Kruger National Park in South Africa, allowing rangers to track smaller forms of wildlife better
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# David Melding
**David Robert Michael Melding** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}}`{=mediawiki} (born 28 August 1962) is a former Welsh Conservative Party politician, who served as a Member of the Senedd (MS) for South Wales Central between 1999 and 2021. He was the Deputy Presiding Officer of the Senedd between 2011 and 2016 and is the only Conservative member to hold the role.
## Early life {#early_life}
Melding was born in Neath, where he attended Dwr-y-Felin Comprehensive School.
He studied Politics at the University of Wales, Cardiff, obtaining a BSc (Econ), followed by an MA in Government at the College of William and Mary, Virginia in the United States.
## Early career {#early_career}
Melding began his career as part of the Conservative Research Department from 1986 until 1989. In 1989, he became Deputy Director of the Welsh Centre for International Affairs until 1996. From 1996 to 1999, he was a coordinator at the Carers National Association in Wales.
## Political career {#political_career}
Melding was elected to the Senedd in the South Wales Central Region in 1999, a position he held until 2021. He served as the Welsh Conservatives\' Director of Policy, writing manifestos for the 2003, 2007, and 2011 assembly elections.
He served as Deputy Presiding Officer of the Senedd between 2011 and 2016. In 2016, he was mentioned as a likely name to seek the role of Presiding Officer to succeed the outgoing Rosemary Butler, but in May he confirmed we would not be standing.
Melding takes an interest in Welsh constitutional matters, and in 2017 proposed the establishment of a \"second chamber of the assembly\... for residents to influence decisions and laws\". Such a chamber would be formed on the basis of citizens service.
That same year, he was awarded a CBE for his \"services to political and public life\" in the New Years Honours List.
In July 2018, he supported Paul Davies in his campaign to become the Welsh Conservatives\' new leader.
In August 2019, Melding wrote in the Daily Express stating that the Conservative Party was under \"severe threat\" and \"about to split\".
In September 2019, Melding spoke out against his party\'s position on a no-deal Brexit, stating that he \"wanted no part in a no-deal Brexit strategy that would hurt the most vulnerable.\"
He quit his role in the shadow front bench in September 2020 after disagreements with the party over changes to the Brexit agreements and the UK Internal Market Bill that was brought forward in the UK Parliament on the same day. He made his decision of leaving the front bench permanently after \"misgivings for some time\" over the party\'s approach to Brexit, citing that it will lead to the union breaking up.
## Senedd positions {#senedd_positions}
While serving in the Senedd, Melding was appointed to a number of Committee and Shadow Cabinet roles:
- Chair of the Standards of Conduct Committee in the First Assembly (1999-03)
- Chair of the Legislation Committee in the Second Assembly (2003--07)
- Chair of Audit Committee in the Third Assembly (2007--2011)
- Shadow Minister for Economic Development (2007--2015)
- Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Housing, Heritage, Culture, and Media (2016--2020)
- Shadow Counsel General & Shadow Minister for Culture & Communications (July 2020 -- September 2020)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In his spare time, Melding is Governor of Meadowbank Special School in Cardiff and Headlands Special School in Penarth.
In February 2018, he spoke to the BBC about his experiences of \"horribly debilitating\" panic attacks, during a debate on mental health in the Senedd
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# A Case for the Court
***A Case for the Court*** was a weekly CBC Television show that ran from July 1960 to September 1962.
The show was produced in cooperation with the Canadian Bar Association, involving the enactment of fictional criminal and civil cases using actual judges and lawyers
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# Avram C. Freedberg
**Avram Chaim Freedberg** (born June 25, 1947) is a Broadway theatre producer, a direct marketer, and founder of National Collector\'s Mint. He founded Maximum Entertainment Productions LLC and has produced and invested in a number of Broadway shows. He is also a thoroughbred racehorse owner.
## Broadway
Freedberg\'s Broadway credits include *Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas*, *The Addams Family* and *Carrie Fisher's Wishful Drinking*. One of his off-Broadway shows, *Los Big Names*, earned Outer Critic's Circle and Drama Desk nominations.
In 2006 and 2007 Freedberg\'s company Maximum Entertainment was the producer for *Dr. Seuss\' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!* during the Christmas season.`{{better source needed|date=September 2015}}`{=mediawiki} The 2007 production was halted for seven days during the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike and managed to get back into performance by getting a special dispensation.
## Obscenity charges {#obscenity_charges}
In 1988 he operated Consumer Marketing Group in Stamford, Connecticut, and Dirty Dick\'s Dynamite Discount Den as a distributor of pornographic materials. After being tried for obscenity charges, Freedberg accepted a plea bargain to pay \$600,000 and promise to never deal in sexually explicit materials again. A United States District Judge ruled that he could not be prosecuted in two states simultaneously on obscenity charges.
### National Collectors Mint {#national_collectors_mint}
In 1991 he founded the National Collectors Mint in Port Chester, New York. The company, through its online catalog and television advertisements, markets collectible and commemorative coins. In 2004, it began selling coins commemorating the September 11 attacks with silver purported to have been recovered from the World Trade Center. The coins, which it allegedly purported to be legal tender, are said to have been issued by the United States territory Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands which cannot issue legal tender. After the company paid a \$750,000 settlement to the FTC for repeatedly and fraudulently marketing the coins, senator Chuck Schumer stated, \"This settlement will assure consumers that we, as a nation, will not tolerate such a despicable scam
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# IFK Sundsvall
**IFK Sundsvall** is a Swedish football club located in Sundsvall. The club was formed on 22 February 1895.
## Background
Since their foundation IFK Sundsvall has participated mainly in the upper and middle divisions of the Swedish football league system. They have spent five seasons in the Allsvenskan from 1976 to 1977 and 1979--81. The nearest they have come to premier status since was in 1992 when they played in the Kvalsvenskan after progressing from Division 1 Norra. The club currently plays in Division 2 Norra Svealand which is the fourth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Baldershovs IP in Sundsvall.
IFK Sundsvall are affiliated to the Medelpads Fotbollförbund.
## Season to season {#season_to_season}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Season** **Level** **Division** **Section** **Position** **Movements** |
| ------------ ----------- ----------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------------------------------------- |
| 1970 Tier 3 **Division 3** Södra Norrland Nedre **4th** |
| 1971 Tier 3 **Division 3** Södra Norrland Övre **1st** Promotion Playoff -- Promoted |
| 1972 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **7th** |
| 1973 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **3rd** |
| 1974 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **3rd** |
| 1975 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **1st** Promoted |
| 1976 Tier 1 **Allsvenskan** **12th** |
| 1977 Tier 1 **Allsvenskan** **13th** Relegated |
| 1978 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **1st** Promoted |
| 1979 Tier 1 **Allsvenskan** **9th** |
| 1980 Tier 1 **Allsvenskan** **7th** |
| 1981 Tier 1 **Allsvenskan** **13th** Relegated |
| 1982 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **4th** |
| 1983 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **7th** |
| 1984 Tier 2 **Division 2** Norra **12th** Relegated |
| 1985 Tier 3 **Division 3** Södra Norrland **1st** Promotion Playoff |
| 1986 Tier 3 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **2nd** |
| 1987 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norra **9th** |
| 1988 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norra **13th** Relegated |
| 1989 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **1st** Promoted |
| 1990 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norra **1st** Promoted |
| 1991 Tier 2 **Division 1** Norra **6th** Spring Competition |
| Tier 2 **Division 1** Norra **4th** Autumn Competition |
| 1992 Tier 2 **Division 1** Norra **1st** Spring Competition |
| Tier 2 **Division 1** Kvalsvenskan **8th** Autumn Competition |
| 1993 Tier 2 **Division 1** Norra **13th** Relegated |
| 1994 Tier 3 **Division 2** Östra Svealand **9th** |
| 1995 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norrland **2nd** Promotion Playoffs -- Not Promoted |
| 1996 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norrland **6th** |
| 1997 Tier 3 **Division 2** Norrland **11th** Relegated |
| 1998 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **4th** |
| 1999 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **3rd** |
| 2000 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **8th** |
| 2001 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **4th** |
| 2002 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **2nd** Promotion Playoffs |
| 2003 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **5th** |
| 2004 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **7th** |
| 2005 Tier 4 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **4th** Promotion Playoffs -- Promoted |
| 2006\* Tier 4 **Division 2** Norrland **8th** |
| 2007 Tier 4 **Division 2** Norrland **11th** Relegated |
| 2008 Tier 5 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **4th** |
| 2009 Tier 5 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **2nd** Promotion Playoffs -- Promoted |
| 2010 Tier 4 **Division 2** Norra Svealand **12th** Relegated |
| 2011 Tier 5 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **5th** |
| 2012 Tier 5 **Division 3** Mellersta Norrland **9th** Relegation Playoffs -- Not Relegated |
| 2013 Tier 5 **Division 3** Sodra Norrland **10th** Relegation Playoffs -- Relegated |
| 2014 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **3rd** |
| 2015 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **4th** |
| 2016 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **4th** |
| 2017 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **4th** |
| 2018 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **10th** Relegated |
| 2019 Tier 7 **Division 5** Medelpad **2nd** Promoted |
| 2020 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **7th** |
| 2021 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **5th** |
| 2022 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **5th** |
| 2023 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad **4th** |
| 2024 Tier 6 **Division 4** Medelpad |
| |
| *\* League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.* |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Achievements
- **Division 1 Norra:**
- **Winners (1):** 1992
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# IFK Sundsvall
## Attendances
In recent seasons IFK Sundsvall have had the following average attendances:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Season** **Average Attendance** **Division / Section** **Level** |
| ------------ ------------------------ -------------------------- ----------- |
| 2005 124 Div 3 Mellersta Norrland Tier 4 |
| 2006 251 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 |
| 2007 143 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 |
| 2008 133 Div 3 Mellersta Norrland Tier 5 |
| 2009 143 Div 3 Mellersta Norrland Tier 5 |
| 2010 191 Div 2 Norra Svealand Tier 4 |
| 2011 143 Div 3 Mellersta Norrland Tier 5 |
| 2012 ? Div 3 Mellersta Norrland Tier 5 |
| 2013 ? Div 3 Sodra Norrland Tier 5 |
| 2014 79 Div 4 Medelpad Tier 5 |
| 2015 72 Div 4 Medelpad Tier 5 |
| 2016 ? Div 4 Medelpad Tier 5 |
| 2017 78 Div 4 Medelpad Tier 5 |
| 2018 Div 4 Medelpad Tier 5 |
| |
| *\* Attendances are provided in the Publikliga sections of the Svenska Fotbollförbundet website.* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The attendance record for IFK Sundsvall was 10,650 spectators for the match against IFK Norrköping in the Allsvenskan on 16 May 1976
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# Raccoon coat
`{{listen
| filename = Doin'_the_Raccoon,_George_Olsen_&_His_Music.ogg
| title = "Doin' the Raccoon"
| description = Sample of the song which captured the fad at its height, recorded by [[George Olsen|George Olsen & His Music]] in 1928
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
A **raccoon coat** is a full-length fur coat made of raccoon pelts, which became a fashion fad in the United States during the 1920s. Such coats were particularly popular with male college students in the middle and later years of the decade.
Many automobiles in the 1920s still had open tops or were made of wood and canvas, and had poor heaters or no heaters at all, and the speed of these automobiles was increasing where winter drives without heat became very uncomfortable. Purportedly fur coats became popular due to this, and due to the stories of Davy Crockett and popular artist James Van Der Zee. George Olsen and His Music released a recording highlighting the fad in 1928, titled \"Doin\' the Raccoon\", with the lyrics:
> From every college campus comes the cheer: oy-yoy! The season for the raccoon coat is here, my boy! Rough guys, tough guys, men of dignity, Join the raccoon coat fraternity, soon, To do the raccoon!
A few months after Olsen\'s recording hit the air, the November 16, 1929, issue of *The Saturday Evening Post* featured an Alan Foster illustration of several college men wearing raccoon coats. The raccoon coat (many times accompanied with a straw boater, wingtip spectator oxfords, and either a saxophone or a ukulele) has been referenced numerous times in movies and television, both as a symbol of the Jazz Age and as a cliché motif of collegiate enthusiasm.
The fad saw a resurgence during the mid-1950s, specifically vintage coats from the 1920s
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# Kirby Underdale
**Kirby Underdale** is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 6 mi north of Pocklington town centre and lies 1 mi north of the main A166 road from York to Driffield. The civil parish is formed by the village of Kirby Underdale and the hamlets of Garrowby, Painsthorpe and Uncleby. According to the 2011 UK Census, Kirby Underdale parish had a population of 125, a decrease on the 2001 UK Census figure of 129.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, was designated a Grade I listed building in 1987 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.
In Baines 1823 *History, Directory and Gazetteer of the County of York,* Kirby Underdale village and parish was listed as \"Kirby Guderdale\", and was in the Wapentake of Buckrose. All Saints\' Church and its benefice was in the patronage of King George IV. Population at the time was 385, which included two farmers, one of whom was a butcher, a blacksmith, a grocer, and a carpenter. Included in the parish and its population was the hamlet of Garraby, 1 mi south-west, with two farmers and Sir F. L. Wood.
Sir Francis Lindley Wood of Garrowby Hall and Hickleton Hall was lord of the manor and owner of most parish land, and provided a schoolmaster to teach poor parish children at Uncleby, a further parish hamlet 1 mi north of Kirby. 1 mi farther to the north was the parish hamlet of Hanging Grimston, and 1 mi southeast, that of Painsthorpe, where Rear-Admiral Charles Richardson lived. The population by 1840 was 293, with parish occupations that included twenty-one farmers, two wheelwrights, two shopkeepers, a tailor, a woodman, and a gamekeeper. Further residents were a schoolmaster and schoolmistress, a parish clerk, a yeoman, and the parish incumbent at the rectory.
In 1868 a tumulus on the Uncleby Wold revealed two barrows, one British (70 feet) and one Anglo-Saxon (94 feet) the former inside the latter. 70 Anglo-Saxon skeletons were found among numerous relics from the two cultures
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# Puch Maxi
The **Puch Maxi** is a moped that was manufactured by the Austrian manufacturing company Puch through the 1970s and 1980s that is well known for its reliability, ease of maintenance, and fuel economy (up to 120 mpg). These mopeds gained wide acceptance during the 1973 oil crisis and are still widely available for aftermarkets, and mint examples are still valued by collectors today. It is started using a pedal start mechanism where the user provides the force needed to start the 48cc two stroke engine, or can be ridden like a bicycle when the engine is disengaged. The later models feature a kick start mechanism.
## Models
The Puch Maxi comes in several models:
- **Maxi S**: this is the full suspension model with the single speed E50 (one speed) engine/transmission.
- **Maxi D or LS**: same as the S, but with a longer seat for a passenger.
- **Maxi Luxe**: A Maxi with a stock Hi-Torque head and mudflaps.
- **Maxi N**: A rigid frame lacking a speedometer that was the cheapest model, and dubbed the \"Poor man\'s maxi\".
- **Maxi Sport MKII**: Has a full suspension, mag wheels, the ZA50 (two speed) engine/transmission, a longer seat (but not long enough for passengers like the maxi D or LS model).
- **Maxi Nostalgia**: was only available in 1976. It is a black/gold Maxi with decals styled after Puch\'s turn-of-the-century motorcycle logo. Its predecessor is the Newport.
- **Newport**: Same as a Maxi S, but has different decals and hand pinstriping and sometimes a brown saddle, and comes with reflective whitewalls.
- **Newport L**: An updated Newport with swoop decals instead of pinstriping, a black transmission and flywheel cover, and a puffy saddle.
- **Newport Auto-start/Oil Inject**: A newport that features metallic paint, oil injection, and lacks a clutch lever.
- **Newport II**: Newport that features the ZA50 (two speed) engine/transmission.
- **Maxi Guam Edition**: a few Maxis that showed up in the United States that claimed to be manufactured in Guam. These have Honda-style controls where the switches integrate into the lever/throttle housings and come stock with turn signals and sidecovers that enclose a battery. Guam built Maxis are claimed to be built better than the USA models.
- **Maxi BMX Special**: Produced as a limited run in 1976 to celebrate the success of the company\'s BMX bicycles, production lasted only three months due to poor public reception. It featured the single speed E50 engine/transmission.
## Engine
The Puch Maxi uses a 2 stroke 48cc two stroke gasoline engine of 38mm bore 42mm stroke that comes in three horsepower ratings: 1.0, 1.5, and 2 HP that limits the speed to 20 mph (32kmh), 25 mph (40 kmh) and 30 mph (48 kmh) respectively. However, these can be modified by de-restricting the airbox, carburetor, exhaust manifold, pipe, and the use of aftermarket and performance parts.
## Transmission
The engine is coupled to either a single speed E50 or a two speed ZA50 transmission. The versions of the transmissions can be identified by the shape of the gearboxes: The E50 has a round gearbox whereas the two speed has a rectangular gearbox. Both transmissions use a centrifugal clutch, the E50 has one, while the ZA50 has two
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# Iron Dragon (board game)
***Iron Dragon*** is a board game by Mayfair Games. Unlike the other Empire Builder games, it is set in a fantasy world with dragon-based locomotives. Eden Games licensed the game from Mayfair to produce a Windows version of the game, *Rail Empires: Iron Dragon*.
## Gameplay
The goal of Iron Dragon is to connect seven of the game's eight major cities with rails and amass 250 gold pieces. Players spend money to build railways and earn money by using them to deliver goods such as dragons, wands, spells, pipeweed, gems, wine and ale. Demand cards indicate three different combinations of good requested, city to which to deliver, and payout; generally longer distances between good production regions and destinations yield higher payouts. Players can upgrade trains for speed and cargo capacity, hire foremen to reduce building costs in various terrain, and even set sail to deliver cargo. Interaction between players is limited to competition for routes, as only one player can own the connection between any two markers, and the usually negative effects of event cards, which affect all players but may harm some more than others.
## Reception
Scott Haring reviewed *Iron Dragon* for *Pyramid* #13 (May/June, 1995) and stated that \"*Iron Dragon* carries my highest recommendation
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# 1955 Ryder Cup
The **11th Ryder Cup Matches** were held November 5--6, 1955, at Thunderbird Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California. The United States team won its seventh consecutive competition by a score of 8 to 4 points.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
--------------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Chick Harbert -- captain
Jerry Barber
Tommy Bolt
Jack Burke Jr.
Doug Ford
Marty Furgol
Chandler Harper
Ted Kroll
Cary Middlecoff
Sam Snead
--------------------------
Seven members of the British team were chosen from the Order of Merit after the 1955 Open Championship. To qualify players had to play in 5 of the 6 qualifying events. The qualifying events were all stroke-play tournaments played in Great Britain from the Spalding Tournament ending on 22 April to the Open Championship ending on 8 July. The last three places were chosen by the seven players already selected and the four members of the PGA tournament sub-committee. The seven who qualified after the Open were: Rees, Bradshaw, Scott, Weetman, O\'Connor, Bousfield and Jacobs. Later in July, Rees was chosen as captain. The three remaining players, Brown, Lees and Fallon, were chosen at the end of the Dunlop Masters in September. Brown had recently lost in the final of the News of the World Match Play where Lees was a losing semi-finalist. Fallon was runner-up in the Open Championship.
-------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Dai Rees -- captain
Ken Bousfield
Harry Bradshaw
Eric Brown
John Fallon
John Jacobs
Arthur Lees
Christy O\'Connor Snr
Syd Scott
Harry Weetman
-------------------------
## Saturday\'s foursome matches {#saturdays_foursome_matches}
Results
------------------- --------- ----------------------
**Fallon/Jacobs** 1 up Harper/Barber
Brown/Scott 5 & 4 **Ford/Kroll**
Lees/Weetman 1 up **Burke/Bolt**
Bradshaw/Rees 3 & 2 **Snead/Middlecoff**
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
18 hole scores: Harper/Barber: 2 up, Ford/Kroll: 3 up, Lees/Weetman: 1 up, Bradshaw/Rees v Snead/Middlecoff: all square.
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------- --------- --------------------
Christy O\'Connor 4 & 2 **Tommy Bolt**
Syd Scott 3 & 2 **Chick Harbert**
**John Jacobs** 1 up Cary Middlecoff
Dai Rees 3 & 1 **Sam Snead**
**Arthur Lees** 3 & 2 Marty Furgol
**Eric Brown** 3 & 2 Jerry Barber
Harry Bradshaw 3 & 2 **Jack Burke Jr.**
Harry Weetman 3 & 2 **Doug Ford**
3 Session 5
4 Overall 8
18 hole scores: Bolt: 3 up, Harbert: 6 up, Middlecoff: 2 up, Snead: 5 up, Lees v Furgol: all square, Brown: 3 up, Bradshaw v Burke: all square, Ford: 1 up.
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
----------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Jerry Barber 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Tommy Bolt 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Jack Burke Jr. 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Doug Ford 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Marty Furgol 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Chick Harbert 1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Chandler Harper 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Ted Kroll 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Cary Middlecoff 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Sam Snead 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Harry Bradshaw 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Eric Brown 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
John Fallon 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
John Jacobs 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Arthur Lees 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Christy O\'Connor 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Dai Rees 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Syd Scott 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Harry Weetman 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Ken Bousfield did not play in any matches
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# Cribbage (pool)
**Cribbage**, sometimes called **cribbage pool**, **fifteen points** and **pair pool**, is a two-player pool game that, like its namesake card game, has a scoring system which awards points for pairing groups of balls (rather than playing cards) that total 15. Played on a standard pool table, participants who `{{Cuegloss|Pocket|pocket}}`{=mediawiki} a ball of a particular number are required to immediately pocket the companion ball that tallies to 15 when added to the prior ball\'s number. Each pair so pocketed counts as a cribbage; there are seven such pairs, and the 15 ball counts as an eighth by itself after all of the others have been pocketed. The first player to score five cribbages wins the game.
## Gameplay
### Setup
At the start of cribbage, a standard set of fifteen pool balls are racked at the `{{Cuegloss|Foot rail|foot}}`{=mediawiki} end of a pool table, with the `{{Cuegloss|Apex|apex ball}}`{=mediawiki} of the rack centered over the `{{Cuegloss|Foot spot|foot spot}}`{=mediawiki} and the 15 ball placed at the rack\'s center. All other balls are placed randomly except that no two of the three corner balls may total to fifteen. Such an open-ended racking rule is unusual in that most pool games require particular balls to be placed at the corners of the rack and sometimes in fixed positions inside the rack as well. The arrangement thus results in 134,120,448,000 possible racking patterns (14 × 12 × 10 × 2 × 11!).
An `{{Cuegloss|Open break|open break}}`{=mediawiki} is required in cribbage, meaning that on the `{{cuegloss|break}}`{=mediawiki} either a ball must be pocketed or at least four balls must be driven to rails (as opposed to a `{{Cuegloss|safety break}}`{=mediawiki}). The object of the game is to score 5 cribbages out of a possible 8 in a full rack of 15 balls.
### Cribbages
A cribbage is a pair of numbered balls which, when added together, total 15. A cribbage only lies where the two partner balls forming the cribbage are each legally `{{cuegloss|potted}}`{=mediawiki}, i.e., where no `{{Cuegloss|Foul|foul}}`{=mediawiki} is committed on the same strokes that pocket the balls, or the shot is otherwise deemed illegal. The one exception to pairing is the `{{cuegloss|15-ball}}`{=mediawiki}, which itself becomes a cribbage but only once all other `{{Cuegloss|object balls}}`{=mediawiki} have been pocketed.
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# Cribbage (pool)
## Gameplay
### Rules of play {#rules_of_play}
A cribbage only counts when the paired balls are pocketed in succession in the same `{{Cuegloss|Inning|inning}}`{=mediawiki}. When a player first pockets a ball, it is described as *on a cribbage*. If, on the next stroke, the companion ball is not pocketed, the shot is a foul and the unpaired ball is `{{Cuegloss|Spot (verb)|spotted}}`{=mediawiki} to the `{{Cuegloss|Foot spot|foot spot}}`{=mediawiki}. If the foot spot is occupied, balls are spotted as close as possible to the foot spot on the `{{Cuegloss|long string}}`{=mediawiki} stretching back from the foot spot to the `{{Cuegloss|Foot rail|foot rail}}`{=mediawiki}.
The penalty for all fouls is the ending of the player\'s inning; no points are lost, and the incoming player has the option of shooting from position or taking `{{Cuegloss|Ball-in-hand|cue ball in hand}}`{=mediawiki} from the `{{Cuegloss|Kitchen|kitchen}}`{=mediawiki} (behind the table\'s `{{Cuegloss|Head string|head string}}`{=mediawiki}). In older rules a foul was a loss of one point. Three successive fouls in cribbage is a loss of game. Pocketing the 15-ball when it is not the last ball on the table is *not a foul*. Instead it is immediately spotted and play continues without penalty.
When a player pockets more than one ball on a single `{{Cuegloss|stroke}}`{=mediawiki} at any time, a situation often arising on the `{{Cuegloss|Break|break shot}}`{=mediawiki}, they may shoot at any companion balls, but must pocket each in succession in any order. If incidental balls are pocketed on the same stroke that a cribbage is completed, they add to the succession of cribbages the player is \"on\". When a player fouls by failing to pocket an unpaired cribbage while on a succession of unpaired balls, only unpaired balls are spotted; the prior successful cribbages count toward the score.
Normal ball and rail foul rules apply in cribbage. This is a requirement present in most pool games that a player must contact an `{{Cuegloss|Object ball|object ball}}`{=mediawiki} with the cue ball and after that contact, either pocket an object ball, or some ball including the cue ball must contact a rail. When a foul results from a `{{Cuegloss|scratch}}`{=mediawiki}, where the cue ball is played into a pocket or jumping it off the table, the opposing player has cue ball in hand from the kitchen. When a player has cue ball in hand from the kitchen and all object balls are also behind the head string in the `{{Cuegloss|Kitchen|kitchen}}`{=mediawiki}, a player has the option of having the object ball nearest the head string relocated to the foot spot. If in this situation two or more object balls are equidistantly closest to the head string, the player may designate which ball is to be relocated
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# Larry Keenan
**Christopher Lawrence Keenan** (born October 1, 1940) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left wing. He played in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs, St. Louis Blues, Buffalo Sabres, and Philadelphia Flyers between 1962 and 1971.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
In his NHL career, Keenan appeared in 234 games. He scored 38 goals and added 64 assists. He is 12th in the Blues all-time playoff scoring with 15 goals in 46 playoff games. He was called up for a pair of games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1961-62 before spending six years in the AHL and WHL. When the league expansion in 1967 made journeymen a desirable commodity, Keenan found himself back in the NHL with the St. Louis Blues. He formed a hard-working forward line with Terry Crisp and Jim Roberts.
Keenan scored the first-ever goal in St. Louis Blues history on October 11, 1967, against Cesare Maniago of the Minnesota North Stars. He was also on the ice for Bobby Orr\'s famous 1970 Stanley Cup Finals clinching goal---a scoring play that began when Orr pinched at the blue line and blocked Keenan\'s attempt to clear the zone with a pass to Red Berenson.
Keenan was traded to the Buffalo Sabres on November 4, 1970, along with Jean-Guy Talbot for Bobby Baun. His career ended prematurely due to injuries.
## Life after NHL {#life_after_nhl}
Keenan went on to become president of the North Bay Trappers midget AAA and led the club for 23 years from 1986 to 2009. Keenan and manager Art Tiernay operated the club since the Great North Midget League was formed in 1986.
