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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization
## Reception
Critical reception to the release ranged from mixed to positive. Monica S. Kuebler from *Exclaim* magazine noted that, while the set was \"only for diehards, completists\", the compilation was \"the strongest of the mythology boxes thus far \[released\]\". She went on to name the \"Biogenesis\"/\"The Sixth Extinction\"/\"Amor Fati\" arc the \"best\" of the set. Jeffrey Robinson from DVD Talk, was more critical, however. He wrote that, although the story was \"interesting, intriguing, and entertaining\", the selection of episodes \"does not offer the same level of excitement\" when compared to the previous two volumes. He concluded by commenting that there is \"enough entertainment value for you to enjoy\". Keith Uhlich from *Slant Magazine* awarded the box set three-and-a-half stars out of five. He commented on the conclusion of many of the show\'s long-running arcs, and noted that Mulder was often only a witness to these events, such as the destruction of the Syndicate and the death of his sister. Of the latter, Uhlich wrote that he \"waver\[s\] back and forth on how emotionally effective it is\". He did, however, award the image quality of the DVDs four stars out of five and refer to their presentation as \"excellent\".
## Episodes
`{{Episode table |background=#93B6D2 |overall= |overallT=No. in set |season= |seasonT=No. in series |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|EpisodeNumber2=110
|Title=[[Patient X (The X-Files)|Patient X]]
|WrittenBy=[[Chris Carter (screenwriter)|Chris Carter]] & [[Frank Spotnitz]]
|DirectedBy=[[Kim Manners]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1998|3|1}}
|ProdCode=5X13
|ShortSummary=Scully forms a bond with [[Cassandra Spender]] ([[Veronica Cartwright]]), a woman who claims to have been abducted by aliens. While Mulder's disbelief in the alien conspiracy is now questioned, he finds himself with more personal threats at the FBI.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|EpisodeNumber2=111
|Title=[[The Red and the Black (The X-Files)|The Red and the Black]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Chris Carter
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1998|3|8}}
|ProdCode=5X14
|ShortSummary=With Cassandra Spender missing, and her son Jeffrey angrily attempting to push his way up in the FBI, Mulder has Scully put under hypnosis to learn the truth. The Syndicate, meanwhile, quicken their tests for the alien vaccine, sacrificing their own to do so.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|EpisodeNumber2=117
|Title=[[The End (The X-Files)|The End]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=[[R. W. Goodwin]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1998|5|17}}
|ProdCode=5X20
|ShortSummary=Investigating the murder of a chess player, Mulder and Scully meet a boy who may be the embodiment of everything in the X-Files.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|EpisodeNumber2=118
|Title=[[The Beginning (The X-Files)|The Beginning]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1998|11|8}}
|ProdCode= 6ABX01
|ShortSummary=With the X-Files reopened, Mulder and Scully eagerly hunt for a deadly creature in the Arizona desert. What they find seems to support Mulder's revived belief in aliens, but is discredited when the agents are not reassigned to the X-Files, with [[Jeffrey Spender]] ([[Chris Owens (actor)|Chris Owens]]) and [[Diana Fowley]] ([[Mimi Rogers]]) taking over instead.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|EpisodeNumber2=126
|Title=[[S.R. 819]]
|WrittenBy=[[John Shiban]]
|DirectedBy=[[Daniel Sackheim]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1999|1|26}}
|ProdCode= 6ABX09
|ShortSummary=Assistant Director [[Walter Skinner]] ([[Mitch Pileggi]]) is poisoned. Mulder and Scully have 24 hours to save him, but in order to do so, they must determine who wants him dead, and why.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|EpisodeNumber2=128
|Title=[[Two Fathers (The X-Files)|Two Fathers]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1999|2|7}}
|ProdCode= 6ABX11
|ShortSummary=When Cassandra Spender is returned, Mulder, Scully and Agent Spender find themselves facing the exposure of the conspiracy involving extraterrestrials, while the worried Syndicate take evasive measures.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|EpisodeNumber2=129
|Title=[[One Son]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=[[Rob Bowman (filmmaker)|Rob Bowman]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1999|2|14}}
|ProdCode= 6ABX12
|ShortSummary=An alien rebellion leads the Syndicate to its demise as their twenty-five-year conspiracy approaches its disastrous collapse.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|EpisodeNumber2=139
|Title=[[Biogenesis (The X-Files)|Biogenesis]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Rob Bowman
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1999|5|16}}
|ProdCode= 6ABX22
|ShortSummary=Mulder believes that metallic objects discovered in Africa are proof that life originated elsewhere in the universe.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|EpisodeNumber2=140
|Title=[[The Sixth Extinction (The X-Files)|The Sixth Extinction]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1999|11|7}}
|ProdCode=7ABX01
|ShortSummary=While Scully tries to piece together the meaning of the symbols on the spaceship beached in Africa, Mulder is imprisoned by his own frenetic brain activity.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|EpisodeNumber2=141
|Title=[[The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati]]
|WrittenBy=[[David Duchovny]] & Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=[[Michael W. Watkins]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1999|11|14}}
|ProdCode=7ABX02
|ShortSummary=Returning to Washington to find Mulder gone, Scully joins [[List of The X-Files characters#Michael Kritschgau|Michael Kritschgau]] ([[John Finn]]) and Skinner – who is still being forced into betrayal by [[Alex Krycek]] ([[Nicholas Lea]]) – to find her partner. However, the [[Cigarette Smoking Man]] ([[William B. Davis]]) has taken Mulder to a place where all his problems are gone—or so it seems. And Diana Fowley is forced to make a choice about her loyalties.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|EpisodeNumber2=149
|Title=[[Sein und Zeit (The X-Files)|Sein und Zeit]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2000|2|6}}
|ProdCode=7ABX10
|ShortSummary=While investigating the bizarre disappearance of a young girl from her home, Mulder becomes obsessed with the number of children who have vanished in similar ways. Scully's fears that he is emotionally involved due to his sister's disappearance 27 years earlier are heightened when Mulder's mother dies, apparently of suicide.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|EpisodeNumber2=150
|Title=[[Closure (The X-Files)|Closure]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2000|2|13}}
|ProdCode=7ABX11
|ShortSummary=After years of believing that his sister was abducted by aliens, Mulder finally learns the long-sought-after answers to her true fate with the help of a police psychic.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|EpisodeNumber2=154
|Title=[[En Ami (The X-Files)|En Ami]]
|WrittenBy=[[William B. Davis]]
|DirectedBy=Rob Bowman
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2000|3|19}}
|ProdCode=7ABX15
|ShortSummary=The Cigarette Smoking Man offers to show Scully the cure for cancer if she travels with him – and hides her trip from Mulder.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=14
|EpisodeNumber2=161
|Title=[[Requiem (The X-Files)|Requiem]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2000|5|21}}
|ProdCode=7ABX22
|ShortSummary=Ignoring warnings to reduce their budget, Mulder and Scully research reports of alien abductions in Bellefleur, Oregon – the site of their first joint X-Files investigation.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=15
|EpisodeNumber2=162
|Title=[[Within (The X-Files)|Within]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2000|11|5}}
|ProdCode=8ABX01
|ShortSummary=Newly promoted Deputy Director [[Alvin Kersh]] ([[James Pickens Jr.]]) assigns pragmatic Agent [[John Doggett]] to head up the task force searching for Mulder. Meanwhile, an increasingly defiant Skinner assists Scully as they search for the alien ship, which is systematically removing evidence of alien existence, and is next headed to the deserts of [[Arizona]], and Gibson Praise.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=16
|EpisodeNumber2=163
|Title=[[Without (The X-Files)|Without]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2000|11|12}}
|ProdCode=8ABX02
|ShortSummary=At a remote school in the Arizona desert, Doggett, Scully, Gibson and Skinner – as well as a host of students and agents – don't know whom to trust as the bounty hunter works among them and – in a spaceship close by – Mulder is tested on.
|LineColor= 93B6D2
}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Special features {#special_features}
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| ***The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 -- Colonization*** |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Set Details** |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| - 16 Episodes |
| - 4-Disc Set |
| - 1.78:1 Aspect Ratio |
| - Subtitles: English |
| - English (Dolby Digital 5
| 1,195 |
The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization
| 2 |
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# Bonn–Paris conventions
`{{Infobox treaty
| name = General Treaty (Bonn Convention)
| long_name = Convention on relations between the Three Powers and the Federal Republic of
Germany
| image = <!-- Example.png -->
| image_width = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
| type =
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1952|05|26|df=y}}
| location_signed = [[Bonn|Bonn, Germany]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = {{Start date|1955|05|05|df=y}}
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories =
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|French Fourth Republic}} <hr/>
* {{flagcountry|West Germany}}
| parties = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations = 6 [[United States Treaties and Other International Agreements|UST]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSEey7YZHFMC&pg=PA4251 4251], [[Treaties and Other International Acts Series|TIAS]] 3425, 331 [[United Nations Treaty Series|UNTS]] 327
| language = <!-- OR: -->
| languages = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox treaty
| name =
| long_name = Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising Out of the War and the Occupation
| image = <!-- Example.png -->
| image_width = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
| type =
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1952|05|26|df=y}}
| location_signed = [[Bonn|Bonn, Germany]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = {{Start date|1955|05|05|df=y}}
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories =
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|French Fourth Republic}} <hr/>
* {{flagcountry|West Germany}}
| parties = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations = 6 [[United States Treaties and Other International Agreements|UST]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSEey7YZHFMC&pg=PA4411 4411], [[Treaties and Other International Acts Series|TIAS]] 3425, 332 [[United Nations Treaty Series|UNTS]] 219
| language = <!-- OR: -->
| languages = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox treaty
| name = Forces Convention (Bonn Convention)
| long_name = Convention on the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Forces and Their Members in the Federal Republic of Germany
| image = <!-- Example.png -->
| image_width = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
| type =
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1952|05|26|df=y}}
| location_signed = [[Bonn|Bonn, Germany]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = {{Start date|1955|05|05|df=y}}
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories =
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|French Fourth Republic}} <hr/>
* {{flagcountry|West Germany}}
| parties = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations = 6 [[United States Treaties and Other International Agreements|UST]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSEey7YZHFMC&pg=PA4278 4278], [[Treaties and Other International Acts Series|TIAS]] 3425, 332 [[United Nations Treaty Series|UNTS]] 3
| language = <!-- OR: -->
| languages = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox treaty
| name = Paris Protocol
| long_name = Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany
| image = <!-- Example.png -->
| image_width = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
| type =
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1954|10|21|df=y}}
| location_signed = [[Paris|Paris, France]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = {{Start date|1955|05|05|df=y}}
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories =
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|French Fourth Republic}} <hr/>
* {{flagcountry|West Germany}}
| parties = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations = 6 [[United States Treaties and Other International Agreements|UST]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=TSEey7YZHFMC&pg=PA4117 4117], [[Treaties and Other International Acts Series|TIAS]] 3425, 331 [[United Nations Treaty Series|UNTS]] 253
| language = <!-- OR: -->
| languages = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| wikisource = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki} The **Bonn--Paris conventions** were signed in May 1952 and came into force after the 1955 ratification. The conventions put an end to the Allied occupation of West Germany.
The delay between the signing and the ratification was due to the French failure to ratify the related treaty on the European Defense Community. This was eventually overcome by the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden proposing that West Germany become a member of NATO and the removal of the references to the European Defense Community in the Bonn--Paris conventions. The revised treaty was signed at a ceremony in Paris on 23 October 1954. The conventions came into force during the last meeting of the Allied High Commission, that took place in the United States Embassy in Bonn, on 5 May 1955.
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# Bonn–Paris conventions
## Overview
The **General Treaty** (*Generalvertrag*, also **Deutschlandvertrag** "Germany Treaty") is a treaty which was signed by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany), and the Western Allies (France, United Kingdom, United States) on 26 May 1952 but which took effect, with some slight changes, only in 1955. It formally ended Germany\'s status as an occupied territory and recognised its rights of a sovereign state, with certain restrictions that remained in place until German reunification in 1990.
Attaining sovereignty had become necessary in light of the rearmament efforts of the FRG. For this reason, it was agreed that the Treaty would only come to force when West Germany also joined the European Defense Community (EDC). Because the EDC Treaty was not approved by France\'s Parliament on 30 August 1954, the General Treaty could not come into effect. After this failure, the EDC Treaty had to be reworked and the nations at the London Nine-Power Conference decided to allow West Germany to join NATO and to create the Western European Union (not to be confused with the Western Union or the European Union). With this development, West Germany, under the leadership of Konrad Adenauer, in front of the backdrop of the Cold War became a fully trusted partner of the western allies and with the second draft of the General Treaty, West Germany largely regained its sovereignty. The Allies, however, retained some controls over Germany until 1991 (see further Two Plus Four Agreement). Also, the end of the occupation regime in West Germany technically did not extend to Berlin (indeed the continuation of the presence of the Western Allies in West Berlin was necessary and even desired by West Germany given the Cold War context), and the occupation of Berlin by the Allies was only finalized in 1994 under the terms of the Two Plus Four Treaty.
