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# 1933 Ryder Cup
The **4th Ryder Cup Matches** were held 26--27 June 1933 at the Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club in Southport, England. The Great Britain team won the competition by a score of 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}--5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points, which at the time was the closest score possible other than a tie. As with the three previous events, the host team won and the series was tied at two wins each.
John Henry Taylor became only the second of three Team Great Britain captains to ever lift the Ryder Cup and was Great Britain\'s last Ryder Cup victory until 1957, the only post-war win until Team Europe won its first in 1985.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
In February 1931, it was announced that a selection committee of six would choose the Great Britain team for the 1933 Ryder Cup. A preliminary squad of 22 was announced. Henry Cotton was not considered as he was employed in Belgium.
In early June, the team of ten was selected (as below). J.H. Taylor was to be the non-playing captain. Initially Easterbrook and Havers were called \"reserves\" but the distinction was ignored when choosing those who actually played in the matches.
-------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
J.H. Taylor
Percy Alliss
Allan Dailey
Bill Davies
Syd Easterbrook
Arthur Havers
Arthur Lacey
Abe Mitchell
Alf Padgham
Alf Perry
Charles Whitcombe
-------------------------
The American team did not arrive in the UK until 21 June. They travelled to London and arrived in Southport the following day.
-------------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Walter Hagen -- captain
Billy Burke
Leo Diegel
Ed Dudley
Olin Dutra
Paul Runyan
Gene Sarazen
Denny Shute
Horton Smith
Craig Wood
-------------------------
All the Americans competed in the 1933 Open Championship. They all qualified and 8 of the 10 made the cut. After the four rounds they held 5 of the 6 leading positions with Shute and Wood tying for the tead. Shute won the 36 hole play-off by 5 strokes.
## Monday\'s foursome matches {#mondays_foursome_matches}
After the morning matches Great Britain led three of the four matches with the other match level. Alliss and Whitcombe had extended their lead to four after eight holes of the afternoon round. Sarazen and Hagen then won the next three holes and levelled the match at the 16th. The British pair won the 17th but Whitcombe missed a 4-foot putt at the last and the match was halved. In the final match the American pair of Dudley and Burke levelled the match after six holes of the afternoon round having been four behind at lunch. They won the 17th and halved the last to win the match.
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Alliss/Whitcombe halved Sarazen/Hagen
**Mitchell/Havers** 3 & 2 Dutra/Shute
**Davies/Easterbrook** 1 up Wood/Runyan
Padgham/Perry 1 up **Dudley/Burke**
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
18 hole scores: Alliss/Whitcombe: 3 up, Mitchell/Haver: 4 up, Davies/Easterbrook v Wood/Runyan: all square, Padgham/Perry: 4 up.
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# 1933 Ryder Cup
## Tuesday\'s singles matches {#tuesdays_singles_matches}
Dutra was 3 up on Mitchell after 10 holes but Mitchell then won eight holes in a hole to be 5 up at lunch. At the 18th Dutra was stymied and, attempting to chip over Mitchell\'s ball, knocked Mitchell\'s ball into the hole. At lunch each team was up in three matches with the other two matches level. In the afternoon play the first two matches finished quickly with wins for Sarazen and Mitchell. Lacey and Hagen were level after 14 holes but Hagen won the next two and eventually won 2 & 1. Alliss and Havers won their matches for Great Britain and after Whitcombe lost at the 17th, all depended on the Easterbrook/Shute match. The match was all square playing the last and both players took three to reach the green. Shute\'s first putt was strong and he missed the return putt from 4 feet. Easterbrook had also missed his first putt but, when he holed his short second putt, Great Britain had secured the narrowest of wins. If Shute had holed his putt the match would have ended as a tie and the United States, as defending champions, would have retained the cup.
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Alf Padgham 6 & 4 **Gene Sarazen**
**Abe Mitchell** 9 & 8 Olin Dutra
Arthur Lacey 2 & 1 **Walter Hagen**
Bill Davies 4 & 3 **Craig Wood**
**Percy Alliss** 2 & 1 Paul Runyan
**Arthur Havers** 4 & 3 Leo Diegel
**Syd Easterbrook** 1 up Denny Shute
Charles Whitcombe 2 & 1 **Horton Smith**
4 Session 4
6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
18 hole scores: Sarazen: 2 up, Mitchell: 5 up, Lacey: 1 up, Davies v Wood: all square, Alliss: 1 up, Havers v Diegel: all square, Shute: 1 up, Smith: 5 up.
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# 1933 Ryder Cup
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Percy Alliss 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Bill Davies 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Syd Easterbrook 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Arthur Havers 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Arthur Lacey 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Abe Mitchell 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Alf Padgham 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Alf Perry 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Charles Whitcombe 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1
Allan Dailey did not play in any matches.
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
-------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Billy Burke 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Leo Diegel 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Ed Dudley 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Olin Dutra 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Walter Hagen 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Paul Runyan 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Gene Sarazen 1
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# 1767 in Ireland
Events from the year **1767 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 20 July -- Arthur Chichester, 5th Earl of Donegall, grants new leases for most of his property holdings in Belfast, obliging tenants to redevelop.
- 19 August -- Viscount Townshend appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (sworn 14 October).
- The titles Earl of Howth and Viscount St Lawrence are created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Thomas St Lawrence, 15th Baron Howth.
- A Magdalen Asylum was established by Lady Arabella Denny in Leeson Street, for Protestant women.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Hugh Kelly\'s novel *Memoirs of a Magdalen* is published.
- John O\'Keeffe\'s first play, *The She Gallant*, is performed at the Smock Alley Theatre in Dublin.
## Births
- 1 January -- Maria Edgeworth, novelist (died 1849).
- 14 March -- Charles Arbuthnot, Tory politician and member of the Privy Council (died 1850).
- 19 May -- Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, diplomat, Irish, and later British, MP (died 1837).
- 31 August -- Henry Joy McCracken, cotton manufacturer and industrialist, Presbyterian and a founding member of the Society of the United Irishmen (died 1798).
- 21 November -- Thomas Russell, co-founder and leader of the United Irishmen, executed for his part in Robert Emmet\'s rebellion (died 1803).
Full date unknown
:\*John Moore, participant in Irish Rebellion of 1798, proclaimed President of the Government of the Province of Connaught (died 1799).
## Deaths
- 30 November -- John Cole, 1st Baron Mountflorence, politician (born 1709)
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# Fientje Moerman
**Joséphine Rebecca Marie Julienne Bertha \"Fientje\" Moerman** (born 19 October 1958) is a Belgian liberal politician and currently a judge on the Constitutional Court of Belgium.
## Education
In 1981, Fientje Moerman obtained a master\'s degree in law. She studied law at the University of Ghent (Belgium) and Harvard University (United States).
## Professional career {#professional_career}
She started her career as a lawyer in New York City and Brussels (1982--1984). Afterwards she became editor of economy and finances for the journal De Standaard (1984--1985). In the mid-1980s she was the spokeswoman of the European liberals in the European parliament and then a consultant of the French former-president Valéry Giscard d\'Estaing (1985--1991). Afterwards she was a senior consultant in the European liberal fraction, was specialized in institutional reforms and relations with Israel and the Gulf States (1991--1995). During 1994--1995, she was a member of the Tindemans group. Between 1988 and 1995, she also was a municipal councillor and from 1995 up to 1999 alderman of Ghent for education. In 1999, she was elected to the Chamber of Representatives. In 2003, she joined the government of Verhofstadt II as Minister of Economy, Energy, Foreign Trade and Science Policy, but in July 2004, she left the Federal Government to become the Flemish Minister of Economy, Enterprises, Innovation, Science and Foreign Trade. She was also Deputy Minister-President of the Flemish Government.
## Hiring scandal and resignation {#hiring_scandal_and_resignation}
In August 2007, Moerman became embroiled in a scandal around the hiring of experts for her cabinet. Her former chief of staff Aernoudt accused her of tampering with the rules for public procurement. After a negative report around the case by the Flemish ombudsman, on 10 October 2007, Fientje Moerman resigned due to the fallout of the hiring scandal; she was replaced as vice-minister-president by Dirk Van Mechelen and as minister by Patricia Ceysens. After her resignation as minister she served as member of the Flemish Parliament (2008--2014). After the regional elections of 2014 Moerman returned to the European civil service (2014--2018).
## Judicial career {#judicial_career}
In 2018, Fientje Moerman was appointed by royal decree on18 March 2018 as a judge on the Constitutional Court of Belgium.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She identifies herself as an atheist
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# Open Day at the Hate Fest
***Open Day at the Hate Fest*** is an album-length, internet-released compilation of music recorded by Curve since their reformation in 1996.
*Open Day at the Hate Fest* was produced during a time that saw Curve embroiled in legal battles with Universal Records over the company\'s decision to shelve *Gift*, the record Curve had recorded as the official follow-up to 1998\'s *Come Clean*. Following brisk online sales of *Open Day at the Hate Fest*, Universal relented, and agreed to release *Gift* later the same year under the Hip-O brand.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Nowhere\" -- 4:06
2. \"The Birds They Do Fly\" -- 4:10
3. \"Ché\" -- 5:04
4. \"Turnaround\" -- 4:24
5. \"You Don\'t Know\" -- 6:23
6. \"Backwards Glance\" -- 4:58
7. \"Speed Crash\" -- 4:53
8. \"Storm\" -- 4:28
9. \"Caught in the Alleyway\" -- 5:44
10. \"Open Day at the Hate Fest\" -- 7:02
\"Nowhere\" had originally been recorded for the soundtrack of Gregg Araki\'s *eponymous film*, while \"You Don\'t Know\" had already been used on the soundtrack for the film *Gossip*
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# 1837 in Ireland
Events from the year **1837 in Ireland**.
## Events
- Shaw\'s Bank merges with the Royal Bank of Ireland (later to become one of the Allied Irish Banks).
- 8 April - Low-water mark datum measured at Poolbeg Lighthouse by the Ordnance Survey.
- August -- following a very cold summer there is widespread failure of the potato crop, as in 1836, leading to famine later in the year.
- 18 August -- the Roman Catholic Tuam Cathedral is dedicated.
- 4 September -- `{{HMS|Terror|1813}}`{=mediawiki}, badly damaged during an Arctic expedition, is beached at Lough Swilly to save her.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- February -- Charles Lever begins publishing his fictional *The Confessions of Harry Lorrequer* in *Dublin University Magazine*.
- Thomas Crofton Croker publishes *Popular Songs of Ireland*.
- Tyrone Power stages and acts in the Irish-themed plays *St. Patrick\'s Eve* (written by himself) and *Rory O\'More* (adapted from Samuel Lover\'s novel).
## Births
- 16 March -- Frederick Wolseley, inventor of the sheep shearing machine (died 1899 in the United Kingdom).
- 7 May -- John Michael Clancy, Democrat United States Representative from New York (died 1903 in the United States).
- 24 May -- John McDonald, soldier and Congressman in America (died 1917 in the United States).
- 28 May -- George Ashlin, architect (died 1921).
- 1 August *(bapt.)* -- Mary Harris Jones (\"Mother Jones\"), labor leader in America (died 1930 in the United States).
- 7 August
- James Brenan, painter (died 1907).
- Allan James Foley (\"Signor Foli\"), operatic bass singer (died 1899 in the United Kingdom).
- 4 September -- Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne, lawyer and Lord Chancellor of Ireland (died 1913).
- 1 October -- Edward James Saunderson, leader of the Irish Unionist Party in the British House of Commons (died 1906).
Full date unknown
:\*Patrick Graham, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (died 1875).
## Deaths
- 20 January -- Arthur Gore, 3rd Earl of Arran, politician (born 1761).
- 23 January -- John Field, composer and pianist (born 1782).
- 1 February -- Edward Donovan, writer, traveller and amateur zoologist (born 1768).
- 27 February -- Lord Kingsborough, antiquarian (born 1795).
- 20 June -- William IV of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (born 1765).
- 13 July -- William Hare, 1st Earl of Listowel, peer and MP (born 1751).
- 24 November -- Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, diplomat, Irish, and later British, MP (born 1767).
Full date unknown
:\*Gilbert Austin, educator, clergyman and author (Rborn 1753)
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# Eventually (mathematics)
In the mathematical areas of number theory and analysis, an infinite sequence or a function is said to **eventually** have a certain property, if it does not have the said property across all its ordered instances, but will after some instances have passed. The use of the term \"eventually\" can be often rephrased as \"for sufficiently large numbers\", and can be also extended to the class of properties that apply to elements of any ordered set (such as sequences and subsets of $\mathbb{R}$).
## Notation
The general form where the phrase **eventually** (or **sufficiently large**) is found appears as follows:
$$P$$ is *eventually* true for $x$ ($P$ is true for *sufficiently large* $x$),
where $\forall$ and $\exists$ are the universal and existential quantifiers, which is actually a shorthand for:
$$\exists a \in \mathbb{R}$$ such that $P$ is true $\forall x \ge a$
or somewhat more formally:
$$\exists a \in \mathbb{R}: \forall x \in \mathbb{R}:x \ge a \Rightarrow P(x)$$
This does not necessarily mean that any particular value for $a$ is known, but only that such an $a$ exists. The phrase \"sufficiently large\" should not be confused with the phrases \"arbitrarily large\" or \"infinitely large\". For more, see Arbitrarily large#Arbitrarily large vs. sufficiently large vs. infinitely large.
## Motivation and definition {#motivation_and_definition}
For an infinite sequence, one is often more interested in the long-term behaviors of the sequence than the behaviors it exhibits early on. In which case, one way to formally capture this concept is to say that the sequence possesses a certain property *eventually*, or equivalently, that the property is satisfied by one of its subsequences $(a_n)_{n \geq N}$, for some $N \in \N$.
For example, the definition of a sequence of real numbers $(a_n)$ converging to some limit *$a$* is:
: For each positive number $\varepsilon$, there exists a natural number $N$ such that for all $n >N$, $\left\vert a_n - a \right\vert<\varepsilon$.
When the term \"eventually*\"* is used as a shorthand for \"there exists a natural number $N$ such that for all $n > N$\", the convergence definition can be restated more simply as:
: For each positive number $\varepsilon>0$, eventually $\left\vert a_n-a \right\vert<\varepsilon$.
Here, notice that the set of natural numbers that do not satisfy this property is a finite set; that is, the set is empty or has a maximum element. As a result, the use of \"eventually\" in this case is synonymous with the expression \"for all but a finite number of terms\" -- a special case of the expression \"for almost all terms\" (although \"almost all\" can also be used to allow for infinitely many exceptions as well).
At the basic level, a sequence can be thought of as a function with natural numbers as its domain, and the notion of \"eventually\" applies to functions on more general sets as well---in particular to those that have an ordering with no greatest element.
More specifically, if $S$ is such a set and there is an element $s$ in $S$ such that the function $f$ is defined for all elements greater than $s$, then $f$ is said to have some property eventually if there is an element $x_0$ such that whenever *$x>x_0$*, $f(x)$ has the said property. This notion is used, for example, in the study of Hardy fields, which are fields made up of real functions, each of which have certain properties eventually.
## Examples
- \"All primes greater than 2 are odd\" can be written as \"Eventually, all primes are odd."
- Eventually, all primes are congruent to ±1 modulo 6.
- The square of a prime is eventually congruent to 1 mod 24 (specifically, this is true for all primes greater than 3).
- The factorial of a natural number eventually ends in the digit 0 (specifically, this is true for all natural numbers greater than 4).
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# Eventually (mathematics)
## Other uses in mathematics {#other_uses_in_mathematics}
- A 3-manifold is called sufficiently large if it contains a properly embedded 2-sided incompressible surface. This property is the main requirement for a 3-manifold to be called a Haken manifold.
- Temporal logic introduces an operator that can be used to express statements interpretable as: Certain property will eventually hold in a future moment in time
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# Here I Am (Dionne Warwick album)
***Here I Am*** is the fifth album by American singer Dionne Warwick, released on December 21, 1965 by Scepter Records. The LP was produced by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. This album, as was usually the case until 1968, was recorded at Bell Sound Studios in New York City.
## History
The album\'s lead single, the title track \"Here I Am\", was featured in the film *What\'s New Pussycat?* Despite this, the single failed to make the Top 40 in the U.S. The follow-up, \"Looking With My Eyes\", was prominently featured on the dance show \"Hullabaloo\", but did not make the chart either.
The third single from the album, \"Are You There (With Another Girl)\" was released in December 1965, and became a hit, making the Top 40.
Several early copies of the album had errors in the album cover, listing tracks such as \"It\'s Love That Really Counts\" that were not included on the album itself. Other notable songs featured on the album are the bouncy \"Window Wishing\", the hauntingly beautiful \"If I Ever Make You Cry\" and \"This Little Light\" which featured Warwick herself on the piano
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# List of fungal orders
This article lists the orders of the Fungi.
## Phylogeny
Phylogeny of Fungi. `{{clade|style=font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=Rozellomyceta
|1={{clade
|1=[[Rozellomycota]]
|2=[[Microsporidia|Microsporidiomycota]]
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Aphelidiomyceta
|1=[[Aphelidiomycota]]
|label2=Eumycota
|2={{clade
|label1=Chytridiomyceta
|1={{clade
|1=[[Blastocladiomycota]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Neocallimastigomycota]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Monoblepharomycota]]
|2=[[Chytridiomycota]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Zoopagomyceta
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Basidiobolomycota]]
|2=[[Olpidiomycota]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Entomophthoromycota]]
|2=[[Kickxellomycota]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Mucoromyceta
|1={{clade
|1=[[Glomeromycota]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mortierellomycota]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Calcarisporiellomycota]]
|2=[[Mucoromycota]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Dikarya
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Entorrhizomycota]]
|2=[[Basidiomycota]]
}}
|2=[[Ascomycota]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Subkingdom Rozellomyceta {#subkingdom_rozellomyceta}
### Division Rozellomycota {#division_rozellomycota}
#### Class Rozellomycetes {#class_rozellomycetes}
- Order Rozellida Li, Heath & Packer 1993
### Division Microsporidiomycota {#division_microsporidiomycota}
#### Class Chytridiopsidea {#class_chytridiopsidea}
- Order Chytridiopsida Weiser 1974
#### Class Metchnikovellea {#class_metchnikovellea}
- Order Metchnikovellida Vivier 1977
#### Class Microsporidea {#class_microsporidea}
- Order Amblyosporida Tokarev & Issi 2020
- Order Glugeida Issi 1986
- Order Neopereziida Tokarev & Issi 2020
- Order Nosematida Labbé 1899
- Order Ovavesiculida Tokarev & Issi 2020
## Subkingdom Aphelidiomyceta {#subkingdom_aphelidiomyceta}
### Division Aphelidiomycota {#division_aphelidiomycota}
#### Class Aphelidiomycetes {#class_aphelidiomycetes}
- Order Aphelidiales Tedersoo et al. 2018
## Subkingdom Chytridiomyceta {#subkingdom_chytridiomyceta}
### Division Blastocladiomycota {#division_blastocladiomycota}
#### Class Physodermatomycetes {#class_physodermatomycetes}
- Order Physodermatales Cavalier-Smith 2012
#### Class Blastocladiomycetes {#class_blastocladiomycetes}
- Order Blastocladiales Petersen 1909
- Order Callimastigales Doweld 2014
- Order Catenomycetales Doweld 2014
### Division Neocallimastigomycota {#division_neocallimastigomycota}
#### Class Neocallimastigomycetes {#class_neocallimastigomycetes}
- Order Neocallimastigales Li, Heath & Packer 1993
### Division Monoblepharomycota {#division_monoblepharomycota}
#### Class Hyaloraphidiomycetes {#class_hyaloraphidiomycetes}
- Order Hyaloraphidiales Doweld 2001
#### Class Sanchytriomycetes {#class_sanchytriomycetes}
- Order Sanchytriales Tedersoo et al. 2018
#### Class Monoblepharidomycetes {#class_monoblepharidomycetes}
- Order Monoblepharidales Schröter 1883
### Division Chytridiomycota {#division_chytridiomycota}
#### Class Coenomycetes {#class_coenomycetes}
- Order Coenomycetales Doweld 2014
#### Class Chytridiomycetes {#class_chytridiomycetes}
- Order ?Nephridiophagales Doweld 2014
- Order ?Saccopodiales Doweld 2014
- Order ?Zygophlyctidales Seto 2019
- Order Chytridiales Cohn 1879
- Order Cladochytriales Mozley-Standridge 2009
- Order Gromochytriales Karpov & Aleoshin 2014
- Order Lobulomycetales Simmons 2009
- Order Mesochytriales Karpov & Aleoshin 2014
- Order Polyphagales Doweld 2014
- Order Polytrichiales Longcore & Simmons 2012
- Order Rhizophlyctidales Letcher 2007
- Order Rhizophydiales Letcher 2006
- Order Spizellomycetales Barr 1980
- Order Synchytriales Doweld 2014
## Subkingdom Zoopagomyceta {#subkingdom_zoopagomyceta}
### Division Caulochytriomycota {#division_caulochytriomycota}
#### Class Caulochytriomycetes {#class_caulochytriomycetes}
- Order Caulochytriales Doweld 2014
### Division Basidiobolomycota {#division_basidiobolomycota}
#### Class Basidiobolomycetes {#class_basidiobolomycetes}
- Order Basidiobolales Jaczewski & Jaczewski 1931 ex. Cavalier-Smith 2012
### Division Olpidiomycota {#division_olpidiomycota}
#### Class Olpidiomycetes {#class_olpidiomycetes}
- Order Olpidiales Cavalier-Smith 2012
### Division Entomophthoromycota {#division_entomophthoromycota}
#### Class Neozygitomycetes {#class_neozygitomycetes}
- Order Neozygitales Humber 2012
#### Class Entomophthoromycetes {#class_entomophthoromycetes}
- Order Entomophthorales Winter 1880
### Division Kickxellomycota {#division_kickxellomycota}
#### Subdivision Zoopagomycotina {#subdivision_zoopagomycotina}
##### Class Zoopagomycetes {#class_zoopagomycetes}
- Order Zoopagales Bessey 1950 ex. Benjamin 1979
#### Subdivision Kickxellomycotina {#subdivision_kickxellomycotina}
##### Kickxellomycotina incertae sedis {#kickxellomycotina_incertae_sedis}
- Order Zygnemomycetales Doweld 2014
##### Class Dimargaritomycetes {#class_dimargaritomycetes}
- Order Dimargaritales Benjamin 1979
##### Class Ramicandelaberomycetes {#class_ramicandelaberomycetes}
- Order Ramicandelaberales Doweld 2014
##### Class Kickxellomycetes {#class_kickxellomycetes}
- Order ?Orphellales Valle et al. 2018
- Order ?Spiromycetales Doweld 2014
- Order Barbatosporales Doweld 2014
- Order Kickxellales Kreisel 1969 ex. Benjamin 1979
- Subclass Trichomycetalia Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Order Asellariales Manier 1950 ex. Manier & Lichtward 1978
- Order Harpellales Lichtward & Manier 1978
## Subkingdom Mucoromyceta {#subkingdom_mucoromyceta}
### Division Glomeromycota {#division_glomeromycota}
#### Class Paraglomeromycetes {#class_paraglomeromycetes}
- Order Paraglomerales Walker & Schüssler 2001
#### Class Archaeosporomycetes {#class_archaeosporomycetes}
- Order Archaeosporales Walker & Schüssler 2001
#### Class Glomeromycetes {#class_glomeromycetes}
- Order Gigasporales Sieverd. et al. 2011
- Order Glomerales Morton & Benny 1990
- Order Diversisporales Walker & Schüssler 2004
### Division Mortierellomycota {#division_mortierellomycota}
#### Class Mortierellomycetes {#class_mortierellomycetes}
- Order Mortierellales Cavalier-Smith 1998
### Division Calcarisporiellomycota {#division_calcarisporiellomycota}
#### Class Calcarisporiellomycetes {#class_calcarisporiellomycetes}
- Order Calcarisporiellales Tedersoo et al. 2018
### Division Mucoromycota {#division_mucoromycota}
#### Class Endogonomycetes {#class_endogonomycetes}
- Order Endogonales Jacz. & P.A.Jacz.
#### Class Mucoromycetes {#class_mucoromycetes}
- Genus *Bifiguratus* Torres-Cruz & Porras-Alfaro 2017
- Order Umbelopsidales Spatafora, Stajich & Bonito 2016
- Order Mucorales Fries 1832
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# List of fungal orders
## Subkingdom Dikarya {#subkingdom_dikarya}
### Division Entorrhizomycota {#division_entorrhizomycota}
#### Class Entorrhizomycetes {#class_entorrhizomycetes}
- Order Talbotiomycetales Riess et al. 2015
- Order Entorrhizales Bauer & Oberwinkler
### Division Basidiomycota {#division_basidiomycota}
#### Subdivision Pucciniomycotina {#subdivision_pucciniomycotina}
##### Class Tritirachiomycetes {#class_tritirachiomycetes}
- Order Tritirachiales Aime & Schell 2011
##### Class Mixiomycetes {#class_mixiomycetes}
- Order Mixiales Bauer et al. 2006
##### Class Spiculogloeomycetes {#class_spiculogloeomycetes}
- Order Spiculogloeales Bauer et al. 2006
##### Class Agaricostilbomycetes {#class_agaricostilbomycetes}
- Order Agaricostilbales Oberwinkler & Bauer 1989
##### Class Cystobasidiomycetes {#class_cystobasidiomycetes}
- Order Buckleyzymales Zhao & Hyde 2017
- Order Sakaguchiales Zhao & Hyde 2017
- Order Naohideales Bauer et al.
- Order Cyphobasidiales Spribille & Mayrhofer 2016
- Order Cystobasidiales Bauer et al.
- Order Erythrobasidiales Bauer et al.
##### Class Microbotryomycetes {#class_microbotryomycetes}
- Order Heitmaniales Wang & Bai 2020
- Order Rosettozymales Wang & Bai 2020
- Order Heterogastridiales Oberwinkler & Bauer 1990
- Order Sporidiobolales Sampaio, Weiss & Bauer 2003
- Order Curvibasidiales Doweld 2014
- Order Leucosporidiales Sampaio, Weiss & Bauer 2003
- Order Kriegeriales Toome & Aime 2013
- Order Microbotryales Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
##### Class Classiculomycetes {#class_classiculomycetes}
- Order Classiculales Bauer et al. 2003
##### Class Cryptomycocolacomycetes {#class_cryptomycocolacomycetes}
- Order Cryptomycocolacales Oberwinkler & Bauer 1990
##### Class Atractiellomycetes {#class_atractiellomycetes}
- Order Atractiellales Oberwinkler & Bandoni 1982
##### Class Pucciniomycetes {#class_pucciniomycetes}
- Order Septobasidiales Couch 1938 ex Donk 1964
- Order Helicobasidiales Bauer et al.
- Order Pachnocybales Bauer et al.
- Order Platygloeales Moore 1900
- Order Pucciniales Clements & Shear 1931
#### Subdivision Wallemiomycotina {#subdivision_wallemiomycotina}
##### Class Wallemiomycetes {#class_wallemiomycetes}
- Order Geminibasidiales Nguyen, Nickerson & Seifert 2013
- Order Wallemiomycetales Zalar, de Hoog & Schroers 2005
#### Subdivision Ustilaginomycotina {#subdivision_ustilaginomycotina}
##### Class Malasseziomycetes {#class_malasseziomycetes}
- Order Malasseziales Moore 1980 emend. Begerow, Bauer & Boekhout 2000
##### Class Exobasidiomycetes {#class_exobasidiomycetes}
- Subclass Tilletiomycetidae
- Order Tilletiales Kreisel ex Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
- Order Moniliellales Wang, Bai & Boekhout 2014
- Order Georgefischeriales Bauer, Begerow & Oberwinkler 1997
- Subclass Exobasidiomycetidae
- Order Golubeviales Wang et al. 2015
- Order Robbauerales Wang et al. 2015
- Order Microstromatales Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
- Order Doassansiales Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
- Order Ceraceosorales Begerow, Stoll & Bauer 2006
- Order Entylomatales Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
- Order Exobasidiales Henssen 1898 em. Bauer & Oberwinkler
##### Class Ustilaginomycetes {#class_ustilaginomycetes}
- Order Cintractiellales McTaggart & Shivas 2020
- Order Uleiellales Garnica et al. 2016
- Order Violaceomycetales Albu, Toome & Aime 2015
- Order Urocystales Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
- Order Ustilaginales Beketov 1864 em. Bauer & Oberwinkler
#### Subdivision Agaricomycotina {#subdivision_agaricomycotina}
##### Class Bartheletiomycetes {#class_bartheletiomycetes}
- Order Bartheletiales Thines 2017
##### Class Tremellomycetes {#class_tremellomycetes}
- Order Cystofilobasidiales Fell, Roeijmans & Boekhout 1999
- Order Filobasidiales Jülich 1981
- Order Holtermanniales Libkind et al. 2010
- Order Trichosporonales Boekhout & Fell 2001
- Order Tremellales Fries 1821
##### Class Dacrymycetes {#class_dacrymycetes}
- Order Dacrymycetales Tokum. & Oberwinkler 2013
- Order Dacrymycetales Henn. 1897
##### Class Agaricomycetes {#class_agaricomycetes}
- Subclass Cantharellomycetidae Hibbett 2005
- Order Cantharellales Gäumann 1936
- Order Sebacinales Weiss et al. 2004
- Subclass Auriculariomycetidae Jülich 1981
- Order Trechisporales Larsson 2007
- Order Auriculariales Schröter 1897
- Subclass Hymenochaetomycetidae Vizzini 2004
- Order Hymenochaetales Oberwinkler 1977
- Subclass Thelephoromycetidae Locquin 1984
- Order Corticiales Larsson 2007
- Order Russulales Kreisel 1969 ex Kirk, Cannon & David 2001
- Order Thelephorales Corner ex Oberwinkler 1976
- Order Polyporales Gäumann 1926
- Subclass Phallomycetidae Hosaka, Castellano & Spatafora 2007
- Order Gloeophyllales Thorn 2007
- Order Stereopsidales Sjkvistet al. 2014
- Order Geastrales Hosaka & Castellano 2006
- Order Gomphales Jülich 1981
- Order Hysterangiales
- Order Phallales E. Fisch. 1898
- Subclass Agaricomycetidae Locquin 1984 ex Parmasto 1986
- Order Lepidostromatales Hodkinson & Lücking 2014
- Order Tremellodendropsidales Vizzini 2014
- Order Jaapiales Manfr. Binder, Larsson & Hibbett 2010
- Order Boletales Gilbert 1931
- Order Atheliales Jülich 1981
- Order Amylocorticiales Larsson, Manfr. Binder & Hibbett 2010
- Order Agaricales Underwood 1899
### Division Ascomycota {#division_ascomycota}
#### Subdivision Taphrinomycotina {#subdivision_taphrinomycotina}
##### Class Archaeorhizomycetes {#class_archaeorhizomycetes}
- Order Archaeorhizomycetales Rosling & James 2011
##### Class Neolectomycetes {#class_neolectomycetes}
- Order Neolectales Landvik et al. 1993
##### Class Pneumocystidomycetes {#class_pneumocystidomycetes}
- Order Pneumocystidales Eriksson 1994
##### Class Schizosaccharomycetes {#class_schizosaccharomycetes}
- Order Schizosaccharomycetales Eriksson & Winka 1997
##### Class Taphrinomycetes {#class_taphrinomycetes}
- Order Taphrinales Gaum. & Dodge 1928
#### Subdivision Saccharomycotina {#subdivision_saccharomycotina}
##### Class Saccharomycetes {#class_saccharomycetes}
- Order Saccharomycetales Kudrjanzev 1960
#### Subdivision Pezizomycotina {#subdivision_pezizomycotina}
##### Pezizomycotina incertae sedis {#pezizomycotina_incertae_sedis}
- Order Thelocarpales Lücking & Lumbsch 2016
- Order Vezdaeales Lücking & Lumbsch 2016
##### Class Sareomycetes {#class_sareomycetes}
- Order Sareales Beimforde et al. 2020
##### Class Pezizomycetes {#class_pezizomycetes}
- Order Pezizales Schröter 1894
- Family Caloscyphaceae Harmaja 2002
- Order Tuberales Dumortier 1829 ex Winter 1884
- Order Pyronematales
##### Class Orbiliomycetes {#class_orbiliomycetes}
- Order Orbiliales Baral et al
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# Renu Nakhon district
**Renu Nakhon** (*เรณูนคร*, `{{IPA|th|rēː.nūː ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *เรณูนคร*, `{{IPA|tts|lêː.nûː nà(ʔ).kʰɔ̂ːn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Nakhon Phanom province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Mueang Nakhon Phanom, That Phanom, Na Kae, and Pla Pak.