## Personal
Keenan grew up with three sisters. His son Cory played junior hockey for the Kitchener Rangers as a defenceman. Cory was drafted in the sixth round of the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Hartford Whalers, and ended up playing professionally in Europe. Cory was on the 1990 Memorial Cup all-star team. On June 29, 2023, his grandson (also named Larry) was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings to play at defense; he was the 117th draft pick of 2023, a higher selection than the projected 200th pick.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1957--58 St. Michael\'s Buzzers MetJBHL --- ---
1957--58 Toronto St. Michael\'s Majors OHA 3 0
1958--59 Toronto St. Michael\'s Majors OHA 48 17
1959--60 Toronto St. Michael\'s Majors OHA 48 21
1960--61 Toronto St. Michael\'s Majors OHA 48 31
1960--61 Toronto St. Michael\'s Majors M-Cup --- ---
1961--62 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 2 0
1961--62 Rochester Americans AHL 57 11
1962--63 Rochester Americans AHL 64 11
1963--64 Denver Invaders WHL 66 25
1964--65 Victoria Maple Leafs WHL 67 35
1965--66 Victoria Maple Leafs WHL 36 8
1966--67 Victoria Maple Leafs WHL 17 4
1967--68 St. Louis Blues NHL 40 12
1968--69 St. Louis Blues NHL 46 5
1968--69 Kansas City Blues CHL 7 3
1969--70 St. Louis Blues NHL 56 10
1969--70 Kansas City Blues CHL 6 6
1970--71 St
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# TVN (Australian TV channel)
**TVN (Thoroughbred Vision)** was an Australian thoroughbred horse-racing TV channel. It was carried on Foxtel, Austar and Optus TV, as well as other subscription TV services. The channel was set up by the Victorian thoroughbred racing industry and Sydney metropolitan racing clubs as an alternative to Sky Racing and as an attempt by the racing clubs concerned \"to capture the valuable assets of racing media rights and leverage them to the benefit of racing\".
TVN was 50% owned by Victorian racings organisations Melbourne Racing Club, Victoria Racing Club, Moonee Valley Racing Club and Country Racing Victoria; and 50% by the Sydney-based, Australian Turf Club. It launched in May 2005 and ceased almost 10 years later in March 2015.
## History
Prior to the launch of TVN, Sky Channel purchased the rights to broadcast race meetings from almost all racing clubs across the country and then resold the rights to pubs and clubs, back to the racing venues and also to DTH subscribers.
TVN was formed after TabCorp, the owner of Sky Racing, pulled out of plans it was developing with Racing Victoria Limited in February 2005 to launch a dedicated thoroughbred racing channel apart from Sky Channel\'s other broadcasts, which included harness racing and greyhound racing, with Sky Channel chief executive Peter Caillard stating that \"the fledgling TVN model is a risky proposition to all the racing codes and is not in a position to showcase thoroughbred racing to its full potential\".
Victorian racing clubs planned to continue launching the service and won the support of the Australian Jockey Club and Sydney Turf Club when they announced their intention not to re-sign with Sky Channel when their contracts came up for renewal in March 2005. Both the AJC and STC supported TVN and a partnership was formed with Racing Victoria Limited. In May 2005, existing contracts between Victorian raceclubs and Sky Channel ended and these were then signed over to TVN.
The service was initially only available on the Foxtel platform, but Sky Channel had exclusivity agreements with some race meetings through Sky Racing. In August 2005, Sky successfully obtained an injunction against TVN and pay TV carrier Austar, stopping Austar from broadcasting TVN. However, broadcast agreements were eventually extended to Austar and Optus.
On 21 January 2015, after years of stalled broadcast rights negotiations with Tabcorp, Racing NSW withdrew its support for TVN and brokered a new deal which would see its race meetings broadcast exclusively on Sky Racing. This new deal left TVN with the broadcast rights to only Victorian-based meetings. In February 2015, TVN announced their closure and ceased broadcasting on 15 March 2015. Sky Racing launched a brand new channel on 21 March 2015. Sky Throughbred Central - which replaces Sky Racing World, showcases race meetings from New South Wales, as well as extended international coverage. General Manager of Sky Racing Gerard Patane said \"The decision to rebrand our thoroughbred-only channel reflects the recently announced 10-year deal with Racing NSW and the Australian Turf Club.\" TVN was replaced with Racing.com on Foxtel on the 29th of August 2015.
## Programming
Main programs were *Raceday Live* and *Racenight Live*. *Raceday Live* provided extensive coverage of the three main thoroughbred meetings of the day, mostly from Victoria and New South Wales. *Racenight Live* provided coverage of Singapore and Hong Kong thoroughbred meetings and also coverage of Canterbury (Sydney) and Moonee Valley (Melbourne) night meetings in spring and summer. It also provided coverage of Royal Ascot meetings in June
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# William A. Matheny
Brigadier General **William Albert Matheny**, (June 5, 1902 -- August 8, 1973) a native of Carrington, North Dakota, entered the Army Air Corps as a flying cadet in February 1928, two years after his graduation from Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a degree in electrical engineering.
He was awarded the William H. Cheney Award in 1929 following his graduation from pilot training and commissioning as a second lieutenant in the Air Corps. The Cheney Award is presented by the chief of staff annually for an act of valor, extreme fortitude or self-sacrifice and humanitarian interest, performed during the preceding year in connection with aircraft.
General Matheny served with distinction during World War II in the Asiatic-Pacific theater of operations, taking part in the Central Pacific campaigns. He was decorated by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Pacific Fleet commander, for his outstanding service in the Pacific theater during World War II. In early 1948 he assumed command of the U.S. Air Force Advisory Group in Greece.
General Matheny entered the Air Defense Command in June 1950, with his assignment as commanding officer of the 28th Air Division of the Western Air Defense Force at Hamilton Air Force Base, California, and subsequent reassignment to the command of the 34th Air Division, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.
Prior to his assignment as chief of staff Allied Air Forces Northern Europe with headquarters at Kolsas, Norway, General Matheny commanded the 31st Air Division, Fort Snelling, Minnesota.
He was rated as a command pilot and aircraft observer. He was a graduate of the National War College in Washington, D.C., attended by high level military officers of all branches of the service and their counterparts in government service. General Matheny\'s decorations included the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Soldier\'s Medal for heroism and numerous campaign and service ribbons.
He was a member of the first group of Air Corps pilots to ever attempt to fly military aircraft (Keystone Bombers) from the United States (Langley Field) to Panama. While the flight was successful, Lieutenant Matheny\'s plane did crash in the jungle on the last leg of the flight to France Field, Panama; it was during this incident that he received the Cheney Award.
Matheny died on August 8, 1973
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# Gold Codes
The **Gold Code** is the launch code for nuclear weapons provided to the President of the United States in their role as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In conjunction with the nuclear football, the Gold Codes allow the president to authorize a nuclear attack. Gold Codes, as well as a separate nuclear football, are also assigned to the vice president in case the president is incapacitated or otherwise unable to discharge the duties of office pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
## Physical description {#physical_description}
Gold Codes are arranged in a column and printed on a plastic card nicknamed \"**the biscuit**\". The card\'s size is similar to that of a credit card, and the president is supposed to carry it on their person. Before it can be read, an opaque plastic covering must be snapped in two and removed.
Gold Codes are generated daily and provided by the National Security Agency (NSA) to the White House, The Pentagon, United States Strategic Command and TACAMO. For an extra level of security, the list of codes on the card includes codes that have no meaning, and therefore the president must memorize where on the list the correct code is located. The concept behind the codes is that they permit the president to present positive identification of being the commander-in-chief and thereby authenticate a launch order to the National Military Command Center (NMCC).
## Protocol
If the president decides to launch nuclear weapons, they would be taken aside by the carrier of the nuclear football and the briefcase would be opened. The president would select from among sets of specific orders for attacks on specific targets. The attack options are preset war plans developed under OPLAN 8010, and include major attack options, selected attack options, and limited attack options. The chosen attack option and the Gold Codes would be transmitted to the NMCC via a special secure channel. Before the order can be followed by the military, the president must be identified using a special code issued on a plastic card, nicknamed \"the biscuit\". The authentication is conducted between the president and the NMCC\'s deputy director of operations, using a challenge code of two phonetic letters. The president will read from the biscuit the daily phonetic letters and the deputy director will confirm or deny if they are correct, confirming that the person is the president and the attack orders can be given. As commander-in-chief, the president is the only person with the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear-defense policy expert Franklin Miller argues that the president has almost singular authority to initiate a nuclear attack; while the secretary of defense is required to verify the order, they cannot veto it. Daniel Ellsberg argued that in practice, this authority has been delegated by the president to a number of military officers
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# Sky Racing
**Sky Racing** (previously **Sky Channel**) is an Australian broadcaster primarily telecasting live thoroughbred, harness and greyhound racing. It is owned by Tabcorp and operates a number of television channels and a radio service.
The broadcaster generally telecasts all race meetings that are covered by the various Australian TABs. This includes both metropolitan and country meetings from all Australian states, as well as selected international races from New Zealand, England, Ireland, South Africa, Hong Kong, Singapore, France, the United States and Japan.
## History
Following the launch of the Aussat A1 satellite in 1985, several dedicated satellite television channels began operating in Australia distributing content to various hotels, resorts and hospitality centres. Sky Channel began its first transmissions from the studios of STW9 in Perth on 20 October 1986, broadcasting to various hotels across Australia twelve hours a day. Programming consisted of sporting events from around the world with various music and entertainment programmes late at night. At the time, Sky Channel was owned by Alan Bond\'s Bond Corporation. While the channel\'s reception was initially mixed by viewers Sky Channel quickly grew to dominate hotel television services, acquiring rival Australian satellite sports channels Club Superstation and Sportsplay in 1987. Sky Channel\'s studios were relocated to Club Superstation\'s Sydney location soon after. A pay-per-view boxing channel, Sky Ringside was also introduced, only available exclusively in Sky Channel venues.
In 1998, Sky Channel was acquired by the recently privatised New South Wales TAB, and added a new channel for Australian home subscription television services Foxtel, Austar and Optus Vision called Sky Racing, expanding its availability from hotels to home viewers. In 2004, the NSW TAB holding company, Tab Limited, was in turn was acquired by Tabcorp, thus also placing Sky Channel under Tabcorp ownership.
From 2009, all of Sky\'s channels were eventually rebranded to Sky Racing with the focus of programming shifted predominantly to 24-hour horse racing and greyhound racing. Sky Racing was split into three main channels; Sky Racing 1, Sky Racing 2 and Sky Racing World, later to be renamed Sky Thourougbred Central in 2015 following the closure of Australian Thoroughbred racing channel TVN.
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# Sky Racing
## Current channels {#current_channels}
Sky Racing currently operates four separate television channels and one radio channel.
### Sky Racing 1 {#sky_racing_1}
Originally branded Sky Channel, it launched in 1985 as Australia\'s first nationwide racing channel. It was exclusively available to TAB outlets, sporting venues and clubs until 5 September 1998 when it expanded to direct-to-home subscription TV under the brand Sky Racing. Sky Channel operations were renamed Sky Racing in October 2009.
### Sky Racing 2 {#sky_racing_2}
Sky Racing 2 launched on 30 March 2010. It was designed to remove scheduling congestion on Sky Racing and to allow for more local and international race meeting coverage.
### Sky Thoroughbred Central {#sky_thoroughbred_central}
Launched on 4 May 2010 as Sky Racing World, it was a channel featuring mostly international race meetings and magazine programmes. On 21 March 2015, Sky Racing World was replaced by Sky Throughbred Central, a channel which came at the result of acquiring the rights to broadcast race meetings previously held by TVN. On 1 April 2016, *Sky Thoroughbred Central* launched a HD simulcast.
### Sky International {#sky_international}
This channel delivers select Australian race meetings to international locations including UK, US, New Zealand, Europe and Asia. Extended coverage can be seen on Sky International due to its unique schedule. Content from Sky International can be seen on other racing channels, such as Sky Sports Racing. It is not available domestically.
### Sky Sports Radio {#sky_sports_radio}
Sky Racing also operates Sky Sports Radio, which is available in most parts of NSW and the ACT via AM and FM transmission. It is also available on digital radio in Sydney. It predominantly covers horse and greyhound racing, however it also has a number of general sporting talk programs. It has been suggested that sky racing purposely plays upbeat music to encourage betting through positive reinforcement.
### Sky Racing World {#sky_racing_world}
In North America, Tabcorp operates US subsidiary Sky Racing World, which supplies race vision from a number of countries including Australia`{{r|g=note|r=Excluding Australian races where Tabcorp does not hold the international distribution rights. As of 2024, this includes most gallops races in Victoria and South Australia, whose rights are licensed by [[Racing Victoria]]. However, Tabcorp hold the rights to distribute the four days of the [[Melbourne Cup]] carnival, which are separately licensed by the [[Victoria Racing Club]].}}`{=mediawiki}, and North American-style past performance data, to advance-deposit wagering (ADW) operators in the US and Canada. Parimutuel betting services are also provided to ADW sites, either via commingling with a host country totalisator, or as separate pools.
Tabcorp acquired the business of former Australian racing vision distributor, Wyvern International, in 2014, and rebranded it to its current name.`{{better source needed|date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Defunct channels {#defunct_channels}
Sky Racing no longer advertises these channel and are presumed defunct.
### Sky Business TV {#sky_business_tv}
Sky Racing operated a part-time channel for corporations or businesses wishing to stream live broadcasts, video conferences or meetings via satellite to another location. Sky Racing leased studio space to clients and could use its Sky International bandwidth to deliver content around the world.
### Sky Ringside {#sky_ringside}
Sky Racing also aired Sky Ringside, a pay-per-view channel which featured live boxing tournaments from around the world. This channel was only available to Sky Racing venues.
## Content
Other than broadcasting live racing 19 hours per day, Sky Racing produces a number of programmes tailored to specific types of racing in Australia. Most programmes feature expert reviews and tips for upcoming events. Some popular programmes include;
- Formline
- Thoroughbred Preview
- Thoroughbred Weekly
- The Catching Pen
- In The Gig
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| 1 |
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# Sky Racing
## Broadcasting
Live content is supplied to Sky Racing via fibre optic, microwave or satellite links from independently owned racing clubs. As of August 2006, most live content and all of Sky\'s flagship programs are broadcast in 16x9 widescreen digital format to all subscribers
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# Pat Toomay
**Patrick Jay Toomay** (born May 17, 1948) is an American former professional football player, a defensive end for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, Buffalo Bills, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Oakland Raiders. He played college football at Vanderbilt University and was selected in the sixth round of the 1970 NFL draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He is the author of books about professional football, including *The Crunch* and the 1984 novel *On Any Given Sunday*.
## Early life {#early_life}
One of four children of a U.S. Air Force officer, Toomay was born in California and lived in various locations, including Hawaii, upstate New York, and Northern Virginia. He attended Thomas Edison High School in Alexandria, Virginia, where he was an all-state player in football, basketball, and baseball, graduating in 1966. In football, he received high school All-American honors as a running quarterback.
He accepted a football scholarship from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he was given a chance to play both basketball and football for the Commodores. As a sophomore, he made the decision to focus on football, where he was converted from quarterback, to a safety, later linebacker, and finally defensive end. As a senior, he played in the Blue--Gray Football Classic.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
Toomay was selected in the sixth round of the 1970 NFL draft by the Dallas Cowboys, the 153rd overall pick. At the beginning of his career, he was an undersized defensive end, used mostly in substitution situations. In his third season in 1972, with the imminent retirement of George Andrie, Toomay became the starter at right defensive end, although he was limited with a broken hand.
The NFL didn\'t start recognizing quarterback sacks as an official statistic until `{{nfly|1982}}`{=mediawiki}; however, the Cowboys have their own records, dating back before the 1982 season. According to the Cowboys\' stats, Toomay is unofficially credited for leading the team in 1973 with a total of 8 sacks (second on the team). He also had one interception and recovered one fumble.
Toomay was considered a character and an intellectual during his time with the team. He was a member of the \"Zero Club\" which prided itself on performing behind the scenes. Their first rule, \"Thou Shalt Not Seek Publicity,\" kept their members (Toomay, Blaine Nye, and Larry Cole) out of the limelight.
Although Toomay remained a starter in 1974, he shared playing time with Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones, the first overall selection of the 1974 NFL draft. That year Toomay was used mainly on running downs.
During his five seasons with Dallas, Toomay was a productive and durable player (never missing a game) and was a part of two Super Bowl teams: runners-up in V and champions in VI.
### Buffalo Bills {#buffalo_bills}
On July 19, 1975, after playing out his option in Dallas, Toomay was a free agent and signed with the Buffalo Bills. Dallas received a second round draft choice in 1977, that was eventually used in a deal package to draft running back Tony Dorsett.
Toomay was the Bills\' defensive MVP in 1975, but was involved in different controversial official calls, including being called for elbowing head lineman Jerry Bergman, which contributed to a loss against the Miami Dolphins (31--21), that ended Buffalo\'s playoff chances.
At the end of the year, he was left unprotected for the 1976 NFL expansion draft. Through the years, there has been speculation that the publishing of his insider view in the book *The Crunch*, was the main reason behind this decision. In a *Sports Illustrated* \"Where Are They Now?\" article in 2014 about the winless 1976 Bucs, Toomay said of his book that it was \"in retrospect, the kind of book you write *AFTER* your career is over, not while you\'re still playing.\"
### Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#tampa_bay_buccaneers}
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected him from the Bills roster in the 1976 NFL expansion draft and he was the starter at right defensive end for their winless inaugural season (0--14), and he registered 49 tackles and 3 sacks. In a \"worst to first\" deal, the Bucs traded him to the reigning Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders in July 1977, in exchange for a draft choice.
### Oakland Raiders {#oakland_raiders}
The Oakland Raiders credited Toomay with a team leading `{{frac|14|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} sacks in 1977. In 1978, he was credited with 5 sacks after seeing little playing time. Often used in obvious passing situations, he was known by fans as \"Third down Pat.\" He was released in August 1979, then returned and played that season, then retired, after having problems with his knee.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Toomay published a series of books, including the novel, *On Any Given Sunday*. He also played the part of an assistant coach to Y. A. Tittle in the 1999 Oliver Stone film, *Any Given Sunday*. His father John (1922--2008) was `{{height|ft=6|in=7}}`{=mediawiki}, played professional basketball in the late 1940s, and was a two-star general in the U.S. Air Force
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# William Douglas of Nithsdale
**Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale** (c. 1370(?) -- 1391) was a Scottish knight and Northern Crusader.
## Early life {#early_life}
William Douglas was an illegitimate son of Archibald the Grim, 3rd Earl of Douglas and an unknown mother.
A man of apparently dashing bearing, Douglas was with the Franco-Scots army when it unsuccessfully besieged Carlisle Castle in 1385, the defending Governor being Lord Clifford. He is recorded as performing feats of valour and killing many Englishmen. According to Andrew of Wyntoun: `{{poemquote|A yhowng joly bachelere
Prysyd gretly wes off were,
For he wes evyr traveland
Qwhille be se and qwhille be land
To skathe his fays rycht besy
Swa that thai dred him grettumly|Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland ix, c.21}}`{=mediawiki}
## Marriage
Douglas certainly had gained his spurs by 1387 when he married Egidia Stewart, Princess of Scotland, a daughter of King Robert II and Euphemia de Ross. According to the Liber Pluscarden, Egidia Stewart\'s beauty was well renowned. Charles VI of France had \"sent a certain most subtle painter to do her portrait and portray her charms, intending to take her to wife.\" But the King of France and all other of Egidia\'s admirers had lost out to the chivalric charms of Douglas. Part of her marriage portion were the lands of Nithsdale in south-western Scotland, Herbertshire in the county of Stirling and an annuity of £300.
## Ireland
Within his first year of marriage the young Nithsdale led a punitive raid against Irish raiders who had been troubling the tenantry of his father\'s Fiefdom of Galloway. In early summer 1388, with a party of 500 well prepared veteran men-at-arms he sailed into Carlingford Lough, landed outside the town and summoned their leaders. The chief of the townsfolk offered a sum for a temporary truce, to which Nithsdale agreed. Secretly the townsfolk sent off to Dundalk for reinforcements, with which they were obliged. 800 spearmen from Dundalk surprised the Scots camp by night, and were supported by a sortie from Carlingford town. The Scots, veterans of years of brutal Border warfare, drove the Irishmen off, captured the town and burnt it, seized the Castle and captured 15 ships in the harbour. *En route* back to Scotland Nithsdale \"ravaged\" the Isle of Man. Nithsdale\'s expeditionary force sailed back into Loch Ryan with enough time to join his father and the Earl of Fife and Menteith who had just led an expedition over the western marches into Northern England while a second army under James, 2nd Earl of Douglas, simultaneously led an expedition into England by the eastern marches, which culminated in the Battle of Otterburn.
## Feuding, Crusading and Death {#feuding_crusading_and_death}
The year after Otterburn a truce was called between Scotland and England. Nithsdale on a knightly quest for glory decided, about 1389, to join the Teutonic Knights, who were fighting the Lithuanians in Baltic region. Nithsdale had previously quarrelled with Lord Clifford, a former adversary at Carlisle and whose forebear had claimed Douglasdale under Edward I of England\'s oppression. While both were abroad, it is alleged that Clifford challenged Nithsdale to single combat, and that Douglas even went to France to obtain special armour for the fight. Clifford, however, died on 18 August 1391, but Nithsdale is said to have kept their \"tryst\", and whilst walking upon the bridge leading to the main gate at Danzig was \"killed by the English\". The burghers of Danzig decided that \"upon account of a signal service which the Douglas family did to this city in relieving it in its utmost extremities against the Poles, the Scots were allowed to be free burghers of the town\". Subsequently, the stone fascia of the Hohe Thor (High Gate) was adorned with the coat of arms of this nobleman and for centuries it was commonly referred to as the Douglas Port or Douglas Gate, described as such as late as 1734.
## Issue
By Princess Egidia, Nithsdale had two children:
- Egidia Douglas, known as the \"Fair Maid of Nithsdale\" married:
:\*1. Henry Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Orkney (d. 1422)
:\*2. Sir Alasdair Stewart (executed 1425) son of Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany
- Sir William Douglas, Knt., Lord of Nithsdale (d. c. 1419), knighted when very young as he is described as *chevalier* in a safe-conduct dated 30 January 1406, when he could not have been more than nineteen
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# Peter Cave
**Peter Cave** (born 1952) is an Australian journalist. He retired as Foreign Affairs Editor for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in July 2012.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Peter Cave was born in 1952 in Newcastle, New South Wales. He grew up in Waratah West as one of four children of Frederick David and Betty Cave. His father was an industrial galvaniser and his mother was a nurse.
He attended Newcastle Boys High School.
## Career
At 18 he gained a cadetship with the then Australian Broadcasting Commission in Sydney. By 1974 he was working for Macquarie National News when he was flown into Darwin to cover the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy.
He then re-joined the ABC where his first major international assignment was the Coconut War in The New Hebrides. His first overseas posting was to Japan (1983--1986).
He later became the chief correspondent for Europe and the Middle East based in London (1987--1992) and then bureau chief in Washington (1996--97).
He returned to Australia to be the presenter of AM (ABC Radio) before becoming Foreign Affairs Editor.
In his career with the ABC he has also reported on the end of apartheid in South Africa, the Palestinian intifada in the Occupied Territories, glasnost and perestroika in the former Soviet Union, the break-up of the former Yugoslavia and wars in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo and Lebanon, two Gulf wars, the fall of President Suharto in Indonesia, the civil unrest in East Timor, the first Bali Bombing, three Fijian Coups, the troubles in Northern Ireland, the 2011 Egyptian revolution, the 2011 Libyan civil war. and the uprising in Syria.
Peter has helped his fellow foreign correspondents with trauma training and peer support. He \"helped pioneer the ABC\'s groundbreaking peer trauma support scheme.\" In 2009 he was awarded an Ochberg Fellowship by the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma attending the Atlanta, Georgia fellowship meeting and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies conference.
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# Peter Cave
## Walkley Awards {#walkley_awards}
Cave has won six Walkley Awards, Australian journalism\'s most prestigious accolades.
### 1989 Awards
Cave was an ABC Radio reporter in Beijing in June 1989. Cave had been there for about a month interviewing the students, intellectuals and labour activists and had filed reports on \"two half-hearted attempts\" by the military to disperse the demonstrators and had a room with a balcony overlooking Beijing\'s Tiananmen Square. He has later said: \"Just about everyone else had decided it was over and packed up,\" when at \"about one in the morning I got a phone call from a colleague who had seen them run over a couple of people. I pulled back the blinds and saw an armoured personnel carrier go up and over a barricade and kill two people on bikes.\" With gunfire in the background he reported on the Tiananmen Square massacre. Cave won two awards for his reporting: the best radio news report award and the currents affairs award. Cave was \"commended for outstanding journalism under particularly difficult circumstances\".
### 1990 Award
Cave was the London-based European correspondent for the ABC when he reported from Berlin on the fall of the Berlin Wall. His coverage won him his third Walkley, this time for best news report.
### 2004 Awards {#awards_1}
Cave was on assignment in Iraq for the ABC on the outskirts of Baghdad when he, his cameraman, Michael Cox, and the driver and translator, were ordered by armed masked men to approach their car: in the back seat was an American hostage, Thomas Hamill a civilian truck driver. \"The only thing that saved us was the quick thinking of our fixer , who told them we were Russians so they\'d use us for propaganda rather than as hostages.\" Cave was allowed to speak to Hamill and the resulting report was an international exclusive; Michael Moore used some of the footage in Fahrenheit 9/11. Cave won two Walkley Awards for the story: one for the radio news report, another for his television news report .
### 2012 Award {#award_1}
Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism
## Family life {#family_life}
Peter is married and has two adult sons
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# Jim Stuckey
**James Davis Stuckey** (born June 21, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons during the 1980s. Stuckey played college football for the Clemson Tigers, and was recognized as an All-American. A first-round pick in the 1980 NFL draft, he played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers and New York Jets of the NFL.
Stuckey was born in Cayce, South Carolina. He attended Airport High School in West Columbia, South Carolina. While there from 1972 to 1976 he played middle linebacker and tight end.
Stuckey attended Clemson University, and played for the Clemson Tigers football team from 1976 to 1979. As a senior in 1979, he earned consensus first-team All-American honors.
He was drafted in the first round of the 1980 NFL draft by the 49ers. He was a member of the San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX winning teams. One of his more notable accomplishments was sealing a victory over the Dallas Cowboys in the 1981 NFC title game by recovering a fumble from quarterback Danny White with 40 seconds left in the game. This play came shortly after The Catch, a touchdown reception by Stuckey\'s college teammate Dwight Clark
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# Jim Korn
**James Allen Korn** (born July 28, 1957) is an American former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League with five teams between 1979 and 1990. Internationally he played for the American national team at two World Championships.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Korn moved to Minnetonka, Minnesota, at the age of 6 months with his family, where he grew up and attended Hopkins High School.
He was drafted in the fifth round, 73rd overall, by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft. He played for the Providence College Friars for four seasons, from 1975 to 1979, where he was a second team All American in his senior season. He played in the National Hockey League with the Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs, Buffalo Sabres, New Jersey Devils and Calgary Flames.
Korn was also drafted by the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association, but he never played in that league.