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# Bonn–Paris conventions
## Settlement Convention {#settlement_convention}
Article 1 of Schedule I of the Settlement Convention provides that the Federal Republic of Germany is accorded \"the full authority of a sovereign State over its internal and external affairs\". However, Article 2 provides that the Three Powers retain their rights \"relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole, including the reunification of Germany and a peace settlement\". Article 2 was designed to prevent acts undertaken by the Allies during the German occupation from being questioned retroactively by West German courts.
Miriam Aziz of The Robert Schumann Centre, of the European University Institute, makes the point that there is a difference between the wording of the Settlement Convention \"the full authority of a sovereign State\" and the wording in the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany of 1990 in which Germany is referred to as having \"full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs\", gives rise to a distinction between *de facto* and *de jure* sovereignty. Detlef Junker of the *Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg* agrees with this analysis: \"In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: \'The Federal Republic shall accordingly \[after termination of the occupation regime\] have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.\' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty
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# Jacques-Victor Henry
**Jacques-Victor Henry,** **Prince Royal of Haiti** (3 March 1804 -- 18 October 1820) was the heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Haiti.
He was the youngest child of Henri Christophe, then a general in the Haitian Army, by his wife Marie-Louise Coidavid. His father became President of the State of Haiti in 1807, and on March 28, 1811, he was proclaimed King of Haiti. The Prince Royal had two older brothers who both died before the proclamation of the kingdom, so he became the heir apparent with the title Prince Royal of Haiti, which came with the style of Royal Highness.
Following the death of his father on October 8, 1820, the Prince Royal should have been proclaimed as King Henri II of Haiti, but the country was already in turmoil and he never had a chance. Ten days later, he was murdered after being bayoneted by revolutionaries at the Sans-Souci Palace
| 158 |
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 – Super Soldiers
***The X-Files Mythology -- Volume 4*** collection is the fourth DVD release containing selected episodes from the eighth and the ninth seasons of the American science fiction television series *The X-Files*. The episodes collected in the release form the end of the series\' mythology, and are centered on those that involve the alien \"Super Soldiers\" and Dana Scully\'s (Gillian Anderson) son, William.
The collection contains seven episodes from the eighth season and seven from the ninth. The episodes follow the investigations of paranormal-related cases, or X-Files, by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and John Doggett (Robert Patrick), following Scully\'s former partner Fox Mulder\'s (David Duchovny) abduction by aliens. The two are assisted by Assistant Director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) and Agent Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish). Events covered in the episodes include: the return, death, and resurrection of Mulder; the birth of Scully\'s child, William; the discovery of the \"Super Soldier\" conspiracy; the discovery of the remains of a space ship in Canada; Scully\'s choice to give William up for adoption; and Mulder\'s trial, conviction, escape, and discovery of the truth.
The collection contains the final episodes in the series\' mythology, or fictional overarching story. The release features the closure of most of the series\' long-running arcs. Production for the episodes was drastically affected after co-star Duchovny left the show. Released on November 22, 2005, the collection received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Adam Baldwin, Chris Owens, Nicholas Lea, Laurie Holden, and William B. Davis all play supporting roles in the collection.
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 – Super Soldiers
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
When Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) learns that several women have reportedly been abducted and impregnated with alien babies, she begins to question her own pregnancy. John Doggett (Robert Patrick) introduces Scully to Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish), an FBI specialist in ritualistic crime, shortly before Fox Mulder\'s (David Duchovny) deceased body suddenly appears in a forest at night. Following Mulder\'s funeral, Assistant Director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) is threatened by Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea) that he must kill Scully\'s baby before it is born. Billy Miles, a multiple abductee who disappeared on the same night as Mulder, is returned deceased but his dead body is resurrected and restored to full health. Mulder also returns from death, with Scully supervising his recovery. Fully rejuvenated, Mulder investigates several X-Files, against orders to do so, but soon gets fired, leaving Doggett in charge of the cases. Mulder continues to provide input in an unofficial capacity.
Reluctantly accepting Krycek\'s assistance, Mulder, Doggett and Skinner learn that an alien virus recently created in secret by members of the United States government have replaced several humans, including Miles and several high-ranking FBI personnel, with so-called alien \"Super Soldiers\". Krycek claims that the soldiers are virtually unstoppable aliens who want to make sure that humans will not survive the colonization of Earth. They have learned that Scully\'s baby is a miraculously special child and are afraid that it may be greater than them. When Miles arrives at the FBI Headquarters, Mulder, Doggett, Skinner and Krycek help Scully to escape along with Reyes who drives her to a remote farm. Shortly after Skinner kills Krycek, Scully delivers an apparently normal baby while the alien \"Super Soldiers\" surround her. Without explanation, the aliens leave the area as Mulder arrives. While Doggett and Reyes report to the FBI Headquarters, Mulder takes Scully and their newborn son, William, back to her apartment.
Mulder goes into hiding, Scully is again reassigned to the FBI Academy, and Reyes becomes Doggett\'s new FBI partner at the X-Files office. Doggett, Scully, and Reyes discover a conspiracy to place Chloramine in the nation\'s water, causing mutations and creating \"Super Soldiers\". This leads them to a clandestine laboratory where a secret experiment is taking place on board, with connections to Scully\'s child, William. The X-Files office\'s investigation is hampered by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh (James Pickens, Jr.) and Assistant Director Brad Follmer (Cary Elwes). Hopeful about reuniting with Mulder, a complete stranger, \"Shadow Man\" (Terry O\'Quinn), offers his service to drive Mulder out of hiding. Scully takes the offer, but near gets herself and Mulder killed when it is revealed the man is a Super Soldier. Later on, Scully, Doggett and Reyes find evidence of a dangerous UFO cult which has found a spacecraft similar to one Scully studied in Africa two years ago. The cult kidnaps William, but is destroyed when the baby\'s crying activates the ship, killing everyone in the cult, sans William.
Doggett finds a strange disfigured man in the X-Files office. Initially, Doggett believes the man is Mulder, but he is revealed to Jeffrey Spender (Chris Owens), Mulder\'s half-brother. Spender sticks a needle into William, which the other agents believe to be a virus of some kind, but is later revealed to be a cure for William\'s powers. Mulder returns from hiding to only be discovered looking for classified information at an army base and, after allegedly killing an apparently indestructible \"Super Soldier\" Knowle Rohrer (Adam Baldwin), he is placed on trial to defend the X-Files and himself. But with the help of Kersh, Scully, Reyes, Doggett, Spender, Marita Covarrubias (Laurie Holden) and Gibson Praise (Jeff Gulka), Mulder breaks out. Mulder and Scully travel to New Mexico to find an old \"wise man\", who is later revealed to be The Smoking Man (William B. Davis), who tells them that the aliens will arrive in 2012. Doggett and Reyes aid Mulder and Scully in escaping the FBI, and the two are last seen together in a motel room facing an uncertain future.
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 – Super Soldiers
## Production
After settling his contract dispute with Fox, Duchovny quit full-time participation in the show after the seventh season. In order to explain Mulder\'s absence, Duchovny\'s character was abducted by aliens in the seventh season finale, \"Requiem.\" After several rounds of contractual discussions, Duchovny agreed to return for a total of 11 eighth season episodes. Thus, \"Per Manum\" marked the return of Duchovny as Mulder, although he had appeared briefly in flashback appearances and small cameos. Series creator Chris Carter later argued that Mulder\'s absences from the series did not affect the characterization, noting that \"there are characters who can be powerful as absent centers, as Mulder was through the eight and ninth seasons.\"
After the end of the eighth season, Duchovny announced that he would leave the show for good. In addition, lead actress Anderson\'s contract also expired at the end of the eighth season. Anderson had expressed her growing disinterest in the series ever since the beginning of the eighth season, saying \"For a lot of people, if you don\'t like your job, you can quit your job, I don\'t necessarily have that option.\" Anderson cited the fact that \"eight years is a long time\" as a contributing factor to her indifference. However, Carter soon changed his position and announced he would remain on the show and continue only if Anderson agreed to do another season. Eventually, Fox offered Anderson a \"generous\" incentive to stay, resulting in the retention of Carter and Anderson and a final season of the show. With the departure of Duchovny and limited use of Anderson, the show garnered much criticism by fans and critics alike, saying the bond between Mulder and Scully was what actually kept the show together for the first seven seasons of the show.
Going into the ninth season, the producers decided to drastically change the show. The style of the opening credits in \"Nothing Important Happened Today\" were changed from the original credits, which, more or less, had been the same for the previous eight seasons. The credits included new graphics as well as new cards for Gish and Pileggi. The finale episode of the series, \"The Truth\", was written by series creator Carter; he later noted, \"It\'s the end---you don\'t get another chance. So you\'d better put everything you\'ve ever wanted to put in into the episode. There were things to distract us from what was really going on. The band was breaking up.\" He expounded on the idea, saying, \"Frank \[Spotnitz\] and I \[decided\] it was probably time to go \[...\] it was strange to be writing these things knowing it was the last time we\'d see Scully doing certain things or hear Mulder saying certain things.\" Spotnitz explained, \"What was kind of nice that Chris made the announcement in January is that we had times to wrap our minds around the end and plan for it and give all of the characters their due.\" Gish later said, \"I have a great respect for the elegant in which they\'re closing the curtain\". Bruce Harwood called the finale the \"passing of a generation\".
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 – Super Soldiers
## Reception
The collection, as well as the episodes themselves, received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Monica Kuebler of *Exclaim!* gave the collection a rather negative review and noted that it closed on a \"lacklustre note\". Furthermore, she wrote that the main issue with the release was that \"the hardcore fans \[of the series\] had come to see *The X-Files* as Mulder and Scully and understandably weren\'t quick to swallow a couple of new characters running the department.\" Ultimately, she concluded that the poor episodes and the lack of bonus features included with the collection were proof that \"Fox seems eager to wash their hands of the disappointing demise of the show\".
Sabadino Parker from *PopMatters* wrote negatively about the mythology of the last two seasons, noting that \"story itself became even more convoluted\" and that \"the past two seasons should never have happened.\" *Entertainment Weekly* reviewer Ken Tucker speculated that Chris Carter was the only one who seemed to understand the show\'s complex mytharc. Joyce Millman from *The New York Times* called the storyline involving Scully\'s child---which left her \"haunted and irritable\"---\"a sad misuse of the radiant Anderson\". *The A.V. Club* was highly critical of the final season and its mythology story, calling them a \"clumsy mish-mash of stuff that had once worked and new serialized storylines about so-called \'super soldiers\'\".