## History
Renu Nakhon was a *mueang* which was converted into a district of Nakhon Phanom during the *thesaphiban* administrative reforms in 1907. In 1917 the district was renamed That Phanom. The historical name of the area was reused when a new minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 1 May 1970 with three *tambons*, Renu, Phon Thong, and Tha Lat, from That Phanom District. The minor district was upgraded to a full district on 21 August 1975.
## Administration
### Central administration {#central_administration}
Renu Nakhon is divided into eight sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 91 administrative villages (*mubans*).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
----- ---------------- ------ ---------- -------
1\. Renu 14 7,980
2\. Phon Thong 10 5,912
3\. Tha Lat 8 3,072
4\. Na Ngam 14 8,917
5\. Khok Hin Hae 15 7,123
7\. Nong Yang Chin 8 4,320
8\. Renu Tai 13 5,103
9\. Na Kham 9 3,926
### Local administration {#local_administration}
There is one sub-district municipality (*thesaban tambon*) in the district:
- Renu Nakhon (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลเรณูนคร*) consisting of parts of sub-districts Renu and Phon Thong.
There are eight sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
- Renu (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเรณู*) consisting of parts of sub-district Renu.
- Phon Thong (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลโพนทอง*) consisting of parts of sub-district Phon Thong.
- Tha Lat (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลท่าลาด*) consisting of sub-district Tha Lat.
- Na Ngam (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลนางาม*) consisting of sub-district Na Ngam.
- Khok Hin Hae (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลโคกหินแฮ่*) consisting of sub-district Khok Hin Hae.
- Nong Yang Chin (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองย่างชิ้น*) consisting of sub-district Nong Yang Chin.
- Renu Tai (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเรณูใต้*) consisting of sub-district Renu Tai.
- Na Kham 114ft consisting of sub-district Na Kham.
## Economy
In Ban Na Kham, a village in the district, 22 artisans spin cotton fiber into yarn and hand-dye it with natural indigo harvested locally. The group produce Indigo Collection sportswear for the Leicester City Football Club. The team is owned by the Thai company, King Power. The blue colour obtained from indigo dyeing, locally known as *kram*, matches the football team\'s color. The Indigo Collection, sold at King Power Stadium\'s Fan Store in Leicester, UK, debuted in May 2018 to strong interest from Leicester fans.
## In media {#in_media}
Renu Nakhon is the setting of a Thai country song, (*luk thung*), titled (*หนาวลมที่เรณู*; `{{rtgs|''nao lom thi renu''}}`{=mediawiki}) \'Cold Wind in Renu\'). It has been popular since 1970, with new recordings by many performers
| 441 |
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# 1931 Ryder Cup
The **3rd Ryder Cup Matches** were held June 26--27, 1931 at Scioto Country Club in Columbus, Ohio. The United States team won the competition by a score of 9 to 3 points.
The course was the venue for U.S. Open in 1926, won by amateur Bobby Jones, the second of his four titles. It later hosted the PGA Championship in 1950. Scioto is also noteworthy as the club where Jack Nicklaus learned to play as a youth in the 1950s.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
Prior to the match, there was some controversy about the qualification rules for the Great Britain team. In 1927 and 1929 the American PGA had decided to only select American born and resident players but the original Ryder Cup Deed of Trust made no such provision. All members of the Professional Golfers\' Association were eligible. In late 1929 the Deed of Trust was revised requiring players to be born in and resident in their respective countries. This rule disqualified Percy Alliss and Aubrey Boomer, two of Great Britain\'s best players, as they had both taken jobs as club professionals in mainland Europe.
-------------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Walter Hagen -- captain
Billy Burke
Wiffy Cox
Leo Diegel
Al Espinosa
Johnny Farrell
Gene Sarazen
Denny Shute
Horton Smith
Craig Wood
-------------------------
In early 1931, it was announced that a selection committee of five would choose the Great Britain team for the 1931 Ryder Cup. This committee consisted of George Oke, Charles Whitcombe, Charles Corlett, Dick Wheildon and Albert Haskins. Charles Whitcombe was announced as the captain. An initial squad of 24 was announced.
Henry Cotton objected to a team rule requiring all players to travel out together and return together. Cotton wished to remain in the United States after the match. As a consequence Cotton was withdrawn from the squad.
Four trial matches were played in which the new American sized ball was used, and in early May a further six players were selected: Compston, Davies, Jolly, Mitchell, Robson and Ernest Whitcombe. Duncan and Easterbrook were later added. During the final day of The Open Championship, Cotton was again asked whether he would play under the original conditions but again declined and the following day Hodson was announced as the final selection. In a further statement the same day it was announced that Herbert Jolly had withdrawn because of a lack of form and had been replaced by Havers. Jolly had scored 84 and 78 in the Open Championship qualifying the previous week.
The British team sailed on June 10 following a farewell dinner the previous evening.
------------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Charles Whitcombe -- captain
Archie Compston
Bill Davies
George Duncan
Syd Easterbrook
Arthur Havers
Bert Hodson
Abe Mitchell
Fred Robson
Ernest Whitcombe
------------------------------
## Friday\'s foursome matches {#fridays_foursome_matches}
Results
-------------------------- --------- ---------------------
Compston/Davies 8 & 7 **Sarazen/Farrell**
Duncan/Havers 10 & 9 **Hagen/Shute**
**Mitchell/Robson** 3 & 1 Diegel/Espinosa
Easterbrook/E. Whitcombe 3 & 2 **Burke/Cox**
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
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# 1931 Ryder Cup
## Saturday\'s singles matches {#saturdays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------- --------- ------------------
Archie Compston 7 & 6 **Billy Burke**
Fred Robson 7 & 6 **Gene Sarazen**
**Bill Davies** 4 & 3 Johnny Farrell
Abe Mitchell 3 & 1 **Wiffy Cox**
Charles Whitcombe 4 & 3 **Walter Hagen**
Bert Hodson 8 & 6 **Denny Shute**
Ernest Whitcombe 2 & 1 **Al Espinosa**
**Arthur Havers** 4 & 3 Craig Wood
2 Session 6
3 Overall 9
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
---------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Billy Burke 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Wiffy Cox 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Leo Diegel 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Al Espinosa 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Johnny Farrell 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Walter Hagen 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Gene Sarazen 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Denny Shute 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Craig Wood 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Horton Smith did not play in any matches
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# 1766 in Ireland
The year **1766 in Ireland** is characterised by certain events, arts and literature occurrences, births and deaths.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 12 March -- the Blunden Baronetcy, of Castle Blunden, in the County of Kilkenny is created in the Baronetage of Ireland for John Blunden, a member of the Irish House of Commons.
- 15 March -- Nicholas Sheehy, the Roman Catholic priest of Clogheen, County Tipperary, and an open opponent of the Penal Laws against Catholics, having been tried on dubious evidence as an accessory to murder, is hanged, drawn and quartered at Clonmel.
- 1 July -- establishment of the first Volunteers of Ireland corps.
- 3 November -- the Parnell Baronetcy, of Rathleague, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland for John Parnell, High Sheriff of Queen\'s County.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Oliver Goldsmith\'s novel *The Vicar of Wakefield* is first published.
## Births
- 23 January -- William Cusac Smith, Baronet, judge (died 1836)
- 26 December -- Henry Conyngham, 1st Marquess Conyngham, politician (died 1832).
- Standish O\'Grady, 1st Viscount Guillamore, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland (died 1840).
- William Orr, member of the Society of United Irishmen (executed 1797).
- John Templeton, naturalist and botanist (died 1825).
- Possible date -- Peter Finnerty, publisher and member of the Society of United Irishmen (died 1822).
## Deaths
- 15 March -- Nicholas Sheehy, Roman Catholic priest (born 1728).
- 26 September -- Frances Sheridan, novelist and playwright (born 1724)
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# Gary Stein
**Gary Stein** is a sportscaster currently living in Baltimore, Maryland. He broadcasts for CBS Radio and Terrapin Sports Radio in Baltimore. He hosts the weekly Gary Stein Show, every Saturday on 105.7 the Fan. In addition, he hosts the Maryland Terrapins\' Toyota Tailgate pre- and post-game show on ESPN Radio 1300 and Sports Radio 105.7 the Fan. During Ravens home games he serves as the press box public address announcer. Stein also does play-by-play for Baltimore Blast soccer on television, the radio, and webcasts. He has worked Blast games worldwide on Fox Soccer Channel, as well as locally on Maryland Public Television and WMAR TV. Stein serves as the play-by-play broadcaster for UMBC Retrievers basketball and lacrosse on the Retrievers Radio Network. Stein has worked as the sports anchor for *The Ed Norris Show*, which airs on 105.7 The Fan in Baltimore. While working on *The Kirk and Mark Show* (prior to *The Ed Norris Show*) Stein was given the nickname \"The Hairy Back of Sports\". Additionally, Stein also works for the NFL as the press box PA announcer at the Super Bowl. He has worked all Super Bowls from Super Bowl XXXIX through the most recent game, Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stein was born in Miami Beach, Florida, and earned a degree in Mass Communications from Towson University. He currently resides in Baltimore with his family
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# 1832 in Ireland
Events from the year **1832 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 23 May -- following disorder at Castlepollard Fair in County Westmeath, at least seven men and two women are shot dead by the constabulary.
- 7 August -- the Representation of the People (Ireland) Act, 1832, commonly called the Irish Reform Act 1832, introduces wide-ranging changes to the laws for elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, particularly in the Boroughs.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- January -- Theatre Royal, Wexford opened.
## Births
- 6 May -- Margaret Anna Cusack, nun, writer and founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace (died 1899 in England).
- 10 May -- William Russell Grace, businessman and first Roman Catholic mayor of New York (died 1904 in the United States).
- September -- John Byrne, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1854 at the Battle of Inkerman, Crimea (died 1879 in Wales).
- 30 September -- Charlotte Riddell, née Cowan, novelist and editor (died 1906 in England).
- 11 November -- Martin Murphy, civil engineer (died 1926 in Canada).
- 14 November -- Stopford Brooke, Anglican clergyman and writer (died 1916 in England).
### Full date unknown {#full_date_unknown}
- Patrick Carlin, Victoria Cross soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1858 in India (died 1895).
- Thomas McCarthy, businessman and politician in Quebec (died 1870 in Canada).
- Standish Hayes O\'Grady, antiquarian (died 1915 in England).
- Joseph Ward, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1858 at Gwalior, India (died 1872).
## Deaths
- 20 January -- Alexander Nimmo, Scottish civil engineer and geologist active in early 19th-century Ireland
- 8 April -- Andrew Blayney, 11th Baron Blayney, soldier, politician and peer (born 1770).
- 18 September -- Henry Boyd, literary translator.
- 28 December -- Henry Conyngham, 1st Marquess Conyngham, politician (born 1766)
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# Battle of Arques
The **Battle of Arques** occurred on 15--29 September 1589 between the French royal forces of King Henry IV of France and troops of the Catholic League commanded by Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, during the eighth and final war (1585--1598) of the French Wars of Religion. It was a victory for Henry IV.
## Background
At the death of Henry III of France, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre became by birthright the successor to the French throne (as Henry IV). Although he quickly declared his intention to \"maintain and preserve the Catholic, apostolic and roman religion\" of the country (*\"maintenir et conserver la religion catholique, apostolique et romaine\"*), the major French cities sided with the Catholic League and its leader, the Duke of Mayenne (younger brother to the deceased Henry I, Duke of Guise).
At that time, the royal army was in a shambles and Henry IV could only count on barely 20,000 men to conquer a rebellious country. In order to accomplish this task, he divided his troops into three commands: Henri I d\'Orléans, Duke of Longueville (1568--1595) for Picardy, Jean VI d\'Aumont for Champagne, and Henry IV for Normandy (where he awaited reinforcements from Elizabeth I of England). On 6 August 1589, Henry set up camp with 8,000 men at the port of Dieppe.
The Duke of Mayenne sought to take back this key strategic port from Henry\'s forces and to drive him from Normandy. He drew together 35,000 troops, plus Cambrésis militias, Lorraine troops led by the Marquis de Pont-à-Mousson and a contingent of Spanish troops to attack the city.
Knowing that an attack against an army of this size would be pointless, and that staying in the city of Dieppe would be suicidal, Henry (after consulting with the Duke of Longueville and the Duke d\'Aumont) decided to go to the city of Arques (today called \"Arques-la-Bataille\") and to construct important military defenses (raising of areas, rebuilding fortifications).
## Battle
Between 15 and 29 September 1589, the troops of the Catholic League launched several attacks on Arques and the surrounding areas, but the Duke of Mayenne\'s forces were countered by royal artillery. The attacks were extremely deadly for both sides, and soon Henry IV\'s side found itself undermanned.
Henry\'s rescue came from the sea on 23 September: 4,000 English soldiers under Roger Williams sent by Queen Elizabeth had left England in several waves over three days. Seeing these reinforcements, the Duke of Mayenne decided to retreat, leaving Henry IV victorious.
After the battle of Arques, Henri IV snatched a short rest in a neighbouring chateau, and before riding away he scratched with his diamond the following aspiration on one of the windows: \" Dieu gard de mal ma mie. Ce 22 de Septembre 1589
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# 1943–44 in Swedish football
The **1943--44 season in Swedish football**, starting August 1943 and ending July 1944:
## Honours
### Official titles {#official_titles}
Title Team Reason
---------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
Swedish Champions 1943--44 Malmö FF Winners of Allsvenskan
Swedish Cup Champions 1943 IFK Norrköping Winners of Svenska Cupen
### Competitions
Level Competition Team
----------------------- ------------------------------- -----------------
1st level Allsvenskan 1943--44 Malmö FF
2nd level Division 2 Norra 1943--44 Ludvika FfI
Division 2 Östra 1943--44 IFK Eskilstuna
Division 2 Västra 1943--44 Billingsfors IK
Division 2 Södra 1943--44 Landskrona BoIS
Regional Championship Norrländska Mästerskapet 1944 Bodens BK
Cup Svenska Cupen 1943 IFK Norrköping
## Promotions, relegations and qualifications {#promotions_relegations_and_qualifications}
### Promotions
Promoted from Promoted to Team Reason
--------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------
Division 2 Norra 1943--44 Allsvenskan 1944--45 Ludvika FfI Winners of promotion play-off
Division 2 Södra 1943--44 Landskrona BoIS Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1943--44 Division 2 Norra 1944--45 Avesta AIK Winners of promotion play-off
Surahammars IF Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1943--44 Division 2 Östra 1944--45 Sundbybergs IK Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1943--44 Division 2 Västra 1944--45 Karlstads BIK Winners of promotion play-off
IFK Tidaholm Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1943--44 Division 2 Södra 1944--45 Alets IK Winners of promotion play-off
Blomstermåla IK Winners of promotion play-off
Husqvarna IF Winners of promotion play-off
### League transfers {#league_transfers}
Transferred from Transferred to Team Reason
--------------------------- --------------------------- ------------- --------------------------
Division 2 Norra 1943--44 Division 2 Östra 1944--45 Hammarby IF Geographical composition
### Relegations
Relegated from Relegated to Team Reason
---------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------ -----------
Allsvenskan 1943--44 Division 2 Norra 1944--45 IK Brage 11th team
Sandvikens IF 12th team
Division 2 Norra 1943--44 Division 3 1944--45 Hagalunds IS 9th team
Örtakoloniens IF 10th team
Division 2 Östra 1943--44 Division 3 1944--45 Finspångs AIK 9th team
Västerås SK 10th team
Division 2 Västra 1943--44 Division 3 1944--45 Munkedals IF 9th team
Krokslätts FF 10th team
Division 2 Södra 1943--44 Division 3 1944--45 Olofströms IF 9th team
BK Landora 10th team
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# 1943–44 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Allsvenskan 1943--44 {#allsvenskan_194344}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Malmö FF 22 17 3 2 54 -- 22 +32 37
2 IF Elfsborg 22 15 2 5 63 -- 29 +34 32
3 AIK 22 16 0 6 54 -- 25 +29 32
4 IFK Norrköping 22 13 4 5 53 -- 31 +22 30
5 IFK Göteborg 22 12 3 7 69 -- 42 +27 27
6 Degerfors IF 22 9 7 6 42 -- 31 +11 25
7 IS Halmia 22 10 1 11 47 -- 56 -9 21
8 GAIS 22 5 5 12 20 -- 48 -28 15
9 Halmstads BK 22 6 2 14 32 -- 53 -21 14
10 Helsingborgs IF 22 1 11 10 26 -- 50 -24 13
11 IK Brage 22 4 3 15 22 -- 59 -37 11
12 Sandvikens IF 22 1 5 16 23 -- 59 -36 7
### Allsvenskan promotion play-off 1943--44 {#allsvenskan_promotion_play_off_194344}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Division 2 Norra 1943--44 {#division_2_norra_194344}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ------------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Ludvika FfI 18 12 3 3 46 -- 27 +19 27
2 Hammarby IF 18 11 3 4 49 -- 19 +30 25
3 Djurgårdens IF 18 10 3 5 50 -- 23 +27 23
4 Reymersholms IK 18 9 3 6 40 -- 20 +20 21
5 Ljusne AIK 18 9 1 8 50 -- 38 +12 19
6 Sandvikens AIK 18 8 3 7 37 -- 42 -5 19
7 Gefle IF 18 7 3 8 44 -- 49 -5 17
8 Hallstahammars SK 18 5 5 8 25 -- 36 -11 15
9 Hagalunds IS 18 3 6 9 27 -- 52 -25 12
10 Örtakoloniens IF 18 0 2 16 17 -- 79 -62 2
### Division 2 Östra 1943--44 {#division_2_östra_194344}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ---------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 IFK Eskilstuna 18 12 2 4 44 -- 24 +20 26
2 IK Sleipner 18 10 3 5 43 -- 23 +20 23
3 Karlskoga IF 18 10 3 5 48 -- 33 +15 23
4 IFK Västerås 18 10 1 7 46 -- 34 +12 21
5 Örebro SK 18 9 2 7 39 -- 27 +12 20
6 Åtvidabergs FF 18 9 2 7 50 -- 45 +5 20
7 IF Verdandi 18 8 1 9 38 -- 36 +2 17
8 Nyköpings AIK 18 4 4 10 25 -- 43 -18 12
9 Finspångs AIK 18 4 3 11 27 -- 48 -21 11
10 Västerås SK 18 3 1 14 19 -- 66 -47 7
### Division 2 Västra 1943--44 {#division_2_västra_194344}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Billingsfors IK 18 11 3 4 52 -- 29 +23 25
2 Örgryte IS 18 10 3 5 39 -- 31 +8 23
3 Tidaholms GIF 18 8 4 6 43 -- 34 +9 20
4 IFK Uddevalla 18 9 1 8 52 -- 40 +8 19
5 Gårda BK 18 8 3 7 44 -- 36 +8 19
6 IFK Trollhättan 18 6 7 5 34 -- 39 -5 19
7 Lundby IF 18 5 7 6 31 -- 32 -2 17
8 Skogens IF 18 6 4 8 32 -- 38 -6 16
9 Munkedals IF 18 5 2 11 33 -- 56 -23 12
10 Krokslätts FF 18 3 4 11 31 -- 56 -25 10
### Division 2 Södra 1943--44 {#division_2_södra_194344}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- --------------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Landskrona BoIS 18 14 1 3 71 -- 17 +54 29
2 Jönköpings Södra IF 18 13 1 4 73 -- 33 +40 27
3 Limhamns IF 18 8 5 5 35 -- 32 +3 21
4 Nybro IF 18 9 1 8 44 -- 37 +7 19
5 Höganäs BK 18 7 3 8 26 -- 36 -10 17
6 Bromölla IF 18 6 4 8 29 -- 43 -14 16
7 IFK Malmö 18 6 2 10 47 -- 46 +1 14
8 Kalmar FF 18 7 0 11 30 -- 44 -14 14
9 Olofströms IF 18 4 4 10 26 -- 61 -35 12
10 BK Landora 18 5 1 12 24 -- 56 -32 11
### Division 2 promotion play-off 1943--44 {#division_2_promotion_play_off_194344}
1st round
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2nd round
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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| 1 |
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# 1943–44 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Norrländska Mästerskapet 1944 {#norrländska_mästerskapet_1944}
Final
### Svenska Cupen 1943 {#svenska_cupen_1943}
Final
## National team results {#national_team_results}
Sweden: `{{small|[[Sven Bergqvist|Sven Bergquist]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Börje Leander]] - [[Olle Åhlund]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Arne Nyberg]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Ove Nilsson]] - [[Nils Eriksson]], [[Erik Nilsson]] - [[Kjell Rosén]], [[Sture Mårtensson]], [[Sture Andersson-Dahlöf]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Evert Grahn]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Knut Johansson (IF Elfsborg)|Knut Johansson]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Gustav Sjöberg]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Rickard Ödéhn]] (30' [[Oskar Holmqvist]]) - [[Sture Andersson-Dahlöf]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Arne Nyberg]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
| 117 |
1943–44 in Swedish football
| 2 |
10,077,524 |
# 1943–44 in Swedish football
## National team players in season 1943/44 {#national_team_players_in_season_194344}
name pos
| 15 |
1943–44 in Swedish football
| 3 |
10,077,527 |
# Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004
\| territorial_extent = Scotland \| royal_assent = 7 May 2004 \| commencement = Various dates from 7 May 2004 \| repeal_date = --- \| amendments = --- \| related_legislation = --- \| repealing_legislation = --- \| status = Amended \| original_text = <http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2004/asp_20040004_en_1.htm> \| use_new_UK-LEG = yes \| legislation_history = <http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/bills/11-educationAdditional/index.htm> }} The **Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004** is an Act of the Scottish Parliament that received Royal Assent in 2004. It seeks to redefine the law relating to the provision of special education to children with additional needs by establishing a framework for the policies of inclusion and generally practising the \"presumption of mainstreaming\" in Scottish education. The Act is an attempt to broaden the narrow definition of Special Educational Needs (SEN) which has typically been used to define children with special needs.
## Special Educational Needs (SEN) {#special_educational_needs_sen}
Under the SEN model, certain children were classified as having special needs, and a formal \"Record of Needs\" (RoN) was opened and maintained. The opening of an RoN placed a legal obligation on the local authority to meet the needs of the child or young person as defined in the record. Additional support, staffing, resources and places at special schools were largely dependent on the needs and targets set out in the student\'s RoN.
## Principles
The new Act defines a system of Additional Support Needs (ASN). The Act states that, at some point in their education, all children may require some form of additional support. The Act says: \"A child may require additional support for a variety of reasons. These may include those who are being bullied, are particularly gifted, have experienced a bereavement, or are not attending school regularly, as well as those who have behavioural or learning difficulties, mental health problems, or specific disabilities such as deafness or blindness.\"
## Implementation
The Act places a duty on education authorities to establish procedures for identifying and meeting the additional support needs of children and young people. The identified needs must be kept under review and it will be the responsibility of all agencies to help education authorities meet their duties. The act defines such agencies as \"including the local authority's social work services, any health board, any other local authority or other agency specified by Scottish Ministers, such as Careers Scotland or further education colleges.\"
The new structure is intended to make accessing support easier for parents and carers. Where parents believe that their child has additional support needs they are able to request assessments which they believe are necessary; education authorities also have this ability. In situations where there is disagreement, education authorities will be under a duty to provide mediation services and they will be required to have arrangements in place for resolving disputes.
The Act is intended to provide support for children with long or short term barriers to learning, including children with severe and complex needs. Where more than one support service is involved in the provision of support for a child, a Co-ordinated Support Plan (CSP) will be drawn up by the relevant agencies, (e.g., school and grief counsellor)
| 528 |
Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004
| 0 |
10,077,529 |
# 1818 in Ireland
Events from the year **1818 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 6 January -- opening of General Post Office (Dublin).
- 22 April--26 May -- Select Committee of the House of Commons inquires into fever in Ireland. Typhus epidemic continues.
- Mid-May -- Paddle steamer *Thames* makes the first steamboat passage from the Clyde to Dublin.
- 30 May -- Fever Hospitals Act.
- 13--14 June -- *Rob Roy* makes the first steamboat passage from the Clyde to Belfast.
- Restoration of Down Cathedral completed.
- The Irish Society for Promoting the Education of the Native Irish through the Medium of Their Own Language is founded in Dublin by members of the Church of Ireland, the main movers being Henry Joseph Monck Mason and Bishop Robert Daly.
- Highwayman and rapparee Captain Gallagher surrenders to the authorities, is tried at Foxford and executed at Castlebar.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Rev. Patrick Brontë\'s anonymous \"modern tale\" *The Maid of Killarney* is published in London.
- Sydney Owenson publishes her *Florence Macarthy: an Irish tale*.
- William Blacker writes the song \"The Crimson Banner\", commemorating the 1689 siege of Derry.
## Births
- 28 January -- Robert Carew, 2nd Baron Carew, politician (died 1881).
- 4 March -- Tobias Mullen, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Erie (died 1900).
- 4 April -- Thomas Mayne Reid, novelist (died 1883).
- 25 April -- Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, actor (lost at sea 1866).
- April -- Cecil Frances Humphreys Alexander, hymn-writer and poet (died 1895).
- 24 May -- J. H. Foley, sculptor (died 1874).
- 19 June -- Hugh Law, lawyer and politician (died 1883).
- 21 June -- Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet, art collector and MP (died 1890).
- 20 August -- John Ball, politician, naturalist and Alpine traveller (died 1889).
- 11 October -- Martin Crane, first suffragan bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandhurst in Australia (died 1901).
- 12 October -- John Cuffe, 3rd Earl of Desart, Conservative politician (died 1865).
- 28 November -- John Lane, Ontario politician (died after 1879).
- December -- Thomas Roberts Ferguson, Ontario businessman and politician (died 1879).
Full date unknown
:\* Alexander Armstrong, naval surgeon, explorer and author (died 1899).
:\* Catherine Hayes, opera diva (died 1861).
:\*Samuel Kelly, coal merchant (died 1877).
:\* Thomas Kerr Lynch, explorer (died 1891).
:\* Andrew George Malcolm, physician (died 1856).
## Deaths
- 27 January -- John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn, politician (born 1756).
- 29 January -- Sackville Hamilton, politician (born 1732).
- 31 January -- Richard O\'Reilly, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland (born 1746).
- 4 August -- Tom Molineaux, bare-knuckle heavyweight boxer (born 1784 in the United States).
- 11 August -- Sir Vere Hunt, politician (born 1761).
- October -- Joseph Atkinson, dramatist (born 1743).
- 26 October -- William Elliot, politician (born 1766).
- 23 December -- Sir Philip Francis, politician and pamphleteer (born 1740).
Full date unknown
:\* Riocard Bairéad, poet and United Irishman (possible date) (born c.1740).
:\* Timothy Murphy, sniper in American Revolutionary War (born 1751)
| 523 |
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| 0 |
10,077,531 |
# 1929 Ryder Cup
The **2nd Ryder Cup Matches** were held at the Moortown Golf Club in Leeds, England. It was very cold, with hail and at one point heavy snow on the greens. About two thousand spectators saw America gain a narrow lead after the foursome matches before the Great Britain team won singles on the final day and thus the competition by a score of 7--5 points. George Duncan of Scotland became the first of only three British captains to lift the Ryder Cup which was given to him by Samuel Ryder who was in attendance after missing the 1927 matches.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source:
In late 1928, it was announced that a selection committee of five professional golfers would choose the Great Britain team for the 1929 Ryder Cup. This committee consisted of James Braid, Sandy Herd and J.H. Taylor together with James Batley and Bob McKenzie. In January 1929, the team of 10 (as below) were selected with Duncan as captain.
--------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
George Duncan -- captain
Percy Alliss
Aubrey Boomer
Stewart Burns
Archie Compston
Henry Cotton
Abe Mitchell
Fred Robson
Charles Whitcombe
Ernest Whitcombe
--------------------------
The American team sailed on the Mauretania and arrived in Plymouth on 16 April and travelled to London the same day.
-------------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Walter Hagen -- captain
Leo Diegel
Ed Dudley
Al Espinosa
Johnny Farrell
Johnny Golden
Gene Sarazen
Horton Smith
Joe Turnesa
Al Watrous
-------------------------
Diegel celebrated his 30th birthday on the second day of the match.`{{fact|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
It was originally planned that, as in 1927, only eight players should be used by each team. However, Hagen wished to use all 10 of his players. This was agreed to, although Duncan announced that he would only select eight as originally intended. Alliss and Burns were left out.`{{fact|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
The Americans stayed in Europe to play in a number of tournaments and exhibition matches. The 1929 Open Championship played from 8 to 10 May was dominated by Americans. Hagen won with Farrell second and Diegel third. Two more of the American Ryder Cup team were in the top 10 which also included three more golfers then resident in the United States but born in the UK. The whole team played in the Yorkshire Evening News One Thousand Guineas Tournament at Moortown from 14 to 18 May which was won by Joe Turnesa. Horton Smith then won the French PGA Championship at St. Cloud on his 21st birthday. Smith had a 12 shot lead after the first day and although a third round 61 by Aubrey Boomer reduced his lead to five, Smith won the tournament by five strokes. Smith, Farrell and Hagen finished second, third and fourth in the German Open, a tournament won by Percy Alliss. It was not until 2 June that Hagen, Farrell, Turnesa, Dudley and Smith sailed from Southampton to return to New York.
| 548 |
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| 0 |
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# 1929 Ryder Cup
## Friday\'s foursome matches {#fridays_foursome_matches}
An unusual feature of the Moortown course was that all the five short holes were even numbered holes. This meant that the same player had the tee shot at those holes. In the Diegel/Espinosa pairing Diegel had the tee shots at the short holes and with some excellent irons shots and good putting from Espinosa they had three twos at these holes. At lunch they were round in 66, despite a 6 at the second hole, and were 7 holes up. The remaining match were all close with the American having small leads in two matches and the other match level.