In his NHL career, Korn appeared in 597 games. He scored 66 goals and added 122 assists. He also recorded 1,801 penalty minutes
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# San Blas, Nayarit
**San Blas** is both a municipality and municipal seat located on the Pacific coast of Mexico in Nayarit.
## City
San Blas is a port and popular tourist destination, located about 160 km north of Puerto Vallarta, and 64 km west of the state capital Tepic, and three hours drive from Guadalajara. The town has a population of 8,707.
## Municipality
The municipality had a population of 37,478 in 2005. The Islas Marías, the site of the former Islas Marías Federal Prison, are part of the municipality. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced in 2021 that the former prison would be rehabilitated as the environmental and cultural education center \"Muros de Agua-José Revueltas\" in honor of the writer who was imprisoned there.
## History
In 1768, the Bourbon Visitador José de Gálvez decided to found the port of San Blas as a jumping off point for military expeditions to Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California and Alta California. The military nature of San Blas distinguished it from the commercial port of Acapulco to the south. A subtext to the founding of San Blas may have been Gálvez\' desire to curtail tax evasion on trade with Asia out of Acapulco, which was controlled by businessmen of Mexico City. Both Acapulco and San Blas tied New Spain to Asia through Manila. Gálvez also founded a shipyard in San Blas, with the next shipyard being Cavite in the Philippines. From 1774, navy ships delivered mail from San Blas to Manila. By tradition, the crew could carry private merchandise, so there was a small commercial subtext to San Blas from its inception In the 1790s, the Bourbon monarchy approved special permits for private ships to sail from Cadiz to San Blas. In 1801 and 1807, two ships of the Royal Philippine Company stopped in San Blas, though they were officially permitted only to sail to Lima. It was not until crisis broke out in the Spanish Empire in 1810 that San Blas opened its ports to trade between Lima, Panama, San Blas, Guaymas, Monterey and Manila. Silver mined in Mexico\'s northwest was shipped out of San Blas to pay for imports of goods, particularly from Panama, which was flooded with British products that entered through Jamaica on the other side of the isthmus.
At first, only two ships were assigned to the port: the packet ship *San Carlos*, commanded by Juan Pérez, and *El Principe*, commanded by Vicente Vila. Gálvez ordered four new vessels to be built, one of which was the schooner *Sonora*, later sailed in 1775 by Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra to Alaska.
In many ways, San Blas was a poor choice for a deep sea harbor and settlement. The harbor was so small that it could never hold more than four ships at a time. Silting caused by the nearby Río Grande de Santiago resulted in the need for the harbor to be regularly dredged. The climate\'s stifling humidity and torrential rains from July to October, coupled with extensive mangrove swamps that surrounded the settlement, resulted in San Blas being plagued by clouds of voracious mosquitoes. A variety of sicknesses were endemic, including dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria, and other fevers. Naval officers and workers regularly complained about the climate. When Alessandro Malaspina visited in 1791, he found San Blas\'s climate so unhealthy that he refused to stay there, instead transferring his operations and some of San Blas\' ships and personnel to Acapulco. San Blas\'s location was useful and logical, however, because it minimized travel time from Guadalajara and Mexico City without increasing the total distance to the Californias. Also, the area around San Blas had a plentiful supply of hardwoods useful for ship building and repair. Fresh water was also available year round.
A hillside fort was built in 1770 to defend the town\'s sea trade with the Philippines. Its front has stone carvings of the kings of Spain. On the hill behind the fort are the ruins of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, built in 1769. The ruins once contained the bronze bells that are said to have inspired Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\'s poem, \"The Bells of San Blas\". The ruins of a 19th-century customs house are on Calle Benito Juárez, three blocks from the main plaza.
During the colonial period, hardwood forests provided the raw materials for ships that did a brisk trade with the Philippines and the Manila galleon until the shipping moved to the port at Manzanillo, and later to Acapulco.
### Modern history {#modern_history}
In 2021, *ejidatarios* (farmers) from Jolotemba and nearby communities blocked access to the luxury tourist complex \"Limoncitos Hills\" owned by Canadian developer Angela Birkenbach. The complaints go back to 2019, when the developer deforested virgin land, without permission. Birkenbach\'s latest move was to take over an access road and 1.6 km of virgin beach, one of the last along the Nayarit coast.
## San Blas and California {#san_blas_and_california}
Spain\'s colony in California was supplied by two supply ships out of San Blas which arrived once a year. on March 12, 1768 Junípero Serra, Father President of the California Missions, departed for California on the locally built barque *Purísima Concepción*.
On March 16, 1775, the *San Carlos* was set to depart San Blas, Mexico, for San Francisco Bay, stopping in Monterey to unload supplies for the mission there. The vessel was a product of the shipyard established on the Santiago River. Her length was 58 feet, the officers and men numbered 30.
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# San Blas, Nayarit
## San Blas and Nootka {#san_blas_and_nootka}
San Blas also became the base for Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest. The Chinese were willing to pay up to \$120 per otter hide (\$`{{Inflation|US|120|1789}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars) which stimulated exploration of the Northwestern Pacific. From 1789 to 1795, San Blas was responsible for establishing and maintaining the Spanish post at Nootka Sound and Fort San Miguel (in present day British Columbia). For about twenty years in the late 18th century, San Blas was one of the busiest ports and shipbuilding centers on the Pacific coast of the Americas, rivaling Acapulco, the eastern terminus of the trans-Pacific Manila galleon convoy.
At its height, the town had 30,000 inhabitants and became headquarters of Spain\'s General of the Southern Seas.
### Yaqui deportations {#yaqui_deportations}
During the 1900s, San Blas served as the arrival port for thousands of Yaqui men, women and children forcibly removed from their lands and sold into slavery. At San Blas, these families were forcibly marched 200 miles to San Marcos and its train station. Those who did not die on the march were sold into slavery at San Marcos, where they were deported to the sugar cane plantations in Oaxaca, the tobacco planters of the Valle Nacional, and the henequen plantation owners of the Yucatán for use as slave labor. Most of the enslaved workers died within the first year of their captivity.
## Government
### Municipal presidents {#municipal_presidents}
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Term | Municipal president | Political party | Notes |
+========================+======================================+======================================+=====================================================+
| 1917--1918 | Jesús N. Jiménez | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1919--1920 | Luis Jordán | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1921--1922 | Leonardo Quirarte | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1923 | Daniel F. Martínez | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1924 | Francisco L. Camberos | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1925 | Guillermo A. Martínez | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1926 | Rufino Quintero | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1927 | Narciso de León | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1928 | Maximiliano Morales | | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1929--1931 | Narciso Corona Tamayo | PNR | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1932--1933 | Leonardo Quirarte | PNR | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1933--1934 | Basilio Flores Moreno | PNR | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1935--1936 | Francisco González García | PNR | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1937--1938 | Antonio Parra | PNR | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1939--1940 | Lázaro Llanos | PRM | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1941--1942 | Ramón López Rentería | PRM | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1943--1944 | Ignacio Benítez Arias | PRM | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | Leonardo Pérez | PRM | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1946--1948 | Pedro Betancourt Ramírez | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1949--1951 | Narciso Corona Tamayo | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1952--1954 | Manuel Yerena Alatorre | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1955--1957 | Florentino Neza Plantillas | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1958--1960 | Eugenio Plantillas Grajeda | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1961--1963 | Juan García Gutiérrez | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1964--1966 | Joel Robles Uribe | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1967--1969 | Jorge R. Careaga Pérez | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1970--1971 | Marcelino Márquez Uribe | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1971--1972 | José Cruz Pacheco | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1973--1975 | Rafael Gutiérrez Villaseñor | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1976--1978 | Armando Trigueros Guerrero | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1978 | Daniel Ibarra Guerrero | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1978--1981 | Ponciano Bugarín Villa | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1982--1983 | Ismael Hermosillo Hernández | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1984--1987 | José Luis Lizaola H. | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1987--1990 | Raúl Hermosillo Hernández | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1990--1993 | Abelino Márquez Estrada | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1993--1993 | Anselmo Hernández Sojo | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1996--1999 | Carlos Luna Quirarte | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1999--2002 | Alejandro Dávalos Valdés | PAN | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2002--2005 | Eduardo Bernal Regalado | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2005--2008 | Miguel Bernal Carrillo | National Action Party (Mexico)\|PAN | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2008--2011 | Hilario Ramírez Villanueva \"Layín\" | National Action Party (Mexico)\|PAN | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2011--2014 | Porfirio López Lugo | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2014--2017 | Hilario Ramírez Villanueva \"Layín\" | Independent candidate | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 2017--2021 | Candy Anisoara Yescas Blancas | PRI | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 17-09-2021--16-09-2024 | José Antonio Barajas López | PAN \ | Coalition \"Va por Nayarit\" |
| | | PRI \ | |
| | | PRD | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 17-09-2024-- | José Antonio Barajas López | PAN \ | Coalition \"Fuerza y Corazón por México\" Reelected |
| | | PRI \ | |
| | | PRD | |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
## Climate
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# San Blas, Nayarit
## Recreation and tourism {#recreation_and_tourism}
The area is noted for its surfing. Playa de Matanchen was famous for having the longest surfable wave in the world, as listed in the Guinness Book of World Records. A hurricane and subsequent storm surge filled part of the bay with sand, greatly reducing the size of the waves.
The area has an abundance of migratory birds in the surrounding estuaries and lowland palm forests, attracting significant numbers of birders. The Christmas Bird Count regularly finds well over 200 species, with a record 292 species in 1983.
The town is also a gateway, along with the nearby village of Matanchen, to the La Tovara park, an extensive mangrove forest and federally protected nature preserve accessible by small boat.
The formerly elegant Playa Hermosa, built in 1951, is on a lonely and beautiful stretch of beach about a mile from the plaza. In the 1960s, Hollywood had a brief hideaway flirtation with San Blas when actors, including Lee Marvin, discovered San Blas for its fishing. The hotel is now abandoned.
## Economy
The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, and the tourist industry. The main crops are beans, sorghum, tobacco, corn, watermelon, and citrus fruits. There is a substantial cattle herd, and shrimp are raised in the extensive marshlands.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The San Blas Pier is the inspiration for the hit song \"En el muelle de San Blas\" by the Mexican rock band Maná. The song was inspired by Rebeca Méndez Jiménez who waited at the pier for 41 years for her fiancé fisherman Manuel to come back from a fishing trip. It is believed he died in a sea storm, in October 1971, amidst the Hurricane Priscilla.
### San Blas in a poem {#san_blas_in_a_poem}
The last poem penned by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was \"The Bells of San Blas\", included in his book *In the Harbor*. He wrote it a few days before his passing.
Fragments:\
*But to me, a dreamer of dreams,/* *To whom what is and what seems/* *Are often one and the same,/* *The Bells of San Blas to me/* *Have a strange, wild melody,/* *And are something more than a name./\
* \[\...\]\
*O Bells of San Blas in vain/* *Ye call back the Past again;/* *The Past is deaf to your prayer!/* *Out of the shadows of night/* *The world rolls into light;/* *It is daybreak everywhere
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# Black/Matrix
is a series of tactical role-playing games developed by Flight-Plan and published by NEC Interchannel. All titles in the series are Japan-exclusive.
Each installment in the series combines standard tactical RPG gameplay with a pastiche of Judeo-Christian religious themes, particularly concerning the nature of good and evil and the interplay between Heaven, Hell, and Earth and the denizens thereof. One title was considered for North American release in 1999, and it is believed that it was eventually passed over due to its religion-derived themes.
The original *Black/Matrix* title was released August 27, 1998 for the Sega Saturn console in Japan. There were two subsequent remake releases that add more detailed graphics and additional content: **Black/Matrix AD** (Advanced) for Dreamcast was released in 1999, and **Black/Matrix +** (Cross) for PlayStation was released in 2000.
The world of *Black/Matrix* is fictional and fantasy-based, and in it the forces of Hell won a decisive war against the forces of Heaven. The victorious devils rewrote history and redesigned society to suit their purposes, reversing the concepts of good and evil. The descendants of the devils, known as black-wings because of the bat-like wings that grow from their backs, rule over the white-wing descendants of the angels, whom they treat as sub-human slaves. In their society love is considered the worst of crimes, and any one found guilty of love or kindness is hunted and punished.
## Gameplay
*Black/Matrix* gives the player control of a group of playable characters who traverse various two-dimensional 3/4 isometric-view maps that represent towns and battlefields. The flow of gameplay cycles between expository cut scenes revealing the plot, towns and menus for procurement and management of items and equipment, and battles which pit the playable characters against computer controlled opponents in battle maps. Progression through *Black/Matrix* is plot-driven, and the player has limited influence on the overall course of the game - evidenced by the absence of an overworld map mode.
The gameplay in *Black/Matrix* is broken into chapters based on plot themes, and the plot is delivered in fully voiced cut scenes that begin and conclude each chapter, as well as precede and follow each battle. The visual style of the cut scenes varies based on version; *Black/Matrix* and *Black/Matrix +* use the same graphical style seen in town and battlefield maps, while *Black/Matrix AD* employs visual novel style static landscapes with large character sprites superimposed over them. Regardless of form these scenes announce events such as the addition of new playable characters, and occasionally offer the player opportunities to recruit optional characters such as white-wing slaves and, depending on the version, unused master characters.
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# Black/Matrix
## Gameplay
### Battle mechanics {#battle_mechanics}
Battles are organized into turns which alternate between the player and the computer. During the player turn any player-controlled character can perform actions in any order, with a maximum of three actions per character per turn. Every character can use the actions \"move\", \"attack\", and \"item\", though depending on the character and the point in the game, they may have others actions as well. The move action allows a character to travel on the map; battlefield maps are composed of square tiles and the number of tiles in a given character\'s range is determined by their statistics. Characters have a single preset attack technique and can equip any type of weapon appropriate to that technique; for example, a character with the \"stab\" attack type can equip rapiers, spears, and staffs. Additionally, characters automatically respond by counterattacking, defending, or attempting to dodge when they are attacked; the player can switch the response at any time through the \"Waiting Stance\" command.
Specific, plot-determined characters have access to the \"magic\" command at all times, while others require special equipment to unlock it. Spell effectiveness varies from turn to turn, as governed by a \"Biorhythm\" clock. In place of conventional magic points to manage magic use, *Black/Matrix* uses a system called \"Blood Points\". Blood Points can be distributed to individual playable characters before battles to expend in spell casting. Blood points are accrued by attacking the prostrate bodies of defeated enemies, effectively killing them. (Some fallen playable characters are susceptible to the same fate, after which they are lost permanently.) Additionally, the player can infuse a weapon with Blood Points to improve its effectiveness and possibly unlock a special attack called a \"latent ability\". Latent abilities function like spells in that they cost Blood Points to use and add various effects to the damage dealt by the weapon.
At the conclusion of each battle the game evaluates the player\'s performance and assigns a letter grade-based rank, which determines the value of bonus items and the amounts of money and experience points the player is awarded. Experience points go into a common pool and the player distributes it to the characters at will, choosing which characters gain experience levels. Upon level-up, the player also determines how a given character\'s statistics mature, allowing for customization.
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# Black/Matrix
## Gameplay
### Characters
(Hiroshi Kamiya), is the amnesiac silent protagonist of *Black/Matrix* - his dialog is not shown on screen. A white-wing slave, he is locked in Golgoda Prison for the crime of love. He exhibits a power to transform black-wings into white-wings, which marks him as the \'messiah\'.
*Black/Matrix* begins with the player choosing a black-wing \'master\', i.e. companion, for Abel, which affects the beginning and ending of the game. The choices are:
- (Noriko Hidaka), the \'pure\' girl.
- (Mika Kanai), the \'childish\' girl.
- (Yuko Miyamura), the \'lolita\' girl.
- (Junko Shimakata), the \'tomboy\' girl.
- (Wakana Yamazaki), the \'mature\' girl.
There is an additional secret male master, `{{Nihongo|'''Zero'''|ゼロ|Zero}}`{=mediawiki} (Kentarou Itou), who becomes available after inputting a code (which differs in each release).
(Hideyuki Hori) is a white-wing criminal. He was once a gladiator, but was sent to Golgoda Prison for killing his former masters. He is very tough and uses swords and other heavy weapons. He seeks \"freedom\", and joins Abel\'s escape.
(Kaneto Shiozawa) is a white-wing criminal. He gained fame as \"Gaius the Gale\" for stealing from the rich to give to the poor, but is later imprisoned for the crime of \"hypocrisy\" as a result. He joins Abel\'s escape.
(Hiro Yuuki) is a blond-haired boy whom Abel encounters in Golgoda Prison at the beginning of the game. Though he is a black-wing, he is shunned because of his weakness. He escapes with the party and becomes an archer.
(Takeshi Aono) is the black-wing former high priest of the Temple of the Sun who lost his position after a power-struggle. He is a necromancer who can use magic to revive dead characters as zombie decoys. After witnessing Abel\'s mysterious powers, he joins the group.
(Kikuko Inoue) is a black-wing former student of Johannes who took over his research, eventually becoming a Demon Knight. She casts powerful healing spells. Her hobby is writing in a \"revenge diary\".
(Ai Orikasa), a white-wing, is known as the \"Miracle Boy\" for becoming the first person to don an Arch-demon Armor. Despite his youthful looks, he is the leader of a white-wing liberation movement.
### Reception
On release, *Famitsu* magazine scored the Dreamcast version of the game a 30 out of 40.
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# Black/Matrix
## *Black/Matrix II* {#blackmatrix_ii}
*Black/Matrix II* was released March 28, 2002 for the PlayStation 2. The game is set primarily in the \'Hell Realm\' and centers on a group of elite devils fighting to repulse an invasion of their realm by angels and humans.
While the fictional world of *Black/Matrix II* is again fantasy-based, it is distinct from the original game. It is divided into three realms - heaven, home to white-winged angels; the human world, inhabited by relatively weak, wingless people; and hell, where black-winged devils reside. The three realms are largely independent and their natives are suspicious of the other realms. Many humans have been convinced of the evil nature of Hell by the angels, but for all their fearsome powers neither the devils nor Hell itself are inherently malevolent. Hell is ruled by the beautiful and compassionate **Jenarose**, who is said to love humankind more than anyone in the world.
### Gameplay {#gameplay_1}
*Black/Matrix II* brings the series into full 3D, modifying gameplay elements found in previous *Black/Matrix* releases. The game is divided into four chapters, and the basic flow of gameplay initiates with the player selecting a destination on the overworld map, followed by alternating expository cut scenes and battle maps. Towns, a usual element of tactical RPGs that allow for the purchase of items and equipment, are omitted in *Black/Matrix II* and shops are accessible from the overworld map and pre-battle menus.
*Black/Matrix II* features a branching plotline, where the player\'s choices influence the course of events. There are numerous possible endings and four possible heroines.
### Characters {#characters_1}
, the main character, is said to be the strongest devil in Hell. Widely known by the sobriquet \"General Tempest\", he is the younger brother of the master of Hell, and the leader of the \"Fear Quartet\" of top-ranking devils. Despite his power, Reiji is killed when human armies invade Hell and resurrects later with no memory of his prior life.
is Reiji\'s subordinate and friend. Known as the \"Killing Dust\", she favors broadswords and other heavy weapons and is teased for her fierceness and impatience. She harbors an unrequited love for Reiji.
, like Vidia, is Reiji\'s subordinate and friend. He has a glib manner of speech and appears to not take things very seriously, but is actually very observant and cool-headed. He serves as Reiji\'s main adviser.
is the commander of the paladin army that led the human invasion of Hell. She has a zealous hatred of devils, yet bears a striking physical resemblance to Jenarose, the master of Hell.
is the only female member of the Fear Quartet. She possesses a power called Squeeze that drains the life from anyone who approaches her, inspiring a lifelong sense of isolation. When her deadly powers fade after the death of the master of Hell, she begins looking after an abandoned human child.
is a member of the Fear Quartet whose bishōnen looks disguise ruthless battle capabilities for which he is feared by foes and allies alike. As he enjoys pulling the wings off of his defeated opponents, he is nicknamed \"Feathercide Uni\".
is a member of the Fear Quartet known throughout Hell for his intelligence. Like a mad scientist, he has no interest in anything other than his experiments and the automata he builds.
### Reception {#reception_1}
On release, *Famitsu* magazine scored the game a 30 out of 40.
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# Black/Matrix
## *Black Matrix Zero* {#black_matrix_zero}
*Black Matrix Zero* was released August 30, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance.
*Black Matrix Zero* is set in the same fictional world as the original *Black/Matrix* game, though hundreds of years prior. Three divisions of humankind share the same world - white-winged people who are called angels, black-winged people who are called devils, and wingless people. Those who have wings have great powers and pay little mind to the wingless ones. The angels rule the world via a religious organization called the Prodevon Church, which ensures both the cooperation and ignorance of the wingless people.
### Characters {#characters_2}
Character voices apply to *Black/Matrix 00*.
(Ryōko Shiraishi) is the main character, a wingless boy who always ends up opposing angels in order to rescue his friend Matia. Early in either version of the game he receives wings - in *Zero*, the player can pick between devil wings or angel wings, while in *Black/Matrix 00* Cain can only receive angel wings.
(Kozue Kamada) is Cain\'s childhood friend who, though wingless, possesses a mysterious power. She is taken into the custody of the Prodevon Church at the beginning of the game.
(Kazuhiko Inoue) is an angel with gray wings who associates with Cain and Matia. Very learned and wise, he is a voice of reason for Cain. He constantly wears a mask. Specializes in offensive magic.
(Nana Mizuki) is a devil girl who takes an interest in Cain at the beginning of the game. She uses a whip and casts healing spells.
(Kazuya Nakai) is Luca\'s admirer, a very strong devil who uses axes. He has leathery wings, blonde hair and a pair of goggles around his neck.
(Natsuki Yoshihara) is a wingless soldier for the Prodevon Church who is completely convinced that the Church\'s actions are justified. She is a blue-haired girl with glasses who wears a white uniform. She uses rapiers.
(Takayuki Sasada) is a lively, black-haired fighter for the secret organization Cypherpunk which opposes the Prodevon Church. He appears early in the game and is characterized by his bright red scarf.
(Atsushi Kisaichi) is a devil and the founder Cypherpunk. Has long blond hair who wears a brown coat and a beige mantle.
(Kumiko Izumi) is a double-winged angel and the younger sister of the powerful Seraph Beir Perendale. She wears a big blue dress, has short blonde hair. She uses bows and status-cure spells, as well as a powerful healing spell called Rulic Heal.
(Youko Nishino) is a wingless girl, a friend of Matia, whom the party rescues from prison. She has short brown hair, a thin white dress and a chain around her neck. She casts healing spells.
(Yuki Makishima) is a boy about the same age as Lilis. He has blue hair and glasses and uses bows to fight. He is the younger brother of Stayen.
### Reception {#reception_2}
On release, *Famitsu* magazine scored the game a 31 out of 40.
## *Black/Matrix 00* {#blackmatrix_00}
The concept for *Black Matrix Zero* was adapted into *Black/Matrix 00*, which was released May 13, 2004 on the PlayStation, being the final game released for the system in Japan (and overall)
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# Jon Matsumoto
**Jonathan Richard Matsumoto** (born October 13, 1986) is a Canadian-German professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for Krefeld Pinguine of the DEL2.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Matsumoto began playing collegiate hockey for the Bowling Green State University Falcons during the 2004-05 season. He became just the third freshman in Falcons\' history to lead the team in scoring. After two successful seasons, he was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the third round, 79th overall, of the 2006 NHL Entry Draft.
Following his junior season, Matsumoto began working out with the Flyers\' AHL affiliate, the Philadelphia Phantoms. Flyers\' management liked what they saw, and on March 14, 2007, Matsumoto decided to forgo his senior season and signed an entry-level contract with the Flyers. He was assigned to the Phantoms and made his professional debut on March 16, 2007. On June 26, 2010, Philadelphia traded Matsumoto to the Carolina Hurricanes for a 2010 seventh-round draft pick. Four months later Matsumoto made his NHL debut on November 1 against the Flyers. Matsumoto scored his first NHL goal on November 3, 2010 against Rick DiPietro of the New York Islanders. The game was also his first multi-goal game in the NHL, as he added a second goal in the third period.
Matsumoto was traded by the Hurricanes to the Florida Panthers on January 18, 2012 with Mattias Lindström, in exchange for Evgenii Dadonov and A. J. Jenks.
On July 12, 2012, Matsumoto was signed as a free agent by the San Jose Sharks. He was directly assigned to the Worcester Sharks to start the 2012--13 season due to the NHL lockout. After scoring 32 points in 60 games, Matsumoto was loaned to the Chicago Wolves to end the year on April 8, 2013.
On July 8, 2013, Matsumoto returned to the Florida Panthers organization as a free agent, signing a one-year contract.
After spending the first 7 professional seasons of his career in North America, on May 26, 2014, Matsumoto agreed to his first European contract, signing a one-year deal with German club, Schwenninger Wild Wings of the DEL. After a season with the Wild Wings, Matsumoto joined fellow DEL competitor, Augsburger Panther on a one-year deal on July 23, 2015. He made 52 appearances for the Panthers, tallying 20 goals and 29 assists.
On May 2, 2016, he put pen to paper on a deal with EHC München that had captured the German championship only some weeks earlier. Matsumoto won German championship titles with München in 2017 and 2018, earning DEL Playoff MVP distinction in 2018. On May 4, 2018, he signed with fellow DEL side Iserlohn Roosters.
Matsumoto continued his scoring pace in the 2018--19 season with the Roosters, potting a DEL personal best of 22 goals and 56 points in just 52 games. Despite interest to remain by the club to remain in Iserlohn, Matsumoto continued to build upon his journeyman status in the DEL, signing a one-year contract with his fifth German club, Kölner Haie, on May 2, 2019.
Following four seasons with the Sharks in the DEL, Matsumoto opted to extend his professional career by signing a one-year contract with second tier club, Krefeld Pinguine of the DEL2, on June 30, 2023
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# Broken English
**Broken English** is a term often used to describe non-standard, non-traditionally spoken or alternatively-written version of the English language. This term is often considered derogatory and has been used to invalidate non-standard or \"low prestige\" varieties of English, particularly those that arose in the context of colonialism or language contact between multiple distinct cultures. While it sometimes refers to any non-standard form of English, it often carries a negative connotation, implying inferiority and incorrectness compared to \"standard\" English.
These forms of English are sometimes considered as a pidgin if they have derived in a context where more than one language is used. Under the most commonly accepted definition of the term, broken English consists of English vocabulary grafted onto the syntax of a non-English speaker\'s native language, including word order, other aspects of sentence structure, and the presence or absence of articles in the speaker\'s native language. Typically, the non-English speaker also strips English phrases of linguistic markings that are definite articles or certain verb tenses.
In some communities,`{{Clarification needed|reason=What communities?|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki} young people may intentionally adopt versions of the English language that older people consider to be broken English. The use of non-standard forms of English can also be a way for communities to assert their cultural identity and resist linguistic dominance. This has been documented, for example, among the Māori of New Zealand, where the younger generation was more proficient in English than the previous generation, but intentionally made modifications to the language to assert their own sense of cultural identity.
Nigeria is known for its vibrant and dynamic varieties of English, including Nigerian Pidgin, which is widely spoken across West Africa and beyond. While sometimes referred to as \"broken English,\" Nigerian Pidgin has evolved into a distinct language variety with its own grammar and vocabulary. It serves as a lingua franca, facilitating communication and fostering a sense of shared identity among people from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
## Broken English in literature {#broken_english_in_literature}
The use of non-standard English in literature can be a complex and contested issue. In literature, broken English is often used to depict the foreignness of a character, or that character\'s lack of intelligence or education. However, poets have also intentionally used broken English to create a desired artistic impression, or as a creative experiment writing somewhere between standard English and a local language or dialect.