## Episodes
`{{Episode table |background=#730508 |overall= |overallT=No. in set |season= |seasonT=No. in series |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|EpisodeNumber2=174
|Title=[[Per Manum]]
|WrittenBy=[[Chris Carter (screenwriter)|Chris Carter]] & [[Frank Spotnitz]]
|DirectedBy=[[Kim Manners]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|2|18}}
|ProdCode=8ABX13
|ShortSummary=When a mysterious man claims his wife was fertilised with an alien baby, and then killed and the baby stolen; Doggett is skeptical, while Scully realises that the woman's story is similar to her own. While Doggett attempts to understand the motives of his friend and government contact [[List of The X-Files characters#Knowle Rohrer|Knowle Rohrer]], Scully questions her own pregnancy and its conception.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|EpisodeNumber2=175
|Title=[[This is Not Happening]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|2|25}}
|ProdCode=8ABX14
|ShortSummary=Doggett calls on another agent, [[Monica Reyes]], to assist in the Mulder case, but Scully's fears about finding him come to a head with the sudden recovery of abductees seized at the same time.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|EpisodeNumber2=176
|Title=[[Deadalive]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=[[Tony Wharmby]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|4|1}}
|ProdCode=8ABX15
|ShortSummary=Three months after Mulder's funeral, a former abductee awakens from the dead and Scully pins her hopes on resurrecting her partner; while Skinner is offered a loathsome deal by Krycek.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|EpisodeNumber2=177
|Title=[[Three Words (The X-Files)|Three Words]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Tony Wharmby
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|4|8}}
|ProdCode=8ABX16
|ShortSummary=Mulder secretly conducts his own investigation after a man is gunned down on the [[White House]] lawn attempting to inform the President of a planned alien invasion. However, he is soon in over his head as he tries to expose further evidence of colonization.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|EpisodeNumber2=179
|Title=[[Vienen]]
|WrittenBy=[[Steven Maeda]]
|DirectedBy=[[Rod Hardy]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|4|29}}
|ProdCode=8ABX18
|ShortSummary=Mulder and Doggett are asked to investigate several deaths aboard an oil rig, but Mulder is convinced the rig is carrying an alien black oil; meanwhile a heavily pregnant Scully attempts to protect Mulder in absentia.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|EpisodeNumber2=181
|Title=[[Essence (The X-Files)|Essence]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|5|13}}
|ProdCode=8ABX20
|ShortSummary=Mulder, Skinner and Doggett come up against the horrible consequences of the Syndicate's pact with the aliens, as a hybrid attempts to erase all evidence of the tests—including Scully's soon-to-be-born baby. The men call on Reyes, and—reluctantly—Alex Krycek to help them.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|EpisodeNumber2=182
|Title=[[Existence (The X-Files)|Existence]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|5|20}}
|ProdCode=8ABX21
|ShortSummary=Mulder, Doggett and Skinner face off with the alien replicants as they desperately try to expose the conspiracy within the FBI. Meanwhile Scully goes into labour in a remote location, but Reyes soon learns they may be no safer there.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|EpisodeNumber2=183
|Title=[[Nothing Important Happened Today]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|11|11}}
|ProdCode=9ABX01
|ShortSummary=Doggett begins his investigation of Deputy Director Kersh and search for Mulder. He encounters obstructions at every turn and no one is willing to cooperate.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|EpisodeNumber2=184
|Title=[[Nothing Important Happened Today|Nothing Important Happened Today II]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Tony Wharmby
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2001|11|18}}
|ProdCode=9ABX02
|ShortSummary=Shannon McMahon, a former Marine associate of Doggett's, reveals to Doggett that she is a "Super Soldier". This leads them to a clandestine laboratory where secret experiments are taking place on board on a naval ship.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|EpisodeNumber2=188
|Title=[[Trust No 1]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Tony Wharmby
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|1|6}}
|ProdCode=9ABX06
|ShortSummary=Scully is hopeful about reuniting with Mulder when a complete stranger offers new information about what drove him into hiding. Yet her trust in the stranger may place Mulder in even more danger.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|EpisodeNumber2=191
|Title=[[Provenance (The X-Files)|Provenance]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|3|3}}
|ProdCode=9ABX09
|ShortSummary=When rubbings from the spaceship resurface, the FBI hides its investigation from the X-Files. Meanwhile, Scully is forced to take drastic measures when she discovers a threat to William.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|EpisodeNumber2=192
|Title=[[Providence (The X-Files)|Providence]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz
|DirectedBy=Chris Carter
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|3|10}}
|ProdCode=9ABX10
|ShortSummary=Distrustful of both Skinner and Follmer, Scully circumvents the FBI's investigation into the kidnapping and does her own, assisted by Reyes and the Lone Gunmen. Her fears are heightened when she learns Mulder may be dead, and William is kidnapped by the alien cult.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|EpisodeNumber2=198
|Title=[[William (The X-Files)|William]]
|WrittenBy={{StoryTeleplay|s=David Duchovny & Frank Spotnitz & Chris Carter|t=Chris Carter}}
|DirectedBy=[[David Duchovny]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|4|28}}
|ProdCode=9ABX16
|ShortSummary=Doggett finds a strange disfigured man in the X-Files office, and—on a whim of Scully's—they test his DNA. But the surprising answers they find become even more surprising when William's life is put on the line.
|LineColor= 730508
}}
{{Episode list
|NumParts= 2
|EpisodeNumber_1=14
|EpisodeNumber_2=15
|EpisodeNumber2_1=201
|EpisodeNumber2_2=202
|Title=[[The Truth (The X-Files)|The Truth]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Kim Manners
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|5|19}}
|ProdCode_1=9ABX19
|ProdCode_2=9ABX20
|ShortSummary=Mulder is placed under military arrest, but with the surprising help of Deputy Director Kersh, Scully, Reyes, Doggett, Marita Covarrubias, Gibson Praise, and Jeffrey Spender, Mulder's broken out. Mulder and Scully travel to New Mexico where [[Black helicopters]] destroy a [[Pueblo]]—and [[The Smoking Man]] ([[William B. Davis]]).
|LineColor= 730508
}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Special features {#special_features}
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ***The X-Files Mythology, Volume 4 -- Super Soldiers*** |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| **Set details** |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| - 15 Episodes`{{ref|1|[A]}}`{=mediawiki} |
| - 4-Disc Set |
| - 1.78:1 Aspect Ratio |
| - Subtitles: English |
| - English (Dolby Digital 5
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# Carole Nelson Douglas
**Carole Nelson Douglas** (November 15, 1944 -- October 20, 2021) was an American writer of sixty novels and many short stories. She has written in many genres, but is best known for two popular mystery series, the *Irene Adler* Sherlockian suspense novels and the *Midnight Louie* mystery series.
Douglas was a theater and English literature major in college. After graduation, she worked as a newspaper reporter and then editor in the Minneapolis--Saint Paul area. During her time there, she discovered a long, expensive classified advertisement offering a black cat named Midnight Louie to the \"right\" home for one dollar and wrote a feature story on the plucky survival artist, putting it into the cat\'s point of view. The cat found a country home but its name was revived for her feline PI mystery series many years later. Some of the Midnight Louie series entries include the dedication \"For the real and original Midnight Louie. Nine lives were not enough.\"
She began writing fiction in the late 1970s. The late director/playwright/novelist Garson Kanin, a pleased interview subject, took her first novel to Doubleday and it sold shortly after. *Amberleigh* is a post-feminist historical Gothic novel. Douglas has always addressed women\'s issues in her fiction and preferred mixing genres from contemporary to historical mystery/thriller, romance and women\'s fiction, and high and urban fantasy.
Douglas lived in north Texas with her husband, Sam Douglas, and adopted cats.
## Titles
### Non-series Novels {#non_series_novels}
- *Amberleigh* (1980), `{{ISBN|0-8125-2264-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Fair Wind, Fiery Star* (1981), `{{ISBN|0-8125-2266-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *In Her Prime* (1982), `{{ISBN|0-345-30523-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Her Own Person* (1982), `{{ISBN|0-345-30733-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Best Man* (1983), `{{ISBN|0-345-30914-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Lady Rogue* (1983), `{{ISBN|0-8125-2265-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Azure Days, Quicksilver Nights* (1985), `{{ISBN|0-553-21705-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Exclusive* (1986), `{{ISBN|0-345-31993-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Catch a Falling Angel\" (novelette) (1995), printed in *Angel Christmas*, `{{ISBN|0-451-40628-1}}`{=mediawiki}
### Sword and Circlet series {#sword_and_circlet_series}
- *Six of Swords* (1982), `{{ISBN|0-345-29836-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Exiles of the Rynth* (1984), `{{ISBN|0-345-30836-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Keepers of Edanvant* (1987), `{{ISBN|0-8125-3594-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Heir of Rengarth* (1988), `{{ISBN|0-8125-0046-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Seven of Swords* (1989), `{{ISBN|0-8125-0324-4}}`{=mediawiki}
### Probe
- *Probe* (1985), `{{ISBN|0-8125-3587-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Counterprobe* (1988), `{{ISBN|0-8125-3596-0}}`{=mediawiki}
### Taliswoman series {#taliswoman_series}
- *Cup of Clay* (1991), `{{ISBN|0-8125-1248-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Seed Upon the Wind* (1992), `{{ISBN|0-8125-1249-9}}`{=mediawiki}
### Crystal series {#crystal_series}
- *Crystal Days* (1990)
- *Crystal Nights* (1990)
### Cat and a playing card series {#cat_and_a_playing_card_series}
- *Cat and the King of Clubs* (1999), `{{ISBN|0-7862-1920-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat and the Queen of Hearts* (1999), `{{ISBN|0-7862-2173-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat and the Jill of Diamonds* (1999), `{{ISBN|0-7862-2540-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat and the Jack of Spades* (1999), `{{ISBN|0-7862-2896-2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Midnight Louie series {#midnight_louie_series}
- *Catnap* (1992) `{{ISBN|0-7927-1644-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Pussyfoot* (1993), `{{ISBN|0-312-85218-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat on a Blue Monday* (1994), `{{ISBN|0-312-85607-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Crimson Haze* (1995), `{{ISBN|0-8125-4414-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Diamond Dazzle* (1996), `{{ISBN|0-8125-5506-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat with an Emerald Eye* (1996), `{{ISBN|0-312-86228-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Flamingo Fedora* (1997), `{{ISBN|0-8125-6535-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Golden Garland* (1997), `{{ISBN|0-312-86386-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat on a Hyacinth Hunt* (1998), `{{ISBN|0-312-86634-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in an Indigo Mood* (1999), `{{ISBN|0-312-86635-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Jeweled Jumpsuit* (1999), `{{ISBN|0-312-86817-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Kiwi Con* (2000), `{{ISBN|0-8125-8425-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Leopard Spot* (2001), `{{ISBN|0-8125-7022-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Midnight Choir* (2002), `{{ISBN|0-312-85797-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Neon Nightmare* (2003), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4592-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in an Orange Twist* (2004), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4593-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Hot Pink Pursuit* (2005), `{{ISBN|0-7653-1399-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Quicksilver Caper* (2006), `{{ISBN|0-7653-1400-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Red Hot Rage* (2007), `{{ISBN|0-7653-1401-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cat in a Sapphire Slipper* (2008)
- *Cat in a Topaz Tango* (2009)
- *Cat in a Ultramarine Scheme* (2010)
- *Cat in a Vegas Gold Vendetta* (2011)
- *Cat in a White Tie and Tails*, 2012
- *Cat in an Alien X-Ray*, 2013
- *Cat in a Yellow Spotlight*, 2014
- *Cat in a Zebra Zoot Suit*, 2015
- *Cat in an Alphabet Endgame*, 2016
- *Absinthe without Leave*, 2018 (first in a new series combining the Midnight Louie, Delilah Street, and Irene Adler series.)
### Delilah Street, Paranormal Investigator series novels {#delilah_street_paranormal_investigator_series_novels}
1. *Dancing with Werewolves* (2007) `{{ISBN|978-0-8095-7203-8}}`{=mediawiki}
2. *Brimstone Kiss* (2008) `{{ISBN|978-0-8095-7304-2}}`{=mediawiki}
3. *Vampire Sunrise* (2009) `{{ISBN|978-1-4391-5677-3}}`{=mediawiki}
4. *Silver Zombie* (2010) `{{ISBN|978-1-4391-6781-6}}`{=mediawiki}
5. *Virtual Virgin* (2011) `{{ISBN|978-1-4391-6779-3}}`{=mediawiki}
### `{{anchor|Irene Adler series}}`{=mediawiki}Irene Adler series {#irene_adler_series}
- *Good Night, Mr. Holmes* (1990) `{{ISBN|0-312-93210-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Good Morning Irene*, `{{ISBN|0-8125-0949-8}}`{=mediawiki} reissued as *The Adventuress* (1991), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4715-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Irene at Large*, `{{ISBN|0-8125-1702-4}}`{=mediawiki} reissued as *A Soul of Steel* (1992), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4790-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Irene\'s Last Waltz*, `{{ISBN|0-8125-1703-2}}`{=mediawiki} reissued as *Another Scandal in Bohemia* (1994), `{{ISBN|0-8125-1702-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Chapel Noir* (2001), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4347-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Castle Rouge* (2002), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4571-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Femme Fatale* (2003), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4594-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Spider Dance* (2004), `{{ISBN|0-7653-4595-1}}`{=mediawiki}
### Midnight Louie Short Stories {#midnight_louie_short_stories}
- \"Maltese Double Cross\" (1992), printed in *Cat Crimes II*, `{{ISBN|0-7858-0203-7}}`{=mediawiki}, and *Year\'s 25 Finest Crime and Mystery Stories, 2nd Annual Edition*, `{{ISBN|0-7867-0571-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Sax and the Single Cat\" (1993), printed in *Danger in D.C.*, `{{ISBN|1-55611-374-9}}`{=mediawiki}, *A Treasury of Cat Mysteries*, `{{ISBN|0-7867-0541-8}}`{=mediawiki}, *Felonious Felines*, `{{ISBN|0-7862-2689-7}}`{=mediawiki}, and *White House Pet Detectives*, `{{ISBN|1-58182-243-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Coyote Peyote\" (1994), printed in *Mysterious West*, `{{ISBN|0-06-017785-3}}`{=mediawiki}, and *Year\'s 25 Finest Crime and Mystery Stories, 4th Annual Edition*, `{{ISBN|0-7867-0251-6}}`{=mediawiki}, reprinted as *Coyote Peyote*
- \"Dog Collar\" (1996), published in *Great Writers and Kids Write Mysteries*, `{{ISBN|0-679-87939-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Iä Iä Iä Iä Cthulouie!\" (1997), published in *Cat Crimes for the Holidays*, `{{ISBN|0-8041-1830-2}}`{=mediawiki}, reprinted as *Something Fishy*, `{{ISBN|0-9744742-0-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"The Mummy Case\" (1999), printed in *Cat Crimes Through Time*, `{{ISBN|0-7858-1407-8}}`{=mediawiki} and *The World\'s Finest Mystery and Crime Stories: Fourth Annual Collection*, `{{ISBN|0-7653-0849-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"License to Koi\" (2004), printed in *Death Dines In*, `{{ISBN|0-425-19262-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Junior Partner in Crime\" (2005), printed in *Creature Cozies* `{{ISBN|0-425-20127-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"The Riches There That Lie\" (2006), printed in *Poe\'s Lighthouse*, `{{ISBN|1-58767-128-X}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Carole Nelson Douglas
## Titles
### Irene Adler Short Stories {#irene_adler_short_stories}
- \"Parris Greene\" (1992), printed in *Malice Domestic 2*, `{{ISBN|0-671-73827-5}}`{=mediawiki}, *Year\'s 25 Finest Crime and Mystery Stories, Third Annual Edition*, `{{ISBN|0-7867-0141-2}}`{=mediawiki}, *First Cases, Vol
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# Gary Longwell
**Gary Longwell** (born 30 July 1971 in Belfast) is an Irish international rugby player. His usual position is as a lock, or second row. He spent his entire career playing for Irish provincial side Ulster, making his debut aged 19 in 1991. He was part of the Heineken Cup-winning Ulster team of 1999 in the 21--6 victory over Colomiers at Lansdowne Road in Dublin. In 2015, he was inducted into the Newtownabbey Hall of Fame
## Provincial career {#provincial_career}
He made 152 caps for his provincial side Ulster, making his debut aged just 19 against English side Cornwall in 1991. He also played an integral role in the Heineken Cup final victory winning Ulster team of 1999 in the 21--6 victory over Colomiers at Lansdowne Road in Dublin.