The Charles Whitcombe/Compston v Farrell/Turnesa match was always close and when the British pair levelled the match at the 15th hole of the second round, it was the fifth time they had got back to all square. The British pair then won the 16th with the 17th hole halved. At the last Whitcombe drove into a gorse bush which meant that Compston had to take a penalty shot. The American pair were also in trouble and their second shot finished near a fence with a refreshment tent between the ball and the green. Farrell having just enough room for his back-swing, played over the tent and finished 7 feet from the hole. the British pair could do no better than 6 and so the Americans won the hole to halve the match. In the final match, Golden and Hagen were 4 up early in the second round but Ernest Whitcombe and Cotton levelled the match. The Americans then won the last two holes to take the match.
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
C. Whitcombe/Compston halved Farrell/Turnesa
Boomer/Duncan 7 & 5 **Diegel/Espinosa**
**Mitchell/Robson** 2 & 1 Sarazen/Dudley
E. Whitcombe/Cotton 2 up **Golden/Hagen**
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
18 hole scores: Farrell/Turnesa: 1 up, Diegel/Espinosa: 7 up, Mitchell/Robson v Sarazen/Dudley: all square, Golden/Hagen: 2 up.
| 323 |
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| 1 |
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# 1929 Ryder Cup
## Saturday\'s singles matches {#saturdays_singles_matches}
At lunch three of the eight matches were almost decided with Charles Whitcombe and Duncan having commanding leads for the British team and Diegel in a similar situation for the Americans. Boomer won the last four holes in the morning to go from 2 down to 2 up. Cotton was one down playing the last hole of the morning. His second shot ended up on a path between the gorse bushes but he chipped in for a three to halve the match. Compston won the first three holes in the afternoon to go 4 up but then lost three to go back to 1 up before winning comfortably 6 & 4. With Boomer winning his match, the British team needed either Cotton or Ernest Whitcombe to get a point for Britain to win the Ryder Cup. Cotton won his match at the 15th to give Great Britain the victory and with Ernest Whitcombe going dormie at the 16th a sixth point of the day seemed likely. However Espinosa won the last two holes to halve the match.
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Charles Whitcombe** 8 & 6 Johnny Farrell
**George Duncan** 10 & 8 Walter Hagen
Abe Mitchell 9 & 8 **Leo Diegel**
**Archie Compston** 6 & 4 Gene Sarazen
**Aubrey Boomer** 4 & 3 Joe Turnesa
Fred Robson 4 & 2 **Horton Smith**
**Henry Cotton** 4 & 3 Al Watrous
Ernest Whitcombe halved Al Espinosa
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
7 Overall 5
18 hole scores: Charles Whitcombe: 6 up, Duncan: 5 up, Diegel: 5 up, Compston: 1 up, Boomer: 2 up, Robson v Smith: all square, Cotton v Watrous: all square, Ernest Whitcombe v Espinosa: all square.
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Aubrey Boomer 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Archie Compston 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Henry Cotton 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
George Duncan 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Abe Mitchell 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Fred Robson 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Charles Whitcombe 1.5 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--0--1
Ernest Whitcombe 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0
Percy Alliss and Stewart Burns did not play in any matches.
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
---------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Leo Diegel 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Ed Dudley 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Al Espinosa 1.5 1--0--1 0--0--1 1--0--0
Johnny Farrell 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1
Johnny Golden 1 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Walter Hagen 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Gene Sarazen 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Horton Smith 1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Joe Turnesa 0
| 439 |
1929 Ryder Cup
| 2 |
10,077,561 |
# Rehearsing a Dream
***Rehearsing a Dream*** is a short documentary directed and produced by four time Oscar nominees Karen Goodman and Kirk Simon. Cinematography by Buddy Squires and Steve McCarthy, edited by Nancy Baker and a Production of Simon & Goodman Picture Company. The film premiered on HBO in August 2007 and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
The film follows a group of gifted 17-year-old performing and visual artists at the YoungArts program of the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts in Miami. The young artists as spend a week learning from mentors like Mikhail Baryshnikov, Vanessa L. Williams, Jacques d\'Amboise and Michael Tilson Thomas. The NFAA has for the past 27 years been helping the country\'s best high-school senior art students with their annual YoungArts Week in Miami and by scholarships. Over 7500 students apply for about 150 spots in all arts disciplines
| 151 |
Rehearsing a Dream
| 0 |
10,077,579 |
# Jeff Vespa
**Jeff Vespa** (born 1970) is an American photographer, known as a co-founder of WireImage and the editor-at-large of LIFE.com.
## Photography career {#photography_career}
Vespa is most widely known for being one of nine co-founders of the photo agency website WireImage.com and its parent company MediaVast. He was also the original designer of WireImage\'s grid layout design. This design has now been adopted as the photo industry standard. In February 2007, MediaVast announced that it would sell to Getty Images for \$207 million in an all-cash deal.
Starting in 2003, Vespa has been the official photographer of the Sundance Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival since 2006. In 2004, he joined forces with Paris Hilton to create a *New York Times* bestselling book, *Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose*, which was followed the next year with *Your Heiress Diary: Confess it All to Me*.
Vespa was the editor-at-large of the LIFE.com from March 2009 to February 2012.
On October 2, 2012, Vespa launched Verge, a web magazine dedicated to discovering new talent.
Vespa\'s first coffee table book, *The Art of Discovery*, (Rizzoli) was released in October 2014. It is a book of 100 portraits of celebrities along with quotes about an important moment of discovery in their lives.
## Film career {#film_career}
Vespa attended the American Film Institute Graduate Program for Producing in 1993. He produced the Lifetime Television movie *Rituals* in 1998, which starred Isaiah Washington and Regina King. More recently he produced, wrote and directed the 10-minute short film \"Nosebleed\", starring David Arquette, which could be seen on IFC and Channel 3 in France. The film had its premiere at the South By Southwest Film Festival (SXSW) in March 2008 and then screened at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival as a part of the Semaine de la Critique section. In 2018 Vespa directed his first feature, Paris Song, starring Abbie Cornish and Sanjar Madi.
## Filmography
- Paris Song (2018) Director
- Madame Psychosis Holds A Seance, directed by Rosson Crow (2015) Producer
- Face In The Crowd, directed by Alex Prager (2013) Producer
- Sellebrity, directed by Kevin Mazur (2012) Producer
- La Petite Mort, directed by Alex Prager (2012) Producer
- Despair, directed by Alex Prager (2010) Producer
- Children of the Spider (2010) Producer, Writer and Director
- Nosebleed (2008) Producer, Writer and Director
- Rituals (1998) Producer
- Tendrils (1996) Producer
## Exhibits
- wünderarts Amherst, MA, 2008 - American Dream, Two Person Show
- Flinn Gallery Greenwich, CT, 2008 - Food\..
| 426 |
Jeff Vespa
| 0 |
10,077,593 |
# Marcia White
**Marcia White** is an American executive. White served as president and executive director of the Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC), a music venue located on the grounds of Saratoga Spa State Park in Saratoga Springs, New York, from 2005 to 2016. In 2020, she was hired as interim president, and then appointed permanent president in 2021, of the College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York, until the college closed in 2024.
## Education
White received a bachelor\'s degree from the College of Saint Rose.
## Career
White was an aide to longtime New York State Senator Joe Bruno for nearly two decades. White worked on health care issues and served as Bruno\'s press secretary. White also helped initiate Generating Employment, a New York science program.
White is the president of Marcia White Consulting LLC.
### Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC) {#saratoga_performing_arts_center_spac}
White became the executive director of SPAC in 2005. In 2006, she secured \$2.1 million in New York State funds to rehabilitate the venue. Her twin goals were to raise money and to increase SPAC\'s profile as a cultural and concert venue. She continued the New York City Ballet summer residency at SPAC, which had experienced declining attendance through 2005. White also created a new logo and web presence for SPAC. In 2008, White focused on promoting the Philadelphia Orchestra summer residency at SPAC, introducing performers such as pianist Yuja Wang.
During her tenure as executive director, White served on a transition team for New York Governor Eliot Spitzer.
White retired from SPAC in 2016. According to the Albany *Times Union*, under White\'s leadership, \"the nonprofit emerged from a decade and half of red ink to finish each year in the black\".
### The College of Saint Rose {#the_college_of_saint_rose}
In 2020, White was named interim president of her *alma mater*, the College of Saint Rose. She was then appointed permanently to that position in 2021. White had previously served on the college\'s board of trustees for 18 years. The college had previously honored White with a Community of Excellence award in 2016 for her contributions to the college and to the Capital District.
In November 2023, the media announced that the College of Saint Rose would be closing at the end of the 2023-24 academic year. She attempted to find a merger partner for the college, but ultimately those negotiations fell through
| 397 |
Marcia White
| 0 |
10,077,599 |
# 1776 in Ireland
Events from the year **1776 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 3 February -- proclamation imposing an embargo on export of provisions from Ireland to secure supplies for the British Army fighting in the American Revolutionary War.
- 4 April -- act of the Parliament of Ireland to prevent \"tumultuous risings\", directed against the Whiteboys.
- 4 July -- United States Declaration of Independence signed in Philadelphia. Eight of the signatories are Irish American, three (Matthew Thornton, George Taylor and James Smith) having been born in Ireland. This night, Strabane-born John Dunlap prints copies at his shop in the city.
## Births
- 3 July -- Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton, politician. (died 1842).
- 1 August -- Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, MP, Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada and Governor General of British North America (died 1849).
- 11 September -- Thomas Arbuthnot, British military officer (died 1849).
- 1 October -- Augustus Warren Baldwin, naval officer and political figure in Upper Canada (died 1866).
## Deaths
- 25 September -- Thomas Burke, Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossory (born c.1709)
| 190 |
1776 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,077,606 |
# Frank Huelsman
**Frank Elmer Huelsman** (June 5, 1874 -- June 9, 1959) was an American professional baseball left fielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Browns (NL), Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns (AL), and Washington Senators.
A true baseball nomad, Huelsman started his major league career late in `{{mlby|1897}}`{=mediawiki} with St. Louis Browns of the National League, hitting for a .286 average (2-for-7) in two games. Out of the majors for six full seasons, he later achieved the rare distinction of being the first player in major league history to play for four different teams in a season.
Huelsman reached the American League in `{{mlby|1904}}`{=mediawiki}, appearing in three games with the Chicago White Sox before moving to the Detroit Tigers, the White Sox again, the new St. Louis Browns, and the Washington Senators. He hit .245 (97-for-396) in 112 games that season, including two home runs and 35 RBI.
In January `{{mlby|1905}}`{=mediawiki}, the Boston Americans obtained outfielder George Stone from the Senators. Then, the Browns reclaimed Huelsman from Washington, where he had been on loan, and sent him along with outfielder Jesse Burkett to Boston in exchange for Stone. Boston then sent Huelsman back to Washington in payment for Stone. For Huelsman, it was his eighth transaction in less than a year. Nevertheless, he enjoyed a good season with the Senators, hitting .271 with three home runs and 62 RBI in 121 games, including 48 runs, 28 doubles, eight triples, and 11 stolen bases -- all career-numbers, but he was sent down in 1906, and was never called back up.
In a three-season career, Huelsman was a .258 hitter with five home runs and 97 RBI in 235 games.
Following his Major League Baseball career, Huelsman became a minor league star, compiling a .342 career average over nearly 20 years, including five batting titles and six RBI titles. While playing for the Salt Lake City Skyscrapers in the Class D Union Association, Huelsman won two Triple Crowns between 1911 and 1913, narrowly missing a third Triple Crown in 1912 by .002 points in batting average.
Huelsman died in Affton, Missouri, just four days after his 85th birthday
| 366 |
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| 0 |
10,077,639 |
# 1849 in Ireland
Events from the year **1849 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 30--31 March -- Doolough Tragedy: At least 16 died when hundreds of the destitute and starving were forced to make a fatiguing journey on foot to receive outdoor relief in County Mayo.
- 21 April -- Great Famine: 96 inmates of the overcrowded Ballinrobe Union Workhouse died over the course of the preceding week from illness and other famine-related conditions, a record high. This year\'s potato crop again failed and there were renewed outbreaks of cholera.
- 12 July -- Dolly\'s Brae conflict: Up to 1,400 armed Orangemen marched from Rathfriland to Tollymore Park near Castlewellan, County Down. When 1,000 armed Ribbonmen gathered, shots were fired, Catholic homes were burnt and about eighty Catholics killed.
- 16 July -- The Donaghadee to Portpatrick packet service was withdrawn.
- 2--12 August -- Queen Victoria visited Cork, Dublin, and Belfast, landing on 3 August at Cove, which was renamed Queenstown in her honour, and departing from Kingstown. She officially opened Queen\'s Bridge in Belfast.
- 18 October -- The Great Southern and Western Railway opened to Cork.
- Construction began on the 18-arch Craigmore Viaduct near Newry, on the Dublin-Belfast railway line (opened in 1852).
- George Boole was appointed as first professor of mathematics at Queen\'s College, Cork.
- William Thompson began publication (in London) of *The Natural History of Ireland*, with the first volume on birds.
## Births
- 31 January -- Robert James McMordie, solicitor, politician and Lord Mayor of Belfast (died 1914).
- 12 February -- John Edward Robinson, Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church (died 1922).
- 18 May -- John Clark, boxer (died 1922).
- 4 July -- John Stanislaus Joyce, businessman, civil servant, and father of the writer James Joyce (died 1931).
- 9 July -- Robert McCall, lawyer (died 1934).
- 1 August -- William Larminie, poet and folklorist (died 1900).
- 16 August -- James Buchanan, 1st Baron Woolavington, businessman and philanthropist (died 1935).
- 24 October -- Nugent Everard, soldier, Seanad member (died 1929).
- 19 November -- James Mason, chess player and writer (died 1905).
- 12 December -- Peter F. Collier, publisher (died 1909)
- Charles James O\'Donnell, colonial administrator and MP (died 1934).
## Deaths
- 21 January -- Anthony Manahan, businessman and politician in Upper Canada (born 1794).
- 26 January -- Thomas Arbuthnot, British military officer (born 1776).
- 7 March -- Maurice FitzGerald, 18th Knight of Kerry, Whig politician (born 1774).
- 27 March -- Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, MP, Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada and Governor General of British North America (born 1776).
- 22 May -- Maria Edgeworth, novelist (born 1767).
- 28 May -- Joseph Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt, socialist (born 1797).
- 20 June -- James Clarence Mangan, poet (born 1803) (cholera).
- September -- Daniel Robertson, architect and garden designer (born c. 1770 in British North America).
- 27 December -- James Fintan Lalor, revolutionary, journalist and writer (born 1807)
| 505 |
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| 0 |
10,077,670 |
# Cuckoo (album)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 171, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Album chart|UK2|23|date=19930919|access-date=15 May 2018|rowheader=true|refname="UK"}}
^
``
| 20 |
Cuckoo (album)
| 0 |
10,077,682 |
# Ayande-ye No
**Ayande-No** (Persian: آینده نو; *The New Future* in English) is an independent Persian-language newspaper published in Iran.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*Ayande-ye No* was established in August 2006. The paper has a reformist stance. In February 2007 the newspaper launched its online edition.
In reaction to the 2007 film *300*, an adaptation of Frank Miller\'s 1998 graphic novel, was widely criticized for its portrayal of Persian combatants at the Battle of Thermopylae
| 76 |
Ayande-ye No
| 0 |
10,077,685 |
# WMGI
**WMGI** (100.7 FM) is a radio station owned by Midwest Communications, Inc. in Terre Haute, Indiana. The studios are located at 925 Wabash Avenue in Terre Haute.
## History
On December 31, 1994, WMGI dropped soft adult contemporary for country music as \"Highway 101\", but listeners reacted negatively to what turned out to be a stunt. WMGI then switched to contemporary hit radio as \"100.7 Mix FM\", with Beau Richards as program director and morning co-host; the first song was \"What Is Love\" by Haddaway. Ratings doubled and WMGI was second to WTHI-FM. In fact, WMGI had over 70 percent of teenagers. Tom Watson consulted the change. WMGI was the first station to have Kato Kaelin as a guest, on April Fool\'s Day, at a time when he was still testifying in the O.J. Simpson trial
| 138 |
WMGI
| 0 |
10,077,701 |
# Ger Cushe
**Ger Cushe** (born 3 March 1967) is an Irish hurling coach and former player. At club level, he played with Naomh Éanna and at inter-county level was a member of the Wexford senior hurling team.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Cushe first played hurling to a high standard at club level with Naomh Éanna in Gorey. He captained the club to the Wexford IHC title in 1990 following a defeat of Shelmaliers in the final. Cushe claimed a second IHC medal in 2001 when Rathgarogue-Cushinstown were beaten by 1-14 to 3-07.
At inter-county level, Cushe first appeared for Wexford as a member of the minor team. He won a Leinster MHC medal before defeat by Cork in the 1985 All-Ireland minor final. Cushe later progressed to the under-21 team and won consecutive Leinster U21HC medals, as well as losing the 1985 All-Ireland under-21 final to Galway.
Cushe made his senior team debut in a National Hurling League game against Limerick in October 1990. He won a Leinster SHC medal in 1996, before playing at full-back when Wexford beat Limerick in the 1996 All-Ireland final. Cushe won a second consecutive Leinster SHC medal in 1997. He retired from inter-county hurling in 1999.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Cushe had just retired from playing when he joined Tony Dempsey\'s Wexford senior hurling management team as a selector. His two-year tenure in this role saw little in terms of success and he resigned from the role in July 2002. Cushe returned to the inter-county scene when he again became a selector with the Wexford senior team in September 2013
| 267 |
Ger Cushe
| 0 |
10,077,713 |
# Elsie Southgate
**Elsie Muriel Southgate** (23 January 1880 -- 5 May 1946) was a British violinist and composer who toured England as a classical musician, played in vaudeville in the United States and Canada, and recorded commercially accompanied by her sister, organist and composer Dorothy Southgate (1889 - 1946).
Southgate was born in London to Violet and Frank Sewell Southgate, a singing teacher. She married Charles Edward Pearse in 1904 and they had two daughters, Olga Odin-Pearse (1908) and actress Daphne Odin-Pearse (1909).
Southgate studied violin at the Royal Academy of Music with Émile Sauret. She made her debut as a violin soloist in 1901, performing at the Promenade Concerts in 1905 and throughout Europe in recitals. She played at Buckingham Palace and for the Shah of Iran and the King of Italy on her Guarneri violin.
Southgate stopped performing briefly after her marriage. When her husband died sometime before 1911, she resumed performing to support her two small daughters. In addition to playing classical violin music, she played in music halls and vaudeville theatres, touring the United States and Canada in 1926.
Southgate made several commercial recordings on Zonophone records, often accompanied by her sister Dorothy on organ
| 200 |
Elsie Southgate
| 0 |
10,077,714 |
# Highway beautification
**Highway beautification** is landscaping intended to enhance the attractiveness of roads, preserve scenic beauty, and control of the usage of the land near highways. This may include vegetation, irrigation, street furniture, decorative pavings, fences, and lighting. Benefits from highway beautification include reduction in driving stress, improved visual quality, and improved roadway safety, with cities citing decreases in total number of crashes after beautification projects. However, in some places, objects that may become hazards to erratic vehicles may be banned in projects, such as trees, large shrubs, boulders, dirt mounds, or concrete sections as improper landscaping can reduce visibility or increase roadway debris. Highway beautification may occur in urban, semi-urban, or rural areas.
In the United States, highway beautification is subject the Highway Beautification Act, Section 131 of Title 23, United States Code (1965), commonly referred to as \"Title I of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965, as Amended\". The act placed restrictions on billboard advertising along highways and the removal or screening of junkyards.
Ongoing maintenance of adjacent landscaping usually falls to local governments. However, organizations can be registered to ensure long-term maintenance as well. Adopt a Highway or Sponsor-a-Highway programs or campaigns are often used by municipalities to carry out many highway beautification projects by offering volunteers from organizations or individual groups to do activities such as, carrying out litter pick-ups, invasive plant spotting, reporting, or landscape maintenance
| 232 |
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| 0 |
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# Johann Heinrich Callenberg
**Johann Heinrich Callenberg** (January 12, 1694 -- July 11, 1760) was a German Orientalist, Lutheran professor of theology and philology, and promoter of conversion attempts among Jews and Muslims.
## Life
Callenberg was born in Molschleben of peasant parents. Beginning in 1715 he studied philology and theology at the University of Halle. Sometime before 1720 Salomon Negri, professor of Syriac and Arabic at Rome, stayed in Halle for six months. Callenberg studied Arabic under him. Besides Arabic, Callenberg also studied Persian and Turkish.
From his youth he cherished the idea of working for the conversion of the Muslims in the Middle East, Russia and Tartary, but later he devoted himself to missionary work among the Jews. In 1728 he established the Institutum Judaicum, the first German Protestant mission to the Jews, to which he attached a printing-office. In this office he printed the Gospel and other Christian books in the Judæo-German dialect, and distributed them among the Jews, with the assistance of the Jewish physician Dr. Heinrich Christian Immanuel Frommann. Frommann translated the Gospel of Luke with commentary which was revised and reprinted by Raphael Biesenthal in the 19th century.
Callenberg also sent missionaries to other European countries, and was a patron of converted Jews. His plans for the conversion of Muslims were resumed somewhat later, but in these he utterly failed.
From 1730 onwards, the Institutum Judaicum sent out more than 20 missionaries and existed until 1791.
In 1727 Callenberg was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at the University of Halle, and in 1735 professor of philology. He died, aged 66, at Halle.
## Works
Among the works Callenberg published are the following:
- *Prima rudivuenta linguse arabicx*, Halle, 1729
- *Scriptores de reliçione duhammedica*, 1734
- *Spécimen bibliolhecx arabicx*, 1736
- Arabic translations of the New Testament, *The Imitation of Christ*, Luther\'s Catechism, etc.
- [*Kurtze Anleitung zur jüdischteutschen Sprache ertheilet von Joh. Heinrich Callenberg*](http://digital.cjh.org/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=63894&custom_att_2=simple_viewer)
| 321 |
Johann Heinrich Callenberg
| 0 |
10,077,739 |
# Quail Lake (California)
**Quail Lake** in California is an artificial lake in Los Angeles County, California. Situated in the San Andreas Rift Zone`{{r|LAT 2017-03-21}}`{=mediawiki} along the north side of State Route 138, it is a regulatory storage body for the West Branch California Aqueduct. The community of Centennial is a proposed 12323 acre master-planned community that will be built on a portion of Tejon Ranch to the northeast of the lake
| 72 |
Quail Lake (California)
| 0 |
10,077,749 |
# Bristol Central Library
**Bristol Central Library** is a historic building on the south side of College Green, Bristol, England. It contains the main collections of Bristol\'s public library.
Built in 1906 by Charles Holden, its design was influential in the development of Edwardian Free Style architecture. Holden would later go on to build the Edward VII Memorial Wing of the Bristol Royal Infirmary, giving Bristol two of its most highly regarded Edwardian buildings. The Library has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building.
## Construction
In 1899 Vincent Stuckey Lean left a bequest of £50,000 to replace Bristol\'s old public library building on King Street. An architectural competition was organised, and won by the firm of H. Percy Adams with designs by his assistant Charles Holden, at a cost of £30,000. The RIBA also credits involvement of Henry Percy Adams, along with Holden, for the reference library reading room.
The new library was built on land adjacent to the historic Abbey Gatehouse, and opened in 1906.
## Exterior architecture {#exterior_architecture}
Because of the slope of the site, which falls away sharply to the south, the building has two basement levels creating five visible storeys at the rear, while only three storeys are visible at the front. The north front of the building is a blend of Tudor Revival and Modern Movement styles, designed to harmonise with the adjoining Abbey Gatehouse.
The rear facades to the south and east are in a plainer style, with vertical features such as towers and flat buttresses being used to frame the great mass of the building. Holden\'s approach to handling large volumes, of which his design for the Library was one of the most highly regarded examples, made him influential within the Modern Movement. For this he has been compared with his contemporary Charles Rennie Mackintosh.
A western extension was built in 1967, in a design sympathetic to the original building.
## Interior architecture {#interior_architecture}
In contrast to the exterior, the interior is largely Neoclassical, with extensive use being made of round-arched vaulting. The entrance hall, which is at the eastern end of the north front, has vaulting faced in turquoise glass mosaic. A variety of different kinds of marble is used for the flooring and other facings in the entrance hall and for the main staircase.
The ground floor next to the entrance hall contains the Lending Library. Above it is the Reference Library Reading Room, whose space includes the first floor and two tiers of galleries. It is tunnel vaulted, with glass above.
Next to the Reading Room is the Bristol Room, which contains antique furniture and fittings brought from the old reading room in King Street, including an ornate oak overmantel carved by Grinling Gibbons.
The building\'s size created a need to transmit natural light throughout the interior. Holden made extensive use of skylights, glass screens and glass-block roof and floor panels
| 486 |
Bristol Central Library
| 0 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
This article lists the orders of the Bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.
## Phylogeny
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy was initially used to decorate the genome tree via tax2tree. The 16S rRNA-based Greengenes taxonomy is used to supplement the taxonomy particularly in regions of the tree with no cultured representatives. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is used as the primary taxonomic authority for establishing naming priorities. Taxonomic ranks are normalised using phylorank and the taxonomy manually curated to remove polyphyletic groups.
Cladogram was taken from GTDB release 09-RS220 (24 April 2024).