For example, in *Henry V*, William Shakespeare used broken English to convey the national pride of Scottish and Irish allies in the King\'s invasion of Normandy. When Henry himself last implores the French Princess Katherine to marry him, knowing that her command of the English language is limited, he says to her: \"Come, your answer in broken music; for thy voice is music and thy English broken; therefore, queen of all, Katherine, break thy mind to me in broken English
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# Redbreast (whiskey)
**Redbreast** is a brand of single pot still Irish Whiskey produced by the Irish Distillers subsidiary of Pernod Ricard. It was originally bottled by Gilbey\'s, a Dublin spirits merchant, using distillate sourced from Jameson\'s Bow Street Distillery. In the 1980s, the brand was purchased by Irish Distillers, the producer of Jameson. It is the largest-selling single pot still Irish whiskey in the world.
As of 2023, there are seven expressions generally available:
- Redbreast 12 Year Old
- Redbreast 12 Cask Strength
- Redbreast Lustau Edition, matured for its final year in Bodegas Lustau sherry casks (part of the Iberian Series)
- Redbreast Kentucky Oak Edition
- Redbreast 15 Year Old
- Redbreast 21 Year Old
- Redbreast 27 Year Old, matured in Ruby Port pipes
## History
W&A Gilbey was founded in London in 1857. By 1861, the company had opened a branch on what is now O\'Connell Street in Dublin. At the time, it was customary for distilleries to sell distillate to wine merchants or \"bonders\", who had ample supplies of casks through the importation of fortified wines and would mature the whiskey themselves under bond. By the 1870s, Gilbey\'s -- described as a \"wine importer and distiller\" at the time -- had more than 300,000 gallons of whiskey from Dublin distilleries in stock under bond and sold whiskey to consumers under its own labels. These whiskeys were aged at least six years in Gilbey\'s own sherry casks at its bonded warehouses on Dublin\'s Harcourt Street.
By 1903, a whiskey known as John Jameson & Sons Castle \"JJ Liqueur\" Whiskey 12 Year Old was marketed in a bottle of similar shape and markings to those used for subsequent bottlings of Redbreast. This whiskey was produced using distillate sourced from the Bow Street Distillery in Dublin, the home of Jameson whiskey. Although this whiskey was likely the forerunner of Redbreast, the first official mention of \"Redbreast\" only dates back to 1912, when Gilbey\'s referred to the sale of \"Redbreast\" J.J. Liqueur Whiskey 12 Year Old. \"Redbreast\" was a nickname given to one of the whiskeys by Gilbey\'s chairman at the time, who was an avid birdwatcher, in reference to Robin Redbreast.
In 1968, Irish Distillers opted to phase out the supply of bonded whiskey to merchants such as Gilbey\'s. This threatened the future of the whiskey brand, as Irish Distillers controlled all the whiskey distilleries in operation in Ireland at that point. However, following pleas from Gilbey\'s, Irish Distillers agreed to continue to supply distillate for the production of Redbreast.
In 1971, Irish Distillers closed all its Dublin distilleries (including Bow Street) and consolidated production at the New Midleton Distillery, a purpose-built facility in County Cork. As a result, production of Redbreast whiskey moved from Dublin to Cork.
In 1985, Gilbey\'s ceased production of Redbreast. It entered into an agreement to sell the brand to Irish Distillers in 1986, and the brand was subsequently relaunched in 1991 after several years of absence from the market. Initially launched as a standalone 12 year old, Redbreast has since been released in 15 year old, 21 year old, and other variants.
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# Redbreast (whiskey)
## Bottlings
Initially relaunched in 1991 as a 12 year old, several variants have been marketed in recent years, including:
- Redbreast 12 Year Old, 40% ABV (In South Africa ABV is 46% to comply with South African regulations), aged in Oloroso sherry casks and some ex-Bourbon barrels
- Redbreast Lustau Edition, 46% ABV, aged for 9 to 12 years in traditional Bourbon and sherry casks before being finished for one year in first fill sherry butts seasoned with Bodegas Lustau sherry
- Redbreast PX Edition, 46% ABV, the first outing of the Iberian Series, a collaboration with Pedro Ximenez
- Redbreast 12 Year Old with Project Wingman Bird Feeder, aged 12 years. Comes in a copper \"cage\" around the bottle that can be taken off and used as a bird feeder. The distillers are also giving €3 of each sale to Birdlife International in protecting birds.
- Redbreast 12 Year Old Cask Strength, 57.2% ABV, aged in first fill Oloroso sherry casks and non-chill filtered First released in 2011
- Redbreast 15 Year Old, 46% ABV, aged in Oloroso sherry and Bourbon casks
- Redbreast 19 Year Old 1998 (La Maison du Whisky), 55.7% ABV, distilled in march of 1998, matured in an Oloroso sherry cask and then bottled by French specialist La Maison Du Whisky. Only 648 bottles released
- Redbreast 21 Year Old, 46% ABV, aged in ex-bourbon and first fill Oloroso sherry casks First released in 2013
- Redbreast 27 Year Old, 54.6% ABV, aged in ex-ruby port casks
**Limited editions** that are no longer in production but potentially still available through specialist retailers (as of 2016) include:
- Redbreast Mano a Lámh, 46% ABV, aged solely in ex-Oloroso sherry butts and non-chill filtered
- Redbreast 12 Year Old 1970s, 40% ABV, a rare version bottled in the 1970s
- Redbreast 1999 Single Cask, 58.5% ABV, aged in sherry casks, the first single cask Redbreast release
- Redbreast 12 Year Old Gilbeys 1/2 Bottle, 40% ABV, a rare version likely bottled in the 1960s
- Redbreast 20 Year Old 1999 All Sherry (Midleton & Bow St), 60.3% ABV. Originally bottled exclusively for Midleton and Bow St. Distilleries. matured in single sherry cask selected by master blender Billy Leighton. Only 552 bottle released.
- Redbreast Tawny Port Cask, 46% ABV, matured in a combination of bourbon and oloroso sherry casks and then finished in Tawny Port casks for a number of years. All whiskey is then finished in freshly seasoned tawny port hogsheads for a final period of 14--25 months
## Accolades
The Redbreast whiskey variations have won several awards in recent years.
- 2019, Gold Medal San Francisco World Spirits Competition.
- 2019, Winner Ultimate Spirits Challenge.
- 2018, Gold Medal International Wine and Spirits Competition.
- In 2007, Redbreast 15 Year Old was named Irish Whiskey of the Year.
In addition, Redbreast 12 Year Old and Redbreast Mano a Lámh were both rated as top-ten whiskey buys in John Hansell\'s Buyer\'s Guide.
## Notability
Redbreast is one of a handful of single pot still whiskeys in existence today and one of only two to have been produced almost continuously since the early 1900s (the other being Green Spot). Although once the most popular style of whiskey consumed in the world, pot still whiskey fell out of favor in the 20th century, due in part to the rise of cheaper, less intense blended whiskeys. As a result of falling demand, most Irish whiskeys were either reformulated as blends or discontinued.
Single pot still whiskeys, which are historically unique to Ireland, are similar to single malts in that they are produced solely from pot still distillate. However, in contrast to malts which only use malted barley in the mash, single pot still whiskeys are produced from a mixed mash that contains both malted and unmalted barley
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# West Coast Blues & Roots Festival
The **West Coast Blues \'n\' Roots Festival** is an annual music festival held in Fremantle, Western Australia. It features many blues and roots performers, both international and local.
## History
The festival was founded by Sunset Events and began as a two-day event in 2004 and was called the \'Sunset Live\'s Botanic Blues, Roots and Soul\' held at Kings Park, Western Australia. From 2005, the event became a one-day event and was known as the West Coast Blues & Roots held at the Esplanade Park, Fremantle. In 2007, the event expanded to a two-day event and followed on into 2008. The 2009 event saw a return to a single day format. In 2010, the festival moved to Fremantle Park and has been there since 2010. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the festival, organisers have announced the return two-day format for the 2013 lineup. The festival was not held in 2016 nor 2020. It is similar to the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, which is held on the Easter long weekend in Byron Bay.
## Artist lineups {#artist_lineups}
### 2004
Day 1 `{{Col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Col-1-of-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- **James Brown**
- The Cat Empire
- Bomba
- Xavier Rudd
- Blue Shaddy
- B Movie Heroes
- Dave Mann Collective
- Mark Hoffman
- Belly
- Lucky Oceans
- Lois Olney
- Simon Cox
- Ivan Zar
- Ben Witt
Day 2
- **Michael Franti and Spearhead**
- John Butler Trio
- Dr. John
- Taj Mahal
- Xavier Rudd
- Rick Steele
- Carus
- The Wah Trees
- Pink and White Bridge
- WAADA
### 2005 {#section_1}
- **Jack Johnson**
- **Violent Femmes**
- The Waifs
- Xavier Rudd
- Angélique Kidjo
- G. Love & Special Sauce
- The Beautiful Girls
- John Lee Hooker Jnr
- Bob Brozman & René Lacaille
- Carus
- Jeff Lang
- Joel Turner and the Modern Day Poets
- Eugene Hideaway Bridges
- Ash Grunwald
- Vasco Era
- Hat Fitz
- Zydecats
- Mia Dyson
- Mark Hoffman (Em Dee)
- Blue Shaddy
- Toby & Code Red
- B Movie Heroes
- Dom Mariani & The Majestic Kelp
- Saritah
- Dave Mann Collective
- Ben Witt & Ivan Zar
- Honeyriders
- Ric Steele
- 43 Cambridge
- Kill Devil Hills
- West Coast Blues Club Showcase
### 2006 {#section_2}
- **Jackson Browne**
- The Black Keys
- Bernard Fanning
- Michael Franti
- Damian Marley
- Pete Murray
- Jamie Cullum
- Donavon Frankenreiter
- The Beautiful Girls
- Keb\' Mo\'
- Mia Dyson
- Carus
- Lucky Oceans
- Ash Grunwald
- Blue King Brown
- Josh Pyke
- Bobby Blackbird
- Blue Shaddy
### 2007 {#section_3}
*Saturday, 31 March 2007*
- **John Butler Trio**
- **Wolfmother**
- The Cat Empire
- Xavier Rudd
- Gomez
- Lee \"Scratch\" Perry
- Sierra Leone\'s Refugee All Stars
- Béla Fleck & The Flecktones
- Tony Joe White
- Eric Burdon & The Animals
- Bob Evans
- The Pilgram Brothers
- Blue King Brown
- The Vasco Era
- Diafrix
- The Bamboos
- The Fumes
- Andrew Winton
- Blue Shaddy
- Fall Electric
*Sunday, 1 April 2007*
- **Ben Harper**
- **John Mayer**
- Missy Higgins
- The Waifs
- Bo Diddley
- Larry Carlton Blues Project
- Eugene Hideaway Bridges
- Kaki King
- Angus & Julia Stone
- Terrance Simien
- Piers Faccini
- Amos Lee
- Carus and The True Believers
- Ben Kweller
- Custom Kings
- Dom Mariani and The Majestic Kelp
- Will Conner
- Kill Devil Hills
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- The Dave Matthews Band and The Roots were originally included in the line up but were a late withdrawal and the spot was replaced by Xavier Rudd. [1](http://sunsetevents.com.au/Event/West_Coast_Blues_n_Roots_Festival_2007/?Display=246)
### 2008 {#section_4}
*Saturday, 15 March 2008*
- **Sinéad O\'Connor**
- **Don McLean**
- Buddy Guy
- Ray Davies
- Maceo Parker
- Gotye
- Ian Brown
- Keb\' Mo\'
- KT Tunstall
- Xavier Rudd
- The Cruel Sea
- Jeff Martin
- The Bellrays
- Clare Bowditch & The Feeding Set
- Angus & Julia Stone
- Jason Mraz
- Hayley Sales
- O.A.R.
- Lior
- Damien Dempsey
- The Basics
- Common Ground
- The Shinkickers
- Will Stoker & The Embers
- Sneaky Weasel Gang
- Rick Steele
*Sunday, 16 March 2008*
- **John Fogerty**
- Eskimo Joe
- Kasey Chambers
- Cat Empire
- Jools Holland\'s Rhythm and Blues Orchestra
- Ozomatli
- Vusi Mahlasela,
- Lee Ritenour
- Patty Griffin
- G. Love & Special Sauce
- The Beautiful Girls
- Galactic
- Salmonella Dub
- Mia Dyson
- Jeff Lang
- Seasick Steve
- The Audreys
- The Angry Tradesmen
- Sugarland
- Ivan Zar
- Worldfly
- Abbe May & The Rockin\' Pneumonia
- Matt Gresham
- The Funkalleros
### 2009 {#section_5}
- **John Butler Trio**
- Jason Mraz
- Missy Higgins
- Paul Kelly
- Zappa Plays Zappa
- Tony Joe White
- Augie March
- Ben Kweller
- Seasick Steve
- Easy Star All-Stars
- Blue King Brown
- Bob Evans
- Eric Bibb
- The Special Beat
- Luka Bloom
- Blues Traveler
- C. W. Stoneking & The Primitive Horn Orchestra
- Charlie Parr
- Little Red
- Ruthie Foster
- Kev Carmody
- LABJACD
- Rodney Crowe
- Whitley
- Kora
- Little Bushman
- Mama Kin
- Bonjah
- Mister And Sunbird
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# West Coast Blues & Roots Festival
## Artist lineups {#artist_lineups}
### 2010 {#section_6}
Line-up:
- **Crowded House**
- John Butler Trio
- Buddy Guy
- Jeff Beck
- Newton Faulkner
- The Swell Season
- John Mayall
- Angus & Julia Stone
- Ozomatli
- Gogol Bordello
- Taj Mahal
- Lisa Mitchell
- Matisyahu
- Old Crow Medicine Show
- Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros
- The Backsliders
- Dave Hole
- Jon Cleary
- Dan Sultan
- Wagons
- Tijuana Cartel
- Hayley Sales
- Mary Gauthier
- The Blues Preachers
- Jordie Lane
- Andrew Winton
- Red Shoes Boy
- The Joe Kings
- The CBC Jazz Orchestra with Lee Sappho
### 2011 {#section_7}
- **Bob Dylan**
- **Grace Jones**
- **Elvis Costello and the Imposters**
- The Cat Empire
- Rodrigo y Gabriela
- Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu
- Michael Franti and Spearhead
- The Blind Boys of Alabama with Aaron Neville
- RocKwiz Live
- Mavis Staples
- Robert Randolph and the Family Band
- Toots and the Maytals
- Washington
- Ruthie Foster
- James Teague
- The 2011 West Coast Blues & Roots Festival also included a live showing of the popular music quiz show RocKwiz.
### 2012 {#section_8}
- **John Fogerty**
- **Crosby, Stills & Nash**
- The Pogues
- The Specials
- My Morning Jacket
- Blitzen Trapper
- Buddy Guy
- Keb\' Mo\'
- Steve Earle
- Trombone Shorty & Orleans Avenue
- Gin Wigmore
- Husky
- The Sheepdogs
- Zydecats
- Felicity Groom
- Ruby Boots
- The Seals
### 2013 {#section_9}
*Saturday, 23 March 2013*
- **Robert Plant**
- **Iggy & The Stooges**
- Chris Isaak
- Jason Mraz
- Status Quo
- Manu Chao
- Tedeschi Trucks Band
- Fred Wesley and the New JBs
- Newton Faulkner
- Julia Stone
- The Music Maker Blues Revue
- Kitty, Daisy & Lewis
- Grace Potter
- Russell Morris
- Mama Kin
- Blue Shaddy
- Breakthrough Winner
*Sunday, 24 March 2013*
- **Paul Simon**
- **Ben Harper with Charlie Musselwhite**
- Santana
- Steve Miller Band
- Wilco
- Bonnie Raitt
- Jimmy Cliff
- Rufus Wainwright
- Michael Kiwanuka
- Gossling
- Ash Grunwald
- Graveyard Train
- Brothers Grim
- The Brow Horn Orchestra
- Sticky Fingers
- The Domnicks
- Davey Craddock and The Spectacles
### 2014 {#section_10}
- **John Mayer**
- **Dave Matthews Band**
- **Elvis Costello and the Imposters**
- The Doobie Brothers
- Erykah Badu
- Matt Corby
- Boy & Bear
- Michael Franti & Spearhead
- Jake Bugg
- Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros
- Gary Clark Jr
| 443 |
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| 1 |
10,079,048 |
# Joe Kowal
**Joseph Douglas Kowal** (February 3, 1956 -- July 25, 2023) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left wing who played 22 games in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres between 1976 and 1978. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1976 to 1981, was spent in the minor American Hockey League.
He was drafted in the second round, 33rd overall, by the Sabres in the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft, after his performance as part of the 1975-76 OMJHL J. Ross Robertson Cup and the 1976 Memorial Cup Champion Hamilton Fincups, after previously playing junior in both OPJAHL Whitby and in Oshawa.
Kowal died on July 25, 2023, at the age of 67
| 118 |
Joe Kowal
| 0 |
10,079,049 |
# Rosamorada
**Rosamorada** (`{{IPA|es|rosamoˈɾaða}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality of the state of Nayarit in Mexico. It is located in the middle of the state. The area of the municipality is 2,073 km^2^ and the population was 32,217 in 2005, showing a significant decrease from 1980 when it was 34,695. Most of the population is still rural with the major settlements being Rosamorada with 3,393 inhabitants; San Vicente with 4,556; Los Pericos with 2,441; Chilapa with 2,277; Pimientillo with 1,824 and El Tamarindo with 1,544.
## Etymology
Rosamorada got its name from the existence of a leafy tree of purple flowers called \"clavellina\" once found in the center of the town.
## Economy
The economy is primarily agricultural with the main crops being beans, chilli, rice, melons, and watermelon. There is also significant fishing and shrimp raising in the lagoons adjacent to the Pacific Ocean.
## Language
About 17.4% of Rosamorada\'s population, or 5,840 people aged 3 and older, speak at least one Indigenous language. The most common languages are Cora, spoken by 5,413 people, followed by Huichol (341 speakers) and Southern Tepehuano (64 speakers).
The majority of the population speaks Spanish, as it is Mexico\'s native language.
## Geography
The western part of the municipality is composed of mangrove swamps with several large freshwater lagoons formed by the Bejuco, San Juan and San Pedro rivers, the latter being the southern boundary with the municipalities of El Nayar, Ruíz, and Tuxpan. The eastern part of the municipality consists of foothills gradually climbing to the Sierra Madre Occidental
| 255 |
Rosamorada
| 0 |
10,079,080 |
# Kevin Tway
\--\> \| death_place = \| height = `{{height|ft=6|in=3}}`{=mediawiki} \| weight = 185 lb \| nationality = `{{USA}}`{=mediawiki} \| residence = Edmond, Oklahoma \| spouse = \| partner = \| children = \| college = Oklahoma State \| yearpro = 2011 \| retired = \| tour = PGA Tour \| extour = Web.com Tour \| prowins = 3 \| pgawins = 1 \| eurowins = \| japwins = \| asiawins = \| sunwins = \| auswins = \| nwidewins = 1 \| chalwins = \| champwins = \| seneurowins = \| otherwins = 1 \| majorwins = \| masters = T36: 2019 \| usopen = T60: 2014 \| open = DNP \| pga = 77th: 2019 \| wghofid = \| wghofyear = \| award1 = \| year1 = \| award2 = \| year2 = \| awardssection = }} **Kevin Coulter Tway** (born July 23, 1988) is an American professional golfer who has played on the Web.com Tour and the PGA Tour. He won numerous junior tournaments, and most notably, the 2005 U.S. Junior Amateur. Tway is the son of Bob Tway, an eight-time winner on the PGA Tour, including the PGA Championship in 1986. Following Kevin\'s maiden PGA Tour win at the Safeway Open in October 2018, they are one of only ten father-son pairs to have won PGA Tour events.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
Born in Edmond, Oklahoma, Tway attended Edmond North High School where he was named The Oklahoman\'s All-City Player of the Year in 2006 and 2007. He was a first-team American Junior Golf Association All-American in 2006 and was a second-team pick in 2005. He won the Oklahoma Class 6A individual title in 2006 and 2007. Tway won the 2005 U.S. Junior Amateur and advanced to the semifinals the following year.
Tway played college golf at Oklahoma State. In his freshman year, he won the NCAA Central Regional and was named honorable mention All-American, first-team All-Big 12 and was selected to the All-Central Region squad.
Tway qualified for the 2008 U.S. Open at Torrey Pines but he failed to make the cut by four strokes after posting rounds of 75 and 78. Tway lost in the round of 16 at the 2008 U.S. Amateur to Derek Fathauer.
| 373 |
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| 0 |
10,079,080 |
# Kevin Tway
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Tway turned professional in 2011 after graduating from Oklahoma State. He made his professional debut at the 2011 Travelers Championship, with his father caddying for him. He played on the Web.com Tour in 2013 and picked up his first win in July at the Albertsons Boise Open, defeating Spencer Levin on the first playoff hole with a birdie. Both had shot a tournament record 261 (--23). Tway finished 5th on the regular season money list to earn his PGA Tour card for 2014.
During the 2014 season, Tway made only eight cuts in 23 events with no top-10 finishes. His best finish was a tie for 26th at the 2014 Travelers Championship, and he finished the season 177th in FedEx Cup points, losing his PGA Tour card. Back on the Web.com Tour in 2015, Tway carded two top-10s, with a runner-up finish at the Mexico Championship, but he finished 28th on the money list; three spots shy of regaining his PGA Tour card.
In 2016, Tway returned to the Web.com Tour and his results improved from the previous season. He scored four top-10s in 20 starts, including a solo third at the Price Cutter Charity Championship, but he still finished the regular season money list a few spots shy of automatically earning his card in 27th. However, during the 2016 Web.com Tour Finals, Tway performed well, including a tie for third at the Nationwide Children\'s Hospital Championship, which earned him back his PGA Tour card for 2017.
In 2017, Tway\'s season began with a slow start without having a top-30 finish in his first eleven starts, but in April, Tway knocked off three consecutive top-5s, finishing T3 at the Valero Texas Open, solo 3rd at the Zurich Classic of New Orleans (partnering with Kelly Kraft), and T5 at the Wells Fargo Championship. Tway also moved from 175th in the FedEx Cup to 55th in those events, virtually locking up his Tour card for the next season. He made the playoffs for the first time and finished the season 69th in points, easily retaining his card for 2018.
Tway had a solid 2018 season, making 26 of 33 cuts and scoring three top-10s. Again, Kevin had a great spring with T9 at the AT&T Byron Nelson, top-5 at the Fort Worth Invitational, and T6 at the Travelers Championship. He made the playoffs for a second consecutive year and finished 87th in points, again easily retaining his PGA Tour card for the next season.
On October 7, 2018 (beginning of 2019 season), Tway won the Safeway Open, for his first career PGA Tour victory, in a playoff over Brandt Snedeker and Ryan Moore. Tway birdied the last two holes in regulation to join a three-man playoff. Tway and Moore both birdied the first playoff hole, however Snedeker made par, eliminating him from the playoff. The next hole, Tway and Moore both birdied, forcing a third playoff hole. On the third playoff hole, Tway won with a 10 foot birdie putt.
On December 15, 2019, Tway won the QBE Shootout with partner Rory Sabbatini.
## Amateur wins {#amateur_wins}
- 2005 U.S. Junior Amateur, Wildcat Golf/Wichita Junior Championship
- 2006 OSSO Junior at Oak Tree
- 2010 Players Amateur
| 542 |
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| 1 |
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# Kevin Tway
## Professional wins (3) {#professional_wins_3}
### PGA Tour wins (1) {#pga_tour_wins_1}
+-----+-------------+--------------+-----------------+--------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | To par | Margin of\ | Runners-up |
| | | | | | victory | |
+=====+=============+==============+=================+========+============+============================================================+
| 1 | Oct 7, 2018 | Safeway Open | 68-67-68-71=274 | −14 | Playoff | Ryan Moore, `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Brandt Snedeker |
+-----+-------------+--------------+-----------------+--------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
**PGA Tour playoff record (1--0)**
+-----+------+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponents | Result |
+=====+======+==============+============================================================+==========================================+
| 1 | 2018 | Safeway Open | Ryan Moore, `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Brandt Snedeker | Won with birdie on third extra hole\ |
| | | | | Snedeker eliminated by par on first hole |
+-----+------+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
### Web.com Tour wins (1) {#web.com_tour_wins_1}
+-----+--------------+-----------------------+-----------------+--------+------------+---------------+
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | To par | Margin of\ | Runner -up |
| | | | | | victory | |
+=====+==============+=======================+=================+========+============+===============+
| 1 | Jul 28, 2013 | Albertsons Boise Open | 65-69-63-64=261 | −23 | Playoff | Spencer Levin |
+-----+--------------+-----------------------+-----------------+--------+------------+---------------+
**Web.com Tour playoff record (1--0)**
No. Year Tournament Opponent Result
----- ------ ----------------------- --------------- -------------------------------------
1 2013 Albertsons Boise Open Spencer Levin Won with birdie on first extra hole
### Other wins (1) {#other_wins_1}
+-----+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | To par | Margin of\ | Runners-up |
| | | | | | victory | |
+=====+=============+======================================================+===============+========+============+==============================================================+
| 1 | 15 Dec 2019 | QBE Shootout\ | 58-67-60=185 | −31 | 2 strokes | Jason Kokrak and `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} J. T. Poston |
| | | (with `{{flagicon|SVK}}`{=mediawiki} Rory Sabbatini) | | | | |
+-----+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| 278 |
Kevin Tway
| 2 |
10,079,080 |
# Kevin Tway
## Results in major championships {#results_in_major_championships}
Tournament 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
----------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Masters Tournament
U.S. Open CUT T60 CUT
The Open Championship
PGA Championship
Tournament 2019
----------------------- ------
Masters Tournament T36
PGA Championship 77
U.S
| 56 |
Kevin Tway
| 3 |
10,079,095 |
# Dan Bunz
**Dan Bunz** (born October 7, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1978 to 1985, primarily with the San Francisco 49ers.
Bunz played at Oakmont High School, the University of California, Riverside, and California State University, Long Beach before being drafted in the first round of the 1978 NFL draft by the 49ers. He had a small role in the 1979 movie *North Dallas Forty*. He taught physical education at Miwok Middle School (renamed from Sutter Middle School in 2023), in Sacramento, California for over 25 years.
## The Stop {#the_stop}
In Super Bowl XVI (January 24, 1982), Bunz made one of the most famous tackles in NFL history. On a critical 3rd-and-Goal from the 1-yard line, Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ken Anderson passed to Charles Alexander in the right flat, but Bunz came up fast, grabbed Alexander around the waist, and hurled him backward before he could break the plane of the goal line. Had Bunz tackled Alexander low, his momentum certainly would have carried him into the end zone. Known as \"The Stop\", the play was followed by another stop on 4th down, slowing Cincinnati\'s comeback and ultimately propelling the 49ers to their first Super Bowl title.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bunz is a lifelong Placer County resident who grew up in Roseville with his older siblings Ben and Dennis. He retired from the Detroit Lions at age 30 after a contract dispute, and became a teacher at Sutter Middle School in Sacramento. He and his wife own a farm on the Placer County Wine Trail.