## International career {#international_career}
Longwell made his debut for the Irish national team on 11 November 2000 in a Test against Japan in Dublin and went on to win 26 caps. He was a part of Ireland\'s squad at the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia. He was also the only Ireland try scorer in the 40-8 demolition by New Zealand in Auckland, 2002.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
In 2005, Longwell was appointed head of the Ulster Rugby academy
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# Skip Krake
**Philip Gordon \"Skip\" Krake** (born October 14, 1943) is a Canadian former ice hockey centre. He played in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins, Los Angeles Kings, and Buffalo Sabres between 1964 and 1971. In addition, he played in the World Hockey Association with the Cleveland Crusaders and Edmonton Oilers between 1972 and 1976.
In his NHL career, Krake appeared in 249 games, scoring 23 goals and adding 40 assists. He played in 207 WHA games, scoring 52 goals and adding 77 assists.
Krake\'s first NHL goal came on February 14, 1967, in Boston\'s 6-3 home victory over Detroit
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# First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
The **First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan** (Urdu: **آئین پاکستان میں پہلی ترمیم**) is a part of the Constitution of Pakistan which came on effect on 4 May 1974. The official document of the First Amendment is called the **Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1974**. The First Amendment redefined the international and provisional boundaries, federal treaties of Pakistan, and naval treaties of Pakistan. The amendment eliminates and removed the references of East-Pakistan after the recognition of Bangladesh. Articles 1, 8, 17, 61, 101, 193, 199, 200, 209, 212, 250, 260 and 272, and the First Schedule of the Constitution of Pakistan were amended
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# Switched! (American TV series)
***Switched*** is an American TV series that ran from 2003 through 2004 in which two teenagers from different cities in the United States were given a chance to swap lives to see how the other one lived. Teens were able to experience the lives of others and experiment with new families and cultures, and one of the places we visited on the show was Cary, North Carolina. Teen celebrities often starred on the show, such as pop singer Skye Sweetnam, Jennifer Freeman from *My Wife and Kids*, Ashlie Brillault from *Lizzie McGuire* and *The Lizzie McGuire Movie*, Alisa Brillault younger sister of Ashlie Brillault, basketball star Candace Parker, Jamie Lynn Spears from *All That* and *Zoey 101*, and Kyle Sullivan from *All That*.
An 8-episode spinoff called \"Switched Up!\", featuring adults instead of teens, aired in 2004
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# Order of integration
In statistics, the **order of integration**, denoted *I*(*d*), of a time series is a summary statistic, which reports the minimum number of differences required to obtain a covariance-stationary series (i.e., a time series whose mean and autocovariance remain constant over time).
The order of integration is a key concept in time series analysis, particularly when dealing with non-stationary data that exhibits trends or other forms of non-stationarity.
## Integration of order *d* {#integration_of_order_d}
A time series is integrated of order *d* if
$$(1-L)^d X_t \$$
is a stationary process, where $L$ is the lag operator and $1-L$ is the first difference, i.e.
: $(1-L) X_t = X_t - X_{t-1} = \Delta X.$
In other words, a process is integrated to order *d* if taking repeated differences *d* times yields a stationary process.
In particular, if a series is integrated of order 0, then $(1-L)^0 X_t = X_t$ is stationary.
## Constructing an integrated series {#constructing_an_integrated_series}
An *I*(*d*) process can be constructed by summing an *I*(*d* − 1) process:
- Suppose $X_t$ is *I*(*d* − 1)
- Now construct a series $Z_t = \sum_{k=0}^t X_k$
- Show that *Z* is *I*(*d*) by observing its first-differences are *I*(*d* − 1):
:
: $\Delta Z_t = X_t,$
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: where
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
:
: $X_t \sim I(d-1)
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# 1873 in Ireland
Events from the year **1873 in Ireland**.
## Events
- February -- Irish Home Rule Movement: Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain founded in Manchester.
- March -- Gladstone\'s Irish University Bill defeated in the House of Commons.
- May 4 -- the Roman Catholic St Eugene\'s Cathedral, Derry, is dedicated.
- November 18--21 -- Irish Home Rule Movement: The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
## Sport
- October -- foundation of County Carlow Football Club, Rugby Union Club
## Births
- 9 January -- John Flanagan, three-time Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw (died 1938).
- 17 January -- T. C. Murray, dramatist (died 1959).
- 27 January -- Alexander Young, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Ruiterskraal, South Africa, killed in action (died 1916).
- 1 February -- John Barry, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Monument Hill, South Africa (died 1901).
- 20 March -- Cecil Lowry-Corry, 6th Earl Belmore, High Sheriff and councillor (died 1949).
- 29 March *(bapt.)* -- Peig Sayers (Máiréad Sayers), seanchaí (traditional storyteller) (died 1958).
- 30 March -- William Lyle, 1940s Member of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for Queen\'s University of Belfast (died 1949)
- 19 April -- Thomas Crean, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Tygerkloof Spruit, South Africa (died 1923).
- 5 May -- Lucius Gwynn, cricketer (died 1902).
- 18 May -- J. B. Fagan, actor-manager (died 1933 in Hollywood)
- 28 May -- D. D. Sheehan, journalist, barrister, author, Irish Parliamentary Party MP, one of four MP\'s to serve in 16th (Irish) Division in World War I (died 1948).
- 3 June -- Sir John Keane, 5th Baronet, barrister, member of Seanad (died 1956).
- 14 June -- William Parsons, 5th Earl of Rosse, soldier (died 1918).
- 22 July James Cousins, poet and writer (died 1956).
- 6 August -- James O\'Mara, Irish Parliamentary Party and Sinn Féin MP (died 1948).
- 2 September -- James Duhig, Archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane (died 1965).
- 26 September -- Annie M. P. Smithson, nurse, novelist, poet and Nationalist (died 1948).
- 30 October -- Dave Gallaher, rugby player for New Zealand, killed at the Battle of Passchendaele (died 1917).
- 26 November -- Tom Sharkey, boxer (died 1953).
- 5 December -- William Crozier, cricketer (died 1916).
- 9 December -- James McCombs, politician in New Zealand (died 1933).
- 12 December -- Lola Ridge, anarchist poet and editor (died 1941).
## Deaths
- Early -- Master McGrath, greyhound (born 1866).
- 7 February -- Sheridan Le Fanu, novelist (born 1814).
- 20 February -- James Haughton, social reformer and temperance activist (born 1795).
- 28 March -- John Watts, military officer, architect in Australia (born 1786).
- 30 March -- Richard Church, soldier, military officer and general in the Greek Army (born 1784).
- 8 April -- Charles Irwin, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (born 1824)
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# Magnetocapacitance
**Magnetocapacitance** is a property of some dielectric, insulating materials, and metal--insulator--metal heterostructures that exhibit a change in the value of their capacitance when an external magnetic field is applied to them. Magnetocapacitance can be an intrinsic property of some dielectric materials, such as multiferroic compounds like BiMnO~3~, or can be a manifest of properties extrinsic to the dielectric but present in capacitance structures like Pd, Al~2~O~3~, and Al
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# Alan Quinlan
**Alan Quinlan** (*Irish: Ailín Ó Caoindealbhain*, born 13 July 1974) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He played for Munster and was registered to All-Ireland League side Shannon. He retired from rugby in May 2011.
## Early years {#early_years}
Quinlan was educated at Abbey CBS in Tipperary and worked for a motor dealer after leaving school. He began his rugby career with Clanwilliam FC. Quinlan moved from Clanwilliam to join Shannon U20s in 1994. He captained the Irish Youth Team against Scotland in 1993. He normally played as a blindside flanker, but he also played openside, number eight and second row for Munster.
## Munster
Quinlan began playing for Munster in 1996 and captained the youths team before becoming a regular in the first team. In May 2006 he made a comeback from a cruciate ligament injury earlier in the season to win both the AIB League Division 1 title with Shannon and the Heineken Cup with Munster after a late appearance from the bench in the 2006 Heineken Cup Final win over Biarritz in Cardiff. He captained the side from Number Eight in Munster\'s upset victory over Ulster in Ravenhill in the 2007 Celtic League. Quinlan was voted Man of the Match as Munster beat Toulouse 16--13 on 24 May 2008 to win the 2008 Heineken Cup Final. He was part of the squad that won the 2008--09 Celtic League. In total he holds five league medals with Shannon, as well as two Heineken Cup medals and a Celtic League Medal with Munster. Quinlan won his 201st cap against Leinster, equalling Anthony Foley\'s club record for caps, on 2 October 2010. He became Munster\'s most capped player ever on 16 October 2010, against Toulon in the Heineken Cup. In the 2009--10 season he represented Munster 21 times, including all eight of their 2010 Heineken Cup matches.
In April 2011, Quinlan officially announced his retirement from professional rugby, to be effective at the end of the 2010-11 season. He played his last game for Munster on 6 May 2011, against Connacht in the 2010--11 Celtic League, scoring a try to mark the end of his remarkable career and going off to a standing ovation from the Munster and Connacht supporters. He joined the Munster team at the 2011 Celtic League Grand Final trophy presentation, celebrating Munster\'s 19--9 victory over old rivals Leinster in Thomond Park.
## Ireland
Quinlan represented Ireland \'A\' between 1998 and 2001 and made his senior debut for the Irish national team in October 1999, as a replacement in a test against Romania. He played his first Six Nations match against Italy in 2001 in a 41-22 win. He was a part of Ireland\'s squad at the 2003 World Cup in Australia and scored two tries in the tournament before dislocating his shoulder scoring a vital try against Argentina in the pool stages on 26 October, which ended his involvement. He was named in Ireland\'s 2007 World Cup squad but did not make any appearances. Quinlan took his caps to a total of 27 by playing in the Autumn Internationals of 2008 against Canada and the All Blacks.
## British & Irish Lions {#british_irish_lions}
On 21 April 2009, Quinlan was named in the squad for the 2009 Lions tour of South Africa. During Munsters Heineken cup semi-final defeat to Leinster in May 2009, Quinlan was cited for making contact with the eye or eye area of Leinster captain Leo Cullen. The offence was deemed at the low range of seriousness and he received a 12 playing week ban until 9 September 2009. As a result, he missed the Lions tour to South Africa.
## Post-retirement {#post_retirement}
Quinlan was a co-commentator for ITV\'s coverage of the 2011 World Cup. He regularly commentates with RTÉ and Sky Sports on their rugby coverage.