` |2=``Vulcanimicrobiota``|bar2=darkgreen`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Firmicutes`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=Bacillota G|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=Bacillota E|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Bacillota`` s.s.|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Desulfotomaculota``" (Bacillota B)|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2="``Selenobacteria``" (Bacillota C)|bar2=darkgreen`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=Bacillota D|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Halanaerobiaeota``" (Bacillota F)|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2=Bacillota A|bar2=darkgreen`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Actinobacteriobiontes"`\
` |1=``Actinomycetota``|bar1=darkgreen`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Bipolaricaulota``"|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2=``Deinococcota``|bar2=darkgreen`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Cyanoprokaryota`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Margulisiibacteriota``"|bar1=darkgreen`\
` |2=``Cyanobacteria``|bar2=darkgreen|barend2=darkgreen`\
` }}`\
` |label2="``CPR``"`\
` |2="``Patescibacteria``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Thermotogati`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Synergistetes"`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Atribacterota`\
` |2=``Synergistota`\
` }}`\
` |label2="Thermocalda"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Dictyoglomerota`\
` |2="``Thermodesulfobiota``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Coprothermobacterota`\
` |2="``Lithacetigenota``"`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Caldisericota`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Thermotogota`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="``Pseudomonadati``"`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Lindowiibacteriota``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Walliibacteriota``"`\
` |2="``Muiribacteriota``"`\
` }}`\
` |2="``Rifleibacteriota``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Macinerneyibacteriota``"`\
` |2=``Spirochaetota`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Babelota``"`\
` |2=``Campylobacterota`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Fusobacteriota`\
` |2=``Mycoplasmatota`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Poribacteriota``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=("``Goldiibacteriota``","``Firestoneibacteriota``")`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(("``Desantisiibacteriota``","``Aerophobota``"),``Elusimicrobiota``)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Ratteibacteriota``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Omnitrophota``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=((UBA1439,PUNC01),(JAKLEM01,("``Auribacterota``",JACPWU01)))`\
` |newick2=(``Chlamydiota``,``Verrucomicrobiota``)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``{{Clade
|label1="[[FCB_group|FCB group]]"
|1={"FCB_group"}
}}`{=mediawiki}\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(("``Hinthialibacterota``","``Sumerlaeota``"),("``Abyssubacteria``","``Hydrogenedentota``"))`\
` |newick2=("``Coatesiibacteriota``" [RBG-13-66-14],``Planctomycetota``)`\
` }}`\
` |2=``{{Clade
|label1="Proteobacteria"
|1={"Proteobacteria"}
}}`{=mediawiki}\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
\|targetA={\"FCB_group\"} \|subcladeA=`{{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Hydrothermota]]" (WOR-3)
|2="[[Cloacimonadota]]"
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Fibrobacterota]]
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Fermentibacterota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Effluvivivacota]]" (VGIX01)
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Eiseniibacteriota]]"
|2="[[Krumholzibacteriota]]"
}}
}}
}}
|2=[[Gemmatimonadota]]
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Edwardsiibacteriota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Latescibacterota]]"
|2="[[Zixiibacteriota]]"
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Delongiibacteriota]]"
|2="[[Electryoneota]]" (AABM5-125-24)
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Marinisomatota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Calditrichota]]
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Cosmopoliota]]"
|2="[[Zhuqueibacterota]]"
}}
}}
|2=[[Bacteroidota]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}`{=mediawiki} \|targetB={\"Proteobacteria\"} \|subcladeB=`{{Clade
|1=[[Acidobacteriota]]
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="Deltabacteria"
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Moduliflexota]]"
|2="[[Methylomirabilota]]"
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Schekmaniibacteriota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Tectimicrobiota]]"
|2=[[Nitrospinota]]
}}
}}
}}
|2=[[Nitrospirota]]
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Lambdaproteobacteria]]" {SAR324}
|2=[[Bdellovibrionota]]
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Binatota]]" (Desulfobacterota B)
|2="[[Deferrisomatota]]" (Desulfobacterota C)
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Lernaellota]]" (FEN-1099)
|2=[[Myxococcota]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Deferrimicrobiota]]" (Desulfobacterota E)
|2=[[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Pseudomonadati]]
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Syntrophorhabdia]] {Desulfobacterota G}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Dadaibacteriota]]" (Desulfobacterota D)
|2="[[Acidulodesulfobacteriota]]"
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Chrysiogenota]]
|2=[[Deferribacterota]]
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Thermosulfidibacterota]]"
|2=[[Aquificota]]
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Calescibacteriota]]"
|2=[[Desulfurellia]] {[[Campylobacterota]]_A}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Leptospirillaeota]]"
|2=[[Pseudomonadota]]
}}
}}
}}`{=mediawiki} }} }}
| 602 |
List of bacterial orders
| 0 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Bacillati {#kingdom_bacillati}
### Phylum Chloroflexota {#phylum_chloroflexota}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Dehalococcoidotia"`\
` |sublabel1=``Dehalococcoidia`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Tepidiformales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Lucifugimonadales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Australimonadales``"`\
` |2="``Monstramariales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Dehalococcoidales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |label2="Caldilineotia"`\
` |sublabel2="Caldilineia"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Ardenticatenales`\
` |2="``Epilineales``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Caldilineidae"`\
` |1=``Caldilineales`\
` |label2="Anaerolineidae"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=J036`\
` |2=``Thermoflexales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Promineofilales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Aggregatilineales`\
` |2=``Anaerolineales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Chloroflexotia"`\
` |sublabel1=``Chloroflexia`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Thermobaculales``"`\
` |2=``Thermomicrobiales`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Chloroflexales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Bathosphaeria\" Mehrshad et al. 2018
- ?\"Bathosphaerales\" Mehrshad et al. 2018 \[JG30-KF-CM66\]
- Class \"Martimicrobia\" Williams et al. 2024
- ?\"Martimicrobiales\" Williams et al. 2024
- Class ?\"Poriflexia\" Kogawa et al. 2022
- Class \"Spiritibacteria\" Williams et al. 2024
- ?\"Spiritibacterales\" Williams et al. 2024
- Class \"Tarhunnaeia\" Williams et al. 2024
- ?\"Tarhunnaeales\" Williams et al. 2024
- Class \"Uliximicrobia\" Williams et al. 2024
- ?\"Uliximicrobiales\" Williams et al. 2024
- Class \"Umbricyclopia\" Mehrshad et al. 2018
- ?\"Umbricyclopales\" Mehrshad et al. 2018 (TK10)
- Class \"Dormiibacteria\" (sic) Montgomery et al. 2021 (AD3)
- ?\"Aeolococcales\" Montgomery et al. 2021
- \"Dormibacterales\" (sic) Montgomery et al. 2021
- Class \"Limnocylindria\" Mehrshad et al. 2018
- \"Limnocylindrales\" Mehrshad et al. 2018 (SL56)
- Class Ktedobacteria corrig. Cavaletti et al. 2007
- Ktedobacterales corrig. Cavaletti et al. 2007 (Thermogemmatisporales)
- Class Dehalococcoidia Löffler et al. 2013
- \"Australimonadales\" Prabhu et al. 2024 \[UBA2963\]
- Dehalococcoidales Löffler et al. 2013
- \"Lucifugimonadales\" Lim et al. 2023 \[UBA1151\]
- \"Monstramariales\" Landry et al. 2017 \[UBA11650; UBA3495\]
- Tepidiformales Kochetkova et al. 2020
- Class \"Caldilineia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Aggregatilineales Nakahara et al. 2019 (\"Phototrophicales\")
- Anaerolineales Yamada et al. 2006
- Ardenticatenales Kawaichi et al. 2013
- Caldilineales Yamada et al. 2006
- \"Epilineales\" Petriglieri et al. 2023
- \"Roseilineaceae\" Ward et al. 2021 {J036}
- \"Promineifilales\" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Thermoflexales Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Class Chloroflexia Gupta et al. 2013
- Chloroflexales Gupta et al. 2013 (Herpetosiphonales, Kallotenuales)
- \"Thermobaculales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Thermomicrobiales Garrity & Holt 2002 (Sphaerobacterales)
### Phylum \"Sysuimicrobiota\" {#phylum_sysuimicrobiota}
- Class \"Sysuimicrobiia\" Liu et al. 2024 \[CSP1-3\]
- \"Sysuimicrobiales\" Liu et al. 2024
### Phylum Armatimonadota {#phylum_armatimonadota}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Abditibacteriia`\
` |1=``Abditibacteriales`\
` |label2=HRBIN17`\
` |2=HRBIN17`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=UBA5829`\
` |1=UBA5829`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Fimbriimonadia`\
` |1=``Fimbriimonadales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Chthonomonadetes`\
` |1=``Chthonomonadales`\
` |label2=Armatimonadia`\
` |2=``Armatimonadales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Heboniibacteriia\" corrig. Carlton et al. 2023 (CAIYQO01)
- \"Heboniibacterales\" corrig. Carlton et al. 2023
- Class \"Zipacnadia\" Carlton et al. 2023 (UBA5377)
- \"Zipacnadales\" Carlton et al. 2023
- Class Abditibacteriia Tahon et al. 2018 (FBP)
- Abditibacteriales Tahon et al. 2018
- Class HRBIN17
- \"*Candidatus* Fervidibacter\" Rinke et al. 2013 {HRBIN17: HRBIN17} (OctSpa1-106)
- Class UBA5829
- \"*Candidatus* Hippobium\" Gilroy et al. 2022 {UBA5829: UBA5829}
- Class Fimbriimonadia Im et al. 2012
- Fimbriimonadales Im et al. 2012
- Class Chthonomonadia Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
- Chthonomonadales Lee et al. 2011
- Class Armatimonadia Tamaki et al. 2011 (OP10)
- Armatimonadales Tamaki et al. 2011 (Capsulimonadales)
### Phylum Vulcanimicrobiota {#phylum_vulcanimicrobiota}
}} }}
- Class \"Eudoremicrobiia\" Paoli et al. 2022
- ?\"Eudoremicrobiales\" Paoli et al. 2022
- Class \"Xenobia\" Ji et al. 2021 (UBP9)
- \"Xenobiales\" Ji et al. 2021
- Class \"Eremiobacteriia\" corrig. Ward, Cardona & Holland-Moritz 2019 (WPS2)
- \"Eremiobacterales\" Ward, Cardona & Holland-Moritz 2019
- \"Vulcanimicrobiales Yabe et al. 2024 (\"Baltobacterales\"; \"Palusbacterales\"; \"Rubrimentiphilales\")
| 655 |
List of bacterial orders
| 1 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Bacillati {#kingdom_bacillati}
### Clade Firmicutes {#clade_firmicutes}
#### Firmicutes incertae sedis {#firmicutes_incertae_sedis}
- Class Desulfitisporia Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- Desulfitisporales Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- Class Fermentithermobacillia Kadnikov et al. 2023
- Fermentithermobacillales Kadnikov et al. 2023
- Class Thermolithobacteria Sokolova et al. 2007
- Thermolithobacterales Sokolova et al. 2007
#### Phylum Bacillota G {#phylum_bacillota_g}
- Class Limnochordia Watanabe, Kojima & Fukui 2015
- Limnochordales Watanabe, Kojima & Fukui 2015
- Class \"Hydrogenisporia\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- \"Capillibacteriales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA10575\]
- \"Hydrogenisporales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA8346\]
#### Phylum Bacillota E {#phylum_bacillota_e}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Symbiobacteriia`\
` |1=``Symbiobacteriales`\
` |label2=Sulfobacillia`\
` |2=``Sulfobacillales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class UBA3575
- \"*Candidatus* Acetocimmeria\" Smith et al. 2021 {UBA3575: UBA3575}
- Class Thermaerobacteria Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Thermaerobacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Symbiobacteriia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Symbiobacteriales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Sulfobacillia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Sulfobacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
#### Phylum \"Selenobacteria\" {#phylum_selenobacteria}
}}
- Class Selenomonadia Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
- Acidaminococcales Campbell, Adeolu & Gupta 2015
- Anaeromusales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Dendrosporobacterales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- \"Pelosinaceae\" {DSM-13327}
- Propionisporales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Selenomonadales Marchandin et al. 2010
- \"Acetonemaceae\" {Sporomusales_A}
- \"Sporomusales\"\_C
- \"Sporomusales\" Cavalier-Smith 2006
- \"*Pelorhabdus*\" {UMGS1260: UMGS1260}
- *Lucifera* Sanchez-Andrea et al. 2018 {UPPP01: UPPP01}
- Veillonellales Campbell, Adeolu & Gupta 2015
#### Phylum \"Desulfotomaculota\" {#phylum_desulfotomaculota}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Moorellia" `\
` |newick1=(DULZ01,(``Desulfitibacterales``,(``Calderihabitantales``,``Moorellales``)))`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=DSM-12270`\
` |1=``Thermacetogeniales`\
` |label2=Syntrophomonadia`\
` |2=``Syntrophomonadales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Carboxydocellia"`\
` |1=``Carboxydocellales`\
` |label2=Thermincolia`\
` |2=``Thermincolales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Carboxydothermia"`\
` |1=``Carboxydothermales`\
` |label2=Desulfotomaculia`\
` |newick2=(``Ammonificales``,``Desulfotomaculales``)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class Peptococcia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Peptococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Thermanaerosceptrales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DRI-13\]
- Class \"Dehalobacteriia\"
- \"Avidehalobacterales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA4068\]
- \"Cryptoclostridiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA7702\]
- \"Dehalobacteriales\"
- Class Desulfitobacteriia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Desulfitobacteriales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Heliobacteriales\" Kinman 1994 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Class \"Moorellia\"
- Calderihabitantales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Desulfitibacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Zhaonellaceae Lv et al. 2020 {DULZ01}
- Moorellales Lv et al. 2020
- Class DSM-12270
- Thermacetogeniales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Syntrophomonadia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Syntrophomonadales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class \"Carboxydocellia\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- \"Carboxydocellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Thermincolia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Thermincolales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class \"Carboxydothermia\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- Carboxydothermales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Desulfotomaculia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Ammonificales corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Desulfotomaculales Chuvochina et al. 2024
#### Phylum Bacillota D {#phylum_bacillota_d}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Proteinivoracia\"
- \"Proteinivoracales\"
- Class \"Dethiobacteria\" Sorokin & Merkel 2022
- \"*Candidatus* Contubernalis\" corrig. Zhilina et al. 2005 {SKNC01: SKNC01}
- \"Dethiobacterales\" Sorokin & Merkel 2022
- Class Natranaerobiia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Natranaerobiales Mesbah et al. 2007
#### Phylum \"Halanaerobiaeota\" {#phylum_halanaerobiaeota}
}}
- Class \"Halanaerobiia\" Cavalier-Smith 2020
- \"Anoxybacterales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 {DY22613}
- Halanaerobiales corrig. Rainey & Zhilina 1995
- Halobacteroidales Chuvochina et al. 2024
#### Phylum Bacillota A {#phylum_bacillota_a}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Thermoanaerobacteria" `\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Caldicellulosiruptorales`\
` |2=``Thermoanaerobacterales`\
` }}`\
` |label2=``Clostridiia`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(``Mahellales``,``Caldicoprobacterales``)`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(``Lutisporales``,``Clostridiales``)`\
` |newick2=(``Eubacteriales``,(``Tissierellales``,``Peptostreptococcales``))`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Christensenellales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Merdicolales``"`\
` |newick2=(("``Egerieisomatales``","``Saccharofermentanales``"),(Acetivibrionales A,``Acetivibrionales``))`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(("``Petroclostridiales``",``Monoglobales``),"``Avimonoglobales``",)`\
` |2="``Oscillospirales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Lachnospirales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class Thermosediminibacteria Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Koleobacterales Sakamoto et al. 2021
- Thermosediminibacterales Zhang et al. 2019 (\"Thermovenabulales\")
- Class \"Thermoanaerobacteria\"
- Caldicellulosiruptorales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Thermoanaerobacterales Wiegel 2010 \[\"Caldanaerobiales\"\]
- Class \"Clostridiia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
- \"Thermoclostridiaceae\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 {\"Acetivibrionales\" A}
- Acetivibrionales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Avimonoglobales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA1381\]
- Caldicoprobacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Christensenellales Parks et al. 2018 ex Chuvochina et al. 2024 (\"Borkfalkiales\"; \"Comantemales\")
- Clostridiales Prevot 1953 s.s. (\"Plectridiales\")
- ?\"Darwinibacteriales\" Puchol-Royo et al. 2023 \[MBA03\]
- \"Egerieisomatales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA1212\]
- Eubacteriales Buchanan 1917
- Lachnospirales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Lutisporales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Mahellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Merdicolales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[TANB77\]
- Monoglobales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Oscillospirales\" Glendinning et al. 2020
- \"Petroclostridiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[SK-Y3\]
- Peptostreptococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Saccharofermentanales\" corrig. Parks et al. 2018
- Tissierellales Alauzet et al. 2020
#### Phylum Mycoplasmatota {#phylum_mycoplasmatota}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class Mollicutes Edward & Freundt 1967
- Acholeplasmatales Freundt et al. 1984 (Anaeroplasmatales)
- \"Aphodocolales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- \"Bathyoplasmales\" corrig. Zhu, Lian & He 2020 \[MAG-NZ\]
- \"Caccosomales\" (sic) Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[RFN20\]
- Erysipelotrichales Ludwig et al. 2010
- \"Izemoplasmatales\" corrig. Zheng et al. 2021
- Mycoplasmatales Freundt 1955 (\"Borrelomycetales\"; \"Anulomycetales\"; \"Paramycetales\"; \"Mollicutales\"; \"Pleuropneumoniales\"; Entomoplasmatales, Mycoplasmoidales)
#### Phylum \"Bacillota\" {#phylum_bacillota}
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Planococcaceae`` {Bacillales_A}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Staphylococcales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Culicoidibacterales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Turicibacteraceae`` {MOL361}`\
` |2=``Haloplasmatales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Lactobacillales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Bacillia\" Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Alicyclobacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Aneurinibacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Bacillidae\" Cavalier-Smith 2020 non Enderlein 1917
- Bacillales_B
- Bacillales_C
- Bacillales_D
- Bacillales_E
- Bacillales_G
- Bacillales_H
- *Bacillus marinisedimentorum* Guo et al. 2018 {Bacillales_I:Bacillaceae_O}
- Sporolactobacillaceae Ludwig et al. 2010 {Bacillales_K}
- Bacillales Prevot 1953 s.s. (Caryophanales, \"Caldibacillales\")
- Aureibacillaceae Li et al. 2024 {DSM-28697}
- Planococcaceae {Bacillales_A}
- \"*Bacillus thermozeamaize*\" Mak 2003 {Bacillales_F: Bacillaceae_M}
- Brevibacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Brockiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- Caldalkalibacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Calditerricolales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Culicoidibacterales Neupane et al. 2020
- *Microaerobacter* Khelifi et al. 2011 {DSM-22679: DSM-22679}
- Desulfuribacillales Sorokin et al. 2021
- Exiguobacteriales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Haloplasmatales Rainey et al. 2008 non Zhou et al. 2022
- \"Harrysmithimonadales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[CAJFEE01\]
- Kyrpidiales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Lactobacillales Ludwig, Schleifer & Whitman 2010 (\"Plocamobacteriales\"; \"Coccales\")
- Paenibacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Pasteuriales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[RES148\]
- \"Rubeoparvulales\"
- Staphylococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Tepidibacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Thermicanales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Thermoactinomycetales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Tumebacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Turicibacteraceae Verbarg et al. 2020 {MOL361}
| 1,179 |
List of bacterial orders
| 2 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Bacillati {#kingdom_bacillati}
### Phylum Actinomycetota {#phylum_actinomycetota}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Humimicrobiia"`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Hakubellales``"`\
` |2="``Humimicrobiales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Aquicultoria"`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Aquicultorales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Geothermocultorales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Oleimmundimicrobiales``"`\
` |2="``Subteraquimicrobiales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |label2=``Coriobacteriia`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Anaerosomatales`\
` |2=``Coriobacteriales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Rubrobacteria`\
` |1=``Rubrobacterales`\
` |label2=``Thermoleophilia`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Gaiellales`\
` |2=``Miltoncostaeales`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Thermoleophilales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Acidimicrobiia`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Actinomarinales``"`\
` |2="``Spongiisociales``"`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Acidimicrobiales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Nitriliruptoria`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Euzebyales`\
` |2=``Nitriliruptorales`\
` }}`\
` |label2=``Actinomycetia`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Nanopelagicales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Motilibacterales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Jiangellales`\
` |2=``Propionibacteriales`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Actinomycetales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Sporichthyales`\
` |2=``Streptomycetales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Streptosporangiales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Acidothermales`\
` |2=``Mycobacteriales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class ?\"Syntrophaliphaticia\" corrig. Liu et al. 2020
- Class \"Geothermincolia\" Jiao et al. 2021
- \"Geohydrothermomicrobiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[Fen-727\]
- \"Geothermincolales\" Jiao et al. 2021
- Class \"Humimicrobiia\" Jiao et al. 2021
- \"Hakubellales\" corrig. Merino et al. 2020
- \"Humimicrobiales\" Jiao et al. 2021
- Class \"Aquicultoria\" Jiao et al. 2021
- \"Aquicultorales\" Jiao et al. 2021
- \"Geothermocultorales\" Jiao et al. 2021
- \"Oleimmundimicrobiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA3085\]
- \"Subteraquimicrobiales\" Jiao et al. 2021
- Class Coriobacteriia König 2013
- Anaerosomatales Khomyakova et al. 2023
- Coriobacteriales Stackebrandt et al. 1997 (Eggerthellales)
- Class Rubrobacteria Suzuki 2013
- Rubrobacterales Rainey et al. 1997
- Class Thermoleophilia Suzuki & Whitman 2013
- Gaiellales Albuquerque et al. 2012
- Miltoncostaeales Li et al. 2021
- Thermoleophilales Reddy & Garcia-Pichel 2009 (Solirubrobacterales)
- Class Acidimicrobiia Norris 2013
- Acidimicrobiales Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997
- \"Actinomarinales\" Ghai et al. 2013
- \"Spongiisociales\" corrig. Nguyen 2022
- Class Nitriliruptoria Ludwig et al. 2013
- Euzebyales Kurahashi et al. 2010 (Egibacterales)
- Nitriliruptorales Sorokin et al. 2009 (Egicoccales, Salsipaludibacterales)
- Class Actinomycetia Salam et al. 2020
- Acidothermales Sen et al. 2014
- Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 (Aquipuribacterales; Beutenbergiales; Bifidobacteriales; Bogoriellales; Brevibacteriales; Cellulomonadales; Demequinales; Dermabacterales; Dermatophilales; Microbacteriales; Micrococcales; Kineosporiales; Ruaniales)
- Jiangellales Tang et al. 2015
- Motilibacterales Salam et al. 2020
- Mycobacteriales Janke 1924 (Corynebacteriales; Actinocatenisporales; Actinoplanetales; Actinopolysporales; Antricoccales; Cryptosporangiales; Frankiales; Geodermatophilales; Glycomycetales; Jatrophihabitantales; Micromonosporales; Nakamurellales; Phytomonosporales; Pseudonocardiales)
- \"Nanopelagicales\" Neuenschwander et al. 2018
- Propionibacteriales Patrick & McDowell 2015
- Sporichthyales Nouioui et al. 2018
- Streptomycetales Kampfer 2015 (Catenulisporales, Kitasatosporales)
- Streptosporangiales Goodfellow 2015
| 473 |
List of bacterial orders
| 3 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Bacillati {#kingdom_bacillati}
### Clade Cyanoprokaryota {#clade_cyanoprokaryota}
#### Phylum \"Margulisiibacteriota\" {#phylum_margulisiibacteriota}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Saganbacteria\" Carnevali et al. 2018 (WOR1)
- Class \"Marinamargulisbacteria\" Carnevali et al. 2019
- Class \"Riflemargulisbacteria\" Carnevali et al. 2019 (GWF2_35_9)
- Class \"Termititenacia\" Utami et al. 2019
- \"Termititenacales\" Utami et al. 2019
#### Phylum \"Cyanobacteriota\" {#phylum_cyanobacteriota}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Vampirovibrionia`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Caenarcanales``"`\
` |2="``Obscuribacterales``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Vampirovibrionales`\
` |2="``Gastranaerophilales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |label2=``Cyanobacteria`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="``Gloeobacteria``"`\
` |1=``Gloeobacterales`\
` |label2="Phycobacteria"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Thermostichales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Prochlorotrichales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Gloeoemargaritales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Pseudanabenales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Synechococcophycidae"`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Limnotrichales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Prochlorotrichales`\
` |2=``Synechococcales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Acaryochloridales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Neosynechococcales`\
` |2=B231`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Leptolyngbyales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Nodosilineales`\
` |2=``Oculatellales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Nostocophycidae"`\
` |1=``Cyanobacteriales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Sericytochromatia\" Soo et al. 2017
- S15B-MN24 \[\"Sericytochromatia\"; \"Tanganyikabacteria\"\]
- UBA7694 \[\"Blackallbacteria\"\]
- Class Vampirovibrionia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Caenarcaniphilales\" Soo et al. 2014
- \"Gastranaerophilales\" Di Rienzi et al. 2013
- \"Obscuribacterales\" Soo et al. 2014
- Vampirovibrionales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Gloeobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Gloeobacterales Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Class Phycobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Acaryochloridales Miyashita et al. 2003 ex Strunecký & Mareš 2022 (\"Thermosynechococcales\")
- ?Aegeococcales Strunecký & Mareš 2022
- *Trichothermofontia* Daroch et al. 2023 {B231}
- Cyanobacteriales Rippka & Cohen-Bazire 1983 (Chamaesiphonales, Chroococcales, Chroococcidiopsidales, Coleofasciculales, Desertifilales, Nostocales, Oscillatoriales, Pleurocapsales, Spirulinales, Stigonematales)
- ?\"Eurycoccales\"
- ?Geitlerinematales Strunecký & Mareš 2022
- Gloeoemargaritales Moreira et al. 2016
- Leptolyngbyales Strunecký & Mareš 2022
- \"Limnotrichales\"
- Neosynechococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Nodosilineales Strunecký & Mareš 2022 (Phormidesmidales)
- Oculatellales Strunecký & Mareš 2022 (Elainellales)
- Prochlorococcaceae Komárek & Strunecky 2020 {\"PCC-6307\"}
- Prochlorotrichales Strunecký & Mareš 2022 \[PCC-9006\]
- Pseudanabenales Hoffmann, Komárek & Kastovsky 2005
- Synechococcales Hoffmann, Komárek & Kastovsky 2005
- Thermostichales Komárek & Strunecký 2020
| 376 |
List of bacterial orders
| 4 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Thermotogati {#kingdom_thermotogati}
### Phylum Atribacterota {#phylum_atribacterota}
- Class Atribacteria Katayama et al. 2021 (OP9)
- Atribacterales Katayama et al. 2021 (\"Caldatribacteriales\")
- Class \"Phoenicimicrobiia\" Jiao et al. 2024 (JS1)
- \"Phoenicimicrobiales\" Jiao et al. 2024 (SB-45)
### Phylum Synergistota {#phylum_synergistota}
- Class Synergistia Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009
- Synergistales Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009
### Phylum \"Zhurongbacterota\" {#phylum_zhurongbacterota}
### Phylum Dictyoglomerota {#phylum_dictyoglomerota}
- Class Dictyoglomeria corrig. Patel 2012
- Dictyoglomerales corrig. Patel 2012
### Phylum \"Thermodesulfobiota\" {#phylum_thermodesulfobiota}
- Class \"Thermodesulfobiia\" Frolov et al. 2022
- \"Thermodesulfobiales\" Cavalier-Smith 2020
### Phylum Coprothermobacterota {#phylum_coprothermobacterota}
- Class Coprothermobacteria Pavan et al. 2018
- Coprothermobacterales Pavan et al. 2018
### Phylum \"Lithacetigenota\" {#phylum_lithacetigenota}
- Class \"HKB111\"
- \"HKB111\"
### Phylum Caldisericota {#phylum_caldisericota}
- Class Caldisericia Mori et al. 2009 (OP5)
- Caldisericales Mori et al. 2009
- \"Cryosericales\" Martinez et al. 2019
### Phylum Thermotogota {#phylum_thermotogota}
}} }}
- Class \"Thermotogia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Mesoaciditogales Itoh et al. 2016
- Petrotogales Bhandari & Gupta 2014 (Kosmotogales)
- Thermotogales Reysenbach 2002 emend. Bhandari & Gupta 2014
## Clade Candidate Phyla Radiation {#clade_candidate_phyla_radiation}
### Phylum \"Elulota\" {#phylum_elulota}
- Class \"Elulimicrobiia\" Rodriguez-R et al. 2020
- ?\"Elulimicrobiales\" Rodriguez-R et al. 2020
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="``Saccharibacteria``"`\
` |sublabel1=cluster`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Berkelbacteria``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Kazanbacteria``" (Kazan)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Howlettbacteria``"`\
` |2="``Saccharimonadia``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Gracilibacteria"`\
` |sublabel1=cluster`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="``Absconditabacteria``"`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=BD1-5`\
` |2="Absconditabacterales"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={"Gracilibacteria"}`\
` }}`\
` |label2="``Parcubacteria``"`\
` |sublabel2=cluster`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Doudnabacteria``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Andersenbacteria``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Torokbacteria``" (GCA-2792135)`\
` |2={ABY1}`\
` }}`\
` |2={"Paceibacteria"}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} \|targetA ={\"Microgenomatia\"} \|subcladeA={{#invoke:clade\|main \|label1 =\"Microgenomatia\" \|1=`{{Clade hidden |id=1 |mode=left
|1={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Woykebacterales"
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Curtissbacterales"
|2="Daviesbacterales"
}}`{=mediawiki}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Roizmanbacterales" (UBA1406)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Gottesmanbacterales" (UBA10105)`\
` |2="Levybacterales"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=GWA2-44-7`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Chazhemtobacteriales"`\
` |2="Shapirobacterales" (UBA12405)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
\|targetB ={\"Gracilibacteria\"} \|subcladeB={{#invoke:clade\|main \|label1 =\"Gracilibacteria\" \|1=`{{Clade hidden |id=2 |mode=left
|1="Abawacabacterales" (RBG-16-42-10)
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Peregrinibacterales" (UBA1369)
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Fallacibacteriales" (DOLZORAL124_38_8; UBA4473)
|2="Peribacterales"
}}`{=mediawiki}
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
\|targetC ={ABY1} \|subcladeC={{#invoke:clade\|main \|label1 =ABY1 \|1=`{{Clade hidden |id=3 |mode=left
|1="Kerfeldbacterales" (SBBC01)
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Jacksonbacterales" (UBA9629)
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Komeilibacterales" (UBA1558)
|2="Kuenenbacterales" (UBA2196)
}}`{=mediawiki}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``{{Clade
|1="Veblenbacterales"
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Uhrbacterales" (GWA2-46-9)
|2="Magasanikbacterales"
}}`{=mediawiki}\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Buchananbacterales" `\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Falkowbacterales"`\
` |2="Moisslbacterales" (UBA2591)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
\|targetD ={\"Paceibacteria\"} \|subcladeD={{#invoke:clade\|main \|label1 =\"Paceibacteria\" \|1=`{{Clade hidden |id=4 |mode=left
|1="Moranbacterales"
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1=UBA6257
|2={{#invoke:clade|main
|1={{#invoke:clade|main
|1={{#invoke:clade|main
|1="Spechtbacterales"
|2="Terrybacterales"
}}`{=mediawiki}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Parcunitrobacterales" (GWA2-38-13b)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Portnoybacterales"`\
` |2="Paceibacterales"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Azambacterales" (UBA10092)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Yanofskybacterales" (2-02-FULL-40-12)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Sungbacterales"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Ryanbacterales"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Giovannonibacterales"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Niyogibacterales"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Tagabacterales"`\
` |2=UBA9973`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
### Phylum \"Patescibacteria\" {#phylum_patescibacteria}
- Class \"Wirthbacteria\"
- Class \"Dojkabacteria\" (WS6)
- Class \"Katanobacteria\" (WWE3)
- Class \"Microgenomatia\"
- Clade GWA2-44-7
- \"Chazhemtobacteriales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA1400\]
- \"Curtissbacterales\"
- \"Daviesbacterales\"
- \"Gottesmanbacterales\"
- \"Levybacterales\"
- \"Roizmanbacterales\"
- \"Shapirobacterales\"
- \"Woykebacterales\" (RIF34)
- Class \"Absconditabacteria\"
- \"Absconditabacterales\" (sic)Yakimov et al. 2022 (SR1)
- \"*Candidatus* Altimarinus\" Rinke et al. 2013 {BD1-5: UBA6164} (GN02)
- Class \"Gracilibacteria\"
- \"Abawacabacterales\" (RIF46)
- \"Fertabacterales\" (DOLZORAL124_38_8; \"Fallacibacteriota\")
- \"Peregrinibacterales\" (PER)
- \"Peribacterales\" Anantharaman et al. 2016
- Class \"Berkelbacteria\" (ACD58)
- Class \"Kazanbacteria\" (Kazan)
- Class \"Howlettbacteria\" (CPR2)