In 1984 Bunz opened Bunz & Company restaurant and sports bar in his hometown of Roseville, California. He sold the restaurant in 1999, and it closed in the summer of 2012. On January 19, 2013, Bunz and some other entrepreneurs opened 2H - 2nd Half at Bunz & Company in the same location as the original Bunz and Company. He appeared in an episode of HGTV\'s *Yard Crashers* when his daughters\' back yard got a makeover
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| 0 |
10,079,169 |
# Qian Lin
**Qian Lin** (born March 11, 1991), better known in Japan as `{{nihongo|'''Linlin'''|リンリン}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Chinese singer. She is a former Morning Musume member and leader of the Hello! Project sub-group Shin Minimoni. She was announced to be joining as the eighth generation of Morning Musume on March 15, 2007. Along with Li Chun, she is one of the only two members in the history of Morning Musume that are of non-Japanese origin.
## Biography
Linlin was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. In the second grade of elementary school (1999), she was spotted by a local television station. Since then, she has been active in the entertainment industry, appearing in many television dramas and other shows as a host in China.
Through the recommendation of a friend of Tsunku, the producer of Hello! Project (which Morning Musume is under), Linlin joined Hello! Project as a part of Hello! Pro Egg, a training center for practicing singing and dancing.
On March 15, 2007, she (along with Junjun) were officially announced to be joining the eighth generation of all girl J-pop group Morning Musume, as a \"foreign student\". After seeing her perform at concerts, Tsunku was impressed and believed that she and Junjun would be key for Morning Musume\'s planned expansion into Asia in 2007.
Three days later, on March 18, 2007, she made her Japanese television debut on Hello! Morning. Within the same week, she moved to Tokyo, Japan.
After two years performing with Morning Musume, Tsunku announced on his blog that Linlin would become the leader of the new Minimoni.
In the Morning Musume 2010 \~Rival Survival\~ fall concert tour, Linlin graduated from Morning Musume and Hello Project along with Junjun and Eri Kamei. Due to her graduating from Morning Musume and Hello Project, she also left the group Minimoni.
On August 12, 2011, Takamasa Sakurai Tweeted that Linlin and the former Hello! Pro Egg member Akari Saho, would be forming a special unit. They will be performing a mini live at a Harajuku fashion show in Harbin, China.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On June 25, 2016, Qian revealed on Twitter that she had been married in November 2014 after three months of dating and gave birth to a child in September 2015
| 375 |
Qian Lin
| 0 |
10,079,174 |
# Sedgwick, Cumbria
**Sedgwick** is a village and civil parish in Cumbria, England, 4.5 mi south of Kendal. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 380, decreasing at the 2011 census to 349.
Part of the historic county of Westmorland, its main points of interest are 2 Grade II listed buildings:
- Sedgwick House, built in 1868 by Paley and Austin for the industrialist William Henry Wakefield
- An aqueduct belonging to the drained section of the Lancaster Canal
Sizergh Castle & Garden and Levens Hall are just west of the village.
The gunpowder works in Sedgwick, powered by water from the River Kent, operated to 1935. The Lakeland Maze Farm Park is east of the village
| 120 |
Sedgwick, Cumbria
| 0 |
10,079,230 |
# The Cat Who Walked by Herself
***The Cat Who Walked by Herself*** (*Koshka, kotoraya gulyala sama po sebe*) is a 1988 Soviet animated feature film directed by Ideya Garanina and made at the Soyuzmultfilm studio. It is based on Rudyard Kipling\'s short story \"The Cat that Walked by Himself\". Like the earlier Soviet animated feature *Adventures of Mowgli*, the film retains the dark, primal tone of Kipling\'s work. The production includes almost all types of animation technologies.
It is not the only Soviet screen version of this fairy tale; in 1968 the director Aleksandra Snezhko-Blotskaya at the same studio released another animated film, \"The Cat Who Walked by Himself\", lasting only 20 minutes.
## Plot
The film is largely based on Kipling\'s short story, but expands it with several digressions.
### Frame story {#frame_story}
A couple - a man and a woman - put their young child in his crib for the night and leave the room. The child starts crying, and the Cat comes into the room to keep him company. When the child grabs her tail, the Cat angrily reminds him that they agreed \"a thousand years ago\" that he would not do that. Upon seeing that the child doesn\'t remember, the Cat sighs and decides to tell him the story from the beginning. The story starts when the planet was young and life on Earth was emerging with early creatures among erupting volcanoes.`{{expand section|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
## Creators
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| | English | Russian |
+=======================+=================================+=======================+
| Director-producer | Ideya Garanina | Идея Гаранина |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Scenario | Ideya Garanina\ | Идея Гаранина\ |
| | Mariya Solovyova | Мария Соловьёва |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Art director | Nina Vinogradova | Нина Виноградова |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Animators | Aleksandr Gorlenko\ | Александр Горленко\ |
| | Violetta Kolesnikova\ | Виолетта Колесникова\ |
| | Aleksandr Panov\ | Александр Панов\ |
| | Yuriy Batanin\ | Юрий Батанин\ |
| | Vladimir Shevchenko\ | Владимир Шевченко\ |
| | Anatoliy Abarenov\ | Анатолий Абаренов\ |
| | Olga Panokina\ | Ольга Панокина\ |
| | Akop Kirakosyan\ | Акоп Киракосян\ |
| | Yelena Gavrilko\ | Елена Гаврилко\ |
| | Tatyana Molodova\ | Татьяна Молодова\ |
| | Lidiya Mayatnikova | Лидия Маятникова |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Camera operator | Aleksandr Vikhanskiy | Александр Виханский |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Executive producer | Grigoriy Khmara | Григорий Хмара |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Composer | Sofya Gubaydulina | Софья Губайдулина |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Sound operators | Vladimir Vinogradov\ | Владимир Виноградов\ |
| | Sergei Karpov | Сергей Карпов |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Script editor | Raisa Frichinskaya | Раиса Фричинская |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Puppets / Decorations | Marina Chesnokova\ | Марина Чеснокова\ |
| | Natalia Grinberg\ | Наталия Гринберг\ |
| | Vladimir Abbakumov\ | Владимир Аббакумов\ |
| | E. Belova\ | Э. Белова\ |
| | Mikhail Koltunov\ | Михаил Колтунов\ |
| | Aleksandr Maksimov\ | Александр Максимов\ |
| | O. Potanin\ | О. Потанин\ |
| | Pavel Gusev\ | Павел Гусев\ |
| | Vladimir Alisov\ | Владимир Алисов\ |
| | Anna Vetyukova\ | Анна Ветюкова\ |
| | Svetlana Znamenskaya\ | Светлана Знаменская\ |
| | Nikolay Zaklyakov\ | Николай Закляков\ |
| | Liliana Lyutinskaya\ | Лилиана Лютинская\ |
| | V. Platonov\ | В. Платонов\ |
| | Nina Moleva\ | Нина Молева\ |
| | Oleg Masainov\ | Олег Масаинов\ |
| | Natalia Barkovskaya | Наталия Барковская |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Sculptor | S. Aseryants | С. Асерьянц |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Voice actors | Valentina Ponomaryova\ | Валентина Пономарёва\ |
| | Elena Sanayeva (*Cow*)\ | Елена Санаева\ |
| | Georgi Burkov (*Man, Dog*)\ | Георгий Бурков\ |
| | Nikolai Karachentsov (*Horse*)\ | Николай Караченцов\ |
| | Inna Churikova (*Cat*)\ | Инна Чурикова\ |
| | Nogon Shumarov\ | Ногон Шумаров\ |
| | Anna Kamenkova (*Woman*)\ | Анна Каменкова\ |
| | Ivan Burlyayev (*Child*) | Иван Бурляев |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Editor | Nadezhda Treshchyova | Надежда Трещёва |
+-----------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------+
## Home video {#home_video}
The film is available on DVD in the collection *Золотая коллекция мультфильмов 9* (\"Golden Collection of Cartoons 9\"), a PAL 2003 Russian release. It also includes the films *Barankin, Be a Man!*, *Inchgirl*, *The Pot of Porridge*, *How the Cat Fought with Mice*, and *Wings, Legs and Tails* (total running time: 142 minutes).
The film has also been released on DVD by the company *Krupnyy Plan*
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| 0 |
10,079,257 |
# Eugene M. Zuckert
**Eugene Martin Zuckert** (November 9, 1911 -- June 5, 2000) was the seventh United States Secretary of the Air Force from January 23, 1961 to September 30, 1965. During his service as secretary, he witnessed the shifting of decision-making powers from the military departments to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, a process that continued throughout the 1960s. He observed that the Air Force ought to investigate technologies that would have some bearing on future aerospace military operations, leading to \"Project Forecast,\" a study initiated in March 1963.
## Biography
Zuckert was born in New York City. He attended public elementary and high schools in suburban New York, received preparatory education at the Salisbury School, Salisbury, Connecticut, and earned his bachelor of arts degree from Yale University in 1933. Zuckert entered the combined Yale Law School-Harvard Business School course sponsored by William O. Douglas, who later served on the Supreme Court. That course, a pioneer experiment by Yale and Harvard, supplemented legal training with administration to foster an awareness of the business problems of clients. After graduation, Zuckert became a member of both the Connecticut and New York Bars. He later became a member of the Bar in the District of Columbia.
In 1940, he became an instructor in government and business relations at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, and later he became an assistant dean. While at Harvard he also served as a special consultant to the commanding general of the Army Air Forces in developing statistical controls.
In 1944, Zuckert entered the US Navy as a lieutenant and worked in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, where he was assigned to the service\'s inventory control program. In September 1945, he was released from the Navy to become executive assistant to the administrator, Surplus Property Administration, under W. Stuart Symington. When Symington became assistant secretary of war for air in February 1946, Zuckert became his special assistant.
With the passage of the National Security Act in 1947 and Symington\'s subsequent appointment as the first secretary of the Air Force, Zuckert took the oath as assistant secretary of the Air Force. His principal duties were in the field of management.
He helped institute Symington\'s program of \"Management Control Through Cost Control,\" an initiative to place the U.S. Air Force on a business-like basis, using accepted industrial practices as a yardstick for establishing Air Force procedures. Zuckert represented the Air Force in the formulation of the fiscal 1950 budget, the first joint Army-Navy-Air Force budget in U.S. history.
The accomplishment that Zuckert considered his most professionally satisfying stemmed from President Harry S. Truman\'s 1948 directive requiring the armed services to abolish segregation. Working with Lieutenant General Idwal H. Edwards, head of Air Force personnel, Zuckert oversaw implementation of the integration program. In addition, Zuckert served as the Air Force member of the Interservice Committee created by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal to develop a Uniform Code of Military Justice for the Department of Defense.
Remaining in the secretariat after Thomas K. Finletter succeeded Symington as secretary, Zuckert was charged with handling the \"highly controversial and vexatious problem of the civilian components, including the reserves and the Air Force National Guard.\" As Finletter concentrated more on larger issues, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and nuclear weapons development, Zuckert dealt with the daily operations of the office. When he left his position as assistant secretary in February 1952 to become a member of the Atomic Energy Commission, he left an Air Force cost-control system that had established a new high point in sound business administration within the military establishment, and he had secured a personal reputation as one of the top-flight, younger career officials in government.
In December 1960, Robert S. McNamara, President-elect John F. Kennedy\'s designee for secretary of defense, recommended to Kennedy that Zuckert be appointed Air Force secretary. Zuckert was nominated and confirmed in January 1961. With nearly six years of Air Force experience, Zuckert was better prepared for and more knowledgeable about the secretariat and its organization than any previous appointee. Zuckert was involved in controversies associated with the XB-70, AGM-48 Skybolt, and the TFX (later the F-111) weapon systems, and with direct participation in the war in Vietnam. Both he and Air Force Chief of Staff General Thomas D. White opposed the administration\'s decision to cut the XB-70 bomber. Zuckert later admitted that he erred in promoting the bomber because of its increasing vulnerability to enemy defenses.
The TFX was a tactical fighter-bomber designed and built for both the Air Force and the Navy. In negotiations over the development of that weapon, Zuckert supported the administration, which wanted the plane, against the Air Force, which did not. In so doing, he strained his relationship with the Air Force and lost a measure of the confidence it had placed in him. When the Skybolt missile was canceled in December 1962, Zuckert and the Air Staff were allied, as they had been during the XB-70 debate, against the secretary of defense and the administration. Zuckert often found himself to be the \"man in the middle,\" at times supporting the Air Force against the secretary of defense and the administration.
Shortly after Zuckert left office in September 1965, the Air Force instituted the Zuckert Management Award, which is given annually in September to a general officer or high-level civilian for \"outstanding management performance.\" The award perpetuates Secretary Zuckert\'s commitment to sound and effective management within the Air Force. Zuckert himself attended every awards ceremony through 1998.
Until his retirement in 1988, Zuckert practiced law, did consulting and was active in pursuing his long-standing interest in corporate governance. Over the years he served as a director of several small, technically oriented companies. On June 5, 2000, Eugene Zuckert died at the age of 88 of pneumonia complicated by a heart ailment
| 980 |
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| 0 |
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# Arshinov
**Arshinov** is a village in the Atyrau Region of western Kazakhstan
| 13 |
Arshinov
| 0 |
10,079,291 |
# Puntillita
**Manuel \"Puntillita\" Licea** (Manuel Licea Lamut; January 4, 1921 in Yareyal, Holguín -- December 4, 2000 in Havana) was a Cuban popular singer. Puntillita was active in the 1940s and 1950s, and later gained notice when he joined other elderly Cuban musicians to form the Afro-Cuban All Stars and the associated group of singers who recorded the *Buena Vista Social Club* with American guitarist Ry Cooder.
## Career
Puntillita was a member of the *Hermanos Licea* in the 1940s in Camagüey. He began singing with the *Orquesta Escorcia*, and played percussion in the *Orquesta Tentación*. In 1945 he went to Havana to sing in trumpeter Julio Cueva\'s band. He got his nickname from *Son de la puntillita*, which he sang with this band. He went on to achieve huge popularity in the 1950s as a soloist on *Radio Cadena Habana*. In Mexico City he performed at *El Patio*, singing with Celia Cruz and Beny Moré. With the conjunto *Gloria Matancera* he played at the *Cabaret Antillano*.
In the 1990s, Juan de Marcos González approached Puntillita to join the Afro-Cuban All Stars, which featured many musicians from Havana\'s pre-revolutionary era. He toured Colombia and Europe with the group. Puntillita was also later asked by Gonzalez to appear with Ry Cooder in the Buena Vista Social Club. Puntillita sang with Ibrahim Ferrer and guitarist Eliades Ochoa on *Cuarto de Tula* and sang lead on La Bayamesa, the Cuban national anthem. The record won a Grammy in 1998. He died in 2000, aged 79
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# Robert Alan Aurthur
**Robert Alan Aurthur** (June 10, 1922 -- November 20, 1978) was an American screenwriter, film director, and film producer. Many of his works examined race relations and featured *In the Heat of the Night* star Sidney Poitier.
His final work as *All That Jazz* (1979), directed by Bob Fosse, produced by Aurthur and written by both, released posthumously and for which he received two Academy Award nominations.
## Early life {#early_life}
Raised in Freeport, New York (on Long Island), he was a pre‐med student at the University of Pennsylvania. Once World War II broke out, he left to join the Marines during which he served as a combat correspondent.
## Television
In the early years of television, he wrote for *Studio One* and then moved on to write episodes of *Mister Peepers* (1952--53). He followed with teleplays for *Campbell Playhouse* (1954), *Justice* (1954), *Goodyear Television Playhouse* (1953--54) and *Producers\' Showcase* (1955). One of his four 1951--55 plays for *The Philco Television Playhouse* was the Emmy-nominated *A Man Is Ten Feet Tall* (1955), with Don Murray and Sidney Poitier, which was adapted two years later as the theatrical film, *Edge of the City* (1957) with Poitier and John Cassavetes.
He wrote two teleplays for *Playhouse 90*. One of them, *A Sound of Different Drummers* (October 3, 1957), borrowed so heavily from Ray Bradbury\'s *Fahrenheit 451* that Bradbury sued.
Aurthur appeared with Merle Miller in David Susskind\'s 2012 documentary about President Truman titled *Give \'em Hell, Harry*, stating, \"Going into a Howard Johnson\'s was bad enough, but with a President!\" They discussed George Marshall, Dwight Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon, as well as their observations on Truman\'s respect for Marshall.
## Film
After 1957, he continued to write screenplays. He was one of the writers on *Spring Reunion* (1957), notable as Betty Hutton\'s final film, following with *Warlock* (1959), and his earlier association with Cassavetes led to script contributions on the actor\'s directorial debut with *Shadows* (1959). After an uncredited contribution to *Lilith* (1964), he scripted John Frankenheimer\'s *Grand Prix* (1966).
He wrote and directed *The Lost Man* (1969) about a black militant (Sidney Poitier). As the co-writer and producer of *All That Jazz* (1979), he received two posthumous Academy Award nominations.
## Theatre
Three plays written by Aurthur were produced on Broadway: *A Very Special Baby* (1956), *Kwamina* (1961), and *Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights* (1968). *Kwamina* was a collaboration with composer and lyricist Richard Adler, starring Adler\'s wife, Sally Ann Howes. The subject material, an interracial love affair, proved too controversial and the show closed. *Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights* was directed by Sidney Poitier and starred African-American stars Louis Gossett Jr. and Cicely Tyson; the plot involved a young Jewish man who insisted on becoming a slave to an African-American law student as a penance for the years of wrongs whites have done to blacks. It closed after seven performances.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Aurthur served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He was the first husband of actress Beatrice Arthur, who also served in the Marines; they divorced in 1950 and had no children. She used a variation of his surname as her professional name.
His second wife was Virginia Aurthur. One of their children was Jonathan Aurthur (1948--2004), who died by suicide eight years after his own son (Robert & Virginia\'s grandson) had committed suicide, and about which Jonathan Aurthur had written a book. At the time of his death Robert Alan Aurthur was married to Jane Wetherell Aurthur, a former television producer; they had one daughter, Kate Aurthur, who as of 2019 is an editor-at-large at *Variety*.
## Death
Aurthur died of lung cancer in New York City, aged 56, in 1978. In 2009, his former wife, Bea Arthur, would die of the same disease, aged 86
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# Zentralverband der deutschen Konsumgenossenschaften
The **Zentralverband der deutschen Konsumgenossenschaften**, or ZDK (*The Central Association of the German Consumer Cooperatives*) is for over one hundred years the syndicate of the Consumer Co-operatives in Germany. Today the federation, which stands in the Lassalle tradition of Cooperative continues to develop the cooperative thought, by promoting the reestablishment of cooperatives in the service sector
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# Dangerous Man
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{{album chart|Billboard200|3|artist=Trace Adkins|accessdate=September 25, 2020}}
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``
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# List of mayors of Glen Eira
This is a list of the **mayors** of the City of Glen Eira, a local government area in Melbourne, Australia. The City of Glen Eira was formed in 1994 with the amalgamation of the City of Caulfield and parts of the City of Moorabbin Victoria, Australia
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# Firstar Corporation
**Firstar Corporation** was a Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based regional bank holding company that existed from 1853 to 2001. In 2001, Firstar acquired U.S. Bancorp and assumed its name, moving its headquarters to Minneapolis.
## History
Firstar was founded in 1853 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as Farmer\'s and Millers Bank. It became First Wisconsin National Bank in 1919 as a result of internal evolution as well as mergers.
### First Wisconsin Corporation {#first_wisconsin_corporation}
In 1929, First Wisconsin reorganized as a holding company, **Wisconsin Bankshares Corporation**, for the purpose of acquiring other banks. The holding company was renamed **First Wisconsin Bankshares Corporation** in 1960. In 1974, the name of holding company was changed again to **First Wisconsin Corporation** and finally to **Firstar Corporation** in 1988. Some of the subsidiary banks did not adopt its parent\'s new corporate name until as late as 1992 when the First Wisconsin brand was finally retired.
First Wisconsin constructed a new 42 stories tall headquarters building in Milwaukee that was called the First Wisconsin Center and is the tallest building in Wisconsin. This building was opened in 1973.
Unusual for a small regional bank, First Wisconsin was active during the 1970s and 1980s in lending money to companies in South America to assist those companies in the purchase of American products. Because of First Wisconsin\'s involvement in the international loan market, First Wisconsin became involved in the Latin American debt crisis and lost some money when some of their clients defaulted.
In January 1987, Roger Fitzsimonds replaced Gary B. Rafn as president and chief operating officer of First Wisconsin Corp.
In February 1991, Roger Fitzsimonds replaced John Hendee Jr. as chairman and chief executive officer of Firstar Corp.
#### Expansion in Wisconsin {#expansion_in_wisconsin}
In February 1989, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the Elkhorn-based Elkhorn Bankshares Corporation for an undisclosed amount.
In September 1991, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the Wauwatosa-based Federated Bank for \$33 million in cash and stock.
In February 1994, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the Franksville-based First Southeast Banking Corporation with its First Southeast Bank subsidiary for \$55.4 million in stock.
#### Expansion in Illinois {#expansion_in_illinois}
First Wisconsin made its first expansion move outside the state of Wisconsin in September 1986 by announcing the pending acquisition of Glen Ellyn-based Du Page Bancshares Inc. with its Du Page Bank & Trust Co. subsidiary for \$18.2 million in stock.
In October 1986, First Wisconsin announced the pending acquisition of the Naperville-based Naper Financial Corporation with its two subsidiary banks for \$43 million in cash.
In March 1987, First Wisconsin announced the pending acquisition of the Northbrook-based North Shore Bancorp Inc. with its Bank of the North Shore subsidiary for \$6.16 million.
In August 1992, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the Deerfield-based DSB Corporation with its Deerfield State Bank subsidiary for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition was completed in February 1993.
In August 1994, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the Chicago-based First Colonial Bankshares Corporation for \$314 million in stock. At the time of the announcement, First Colonial was the parent of 17 community banks with a total of 30 locations. The acquisition was completed in February 1995.
In August 1994, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the Moline-based First Moline Financial Corporation with its First Federal Savings Bank subsidiary for \$9.8 million in stock. The acquisition was completed in April 1995.
#### Expansion in Minnesota {#expansion_in_minnesota}
First Wisconsin entered the state of Minnesota for the first time by announcing in March 1987 the pending acquisition of the St. Louis Park-based Shelard Bancshares for \$25 million in cash. At the time of the announcement, Shelard Bancshares was the parent of two banks with five locations.
In May 1988, First Wisconsin announced the pending acquisition of the Bloomington-based Metropolitan Bank Group for an undisclosed amount. At the time of the announcement, Metropolitan was the parent of six banks. The acquisition was completed in November 1988.
In July 1988, First Wisconsin announced the pending acquisition of the St. Anthony-based St. Anthony Bancorp. with its St. Anthony National Bank subsidiary for an undisclosed amount.
In September 1988, First Wisconsin announced the pending acquisition of the Stillwater-based Stillwater Holding Company with its two bank subsidiaries for an undisclosed amount.
In January 1990, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of the St. Louis Park-based First Western Bank with five branch offices for an undisclosed amount.
In August 1994, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of Wayzata-based Investors Bank Corporation with its Investors Savings Bank subsidiary for \$106 million in stock. The acquisition was completed in April 1995.
In January 1996, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of Saint Paul-based American Bancorporation for \$220 million in stock and cash. The acquisition was completed in July 1996.
#### Expansion in Arizona {#expansion_in_arizona}
In February 1989, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of Phoenix-based Metro Bancorp with its two branch office Metropolitan Bank subsidiary for an undisclosed amount.
#### Expansion in Iowa {#expansion_in_iowa}
In August 1990, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of Des Moines-based Banks of Iowa with its 12 subsidiary banks for \$200 million in stock. The acquisition was completed in April 1991.
In July 1995, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of Dubuque-based Harvest Financial Corporation with its Harvest Savings Bank subsidiary for \$32.7 million in stock. The acquisition was completed in January 1996 for \$35.9 million in stock.
### Star Banc Corporation {#star_banc_corporation}
By the end of 1997, some stock market analysts speculated that Firstar was a prime takeover candidate based upon the performance of its stock in recent months and in view of the recent acquisition of First of America by National City and rumors of Banc One was in the process of acquiring First Chicago NBD.
In July 1998, Cincinnati, Ohio-based Star Banc Corporation (formerly First National Cincinnati Corporation), parent of Star Bank, announced the pending acquisition of Firstar Corporation for \$7.3 billion in stock. At the time of the announcement, Firstar had banking offices in Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Arizona, Iowa, Ohio, and Missouri while Star Banc had banking offices in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Under the merger agreement, former Firstar board members would have 14 out of 32 directors seats on the board of the new corporation and could help control the direction of the new combined company. It was decided that the new combined company would be based in Milwaukee and that the new company would use the Firstar name and have its stock traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol FRS. It was also announced that Star Chairman and Chief Executive Jerry Grundhofer would become president and chief executive while Firstar Chairman and Chief Executive Roger Fitzsimonds would become chairman. The merger was completed in November 1998.
#### Expansion in Missouri {#expansion_in_missouri}
Just five months later the newly combined Firstar announced in May 1999 the pending acquisition of St. Louis-based Mercantile Bancorporation for \$10.6 billion in stock. The acquisition was completed in September 1999. After the merger, Jerry Grundhofer remained as president and chief executive officer of Firstar. Thomas H. Jacobsen, Mercantile\'s chief executive became chairman of Firstar.
#### Expansion in Tennessee {#expansion_in_tennessee}
In July 2000, First Union announced that they were leaving the state of Tennessee and were selling their 41 branch offices there to Firstar for an undisclosed amount. Firstar had previously entered Tennessee by inheriting existing branch offices from Star Banc.
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# Firstar Corporation
## History
### U.S. Bancorp {#u.s._bancorp}
In October 2000, Firstar announced the pending acquisition of U.S. Bancorp of Minneapolis, Minnesota for \$21 Billion in stock. Firstar completed its buyout of U.S. Bancorp on February 27, 2001 and changed its name to U.S. Bancorp. Under the merger agreement, Jerry Grundhofer, president and chief executive officer of Firstar, would continue in those positions in the combined company while his older brother, John Grundhofer, chairman, president and chief executive officer of U.S. Bancorp, would serve as chairman of the board in the combined company until his planned retirement on December 31, 2002. While Firstar was the nominal survivor, the merged company took the more recognizable U.S. Bancorp name and moved to U.S. Bancorp\'s old headquarters in Minneapolis.
To allow the merger to proceed, the U.S. Department of Justice required Firstar to sell 11 branch offices in the Minneapolis-area and 2 in Council Bluffs, Iowa. Bremer Bank of Saint Paul, Minnesota purchased the 11 Minneapolis-area Firstar offices while Liberty Bank of West Des Moines, Iowa purchased the 2 Council Bluffs offices.
To this day, U.S. Bancorp retains Star Banc/Firstar\'s pre-2000 stock price history. All of present-day U.S. Bancorp\'s SEC filings before 1998 are under Star Banc, and all filings from 1998 to 2000 are under Firstar
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# Fishing vessel
A **fishing vessel** is a boat or ship used to catch fish and other valuable nektonic aquatic animals (e.g. shrimps/prawns, krills, coleoids, etc.) in the sea, lake or river. Humans have used different kinds of surface vessels in commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing.
Prior to the 1950s there was little standardisation of fishing boats. Designs could vary between localities and even different boatyards. Traditional fishing boats were built of wood, which is not often used nowadays because of higher maintenance costs and lower durability. Fibreglass is used increasingly in smaller fishing vessels up to 25 metres (100-tonne displacement), while steel is usually used on vessels above 25 metres.