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# Alan Quinlan
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Quinlan married Irish model Ruth Griffin in Tipperary town during the summer of 2008. They have one son named AJ who was born in January 2009. They later split up in June 2010.
He released an autobiography, entitled \'Quinlan: Red Blooded\', in 2010. Quinlan is a big golf fan and supports Liverpool
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# Adeola Odutola
Chief **Timothy Adeola Odutola** (16 June 1902 -- 13 April 1995), OBE, CFR, CON, was a prominent Nigerian businessman from Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State. He was one of the pioneers of modern Nigerian indigenous entrepreneurship and the first president of the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria. He attended Ijebu Ode Grammar School, under the principal, the Rev. Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Adeola Odutola was born in Ijebu-Ode, a community, which earlier had a fructifying gateway to the port of Lagos. However, the coming of colonialists had clipped the sovereignty of the Ijebu\'s and their right over the Lagos transit. It was during the latter period that he was born to the family of an Ijebu produce trader. He attended St Saviour\'s School, Italupe but he left at the age of fifteen after the death of his father. He was transferred to Ile-Ife by his family to ease his mother\'s burden but he later returned to Ijebu Ode to re-unite with his family and try to complete his secondary education. He then registered and attended the Ijebu Ode Grammar school for four years. After cutting short his secondary education, he left for Lagos to fend for himself. He became a clerk in various departments of the Lagos Colony and later, in the Ijebu Native Administration. He occupied his spare time by engaging in private trading from 1921 to 1932.
### Business career {#business_career}
In 1932, he resigned his positioning as a court clerk and entered private enterprise. He soon opened damask stores and fish stalls at various cities in western Nigeria, such as Ife, Ibadan, Ilesha and Lagos. After, his subtle beginnings as a fishing net and damask trader, he entered the Cocoa and Palm trading business and started buying lorries to transport the produce to Lagos for export. He built two large commodity storage stores during this period, one was located at Ijebu Ode, he was also involved in the business and political community as a member of the Produce Buyers Union and the Nigerian Youth Movement. However, the establishment of marketing boards, and the subsequent power of the boards to regulate Cocoa and Palm oil trading proved to be an inhibiting factor to private entrepreneurship in the commodity produce business. Odutola, gradually, transferred his resources and energy to saw milling and gold mining at Ilesha. He also became a major agent for John Holt Nigeria. At the beginning of the drive towards industrialisation in Nigeria, Odutola extended his industrial prowess to the production of rubber goods and started the manufacturing of cycle tyres and tubes in 1967.
Throughout his career, he established various factories in the country, spanning, the transport and food industry, he also built a secondary school at Ijebu-Ode. He was a member and later president of the Nigerian Stock Exchange and the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria in the early 70s
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# Property Law of the People's Republic of China
The **Property Law of the People\'s Republic of China** was a repealed law of the People\'s Republic of China.
The law was a property law adopted by the fifth session of the 10th National People\'s Congress on March 16, 2007 that went into effect on October 1, 2007. The law covers the creation, transfer, and ownership of property in the mainland of the People\'s Republic of China (PRC) and was part of an ongoing effort by the PRC to gradually develop a civil code. It contained all aspects of property law in the PRC\'s legal system.
The law was drafted quite differently from the usual legislative process in the PRC where laws are drafted behind closed doors, over 14,000 public submissions were considered for over a decade before the law was adopted and put into effect. In developing civil law in the PRC mainland, the PRC government has used the German Pandectist system of classification under which the property law corresponds to the law on real rights, which is the term used in Chinese for the official name of the law. The Property Law was formally repealed by the Civil Code in 2021.
## Passage
The drafting of the law involved considerable controversy. The proposed bill caused quite a stir since it was first published in 2002, was subsequently deferred. Over 14,000 public submissions were considered for over a decade before the law was adopted and put into effect. The draft was released online for public comment after the bill's third review in July 2005.
Many in the Chinese legal community feared that creating a single law to cover both state property and private property would facilitate privatization and asset stripping of state-owned enterprises. The draft law was subject to a constitutional challenge. Legal scholars, notably Gong Xiantian of Peking University, argued that it violated the constitutional characterization of the PRC as a socialist state. Gong called for a complete halt to the legislative process, arguing that by granting equal protection to public and private property, the draft unconstitutionally \"departed from basic socialist principles\". The law was originally scheduled to be adopted in 2005 but was removed from the legislative agenda following these objections. The final form of the law contains a number of additions to address these objections.
It yet again failed in its reading at the fourth session of the 10th National People\'s Congress in 2006 because of disputes over its content. Before the bill\'s seventh review, NPC Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo defended the constitutionality of the bill at a meeting of the NPCSC\'s Party members, including the provision affording equal protection to private property, at a meeting of the NPCSC's Communist Party members. The bill finally went through its eighth reading in 2007. Wu\'s remarks were substantially incorporated into the bill's official explanation presented to NPC delegates at the start of the eight review.
On March 8, 2007, the Property Law was formally introduced at the NPC. Vice Chairman Wang Zhaoguo told the Congress that the law will \"safeguard the fundamental interests of the people\", and the law is an attempt at adapting to new \"economic and social realities\" in China. The law was adopted on March 16, the final day of the two-week session of congress, with the backing of 96.9% of the 2,889 legislators attending, with 2,799 for, 52 against, and 37 abstentions. In his final address to the 2007 Session, Chairman Wu Bangguo declared \"the Private Property Law and the Corporate Taxation law are two of the most important laws in the new economic system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must attempt to learn these laws fully through various methods.\"
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# Property Law of the People's Republic of China
## Description
The law contained all aspects of property law in the PRC\'s legal system. The Property Law contains 5 parts, 19 chapters and 247 articles. The parts deal with the following topics:
Part One - General Provisions
Part Two - Ownership
Part Three - Usufructs
Part Four - Security Interest in Property
Part Five - Possession.
The main purpose of the law is stated in Article 1. \"This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purpose of upholding the basic economic system of the State, maintaining the order of the socialist market economy, defining the attribution of things, giving play to the usefulness of things and protecting the property right of obligees.\"
Article 9 states, \"The creation, alteration, transfer or extinction of the property right shall become valid upon registration according to law; otherwise it shall not become valid, unless otherwise provided for by law. Registration of ownership of all the natural resources which are owned by the State in accordance with law may be dispensed with.\"
The law covers all of the three property types within the People\'s Republic of China, which are state, collective, and private which are defined in Chapter 5 of the law. Chapter 4, Article 40 of the law divides property rights into three types: ownership rights, use rights, and security rights. The law goes into detail about the legal rights associated with any of these three types.
The law does not change the system of land tenure by which the state owns all land. However, in formalizing existing practice, individuals can possess a land-use right, which is defined in Chapter 10 of the law. The law defines this land-use right in terms of the civil law concept of usufruct.
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# Property Law of the People's Republic of China
## Response
Some press reports have characterized this law as the first piece of legislation in the People\'s Republic of China to cover an individual\'s right to own private assets, although this is incorrect as the right to private property was written into the Constitution of the People\'s Republic of China in 2004. The amendment states \"Citizens\' lawful private property is inviolable.\" The Property Law was formally repealed by the Civil Code in 2021
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# Papkovich–Neuber solution
The **Papkovich--Neuber solution** is a technique for generating analytic solutions to the Newtonian incompressible Stokes equations, though it was originally developed to solve the equations of linear elasticity.
It can be shown that any Stokes flow with body force $\mathbf{f}=0$ can be written in the form:
$$\mathbf{u} = {1\over{2 \mu}} \left[ \nabla ( \mathbf{x} \cdot \mathbf{\Phi} + \chi) - 2 \mathbf{\Phi} \right]$$
$$p = \nabla \cdot \mathbf{\Phi}$$
where $\mathbf{\Phi}$ is a harmonic vector potential and $\chi$ is a harmonic scalar potential. The properties and ease of construction of harmonic functions makes the Papkovich--Neuber solution a powerful technique for solving the Stokes Equations in a variety of domains
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# Jean-Guy Lagace
**Jean-Guy Lagace** (born February 5, 1945) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Buffalo Sabres, and Kansas City Scouts; in addition, he played one season in the World Hockey Association with the Birmingham Bulls.
In his NHL career, Lagace played in 197 games, scoring nine goals and adding 39 assists. In the WHA, Lagace played in 78 games, scoring two goals and adding 25 assists
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# RapiCa
`{{Unreferenced|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki}`{{nihongo|'''RapiCa'''|ラピカ|Rapika}}`{=mediawiki} is a rechargeable contactless smart card ticketing system for public transport in Kagoshima, Japan, introduced by Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau, Nangoku Kōtsū, and JR Kyūshū Bus, from April 1, 2005. The name is the acronym of **R**apid **a**nd **P**ay **I**ntelligent **Ca**rd. Just like JR East\'s Suica or JR West\'s ICOCA, the card uses RFID technology developed by Sony corporation known as FeliCa. The card is usable in all the tramway lines of Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau, as well as most bus lines of the three operators.
Another bus operator in Kagoshima, namely Iwasaki Corporation group issues another smart card called Iwasaki IC Card. RapiCa and Iwasaki IC Card have integrated services, meaning either card can be used for most bus lines in the city. A future smart card to be introduced by JR Kyūshū will have an integrated service too. Since the said card will have integrated services with Suica, PASMO, ICOCA, PiTaPa, TOICA and others, those cards will have the services with RapiCa as well
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# LuLuCa
`{{nihongo|'''LuLuCa'''|ルルカ}}`{=mediawiki} is a rechargeable contactless smart card ticketing system for public transport in Shizuoka, Japan, introduced by Shizuoka Railway (Shizutetsu) beginning in March 2006. The card is also referred to as **SHIZUTETSU CARD LuLuCa** and **LuLuCa PASAR Card**. Just like JR East\'s Suica or JR West\'s ICOCA, the card uses RFID technology developed by Sony corporation known as FeliCa.
A \"LuLuCa+PiTaPa\" card variant also exists, which allows for added PiTaPa functionality and for the card to be used across Japan due to PiTaPa\'s mutual operability across the country\'s public transit systems beginning in 2013. Prior to this, ICOCA and PiTaPa cards had been usable on Shizutetsu trains since 2007.
## Usable area {#usable_area}
- Shizutetsu Justline; all the buses in Karase, Oshika, Torisaka, Mariko and Nishikubo.
- Shizuoka Railway; Shizuoka Shimizu Line.
- Other facilities of Shizutetsu group, including Shinshizuoka-Center and Shizutetsu Store grocery stores
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# Nice Pass
`{{onesource|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{nihongo|'''Nice Pass'''|ナイスパス|Naisupasu}}`{=mediawiki} is a rechargeable contactless smart card ticketing system for public transport in Hamamatsu, Japan, introduced by Enshū Railway (Entetsu) group, from August 20, 2004, succeeding the previous **ET Card**, a magnetic prepaid card. The name is a backronym of **N**ew **I**ntelligence **C**ard of **E**ntetsu **P**ersonal **a**nd **S**mart **S**ystem. Just like JR East\'s Suica or JR West\'s ICOCA, the card uses RFID technology developed by Sony corporation known as FeliCa. This was the first smart card in Japan that usable on both railway and bus lines.
The card is issued by Enshū Railway and usable on both buses and trains, including the Enshū Railway Line. However, it is not usable on all Hamamatsu community buses, and also cannot be used on Chūbu Centrair International Airport\'s e-wing bus. There is no current plan for it to be integrated with other nationwide IC cards such as manaca, TOICA, Suica, or ICOCA, or other local cards such as LuLuCa
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# Ruth Thompson
**Ruth Thompson** (September 15, 1887 -- April 5, 1970) was a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. A lawyer by profession, she served three terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1951 to 1957.
## Biography
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Thompson was born in Whitehall, Michigan, and attended the public schools. She graduated from Muskegon Business College of nearby Muskegon in 1905, and became a lawyer with a private practice.
## Early career {#early_career}
She was registrar of probate court of Muskegon County and judge of probate from 1925 to 1937. She gained national recognition as an advocate for children\'s rights during that period. She was elected the county\'s first female state representative in 1938 and served as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives (Muskegon County 1st district) from 1939 to 1941.
Thompson then served on the Social Security Board, 1941--1942; staff for United States Labor Department, 1942; United States Adjutant General\'s Office, 1942--1946; and then member and chair of the Michigan state Prison Commission for Women. During and after World War II she worked as a civilian employee of the U.S. Army in Washington, D.C., and in Europe.