- Class \"Saccharimonadia\" corrig. Lemos et al. 2019 (TM7)
- \"Saccharimonadales\" corrig. Lemos et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Class \"Andersenbacteria\" (RIF9)
- Class \"Doudnabacteria\" (SM2F11)
- Class \"Torokbacteria\" (GCA-2792135)
- Class \"ABY1\"
- ?\"Brownbacterales\"
- \"Buchananbacterales\" (RIF37)
- \"Falkowbacterales\"
- \"Jacksonbacterales\" (RIF38)
- \"Kerfeldbacterales\" (RIF4)
- \"Komeilibacterales\" (RIF6)
- \"Kuenenbacterales\"
- \"Magasanikbacterales\"
- \"Moisslbacterales\" \[UBA2591\]
- \"Uhrbacterales\"
- \"Veblenbacterales\" (RIF39)
- Class \"Paceibacteria\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Azambacterales\"
- Clade UBA6257
- \"Giovannonibacterales\" (UBA11713)
- ?\"Montesolbacterales\"
- \"Moranbacterales\" (OD1-i)
- \"Niyogibacterales\" (RIF11; HO2-45-28)
- \"Paceibacterales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Parcunitrobacterales\" Castelle et al. 2017
- \"Portnoybacterales\" (RIF22)
- \"Ryanbacterales\" (RIF10)
- \"Spechtbacterales\" (RIF19)
- \"Sungbacterales\" (RIF17)
- \"Tagabacterales\" (RIF12)
- \"Terrybacterales\" (RIF13)
- \"Yanofskybacterales\" (2-02-FULL-40-12)
## Clade
### Kingdom Fusobacteriati {#kingdom_fusobacteriati}
#### Phylum \"Muiribacteriota\" {#phylum_muiribacteriota}
- Class \"Muiribacteriia\" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Muiribacteriales\" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
#### Phylum \"Rifleibacteriota\" {#phylum_rifleibacteriota}
- Class \"Ozemibacteria\" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2018 (RIF32/ACD39)
- \"Ozemibacterales\" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2018
#### Phylum \"Macinerneyibacteriota\" {#phylum_macinerneyibacteriota}
- Class \"Macinerneyibacteriia\" corrig. Yadav et al. 2020
- \"Macinerneyibacteriales\" corrig. Yadav et al. 2020
#### Phylum Fusobacteriota {#phylum_fusobacteriota}
- Class Fusobacteriia corrig. Staley & Whitman 2012
- Fusobacterales Staley & Whitman 2012 (\"Bactepneumoniales\")
| 834 |
List of bacterial orders
| 5 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Clade
### Clade {#clade_1}
#### Phylum \"Bipolaricaulota\" {#phylum_bipolaricaulota}
- Class \"Bipolaricaulia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Bipolaricaulales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (KB1 group, OP1)
- \"Fraserbacterales\" \[GTDB tag: RIF31; RBG-16-55-9\]
#### Phylum Deinococcota {#phylum_deinococcota}
- \"Deinococcia\" Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Deinococcales Rainey et al. 1997 (Thermales; Trueperales) (radio-resistant micrococci)
| 54 |
List of bacterial orders
| 6 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Pseudomonadati {#kingdom_pseudomonadati}
### Clade {#clade_2}
#### Phylum \"Goldiibacteriota\" {#phylum_goldiibacteriota}
- \"*Candidatus* Cellulosimonas\" Doud et al. 2020
#### Phylum Elusimicrobiota {#phylum_elusimicrobiota}
- Class \"Elusimicrobiia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020 (TG1)
- Elusimicrobiales Geissinger et al. 2010
- \"Obscuribacteriales\" Uzun et al. 2023
- Class \"Endomicrobiia\" Stingl et al. 2018
- \"Endomicrobiales\" Zheng et al. 2018
#### Phylum \"Aerophobota\" {#phylum_aerophobota}
- Class \"Aerophobia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (CD12)
- \"Aerophobales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
#### Phylum \"Auribacterota\" {#phylum_auribacterota}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Auribacteria"`\
` |1="``Auribacterales``"`\
` |label2=JACPWU01`\
` |2="``Theseobacterales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Ancaeobacteria\" Williams et al. 2022 \[JAKLEM01\]
- \"Ancaeobacterales\" Williams et al. 2022
- Class \"Auribacteria\" Williams et al. 2022 \[SURF-26\]
- \"Auribacterales\" Williams et al. 2022
- Class \"Erginobacteria\" Williams et al. 2022 \[PUNC01\]
- \"Erginobacterales\" Williams et al. 2022
- Class JACPWU01
- \"Theseobacterales\" Williams et al. 2022
- Class \"Tritonobacteria\" Williams et al. 2022 \[UBA1439\]
- \"Tritonobacterales\" Williams et al. 2022
#### Phylum \"Omnitrophota\" {#phylum_omnitrophota}
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Kappaeales``"`\
` |2="``Velesiimonadales``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Kaelpiales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Duberdicusellales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Ghiorseimicrobiales``"`\
` |2="``Gygaeellales``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Velamenicoccales``"`\
` |2="``Zapsychrales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Omnitrophia\" (OP3)
- \"Omnitrophales\"
- Class \"Velamenicoccia\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[Koll11\]
- \"Aquitaenarimonadales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Aquiviventales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Duberdicusellales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Ghiorseimicrobiales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Gorgyraeales\" Seymour et al. 2023 \[UBA10183\]
- \"Gygaeellales\" Seymour et al. 2023 \[GIF10\]
- \"*Candidatus* Orphnella\" Williams et al. 2021 {JABMRG01: JABMRG01}
- \"Kaelpiales\" Seymour et al. 2022 \[4484-49\]
- \"Kappaeales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Pluralincolimonadales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Taenaricolales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Tantalellales\" Seymour et al. 2022 \[SKK-01\]
- \"Velamenicoccales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA1572\]
- \"Velesiimonadales\" Seymour et al. 2022
- \"Zapsychrales\" Seymour et al. 2022
### Clade Spirochaetobacteriobiontes {#clade_spirochaetobacteriobiontes}
#### Phylum \"Babelota\" {#phylum_babelota}
- Class \"Babeliae\" (sic) Yeoh et al. 2016 (TM6)
- \"Babelales\" corrig. Yeoh et al. 2016
#### Phylum Spirochaetota {#phylum_spirochaetota}
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Exilispiria"`\
` |1="``Exilispirales``"`\
` |label2=``Spirochaetia`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Borreliales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Entomospirales``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(DSM-17781,Spirochaetales_E)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(Spirochaetales_A,"``Salinispirales``")`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Marispirochaetales``"`\
` |newick2=("``Sediminispirochaetales``",``Sphaerochaetales``)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2=``Treponematales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class Leptospiria Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Leptospirales corrig. Gupta et al. 2014
- Turneriellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class Brevinematia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Brevinematales Gupta et al. 2014
- Class Brachyspiria Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Brachyspirales corrig. Gupta et al. 2014
- Class \"Exilispiria\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- \"Exilispirales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- Class Spirochaetia Paster 2020
- ?Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917
- Borreliales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- *Spirochaeta cellobiosiphila* Breznak & Warnecke 2008 {DSM-17781: DSM-17781}
- \"Entomospirales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[WRBN01\]
- \"Marispirochaetales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[JC444\]
- \"Salinispirales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-27196\]
- \"Sediminispirochaetales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-16054\]
- Sphaerochaetales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- *Spirochaeta thermophila* Aksenova et al. 1992 {Spirochaetales_A}
- Spirochaetales_E
- Treponematales Chuvochina et al. 2024
### Clade Planctobacteria {#clade_planctobacteria}
#### Phylum Planctomycetota {#phylum_planctomycetota}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Uabimicrobiia\" Lodha, Narvekar & Karodi 2021
- \"Uabimicrobiales\" Lodha, Narvekar & Karodi 2021
- Class \"Brocadiia\" JLodha, Narvekar & Karodi 2021
- \"Brocadiales\" Jetten et al. 2010
- \"Hypogeohydatales\" Wu et al. 2023 \[YC14-17: JP1\]
- \"Wukongales\" Wu et al. 2023 \[YC18\]
- Class Phycisphaeria Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
- Phycisphaerales Fukunaga et al. 2010
- Sedimentisphaerales Spring et al. 2018
- Tepidisphaerales Kovaleva et al. 2015
- Class Planctomycetia Ward 2020
- Gemmatales Dedysh et al. 2020
- Isosphaerales Dedysh et al. 2020
- Pirellulales Dedysh et al. 2020
- Planctomycetales Schlesner & Stackebrandt 1987 em. Ward 2011
#### Phylum Chlamydiota {#phylum_chlamydiota}
- Class Chlamydiia Horn 2011
- \"Similichlamydiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[Hat2\]
- Chlamydiales Storz & Page 1971 em. Everett et al. 1999 (Parachlamydiales, \"Anoxychlamydiales\", \"Simkaniales\")
#### Phylum Verrucomicrobiota {#phylum_verrucomicrobiota}
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class Lentisphaeria Cho et al. 2004
- Lentisphaerales Cho et al. 2004
- Oligosphaerales Qiu et al. 2013
- Victivallales Cho et al. 2004
- Class Kiritimatiellae Spring et al. 2017
- Kiritimatiellales Spring et al. 2017 \[incl. Tichowtungiales\]
- \"Spyradenecales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[RFP12\]
- Class Verrucomicrobiia corrig. Hedlund, Gosink & Staley 1998
- Limisphaerales Podosokorskaya et al. 2023
- \"Methylacidiphilales\" Op den Camp 2009 \[\"Pedosphaerales\"\]
- Opitutales Choo et al. 2007 (Puniceicoccales)
- Terrimicrobiales García-López et al. 2020 (\"Chthoniobacterales\")
- Verrucomicrobiales Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 em. Yoon et al. 2008
### Clade {#clade_3}
#### Phylum \"Saltatorellota\" {#phylum_saltatorellota}
- Class \"Saltatorellae\" Wiegand et al. 2019
- ?\"Saltatorellales\" Wiegand et al. 2019
#### Phylum \"Hinthialibacterota\" {#phylum_hinthialibacterota}
- Class \"Hinthialibacteria\" Williams et al. 2022
- \"Hinthialibacterales\" Williams et al. 2022 (OLB16)
#### Phylum \"Sumerlaeota\" {#phylum_sumerlaeota}
- Class \"Sumerlaeia\" Kadnikov et al. 2018
- \"Sumerlaeales\" Kadnikov et al. 2018
#### Phylum \"Poribacteriota\" {#phylum_poribacteriota}
- Class ?\"Entoporibacteria\" Podell et al. 2019
- Class ?\"Pelagiporibacteria\" Podell et al. 2019
#### Phylum \"Hydrogenedentota\" {#phylum_hydrogenedentota}
- Class \"Hydrogenedentia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (NKB19)
- \"Hydrogenedentales\" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
| 915 |
List of bacterial orders
| 7 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Pseudomonadati {#kingdom_pseudomonadati}
### Clade FCB group {#clade_fcb_group}
#### Phylum \"Heilongiota\" {#phylum_heilongiota}
- Class \"Heilongiia\" corrig. Zhang et al. 2022
- ?\"Heilongiales\" Zhang et al. 2022
#### Phylum \"Fidelibacterota\" {#phylum_fidelibacterota}
- ?\"*Candidatus* Neomarinimicrobium\" Rinke et al. 2013 corrig. Oren et al. 2020 (Candidate phylum SAR406; candidate phylum Marine Group A)
- Class Fidelibacteria Katayama et al. 2024
- ?Fidelibacterales Katayama et al. 2024
#### Phylum \"Tianyaibacteriota\" {#phylum_tianyaibacteriota}
- ?\"*Candidatus* Tianyaibacterium\" corrig. Cui et al. 2021
#### Phylum \"Fermentibacterota\" {#phylum_fermentibacterota}
- Class \"Fermentibacteria\" Kirkegaard 2016 (\"Aegiribacteria\")
- \"Fermentibacterales\" Kirkegaard 2016 (Hyd24-12)
#### Phylum \"Latescibacterota\" {#phylum_latescibacterota}
- Class \"Handelsmanbacteria\" (RIF27)
- Class \"Latescibacteria\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Latescibacterales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (WS3)
#### Phylum \"Effluvivivacota\" {#phylum_effluvivivacota}
- Family \"Effluvivivacaceae\" corrig. Su et al. 2024 (VGIX01)
#### Phylum \"Krumholzibacteriota\" {#phylum_krumholzibacteriota}
- Class \"Krumholzibacteriia\" corrig. Youssef et al. 2019
- \"Delphibacterales\" (DOLZORAL124_64_63; LZORAL124-64-63)
- \"Krumholzibacteriales\" Youssef et al. 2019 (UBP1)
#### Phylum Gemmatimonadota {#phylum_gemmatimonadota}
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Glassbacteria\" (RIF5)
- Class Gemmatimonadetes Zhang et al. 2003
- Gemmatimonadales Zhang et al. 2003
- Longimicrobiales Pascual et al. 2016
- \"Palaucibacterales\" Aldeguer-Riquelme, Antón & Santos 2022 \[PAUC43f\]
#### Phylum \"Hydrothermota\" {#phylum_hydrothermota}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Stahliibacteriia\" (UBA3073)
- Class \"Hydrothermia\" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Hydrothermales\" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023 (EM3)
- \"Caldipriscales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[LBFQ01\]
#### Phylum \"Cloacimonadota\" {#phylum_cloacimonadota}
- Class \"Cloacimonadia\" Williams et al. 2021 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"*Candidatus* Celaenobacter\" Williams et al. 2021 {JGIOTU-2: JGIOTU-2}
- \"Cloacimonadales\" Williams et al. 2021 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023 (WWE1)
#### Phylum Fibrobacterota {#phylum_fibrobacterota}
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Raymondbacteria\" (RIF7; OXYB2-FULL-49-7)
- Class Chitinivibrionia Sorokin et al. 2014
- Chitinivibrionales Sorokin et al. 2014 \[\"Chitinispirillales\"\]
- Class Fibrobacteria Spain et al. 2012
- Fibrobacterales Spain et al. 2012 \[\"Fibromonadales\"\]
#### Phylum \"Electryoneota\" {#phylum_electryoneota}
- Class \"Electryoneia\" Williams et al. 2022
- Electryoneales Williams et al. 2022
- Class AABM5-125-24
- Hatepunaeales Williams et al. 2022
- Class \"Tariuqbacteria\" Vigneron, Vincent & Lovejoy 2023
- ?Tariuqbacterales Vigneron, Vincent & Lovejoy 2023
#### Phylum \"Marinisomatota\" {#phylum_marinisomatota}
- Class \"Marinisomatia\"
- \"Marinisomatales\" (SAR406)
#### Phylum Calditrichota {#phylum_calditrichota}
- Class Calditrichia Kublanov et al. 2022
- Calditrichales Kublanov et al. 2020
#### Phylum \"Cosmopoliota\" {#phylum_cosmopoliota}
- Class \"Cosmopolitia\" (sic) Zhang et al. 2023
- \"Cosmopoliales\" Zhang et al. 2023 (SAR406)
#### Phylum \"Zhuqueibacterota\" {#phylum_zhuqueibacterota}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="``Oleimicrobiales``"`\
` |2="``Residuimicrobiales``"`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Zhuqueibacteria\" Lian et al. 2024 \[KSB1: UBA2214\]
- \"Oceanimicrobiales\" Lian et al. 2024 \[CR04bin15\]
- \"Oleimicrobiales\" Lian et al. 2024 \[JACIZP01\]
- \"Residuimicrobiales\" Lian et al. 2024 \[UBA2214\]
- \"Sulfurfontimicrobiaceae\" Lian et al. 2024 {JAFGMA01}
- \"Thermofontimicrobiales\" Lian et al. 2024 \[AABM5-25-91\]
- \"Zhuqueibacterales\" Lian et al. 2024 \[DRLW01\]
#### Phylum Bacteroidota {#phylum_bacteroidota}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Chlorobiia`\
` |1=``Chlorobiales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Rhodothermia`\
` |newick1=(``Balneolales``,``Rhodothermales``)`\
` |label2=``Bacteroidia`\
` |newick2=(((Cytophagales_A,Flavobacteriales_B),``Cytophagales``),(``Chitinophagales``,(``Bacteroidales``,(``Sphingobacteriales``,``Flavobacteriales``))))`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Kapaibacteriia\" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023 (OPB56)
- \"Kapaibacteriales\" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Class \"Kryptonia\"
- \"Kryptoniales\"
- Class \"Ignavibacteriia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2022
- Ignavibacteriales Iino et al. 2010
- Class Chlorobiia Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Chlorobiales Gibbons & Murray 1978
- Class Rhodothermia Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2017
- Balneolales Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2017
- Rhodothermales Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2017
- Class Bacteroidia Krieg 2012
- Bacteroidales Krieg 2012 \[Marinilabiliales; \"Sulfidibacteriales\"\]
- Chitinophagales Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2017 \[Saprospirales\]
- Cytophagales Leadbetter 1974 \[Cyclobacteriales\]
- \"Amoebophilaceae\" Santos-Garcia et al. 2014 {Cytophagales_A}
- Flavobacteriales Bernardet 2012
- Blattabacteriaceae Kambhampati 2012 {Flavobacteriales_B}
- Sphingobacteriales Kämpfer 2012
| 630 |
List of bacterial orders
| 8 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Pseudomonadati {#kingdom_pseudomonadati}
### Clade Proteobacteria {#clade_proteobacteria}
#### Phylum \"Canglongiota\" {#phylum_canglongiota}
- Class \"Canglongiliia\" Zhang et al. 2022
- ?\"Canglongiales\" Zhang et al. 2022
#### Phylum Acidobacteriota {#phylum_acidobacteriota}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Thermoanaerobaculia`\
` |newick1=("``Multivorales``",``Thermoanaerobaculales``)`\
` |label2="``Holophagia``"`\
` |newick2=((``Thermotomaculales``,``Acanthopleuribacterales``),``Holophagales``)`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="``Polarisedimenticolia``"`\
` |1="``Polarisedimenticolales``"`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Vicinamibacteria`\
` |newick1=("``Marinacidobacterales``",``Vicinamibacterales``)`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Blastocatellia`\
` |newick1=("``Chloracidobacteriales``",``Blastocatellales``)`\
` |label2="``Acidobacteriia``"`\
` |newick2=("``Versatilivorales``",("``Acidoferrales``",(``Bryobacterales``,``Acidobacteriales``)))`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Fischerbacteria\" (RIF25; HRBIN11)
- Class \"Guanabaribacteriia\" corrig. Tschoeke et al. 2020
- \"Guanabaribacteriales\" corrig. Tschoeke et al. 2020
- Class \"Aminicenantia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Aminicenantales\" Kadnikov et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023 (OP8)
- Class Thermoanaerobaculia Dedysh & Yilmaz 2018
- \"Multivorales\" Nguyen 2022
- Thermoanaerobaculales Dedysh & Yilmaz 2018
- Class \"Holophagia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
- Acanthopleuribacterales Fukunaga et al. 2008
- Holophagales Fukunaga et al. 2008
- Thermotomaculales Dedysh & Yilmaz 2018
- Class \"Polarisedimenticolia\" Flieder et al. 2021
- \"Polarisedimenticolales\" Flieder et al. 2021
- Class Vicinamibacteria Dedysh & Yilmaz 2018
- \"Marinacidobacterales\" Nguyen 2022
- Vicinamibacterales Dedysh & Yilmaz 2018
- Class Blastocatellia Pascual et al. 2016
- ?\"Frugalibacteriales\" Ruhl et al. 2022
- Blastocatellales Pascual et al. 2016
- \"Chloracidobacteriales\"
- Class Acidobacteriia Thrash & Coates 2010
- Acidobacteriales Cavalier-Smith 2002 \[Terriglobales\]
- \"Acidoferrales\" Epihov et al. 2021
- Bryobacterales Dedysh & Yilmaz 2018 \[\"Solibacterales\"\]
- \"Versatilivorales\" Nguyen 2022
#### Phylum \"Moduliflexota\" {#phylum_moduliflexota}
- Class \"Moduliflexia\" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 (KSB3)
- \"Moduliflexales\" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
#### Phylum \"Methylomirabilota\" {#phylum_methylomirabilota}
- Class \"Methylomirabilia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Methylomirabilales\" Cabrol et al. 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Rokubacteriales\" (CSP1-6)
#### Phylum \"Tectimicrobiota\" {#phylum_tectimicrobiota}
- Class \"Entotheonellia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Entotheonellales\" Schmidt et al. 2000 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
#### Phylum Nitrospinota {#phylum_nitrospinota}
- Class Nitrospinia Lucker et al. 2022
- Nitrospinales Lucker et al. 2022
#### Phylum Nitrospirota {#phylum_nitrospirota}
}} }}
- Class Thermodesulfovibrionia Umezawa et al. 2023
- ?\"Mariimomonadales\" Yoon et al. 2023
- Thermodesulfovibrionales Umezawa et al. 2023 \[\"Magnetobacteriales\"\]
- Class Nitrospiria Garrity & Holt 2022
- Nitrospirales Garrity & Holt 2022
- \"Troglogloeales\" Yu et al. 2022 \[\"Manganitrophales\"\]
#### Phylum SAR324 {#phylum_sar324}
- Class Lambdaproteobacteria Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF24)
#### Phylum Bdellovibrionota {#phylum_bdellovibrionota}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class Oligoflexia Nakai et al. 2014
- Oligoflexales Nakai et al. 2014
- Silvanigrellales Hahn et al. 2017
- Class Bdellovibrionia Waite et al. 2020
- Bdellovibrionales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2006
- Class Bacteriovoracia Waite et al. 2020
- Bacteriovoracales Hahn et al. 2017
#### Phylum \"Binatota\" {#phylum_binatota}
- Class \"Binatia\" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Binatales\" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
#### Phylum \"Deferrisomatota\" {#phylum_deferrisomatota}
- Class Deferrisomatia Waite et al. 2020
- Deferrisomatales Waite et al. 2020
#### Phylum \"Lernaellota\" {#phylum_lernaellota}
- Class \"Lernaellia\" Williams et al. 2022 \[FEN-1099\]
- \"Alcyoniellaceae\" Williams et al. 2022 {JAVCCG01}
- \"Lernaellales\" Williams et al. 2022
#### Phylum Myxococcota {#phylum_myxococcota}
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Kuafubacteriia\" corrig. Li et al. 2023
- \"Kuafubacteriales\" Li et al. 2023 \[WYAZ01: GCA_016703535\]
- Class Myxococcia Waite et al. 2020
- Myxococcales Tchan, Pochon & Prévot 1948 \[Archangiales; \"Angiobacteriales\"; \"Angiococcales\"\] (fruiting gliding bacteria)
- Class Bradymonadia corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Bradymonadales Wang et al. 2015
- Class Polyangiia corrig. Waite et al. 2020
- Haliangiales Waite et al. 2020
- Nannocystales (Reichenbach 2007) Waite et al. 2020
- Polyangiales Tchan, Pochon & Prevot 1948 \[Myxobacterales\]
#### Phylum \"Nitrosediminicolota\" {#phylum_nitrosediminicolota}
- ?*Candidatus* \"Nitrosediminicola\" Zhao, Jorgensen & Babbin 2024
#### Phylum \"Deferrimicrobiota\" {#phylum_deferrimicrobiota}
- Class \"Deferrimicrobiia\" corrig. Begmatov et al. 2022
- Deferrimicrobiales Begmatov et al. 2022
#### Phylum Thermodesulfobacteriota {#phylum_thermodesulfobacteriota}
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Desulfomonilia`\
` |1=``Desulfomonilales`\
` |label2=``Syntrophia`\
` |2=``Syntrophales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Dissulfuribacteria`\
` |1=``Dissulfuribacterales`\
` |label2="Thermodesulfobacteriia" `\
` |2=``Thermodesulfobacteriales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Desulfobulbia`\
` |1=``Desulfobulbales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Desulfovibrionia`\
` |1=``Desulfovibrionales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Desulfofervidia"`\
` |1="``Desulfofervidales``"`\
` |label2="Desulfatiglandia"`\
` |2=``Desulfatiglandales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Desulfobaccia`\
` |1=``Desulfobaccales`\
` |label2=Desulfarculia`\
` |newick2=("``Adiutricales``",``Desulfarculales``)`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=``Syntrophobacteria`\
` |1=``Syntrophobacterales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Desulfobacteria`\
` |1=``Desulfobacterales`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Zymogeniia\" corrig. Murphy et al. 2021
- \"Zymogeniales\" Murphy et al. 2021
- Class \"Anaeroferrophilia\" corrig. Murphy et al. 2021
- \"Anaeroferrophilales\" Murphy et al. 2021 \[\"Tharpellales\"\]
- Class Desulfuromonadia Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfuromonadales corrig. Kuever, Rainey & Widdel 2006
- Geobacterales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Desulfomonilia Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfomonilales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Syntrophia Waite et al. 2020
- Syntrophales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Dissulfuribacteria Waite et al. 2020
- Dissulfuribacterales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Thermodesulfobacteriia corrig. Hatchikian, Ollivier & Garcia 2002
- Thermodesulfobacteriales Hatchikian, Ollivier & Garcia 2002
- Class Desulfobulbia Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfobulbales Waite et al. 2020
- Class \"Desulfofervidia\" Waite et al. 2020
- \"Desulfofervidales\" Waite et al. 2020
- Class \"Desulfatiglandia\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-4660\]
- Desulfatiglandales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Desulfovibrionia Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfovibrionales Kuever, Rainey & Widdel 2006
- Class Desulfobaccia Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfobaccales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Desulfarculia Waite et al. 2020
- \"Adiutricales\" Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfarculales corrig. Kuever, Rainey & Widdel 2006
- Class Syntrophobacteria Waite et al. 2020
- Syntrophobacterales Waite et al. 2020
- Class Desulfobacteria Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfobacterales Kuever, Rainey & Widdel 2006
#### Phylum Desulfobacterota G {#phylum_desulfobacterota_g}
- Class Syntrophorhabdia Waite et al. 2020
- Syntrophorhabdales Waite et al. 2020
| 995 |
List of bacterial orders
| 9 |
10,077,760 |
# List of bacterial orders
## Kingdom Pseudomonadati {#kingdom_pseudomonadati}
### Clade Proteobacteria {#clade_proteobacteria}
#### Phylum \"Dadaibacteriota\" {#phylum_dadaibacteriota}
- Class \"Dadabacteria\" (sic) Hug et al. 2016 \[CSP1-2\]
- \"Nemesobacterales\" Gavriilidou et al. 2023
#### Phylum \"Acidulodesulfobacteriota\" {#phylum_acidulodesulfobacteriota}
- Class \"Acidulodesulfobacteriia\" (sic) Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[SZUA-79\]
- \"Acidulidesulfobacterales\" corrig. Tan et al. 2019
#### Phylum Chrysiogenota {#phylum_chrysiogenota}
- Class Chrysiogenetes Garrity & Holt 2002
- Chrysiogenales Garrity & Holt 2002
#### Phylum Deferribacterota {#phylum_deferribacterota}
- Class Deferribacteres Huber & Stetter 2002 em. Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009
- Deferribacterales Huber & Stetter 2002 \[\"Geovibriales\"\]
#### Phylum Thermosulfidibacterota {#phylum_thermosulfidibacterota}
- Class Thermosulfidibacteria Cavalier-Smith 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Thermosulfidibacterales Cavalier-Smith 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2024
#### Phylum Aquificota {#phylum_aquificota}
}} }}
- Class Desulfurobacteriia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Desulfurobacteriales Gupta & Lali 2014
- Class Aquificia corrig. Reysenbach 2002
- Aquificales Reysenbach 2002
- Hydrogenothermales Chuvochina et al. 2024
#### Phylum \"Calescibacteriota\" {#phylum_calescibacteriota}
- Class \"Calescibacteriia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (EM19)
- \"Calescibacteriales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
#### Phylum Campylobacterota_A {#phylum_campylobacterota_a}
- Class Desulfurellia Waite et al. 2020
- Desulfurellales Kuever, Rainey & Widdel 2006
#### Phylum Campylobacterota {#phylum_campylobacterota}
}}
- Class \"Campylobacteria\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Waite et al. 2017
- Campylobacterales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2006
- Nautiliales Miroshnichenko et al. 2004
#### Phylum \"Leptospirillaeota\" {#phylum_leptospirillaeota}
- Class \"Leptospirillia\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Leptospirillales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
#### Phylum Pseudomonadota {#phylum_pseudomonadota}
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Mariprofundia"`\
` |1=``Mariprofundales`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1=Magnetococcia`\
` |1=``Magnetococcales`\
` |label2="``Pseudomonadia``"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |label1="Neisseriidae"`\
` |newick1=("``Tethybacterales``",``Burkholderiales``)`\
` |label2="Pseudomonadidae"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=("``Thioglobales``",("``Comchoanobacterales``",("``Magnimaribacterales``",Pseudomonadales_A)))`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Cardiobacteriales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1="Chromatiae"`\
` |2="Enterobacteriae"`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- Class \"Anaeropigmentatia\" corrig. Murphy et al. 2021
- ?Anaeropigmentatales corrig. Murphy et al. 2021
- Class Caulobacteria\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
- ?\"Futianiales\" Liu et al. 2022
- ?\"Methylospongiales\" Podell et al. 2020
- Holosporales_A
- Holosporales Szokoli et al. 2016
- \"Paracaedibacterales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Rickettsiales_A
- Sublass \"Rickettsiidae\" corrig. Ferla et al. 2013
- \"Enterousiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 {Rs-D84}
- \"Pelagibacterales\" Grote et al. 2012
- Rickettsiales Gieszczykiewicz 1939 emend. Dumler et al. 2001
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=((``Oceanibaculales``,(``Thalassobaculales``,``Puniceispirillales``)),``Rhodospirillales`` A)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |1=``Sphingomonadales`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=((``Micropepsales``,``Caulobacterales``),``Rhodobacterales``)`\
` |newick2=(``Parvibaculales``,``Hyphomicrobiales``)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- - Sublass \"Caulobacteridae\" Ferla et al. 2013
- Acetobacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Caedimonadales\"
- Azospirillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Caulobacterales Henrici & Johnson 1935 (Hyphomonadales; Maricaulales; Parvularculales)
- Dongiales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Elsterales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Ferrovibrionales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Geminicoccales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Hyphomicrobiales Douglas 1957 (Rhizobiales)
- \"Inquilinales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-16000\]
- Kiloniellales Wiese et al. 2009
- \"Marivibrionales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022
- \"Methylospongiales\" Podell et al. 2020
- \"Micavibrionales\"
- Micropepsales Harbison et al. 2016
- Minwuiales Sun et al. 2018
- Oceanibaculales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Parvibaculales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Planktothermales\" Zhou et al. 2020 \[UBA7887\]
- Puniceispirillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Reyranellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Rhodobacterales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2006
- Rhodospirillales A
- Rhodospirillales Pfennig & Truper 1971
- \"Scatocolales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[RF32\]
- Sphingomonadales Yabuuchi & Kosako 2006 (Emcibacterales; Iodidimonadales; Kordiimonadales; Rhodothalassiales)
- Sneathiellales Kurahashi et al. 2008
- Stellales Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[ATCC43930\]
- \"Tagaeales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[CACIAM-22H2\]
- Thalassobaculales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Tistrellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Zavarziniales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Class \"Mariprofundia\" Cavalier-Smith 2020 \[\"Zetaproteobacteria\"\]
- Mariprofundales Makita et al. 2017
- Class Magnetococcia Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Magnetococcales Bazylinski et al. 2013
- Class Pseudomonadia\" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
- ?\"Eutrophobiales\" Weiss et al. 2007
- ?\"Ferritrophicales\" Weiss et al. 2007
- ?\"Kopriimonadales\" Kwon et al. 2005c
- ?\"Siderophilales\" corrig. Corbera-Rubio et al. 2024
- ?\"Spongiifermentales\" Nguyen et al. 2023
- Subclass \"Neisseriidae\" Cavalier-Smith 2020 (Betaproteobacteria)
- Burkholderiales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2006 (\"Ferrovales\"; \"Gallionellales\"; Hydrogenophilales; Methylophilales; Neisseriales; Nitrosomonadales; \"Procabacteriales\"; Rhodocyclales; Spirillales; Sulfuricellales)
- \"Tethybacterales\" Taylor et al. 2021
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |2=``Chromatiales`\
` |1={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=("``Thiogranales``",``Thiohalobacterales``)`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=("``Thioalbales``","``Competibacterales``")`\
` |newick2=(("``Inmiraniales``",("``Macondimonadales``",``Natronospirales``)),((``Halofilales``,``Thiohalospirales``),``Nitrococcales``))`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(``Immundisolibacterales``,((``Acidiferrobacterales``,``Arenicellales``),(``Acidithiobacillales``,``Thiohalorhabdales``)))`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(``Nevskiales``,(``Steroidobacterales``,(("``Rariloculales``",(UBA11654,"``Foliamicales``")),``Woeseiales``)))`\
` |newick2=(("``Porifericomitales``","``Porisulfidales``"),``Xanthomonadales``)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` |label2="Enterobacteriae"`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=(``Francisellales``,(``Berkiellales``,(``Coxiellales``,(("``Aquicellales``",``Diplorickettsiales``),``Legionellales``))))`\
` |2={{#invoke:clade|main`\
` |newick1=("``Pelagibaculales``",``Piscirickettsiales``)`\
` |newick2=(``Enterobacterales``,``Pseudomonadales``)`\
` }}`\
` }}`\
` }}`
}} }}
- - Subclass \"Pseudomonadidae\" Cavalier-Smith 2020
- Acidiferrobacterales Kojima, Shinohara & Fukui 2015
- Acidithiobacillales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2005
- \"Aquicellales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-16500\]
- Arenicellales Teramoto, Yagyu & Nishijima 2015
- Beggiatoales Buchanan 1957
- \"Berkiellales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Cardiobacteriales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2005
- Chromatiales Imhoff 2005
- \"Comchoanobacterales\" Needham et al. 2022
- \"Competibacterales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Coxiellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Diplorickettsiales\" Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Acidihalobacteraceae Chuvochina et al. 2024 {DSM-5130}
- Ectothiorhodospirales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Enterobacterales Adeolu et al. 2016 (\"Bacteriales\"; Orbales,\"Johnevansiales\"; \"Aerobacterales\"; Aeromonadales; Alteromonadales; Kangiellales; Pasteurellales; \"Vibrionales\")
- \"Foliamicales\" Nguyen et al. 2023
- Francisellales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Granulosicoccales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Halofilales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[XJ16\]
- Halothiobacillales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Immundisolibacterales Corteselli, Aitken & Singleton 2017
- \"Inmiraniales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-100275\]
- *Sulfurivermis* Kojima, Watanabe & Fukui 2017 {JG42: JG42}
- Legionellales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2005
- \"Macondimonadales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA5335\]
- \"Magnimaribacterales\" Ramfelt et al. 2024 \[SAR86: SAR156\]
- Methylococcales Bowman 2005
- Methylohalomonadales Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- Natronospirales Sorokin et al. 2025 {SLND01: SLND01}
- Nevskiales Naushad et al. 2015 (\"Salinisphaerales\")
- Nitrococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Nitrosococcales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Pelagibaculales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[HP12\]
- Piscirickettsiales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Porifericomitales\" Nguyen et al. 2023
- \"Poriferisulfidales\" Nguyen et al. 2023 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
- Pseudomonadales Orla-Jensen 1921 (Cellvibrionales; Moraxellales; Oceanospirillales)
- \"Rariloculales\" Nguyen et al. 2022
- \"Reidiellales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[GCF-013343005\]
- \"Riflewellaceae\" Zhou et al. 2020 {UBA4486}
- Steroidobacterales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Sulfuriflexales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[AKS1\]
- \"Taraoceanobacteraceae\" Zhou et al. 2020 {UBA11654}
- \"Tenderiales\" Chuvochina et al. 2023
- \"Thioalbales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-26407\]
- \"Thioglobales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[PS1\]
- \"Thiogranales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[DSM-19610\]
- Thiohalobacterales Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- Thiohalomonadales Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- \"Thiohalophilales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 {UBA6429}
- Thiohalorhabdales Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- Thiohalospirales Sorokin & Merkel 2023
- Thiomicrospirales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- \"Thiopontiales\" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[GCF-002020875\]
- Thiotrichales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2005
- Woeseiales Chuvochina et al. 2024
- Xanthomonadales Saddler & Bradbury 2005 non Chadefaud 1950a (Lysobacterales)
## List of Candidate Phyla {#list_of_candidate_phyla}
- \"Qinglongiota\" Zhang et al. 2022
- \"Salinosulfoleibacteria\" Tazi et al
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# Varoujan Garabedian
**Varoujan Garabedian** (*Վարուժան Կարապետեան*, also *Varadjian Garbidjian* and *Varuzhan Karapetian*; March 7, 1954 -- January 29, 2019) was a Syrian-born Armenian nationalist. He was a member of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and head of the organization\'s French branch. He was known for being the convicted perpetrator of the 1983 fatal bombing at Orly Airport in Paris. Garabedian was later pardoned by French authorities nearly 20 years after the attack.