It is difficult to estimate the number of recreational fishing boats. They range in size from small dinghies, sailboats and motorboats to large superyachts and chartered cruiseliners. Unlike commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing vessels are often more for leisurely cruising other than dedicated just to fishing.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## History
### Traditional fishing boats {#traditional_fishing_boats}
*Main article: Traditional fishing boats* Early fishing vessels included rafts, dugout canoes, and boats constructed from a frame covered with hide or tree bark, along the lines of a coracle. The oldest boats found by archaeological excavation are dugout canoes dating back to the Neolithic Period around 7,000-9,000 years ago. These canoes were often cut from coniferous tree logs, using simple stone tools. A 7,000-year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait. These early vessels had limited capability; they could float and move on water, but were not suitable for use any great distance from the shoreline. They were used mainly for fishing and hunting.
The development of fishing boats took place in parallel with the development of boats for trade and war. Early navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics for sails. Affixed to a pole set upright in the boat, these sails gave early boats more range, allowing voyages of exploration.
Around 4000 B.C., Egyptians were building long narrow boats powered by many oarsmen. Over the next 1,000 years, they made a series of remarkable advances in boat design. They developed cotton-made sails to help their boats go faster with less work. Then they built boats large enough to cross the oceans. These boats had sails and oarsmen, and were used for travel and trade. By 3000 BC, the Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull. They used woven straps to lash planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks to seal the seams. An example of their skill is the Khufu ship, a vessel 143 ft in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954.
At about the same time, the Scandinavians were also building innovative boats. People living near Kongens Lyngby in Denmark, came up with the idea of segregated hull compartments, which allowed the size of boats to gradually be increased. A crew of some two dozen paddled the wooden Hjortspring boat across the Baltic Sea long before the rise of the Roman Empire. Scandinavians continued to develop better ships, incorporating iron and other metal into the design and developing oars for propulsion.
By 1000 A.D. the Norsemen were pre-eminent on the oceans. They were skilled seamen and boat builders, with clinker-built boat designs that varied according to the type of boat. Trading boats, such as the knarrs, were wide to allow large cargo storage. Raiding boats, such as the longship, were long and narrow and very fast. The vessels they used for fishing were scaled down versions of their cargo boats. The Scandinavian innovations influenced fishing boat design long after the Viking period came to an end. For example, yoles from the Orkney Island of Stroma were built in the same way as the Norse boats.
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# Fishing vessel
## History
### Early modern designs {#early_modern_designs}
In the 15th century, the Dutch developed a type of seagoing herring drifter that became a blueprint for European fishing boats. This was the Herring Buss, used by Dutch herring fishermen until the early 19th centuries. The ship type buss has a long history. It was known around 1000 AD in Scandinavia as a *bǘza*, a robust variant of the Viking longship. The first herring buss was probably built in Hoorn around 1415. The ship was about 20 metres long and displaced between 60 and 100 tons. It was a massive round-bilged keel ship with a bluff bow and stern, the latter relatively high, and with a gallery. The busses used long drifting gill nets to catch the herring. The nets would be retrieved at night and the crews of eighteen to thirty men would set to gibbing, salting and barrelling the catch on the broad deck.
During the 17th century, the British developed the dogger, an early type of sailing trawler or longliner, which commonly operated in the North Sea. Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the rough conditions of the North Sea. Like the herring buss, they were wide-beamed and bluff-bowed, but considerably smaller, about 15 metres long, a maximum beam of 4.5 metres, a draught of 1.5 metres, and displacing about 13 tonnes. They could carry a tonne of bait, three tonnes of salt, half a tonne each of food and firewood for the crew, and return with six tonnes of fish. Decked areas forward and aft probably provided accommodation, storage and a cooking area. An anchor would have allowed extended periods fishing in the same spot, in waters up to 18 metres deep. The dogger would also have carried a small open boat for maintaining lines and rowing ashore.
A precursor to the dory type was the early French bateau type, a flat bottom boat with straight sides used as early as 1671 on the Saint Lawrence River. The common coastal boat of the time was the wherry and the merging of the wherry design with the simplified flat bottom of the bateau resulted in the birth of the dory. England, France, Italy, and Belgium have small boats from medieval periods that could reasonably be construed as predecessors of the Dory.
Dories appeared in New England fishing towns sometime after the early 18th century. They were small, shallow-draft boats, usually about five to seven metres (15 to 22 feet) long. Lightweight and versatile, with high sides, a flat bottom and sharp bows, they were easy and cheap to build. The Banks dories appeared in the 1830s. They were designed to be carried on mother ships and used for fishing cod at the Grand Banks. Adapted almost directly from the low freeboard, French river bateaus, with their straight sides and removable thwarts, bank dories could be nested inside each other and stored on the decks of fishing schooners, such as the *Gazela Primeiro*, for their trip to the Grand Banks fishing grounds.
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# Fishing vessel
## History
### Modern fishing trawler {#modern_fishing_trawler}
The Portuguese muletta and the British dogger were early types of sailing trawler in use before the 17th century and onward, but the modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century.
By the early 19th century, the fishermen at Brixham, needed to expand their fishing area further than ever before due to the ongoing depletion of stocks that was occurring in the overfished waters of South Devon. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a sleek build and had a tall gaff rig, which gave the vessel sufficient speed to make long-distance trips out to the fishing grounds in the ocean. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water. The great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of \'Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries\'.
This revolutionary design made large scale trawling in the ocean possible for the first time, resulting in a massive migration of fishermen from the ports in the South of England, to villages further north, such as Scarborough, Hull, Grimsby, Harwich and Yarmouth, that were points of access to the large fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean.
The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century. With the tremendous expansion in the fishing industry, the Grimsby Dock Company was formed in 1846. The dock covered 25 acre and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The facilities incorporated many innovations of the time - the dock gates and cranes were operated by hydraulic power, and the 300 ft Grimsby Dock Tower was built to provide a head of water with sufficient pressure by William Armstrong.
The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere. Their distinctive sails inspired the song Red Sails in the Sunset, written aboard a Brixham sailing trawler called the *Torbay Lass*. By the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands and Scandinavia. Twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet.
Although fishing vessel designed increasingly began to converge around the world, local conditions still often led the development of different types of fishing boats. The Lancashire nobby was used down the north west coast of England as a shrimp trawler from 1840 until World War II. The Manx nobby was used around the Isle of Man as a herring drifter. The fifie was also used as a herring drifter along the east coast of Scotland from the 1850s until well into the 20th century.
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# Fishing vessel
## History
### Modern fishing trawler {#modern_fishing_trawler}
#### Advent of steam power {#advent_of_steam_power}
The earliest steam powered fishing boats first appeared in the 1870s and used the trawl system of fishing as well as lines and drift nets. These were large boats, usually 80 - in length with a beam of around 20 ft. They weighed 40-50 tons and travelled at 9 -.
The earliest purpose built fishing vessels were designed and made by David Allan in Leith in March 1875, when he converted a drifter to steam power. In 1877, he built the first screw propelled steam trawler in the world. This vessel was *Pioneer LH854*. She was of wooden construction with two masts and carried a gaff rigged main and mizen using booms, and a single foresail. *Pioneer* is mentioned in *The Shetland Times* of 4 May 1877. In 1878 he completed *Forward* and *Onward*, steam-powered trawlers for sale. Allan built a total of ten boats at Leith between 1877 and 1881. Twenty-one boats were completed at Granton, his last vessel being *Degrave* in 1886. Most of these were sold to foreign owners in France, Belgium, Spain and the West Indies.
The first steam boats were made of wood, but steel hulls were soon introduced and were divided into watertight compartments. They were well designed for the crew with a large building that contained the wheelhouse and the deckhouse. The boats built in the 20th century only had a mizzen sail, which was used to help steady the boat when its nets were out. The main function of the mast was now as a crane for lifting the catch ashore. It also had a steam capstan on the foredeck near the mast for hauling nets. The boats had narrow, high funnels so that the steam and thick coal smoke was released high above the deck and away from the fishermen. These funnels were nicknamed *woodbines* because they looked like the popular brand of cigarette. These boats had a crew of twelve made up of a skipper, driver, fireman (to look after the boiler) and nine deck hands.
Steam fishing boats had many advantages. They were usually about 20 ft than the sailing vessels so they could carry more nets and catch more fish. This was important, as the market was growing quickly at the beginning of the 20th century. They could travel faster and further and with greater freedom from weather, wind and tide. Because less time was spent travelling to and from the fishing grounds, more time could be spent fishing. The steam boats also gained the highest prices for their fish, as they could return quickly to harbour with their fresh catch. The main disadvantage of the steam boats, though, was their high operating costs. Their engines were mechanically inefficient and took up much space, while fuel and fitting out costs were very high. Before the First World War, building costs were between 3,000 and £4,000, at least three times the cost of the sail boats. To cover these high costs, they needed to fish for longer seasons. The higher expenses meant that more steam drifters were company-owned or jointly owned. As the herring fishing industry declined, steam boats became too expensive. Steam trawlers were introduced at Grimsby and Hull in the 1880s. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 20,000 men on the North Sea. The steam drifter was not used in the herring fishery until 1897. The last sailing fishing trawler was built in 1925 in Grimsby.
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# Fishing vessel
## History
### Modern fishing trawler {#modern_fishing_trawler}
#### Further development {#further_development}
Trawler designs adapted as the way they were powered changed from sail to coal-fired steam by World War I to diesel and turbines by the end of World War II.
The first trawlers fished over the side, rather than over the stern. In 1947, the company Christian Salvesen, based in Leith, Scotland, refitted a surplus *Algerine*-class minesweeper (HMS *Felicity*) with refrigeration equipment and a factory ship stern ramp, to produce the first combined freezer/stern trawler in 1947.
The first purpose-built stern trawler was *Fairtry* built in 1953 at Aberdeen. The ship was much larger than any other trawlers then in operation and inaugurated the era of the \'super trawler\'. As the ship pulled its nets over the stern, it could lift out a much greater haul of up to 60 tons. *Lord Nelson* followed in 1961, installed with vertical plate freezers that had been researched and built at the Torry Research Station. These ships served as a basis for the expansion of \'super trawlers\' around the world in the following decades.
In recent decades, commercial fishing vessels have been increasingly equipped with electronic aids, such as radio navigation aids and fish finders. During the Cold War, some countries fitted fishing trawlers with additional electronic gear so they could be used as spy ships to monitor the activities of other countries.
## Global trends {#global_trends}
About 1.3 million of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all of these decked vessels are mechanised, and 40,000 of them are over 100 tons. At the other extreme, two-thirds (1.8 million) of the undecked boats are traditional craft of various types, powered only by sail and oars. These boats are used by artisan fishers.
The Cape Town Agreement is an international International Maritime Organization legal instrument established in 2012, that sets out minimum safety requirements for fishing vessels of 24 metres in length and over or equivalent in gross tons.
In 2022 the world fishing fleet was estimated at 4.9 million vessels in 2022, down from a peak of 5.3 million in 2019, two-thirds of which were motorized. The largest part of the global fishing fleet is found in upper-middle-income (41%) and lower-middle-income (39%) countries, followed by high-income (11%) and low-income countries (8%). Asia hosts the world's largest fishing fleet (71% of the total), followed by Africa (19%), Latin America and the Caribbean (5%), Northern America and Europe (2%), and Oceania (less than 1%). Asia hosts the largest fleets of motorized (80%) and non-motorized (54%) vessels and Africa hosts the second-largest non-motorized fishing fleet. Many fishing nations (e.g. China, Japan and European Union Member States) have continued their strategy of reducing the number of fishing vessels.
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# Fishing vessel
## Commercial vessels {#commercial_vessels}
The 200-mile fishing limit has changed fishing patterns and, in recent times, fishing boats are becoming more specialised and standardised. In the United States and Canada more use is made of large factory trawlers, while the huge blue water fleets operated by Japan and the Soviet-bloc countries have contracted. In western Europe, fishing vessel design is focused on compact boats with high catching power.
Commercial fishing is a high risk industry, and countries are introducing regulations governing the construction and operation of fishing vessels. The International Maritime Organization, convened in 1959 by the United Nations, is responsible for devising measures aimed at the prevention of accidents, including standards for ship design, construction, equipment, operation and manning.
According to the FAO, in 2004 the world\'s fishing fleet consisted of 4 million vessels. Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas. The rest were open vessels, of which two-thirds were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars. By contrast, nearly all decked vessels were mechanized. Of the decked vessels, 86 percent are found in Asia, 7.8 percent in Europe, 3.8 percent in North and Central America, 1.3 percent in Africa, 0.6 percent in South America and 0.4 percent in Oceania. Most commercial fishing boats are small, usually less than 30 m but up to 100 m for a large purse seiner or factory ship.
Commercial fishing vessels can be classified by architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, or geographical origin. The following classification follows the FAO, who classify commercial fishing vessels by the gear they use.
### Fishing gear {#fishing_gear}
<File:Irish> fishing boat.jpg\|Drum winches mounted at the stern of an Irish trawler Image:Puretic Block.jpg\|Puretic power block
### Trawlers
*Main article: Fishing trawler* A trawler is a fishing vessel designed to use trawl nets in order to catch large volumes of fish.
- Outrigger trawlers -- use outriggers to tow the trawl. These are commonly used to catch shrimp. One or two otter trawls can be towed from each side. Beam trawlers, employed in the North sea for catching flatfish, are another form of outrigger trawler. Medium-sized and high powered vessels, these tow a beam trawl on each side at speeds up to 8 knots.
- Beam trawlers -- use sturdy outrigger booms for towing a beam trawl, one warp on each side. Double-rig beam trawlers can tow a separate trawl on each side of the trawler. Beam trawling is used in the flatfish and shrimp fisheries in the North Sea. They are medium-sized and high powered vessels, towing gear at speeds up to 8 knots. To avoid the boat capsizing if the trawl snags on the sea floor, winch brakes can be installed, along with safety release systems in the boom stays. The engine power of bottom trawlers is also restricted to 2000 HP (1472 KW) for further safety.
- Otter trawlers -- deploy one or more parallel trawls kept apart horizontally using otter boards. These trawls can be towed in midwater or along the bottom.
- Pair trawlers -- are trawlers which operate together towing a single trawl. They keep the trawl open horizontally by keeping their distance when towing. Otter boards are not used. Pair trawlers operate both midwater and bottom trawls.
- Side trawlers -- have the trawl set over the side with the trawl warps passing through blocks which hang from two gallows, one forward and one aft. Until the late sixties, side trawlers were the most familiar vessel in the North Atlantic deep sea fisheries. They evolved over a longer period than other trawler types, but are now being replaced by stern trawlers.
- Stern trawlers -- have trawls which are deployed and retrieved from the stern. Larger stern trawlers often have a ramp, though pelagic and small stern trawlers are often designed without a ramp. Stern trawlers are designed to operate in most weather conditions. They can work alone when midwater or bottom trawling, or two can work together as pair trawlers.
- Freezer trawlers -- The majority of trawlers operating on high sea waters are freezer trawlers. They have facilities for preserving fish by freezing, allowing them to stay at sea for extended periods of time. They are medium to large size trawlers, with the same general arrangement as stern or side trawlers.
- Wet fish trawlers -- are trawlers where the fish is kept in the hold in a fresh/wet condition. They must operate in areas not far distant from their landing place, and the fishing time of such vessels is limited.
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# Fishing vessel
## Commercial vessels {#commercial_vessels}
### Seiners
Seiners use surrounding and seine nets. This is a large group ranging from open boats as small as 10 m in length to ocean-going vessels. There are also specialised gears that can target demersal species.
- Purse seiners are very effective at targeting aggregating pelagic species near the surface. The seiner circles the shoal with a deep curtain of netting, possibly using bow thrusters for better manoeuvrability. Then the bottom of the net is pursed (closed) underneath the fish shoal by hauling a wire running from the vessel through rings along the bottom of the net and then back to the vessel. The most important part of the fishing operation is searching for the fish shoals and assessing their size and direction of movement. Sophisticated electronics, such as echosounders, sonar, and track plotters, may be used are used to search for and track schools; assessing their size and movement and keeping in touch with the school while it is surrounded with the seine net. Crows nests may be built on the masts for further visual support. Large vessels can have observation towers and helicopter landing decks. Helicopters and spotter planes are used for detecting fish schools. The main types of purse seiners are the American seiners, the European seiners and the Drum seiners.
- American seiners have their bridge and accommodation placed forward with the working deck aft. American seiners are most common on both coasts of North America and in other areas of Oceania. The net is stowed at the stern and is set over the stern. The power block is usually attached to a boom from a mast located behind the superstructure. American seiners use Triplerollers. A purse line winch is located amidships near the hauling station, near the side where the rings are taken on board.
- European seiners have their bridge and accommodation located more to the after part of the vessel with the working deck amidships. European seiners are most common in waters fished by European nations. The net is stowed in a net bin at the stern, and is set over the stern from this position. The pursing winch is normally positioned at the forward part of the working deck.
- Drum seiners have the same layout as American seiners except a drum is mounted on the stern and used instead of the power block. They are mainly used in Canada and USA.
- Tuna purse seiners are large purse seiners, normally over 45 metres, equipped to handle large and heavy purse seines for tuna. They have the same general arrangement as the American seiner, with the bridge and accommodation placed forward. A crows nest or tuna tower is positioned at the top of the mast, outfitted with the control and manoeuvre devices. A very heavy boom which carries the power block is fitted at the mast. They often carry a helicopter to search for tuna schools. On the deck are three drum purse seine winches and a power block, with other specific winches to handle the heavy boom and net. They are usually equipped with a skiff.
- Seine netters - the basic types of seine netters are the anchor seiners and Scottish seiner in northern Europe and the Asian seiners in Asia.
- Anchor seiners have the wheelhouse and accommodation aft and the working deck amidships, thus resembling side trawlers. The seine net is stored and shot from the stern, and they may carry a power block. Anchor seiners have the coiler and winch mounted transversally amidships.
- Scottish seiners are basically configured the same as anchor seiners. The only difference is that, whereas the anchor seiner has the coiler and winch mounted transversally amidships, the Scottish seiner has them mounted transversally in the forward part of the vessel.
- Asian seiners -- In Asia, the seine netter usually has the wheelhouse forward and the working deck aft, in the manner of a stern trawler. However, in regions where the fishing effort is a labour-intensive, low-technology approach, they are often undecked and may be powered by outboards motors, or even by sail.
<File:Drawing> of a purse seiner.gif\|Purse seiner <File:Drawing> of a large purse seiner.gif\|Large purse seiner <File:Albatun> Dod.jpg\|Spanish tuna purse seiner, *Albatun Dos*, near Victoria, Seychelles
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# Fishing vessel
## Commercial vessels {#commercial_vessels}
### Line vessels {#line_vessels}
Line vessels --
- Longliners -- use one or more long heavy fishing lines with a series of hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from the main line by means of branch lines called \"snoods\". Hand operated longlining can be operated from boats of any size. The number of hooks and lines handled depends on the size of vessel, the number of crew, and the level of mechanisation. Large purpose built longliners can be designed for single species fisheries such as tuna. On such larger vessels the bridge is usually placed aft, and the gear is hauled from the bow or from the side with mechanical or hydraulic line haulers. The lines are set over the stern. Automatic or semi-automatic systems are used to bait hooks and shoot and haul lines. These systems include rail rollers, line haulers, hook separators, dehookers and hook cleaners, and storage racks or drums. To avoid incidental catches of seabirds, an outboard setting funnel is used to guide the line from the setting position on the stern down to a depth of one or two metres. Small scale longliners handle the gear by hand. The line is stored into baskets or tubs, perhaps using a hand cranked line drum.
- Bottom longliners --
- Midwater longliners -- are usually medium-sized vessels which operate worldwide, purpose built to catch large pelagics. The line hauler is usually forward starboard, where the fish are hauled through a gate in the rail. The lines are set from the stern where a baiting table and chute are located. These boats need adequate speed to reach distant fishing grounds, enough endurance for continued fishing, adequate freezing storage, suitable mechanisms for shooting and hauling longlines quickly, and proper storage for fishing gears and accessories.
- Freezer longliners -- are outfitted with freezing equipment. The holds are insulated and refrigerated. Freezer longliners are medium to large with the same general characteristics of other longliners. Most longliners operating on the high seas are freezer longliners.
- Factory longliners -- are generally equipped with processing plant, including mechanical gutting and filleting equipment accompanied by freezing facilities, as well as fish oil, fish meal and sometimes canning plants. These vessels have a large buffer capacity. Thus, caught fish can be stored in refrigerated sea water tanks and peaks in the catch can also be used. Freezer longliners are large ships, working the high seas with the same general characteristics of other large longliners.
- Wet-fish longliners -- keep the caught fish in the hold in the fresh/wet condition. The fish is stored in boxes and covered with ice, or stored with ice in the fish hold. The fishing time of such vessels is limited, so they operate close to the landing place.
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- Pole and line vessels -- are used mainly to catch tuna and skipjack. The fishers stand at the railing or on special platforms and fish with poles and lines. The lines have hooks which are baited, preferably with live bait. Caught tuna are swung on board, by two to three fishermen if the tuna is big, or with an automated swinging mechanism. The tuna usually release themselves from the barbless hook when they hit the deck. Tanks with live bait are placed round the decks, and water spray systems are used to attract the fish. The vessels are 15 to 45 metres o/a. On smaller vessels fishers fish from the main deck right around the boat. With larger vessels, there are two different deck styles: the American style and the Japanese style.
- American style -- fishers stand on platforms arranged over the side abaft amidships and around the stern. The vessel moves ahead during fishing operation.
- Japanese style -- fishers stand at the rail in the forepart of the vessel. The vessel drifts during fishing operations.
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- Trollers -- catch fish by towing astern one of more trolling lines. A trolling line is a fishing line with natural or artificial baited hooks trailed by a vessel near the surface or at a certain depth. Several lines can be towed at the same time using outriggers to keep the lines apart. The lines can be hauled in manually or by small winches. A length of rubber is often included in each line as a shock absorber. The trolling line is towed at a speed depending on the target species, from 2.3 knots up to at least 7 knots. Trollers range from small open boats to large refrigerated vessels 30 metres long. In many tropical artisanal fisheries, trolling is done with sailing canoes with outriggers for stability. With properly designed vessels, trolling is an economical and efficient way of catching tuna, mackerel and other pelagic fish swimming close to the surface. Purpose-built trollers are usually equipped with two or four trolling booms raised and lowered by topping lifts, held in position by adjustable stays. Electrically powered or hydraulic reels can be used to haul in the lines.
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- Jiggers -- there are two types of jiggers: specialised squid jiggers which work mostly in the southern hemisphere and smaller vessels using jigging techniques in the northern hemisphere mainly for catching cod.
- Squid jiggers -- have single or double drum jigger winches lined along the rails around the vessel. Strong lamps, up to 5000 W each, are used to attract the squid. These are arranged 50--60 centimetres apart, either as one row in the centre of the vessel, or two rows, one on each side. As the squid are caught they are transferred by chutes to the processing plant of the vessel. The jigging motion can be produced mechanically by the shape of the drum or electronically by adjustment to the winch motor. Squid jiggers are often used during the day as midwater trawlers and during the night as jiggers.
- Cod jiggers -- use single jigger machines and do not use lights to attract the fish. The fish are attracted by the jigging motion and artificial bait.
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# Fishing vessel
## Commercial vessels {#commercial_vessels}
### Other vessels {#other_vessels}
- Dredgers -- use a dredge for collecting molluscs from the seafloor. There are three types of dredges: (a) The dredge can be dragged along the seabed, scooping the shellfish from the ground. These dredges are towed in a manner similar to beam trawlers, and large dredgers can work three or more dredges on each side. (b) Heavy mechanical dredging units are operated by special gallows from the bow of the vessel. (c) The dredger employs a hydraulic dredge which uses a powerful water pump to operates water jets which flush the molluscs from the bottom. Dredgers don\'t have a typical deck arrangement, the bridge and accommodation can be aft or forward. Derricks and winches may be installed for lowering and lifting the dredge. Echosounders are used for determining depths.
- Gillnetters -- On inland waters and inshore, gillnets can be operated from open boats and canoes. In coastal waters, they are operated by small decked vessels which can have their wheelhouse either aft or forward. In coastal waters, gillnetting is often used as a second fishing method by trawlers or beam trawlers, depending on fishing seasons and targeted species. For offshore fishing, or fishing on the high seas, medium-sized vessels using drifting gillnets are called drifters, and the bridge is usually located aft. The nets are set and hauled by hand on small open boats. Larger boats use hydraulic or occasionally mechanical net haulers, or net drums. These vessels can be equipped with an echosounder, although locating fish is more a matter of the fishermen\'s personal knowledge of the fishing grounds rather than depending on special detection equipment.
- Set netters -- also operate gillnets. However, during fishing operations the vessel is not attached to the nets. The size of the vessels varies from open boats to large specialised drifters operating on the high seas. The wheelhouse is usually located aft, and the front deck is used for handling gear. Normally the nets are set at the stern by steaming ahead. Hauling is done over the side at the forepart of the deck, usually using hydraulic driven net haulers. Wet fish is packed in containers chilled with ice. Larger vessels might freeze the catch.
- Lift netters -- are equipped to operate lift nets, which are held from the vessel\'s side and raised and lowered by means of outriggers. Lift netters range from open boats about 10 metres long to larger vessels with open ocean capability. Decked vessels usually have the bridge amidships. Larger vessels are often equipped with winches and derricks for handling the lifting lines, as well as outriggers and light booms. They can be fitted with powerful lights to attract and aggregate the fish to the surface. Open boats are usually unmechanized or use hand-operated winches. Electronic equipment, such as fishfinders, sonar and echo sounders are used extensively on larger boats.
- Trap setters -- are used to set pots or traps for catching fish, crabs, lobsters, crayfish and other similar species. Trap setters range in size from open boats operating inshore to larger decked vessels, 20 to 50 metres long, operating out to the edge of the continental shelf. Small decked trap setters have the wheelhouse either forward or aft with the fish hold amidships. They use hydraulic or mechanical pot haulers. Larger vessels have the wheelhouse forward, and are equipped with derricks, davits or cranes for hauling pots aboard. Locating fish is often more a matter of the fishermen\'s knowledge of the fishing grounds rather than the use of special detection equipment. Decked vessels are usually equipped with an echosounder, and large vessels may also have a Loran or GPS.
- Handliners -- are normally undecked vessels used for handlining (fishing with a line and hook). Handliners include canoes and other small or medium-sized vessels. Traditional handliners are less than 12 metres o/a, and do not have special gear handling, there is no winch or gurdy. Locating fish is left to the fishermen\'s personal knowledge of fishing grounds rather than the use of special electronic equipment. Non traditional handliners can set and haul using electrical or hydraulic powered reels. These mechanised reels are normally fastened to the gunwale or set on stanchions close to or overhanging the gunwale. They operate all over the world, some in shallow waters, some fishing up to 300 metres deep. No typical deck arrangement exists for handliners.
- Multipurpose vessels -- are vessels which are designed so they can deploy more than one type of fishing gear without major modifications to the vessels. The fish detection equipment present on board also changes according to which fishing gear is being used.
- Trawler/Purse seiners -- are designed so the deck arrangement and equipment, including a suitable combination winch, can be used for both methods. Rollers, blocks, trawl gallows and purse davits need to be arranged so they control the lead of warps and pursing lines in such a way as to reduce the time needed to convert from one type to the other. Typical fish detection equipment includes a sonar and an echosounder. These vessels are usually designed as trawlers, since the power requirement for trawling is higher.