## Congress
In 1950, Thompson was elected as a Republican from Michigan\'s 9th congressional district to the 82nd Congress and subsequently re-elected to the two succeeding Congresses serving from January 3, 1951, to January 3, 1957, in the U.S. House. She was the first woman to represent Michigan in Congress and the first woman to serve on the House Judiciary Committee.
On February 26, 1954, Thompson introduced legislation to ban mailing \"obscene, lewd, lascivious or filthy\" phonograph (rock and roll) records.
She was an unsuccessful candidate for re-nomination to the 85th Congress in 1956, being defeated by fellow Republican Robert P. Griffin and returned to her home in Whitehall.
## Death
Ruth Thompson died in Plainwell Sanitorium in Allegan County, Michigan, and was interred in Oakhurst Cemetery of Whitehall
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# Google Guice
**Google Guice** (pronounced like \"juice\") is an open-source software framework for the Java platform developed by Bob Lee and Kevin Bourrillion at Google and released under the Apache License. It provides support for dependency injection using annotations to configure Java objects. Dependency injection is a design pattern whose core principle is to separate behavior from dependency resolution.
Guice allows implementation classes to be bound programmatically to an interface, then injected into constructors, methods or fields using an `@Inject` annotation. When more than one implementation of the same interface is needed, the user can create custom annotations that identify an implementation, then use that annotation when injecting it.
Being the first generic framework for dependency injection using Java annotations in 2008, Guice won the 18th Jolt Award for best Library, Framework, or Component
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# Nicolae L. Lupu
**Nicolae L. Lupu** (November 4, 1876 -- December 4, 1946) was a Romanian left-wing politician and social physician. Originally a leader of the Labor Party, which was joined with the Peasants\' Party, Lupu served as Interior Minister in 1919--1920. He formed his own Peasants\' Party--Lupu in 1927, and also steered the creation of a League Against Usury; the party dissolved in 1934. His group became a dissident faction of the National Peasants\' Party, and was reestablished, after World War II, as the Democratic Peasants\' Party--Lupu
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# Distant Light (Hollies album)
***Distant Light*** is a 1971 album released by the Hollies, their 11th UK album and their last before brief departure of lead vocalist and founding member Allan Clarke (who was absent on the following album and returned for their 1974 self-titled album), and reputedly the first album to come out of AIR Studios. The album spawned two hit singles: the Allan Clarke penned \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\", which peaked at number two in the US and number 32 in the UK; and Tony Hicks penned \"Long Dark Road\", which reached number 26 in the US. The US version of the album peaked at number 21 in the album charts. The summer scene on the cover is rendered as a winter scene on the next Hollies album *Romany*.
## Overview and recording {#overview_and_recording}
The album was the band\'s biggest experiment to date. The use of saxophones, girl choruses, and more complex compositions in the style of the Moody Blues (\"You Know The Score\"), was very unusual for the Hollies. The lyrics were more serious, containing, for example, anti-war messages (\"You Know The Score\" or \"Promised Land\") or dramatic stories (\"What A Life I\'ve Led\", \"Hold On\"). Only a few songs were in the traditional Hollies style and sound (\"Long Dark Road\", \"A Little Thing Like Love\", \"To Do with Love\").
The recording featured guest appearances by pianist Gary Brooker (Procol Harum), guitarist Mick Abrahams (Jethro Tull) and saxophonist Jim Jewell. Vocals were sung by Madeline Bell, Doris Troy and Liza Strike. The LP was released on 8 October 1971 in a gatefold sleeve with a painted woodland and summer scene by Colin Elgie of Hipgnosis. The idea was conceived by Storm Thorgerson, famous for his work with Pink Floyd. There were many hidden messages and a good deal of symbolism and, years later, the artist admitted that there were so many that he couldn\'t remember some of them. The inside cover art consisted of pictures of the band members taken at a house party at Tony Hicks\' apartment.
## Release and reception {#release_and_reception}
The band performed the first three songs from the album (\"What a Life I\'ve Led\" and \"Look What We\'ve Got\" and \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\") live on the television show \"Meet the Hollies\" on July 25, 1971. Later, they performed \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" and \"A Little Thing Like Love\" again on another TV show, \"It\'s Lulu\". The album was highly praised by critics, Record Mirror wrote: *\"You could use the word sensational about The Hollies\' new album.\"* and it became the biggest success they\'ve had in America (including records with Graham Nash). However, in their native United Kingdom, the LP was only a modest success for the band. The album\'s biggest hit was the song \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\", composed by Allan Clarke and Roger Cook (whose co-writer Roger Greenaway was also credited by verbal agreement between the two songwriters). The single reached No. 2 in America, No. 1 in Canada and No. 32 in England. It was the Hollies\' biggest American hit ever. The song \"Long Dark Road\" was also released as a single in America and reached No. 26 (and No. 24 in Canada).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Tony Hicks and Kenny Lynch; except where indicated
**Side one**
1. \"What a Life I\'ve Led\" -- 3:58
2. \"Look What We\'ve Got\" -- 4:07
3. \"Hold On\" (Allan Clarke) -- 4:07
4. \"Pull Down the Blind\" (Terry Sylvester) -- 3:30
5. \"To Do with Love\" -- 3:29
6. \"Promised Land\" -- 4:20
**Side two**
1. \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" (Allan Clarke, Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway) -- 3:19
2. \"You Know the Score\" (Terry Sylvester, Allan Clarke) -- 5:37
3. \"Cable Car\" (Terry Sylvester) -- 4:25
4. \"A Little Thing Like Love\" (Allan Clarke, Tony Macaulay) -- 3:19
5
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# Anthony Horgan
**Anthony Horgan** (born 15 November 1976 in Cork, Ireland) is a former Irish rugby union player, who played for Cork Constitution, Munster and Ireland. He played the majority of his rugby as a Winger.
Upon leaving school in 1995, he joined Cork Constitution, playing his last game for the club in 2011. His professional career kicked off in 1997 when he was drafted into the Munster squad under then-new coach Declan Kidney.
## Munster
Horgan made his Munster debut against Connacht in August 1997. He started for Munster in their first Heineken Cup final against Northampton Saints in May 2000.Horgan was also selected to start the 2002 Heineken Cup final loss against Leicester but broke his hand the night before in a captains run. Due to his withdrawal John O\'Neill started in his place He was part of the Munster team that beat Neath to win the 2002--03 Celtic League, and he picked up more silverware when Munster beat Scarlets to win the Celtic Cup in May 2005. Horgan started for Munster as they beat Biarritz 23-19 to win their first Heineken Cup final in May 2006.
He played his last game for Munster on 15 May 2009 in 36-10 Celtic League win over the Ospreys at Thomond Park, where the team also received the trophy as 2008--09 Celtic League winners. Horgan scored Munster\'s final try, to the delight of the home crowd.
Horgan was Munster\'s all-time leading try scorer, with 41 tries to his name when he retired in May 2009, until Simon Zebo broke that record in March 2016.
## Ireland
Horgan made his debut for Ireland against Samoa in June 2003. His first and only try for Ireland came against Scotland in September 2003. Horgan was selected in Ireland\'s squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup, but he did not feature in the tournament. His last appearance for Ireland was against New Zealand in November 2005
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# Limavatnet
**Limavatnet** is a lake in the municipality of Gjesdal in Rogaland county, Norway. The 1.73 km2 lake lies between the villages of Ålgård and Gjesdal. On the western end of the lake, the European route E39 highway crosses the lake on the Vaula Bridge. The lake Edlandsvatnet lies immediately to the west of the bridge. The hydronym Lima, belonging to the lake, adjacent settlements, and associated surname, is, according to Oddvar Nes, likely derived from the Indo-European root \"lei-\", which means \"wet, calm water\"
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# Ansar Abbasi
**Ansar Abbasi** (*انصار عباسی*) is a Pakistani right-wing commentator and columnist associated with *The News International*.
## Investigative articles {#investigative_articles}
### Chief Justice Choudhry {#chief_justice_choudhry}
Abbasi was among the first to bring forth allegations against Chief Justice Iftikhar Choudhray for gross misconduct in 2002, accusing him of admitting his son Dr. Arsalan to the Federal Investigation Agency undermining all merits. Primarily based on this allegation the establishment moved a reference to Supreme Judicial Council against Chief Justice Iftikhar Choudhry.
### President Musharraf {#president_musharraf}
Abbasi has published work critical of the regime of former president Pervez Musharraf accusing him of building a multi-million rupees residence at Chak Shehzad, equipped with utilities at much cheaper rates with differential subsidized by the government.
### Justice Dogar {#justice_dogar}
\"Our Special Daughters\", an investigative report by Abbasi in *Daily News*, found out that Justice Dogar\'s daughter Farah Hameed Dogar\'s examination paper for F.Sc. was reassessed in violation of a previous Supreme Court ruling. While the results of 201 candidates were revised, only for her were the examination papers re-marked and the numbers increased. In the other 200 cases, only errors in adding the total marks were corrected. The case later went on to the parliamentary committee for education
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# David Linighan
**David Linighan** (born 9 January 1965) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1982 until 2002.
He notably spent time in the Premier League with Ipswich Town and in the Scottish Premier League with Dunfermline Athletic. He also played in the Football League for Hartlepool United, Derby County, Shrewsbury Town, Blackpool, Mansfield Town and Chester City. He also had spells in Non-league with Southport and Hyde United.
## Career
Linighan was born in Hartlepool, County Durham, and attended English Martyrs School. He began his career at Hartlepool United in 1982 as a 17-year-old. He remained at Victoria Park for four years, making close to 100 league appearances for the club.
After a brief spell at Derby County in 1986, he joined Shrewsbury Town for a £30,000 fee. In two years with the Shrews, Linighan made 65 league appearances, scoring one goal.
Linighan joined Ipswich Town in 1988 for £300,000. In eight years, he made a career-high 277 league appearances, scoring twelve goals, and played in the Premier League for three seasons (1992 to 1995).
In 1995, Linighan was signed by Sam Allardyce to join up with his Blackpool team. He played under three managers during his three years at Bloomfield Road, the others being Gary Megson and Nigel Worthington, scoring five goals in a century of league appearances.
Scottish club Dunfermline Athletic came in for the defender\'s services in 1998, and he moved north of the border for what proved to be just one game. During his time with the Pars, he was loaned to Mansfield Town, whom he would join on a permanent basis in 1999.
In 2000, Linighan moved into non-league football with Southport and Chester City, before a short spell with Hyde United in 2002 where he made eleven appearances, before retiring.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Linighan\'s father, Brian Linighan, and two of his brothers, Andy and Brian, also played football professionally. He now works as a carpenter
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# George Moore (SHK)
**Sir George Moore** (1709--1787) was a Manx merchant who was the Speaker of the House of Keys and their leader in the efforts to obtain better terms for Manx commerce after the Act of Revestment. It was largely due to his efforts that the island was not annexed to Cumberland as previously planned.
He was the son of Philip Moore (died 1746), who had also been a member of the House of Keys, and became a major merchant very heavily involved in the running trade and owned various vessels. He was also a partner in a Glasgow bank.
He was the first Chairman of the House of Keys to be called Speaker, holding the post from 1758 to 1780. He was knighted on 22 June 1781 in recognition of his services.
On his death in 1787 he was buried at Kirk Patrick and succeeded by his son Philip
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# Avsunviroidae
The ***Avsunviroidae*** are a family of viroids. There are five species in three genera (*Avsunviroid*, *Elaviroid* and *Pelamoviroid*). They consist of RNA genomes between 246 and 375 nucleotides in length. They are single-stranded covalent circles and have intramolecular base pairing. All members lack a central conserved region.
## Replication
Replication occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Key features of replication include no helper virus required and no proteins are encoded for. Unlike the other family of viroids, *Pospiviroidae*, *Avsunviroidae* are thought to replicate via a symmetrical rolling mechanism. It is thought the positive RNA strand acts as a template to form negative strands with the help of an enzyme thought to be RNA polymerase plus 3 II. The negative RNA strands are then cleaved by ribozyme activity and circularises. A second rolling circle mechanism forms a positive strand which is also cleaved by ribozyme activity and then ligated to become circular. The site of replication is unknown but it is thought to be in the chloroplast and in the presence of Mg^2+^ ions.
## Structure
Predictions of structure have suggested that they exist either as rod-shaped molecules with regions of base pairing causing formation of some hairpin loops or have branched configurations.
The family has four stretches of conserved nucleotides, `{{DNA sequence|guuuc}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{DNA sequence|uc}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{DNA sequence|ucag}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{DNA sequence|ac}}`{=mediawiki} from 5\' to 3\', plus their Watson-Crick pairings on the other end of the loop. This is part of its hammerhead ribozyme. Otherwise there is little structural similarity in the family. They do not have the conserved CCH, TCR, or TCH motifs, which is one of the features defining their separation from the Pospiviroidae.