## Orly airport attack {#orly_airport_attack}
On July 15, 1983, while serving as head of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia\'s French branch, Garabedian planted a bomb inside a suitcase at the Turkish Airlines check-in desk in the south terminal of the Orly Airport in Paris. The act was part of the group\'s global terrorism campaign against Turkey for the recognition and reparations for the Armenian genocide.
After the bombing, the French police raided ASALA strongholds, confiscating arms and detaining 50 Armenians believed to have links to the ASALA. One of the arrested, Garabedian, confessed to being a leader of ASALA in France and for planting the bomb at the Orly airport. The attack killed eight people.
## Trial
During the trial in Créteil, France, he was defended by Jacques Vergès while the victims of attack were represented by Gide Loyrette Nouel. Garabedian denied his earlier confession of having planted the bomb, but was found guilty (along with Nair Sonner and Ohannes Semerci) and sentenced to life imprisonment on March 3, 1985 for such \"deeds that were aimed at Turkish targets\". During the trial he admitted that he was the head of ASALA\'s French branch.
## Pardon and deportation {#pardon_and_deportation}
In the late 1990s, a petition was signed by over one million people in Armenia for his release. According to the French press, after spending 17 years in jail, his lawyers were able to reopen the case because of a legislative change in the French justice system. The judges pardoned him citing good behavior in prison, efforts in compensating the victims, and that ASALA was dissolved. He was pardoned by the Bourges court of appeals on April 23, 2001 on the condition that he be deported to Armenia.
The mayor of Yerevan, Robert Nazaryan, had pledged to provide him with employment and accommodation, and in Yerevan Garabedian had a meeting with Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan, who expressed happiness at his release. While in prison, he started to paint and produced many paintings.
## Aftermath
Many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including Zori Balayan, Silva Kaputikyan, Sos Sargsyan, Gevorg Emin, Perch Zeytuntsyan, Levon Ananyan and others expressed support of Garabedian. According to Armenian media, Garabedian was unofficially \"supervising\" the Yerevan-Dilijan transport line and with his guards was a part of a criminal incident in 2010.
Garabedian died on 29 January 2019 in Yerevan from a suspected heart attack at the age of 64
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# John Gamble (American football)
**John Gamble** is a former world champion powerlifter and strongman competitor from Richmond, Virginia.
## Collegiate career {#collegiate_career}
Gamble played linebacker at Hampton University and was a first-team Black College All-America selection. He also earned All-Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association honors in football and in track and field.
## Weightlifting and strongman career {#weightlifting_and_strongman_career}
World-renowned in the fields of powerlifting and strongman competition, Gamble was the top ranked powerlifter in the world in the 275-pound class from 1981 to 1983. His personal records for total pounds in three lifts while competing in the United States Powerlifting Federation was 2,270 pounds, and he has personal bests of full squat, 892 lb; bench press, 573 lb; and dead lift, 826.5 lb in those three lifts. Gamble was inducted into the U.S. Weightlifting Hall of Fame in York, Pennsylvania, in June 1999.
He competed twice in the final of the World\'s Strongest Man competition. In the 1982 World\'s Strongest Man he finished 3rd behind compatriot Bill Kazmaier at Magic Mountain, California and at the 1983 World\'s Strongest Man he placed 5th in a competition won by Geoff Capes in Christchurch, New Zealand.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### University of Virginia {#university_of_virginia}
Gamble served ten years (1984--1993) as the head strength coach at the University of Virginia. He also served two seasons as assistant strength coach (1982--83)\] and one year on a part-time basis (1981) at Virginia. He was named 1985 Strength Coach of the Year by the National Strength and Conditioning Association.
### Miami Dolphins {#miami_dolphins}
Gamble became strength and conditioning coach for the Miami Dolphins in 1994 under head coach Don Shula, and remained at the post for 12 years through 2005. In 1998, he was named by the Professional Strength Coaches Society as its Coach of the Year.
In 2006, under then head coach Nick Saban, Gamble was given the title of director of player development/special assistant to the head coach. His job title was changed simply to director of player development under head coach Cam Cameron in 2007.
### Buffalo Bills {#buffalo_bills}
Gamble served as the co-strength and conditioning coordinator for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League from February 9, 2010 until he was dismissed on December 31, 2012
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# Jeddah TV Tower
The **Jeddah TV Tower (برج تلفزيون جدة)** in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia is a 250 m television tower with an observation deck. The tower was completed in 2006
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# WTKW
**WTKW** (99.5 FM \"TK99\") is a classic rock radio station in Bridgeport, New York. The station broadcasts to the Syracuse, New York market.
WTKW was launched in 1992 as a country music station under the leadership of Bob Paris (real name Gary W. Gallup), a longtime disc jockey in Syracuse. It was changed to its current classic rock format in 1993 when Classic Rock 104.3 KIX-FM (WKFM, now WFRG-FM) became country-formatted Big Frog 104 and the Syracuse radio market was left without a classic rock radio station. The station also simulcasts on full-power satellite **WTKV** (105.5 FM) in Minetto, New York (serving Oswego) and low-power translator **W256AC** (99.1 FM) for Downtown Syracuse.
In April 2007, WTKW/WTKV became the flagship station of Syracuse University athletics with play-by-play coverage of Men\'s Football, Men\'s Basketball and Men\'s Lacrosse games
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# Buitenhof (TV program)
***Buitenhof*** is a Dutch political interview programme produced by AVROTROS, BNNVARA, VPRO, and NPO and is broadcast on NPO 1 on Sunday afternoons, immediately after the short midday edition of NOS Journaal. The first edition of *Buitenhof* aired on 3 September 1995, when the interview programme *Het Capitool* succeeded. The programme takes its name from the Binnenhof, The Hague, which includes a place Buitenhof (lit. outer court).
Twan Huys, Rob Trip, Marcia Luyten and Pieter Jan Hagens are or were among the programme\'s alternating presenters. It is broadcast from the Veemvloer in Amsterdam. The editor-in-chief is Corinne Hegeman.
## The programme {#the_programme}
*Buitenhof* is an influential programme, and is regularly visited by the nation\'s top politicians, policymakers, representatives of trade unions and employers\' federations, scientists, and opinion makers. There is a strong emphasis on international events, and international guests regularly appear on the programme.
## Incidents
*Buitenhof* itself made news in 2000, when visiting Vlaams Belang politician Filip Dewinter was smeared with chocolate, on camera, by anti-fascism activists.
The programme is also broadcast each Sunday on the international television station BVN
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# H. Johan Andersson
**Hans Johan \"Bois\" Andersson** (born 9 March 1984) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player (winger), who most recently played in Växjö Lakers of the Elitserien (SEL) in the 2012--13 season
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# Danielle Charbonneau
Charbonneau}} `{{primary sources|date=November 2021}}`{=mediawiki} **Danielle Charbonneau** is a Canadian radio personality, who has hosted programming on both CBC Radio 2 and Espace musique. She was born in 1953 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada and grew up in New York City and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Her degrees in Music and Comparative Literature are from Indiana University. Danielle has been living in Montreal since 1986.
Charbonneau began working for CBC/Radio-Canada in 1978, for local radio and television in Ottawa. She then moved to Radio-Canada\'s La Chaîne culturelle (the francophone national public FM radio network, now called Espace musique) in Montreal. In 1998, she became the producer and host of the classical music evening program *Music for A While*, on the then-CBC Stereo. Her final program was the CBC Radio 2 show *Nightstream*, which she did for just a few months. She has also been guest host of classical music programmes *Stereo Morning* (later renamed *Music and Company*) and *In Performance*, and has hosted many CBC music competitions.
At the end of the summer of 2007, Ms. Charbonneau retired from the CBC following almost 30 years of service. However, no official announcement via CBC\'s websites or press release has yet been published
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# Benjamin of Petrograd
**Benjamin of Petrograd** (*Вениамин Петроградский*, Veniamin Petrogradsky, `{{OldStyleDate|29 April|1873|17 April}}`{=mediawiki} -- `{{OldStyleDate|13 August|1922|31 July}}`{=mediawiki}), born **Vasily Pavlovich Kazansky** (*Василий Павлович Казанский*), was a hieromartyr under Soviet anti-religious persecution, a bishop in the Russian Orthodox Church and eventually Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdov from 1917 to 1922. Due to his role in leading nonviolent resistance to Soviet anti-religious legislation, Metropolitan Benjamin was martyred following a drumhead show trial and executed by a firing squad of the Soviet secret police. In April 1992 Benjamin was glorified (canonized) by the Russian Orthodox Church together with several other martyrs, including Archimandrite Sergius (Shein), Professor Yury Novitsky, and John Kovsharov (a lawyer), who were executed alongside him.
## Early life {#early_life}
Benjamin was born to a priestly family in the pogost (village) of Nimenskii in the Andreevskii volost of the Kargopolsky Uyezd near Arkhangelsk in the Olonets Governorate in the northwest of the Russian Empire.
He graduated from the Olonets Theological Seminary in 1893 and earned his candidate of theology degree from the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy in 1897, defending a thesis on Archbishop Arcadius of Olonets\' anti-heretical activities. In 1895 he was tonsured a monk and given the name Benjamin; later that year he was ordained a hierodeacon (deacon-monk) and the following year he was ordained a hieromonk (priest-monk).
Following his graduation he taught sacred scripture at the Riga Theological Seminary (1897--1898) following which he was inspector of the Kholm Theological Seminary (1898--1899) and the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy (1899--1902). In 1902 he became rector of the Samara Theological Seminary and he was bestowed with the rank of archimandrite. In 1905 he became rector of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy.
## Vicar Bishop {#vicar_bishop}
On `{{OldStyleDate|6 February|1910|24 January}}`{=mediawiki} Benjamin was consecrated Bishop of Gdov, a vicar bishop of the diocese of St. Petersburg. Metropolitan Antonii (Vadkovskii) of St. Petersburg and Ladoga officiated at the installment in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg. Benjamin often served in the churches of the poorest and most remote suburbs of the capital and led the annual Easter and Christmas divine services at Putilovsky and Obukhovsky factories of St. Petersburg, and organized the charitable foundation of the Mother of God for the Care of Abandoned Women. He was known as \"the indefatigable bishop\".
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# Benjamin of Petrograd
## Metropolitan of Petrograd {#metropolitan_of_petrograd}
After the arrest and deposition of Metropolitan Pitirim (Onkova) on `{{OldStyleDate|15 March|1917|2 March}}`{=mediawiki}, Benjamin administered the Petrograd diocese as vicarial Bishop of Gdov. On `{{OldStyleDate|6 June||24 May}}`{=mediawiki} of that year, he was democratically elected by the clergy and the people to the archbishopric of Petrograd and Ladoga, the first bishop popularly elected in the Russian church. On `{{OldStyleDate|30 June||17 June}}`{=mediawiki} his title was changed to Archbishop of Petrograd and Gdov by decree of the Holy Synod, and on `{{OldStyleDate|26 August||13 August}}`{=mediawiki} he was elevated to metropolitan.
According to future Soviet dissident Dmitri Likhachev, who was then a devoutly Orthodox layman in Petrograd, \"Persecution of the Church began almost contemporaneously with the October cataclysm. This was so intolerable for any Russian that many unbelievers began to go to church, distancing themselves psychologically from the persecutors.\"
In a letter from Petrograd to Pope Pius XI, Fr. Leonid Feodorov, the first Exarch of the Russian Greek Catholic Church, praised the Orthodox religious revival being masterminded by the new Metropolitan, \"These \[Orthodox\] priests, who formerly seemed to have been struck by dumbness, are today preaching quite well and teaching the Christian doctrine. Under the auspices of some churches, women have also organized study centers were religious subjects are being taught in a very simple manner: Holy Scripture, history of the Church, patrology, dogmatic and moral theology, apologetics, and liturgy. Needless to say, similar activity does not exist in the villages or in the smaller towns, and yet once ignited, the flame of religious fervor spreads rapidly everywhere.\"
Even though many Russian Orthodox bishops and lower clergy enthusiastically supported the anti-communist White Movement during the Russian Civil War, Metropolitan Benjamin chose to maintain a purely apolitical stance. For example, during the anti-religious campaign at the height of the Russian Civil War, the Metropolitan made the offer that if the Soviet State withheld from seizing or otherwise desecrating the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, that he would suspend any Orthodox priest in his Diocese who aided the White Movement.
Unfortunately, the Russian Orthodox Church and Soviet State had diametrically opposite world views. What is worse, all religions were viewed as dangerous counter-revolutionary ideologies that must be eliminated completely through religious persecution and coercively replaced with Marxist-Leninist atheism.
In a 1918 article about the ongoing Soviet anti-religious campaign, Isaak Babel described how he attended an anti-Christian polemical lecture by a senior official of the Party\'s League of Militant Atheists. Inside the former Great Hall of the Winter Palace, however, Babel witnessed as the Atheist speaker lectured about, \"The All-forgiving Persona of Christ and Vomiting up the Anathema of Christianity\" while being loudly heckled by Orthodox members of the audience. Babel then attended a Russian Orthodox Divine Liturgy inside the overwhelmingly crowded Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan on Nevsky Prospect. About the Liturgy, Babel recalled, \"In his sermon the priest speaks of the Holy Countenance that is once more averted in unbearable pain. He speaks of everything holy being spat upon, slapped, and of sacrileges committed by ignorant men, \'who know not what they do\'. The words of the sermon are mournful, vague, and portentious. \'Flock to the Church, our last stronghold! The Church will not betray you!\'\"
Babel also interviewed an old woman who was attending the same Liturgy, who told him, \"How nicely the chorus is chanting. What nice services these are! Last week the Metropolitan himself conducted the services \-- never before has there been such holy goodness! The workers from our factory, they, too, come to the services. The people are tired, they\'re all crumpled up with worry, and in the church there\'s quiet and there\'s singing, you can get away from everything.\"
In a 18 July 1921 letter to Metropolitan bishop Andrey Sheptytsky, Exarch Leonid Feodorov recalled, \"From the very beginning, no sooner was I named Exarch of the Russian Catholic Church than I sought every means of entering into relations with the Orthodox clergy. The Metropolitan of Petrograd, Mgr. Benjamin, and several others who enjoyed great influence over the clergy and the people gradually became my good friends. In 1918 (within a year of my appointment) I entered into relations with Patriarch Tikhon himself who cordially received me. At the same period we formed a united front with the Orthodox to defend ourselves against the Bolshevik aggressions. In 1919 we made a joint protest. For the first time in Russian history, the names of Orthodox and Catholic priests were signed to a Christian document drawn up against infernal forces.\"
The real conflict, however, came out into the open during the Russian famine of 1921 when the Soviet authorities announced the confiscation of Church valuables, allegedly to pay for famine relief. The Russian Orthodox Church agreed to this, but declined to hand over valuables which had actually touched the Eucharist.
Meanwhile, the friendship and alliance between Exarch Leonid Feodorov and Metropolitan Benjamin collapsed after the latter lost his temper and said, \"You promise us Union! You want us to meet like brothers in Christ and all this time your Latin priests are causing havoc to our flock behind our back!\"
Dmitri Likhachev later recalled, \"Services in the remaining Orthodox churches were conducted with especial devoutness. Church choirs sang particularly well as they were swollen by many professional singers (often from the opera company of the Mariinsky Theatre). Priests and other clergy officiated with great feeling.\"
Metropolitan Benjamin was willing to donate the Church\'s valuables voluntarily, but would not accept the plundering, desecration, and confiscation by the State of an increasingly number of church buildings by the Bolsheviks. On 6 March Benjamin met with a commission formed to help the starving that agreed to his voluntary dispersal of funds controlled by the parishes. Newspapers praised Benjamin and his clergy for their charitable spirit.
On 5 March 1922, Metropolitan Benjamin, hoping he was not contradicting Patriarch Tikhon or betraying Orthodox teaching about the Real Presence, signed an agreement with Petrograd party officials. He agreed to hand over icon coverings and even chalices that had held the Eucharist, but with the sole condition that the Church itself would be allowed to deconsecrate and melt down these vessels into ingots before both religious and Government eyewitnesses. The Government also agreed to allow parishioners to substitute their own valuables for other church valuables of historic or religious significance. Vladimir Lenin was reportedly enraged when the news reached him.
According to Alexander Solzhenitsyn\'s *The Gulag Archipelago*, \"The noxious fumes of Christianity were poisoning the revolutionary will. *That kind* of unity and *that way* of handing over the valuables *were not* what the starving people of the Volga needed! The spineless membership of the Petrograd Pomgol was changed. The newspapers began to howl about the \'evil pastors\' and \'princes of the Church\', and the representatives of the Church were told: \'We don\'t need your *donations*! And there won\'t be any negotiations with you! *Everything belongs to the Government* - and the Government will take whatever it considers necessary!\'\"
In response, protesters gathered in Petrograd, shouting and throwing stones at Party officials who were raiding Orthodox churches.
Catholic memoirist Martha Almedingen later recalled, \"In most cases, \[confiscation\] raids were accompanied by wild outbursts of most abject and vulgar profanation, hardly ever checked by the higher officials who were invariably present at such proceedings.\"
In an ultimatum of his own, Metropolitan Benjamin now demanded proof that the Soviet State had already exhausted all other sources of revenue, solid proof that the seized Church valuables were going only towards feeding the starving, and signed consent from Patriarch Tikhon before agreeing to further confiscations.
Dmitri Likhachev later recalled, \"As persecution of the Church became more widespread, and executions more numerous so all of us felt an even keener grief for the Russia that was dying. Our love for our Motherland resembled least of all prise in her, her victories and conquests. Nowadays many find that hard to understand. We did not sing patriotic songs \-- we wept and prayed.\"
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# Benjamin of Petrograd
## Arrest
The final conflict for Metropolitan Benjamin began when the State-controlled Living Church tried to wrest control away from Patriarch Tikhon and the established hierarchy.
In May 1922, Alexander Vvedensky and Vladimir Krasnitsky travelled to Petrograd seeking to convert Metropolitan Benjamin to the State-controlled Living Church and to thus take over control of the See Petrograd. While secretly confident of the result, Metropolitan Benjamin offered to put the issue before his clergy and laity at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. First, both sides would speak and then the people would vote.
On Sunday 28 May 1922, after everyone gathered, Vvedensky spoke first, \"Brothers and sisters, up to now we have been subject to the Tsar and the Metropolitans. But now we are free, and we ourselves must rule the people and the Church. More than 1,900 years have already passed since it was written for us that the Lord Jesus Christ was born from the Virgin Mary and is the Son of God. But that is not true. We recognize the existence of the God of Sabbaoth, about whom our whole Bible and all the prophets have written\... But Jesus Christ is not God. He was simply a very clever man. And it is impossible to call Mary - who was born of a Jewish tribe and herself gave birth to Jesus - the Mother of God and Virgin. And so now we have all recognized the existence of God, that is the God of Sabbaoth, and we must all be united; both Jews and Catholics must be a living people\'s church.\"
Fellow senior Living Church clergyman Vladimir Krasnitsky then spoke, denouncing the practice of infant baptism instead of adult baptism. Krasnitsky also praised the Living Church\'s rejection of the veneration of Saints and their relics, as well as their further break with Orthodox canon law by allowing Bishops to marry and both the divorce and remarriage of priests.
The assembled Orthodox clergy and laity were horrified by these statements by the Living Church clergymen and, after Metropolitan Benjamin with difficulty quieted the outraged audience, he first accused the Living Church of reviving the 4th century heresy of Arianism and then anathematized their clergy and laity alike as both schismatics and heretics. In response, an outraged Vvedensky quietly slipped out a side door and informed a small army of GPU agents waiting outside, who burst into the meeting and, despite the audience\'s efforts to protect him, arrested Metropolitan Benjamin, who was placed under house arrest pending trial.
Instead of backing down, Metropolitan Benjamin issued a 29 May pastoral letter to every parish and strictly forbade Vvedensky or any other Living Church priests from administering the sacraments within his Diocese until they had first repented before Patriarch Tikhon.
For this reason, an outraged Vvedensky made a point of accompanying the GPU agents who arrested the Metropolitan at his residence. Vvedensky\'s presence at the Metropolitan\'s arrest was widely compared with the behavior of Judas Iscariot at the arrest of Jesus Christ.
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# Benjamin of Petrograd
## Show trial {#show_trial}
He was tried by a drumhead revolutionary tribunal with ten other defendants from 10 June to 5 July. Whenever Benjamin entered the courtroom for his trial, people stood up for him and he blessed them. In addition to anti-Soviet agitation, Metropolitan Benjamin stood accused of, \"entering with evil intent into an agreement with\... the Soviet Government\... and thereby obtaining a relaxation of the decree on the requisitioning of valuables\", and obstructing the efforts of the Renovationists to gain control of his Diocese.
According to historian Paul Gabel, \"The prosecutor was arch-atheist Peter Krasikov, who, like Krylenko in the Moscow Trial, saw conspiracy rather than genuine religious passion as the cause of the violence surrounding churches. He had orders from Moscow to discredit the Church, and the verdicts were foregone conclusions. At one point in the trial he shouted that the entire Church was a subversive organization and everybody in it should be thrown in prison.\"
In a subsequent interview in Paris with Constantin de Grunwald, the Metropolitan\'s Jewish defence attorney, S. Gurovich, recalled, \"I felt that I had a genuine Saint sitting behind me on the accused\'s bench.\"
According to Paul Gabel, \"The defendants, as before, cited the power of Church canons. They also argued that priests had actually attempted to *calm* the angry crowds that were surrounding and protecting the churches. But when three witnesses came forward to testify for Benjamin they were promptly arrested, thus effectively ending the defense\'s case. When Benjamin spoke in his own defense, he only offered he had always acted alone and was never an enemy of the people. He had dedicated his whole life to them, and they had repaid him with love.\"
In his closing arguments, Gurovich warned the Soviet State, \"If the Metropolitan perishes for his faith, for his limitless devotion to the believing masses, he will become more dangerous for Soviet power than now\... the unfailing historical law warns us that faith grows, strengthens, and increases on the blood of Martyrs.\"
Before the verdict was announced, Metropolitan Benjamin addressed the court, \"Regardless of what my sentence will be, no matter what you decide, life or death, I will lift up my eyes reverently to God, Cross myself and affirm, \'Glory to Thee my Lord; glory to Thee for everything!\'\"
The defendants were found guilty of being, \"dangerous and uncompromising foes of the Republic\" and condemned to the supreme penalty of death by shooting. The defendants were given a chance to speak, and Benjamin addressed the court saying it grieved him to be called an enemy of the people whom he had always loved and to whom he had dedicated his life.
Gurovich added, \"There are no proofs of guilty. There are no facts. There is not even an indictment\... What will history say?\"
Meanwhile, the Living Church-controlled Church Administration passed its own sentence, stripping Metropolitan Benjamin, Novitsky, and Kovsharov of their priestly and monastic ranks and reducing them to members of the laity.
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# Benjamin of Petrograd
## Martyrdom
The sentences of six of the defendants were later commuted by the Politburo, though not of Metropolitan Benjamin and the others seen as the main leaders of alleged anti-Soviet agitation.
According to Paul Gabel, \"A rumor circulated that Benjamin had already been executed. When a crowd gathered around the prison where he was being held, demanding he be shown to them if he were still alive. GPU agents fired into the assemblage and it disbanded. When it formed again, the warden was forced to make a deal: He allowed three members of the gathering to come inside, where they ascertained that Benjamin indeed was still among the living.\"
During the night of `{{OldStyleDate|12–13 August|1922|30–31 July}}`{=mediawiki} after having been shaved and dressed in rags so that the firing squad would not know that they were shooting members of the Orthodox clergy, Benjamin and those with him, Archimandrite Sergius, Yury Novitsky, and John Kovsharov, were executed in the eastern outskirts of Petrograd, at the Porokhov Station of the Irinovskaya Railroad (a narrow-gauge railroad built to bring peat into the city for heating that starts in the Bolshaya Okhta district of St. Petersburg, across the Neva River from the Smolny Institute and ending at Vsevolozhsk 24 km east of the city.)
Despite the continuing theological differences and the recent rift between them, both Exarch Leonid Feodorov and his superiors in the Vatican were devastated by the news of Metropolitan Benjamin\'s execution.
Furthermore, Irish Catholic *New York Herald* correspondent Captain Francis McCullagh attempted to make the whole world aware of the trial and execution of Metropolitan Benjamin, but his every attempt, \"was suppressed by the censor\". Although McCullagh was more successful in raising global awareness of the 1923 Moscow show trial of Archbishop Jan Cieplak, Monsignor Konstanty Budkiewicz, and Exarch Leonid Feodorov, the Captain later recalled, \"Bishop Benjamin was a martyr quite as much as Mgr. Budkiewicz was. And as I have shown, he was not the only martyr of the Orthodox Church who suffered on this occasion.\"
## Legacy
Although the anti-communist and White émigré hierarchy of Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) Canonized the Russian Orthodox Martyrs of the Red Terror decades before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the surviving hierarchy of the Moscow Patriarchate was taken over in 1926 by former Renovationist, Soviet secret police informant, and agent of influence, Metropolitan (later Patriarch) Sergei (Stragorodsky). In what other Orthodox jurisdictions have repeatedly condemned as the \"heresy of Sergianism\", the Moscow Patriarchate hierarchy embraced an official policy that the Soviet State was just and correct in all its actions up to and including the show trials and mass executions of Orthodox clergy and laity. Nevertheless, covert veneration of Metropolitan Benjamin and other Russian Orthodox Martyrs at the hands of the Soviet State continued within the Moscow Patriarchate anyway.
On 1 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union passed a decree formally repudiating seven decades of traditional Marxist-Leninist anti-religious policy and granting religious freedom, the equality of all religious denominations before the law, and the right to arrange the religious education of children to all Soviet citizens without exception. In 1992 the Moscow Patriarchate formally Canonized Metropolitan Benjamin as a Saint and a Martyr.
Benjamin\'s cenotaph is located in the Nikolskoe Cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; the Decree of Canonization directs for Benjamin and others \"That their precious remains, should they have been found, shall be considered holy relics.\"
## Quotes
- \"It is difficult, hard to suffer, but according to the measure of my sufferings, consolation abounds from God\... \[When one gives oneself over wholly to the will of God\] man abounds in consolation and does not even feel the greatest sufferings; filled as he is in the midst of sufferings by an inner peace, he draws others to sufferings so that they should imitate that condition in which the happy sufferer finds himself
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# 1927 Ryder Cup
The **1st Ryder Cup Matches** were held at the Worcester Country Club in Worcester, Massachusetts. The first competition was dominated by the United States who won by the then landslide score of 9`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}--2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points. USA Captain Walter Hagen became the first winning captain to lift the Ryder Cup. Samuel Ryder, the competition\'s founder was unable to be present at Worcester Country Club for the inaugural event due to ill health at the time. Ted Ray was the first captain to represent the Great Britain team.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play golf event, with each match worth one point. From this inaugural event through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.
## Teams
Source: `{{col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-2}}`{=mediawiki}
-------------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Walter Hagen -- captain
Leo Diegel
Al Espinosa
Johnny Farrell
Johnny Golden
Bill Mehlhorn
Gene Sarazen
Joe Turnesa
Al Watrous
-------------------------
------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Ted Ray -- captain
Aubrey Boomer
Archie Compston
George Duncan
George Gadd
Arthur Havers
Herbert Jolly
Fred Robson
Charles Whitcombe
------------------------
A sub-committee of the Professional Golfers\' Association was appointed to choose the Great Britain team for the first official Ryder Cup. This consisted of Harry Vardon, J.H. Taylor and James Braid. In March 1927 an initial group of 9 players was selected to represent Great Britain. These consisted of the above 9 players but with Abe Mitchell instead of Jolly. Later in March it was announced that Abe Mitchell would be the captain of the team. However, in May, his health gave some concern. It was eventually decided that he was unfit to travel. Later he was operated on for appendicitis.
Seven members of the team left on the Aquitania on May 21, Boomer being picked up in Cherbourg. Ray was appointed the new captain. George Philpot, editor of the British *Golf Illustrated* magazine, was the team manager and travelled with the team. With the team a man short, the PGA Secretary Percy Perrins recruited Jolly who sailed on a later boat, the Majestic, and arrived in New York on May 31, four days after the rest of the team.
## Friday\'s foursome matches {#fridays_foursome_matches}
Results
---------------------- --------- ---------------------
Ray/Robson 2 & 1 **Hagen/Golden**
Duncan/Compston 8 & 6 **Farrell/Turnesa**
Havers/Jolly 3 & 2 **Sarazen/Watrous**
**Boomer/Whitcombe** 7 & 5 Diegel/Mehlhorn
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
## Saturday\'s singles matches {#saturdays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Archie Compston 1 up **Bill Mehlhorn**
Aubrey Boomer 5 & 4 **Johnny Farrell**
Herbert Jolly 8 & 7 **Johnny Golden**
Ted Ray 7 & 5 **Leo Diegel**
Charles Whitcombe halved Gene Sarazen
Arthur Havers 2 & 1 **Walter Hagen**
Fred Robson 3 & 2 **Al Watrous**
**George Duncan** 1 up Joe Turnesa
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 9`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
---------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Leo Diegel 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Johnny Farrell 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Johnny Golden 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Walter Hagen 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Bill Mehlhorn 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Gene Sarazen 1.5 1--0--1 0--0--1 1--0--0
Joe Turnesa 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Al Watrous 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Al Espinosa did not play in any matches.
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes
------------------- -------- --------- --------- -----------
Aubrey Boomer 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Archie Compston 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
George Duncan 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Arthur Havers 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Herbert Jolly 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Ted Ray 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Fred Robson 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Charles Whitcombe 1.5 1--0--1 0--0--1 1--0--0
George Gadd did not play in any matches
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# Studio Sparks
***Studio Sparks*** was a Canadian radio program, which aired weekday afternoons from 12:00 PM to 3:00 PM on CBC Radio 2. Hosted by Eric Friesen, the program aired concert performances by classical, jazz and world music performers, as well as interview segments with the performers.
It was broadcast from the CBC\'s studios overlooking the Sparks Street Mall in Ottawa, Ontario, which gave the program its name.
The program has been discontinued since September 2008
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# Tetsuji Takechi
was a Japanese theatrical and film director, critic, and author. First coming to prominence for his theatrical criticism, in the 1940s and 1950s he produced influential and popular experimental kabuki plays. Beginning in the mid-1950s, he continued his innovative theatrical work in *noh*, *kyōgen* and modern theater. In late 1956 and early 1957 he hosted a popular TV program, *The Tetsuji Takechi Hour*, which featured his reinterpretations of Japanese stage classics.