- Research vessels -- a fisheries research vessel (FRV) requires platforms which are capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch. An example of a fisheries research vessel is FRV *Scotia*.
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# Fishing vessel
## Artisan vessels {#artisan_vessels}
Artisan fishing is small-scale commercial or subsistence fishing, particularly practices involving coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional fishing techniques and traditional boats. This may also include heritage groups involved in customary fishing practices.
According to the FAO, at the end of 2004, the world fishing fleet consisted of about 4 million vessels, of which 2.7 million were undecked (open) boats. While nearly all decked vessels were mechanized, only one-third of the undecked fishing boats were powered, usually with outboard engines. The remaining 1.8 million boats were traditional craft of various types, operated by sail and oars.
These figures for small fishing vessels are probably under reported. The FAO compiles these figures largely from national registers. These records often omit smaller boats where registration is not required or where fishing licences are granted by provincial or municipal authorities.
<File:Fisherman> Seychelles.jpg\|Fisherman landing his catch in the Seychelles. <File:Catamaran> india.jpg\|Indian split-log fishing canoe <File:Gambian> fishing boats.jpg\|Senegalese fishing boats seen in the Gambian coasts. <File:Vietnamese> fishing boat 05.jpg\|Traditional Vietnamese fishing boat <File:First> known photo of Koreans 1871.jpg\|Fishing junk, 1871
Artisan fishing boats are usually small traditional fishing boats, appropriately designed for use on their local inland waters or coasts. Many localities around the world have developed their own traditional types of fishing boats, adapted to use local materials suitable for boat building and to the specific requirements of the fisheries and sea conditions in their area. Artisan boats are often open (undecked). Many have sails, but they do not usually use much, or any mechanised or electronic gear. Large numbers of artisan fishing boats are still in use, particularly in developing countries with long productive marine coastlines. For example, Indonesia has reported about 700,000 fishing boats, 25 percent of which are dugout canoes, and half of which are without motors. The Philippines have reported a similar number of small fishing boats. Many of the boats in this area are double-outrigger craft, consisting of a narrow main hull with two attached outriggers, commonly known as *jukung* in Indonesia and *banca* in the Philippines.
<File:ManamocBoats.JPG%7CA> small Philippine *basnigan* with the characteristic poles used for anchoring nets and holding gas-powered lamps for attracting fish <File:Madagascar> - Traditional fishing pirogue.jpg\|Traditional fishing *lakana* with a crab claw sail from Madagascar <File:Jangada-Tibau.jpg%7CThe> elegant *jangada* on the coast off Mossoró in Brazil <File:Jantar.jpg%7CIndian> clinker fishing boats <File:Baleteshore.JPG%7CTraditional> Philippine fishing outrigger canoes (*bangka*)
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# Fishing vessel
## Recreational vessels {#recreational_vessels}
Recreational fishing is done for leisure or sport, and not for profit or survival. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a fisherman periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch fish. Usually some form of fishing tackle is brought on board, such as hooks and lines, rods and reels, sinkers or nets, and occasionally high-tech devices such as fishfinders and diving drones. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats that range from dugout canoes, kayaks, rafts, pontoon boats and small dinghies to runabouts, cabin cruisers and yachts to large, high-tech and luxurious big game boats sometimes fitted with outriggers. Larger boats, purpose-built with recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open cockpits at the stern, designed for convenient fishing.
Big game fishing started as a sport after the invention of the motorized boat. Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and early conservationist, is credited with founding the sport in 1898. Purpose-built game fishing boats appeared shortly after. An example is the *Crete*, in use at Catalina Island, California, in 1915, and shipped to Hawaii the following year. According to a newspaper report at that time, the *Crete* had \"a deep cockpit, a chair fitted for landing big fish and leather pockets for placing the pole.\"
It is difficult to estimate how many recreational fishing boats there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid, since most recreational boats are also used for fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing, but also other water sports such as water skiing, parasailing and underwater diving.
- Fishing kayaks have gained popularity in recent years. The kayak has long been a means of accessing fishing grounds.
- Pontoon boats have also become popular in recent years. These boats allow one or two fishermen to get into small rivers or lakes that would have difficulty accommodating larger boats. Typically 8--12 ft in length, these inflatable craft can be assembled quickly and easily. Some feature rigid frames derived from the white water rafting industry.
- Bass boats are small aluminium or fibreglass motorboats used in freshwater lakes and rivers in the United States. for fishing bass and other panfish. They have a flat front deck, swivel chairs for the anglers, storage bins for fishing tackle, and a live well with recirculating water to keep caught fish alive. They are usually fitted with an outboard motor and a slower trolling motor, as well fishfinder and GPS navigation.
- Charter boats are often privately operated, purpose-built fishing boats, and host guided fishing trips for paying clients. Their size can range widely depending on the type of trips run and the geographical location.
- Freshwater fishing boats account for approximately one third of all registered boats in the USA. Most other types of boats end up being used for fishing on occasion.
- Saltwater fishing boats vary widely in size and can be specialized for certain species of fish. Flounder boats, for example, have flat bottoms for a shallow draft and are used in protected, shallow waters. Sport fishing boats range from 25 to 80 feet or more, and can be powered by large outboard engines or inboard diesels. Boats used for fishing in cold climates may have space dedicated to a cuddy cabin or enclosed wheelhouse, while boats in warmer climates are more likely to be open.
<File:Flyfishing> - Winslow Homer.jpg\|Fly fishing from a dinghy <File:Saint-Cassien> pecheur.jpg\|Angling from a small inflatable on Saint-Cassien\'s lake, France <File:Small> sport fishing boat.jpg\|Small sport fishing boat <File:Coming> in\...two blues! (2).jpg\|A larger charter big game rig in Bermuda. <File:The> \'Blue Aquarius\' off Bangor - geograph.org.uk - 1024552
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# 1984 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's downhill
**Men\'s downhill World Cup 1983/1984**
## Calendar
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Round | Race No | Place | Country | Date | Winner | Second | Third |
+=======+=========+========================+=========+===================+==================+==============================================+===================+
| 1 | 2 | Schladming | | December 4, 1983 | Erwin Resch | Harti Weirather | Steve Podborski |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 2 | 3 | Val d\'Isère | | December 9, 1983 | Franz Heinzer | Todd Brooker | Harti Weirather |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 3 | 8 | Val Gardena | | December 18, 1983 | Urs Räber | Todd Brooker | Steve Podborski |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 4 | 12 | Laax | | January 7, 1984 | Urs Räber | Franz Klammer | Michael Mair |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 5 | 14 | Wengen | | January 15, 1984 | Bill Johnson | Anton Steiner | Erwin Resch |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 6 | 18 | Kitzbühel | | January 21, 1984 | Franz Klammer | Erwin Resch | Anton Steiner |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 7 | 22 | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | | January 28, 1984 | Steve Podborski | Erwin Resch | Franz Klammer |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 8 | 25 | Cortina d\'Ampezzo | | February 2, 1984 | Helmut Höflehner | Urs Räber | Conradin Cathomen |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 9 | 28 | Aspen | | March 4, 1984 | Bill Johnson | Helmut Höflehner\ | |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Anton Steiner | |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 10 | 32 | Whistler Mountain | | March 11, 1984 | Bill Johnson | Helmut Höflehner | Pirmin Zurbriggen |
+-------+---------+------------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s downhill World Cup 1983/84 the best 5 results count. Deduction are given in brackets
| 291 |
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| 0 |
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# 3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine
**3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine** (**MDPH**) is a lesser-known drug of the amphetamine family. MDPH was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDPH.
In his book *PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)*, the dosage range is listed as 160--240 mg, and the duration as 3--5 hours. MDPH\'s effects are very similar to those of MDA: they both are smooth and \"stoning,\" and do not cause any visuals. They also alter dreams and dream patterns. Shulgin describes MDPH as a promoter; it promotes the effects of other drugs, similarly to 2C-D.
The *N*-methyl derivative, 3,4-methylenedioxy-*N*-methylphentermine (MDMPH), has been described by Shulgin as lacking MDMA-like effects. Accordingly, MDMPH, as well as MDPH, were found to be inactive as serotonin releasing agents *in vitro*.
## Legality
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act
| 155 |
3,4-Methylenedioxyphentermine
| 0 |
10,079,423 |
# NcFTPd
**NcFTPd** is the FTP server written by NcFTP Software Inc. Unlike the client application from the same company, NcFTP, NcFTPd is distributed under a proprietary license. Having been released in 1991 with continuing releases through 2012, it is one of the most venerable server software in use on the Internet
| 52 |
NcFTPd
| 0 |
10,079,442 |
# National Postdoctoral Association
The **National Postdoctoral Association** (**NPA**) is a nonprofit, 501(c)3 educational organization in the United States that is dedicated to enhancing the quality of the postdoctoral experience for all participants. Since its founding in 2003, more than 200 institutions have adopted portions of the NPA\'s Recommended Postdoctoral Policies and Practices. Today, the NPA has 240 organizational members, whose research efforts are supported by 70,000 postdocs.
Headquartered in Rockville, MD, the NPA is supported by members, volunteers, key partners, and grants from government agencies and private foundations.
## History
The NPA was established in 2003 with the goal of facilitating improvements for postdoctoral researchers in the United States. At the time of its founding, there was no national organization with the primary aim of improving the American postdoctoral experience. The NPA has worked collaboratively with research institutions, postdoctoral affairs offices (PDOs), postdoctoral associations (PDAs), professional organizations, and scientific funding agencies. The NPA has sought especially to encourage the creation of additional PDOs and PDAs.
### Founding members {#founding_members}
A steering committee composed of postdoctoral representatives from across the country initiated the formation of the NPA. The committee coalesced in April 2002 during *Science*\'s NextWave Postdoc Network meeting held in Washington D.C. At this meeting, attendees expressed broad support for a national organization that would provide focus and affect positive change for postdocs. In January 2003, the NPA was officially formed.
The founding members of the NPA include:
- Orfeu M. Buxton -- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Karen Christopherson -- Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California
- Raymond Clark -- University of California, La Jolla, California
- Carol L. Manahan -- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Arti Patel -- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Avi Spier -- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Claudina Aleman Stevenson -- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
## Mission
The NPA's mission is to improve the postdoctoral experience by supporting a culture of inclusive connection. At the individual, organizational, and national levels, the NPA facilitates enhanced professional growth, raises awareness, and collaborates with stakeholders in the postdoctoral community.
| 351 |
National Postdoctoral Association
| 0 |
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# National Postdoctoral Association
## Organization
NPA activities are coordinated by professional staff members responsible for the day-to-day operations of the organization and strategic implementation of resources. Headquartered in Rockville, MD, the NPA is supported by members, volunteers, key partners, and grants from government agencies and private foundations.
### Leadership
Since 2020, the organization's executive director & CEO is Thomas P. Kimbis. The NPA maintains a 14-member elected Board of Directors. An Advisory Council reports to the Board and provides an additional resource for guidance and support to the Board and Executive Director & CEO. In 2022, a Postdoc Council was established to elevate the voice and input of postdocs in the implementation of initiatives by the NPA.
### Membership
There are three types of NPA membership: Organizational Member, Affiliate Member, and Full Individual Member. Organizations can obtain an Organizational membership that serves as a conduit for complimentary Affiliate membership to that organization's graduate students, postdocs, staff, and faculty. Any individual may join the NPA under the Full Individual membership category.
### Committees of the membership {#committees_of_the_membership}
Source:
These committees/task forces are run by volunteers and are open to anyone interested in improving the postdoctoral experience.
**Advocacy Committee:** Addresses advocacy and policy issues affecting the postdoctoral community.
**Meetings Committee:** Plans and coordinates NPA-sponsored meetings. The main tasks revolve around the Annual Conference, including development of agendas, logistical arrangements, marketing and fundraising activities, and conducting post-meeting evaluations.
**Outreach Committee:** Conducts outreach activities to promote the mission of the NPA.
**Resource Development Committee:** Develops and maintains tools and resources for use by the postdoctoral community.
**POSTDOCket Committee:** Responsible for composing, editing, and publishing *The POSTDOCKet*, the quarterly publication of the NPA.
**Diversity Officers:** The Diversity Officers provide leadership on diversity issues and bring together postdocs and their allies in order to develop new resources, track information, promote dialogue, and effect change for underrepresented groups.
**International Officers:** The International Officers serve as the public face of international postdoc issues for the NPA.
### Governance committees {#governance_committees}
Governance committees are generally populated by the members of the Board of Directors, although members of the NPA Advisory Council may be invited to serve if their skill set matches the agenda of the committee.
- Development
- Finance
- Oversight
- Strategic Planning
## Program activities {#program_activities}
The NPA's program activities are focused in three key areas:
### Advocacy
The association advocates for policy change within research institutions that host postdoctoral scholars. Since the association's founding, more than 200 institutions have adopted portions of the NPA's Recommended Policies and Practices. The NPA continues to work with the leadership of federal funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), to develop new programs and policies for postdoctoral training, compensation, and benefits. The NPA values its partners in advocacy, including prominent national associations and organizations that represent the scientific, research, and higher education communities.
### Community-building {#community_building}
The NPA hosts an annual conference to provide opportunities for the postdoctoral community to gather and share best practices. The association also maintains a Web site with a members-only community to facilitate networking nationwide.
### Resource development {#resource_development}
The NPA continues to provide the tools and resources that postdocs and administrators need for success. Most NPA publications are available online, with selected resources for members only. These include: an International Postdoc Survival Guide, toolkits for postdoc associations & offices, an institutional policy database and subsequent reports, and the NPA's Core Competencies.
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# National Postdoctoral Association
## Events
### Annual Conference {#annual_conference}
Ever since its birth, the NPA convenes once a year for a conference that focuses on postdoc activities (e.g., career development, training standard, advocacy, etc.). The conference locations alternate across the United States, and spans two days. The event includes a poster session, and concurrent workshops that cover topics of interests for postdocs, as well as keynote speakers.
### National Postdoc Appreciation Week {#national_postdoc_appreciation_week}
Since 2009, the NPA has hosted National Postdoc Appreciation Week (NPAW), a celebration to highlight the contributions postdocs make to U.S. research and discovery. Recognized formally by the U.S. House of Representatives, NPAW takes place during the third full week of September each year. Institutions and universities around the world participate in that event through major networking activities, including social events, seminars, and more. Although postdoc training is considered a temporary position, postdocs are a vital part of the research body, and contribute a major portion of publications and grants. This event includes not only postdocs, but also graduate students and faculty members, friends and family.
September 24, 2009 marked the NPA\'s first ever "National Postdoc Appreciation Day." 70 institutions across 27 states hosted celebrations, and there were events held in Canada and Australia. The Appreciation Day was organized to recognize the contribution that postdocs make to research every day across the country. Events were organized at institutions ranging from universities and research institutes, to the NIH. Events ran the gamut from ice cream socials, to BBQs and happy hours. Many institutions also used the day as an opportunity to hold career seminars, mini research symposia and presentations about maximizing the postdoctoral experience
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# Martin Lomasney
**Martin Michael Lomasney** (December 3, 1859 -- August 12, 1933) was an American Democratic politician from Boston, Massachusetts.
Lomasney served as State Senator, State Representative, and alderman but is best known as the political boss of Boston\'s West End. Lomasney wielded considerable influence in city and state politics for over 40 years and was nicknamed \"the Mahatma\" for his uncanny ability to deliver votes for his preferred candidates.
In the course of his colorful career, Lomasney was shot once, feuded with James Michael Curley and John F. Fitzgerald, told the Archbishop of Boston to \"mind his own business,\" advised Al Smith, played a major role in the drafting of the current Massachusetts Constitution, and helped thousands of constituents obtain jobs, housing, and other necessities.
Initially, Lomasney\'s ward was predominantly Irish. Over the years, as the Irish began migrating out of the West End to Roxbury and Dorchester, and the city zoning board expanded his ward to include the North and South Ends, Lomasney expanded his influence to bring together a large, ethnically diverse coalition of mostly poor and working-class voters.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lomasney was born in the West End of Boston on December 3, 1859 to Maurice and Mary (née Murray) Lomasney. His parents were immigrants from Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland, who fled the Great Famine. His father was a tailor.
After his parents and one of his siblings died,`{{How|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} Lomasney and his two brothers Joseph and Edward moved in with their aunt and maternal grandmother. \"Joe\" would later become Lomasney\'s political lieutenant. The boys were expected to earn their keep, and Martin dropped out of school at age 10 to shine shoes, deliver papers and, later, work in a machine shop. In his spare time, he read anything that he could get his hands on, except fiction.
For a time, he was the leader of a local Irish street gang.
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# Martin Lomasney
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1884, Lomasney went to work as a ward heeler for Mike Wells, a local politician, and was rewarded with a city job as a lamplighter on Boston\'s Nashua Street. The job paid well and gave him ample time for political activities. He became the leader of a group of young Democrats, known as the \"Independents,\" who were determined to unseat the incumbent Democrats on the Ward Committee.
### The Hendricks Club {#the_hendricks_club}
In 1885, Lomasney founded a headquarters for the Independents at 11A Green Street. It was named The Hendricks Club after Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, a supporter of Irish independence. The clubhouse featured a pot-bellied stove, a pool table, and a poker table. Liquor and dice-playing were strictly forbidden. Lomasney kept an office on the second floor, where he spent his days dispensing and calling in favors for supporters: jobs, housing, immigration assistance, coal in the winter, influence in court cases, funeral expenses, and seed money for business ventures. He kept a file of embarrassing information on his colleagues which often proved useful in negotiations. The Hendricks was one of the earliest political clubs of its kind. Lomasney called the club \"a machine for getting votes.\"
Lomasney frequently sent aides to the docks in East Boston to meet new immigrants and to carry signs that read, \"Welcome to America. The Democratic Party Welcomes You to America. Martin Lomasney Welcomes You to Boston.\" Often, the newcomers were desperately poor and unskilled, and the Hendricks Club would help them find manual labor and decent housing. He earned the loyalty of countless residents, who showed their gratitude by voting as he suggested. His ability to deliver as many votes as needed for a candidate or piece of legislation earned him the nickname \"the Mahatma.\" Other bosses soon followed his example: Thomas W. Flood\'s Somerset Associates in the North End (1888), John F. Fitzgerald\'s Jefferson Club in North End (early 1890s), James Michael Curley\'s Tammany Club in Roxbury (1901).
On the Sunday before every election, ward residents would pack the large hall to hear Lomasney speak on the issues and candidates of the day. Despite his lack of formal education, he was an eloquent speaker with a fondness for poetic quotations. He was also a powerful orator who, like a revivalist preacher, could stir the crowd into a near-frenzy. Former residents of the ward often traveled long distances to attend his \"sermons,\" and local newspapers sent their best reporters to cover the event.
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# Martin Lomasney
## Political career {#political_career}
### Public office and campaign tactics {#public_office_and_campaign_tactics}
Lomasney earned his first public office with a seat on the Boston Board of Aldermen in 1893. Boston politics were not for the faint of heart. Candidates were routinely smeared and threatened, and voters were bribed and blackmailed. A common practice was to send aides dressed as Protestant clergymen to \"campaign\" for rival candidates in Irish Catholic neighborhoods. Lomasney played political hardball and made many enemies as well as friends. He feuded with James Michael Curley for 20 years.
In 1894, Lomasney was shot in the leg in an unsuccessful assassination attempt. His assailant, James A. Dunan, blamed Lomasney for a dispute that he had with the Boston Board of Health.
In 1895, Lomasney was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate. As a Senator, he opposed the construction of Boston\'s elevated railway.
One of Lomasney\'s dirty tricks has earned a special place in Boston history. In 1898, as chairman of his district Democratic Party, he was responsible for organizing the convention to nominate a State Senate candidate (who was practically guaranteed election in the heavily Democratic city). He scheduled the convention for 4:30 p.m. in East Boston, across the harbor from the State House, where nomination papers had to be filed by 5:00 p.m. that day. His faction met in one room and the rival faction met in another, with each nominating its own candidate. Both factions then raced their paperwork across the harbor by ferry and tugboat and then to cyclists, who pedaled furiously up Beacon Hill to the State House. Lomasney\'s courier arrived first by several minutes.
In 1905, Lomasney endorsed Yankee Republican Louis Frothingham for Mayor against his Democratic rival John F. Fitzgerald and delivered Frothingham 95% of the vote from his ward. Like Lomasney, Frothingham was opposed to women\'s suffrage. In the end, the Republican vote was split by another contender, Henry M. Dewey, and Frothingham lost to Fitzgerald.
After being elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1910, Lomasney worked with labor leaders to enact a 48-hour work week and workmen\'s compensation but opposed their attempts to exclude aliens from their unions.
In 1912, when the Suffolk Evening Law School petitioned the state legislature for the right to grant degrees, elites on the Massachusetts Board of Education, the Boston Bar Association, and Harvard University objected. At the time, evening law schools were an important path to the middle class for ambitious sons of working-class immigrants. The first students at Suffolk came from Irish, Italian, Jewish, and other backgrounds. Members of Boston\'s Yankee-dominated legal establishment took a dim view of such school. One of them remarked that trying to make attorneys out of such people was \"like trying to turn cart horses into trotters.\" Lomasney campaigned strenuously for the school, and it gained the right to grant degrees in 1914.
At the Democratic National Conventions in St. Louis in 1916 and in San Francisco in 1920, Lomasney tried to have a plank added to the party platform endorsing the independence of Ireland. Both times, his request was denied.
### Massachusetts Constitutional Convention {#massachusetts_constitutional_convention}
Lomasney was one of 320 delegates to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1917--19, representing the 5th Suffolk District of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. The convention\'s historian, Raymond L. Bridgman, later wrote, \"Martin M. Lomasney was conspicuously the most intense personal force in the convention. He was a leader, a hard hitter, a fair fighter, generous, sympathetic, respected by all who came close enough to feel the strength of his personal qualities.\"
At the convention, Lomasney argued in support of two amendments, both of which passed. The first allowed the state and local governments to provide the people with food, shelter, and other necessities in times of war or emergency. Conservatives denounced the measure as socialist. The second prohibited the state from funding private denominational institutions such as schools, hospitals, and charitable agencies. Lomasney researched the issue and found that while Protestant institutions had received \$18 million from the state, Catholic institutions had received only \$49,000. When Archbishop of Boston William Henry O\'Connell pressured him to oppose the amendment, Lomasney reportedly said, \"Tell His Eminence to mind his own business.\"
### Later career {#later_career}
When his career started, Lomasney\'s ward was predominantly Irish. Over the years, as the Irish began moving to Roxbury and Dorchester, Jewish immigrants became the dominant group. The city zoning board gradually expanded the ward to include the Italian-dominated North End and part of the racially diverse South End. By 1930, over 30 nationalities were represented in the ward. By backing diverse candidates for the House of Representatives and by treating his constituents equally, Lomasney managed to bring together a large, ethnically diverse coalition of mostly poor and working-class voters.
Presidential candidate Al Smith sought Lomasney\'s advice on campaign issues in 1928. When John F. Fitzgerald asked him to support Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, however, Lomasney declined, predicting Roosevelt\'s election would lead to war.
His final political battle took place in 1932, when he led the successful campaign of William M. Prendible for Clerk of the Suffolk County Superior Criminal Court.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lomasney never married or had children. A practicing Catholic, he went to church regularly. Outside politics, he led a quiet, almost ascetic life. Although he never drank, he vehemently opposed Prohibition because he knew that it would force the local tavern keepers to take up bootlegging.
Apart from his political activities, he made a fortune in the 1920s by investing in real estate, which he later sold to developers at a considerable profit.
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# Martin Lomasney
## Death
On August 12, 1933, after a months-long bout of bronchial pneumonia, he died at home surrounded by family and friends. He had been living in the Hotel Bellevue. He left an estate valued at approximately \$250,000, but his will provided only a modest annuity for his brother Joe with whom he had been feuding.
## Legacy
Soon after his death, the West End political machine began to crumble.
Lomasney once advised a young follower, \"Don\'t write when you can talk; don\'t talk when you can nod your head.\" Perhaps for that reason, no well-documented full-length biography has been written about him. Historian Thomas H. O\'Connor called Leslie G. Ainley\'s *Boston Mahatma: Martin Lomasney* (1949) \"a fascinating but undocumented account\" of his life.
For a ward boss of his day, Lomasney appears to have been relatively ethical. Although his power over the voters in his ward often prompted allegations of voter fraud, nothing was ever proved. Even a rival, John F. Fitzgerald (also known as \"Honey Fitz\"), told a historian years later that Ward Eight had been too closely watched for Lomasney to have been able to get away with that.Criminal rackets never thrived in the West End until after Lomasney\'s tenure.
A street, Lomasney Way, Boston is named after him, and the Ward 8 cocktail was inspired by him
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# Chocolate Supa Highway
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# Golden, County Tipperary
**Golden** (`{{irish place name|An Gabhailín}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in County Tipperary in Ireland. The village is situated on the River Suir. It is located between the towns of Cashel and Tipperary on the N74 road. In older times the village was known as Goldenbridge. It is also a parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly, and is in the historical barony of Clanwilliam.
## History
The bridge at Golden, which straddles an island in the River Suir, was the scene of an event of some significance in 1690, when King William III renewed, by letter in his own hand, the Royal Charter of the city of Cashel as an act of gratitude to the people of Cashel for the hospitality received by his followers following their attack on Limerick. There is a medieval castle on the island, currently in a ruinous state. Located in the castle ruins is a memorial sculptured bust of Thomas MacDonagh (1878--1916), Tipperary-born poet and leader of the Easter Rising in 1916.
The Augustinian Athassel Priory is located south of the village. The abbey was founded by William de Burgh in the last decades of the 12th century. It was once the largest abbey in Ireland and was surrounded by a small town named Athassel which was burned twice, in 1319 by Lord Maurice Fitzthomas and in 1419 by Bryan O\'Brien. No fragment of the settlement survives today, though an aerial survey exposes to view, a faint tracery of old foundations close to the Abbey ruin.
Father Theobold Mathew, OFM (Cap), was born at Thomastown Castle, close to Golden on 10 October 1790. It is also sometimes claimed that Rathclogheen House, close to the castle, was the place of his birth -- that residence being part of the extensive family estate of the Mathew family, Earls Landaff. Father Mathew was the best known Irish temperance reformer and founded the Abstinence Society in 1838 and became widely known as the \"Apostle of Temperance\". To mark the centenary of the foundation of the society, a statue in his honour was raised at Thomastown Cross in 1938 and is a visible landmark on the N74 road, west of Golden.
Golden was once home to the Judkin-Fitzgerald baronets of Lisheen. Sir John Judkin-Fitzgerald, the second baronet and first of the family to live here was also Mayor of Cashel and Sheriff of Tipperary. The third baronet, Sir Thomas Judkin-Fitzgerald\'s residence was located just outside of Golden in the townland of Golden Hills.
## Amenities
The local church, the Church of the Blessed Sacrament, is in the parish of Golden & Kilfeacle in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly.
There are two hamlets close by at Kilfeacle and Thomastown, the latter being an estate village which co-existed with the demesne of Thomastown Castle, home of the Matthew family, Earls of Llandaff. The valley of the Suir is a fertile agricultural area and is part of the region known as the \"Golden Vale\". The N74 connects Golden with Tipperary Town and Cashel, while the L3121 links it with the nearby village of New Inn.