## Classification
The family has three genera, with a total of five species.
- Family **Avsunviroidae**
- Genus *Avsunviroid*;
- Species: *Avocado sunblotch viroid* (ASBVd, acc. J02020, gen. len. 247nt)
- Genus *Elaviroid*;
- Species: *Eggplant latent viroid* (ELVd, acc. AJ536613, gen. len. 333nt)
- Genus *Pelamoviroid*;
- Species: *Appler hammerhead viroid*, *Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid* (CChMVd, acc. Y14700, gen. len. 399nt) and *Peach latent mosaic viroid* (PLMVd, acc. M83545, gen. len. 337nt)
## Detection
The lack of a long, central conserved region makes Avsunviroidae harder to identify than Pospiviroidae. A method to detect them is to use their circularity: a computer can piece together many overlapping reads that appear to form repeats when placed linearly
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# List of speedway teams in Sweden
| 7 |
List of speedway teams in Sweden
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# Great Bradley
thumb\|upright=0.8\|left\|Village sign in Great Bradley `{{Infobox UK place
| official_name= Great Bradley
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference=
| population= 431
| population_ref= (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123878&c=Great+Bradley&d=16&e=62&g=6466907&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1471791994760&enc=1|title=Civil Parish population 2011|access-date=21 August 2016|publisher=Office for National Statistics|work=Neighbourhood Statistics}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|52.15|0.433|display=inline,title}}
| post_town= Newmarket
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB8
| dial_code= 01440
| constituency_westminster= [[West Suffolk (UK Parliament constituency)|West Suffolk]]
| shire_district= [[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]]
| shire_county= [[Suffolk]]
| hide_services= Yes
|static_image = File:St Mary's church Great Bradley Suffolk (530367809).jpg
|static_image_width = 240px
|static_image_caption= St Mary's Church, Great Bradley
}}`{=mediawiki} **Great Bradley** (also known as Bradley Magna) is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. According to Eilert Ekwall the meaning of the village name is the \"wide clearing\". The population is about 400 and includes Little Bradley.
## History
There is evidence that people have lived in and around Great Bradley by the River Stour since the Middle Stone Age over 5,000 years ago.
John Killingworth (d.1617) of Little Bradley (later of Pampisford, etc.) obtained a grant (or confirmation) of Arms on 25 November 1586. When his father Richard died in October 1586 he requested in his Will that \"My body is to be buried in the parish church of Great Bradley. 10 shillings to the said church.\"
In the eighteenth century there was an annual fair held in the village on 29 September
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# Blues in the Night (musical)
***Blues in the Night*** is a 1980s musical revue conceived by Sheldon Epps. It was produced by Mitchell Maxwell, Alan J. Schuster, Fred H. Krones and M Squared Entertainment, Inc., and Joshua Silver (Associate Producer).
Set in a rundown Chicago hotel in 1938, the dialogue-free show focuses on three women\'s relationships with the same snake of a man, their interweaving stories told through the torch songs and blues of Bessie Smith, Johnny Mercer, Harold Arlen, Vernon Duke, Gordon Jenkins, and Alberta Hunter, among others.
## Productions
The revue originally was staged by Epps and Gregory Hines under the supervision of Norman René at the off-Broadway Playhouse 46, where it ran for 51 performances between March 26 and May 11, 1980. The original cast consisted of David Brunetti, Rise Collins, Suzanne M. Henry, and Gwen Shepherd.
After 13 previews, the Broadway production, directed by Epps, opened on June 2, 1982, at the Rialto Theatre, where it ran for 53 performances. Jean DuShon, Debbie Shapiro, Leslie Uggams, and Charles Coleman comprised the cast. The show was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical.
The West End production, staged by Steve Whately, opened on June 9, 1987, at the Donmar Warehouse, where it ran through July 19, 1987. Maria Friedman, Debby Bishop, Carol Woods, and Clarke Peters comprised the cast. With Peter Straker replacing Peters, it transferred to the Piccadilly Theatre, opening on September 23 and running through July 28, 1988.
The show was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and Woods received a nomination for Best Actress in a Musical. The London cast album was recorded live during the August 25--26 performances at the Donmar.
A production ran at the Minetta Lane Theatre, New York City, from September 14, 1988, through to October 23, 1988, for 45 performances. The cast featured Carol Woods, Brenda Pressley, \[Leilani Jones\] and Lawrence Hamilton. In the early 1990s, Clarke Peters directed a touring production, starting at the Churchill Theatre in Bromley, South London, England. It featured Ricco Ross and Claire Martin.
The revue was presented at the Post Street Theatre, San Francisco, for eight weeks in July through September 2007. Maurice Hines played the role of \"The Man in the Saloon\", with Carol Woods, Freda Payne and Paulette Ivory as the three women.
In 2017, the show\'s 30th anniversary was celebrated at the Hippodrome Casino, London. The cast included: Ian Carlyle as The Man, Enyonam Gbesemete as The Lady, Cleo Higgins as The Woman and Bleu Woodward as The Girl.
In 2025, Arizona Theatre Company will present the show for a one-month run.
## Song list {#song_list}
*Note: composers in parentheses*
- \"Am I Blue?\" (Harry Akst, Grant Clarke)
- \"Baby Doll\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"Blue Blue\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"Blues in the Night\" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer)
- \"Copenhagen\" (Charlie Davis)
- \"Dirty No-Gooder Blues\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"Four Walls (and One Dirty Window) Blues\" (Willard Robison)
- \"I Gotta Right To Sing the Blues\" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler)
- \"It Makes My Love Come Down\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"I\'ve Got A Date With A Dream\" (Mack Gordon, Harry Revel)
- \"Kitchen Man\" (Andy Razaf, Alex Bellenda)
- \"Low\" (Vernon Duke, Milton Drake, Ben Oakland)
- \"Lover Man\" (Jimmy Davis, Roger Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman)
- \"New Orleans Hop-Scop Blues\" (Geo. W. Thomas)
- \"Nobody Knows You When You\'re Down and Out\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"Reckless Blues\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"Rough and Ready Man\" (Alberta Hunter)
- \"Take It Right Back\" (H. Grey)
- \"Take Me For a Buggy Ride\" (Leola Wilson, Wesley Wilson)
- \"These Foolish Things Remind Me Of You\" (Harry Link, Jack Strachey, Holt Marvell)
- \"Wasted Life Blues\" (Bessie Smith)
- \"When a Woman Loves a Man\" (Bernard Hanighen, Gordon Jenkins, Johnny Mercer)
- \"Wild Women Don\'t Have the Blues\" (Ida Cox)
- \"Willow Weep for Me\" (Ann Ronell)
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Frank Rich in his *New York Times* review of the 1982 revival, wrote: \"The sad truth is that not even the plainest theatrical formulas are as easy as they look - and *Blues in the Night,* the new revue at the Rialto, is the not-so-living proof. The 25 blues numbers in this show\...are often first-rate. The stars -- Leslie Uggams, Jean Du Shon and Debbie Shapiro -- are talented. The format -- no dialogue, a minimum of dancing -- is a model of economy. Yet *Blues in the Night* proves a bland evening that mainly serves to remind us just how much imagination went into its seemingly similar, far more fiery predecessors. Sheldon Epps, who \"conceived\" the revue and directed it, may well be responsible for what\'s gone wrong, but his basic notion isn\'t bad: *Blues* is set in a cheap hotel in 1938 Chicago (modestly designed by John Falabella) where the three stars occupy separate, shabby rooms. Yet the women remain anonymous throughout -- they are called simply Woman No. 1 and so on in the Playbill -- and, even when they sing together, they don\'t interact
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# Hyakuzō Kurata
was a Japanese essayist and playwright who wrote on religious subjects. He was active during the Taishō and early Shōwa periods of Japan.
## Biography
Kurata was born in what is now rural Shōbara city, Hiroshima Prefecture, to a wealthy merchant family. He graduated from the No.1 High School in Tokyo and lived in a cottage on the banks of Ueno Pond. Highly influenced by the writings of Nishida Kitarō and his concepts of religious syncretism, he traveled to Kyoto to meet the philosopher in 1912. However, in 1913, Kurata was forced to leave Tokyo for health reasons, as he was suffering from both lung and bone tuberculosis and venereal disease. After a period in a hospital in Hiroshima, he traveled extensively around the Inland Sea region. He also became interested in the writings of philosopher and cult-leader Nishida Tenko, who had created an agrarian commune based on a mixture of Daoism, Christianity, Buddhism, and pacifism, and whose teachings were attracting a wide following in the slum areas near Japan\'s major cities. Nishida accepted Kurata as a follower in December 1915, and he came to the commune with his nurse and lover, Haru Kanda, who gave birth to his son in March 1917. However, Kurata was not physically strong enough for work at the commune, and his health quickly deteriorated.
In 1917, Kurata wrote *Shukke to sono deshi* (\"The Priest and his Apprentice\"), a stage play about the 13th-century Buddhist priest Shinran, which quickly became a best-seller. After initially contributing articles on philosophy and religion to the *Shirakaba* literary journal, he became acquainted with Mushanokōji Saneatsu. However, Mushanokoji had very little regard for Nishida Tenko and his ideas, and was somewhat indifferent to Kurata.
In July 1918, suffering from nervous stress, Kurata was hospitalized in Fukuoka. In January, still mostly bedridden, he moved to a Buddhist temple in Fukuoka and joined Mushanokōji\'s commune, Atarashiki-mura, as an external member. He organized public lectures, held concerts, and even installed a printing press near his bed. Thinking that Kurata was on his deathbed, Nishida sent a mortuary tablet with Kurata\'s posthumous name inscribed on it, which Kurata accepted with somewhat mixed feelings, as he wrote in a letter to Masao Kume in March 1919.
He also wrote *Ai to ninshiki to no shuppatsu* (\"The Beginning of Love and Understanding\", 1921), a collection of essays on diverse subjects ranging from love and sex to religion that became a classic with young people in pre-war Japan.
However, Kurata had a falling out with the *Shirakaba* group in 1922, after Mushanokōji joined critics in lambasting his most recent play *Chichi no Shimpai* (\"A Father\'s Worry\", 1921), and the Atarashiki-mura faced bankruptcy. His private life also attracted unfavorable press, as he was living polygamously with three women under the same roof. Politically, Kurata made a sharp turn to the religious right and embraced the concepts of fascism, advocating a theocracy based on the teachings of Shinran.
Kurata died in 1943 at his home in Magome, Tokyo, and his grave is in Tama Cemetery, at Fuchū, Tokyo
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# Goody Petronelli
**Guerino \"Goody\" Petronelli** (October 12, 1923 -- January 29, 2012) was an American boxing trainer and co-manager.
With his brother Pasquale (Pat), Petronelli managed and trained world middleweight champion Marvelous Marvin Hagler. His other fighters included Robbie Sims, Steve Collins, and Kevin McBride. In 1983, the Petronellis received The Al Buck Award for Manager of the Year by the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
## Career
He was born in Brockton, Massachusetts. Petronelli was a successful amateur welterweight boxer who retired from the US Navy as a master chief after serving from 1941 to 1969. He grew up as a close friend of Rocky Marciano. Both their fathers had emigrated from the Abruzzo region of Italy. Petronelli was also a friend of Marciano\'s trainer, Allie Colombo.
The Petronelli brothers opened their Brockton gym in 1969, the same year both Marciano and Colombo died (in a plane crash and an auto accident respectively.) Petronelli focused on training fighters, relying on his Navy medical experience as a cut man in the ring, while Pat mainly handled the business aspects, including fight scheduling and purse negotiations.
The teen-aged Hagler, who had moved with his mother from Newark, New Jersey to Brockton in 1967, began training at the gym shortly after it opened. Under Petronelli\'s tutelage, he became the National AAU 165-pound champion in 1973. Though Hagler was a top-ranked middleweight title contender for most of the 1970s, the Petronellis found it difficult to line up high-profile opponents willing to risk facing him. Hagler\'s race and the fact that he was a Southpaw, and a good one at that, were cited as primary obstacles. The brothers often had to travel with Hagler to other fighters\' hometowns for his bouts.
Petronelli and his brother finally got Hagler his shot at the WBA and WBC middleweight titles in 1979 against Vito Antuofermo in Las Vegas, where the fight was ruled a draw in a controversial 15-round decision. In 1980, after winning 50 of 54 pro fights, Hagler got his second chance at the crowns when he faced British fighter Alan Minter, who had earlier won the title from Antuofermo. Hagler bloodied Minter early, winning on a third-round TKO. The Petronellis would guide Hagler through 12 successful world title defenses over 7 years, including celebrated bouts against Roberto Durán and Thomas Hearns, before he lost to Sugar Ray Leonard in another controversial judges\' decision, a split verdict in Leonard\'s favor. It turned out to be Hagler\'s final fight.