In the 1960s, Takechi entered the film industry by producing controversial soft-core theatrical pornography. His 1964 film *Daydream* was the first big-budget, mainstream *pink film* released in Japan. After the release of his 1965 film *Black Snow*, the government arrested him on indecency charges. The trial became a public battle over censorship between Japan\'s intellectuals and the government. Takechi won the lawsuit, enabling the wave of softcore *pink films* which dominated Japan\'s domestic cinema during the 1960s and 1970s. In the later 1960s, Takechi produced three more *pink films*.
Takechi did not work in film during most of the 1970s. In the 1980s, he remade *Daydream* twice, starring actress Kyōko Aizome in both films. The first *Daydream* remake (1981) is considered the first theatrical hardcore pornographic film in Japan. Though Takechi is largely unknown in Japan today, he was influential in both the cinema and the theater during his lifetime, and his innovations in kabuki were felt for decades. He also helped shape the future of the *pink film* in Japan through his battles against governmental censorship, earning him the titles, \"The Father of Pink\" and \"The Father of Japanese Porn.\"
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Early life {#early_life}
Tetsuji Takechi was born Tetsuji Kawaguchi in Osaka on 10 December 1912 to a family headed by a wealthy industrialist. He studied economics at Kyoto National University and graduated in 1936. Takechi first became known for his criticism and theoretical writings on the theater. In 1939 he began publishing a journal, *Stage Review* in which he printed his writings on the theater. In the early 1940s, he began publishing collections of these writings in book form. When World War II came to an end, Takechi used his inheritance from his father to establish a theatrical troupe. Under his direction, the Takechi Kabuki, as the group was known, put Takechi\'s theatrical ideas into practise by giving innovative and popular performances of kabuki classics in Osaka from 1945 to 1955.
### Takechi Kabuki {#takechi_kabuki}
The immediate post-World War II era was a difficult time for kabuki. Besides the devastation caused to major Japanese cities as a result of the war, the popular trend was to reject the styles and thoughts of the past, kabuki among them. Also, during the early years of the Allied Occupation of Japan, the occupying authorities banned kabuki as feudalistic and detrimental to the public morals, though by 1947 this ban was lifted. Other traditional forms of theater, such as noh and *bunraku*, seen as less flamboyant and violent than kabuki, received less attention from Occupation censors. Kabuki scholars credit Takechi\'s innovative productions of the kabuki classics with bringing about a rebirth of interest in the kabuki in the Kansai region after this low point in kabuki history. Takechi revitalized kabuki by reaching out to the other theatrical forms---noh, *kyōgen*, and the modern theater and dance---for new ideas and collaboration. He broke through long-established barriers which existed between these theatrical forms, and even between kabuki schools, to create an energetic new form of kabuki. Despite his maverick nature, Takechi gave great attention to the classic kabuki texts, and emphasized to his actors the need to inhabit the roles they played. His approach to a new interpretation of the old texts was to \"psychologize\" them. By bringing out the psychology already present in the classic texts, Takechi felt that actors could interpret their roles with vitality and energy which he felt was lacking in contemporary performances. Of the many popular young stars of the kabuki who performed under Takechi, Nakamura Ganjiro III (born 1931) was the leading figure. At first known as Nakamura Senjaku, this period in Osaka kabuki became known as the \"Age of Senjaku\" in his honor.
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Theater work after Takechi Kabuki {#theater_work_after_takechi_kabuki}
Takechi\'s innovations in kabuki brought him to the attention of the Shigeyama family, a longtime major force in comic *kyōgen* plays. With the Shigeyamas, Takechi created and directed the *kyōgen*, *Susugigawa* (*The Washing River*), in 1953. Based on a medieval French farce, this play became the first new *kyōgen* to enter the traditional repertoire in a century. Takechi saw in *kyōgen* a more direct link to a native Japanese folk theatrical tradition, and through the *kyōgen* wanted to link these folk traditions with the modern theater. As a Western analogy of his intentions, Takechi pointed to the works of Ibsen and Tennessee Williams which had their roots in the classical theater of Racine, Molière and Shakespeare.
In 1954, Takechi followed *Susugigawa* with a *noh*-*kyōgen* version of Junji Kinoshita\'s *Yūzuru*. *Yūzuru* is one of the most successful Japanese post-World War II plays, having received over a thousand performances at schools and theaters both within Japan and internationally since its debut in 1949. Composer Ikuma Dan wrote an opera version of the play in 1952. Since its premiere, Dan\'s opera has been performed more than 550 times, making it possibly the most popular opera written in Japanese. Dan was recruited to write the original music for Takechi\'s production of the play. Dan combined the noh-style solo vocal lines with a Western orchestra and chorus. On the same program as *Yūzuru* was another Takechi-directed *kyōgen*, *Higashi wa Higashi* (*East is East*), a parody of the *kyōgen* style. Among the innovations Takechi made in this play was the inclusion of a former Takarazuka actress in the usually all-male *kyōgen* cast. In the ultra-conservative noh and *kyōgen* communities, simply appearing in a rival school\'s production could result in an actor\'s excommunication from the profession. Because of the public attention drawn through Takechi\'s relentless publicity work and communication with the media, punitive actions against actors who worked with Takechi were avoided.
Besides his work as a theatrical theorist and director, Takechi occasionally appeared in acting roles on the stage and screen. In his series of essays, *Chronicles of My Life in the 20th Century*, American author and translator of Japanese literature, Donald Keene mentions his own study of *kyōgen* at this time. In 1956, Keene appeared in a performance of the *kyōgen* play *Chidori* with Takechi in the role of the sake shop owner, before an audience including such prominent authors as Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata and Yukio Mishima.
Writing that \"every form of art\" should be popular with the public, Takechi next sought to rejuvenate noh in a similar manner with which he had kabuki and *kyōgen*. He worked with the avant-garde group Jikken Kōbō (Experimental Workshop), which had been founded by composers Tōru Takemitsu, Jōji Yuasa and other artists in 1951. One of Takechi\'s more notable productions with the group was a 1955 noh version of Schoenberg\'s *Pierrot Lunaire* (1912).
In October 1955 he directed Mishima\'s modern noh play, *The Damask Drum* in a theater-in-the-round production at Osaka\'s Sankei Hall. Mishima, dubious of Takechi\'s experimental approach to classical theater, later commented that he felt like a father allowing a disreputable plastic surgeon to operate on his child. Also at Sankei Hall, Takechi directed Mishima\'s *Sotoba Komachi*, set as an opera by composer Mareo Ishiketa, in 1956.
The controversy created by Takechi\'s experiments with noh made international headlines in 1956. The International News Service reported that Takechi had introduced elements of burlesque and striptease into the slow, stylised artform. Confirming that Takechi\'s methods did make the artform popular, his \"Burlesque Noh\" productions at Tokyo\'s Nichigeki Music Hall played to a consistently full house. Again, however, the leaders of the conservative Noh Society of Tokyo threatened any performer who participated in Takechi\'s productions with excommunication.
From 4 December 1956 to 26 February 1957, Takechi served as the host of the Nippon Television program, *The Tetsuji Takechi Hour*. The show featured the Takechi Kabuki\'s interpretations of such Japanese stage classics as *Chūshingura*, and was also known for pushing the limits of the coverage of sexual subjects on television for its time. Takechi directed two more kabuki performances for the Nissei Theater in Tokyo, not long after it was opened in 1963. Though these would be his last kabuki productions, Takechi\'s influence on the art form continued to be felt for decades after his departure for the cinema.
### Entrance into the cinema {#entrance_into_the_cinema}
In the early 1960s, Takechi turned from the stage to the cinema. Though the mainstream film industry considered Takechi an amateur and an outsider, he would continue to produce ground-breaking films sporadically for the rest of his life. Some of the innovations and trends in Japanese erotic cinema which Takechi\'s films pioneered include big-budgets and releases, literary and artistic aspirations, fogging, political themes, and theatrical hardcore.
Takechi ran afoul of the government throughout his film career. The Weissers, in their *Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films*, even characterize Takechi\'s entire film career as \"a personal war with Eirin\" (the Japanese film-rating board). Turning from the Edo period art form of kabuki to another popular Edo period form of expression, pornography, Takechi decided to enter the film industry through the new genre of low-budget, independent softcore sex-films that were becoming popular in Japan. These films were called *eroductions* at this time, but are now more commonly referred to as *pink films*.
Takechi\'s first film was *A Night in Japan: Woman, Woman, Woman Story* (*Nihon no yoru: Onna onna onna monogatari*, 1963), a sex-documentary in the *mondo* style popular at the time. The film focused on the women of Japan\'s night life and included scenes of a nude noh performance, strippers, and geisha. Produced independently, Shochiku studios distributed the film, allowing it an international audience. It was released in West Germany on 6 March 1964 as *Frauen unter nackter Sonne (alle Frauen Japans)*. In the U.S., it opened in Los Angeles under the title *Women\... Oh, Women!* on 18 September 1964. Later that year, Takechi appeared in an acting role in director Kaneto Shindō\'s *Mother* (1963).
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### *Daydream* (1964) {#daydream_1964}
The first Japanese mainstream film with nudity was Seijun Suzuki\'s *Gate of Flesh* (1964), and Takechi made the first big-budget, mainstream *pink film*, *Daydream (白日夢)*, the same year. Like *Women\... Oh, Women!*, *Daydream* was produced independently but Shochiku studios distributed the film. This time, the studio gave Takechi\'s film a major publicity campaign. Based on a 1926 short story by Jun\'ichirō Tanizaki, the film was a black comedy involving a series of sex scenes imagined by an artist under anesthesia in a dentist\'s office. After being drugged, the artist watches helplessly from the other side of a window as the dentist tortures and performs a series of sexual acts on a female patient.
Though modest in comparison with *pink films* which would come soon after, *Daydream* did contain female nudity. The government refused to allow one controversial shot, which gave a brief glimpse of pubic hair. Takechi fought the government\'s censorship of this shot, but lost. When the censors obscured the offending hair with a fuzzy white dot, *Daydream* became the first film in Japanese cinema to undergo \"fogging\", a common element in Japanese erotic cinema for decades to come.
Despite the governmental tampering, *Daydream* became a major success in Japan, and was screened at the Venice Film Festival in September 1964. The film was released in the U.S. later the same year, and in 1966 Joseph Green, director of the cult film *The Brain that Wouldn\'t Die* (1962), re-released *Daydream* in the U.S. with new American footage.
Takechi\'s third film, *The Dream of the Red Chamber* or *Crimson Dream* (*Kokeimu（紅閨夢）*, 1964), was released less than two months after *Daydream*. Based on two short stories, \"Kasanka Mangansui no Yume\" and \"Yanagiyu no Jiken\" by Jun\'ichirō Tanizaki, the film depicts the lurid and violently erotic dreams of a writer, his wife and his sister, after having spent a night out drinking and visiting sex shows. *The Dream of the Red Chamber* underwent extensive censorship before the government would allow it to be released. About 20% of the film\'s original content was cut by Eirin, rendering the film virtually incoherent, and this footage is now considered lost.
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### *Black Snow* (1965) {#black_snow_1965}
Takechi\'s *Daydream* had been considered a national embarrassment by the Japanese government because of its highly publicized release while the world was focused on the country for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Takechi\'s third film had suffered heavily from the governmental censorship, yet no legal action had been taken. Takechi\'s fourth film, the Nikkatsu-produced *Black Snow* (1965), was even more controversial than his previous work. David Desser credits *Black Snow* with bringing a political theme to the *pink film*. Politics would be featured in many later films in the *pink* genre, most notably those of Kōji Wakamatsu.
The story of *Black Snow* concerns a young man whose mother serves the U.S. military at Yokota Air Base as a prostitute. Impotent unless making love with a loaded gun, the young man shoots an American G.I., and is then shot down by U.S. soldiers. The film contained multiple scenes of sexual intercourse, and a lengthy scene of a nude woman running outside Yokota Air Base. However, more than the sex and nudity, it was the political nature of the film which attracted governmental action. Released at a time of widespread demonstration against the renewal of the U.S. Security Treaty, *Black Snow* had a clear anti-American theme. Film critic Tadao Sato says that the film uses sex to make a political statement. \"In *Black Snow*\... the powerless position of Japan vis-a-vis America, and of the Japanese populace in relation to its rulers is represented by the outraged Japanese women and the G.I. rapists.\"
Other critics accused the film of racism and ultra-nationalism. Jasper Sharp writes that though Takechi\'s films did criticize Japanese society, a theme they share with *pink films*, Takechi identified the problem as coming from foreign influences, rather than from within. This marks him as a reactionary rather than a revolutionary, as were many *pink film* directors. Takechi himself claimed to be a *minzoku shugisha*, or \"ethnic nationalist\", throughout his life. Buruma points out that this ideological affiliation contains a strong racial aspect, and notes that the G.I. the main character murders in *Black Snow* is African American. Buruma comments further, \"This, incidentally, has become a standard cliche: whenever G.I.s are shown in Japanese porno films, invariably in the act of outrageously raping Japanese maidens, they are very often blacks to make the outrage seem even worse.\"
Though the government had accused earlier films of obscenity, *Black Snow* became the first film after World War II to be prosecuted by the government on obscenity charges. All copies of the film were confiscated from Nikkatsu and from Takechi\'s own home, and Takechi was arrested. The controversy gained international attention with *The New York Times* reporting that even the two censors who had passed the film were considered for prosecution, and that the government had announced plans to strictly censor the *pink film* movement. Japan\'s intellectual and artistic community came to Takechi\'s defense. Film directors Nagisa Oshima and Seijun Suzuki and authors Yukio Mishima and Kōbō Abe testified in Takechi\'s defense at the trial. Takechi took advantage of every opportunity to publicly speak out against censorship, and one Eirin official later admitted to being \"terrified by the man\".
Explicitly linking his interests in kabuki and pornography as forms of expression, in the July 1965 issue of the film journal *Eiga Geijutsu*, Takechi wrote: `{{cquote|The censors are getting tough about ''Black Snow''. I admit there are many nude scenes in the film, but they are psychological nude scenes symbolizing the defencelessness of the Japanese people in the face of the American invasion. Prompted by the CIA and the U.S. Army they say my film is immoral. This is of course an old story that has been going on for centuries. When they suppressed Kabuki plays during the Edo period, forbidding women to act, because of prostitution, and young actors, because of homosexuality, they said it was to preserve public morals. In fact it was a matter of rank political suppression.<ref name="Buruma-57"/>
}}`{=mediawiki}
By shutting down *Black Snow* and prosecuting Takechi, Eirin had intended to suppress the new *pink film* genre, but the trial had the exact opposite outcome. The publicity surrounding the trial brought the *pink film* genre to the attention of the general public, and helped inspire the wave of *pink films* which dominated Japan\'s domestic cinema for the next two decades.
### After *Black Snow* {#after_black_snow}
During the legal battles of the trial, Takechi filmed a *pink film* re-telling of *The Tale of Genji*, which, like Tanizaki\'s work, contains eroticism in the original, though not of a sexually-explicit nature. On 17 September 1967, Takechi won the *Black Snow* case. He also successfully countersued the government claiming that the accusation of indecency was politically motivated, due to the film\'s anti-American and anti-capitalist themes.
Takechi\'s next film after the trial was *Ukiyo-e Cruel Story* (1968), starring the current \"Queen\" of *Pink films*, Noriko Tatsumi. The Weissers call this film, about a painter of erotic pictures who is persecuted by the government, \"Takechi\'s personal message to Eirin.\" Though still containing significant erotic content, this is one of Takechi\'s few films to pass the censor relatively un-edited, perhaps because Eirin saw the obvious anti-governmental censorship message in the film, and did not wish to be provoked into another embarrassing public confrontation with the outspoken director.
Though he had won his court case, Takechi had become known as a risky and dangerous entity in the film world. Newspapers refused to advertise his films, and Takechi spent the next decade concentrating on writing projects. After his friend, the writer Yukio Mishima, committed *hara-kiri* in 1970, Takechi wrote *The Head of Yukio Mishima*, a best-selling, fictionalized version of the incident. In 1972, he again appeared in an acting role for director Kaneto Shindō in his Art Theatre Guild film based on a Tanizaki novel, *Sanka*.
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Return to film {#return_to_film}
In 1981, the then 68-year-old Takechi decided to return to film with a series of theatrical hardcore films, beginning with a remake of his 1964 *Daydream*, also titled *Daydream*. Noticing actress Kyōko Aizome in one of her nude photo magazine appearances, Takechi chose her to star in the film. Japan\'s first theatrically released film featuring hardcore sex, Aizome added to the controversy surrounding the film by admitting to having performed actual sexual intercourse on camera. Though, as Japanese law required, sexual organs and pubic hair were fogged on screen, the *Asahi Shimbun* called it a breakthrough film, and Japan\'s first hardcore pornographic movie. Takechi took a novel, yet traditional approach to the fogging by covering the forbidden areas with floating images of topless female shamisen players. Unlike Takechi\'s earlier *Dream of the Red Chamber*, the full, uncensored version of *Daydream 1981* did survive, and circulated underground in Japan. This uncensored version of the film was released on video at one time in the Netherlands.
Takechi\'s next film, *Courtesan* (*Oiran*, 1983), like his *Daydream* films, was based on a Tanizaki novel. Three studios were involved in the production: Fujii Movies, Ogawa Productions, and Takechi Film. The film is set at the end of the 19th century, and tells the story of a Yokohama prostitute who services American sailors. The woman is possessed by the spirit of her dead lover, who, in erotic scenes echoing *The Exorcist* (1973), makes his presence known whenever she is sexually aroused. Because of the large budget involved in the production, the distributing studio submitted *Courtesan* to Eirin repeatedly, and agreed to every cut the reviewing board recommended. The heavy cutting the film received reduced it from near-hardcore to a very softcore historical drama. Takechi again took advantage of the situation to fight Eirin, and complained publicly about the censorship. When he noticed that the censors had painted over a penis with colors, he ridiculed them by promoting his film with the line, \"See the first multicolored penis in Japanese Cinema!\"
After this bout with the censors, Takechi vowed to produce a true, hardcore film for Japanese audiences. The result was *Sacred Koya* (*Koya Hijiri*), based on a work by Kyōka Izumi. He refused to allow the film to be censored in any way, either through cutting or fogging. Refusing to release the film in Japan, he did not submit it for Eirin\'s approval. Instead, he released it in Guam, where it played primarily to Japanese tourist audiences for several years under the U.S.\'s more liberal pornography laws. Takechi\'s last film was another remake of *Daydream* in 1987, again starring Kyōko Aizome. Though it was a low-budget, independent production which again underwent censorship in Japan, it became very popular in its uncensored form in France.
Takechi\'s come-back films of the 1980s were all in a theatrical hardcore style. Released during the dawn of the AV, or adult video, and the height of Nikkatsu\'s softcore *Roman porno* films, his films fit into neither style. Jasper Sharp writes, \"His big-budget pornos came from a different world to that of the pink and Roman Porno films. There was nothing else like them at the time, and consequently they had little influence on domestically-produced sex films. Takechi died of pancreatic cancer the following year, on 26 July 1988. Without a major studio\'s backing or interest from the general *pink film* community, Takechi\'s name and films faded into obscurity in Japan. In 2006 his career was the subject of a full retrospective showing in Tokyo\'s Image Forum in 2006.
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Legacy
Jasper Sharp points out that the Japanese and western views of Takechi\'s legacy are quite different. While western sources assess him as a major figure in the early development of the *pink film*, many current Japanese sources on the subject ignore his work. Sharp notes, however, that during his lifetime, he was covered prominently in Japanese sources. He speculates that his legacy has been largely forgotten in his homeland partly because of his status as an outsider in the Japanese film communities---both mainstream and *pink*. Since his films were self-produced and distributed by major film companies rather than through the *eroduction* circuit, they are not technically *pink films*. Also, his right-wing political background conflicts with the generally revolutionary stance more often associated with the *pink film*. Since his death in 1988, the lack of a studio or other publicist, or coverage by writers on the *pink film* has kept his work out of the public\'s eye in Japan. In the west, however, some of Takechi\'s films, such as *Daydream* were shown during their first runs, reviewed by major publications such as *Variety*, and have been preserved and remained available to genre audiences on home video releases.
During his lifetime, Takechi\'s innovations and contributions to Japanese theater in general and to kabuki specifically were influential for decades. His theoretical work, as well as his mentoring of several important stars, helped bring about a rebirth in kabuki after World War II. His contributions to cinema were much more controversial. Considered a dilettante outsider by much of the film industry, and suspected of racism and nationalism by others, his work was nevertheless defended by the younger generation of filmmakers such as Seijun Suzuki and Nagisa Oshima. Though his films are today unknown to most Japanese filmgoers, through his career-long fight against censorship, the taboos which his films helped break, and the creative freedom which he helped enable, he remains an important figure in Japanese cinema.
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# Tetsuji Takechi
## Filmography
+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+
| Title | Cast | Release date |
+===============================================================+======================+===================+
| ***Women\..
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# Marc Tucker
**Marc S. Tucker** (born 1939) was the president and CEO of the National Center on Education and the Economy from 1988 until January 1, 2019.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Tucker is a graduate of Brown University.
He was president and chief executive officer of the National Center on Education and the Economy, the associate director of the National Institute of Education. He was appointed professor of education at the University of Rochester and was appointed by president Bill Clinton to the National Skills Standards Board, where he served as the chair of its research and policy committee
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# Dunbarton, South Carolina
**Dunbarton** was a town in Barnwell County, South Carolina, United States. The area was originally settled *circa* 1800. Dunbarton grew after a train stop was built on a new rail line. In 1951, it was acquired by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission as part of a site for the Savannah River Plant. The nearest incorporated community is the town of Snelling, to the northeast.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
The settlement of the town began with the construction of the Atlantic Coast Line in 1899 from Denmark, South Carolina, to Robins, South Carolina. Robins was on the railroad from Port Royal to Augusta, Georgia. Robins was in the area taken for the Savannah River Plant. This line of the railroad was later rerouted to the south of Dunbarton. This line is now part of CSX Transportation. The old line east of Dunbarton is a spur that now services the Savannah River Site.
The town of Dunbarton was incorporated in 1910. Dunbarton is named after the Dunbar family. It was an agricultural, trading, and sawmill town. By the early 1950s, Dunbarton had a population of about 300, about 35 residences, about 15 commercial buildings, one church, two schools including Dunbarton High School, two cotton gins, and the railroad station. Four Mile High School, an African-American high school, was located just outside the town of Dunbarton. It had dormitories so that some students could board during the week.
### Exodus
On November 28, 1950, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company announced that the Savannah River Plant would be built on about 300 sq. mi. of Aiken County, Barnwell County, and Allendale County in South Carolina. The Savannah River Plant was built for the production of plutonium and tritium for the H-bomb.
About 6,000 people and 6,000 graves were to be relocated. This include the incorporated communities of Dunbarton and Ellenton and the unincorporated communities of Hawthorne, Meyers Mill, Robbins, and Leigh. A significant fraction of those removed were African-American farmers and sharecroppers.
The government purchased or condemned the property. Many of the residents moved themselves, and in some cases, their homes to Barnwell, Williston, Jackson, Beech Island, Aiken, South Carolina, and Augusta, Georgia. Some moved out of state. Eventually, nearly all that was left behind was the streets, curbs, driveways, and walkways.
## Geography
Dunbarton\'s location was approximately 33°12\'40\" N and 81°33\' W. It was located at the intersection of South Carolina highways 39 and 64 and the railroad. Highway 64 is now SRS \"B.\" Highway 39 is now SRS \"F\" north of \"B\" and \"B-6\" south of \"B.\"
## Legacy
An annual reunion of former Dunbarton residents started in 1952 and continues to this day
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# Juan de Marcos González
**Juan de Marcos González** (born **Juan de Marcos González-Cárdenas**; January 29, 1954) is a Cuban bandleader, musician and actor, best known for his work with the Buena Vista Social Club and in the 2021 Sony Pictures Animation film *Vivo* as the voice of Vivo\'s owner, Andrés.
## Biography
Juan de Marcos González was born in the Pueblo Nuevo barrio of Havana to a musical family. His father, Marcos González Mauriz (d March 1990), was a vocalist who performed with prominent bandleader Arsenio Rodríguez. He has two daughters, Gliceria and Laura Lidia González Abreu and one son, Juan de Marcos González Pérez. He studied classical and tres guitar at the Ignacio Cervantes Conservatory and with maestros Leopoldina Nuñez and Vicente \"Gutun\" Gonzalez. Later took courses on orchestral conduction and contemporary harmony at Goldsmith college, London.
Growing up, González was a fan of American and British rock music before rediscovering his Cuban roots and establishing a \"traditional\" Cuban band, Sierra Maestra, in 1978. González\'s stated goal was to keep the torch of Cuban folk music alive for a younger generation. Sierra Maestra has recorded fourteen albums in Cuba, and toured internationally.
González became a key member of the Buena Vista Social Club, using his contacts in the Cuban music world to locate musicians. When Ry Cooder arrived in Havana for recording, González himself was working an \"all star\" album tribute to the golden era greats of Cuban music, the Afro-Cuban All Stars, featuring many of the same musicians who comprise the Buena Vista Social Club. Subsequently, González led the Afro-Cuban All Stars and Rubén González on their European and American tours, and directed the Buena Vista Social Club concerts in Amsterdam, Mexico City and at Carnegie Hall.
He speaks Russian, English and Spanish and has some knowledge of Lucumi and Abakua.
He appeared in the Sony Pictures Animation film *Vivo* in 2021 as the voice of Andrés, Vivo\'s owner. González reprised his role in the Spanish dub of the film
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# USS Oberrender
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# Ordinance (canon law)
An **ordinance** or **ecclesiastical ordinance** is a type of law, legal instrument, or by-law in the canon law of the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and in Calvinism.
Each Christian denomination that has a hierarchy tends to need rules and regulations that define the rights, privileges, powers, and responsibilities of each individual cleric (such as deacon, priest or pastor, bishop, cardinal, abbot, abbess, or religious like nuns and monks) and corporate bodies (vestry, canons, chapter house, diocese, College of Cardinals, etc.). A religious organization with a flat organizational structure or no hierarchy tends not to have ecclesiastical ordinances.
## Anglican Communion {#anglican_communion}
In the Anglican Communion, particularly the American Episcopal Church, ecclesiastical ordinances are the bylaws of a Christian religious organization, especially that of a diocese or province of a church.
## Catholic Church {#catholic_church}
In the canon law of the Catholic Church, ecclesiastical ordinances are particular laws, issued in order to fulfil universal law on a local or regional level.
## Calvinism
*Ecclesiastical Ordinances* is the title of the foundation rules, or constitution, of the Reformed Church in Geneva, written by John Calvin in 1541. They were revised in 1561
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# Martial Singher
**Martial Singher** (August 14, 1904 -- March 9, 1990) was a French baritone opera singer born in Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
Initially singing only as a hobby, he was encouraged by then French education minister Édouard Herriot to pursue singing professionally. He would go on to perform at the Opéra National de Paris, the Royal Opera House, New York City Opera, San Francisco Opera, Chicago Opera and the Metropolitan Opera.
He recorded an acclaimed Méphistophelès under Charles Munch in the RCA recording of Berlioz\'s *La damnation de Faust* (February 1954) with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, David Poleri as Faust and Suzanne Danco as Marguerite. In 1959 he is Chorèbe in *Les Troyens, conducted by Robert Lawrence.*
Later in his life he became an accomplished music teacher at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia and at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal before moving to Santa Barbara and taking over the Music Academy of the West. He is known for influencing the careers of such artists as Sondra Radvanovsky, James King, Donald Gramm, Jeannine Altmeyer, Benita Valente, John Reardon, Louis Quilico, Jean-François Lapointe, Judith Blegen, Cynthia Hoffmann, Thomas Moser, and William Workman. Singher has also been the teacher of world-famous baritones such as Thomas Hampson and Rodney Gilfry.
He wrote a book useful to vocalists aspiring to an operatic career, *An Interpretive Guide to Operatic Arias: A Handbook for Singers, Coaches, Teachers, and Students* (1983).
Singher died in Santa Barbara. He had married Margareta Busch, daughter of the conductor Fritz Busch, in 1940. They had three sons. Michel Singher, is an accomplished international conductor
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# 2005 Polish Film Awards
The **2005 Polish Film Awards** ran on March 5, 2005. It was the 7th edition of Polish Film Awards: Eagles.
## Awards nominees and winners {#awards_nominees_and_winners}
*Winners are highlighted in **boldface**
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# Alex Lowe (actor)
**Alex Lowe** (born 15 January 1968) is an English actor, comedian and voice artist. He is the creator and performer of the characters Barry from Watford on Steve Wright\'s BBC Radio 2 show and Iain Lee\'s shows, and the character Clinton Baptiste, originally seen in *Phoenix Nights*, as whom he has since toured.
## Barry from Watford {#barry_from_watford}
Lowe began calling the Iain Lee radio show on the London talk radio station LBC 97.3 in May 2005, as Barry from Watford. It was during Lowe\'s first call that Barry\'s wife Margaret (later to be played by Catherine Tate in Barry\'s stage show) would be introduced. Barry became popular amongst LBC listeners, who requested that his calls be repeated on future shows.
\'Barry \"The\" Saint-Michael\' has been a popular caller on Iain Lee\'s radio show, which later moved to the radio station Absolute Radio and Talkradio. Since 2006, Alex has also put on live performances called \'Let\'s Talk To Barry\', a 50-minute show telling about life in Watford, which also features audio clips from Catherine Tate and Iain Lee.
In October 2008 Barry called into Harry Shearer\'s Le Show radio show to discuss the American Presidential election, he was credited as \'Barry Martin\', which Shearer later corrected to \'Barry Saint-Martin\'. He called again on 4 January 2009 to discuss the recent holiday celebrations, and corrected his name to be \'Barry Barry Saint-Michael\'.
In January 2010, Lowe\'s \"Barry from Watford\" podcast released on iTunes by Absolute Radio spent two weeks in the Podcast top ten. In October 2012 he co-wrote \"BARRY\" with Fraser Steele; a pilot sitcom featuring his BARRY FROM WATFORD character for Sky Atlantic, broadcast on 4 March 2013.
Barry currently has his own show on the new subscription radio comedy channel Fubar Radio which was launched on 20 February 2014. He also runs [\'Barry from Watford\'s Bingo Bonanza\'](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151639/http://www.the100club.co.uk/gigs/barry-from-watfords-bingo-bonanza-4/) at the [100 Club](http://www.the100club.co.uk/).
Barry from Watford\'s weekly podcast with Angelos Epithemiou, \"The Angelos and Barry Show\" was launched in October 2014. On 24 October 2014, he appeared on Channel 4\'s The Feeling Nuts Comedy Night in sketches as his Barry character, together with Dan Renton Skinner (as character Angelos Epithemiou). The duo walked the streets being comically rude to members of the public to raise awareness of testicular cancer. In June 2015 he recorded his BBC Radio 4 series as Barry from Watford, Barry\'s Lunch Club. From 14 August 2017, the character of Barry appears alongside Noel Edmonds on the Channel 4 show *Cheap Cheap Cheap* where contestants have to choose the cheapest item from a selection of three.