Golden contains a sports field, home to the local club of the Gaelic Athletic Association, Golden--Kilfeacle, once called the *Golden Fontenoys*. The club\'s facilities include an indoor hall and floodlighting.
The village, which had a population a population of 267 as of the 2016 census, is home to a number of local businesses including an agricultural museum, a dog cafe, butchers, a supermarket and several public houses
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# Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came
***Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came**\'\' (also known as***War Games, Old Soldiers Never**\'\') is a 1970 American drama-comedy film directed by Hy Averback, produced by Fred Engel, and starring Brian Keith, Don Ameche, Tony Curtis, Ernest Borgnine, Suzanne Pleshette, Ivan Dixon, and Pamela Britton. The plot is a mixture of comic and dramatic elements and concerns the reactions of a number of World War II veterans to the contemporary US Army.
The title is derived from an American antiwar slogan from the hippie subculture during the Vietnam War era, popularized by Charlotte E. Keyes in her 1966 article for *McCall\'s* magazine titled \"Suppose They Gave a War and No One Came\".
## Plot
Col. Flanders commands a U.S. Army base in the South. To improve relations with the locals, he decides to throw a community dance. He gives the assignment to Warrant Officer Michael M. Nace, sergeants Shannon Gambroni and Jones, and a captain, Myerson.
A bigot named Billy Joe Davis is a big man in town, backed by Harve, a redneck sheriff. Harve considers a pretty barfly, Ramona, to be his girl, so when he catches Gambroni and her together, he has the sergeant placed under arrest for lewd conduct in public.
Nace is drunk and of no help. Jones, who is black, is refused a loan by Mr. Kruft, a banker in town, so in anger he decides to spring Gambroni from jail. Billy Joe retaliates by calling in his armed militia, so Nace steals a tank from the base and fights back. Harve takes three of the soldiers as his prisoners.
Nace and Jones (in the tank) manage to arrive at the town, where they wreak havoc by running over the stone statue of a Confederate war hero and ram-crash into the local jail, enabling Gambroni to break out.
By the time the dust settles, Col. Flanders and his men have arrived in town to save the day. The town mayor fires the sheriff for abuse of authority and the military men pledge to repair the damage caused by the tank.
## Cast
## Reception
The film earned rentals of \$630,000 in North America and \$450,000 in other countries, recording an overall loss of \$4,160,000
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# Glen Elmes
**Glen Wayne Elmes** (born 11 August 1955) is an Australian politician who represented Noosa in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 2006 to 2017. Elmes is a member of the Liberal National Party (LNP).
Prior to entering parliament, Elmes worked for 34 years in the commercial radio industry throughout Queensland, 22 of which were in the Sunshine Coast region. Before election, he was the general manager of Sunshine Coast stations Classic Hits 107.1; FM Noosa and Classic Hits 558 AM 4GY (Gympie). He lives in Noosaville with wife Lesleigh and their two children.
## Parliamentary career {#parliamentary_career}
Elmes is a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland, having been a long-standing member of the Liberal Party before its merger with the Nationals.
In opposition, he served as Parliamentary Secretary to Shadow Minister for Environment and Multiculturalism from 21 September 2006 to 12 August 2008, when he was appointed Deputy Opposition Whip.
Following the LNP\'s victory at the 2012 election, it was announced he would be the LNP\'s nominee for (and would therefore be elected as) Speaker and Chairman of Committees in the new Parliament. On 16 April, before Parliament met, it was announced he would be appointed Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Multicultural Affairs and Minister assisting the Premier. In doing so on 23 April 2012, he replaced Jack Dempsey, who took the role of Minister for Police and Community Safety following David Gibson\'s resignation following revelations that the latter had been driving with his licence suspended.
Elmes was also a member of the Integrity, Ethics and Parliamentary Privileges Committee from 9 February 2010 until Parliament was prorogued on 19 February 2012
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# Jean-Athanase Sicard
**Jean-Athanase Sicard** (23 June 1872 -- 28 January 1929) was a French neurologist and radiologist born in Marseille.
He studied medicine in Marseille and Paris, where he studied with Charles Emile Troisier (1844-1919), Édouard Brissaud (1852-1909), Henri-Alexandre Danlos (1844-1912), Fulgence Raymond (1844-1910) and Georges-Fernand-Isidore Widal (1862-1929). With Widal he performed serodiagnostic studies in immunology. In 1899 he obtained his medical doctorate, and in 1910 was appointed *chef de service* at the Hôpital Necker. In 1923 he became a professor of internal pathology.
With Jacques Forestier (1890-1978), he introduced lipiodol (radio-opaque iodized poppyseed oil) for use in radiological investigations. Lipiodol was injected into a patients\' cerebrospinal fluid for myelographic diagnosis and localization of intraspinal cysts and tumors. Sicard is also credited for introducing injections of sodium salicylate for treatment of varicose veins, as well as alcohol injections for relief of trigeminal neuralgia. In addition, he was one of the first physicians to become interested in the possibilities of a procedure known as pneumoencephalography.
Along with Frédéric Justin Collet (1870-1966), Sicard is credited with identifying Collet-Sicard syndrome, a disorder in which neck trauma such as a Jefferson fracture causes damage to the cranial nerves.
## Written works {#written_works}
- *Le liquide céphalo-rachidien*. Paris, 1902.
- *La névralgie faciale essentielle et son traitement par les injections locales neurologiques*. Paris, 1911.
- *Méthode radiographique d'exploration de la cavité épidurale par la lipiodol*; Written with Jacques Forestier (1890-1978). Revue neurologique, Paris, 1921, 28: 1264-1266. Lipide (iodised oil) first used in radiology. Positive contrast myelography with iodised oil (lipiodol).
- *Traitement des varices par les injections phlébo-sclérosantes du salicylate de soude*. Written with J. Paraf and J. Lermoyez. Gazette des hôpitaux, Paris, 1922, 95: 1573-1575.
- *L'exploration radiologique des cavités broncho-pulmonaires par les injections intra-trachéales d'huile iodée*. With Jacques Forestier. J méd Franç, 1924, 13: 3-9.
- *Le traitement des varices par la méthode sclérosante*. With L. Gaugier. Paris, 1927; 3rd edition, 1931
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# Golden-crested myna
The **golden-crested myna** (***Ampeliceps coronatus***) is a species in the starling and myna family, Sturnidae. It is found from north-eastern India through Indochina and has been introduced to the British Indian Ocean Territory. Its main habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, but it is also found in heavily degraded former forest
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# Träume einer Nacht
***Träume einer Nacht*** (*Dreams of a Night*) is the twenty-second studio album released by German Schlager group Die Flippers. The first single, \"Mona Lisa\", was a big success, as well as the second single, \"Liebeskummer\". It was the group\'s last album on Dino Records. It was certified Gold in 1994.`{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Germany|type=album|artist=Die Flippers|title=Träume einer Nacht}}`{=mediawiki}
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Mona Lisa\"
2. \"Schenk mir diese Nacht\" (\"Give Me This Night\")
3. \"Ciao, ciao, Marina\"
4. \"Bleib heut Nacht\" (\"Stay Tonight\")
5. \"Santa Monika\"
6. \"Jenny weint oft\" (\"Jenny Cries Often\")
7. \"Liebeskummer\" (\"Lovesickness\")
8. \"Was wird Morgen sein\" (\"What Will Tomorrow Be\")
9. \"Sterne der Nacht\" (\"Stars of the Night\")
10. \"Laß doch deine Tränen Sein\" (\"Leave Your Tears Be\")
11. \"Meine Liebe trocknet deine Tränen\" (\"My Love Dries Your Tears\")
12
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# Haight Street Grounds
**Haight Street Grounds** was one of San Francisco\'s earliest baseball parks; it was also used for college football. It opened in 1887 and was demolished in 1895.
## History
Haight Street Grounds was built for use by the California League and was located on the east side of Golden Gate Park, bounded by Stanyan, Waller, Shrader, and Frederick streets, across Stanyan from the eventual Kezar Stadium complex. The opening game on April 3, 1887, between the Haverlys and the Pioneers, was attended by 10,000 fans. In 1893, the California League folded, and, in March 1895, plans were announced to use the ballpark land for residential development. The final baseball game at the grounds was played on March 10, 1895.
While built for baseball, Haight Street Grounds is noteworthy for being the birthplace of the Big Game, a now annual college football game between Stanford and California. It was the site of the first four Big Games, which were played on March 19, 1892; December 17, 1892; November 28, 1893; and November 29, 1894
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# Nathan Lopez
**Nathan Lopez** (born **Louie Nathanael Buado Lopez**, August 19, 1991) is a Filipino actor, who has worked in both film and television productions in the Philippines. He gained international exposure and acclaim as the title character in *Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros* (*The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros*).
## Career
At the age of 13, he went with a friend who was auditioning to play Maxi, the central character in *Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros*, but was selected by the producer for the part: an openly gay 12-year-old boy who comes from a petty criminal family and falls in love with a handsome policeman. He won 2 awards for the movie, which was also the Philippine nomination as Best Foreign Language Film in the 79th Academy Awards.
In 2007 he was cast in the TV series *Sana Maulit Muli* (*I Wish It Could Happen Again*), playing Romeo, a gay friend of the central character Jasmine. In the morning TV series entitled *Be Careful with My Heart*, he played Emman, the gay friend of Maya (played by Jodi Sta. Maria).
He later transferred to GMA Network and took a supporting role in the series *The Stepdaughters*.
## Filmography
### Television
Year Title Role
------ -------------------------------- ------------
2005 Mga Anghel na Walang Langit Nato
2007 Sana Maulit Muli Romeo Bato
2012 Be Careful with My Heart Emman
2013 Maalaala Mo Kaya Elmer
2015 Jupiter
2018 The Stepdaughters Benson
Dear Uge Episode: Selfie Queen Witham
### Movies
Year Title Role
------ ------------------------------------ -----------------
2005 Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros Maximo Oliveros
2006 Xerox Teenage twin
2007 Tirador Leo
2008 Krisis Peter
Teach me to Love Mark
2014 Children\'s show Elmo
#### Awards
- 2006 Las Palmas Film Festival: Best Actor for *Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros*
- 2005 Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival: Special Citation for *Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros*
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lopez\'s mother is a pastor and his father owns a printing business. He has four elder sisters and a twin brother Gamaliel (Gammy) with whom he co-starred in the 2008 film *Krisis*.
Although he has frequently been cast to play gay characters, Lopez is not gay, and credited his sisters for helping him with his first gay role as Maxi
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# Liga Gimel
**Liga Gimel** (*ליגה ג\'*, lit. *League C*) is, since 2009, the fifth and bottom division of Israeli Football League. From Liga Alef and downwards, including Liga Gimel, each league is separated by region.
## History
Liga Gimel was first established in 1951 as a third division, below Liga Alef and Liga Bet. In 1955, after designating the first tier as Liga Leumit, Liga Gimel was demoted to the fourth tier. Further demotions followed in 1976, after the second tier Liga Artzit to the fifth tier and in 1999, after the establishment of Liga Ha\'Al to the sixth tier. At the end of the 2008--09 season, Liga Artzit was scrapped and Liga Gimel was brought up back to the fifth tier.
Since its establishment Liga Gimel was divided into geographical divisions, to lower operating costs for the clubs, the number of which changed according to the number of club which registered, with as many as 16 divisions in the 1966--68 season. During this period promotion to Liga Bet alternated between direct promotion and through promotion play-offs, which were used to set eight teams for promotion. Following the establishment of Liga Dalet, in 1969, Liga Gimel were divided into 8 divisions, from which one team was promoted directly to Liga Bet and one relegated to Liga Dalet. After the dissolution of Liga Dalet, in 1985, and until the end of the 2001--02 season, the league was divided into 12 divisions, with promotion playoffs.
Although currently Liga Gimel is the bottom tier in the Israeli league pyramid, from 1969--70 and up until the 1984-85 season a further tier, Liga Dalet was below Liga Gimel, until it was scrapped due to declining number of teams.
## Structure
Since the 2013--14 season, Liga Gimel consists of eight divisions, four in the northern district and four in the southern district. Each league may contain between 12 and 16 clubs.
The top club from each division is promoted at the end of the season to Liga Bet (the fourth level). Teams are assigned to their new Liga Bet divisions based on their geographical locations, with each of two division feeding to its corresponding Liga Bet division (Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee to Liga Bet North A, Jezreel and Samaria to North B, Sharon and Tel Aviv to South A and Center and South to South B). The second and third placed teams in each division enter a promotion/relegation play-off, at the end of which four teams from Liga Gimel meet the loser of the Liga Bet relegation play-off match (between the 13th and 14th placed team in their corresponding division) for a place in Liga Bet. As it is the lowest division, no clubs are relegated.
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# Liga Gimel
## Current members {#current_members}
The following teams participating at the 2020-2021 season: `{{Col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Col-break}}`{=mediawiki}
**Liga Gimel Upper Galilee**
- Hapoel Bnei Bi\'ina
- Hapoel Bnei Deir Al-Asad
- Hapoel Deir Hanna
- Hapoel Nahariya
- Hapoel Shlomi
- Hapoel Tarshiha
- Maccabi Abu Snan
- Maccabi Bnei Jadeidi-Makr
**Liga Gimel Lower Galilee**
- Ahali Tamra
- Beitar Kafr Kanna
- F.C. Bu\'eine-Nujidat
- F.C. Sallama-Misgav
- F.C. Tzeirei Tur\'an
- Ihud Bnei Kafr Yasif
- Ironi Bnei Sha\'ab
- Maccabi Basmat Tab\'un
- Maccabi Ironi Yafa
- Maccabi Tabbash
**Liga Gimel Jezreel**
- Beitar Afula
- Beitar Ein Mahil
- Beitar Umm al-Fahm
- Bnei Musheirifa Baiada
- Bnei Umm al-Fahm Al Halal
- F.C. Bnei Yafa
- F.C. Kfar Kama
- Hapeol Al-Batuf
- Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth
- Hapoel Ein as-Sahla
- Ihud Tzeiri Iksal
- Maccabi Ahva Fureidis
- Maccabi Ein Mahil Gamel
**Liga Gimel Samaria**
- Beitar Kiryat Ata Kfir
- Beitar Pardes Hanna
- F.C. Bnei Qalansawe
- F.C. Tzeiri Haifa
- Hapoel Bnei Jisr az-Zarqa
- Hapoel Daliyat al-Karmel
- Hapoel Or Akiva
- Hapoel Yokneam
- Maccabi Barkai
- Maccabi Isfiya
- Maccabi Kiryat Yam
**Liga Gimel Sharon**
- Maccabi Givat Shmuel F.C.
- Beitar Nes Tubruk
- Beitar R.C. Shomron
- Bnei Tira
- F.C. Bnei Ra\'anana
- F.C. Ironi Ariel
- F.C. Kafr Qasim Nibrass
- F.C. Netanya
- F.C. Tzeiri Tira
- Hapoel Jaljulia
- Hapoel Oranit
- Maccabi HaSharon Netanya
**Liga Gimel Tel Aviv**
- Agudat Sport Holon
- Elitzur Jaffa Tel Aviv
- Elitzur Yehud Yotel
- Bnei Yehud
- Hapoel Neve Golan
- Maccabi Pardes Katz
- Maccabi Ironi Or Yehuda
- Maccabi Spartak Ramat Gan
- Beitar Jaffa Zion
- Beitar Ezra
- Maccabi HaShikma Ramat Hen
- Hapoel Tzafririm Holon
- Inter Aliyah F.C.
- Hapoel Ramat Yisrael
- Shikun Vatikim Ramat Gan
**Liga Gimel Central**
- Beitar Gan Yavne
- Beitar Gedera
- Beitar Giv\'at Ze\'ev
- Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot
- F.C. Ashdod City
- F.C. Jerusalem
- F.C. Ramla
- F.C. Rishon LeZion
- F.C. Tzeirei Lod
- Hapoel Ashdod
- Hapoel Mevaseret Zion
- Hapoel Nachlat Yehuda
- Hapoel Ramla
- Hapoel Tirat Shalom
- Maccabi Kiryat Ekron
**Liga Gimel South**
- Maccabi Ashkelon
- F.C. Be\'er Sheva Haim Levy
- F.C. Maccabi Yeruham
- F.C
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# List of mayors of Bayside
This is a list of the **mayors of the City of Bayside**, a local government area in Victoria, Australia. The City of Bayside was formed in 1994
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# Danton Cole
**Danton Edward Cole** (born January 10, 1967) is an American former professional hockey player and the former head coach of the Michigan State Spartans men\'s hockey team. He had guided the USA Hockey Under-18 team to a pair of gold medals and a bronze medal at the IIHF World U18 Championships during his seven seasons at the helm from 2010 to 2017. As a player, he spent seven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Winnipeg Jets, Tampa Bay Lightning, New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders and Chicago Blackhawks.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Cole was drafted by the Winnipeg Jets in the 6th round, 123rd overall in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. He then went to Michigan State University where he played for 4 years, scoring 62 points in 47 games his senior year there. Cole then reported to the Moncton Hawks of the AHL for the 1989--1990 season, playing in 80 games. That year he also made his NHL debut with the Jets, scoring 2 points in 2 games. The next year he earned a full-time spot with the Jets and played there for another 2 years.
Prior to the 1992--1993 season Cole was traded to the newly formed Tampa Bay Lightning and became part of the original Lightning roster. While with the Lightning Cole enjoyed his best season in the NHL, when he scored 43 points in 81 games during the 1993--1994 season. The 1994--1995 season saw Cole play the majority of the season with the Lightning before being traded to the New Jersey Devils. That year the Devils won the Stanley Cup and Cole had his name engraved on the Cup.
Following the Stanley Cup win Cole played the majority of the 1995--1996 season in the IHL. He also played with the New York Islanders and Chicago Blackhawks but saw only 12 games the whole season. This would be the last time Cole played in the NHL. He then split a year playing in Germany and the Grand Rapids Griffins, followed by two full years with the Griffins. Cole then played 2 games with the Griffins during the 1999--2000 season before officially announcing his retirement.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Immediately after retiring, Cole joined the Griffins as an assistant coach. He stayed there until the 2001--2002 season when he coached the Muskegon Fury of the UHL for one season, leading them to a championship win. He then joined the Griffins again, this time as head coach, and coached there until he was replaced midseason during the 2004--2005 season. Cole was assistant coach at Bowling Green State University during 2005 to 2007. Cole was the head coach at the University of Alabama in Huntsville starting with the 2007--2008 season. As head coach of the UAH Hockey team, in the 2009--2010 season, Cole brought UAH to its second ever appearance into the NCAA tournament by winning the CHA conference tournament in over time 3--2. Following the 2009--10 season, Cole resigned as UAH\'s head coach to accept a coaching position with the USA Hockey National Team Development Program.
On April 11, 2017, he was appointed head coach at his alma mater, Michigan State. On April 12, 2022, he was fired by Michigan State. During five seasons as head coach, he led the Spartans to a 58--101--12 record
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# Islamic University College, Ghana
The **Islamic University College, Ghana** is one of the private universities in Ghana. It is located at East Legon in the Greater Accra Region. It was established in 2000 by Dr. Abdolmajid Hakimollahi. This was under the sponsorship of the Ahlul Bait Foundation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It was granted accreditation provisionally in 2001 and finally in 2002
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# Shunsui Matsuda
was the last Japanese *benshi* of the silent film era. Shunsui Matsuda\'s love for silent films was so great he dedicated his life to finding and preserving valuable classic films from the golden era.
## Biography
Born in 1925 in Tokyo, Shunsui Matsuda performed as child *benshi*. It was only after the Pacific War, when the post-war shortages created a demand in films that Matsuda really began his vocation as a *Benshi*.
In 1947 he found himself part of a troupe of itinerant *benshi* travelling around Kyūshū, whose burgeoning coal mining industry had attracted a lot of workers to the region. The desperate shortage of any means of entertainment in the area meant that reruns of old silent films were still immensely popular. It was during his travels that he realized the need to preserve the films from the silent film era.
With the 1923 Kanto earthquake and the War, a vast number of films had already been destroyed, but even worse was the complete laissez-faire attitude of the major studios to their own product. The few surviving fragments of films such as Ozu\'s I Graduated, But\... (*Daigaku wa Detakeredo*, 1929) are pretty much entirely down to the efforts of this man, who travelled the country scouring pawn shops and old theatres for films to add to his collection.
In 1948, he officially took up his name as the second Matsuda Shunsui and in the same year he was awarded the top prize in the national Film Narrator\'s Competition. In 1952, he founded the Matsuda Film Company and was appointed President of the Friends of Silent Films Association, both which are still being thriving under the guidance of his second son, Yutaka Matsuda. Matsuda Film Company, based on Matsuda private collection, contains over 1,000 films on 6,000 reels, the largest collection of Japanese silent films.
He continued to give performances all the way up until his death in 1987, also directing his own silent film, *Jigoku no Mushi* (Maggots of Hell) in 1979 and producing *Bantsuma - Bando Tsumasaburo no Shogai* (Bantsuma - The Life and Times of Bando Tsumasaburo) in 1980. He can also be seen in full flow providing the narration for the silent film fragment in Kaizo Hayashi\'s homage to this golden age, To Sleep So As To Dream (*Yume Miruyoni Nemuritai*, 1986).
In 1984, Matsuda received an invitation from the Frankfurt Museum of Cinema and he gave his first *Benshi* performance in Europe. A year later, he received the first Tokyo Metropolitan Culture Prize.
Shunsui Matsuda died of cancer on 8 August 1987 leaving behind a great legacy.
## Filmography
- 1979, DIRECTOR, *Jigoku no Mushi* (Maggots of Hell)
- 1980, PRODUCER, *Bantsuma - Bando Tsumasaburo no Shogai* (Bantsuma - The Life and Times of Bando Tsumasaburo)
- PRODUCER, 32 works of \"Katsuben Talkie Version\" (music and narration all written by himself)
## Awards
- 1948 Awarded top prize in the national Film Narrator\'s Competition
- 1963 Awarded Million Pearl Prize
- 1985 Awarded the first Tokyo Metropolitan Culture Prize
## Trivia
- The story goes that Matsuda discovered one of the projectionists snipping out footage from one of these films because it \"dragged the film down\", and thereupon decided to dedicate his life to the act of preserving these early cinematic documents.
- One of his students is Midori Sawato, one of the very few existing *Benshi* today.
- He appeared in *Yume miru yoni nemuritai* alongside Midori Sawato.
- The films that Matsuda managed to collect from around the country constitute around 1000 films, the bulk of which are silent films, amounting to about 6000 rolls of film
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# Chaos Wars
is a tactical role-playing video game developed and published by Idea Factory for the PlayStation 2. It was originally released in Japan on September 21, 2006. It was localized and released in North America by O\~3 Entertainment in 2008, where it gained infamy for its poor voice acting.
Promotional art for the game is by Kinu Nishimura. The game\'s opening theme \"Shūtan no Ou to Isekai no Kishi \~The Endia & The Knights\~\" was done by Sound Horizon. In North America, the game was released on June 3, 2008 as a GameStop exclusive.
*Chaos Wars* is a crossover between several companies\' role-playing video game series, including Aruze\'s *Shadow Hearts*, Atlus\'s *Growlanser*, Idea Factory\'s *Blazing Souls*, *Spectral Souls: Resurrection of the Ethereal Empires*, and RED Entertainment\'s *Gungrave* and *Code of the Samurai*.
## Story
Hyoma, the protagonist, has a dream of another world over a pillar of light coming from his family shrine that has been missing since his ancestor\'s time. The next day, he decides to take his two friends, Shizuku and Hayatemaru, to investigate the mountains where his dream took place. During their investigation, they find a cave with strange technology but as they are looking into it, the machines activate and a bright light appears, taking them to another world known as Endia.
When Hyoma transports to the world, he encounters a girl named Rin, the Gatekeeper of Endia, who is surrounded by summoned monsters. After Hyoma helps defeat the creatures the two introduce themselves, Hyoma rudely interrupting her and instead asks how to return to Tokyo. Before Rin could explain, more monsters appear. Hyoma and Rin run together, where they meet up with a friend of Rin\'s named Hiro. Afterwards, once safe, Rin explains that the walls are thick in this world, which is the reason that they have been taken from their world to this world. They are known as \"Knights\" because when people are taken to Endia, they obtain powers like any other.
When Hyoma asks how to get back to his world, Rin explains that there is no way to return. Hyoma doesn\'t accept this fact and decides to find a way, but there, they then encounter the \"Luin\", an Organization that is determined to find \"Keys\" (mechanisms used to open gates and to summon \"knights\") in order to make their \"paradise\". After they escape from them with the help of Rin, they are taken to an isle near another island named \"Radiance Island\". There, they find a vacant mansion with its own transporter and that is where their adventure begins.
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# Chaos Wars
## Characters
- **Hyoma Kusaka**: Hyoma is a high school freshman from Tokyo, Japan. He has a sour look, a sour attitude, a sour everything in fact. He is very rude to almost everyone he meets but does show compassion for his two friends and the exception of Knights he encounters. He was bored of his own world so being taken to another world is quite exciting for him.
- **Hayatemaru Mudoin**: Like Hyoma, Hayatemaru is a glasses wearing high school freshmen and a long childhood friend to Hyoma. Hayatemaru is a very carefree, funny guy but after being taken to Endia, he becomes more serious but still tries to keep every one in high spirits. Despite his seemingly harmless appearance, Hayatemaru is a black belt and skilled in sōjutsu. His name is sometimes shortened to Hayate.
- **Shizuku**: Shizuku is a childhood friend to Hyoma and Hayate. Despite being a senior in high school, she is the same age as both Hyoma and Hayatemaru and is a very caring and high spirited person. She always supports Hyoma, despite the fact he insults her most of the time due to her sometimes childish nature. She is very skilled in battle games and always carries around a harisen, which she uses to hit people on the head.
- **Rin Sunroad**: Rin is the \"Gatekeeper\" of the world of Endia. As a \"Gatekeeper\", her job is to monitor and keep track of data of \"Knights\" and other dimensions. Rin is a gentle and very knowledgeable young girl, trying her best to inform the Knights of her world despite Hyoma belittling her lack of knowledge that is out of her range. After Hyoma saves Rin from the Luin, she decides to travel with him to find answers to the world of Endia.
- **Hiro**: Hiro is a warrior of the world called Neverland and the daughter of the demon lord Janus, as well as the lead character of the *Spectral Force* series. Hiro came shortly before Hyoma where she met Rin when she was taken to Endia. Knowing nothing of this world, she tags along.
- **Laru Branshen**: Laru is the captain of the order of warriors known as \"Kishidan\", an order of soldiers trained to protect the people of Endia. Laru is a strong believer in justice and doing what\'s right but he is too firm sometimes. He begins to think that Hyoma and the others are with the Luin due to at one point, they try finding and using \"Keys\" to find a way home. At first he distrust them but after being rescued by Hyoma when the Luin kidnapped and brain washed him, he agrees to help them to their cause.
## Reception
*Chaos Wars* received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN commented that, \"In truth it\'s probably one of Idea Factory\'s best efforts released here in the States, melding staples of the genre with more open, zippy little ideas.\" On a negative note, *PlayStation: The Official Magazine* said: \"*Chaos Wars* might draw in some\--like fans of the obscure games it\'s based on, especially those who long for the days of hand-drawn characters and tiny battlefields\--but its old-school aesthetic isn\'t enough to make up for the lackluster production values and uninspired game play.\" In Japan, *Famitsu* gave it a score of two sevens and two sixes for a total of 26 out of 40
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