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# Alex Lowe (actor)
## Television, radio and theatre {#television_radio_and_theatre}
Lowe made his TV debut in 1981 in Thames Television\'s *Theatre Box*. On stage, he played Wharton in \"Another Country\" at the Queen\'s Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, London. In 1983 he played Young Edmond Bertram in BBC 1\'s *Mansfield Park*. His career has included diverse roles from serious drama to character comedy. He has worked as both a writer and actor in many different areas of media.
In 1990, Lowe appeared in The Hypochondriac at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and won a First.
In 1991, having trained at The Studio School in North London and Leicester School of Performing Arts, he played PC Corman in Minder alongside George Cole. Lowe has appeared in a variety of different television programmes, including, *Three Men in A Boat*, *The Rise and Fall of Rome*, *The Fast Show*, *Fun at the Funeral Parlour*, The *Big Impression* Christmas Special, and *Bremner, Bird and Fortune*. He appeared in four episodes of Simon Day\'s comedy series *Grass* as precocious child star Crispin Winterville\'s father Roland. He played Clinton Baptiste in *Peter Kay\'s Phoenix Nights* and Sparky in *That Peter Kay Thing*. He starred with Lee on *The 11 O\'Clock Show* on Channel Four in the late 1990s, usually appearing as a reporter. In 2007, he wrote and performed for *Ronni Ancona and Co.* for BBC One and performed in *The Peter Serafinowicz Show* on BBC 2.
In the cinema, Lowe played Paul in *Peter\'s Friends*, The Messenger in *Much Ado About Nothing* and Simon Merriel in *Haunted*.
On radio, Lowe has appeared on *Absolute Power*, *15 Minute Musical*, *Not Today, Thank You*, *The Laxian Key* and *The Scarifyers*; he plays Brian in *Clare in the Community* for BBC Radio 4. Lowe has also appeared twice on Loose Ends on BBC Radio 4 with Iain Lee, Big Brother\'s Big Mouth and Sam Delaney\'s *Stupid Telly* (as Barry from Watford). From 2001 to 2003 he hosted Download This for XFM London on Sunday mornings from 10 am to midday.
On 12 October 2008, he reprised his role as *Clinton Baptiste* in Peter Kay\'s *Britain\'s Got The Pop Factor \... And Possibly A New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly On Ice*, a spoof on talent show programmes.
On 22 May 2009, he appeared on BBC Radio 2\'s *Steve Wright in the Afternoon* show, talking about his life. He also talked about being a lifestyle guru. He became a regular weekly contributor to the programme.
In April 2010, he recorded a comedy pilot for BBC Radio 2 *The Alex Lowe Double Act* with impressionist Alistair McGowan. It was broadcast on 15 May 2010.
In 2011 and 2012, he wrote for BBC TV\'s *Watson and Oliver* sketch show and appeared in Channel 4 sketch show *The Anna and Katy Show* as various characters.
Lowe played Adam Wrent on the Framley Examiner podcast on the Framley Examiner website.
Since 2009, he has also appeared in several Big Finish Productions audio plays.
Recently, he has appeared on the Christian O\'Connell breakfast show on Absolute Radio. He portrays celebrities ranging from US President Barack Obama, Tom Cruise and more recently Mick Jagger and Keith Richards from the Rolling Stones. Through March to June 2014, he played the role of Jimmy in *Fatal Attraction*, at the Theatre Royal Haymarket.
In Feb 2015, he reprised his role as Clinton Baptiste for Peter Kay\'s *Phoenix Nights Live* at the Manchester Arena
In 2015, Lowe appeared as a policeman in the BBC TV mini-series *The Casual Vacancy*.
In March 2015, he appeared as The Doctor in *Pompidou* for BBC2.
Between 2015 and 2018, he regularly appeared on *Sam Delaney\'s News Thing* as Jeremy Corbyn.
Lowe voiced major character King Hunnybun in the Nickelodeon UK series *Tinkershrimp & Dutch*, which premiered in January 2016.
In December 2018, Lowe reprised the role of Clinton Baptiste for a 6 part podcast series *Clinton Baptiste\'s paranormal podcast*. A second series has been announced for release in 2019. As of 2023, this is now on series 6..
Lowe appeared on *The Chris Moyles Show* on Radio X as Clinton Baptiste, initially to promote the podcast series but since has become a semi-regular guest on the show. He also appeared as Baptiste in December 2024 to promote his upcoming tour appearances in 2025/26.
Lowe has also recently started his own YouTube channel - with 1.2k subscribers - where the series *Mystic Hunt* takes place. Currently, on episode 2 (as of January 2021), the series sees Lowe posing as Clinton Baptiste investigating paranormal activities
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# This Is Just to Say
\"**This Is Just to Say**\" (1934) is an imagist poem by William Carlos Williams. The three-versed, 28-word poem is an apology about eating the reader\'s plums. The poem was written as if it were a note left on a kitchen table. It has been widely pastiched.
## Analysis
The poem appears to the reader like a piece of found poetry. Metrically, the poem exhibits no regularity of stress or of syllable count. Except for lines two and five (each an iamb) and lines eight and nine (each an amphibrach), no two lines have the same metrical form. The consonance of the letters \"Th\" in lines two, three, and four, as well the consonance of the letter \"F\" in lines eight and nine, and the letter \'S\' in lines eleven and twelve give rise to a natural rhythm when the poem is read aloud.
A conspicuous lack of punctuation contributes to the poem\'s tonal ambiguity. While the second stanza begins with a conjunction, implying a connection to the first stanza, the third stanza is separated from the first two by the capitalised \"Forgive\". In a 1950 interview, John W. Gerber asked the poet what it is that makes \"This Is Just to Say\" a poem; Williams replied, \"In the first place, it\'s metrically absolutely regular \... So, dogmatically speaking, it has to be a poem because it goes that way, don\'t you see!\" Critic Marjorie Perloff writes, \"on the page, the three little quatrains look alike; they have roughly the same physical shape. It is typography rather than any kind of phonemic recurrence that provides directions for the speaking voice (or for the eye that reads the lines silently) and that teases out the poem\'s meanings.\" Additionally, this typographical structure influences any subsequent interpretation on the part of the reader.
Florence Williams\'s (Williams\'s wife) \"reply\" to *This Is Just to Say* is included as a \'Detail\' in the partially published *Detail & Parody for the poem Paterson* (a manuscript at SUNY Buffalo) first appearing in 1982. Since Williams chose to include the \"reply\" in his own sequence it seems likely that he took a note left by his wife and turned it into a poem
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# Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France
**Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France** (*Charles Orland, Dauphin de France*) (11 October 1492 -- 16 December 1495) was the eldest son and heir of King Charles VIII of France and Duchess Anne of Brittany.
## Build-up {#build_up}
Charles Orlando\'s parents, Charles VIII and Anne, had married in December 1491, less than a year before his birth. The marriage had begun unhappily, with the new queen resenting the marriage forced upon her and the political dominance of her sister-in-law, Anne, Duchess of Bourbon. Her pregnancy was thus greeted with special joy by her, as well as by the King and the people, for the depleted elder branch of the House of Valois depended on a male heir. Accordingly, Anne spent her pregnancy at ease, given the devoted attention of her husband who ensured that she would not be tired out or subject to unnecessary travel. In the autumn of 1492, the King and Queen went to the château of Plessis-lès-Tours where all was prepared for the birth of the hoped-for boy.
## Birth and life {#birth_and_life}
The Queen went into labour on the night of 10 October and was swiftly attended to by the royal doctors and midwives. With her was Charles who, much to the annoyance of those around, soon lost his calm due to anxiety. However, all went well, and at 4 o\'clock in the morning, the Queen gave birth to a robust and well-formed boy who was automatically *Dauphin of France*.
The Dauphin was immediately the subject of controversy. His parents and his godmother, Jeanne de Laval, widow of King René I of Naples, wanted to name him *Orlando* (*Orland*), after Roland, the Carolingian hero of *The Song of Roland* whose name was rendered thus in Italian. The name had been suggested to them by François of Paule, a hermit and preacher in whom they had confidence. However, the godfathers (Louis, Duke of Orléans, next in line for the throne, and Peter II, Duke of Bourbon) flatly refused to allow a future king of France to be given such a foreign name and begged for him to be named instead after his ancestors: *Louis*, *Philippe* or *Charles*.
Finally, after three days of dispute, a compromise was reached: the *Dauphin* would be named *Charles Orland* in the French language, and *Carolus Orlandus* in Latin. This settled, the baptism was held on 13 October. The Dauphin, clad in cloth of gold, was carried into the Church of Saint Jean of Plessisour by John IV of Chalon-Arlay, Prince of Orange and was baptised in the font there, surrounded by the greatest lords of the Court, each holding the candle, the basin or the towel. During the ceremony, Charles VIII held the hand of François of Paule, who led the ceremony and blessed Charles Orlando. Anne of Brittany, still recovering, was not in attendance.
Described by the chronicler Philippe de Commines as a \"beautiful child and daring in word, not fearing the things that the other children are accustomed to fear\", Charles Orlando was a healthy and vigorous child, who grew well and strong, a fluent speaker by age 3. He had a fair complexion, black eyes and was chubby. When he reached the age of 18 months, he was installed in Amboise, monitored by two governors, the lords de Boisy and That-Guénant, a governess, Madame de Bussière, and surrounded by a multitude of servants. He was the pride and joy of his parents. His mother doted on him, buying him presents; his father described him as the \"most beautiful of gems\". Both insisted on being kept informed of his health and his progress, by means of letters and messages.
The King also took a series of measures in order to protect his heir. Hunting in the forest of Amboise was prohibited; the gates of the city were reduced to four, making it easier to monitor traffic and to seal the city where necessary; archers were posted at the strategic points of the castle; and the child was constantly in the prayers of François of Paule.
## Death
In the autumn of 1495, when an epidemic of measles struck Touraine, Charles VIII (who after returning from Italy remained in Lyon, where he was joined by the Queen), ordered the child to be even more closely cloistered in Amboise. But to no avail: Charles Orlando contracted measles, and in spite of the efforts of the doctors and the prayers of the monks, he died on 16 December 1495.
Charles VIII, deeply affected, but advised by his physicians to remain staunch and cheerful, succeeded in hiding his sorrow; Anne gave herself up to her grief so violently that for a time her life, and her sanity, were feared for. The year following his death, a younger brother was born and he, too, was named *Charles*, but he only lived for less than a month (8 September 1496 -- 2 October 1496). Both children were buried at Saint Gatien\'s Cathedral, Tours, with *gisants* erected for them by the French sculptor Michel Colombe in 1506
| 845 |
Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France
| 0 |
10,078,120 |
# Hugh Harris (ice hockey)
**Hugh Harris** (born June 7, 1948) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres during the 1972--73 season and in the World Hockey Association with the New England Whalers, Phoenix Roadrunners, Vancouver Blazers, Calgary Cowboys, Indianapolis Racers, and Cincinnati Stingers between 1973 and 1978.
In his NHL career, Harris appeared in 60 games. He scored 12 goals and added 26 assists. In the WHA, Harris played in 336 games, scoring 107 goals and 174 assists.
Harris was born in Toronto, Ontario
| 97 |
Hugh Harris (ice hockey)
| 0 |
10,078,136 |
# Suzuki FR80
The `{{Nihongo|'''Suzuki FR80'''|スズキ・スーパーフリー|Suzuki Sūpāfurī|Suzuki Super Free}}`{=mediawiki} is a step through motorcycle, very similar to the Yamaha Mate and the Honda Super Cub, that was produced by Suzuki from the early 1970s to the early 1980s.
It is powered by an 80 cc, two-stroke, air-cooled, single-cylinder engine which incorporates a self-mixing system, so it has a separate two-stroke oil tank and petrol tank. It is started by a kick start mechanism which turns over the engine.
It has a small 6 V battery fitted and an ignition switch to provide easy starting and for constant and even power to the lights and horn.
It is one of the most popular Suzuki models in Malaysia and Africa
| 118 |
Suzuki FR80
| 0 |
10,078,199 |
# Dark 'n' stormy
A **dark \'n\' stormy** is a highball cocktail made with dark rum (the \"dark\") and ginger beer (the \"stormy\") served over ice and garnished with a slice of lime. Lime juice and simple syrup are also frequently added. This drink is very similar to the Moscow mule except that the Dark \'n\' Stormy has dark rum instead of vodka. The original Dark \'n\' Stormy was made with Gosling Black Seal rum and Barritt\'s Ginger Beer, but after the partnership between the two failed and the companies parted ways, Gosling Brothers created its own ginger beer.
Gosling Brothers claims that the drink was invented in Bermuda just after World War I.
## Trademark and litigation {#trademark_and_litigation}
Gosling Brothers has registered a version of the name that uses one apostrophe (\'N), while the International Bartenders Association uses two apostrophes (\'N\').
In the United States, \"Dark \'n Stormy\" has been a registered trademark of Gosling Brothers Ltd of Bermuda since 1991. Gosling Brothers uses this registration to prohibit US marketing of a drink under the name \"Dark \'n Stormy\", or a related, confusing name, unless it is made with Gosling Black Seal rum. Gosling\'s has litigated or threatened litigation over the mark against Pernod Ricard, Proximo Spirits, Infinium Spirits\' Zaya, and a cocktail blog.
Because of Gosling Brothers\' threats of litigation, some sources use other variations on the name, such as \"safe harbor\", to offer similar drinks.
## Variations
A cider and stormy, or dark \'n\' stormy cider, or dark and stormy orchard, is a mix of dark rum, apple cider, and ginger beer. The fall dark \'n\' stormy contains bourbon, apple cider, lemon juice, and ginger beer
| 279 |
Dark 'n' stormy
| 0 |
10,078,203 |
# Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History
The **Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History** was an annual prize given between 1986 and 2011 by The New York Council of the Navy League of the United States, the Roosevelt Institute, and the Theodore Roosevelt Association. It was given for the best book on American naval history published in the previous calendar year. The prize commemorated Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who both served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and who both supported the United States Navy as presidents of the United States.
The judges for the prize included specialists in naval history such as faculty members at the U.S. Naval Academy, U.S. Naval War College, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, U.S. Military Academy, The Citadel, and Princeton University.
## List of prize winners {#list_of_prize_winners}
- 1986 --- Ronald Spector, *Eagle Against the Sun*, (Vintage Books, 1985)
- 1987 --- Edward L. Beach, Jr., *The United States Navy: 200 Years*, (Henry Holt, 1986)
- 1988 --- Robert Erwin Johnson, *Guardians of the Sea: A History of the U.S. Coast Guard, 1915 to the Present*, (Naval Institute Press, 1987)
- 1989 --- James R. Reckner, *Teddy Roosevelt's Great White Fleet: The World Cruise of the American Battle Fleet, 1907--1909*, (Naval Institute Press, 1988)
- 1990 --- B. Mitchell Simpson, *Admiral Harold R. Stark: Architect of Victory, 1939--1945*, (University of South Carolina Press, 1989)
- 1991 --- Francis Duncan, *Rickover and the Nuclear Navy: The Discipline of Technology*, (Naval Institute Press, 1990)
- 1992 --- Edward Miller, *War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897--1945*, (Naval Institute Press, 1991)
- 1993 --- Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, *Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal*, (Knopf, 1992)
- 1994 --- Gary Weir, *Forged in War: The Naval-Industrial Complex and American Submarine Construction, 1940--1961*, (Naval Historical Center, 1993)
- 1995 --- Joseph H. Alexander, *Utmost Savagery: The Three Days of Tarawa* (Naval Institute Press, 1995)
- 1996 --- Raimondo Luraghi, *The History of the Confederate Navy*, (Naval Institute Press, 1996)
- 1997 --- James McPherson and Patricia McPherson, *Lamson of the Gettysburg: The Civil War Letters of Lieutenant Roswell H. Lamson, USN*, (Oxford University Press, 1997)
- 1998 --- Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew, with Annette Lawrence Drew, *Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage*, (Public Affairs Press, 1998)
- 1999 --- Edward Marolda and Robert J. Schneller, Jr., *Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War*, (United States Naval Institute, 1999)
- 2000 --- Bill Gilbert, *Ship of Miracles*, (Triumph Books, 2000)
- 2001 --- John H. Schroeder, *Matthew Calbraith Perry: Antebellum Sailor and Diplomat*, (Naval Institute Press, 2001)
- 2002 --- Greg Kennedy, *Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the Far East 1933--1939*, (Frank Cass Publishers, 2001)
- 2003 --- Nathaniel Philbrick, *Sea of Glory: America\'s Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838--1842*, (Viking, 2003)
- 2004 --- Spencer Tucker, *Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring*, (Naval Institute Press, 2004)
- 2005 --- Craig Symonds, *Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles that Shaped American History*, (Oxford University Press, 2005)
- 2006 --- Evan Thomas, *Sea of Thunder: Four Naval Commanders and the Last Sea War* (2006)
- 2007 --- William N. Still, Jr., *Crisis at Sea: the United States Navy in European waters in World War I*, University Press of Florida, 2006.
- 2008 --- Jonathan Reed Winkler, *Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I*, Harvard University Press, 2008.
- 2009 --- Jeffrey G. Barlow, *From Hot War to Cold: The U.S. Navy and National Security Affairs, 1945-1955*, Stanford University Press, 2009.
- 2010 - Geoffrey Rossano, *Stalking The U-Boat: U.S. Naval Aviation In Europe During World War I* University Press of Florida, 2010.
- 2011 - Elliot Carlson, *Joe Rochefort\'s War: The Odyssey of the Codebreaker Who Outwitted Yamamoto at Midway* U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2011
| 659 |
Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History
| 0 |
10,078,206 |
# Lisa Francis
Welsh \| majority = \| term_start = 1 May 2003 \| term_end = 3 May 2007 \| predecessor = Delyth Evans \| successor = Joyce Watson \| birth_date = `{{birth year and age|1960}}`{=mediawiki} \| birth_place = \| death_date = \| death_place = \| restingplace = \| birthname = \| nationality = \| party = Independent \| otherparty = Welsh Conservative (Until 2012) \| spouse = \| relations = \| children = \| residence = \| alma_mater = \| occupation = \| profession = \| cabinet = \| committees = \| portfolio = \| religion = \| signature = \| signature_alt = \| website = \| footnotes = }} **Elizabeth Ann Francis** (born 1960), known as **Lisa Francis**, is a former Welsh Conservative politician who was a Member of the Welsh Assembly (AM) for the Mid and West Wales region from 2003 to 2007.
## Career
Francis was the Conservative candidate in Meirionnydd Nant Conwy in the 2001 general election, coming third in the seat. At the 2003 National Assembly for Wales election she contested the Meirionnydd Nant Conwy constituency and was placed third on the Conservatives\' list for the Mid and West Wales region. She was elected as the regional list member for Mid and West Wales, while coming third in Meirionnydd Nant Conwy, receiving 16.4% of the vote.
After being elected, she was appointed as Welsh Conservative spokeswoman for Culture and the Welsh Language. She was not re-elected at the 2007 National Assembly for Wales election. After losing her seat, she studied for a degree in Tourism Management at Aberystwyth University. She returned to contest the Mid and West Wales list at 2011 National Assembly for Wales election, but again was not elected.
In 2007 Francis also served on Aberystwyth\'s Town Council. She was also Deputy Chair of Mid & West Wales Area Conservative Council, but subsequently left the Conservatives.
In addition to her political activities, Francis is a Director of the Mid Wales Tourism Company and is the Trade Representative for Ceredigion. She also serves on Ceredigion Hospital\'s Working Committee and on the Aberystwyth Citizens Advice Bureau -- Management Board.
In 2007 Francis won the Dods Assembly Woman of the Year Award. [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20060225022808/http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page)
| 368 |
Lisa Francis
| 0 |
10,078,233 |
# List of mayors of Boroondara
This is a list of the **mayors** of the City of Boroondara, a local government area, in Melbourne, Australia. The City of Boroondara was formed in 1994 with the amalgamation of the City of Kew, City of Hawthorn and the City of Camberwell. The mayor is elected by councillors yearly at a full council meeting
| 61 |
List of mayors of Boroondara
| 0 |
10,078,263 |
# Cinnamon-rumped seedeater
The **cinnamon-rumped seedeater** (***Sporophila torqueola***) is a passerine bird in the typical seedeater genus *Sporophila*.
## Taxonomy
This species is one of two resulting from the split of the former white-collared seedeater. The other former white-collared seedeater subspecies are now known as Morelet\'s seedeater. Genetic studies show that the cinnamon-rumped seedeater is more closely related to other *Sporophila* seedeaters than it is to Morelet\'s seedeater. There are two subspecies:
- *S. t. torqueola* is found in southern Baja California and western Mexico.
- *S. t. atriceps* is found in central and southwestern Mexico.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The cinnamon-rumped seedeater is endemic to western Mexico. It mainly inhabits tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands but can also be found in pastures, arable land, and heavily degraded former forests.
## Foraging
The cinnamon-rumped seedeater eats mainly seeds and insects, and occasionally berries. It frequently forages on top of herbaceous plants, and less often on the ground
| 160 |
Cinnamon-rumped seedeater
| 0 |
10,078,282 |
# Pippa Ross
**Philippa \"Pippa\" Ross** (also **Fletcher**) is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera *Home and Away*. Actress Vanessa Downing originated the role and made her debut during the pilot episode broadcast on 17 January 1988. Downing quit the role in 1990, and Debra Lawrance was then cast. Pippa departed on 18 March 1998, but Lawrance has reprised the role for numerous returns between 2000 and 2009.
## Casting
Carol Willesee was initially hired for the \"pivotal role of foster mother, and earth mother\" Pippa Fletcher. In his book *Super Aussie Soaps*, Andrew Mercado opined that casting the then wife of current affairs show host, Mike Willesee, was a publicity dream. Of Willesee\'s casting, producer John Holmes said \"She had just started acting and was pretty raw, but she had a warmth about her.\" When filming began, the Seven Network became worried because Willesee had not signed a contract. The actress later revealed she had a verbal agreement that she could have time off during the school holidays, as well as later starts and early finishes, so she could spend time with her family. The network realised that that situation would not work for a show scheduled to film five episodes per week and they decided to recast the character and reshoot the footage Willesee had already filmed. Holmes explained that it would have been \"irresponsible\" to allow an unsigned actress to keep filming when she could walk out at any time.
The pivotal role of Pippa was then given to Vanessa Downing at very short notice and the actress had to juggle a theatre production in which she was appearing along with the filming of the pilot episode of *Home and Away*. Downing made her debut as Pippa on 17 January 1988. She appeared as Pippa until 1990, when she suddenly quit the series, apparently due to missing working with her former co-star Roger Oakley, who played her on-screen husband Tom. Producers did not want to kill off the character, as she was crucial to the storyline, so they recast the part instead. Auditions were held and it came down to two actresses; Jackie Woodburne and Debra Lawrance. Lawrance commented \"We were, and still are, very dear friends. She and I were short-listed together and after our call back audition we caught up for coffee. We both genuinely agreed that we didn\'t mind if the other got it.\" Lawrance won the role and immediately took over from Downing in July 1990; there was no break in the storyline for the character, when Downing departed, Lawrance appeared as Pippa in the following episode with no attempt to explain the sudden change of appearance. Lawrance remained in the role until 1998 and has subsequently returned to guest star.
## Development
Following the death of Tom, writers began developing a new romance for Pippa with Michael Ross (Dennis Coard). A writer from *TV Week* revealed that writers would continue to explore the story in 1991. They explained that Pippa would struggle with her feelings and wonder if she is rushing into another relationship too soon after Tom\'s death. Writers also created problems, first with Pippa\'s foster child, Sally Fletcher (Kate Ritchie). She believes that Michael is trying to replace Tom\'s role as her foster-father. Producers also cast Belinda Giblin to play Michael\'s ex-wife Cynthia Ross. They added that Cynthia would \"turn up in Summer Bay to wreak havoc.\"
| 570 |
Pippa Ross
| 0 |
10,078,282 |
# Pippa Ross
## Storylines
Pippa is the daughter of Bert (Kevin Healy; Peter Collingwood) and Coral King (Jessica Noad). Pippa married her brother Danny\'s (John Clayton) army friend Tom Fletcher and they later foster Frank Morgan (Alex Papps) after his parents Les (Mario Kery) and Helena (Lee Sanderson) are incapable of looking after him. As time passes they take in more children from various homes and institutions; Carly Morris (Sharyn Hodgson), Lynn Davenport (Helena Bozich), Sally and Steven Matheson (Adam Willits). Tom is retrenched at the start of 1988 and the family leave the city and relocate to Summer Bay and buy the local Caravan Park from Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher). Local troublemaker Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson) causes problems for the family by picking fights with Carly. After Bobby is cleared of several crimes, The Fletchers agree to foster her, much to ire of their neighbour, Donald Fisher (Norman Coburn). Pippa takes a part-time job at Ailsa Hogan\'s (Judy Nunn) general store and later discovers she is pregnant, despite Tom having a vasectomy. This is a concern as Pippa had rheumatic fever as a child, it weakened her heart and doctors warned her that she should not have children. Danny visits for ANZAC Day as he and Tom both served in the Vietnam War. He asks Pippa to help him commit suicide as he was left in a wheelchair from the war, which she refuses. Danny later gains a new lease on life and leaves.
Pippa then gives birth to a son, Christopher (Ashleigh Bell-Weir) and a christening is held. Pippa and Tom later adopt Sally. When Tom suffers a heart attack and is hospitalized for several weeks, Pippa begins to feel the strain. Coral visits and offers to help out physically and financially. It soon emerges that Coral is shoplifting and she tells Pippa she misses the standard of living prior to Bert\'s retirement. When Tom recovers and returns home, he accuses Pippa of having an affair with local shark hunter Zac Burgess (Mark Conroy) and their marriage undergoes a testing time but they manage to put it behind them. Pippa is left devastated when Tom suffers a second heart attack and dies. Michael Ross arrives in Summer Bay six months later and Pippa is clearly attracted to him but feels guilty as Tom has only been dead a few months. Despite resistance from Sally and Michael\'s son Haydn Ross (Andrew Hill), Pippa and Michael marry.
Pippa then falls pregnant again and gives birth to another son, Dale (Olivia Alfonzetti). Several months later Dale dies of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). The family are in debt, which is exacerbated further when Michael takes out a loan to pay off Haydn\'s gambling debts. This leads to arguments and Pippa and Michael separate over Christmas 1994, but reconcile after Sally runs away. Michael drowns while trying to save Sam Marshall (Ryan Clark) during a storm which floods the Bay. Pippa then builds up a strong bond with fellow widow Angel Parrish (Melissa George) whose husband Shane (Dieter Brummer) had also died several months earlier. Pippa is later awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for her years of service as a foster carer. Ian Routledge (Patrick Dickson) begins staying at the caravan park and takes an interest in Pippa and wants her to come travelling with him. She declines but when Ian returns a few months later, she accepts his offer and she, Christopher and Ian leave the Bay to live in the Carrington Ranges. Sally later attends their wedding the following year. The next year Pippa, along with many other past residents, return to Summer Bay for Sally\'s wedding to Kieran Fletcher (Spencer McLaren). After Sally jilts Kieran, Pippa comforts her. Pippa then sells the house to The Sutherland family before departing.
Two years later, Pippa appears on a video with a special message she made for Sally during Summer Bay\'s 150th anniversary celebrations. The next year, she and Christopher (now played by Rian McLean) return for Sally\'s wedding to Flynn Saunders (Joel McIlroy). Two years later she returns for Alf\'s 60th birthday celebrations. Pippa returns again to comfort Sally, following Flynn\'s death of cancer and the next year when Sally\'s wedding to Brad Armstrong (Chris Sadrinna) fails. Pippa returns twice the following, first at Sally\'s bedside after she is stabbed where she meets Sally\'s long-lost twin brother, Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart) and two months later to help Sally with her departure from Summer Bay. When Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger) leaves on a trip the following year, Alf asks Pippa to look after Geoff (Lincoln Lewis) and Annie Campbell (Charlotte Best) and she stays for a week.
| 781 |
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| 1 |
10,078,282 |
# Pippa Ross
## Reception
Pippa was placed sixth in *TV Week\'s* list of the \"Top 10 Aussie TV mums\". A writer for the publication said \"Kind-hearted Pippa helped dozens of fosters kids, along with her own son, Dale, get on the straight and narrow with reliable doses of tough love. Pippa oversaw Sally\'s (Kate Ritchie) progress from child to independent woman, and once Sally was on her feet, Pippa left town to make a new life. Being a good mum, Pippa has returned for all the family\'s rites of passage.\" Writers for the publication later included Pippa at number six in their feature on the \"Top 20 *Home And Away* characters of all time\". They wrote that the character was \"kind-hearted\", but had \"more than her share of grief\".
Donna Hay from *What\'s on TV* included Pippa and Michael in their \"marriages made in heaven\" feature. Hay stated that \"who\'d have believed Pippa Fletcher would ever find someone to take the place of her husband - let alone take on her foster kids? But then Michael came along and won her heart.\" Hay added that despite their families initial disapproval, the duo\'s \"love conquered all\".
The episode featuring the death of Pippa\'s new-born son, Dale, won the Australian Film Institute award for Best Episode In A Television Drama Serial in 1993. It was presented to executive producer, Andrew Howie. Jason Herbison from *All About Soap* described Pippa stating she is \"Summer Bay\'s original foster mum. Always on hand with cups of hot chocolate and words of wisdom
| 258 |
Pippa Ross
| 2 |
10,078,289 |
# London Bridge Hospital
The **London Bridge Hospital** is a private hospital on the south bank of the River Thames in London.
## History
The hospital, which was designed by Llewelyn Davies Weeks and built by Bovis Construction, opened in 1986. It belongs, along with several other well-known private London hospitals, to HCA International, the largest private operator of health care facilities in the world.
In April 2006, it expanded its outpatients operations into the adjacent building, St Olaf House - the first art deco building in the UK. Then in November 2013 it took three floors in the Shard and in September 2016 it moved its fertility services to the Shard
| 112 |
London Bridge Hospital
| 0 |
10,078,306 |
# Gustavo Bergalli
**Gustavo Bergalli** (born December 14, 1940, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine jazz trumpeter and bandleader
| 19 |
Gustavo Bergalli
| 0 |
10,078,318 |
# Coconut brandy
**Coconut brandy** is a clear distilled spirit produced from borassus flower nectar and matured in wood casks. The spirit is produced by Mendis Brandy, a Georgia, U.S.-based company. The spirit is not made with coconuts.
## Production
Coconut brandy is produced from the sap (\"toddy\") of borassus flowers that are extracted by a process called tapping and paring. The toddy is sourced from the borassus palm in Sri Lanka, where the borassus palm is tapped and pared for a total of 8 months, beginning in the first week of April and ending the second week of December each year.
The toddy\'s main constituent is sucrose, and it naturally ferments in the wood casks it is brought to the distillery in. Under normal conditions during toddy collection this sucrose will ferment without aid, due to naturally occurring yeast.
At the distillery, the fermented toddy is transferred into wood storing vats where it is filtered. It is then pumped into the distillation house where the distiller uses both a pot still and a patent still to distill different batches of toddy. the Toddy is double distilled in the French pot still and single distilled in the patent still by a continuous distillation process. During distillation, the distillate of toddy is placed in wooden holding vats which are transferred to warehouses for maturation.
Oak casks and hamlilla`{{clarify|date=February 2015}}`{=mediawiki} wood casks are used to age the coconut brandy. Coconut brandy bottled after two years labelled as a V.S., while brandy labelled X.O. has a minimum of 10 years maturation, which emulates cognac grades
| 262 |
Coconut brandy
| 0 |
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