Petronelli trained others who would fight in world title bouts: World Boxing Organization middleweight and super middleweight champion Steve Collins; Hagler\'s brother, United States Boxing Association middleweight champion Robbie Sims, who lost to Sumbu Kalambay in 1988 for the WBA championship; and Malawian light heavyweight Drake Thadzi, who lost to Virgil Hill in a WBA title bout in 1995.
Petronelli also trained his brother\'s son, Tony, who won the North American Boxing Federation light welterweight title in 1976; New England super featherweight champion Mike Cappiello; Massachusetts middleweight champion Mike Culbert; and Kevin McBride, whose TKO victory ended Mike Tyson\'s career in 2006. They also worked with heavyweight Peter McNeeley early in his career.
The Petronelli gym was located on Ward Street in Brockton, which the city renamed Petronelli Way in 1999. The city of Brockton honored the Petronelli brothers with the Historic Citizens Award in 2007.
Tony Petronelli took over operating the Brockton gym, which closed in 2011. Tony relocated it to nearby Stoughton under the name Big East Boxing.
## Death
Petronelli died January 29, 2012, in Bourne, Massachusetts of natural causes at age 88. His death came just months after the losses of his brother Pat, who died at age 89 from complications of a stroke on September 2, 2011, and Petronelli\'s wife of 67 years, Marian (Gorman) Petronelli, who died October 15, 2011, at age 84
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# Constantin Titel Petrescu
**Constantin Titel Petrescu** (5 February 1888 -- 2 September 1957) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. He was the leader of the Romanian Social Democratic Party.
He was born in Craiova, the son of an employee of the National Bank in Bucharest. After completing high school at Saint Sava College in 1903, he studied Philosophy and Law at the University of Bucharest, earning a J.D. degree. After auditing some penal law courses at Sorbonne University in Paris, he returned to Bucharest and registered in 1911 with the Ilfov County Bar as a defense lawyer. He defended before the Ilfov Court socialist militant Alexandru Nicolau, who was eventually acquitted by the jury.
In 1923, Petrescu stood trial for alleged insults addressed to the Romanian Army; with the help of a defense team that included Dem I. Dobrescu, he was acquitted. That same year, he joined Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, Virgil Madgearu, Constantin Costa-Foru, Victor Eftimiu, Grigore Iunian, Radu D. Rosetti, Dem Dobrescu, Nicolae L. Lupu, and Constantin Mille, in creating *Liga Drepturilor Omului* (the League for Human Rights), protesting against measures taken by the National Liberal cabinet of Ion I. C. Brătianu in dealing with left-wing opposition forces.
Petrescu was actively involved in the preparations for the August 1944 coup d\'état organized by King Michael I, which led to the fall of *Conducător* Marshal Ion Antonescu. He was then appointed Minister Secretary of State without portfolio in the first cabinet of Constantin Sănătescu. After World War II, relations between the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) deteriorated, and Petrescu refused the electoral alliance with the PCR in 1946. Instead, he established his own political movement, the Independent Social-Democratic Party (PSDI), with which he participated in the elections of November 1946.
After the establishment of the communist regime, Petrescu was arrested on 6 May 1948. Detained at Jilava, Sighet, and Râmnicu Sărat prisons, he was liberated after 7 years in December 1955, after the United Kingdom Labour Party had interceded with Nikita Khrushchev. He spent the rest of his life in hospital, suffering from scurvy and tuberculosis, a result of the harsh treatment he endured while in prison. He is buried at Bellu Cemetery, in Bucharest.
Streets in the Ghencea district of Bucharest and in Timișoara are named after him
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# Holzheim, Donau-Ries
**Holzheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
The community had 1,012 inhabitants in 1970, 1,006 in 1987, and 1,145 in 2000
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# Kraków pogrom
The **Kraków pogrom** was the first anti-Jewish riot in post World War II Poland, that took place on 11 August 1945 in the Soviet-occupied city of Kraków, Poland. The incident was part of anti-Jewish violence in Poland towards and after the end of World War II. The immediate cause of the pogrom was a blood libel rumour of a ritual murder of Polish children by Jews in the city. A false allegation that a child had been abducted by a Jewish woman had grown to allegations that Jews had killed up to 80 children over the course of weeks. These allegations led to attacks on Jews, as well as some Poles mistaken for Jews, in the Kazimierz quarter, and other parts of the Old Town, and the burning of the Kupa Synagogue. At least one person was killed and an unknown number were injured.
## Background
Before the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, around 68,000 to 80,000 Jews lived in Kraków. In January 1945, there were only 2,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors in the city who had not fled following the arrival of the Soviet Red Army. Some Jewish refugees returned to Kraków from the Soviet Union and from neighbouring villages and towns. By May 1945, there were 6,637 Jews in the city.
The return of these Jews was not always welcomed, especially by the antisemitic elements in the populace. Anti-Jewish violence in Kraków was a serious problem according to the Soviet-installed *starosta* in the city, even though \"no serious antisemitic events were recorded in the rural and small-town regions.\" In June 1945, the new communist *voivode* of Kraków described in his report alleged growing tensions to his superiors. In his report for 1--10 August, the Kraków city administrator (*starosta grodzki*) noted the \"insufficient supply of food.\"
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# Kraków pogrom
## Unrest
On 27 June 1945, a Jewish woman was brought to a local Milicja Obywatelska police station and falsely accused of attempting to abduct a child. Despite the fact that the investigation revealed that the child\'s mother had left the child in the care of the suspect, rumours started to spread that a Jewish woman abducted the child in order to kill him. A mob shouting anti-Jewish slogans gathered at Kleparski Square, but a Milicja detachment brought the situation under control. Blood libel rumours continued to spread. False claims that thirteen corpses of Christian children had been discovered were disseminated. By 11 August, the number of rumoured \"victims\" had grown to eighty. Groups of hooligans who gathered at Kleparski Square had been throwing stones at the Kupa Synagogue on a weekly basis. On 11 August, an attempt to seize a thirteen-year-old boy who was throwing stones at the synagogue was made, but he escaped and rushed to the nearby marketplace screaming \"Help me, the Jews have tried to kill me.\"
Instantly the crowd broke into the Kupa Synagogue and started beating Jews, who had been praying at the Saturday morning Shabbat service, and the Torah scrolls were burned. The Jewish hostel was also attacked. Jewish men, women, and children were beaten up on the streets; their homes were broken into and robbed. Some Jews wounded during the pogrom were hospitalized and later were beaten in the hospitals again. One of the pogrom victims witnessed:
During the pogrom some Poles, mistaken for Jews, were also attacked. The centre of these events was Miodowa, Starowiślna, Przemyska, and Józefa Streets in the Kazimierz quarter. The riots were most intense between 11 am and 1 pm, calming down around 2 pm, only to regain strength in the late afternoon when the Kupa Synagogue was set on fire.
Polish policemen and soldiers actively participated in these events. In total, 145 suspects were arrested including 40 militiamen and 6 soldiers of the Wojsko Polskie (Polish Army). In September and October 1945, 25 people were charged with inciting racial hatred, robberies, and violence against Jews. Twelve of those charged were officers. Ten of the accused were sentenced to prison. According to the report prepared for Joseph Stalin by the NKVD in Kraków, Polish militiamen had sanctioned the violence.
## Casualties
There is one official record of a death relating to Kraków events in the archives of the Forensic Medicine Department in Kraków. The victim was 56-year-old Auschwitz survivor Róża Berger, shot while standing behind closed doors
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# Institute for Middle East Understanding
The **Institute for Middle East Understanding** (**IMEU**) is a 501(c)(3) pro-Palestinian non-profit advocacy organization.
Founded in 2005, it received a grant from the Washington-based Jerusalem Fund for Education and Community Development in 2006 for Education and Community Development, which was used to undertake the first compilation of profiles of Palestinian-Americans in the fields of the arts, literature, academia, business and community service, which were then disseminated to news media and on the Internet. As an example, the IMEU sent a letter to news outlets in November 2007 that provided the names and profiles of Palestinian-Americans who could be contacted to discuss the upcoming Annapolis Conference. The names included Samar Assad, Executive Director of The Jerusalem Fund, Diana Buttu, a Ramallah-based attorney and former advisor to Palestinian negotiators, Omar Dajani, a San Francisco-based law professor and former legal advisor to United Nations Special Envoy Terje Rød-Larsen, and Nadia Hijab, a Senior Fellow at the Washington-based Institute for Palestine Studies.
One of the organization\'s co-founders is Lena Khalaf Tuffaha, who is also a member of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) Seattle chapter. As Secretary and Treasurer of the IMEU, she and the organization were featured in the Non-Profit Spotlight of the e-magazine *The Mideast Connect*. Since 2006, the IMEU has also published *Letters from Palestine*, a collection of first-hand testimonies from Palestinians about their daily lives
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# Aßling
**Aßling** (spelled with the German ß) is a municipality in the district of Ebersberg, Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is, along with the communities of Emmering and Frauenneuharting, a member of the administrative community (*\[\[Verwaltungsgemeinschaft\]\]*) of the same name.
## Geography
Aßling lies within the Munich commuter area, about 40 km from that city. It has its own railway station on the Munich--Salzburg line. Grafing bei München lies only 7 km away, Ebersberg is 11 km away, Wasserburg am Inn 23 km and Rosenheim 20 km. However, there is no connection to any main highway in the Aßling area.
Aßling also holds two rural areas (*Gemarkungen*), Aßling and Loitersdorf.
## History
Aßling had its first documentary mention, as *Azzalinga*, on 18 September 778. The place belonged to the *Mayordomía}}* of Munich and the Court of Swabia of the Electorate of Bavaria. Aßling was the seat of a captaincy (*Hauptmannschaft*), a historical form of administration. The community in its current form came into being in 1818 with the constituent communities of Adelpolt, Ametsbichl, Aßling, Ast, Bichl, Haar, Holzen, Längholz, Langkofen, Martermühle, Niclasreuth, Obstädt, Osterwald, Pörsdorf, Pürzelberg, Rammel, Sixtenreit, Sonnenreit, Steinkirchen, Stelzenreit, Tegernau, Thaldorf and Wollwies.
In 1978, as part of administrative reform, the formerly separate community of Loitersdorf was amalgamated with Aßling along with its constituent communities of Dorfen, Hochreit, Lorenzenberg, Loitersdorf, Obereichhofen, Untereichhofen, Pfadendorf, Hainza, Pausmühle, Setzermühle and Siglmühle.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community\'s land area was home to 3112 inhabitants in 1970, 3319 in 1987 and 4031 in 2000.
## Politics
The community\'s mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Hans Fent. He was re-elected in March 2020 as the candidate for the Greens, Free Voters and SPD.
The community\'s tax revenue in 1999, converted into euros, was €1,964,000, of which €324,000 was from business taxes.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Aßling\'s arms might heraldically be described thus: In azure a six-spoked wheel argent ringed with three flowers argent with middles Or. The official German blazon (*In Blau ein sechsspeichiges silbernes Rad, beiderseits und unten begleitet von je einer silbernen Blume mit goldenem Butzen*) says that the flowers are on each side and underneath, but the usual interpretation is to have the flowers surrounding the wheel in the form of a triangle pointing down.
## Photos
Image:Assling Pfarrkirche-1.jpg\|Saint George\'s church in Aßling Image:Lorenzenberg-1.jpg\|Church in Lorenzenberg Image:Dorfen Aßling-1.jpg\|Constituent community of Dorfen Image:Steinkirchen_Aßling-1.jpg\|Church in Steinkirchen
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
In 1998, agriculture and forestry employed 11 people who paid social insurance contributions. There were 182 in manufacturing and 122 in trade and transportation. There were 159 people employed in other occupations. Furthermore, 1240 of those on the aforementioned rolls worked from home. Nobody worked in the manufacturing industry. There were nine contracting firms. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 97 agricultural businesses with a total productive land area of 1720 ha, of which 480 ha was cropland and the remaining 1240 ha was meadowland
| 481 |
Aßling
| 0 |
10,088,599 |
# Kuriyagawa Hakuson
was the pen-name of a Japanese literary critic, active in Taishō period Japan. His real name was Kuriyagawa Tatsuo.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kuriyagawa Hakuson was born in Kyoto. He graduated from Tokyo Imperial University, where he had studied under Koizumi Yakumo and Natsume Sōseki, and later became a professor at Kumamoto University and Kyoto Imperial University. He lectured on 19th century Western literature, and criticized traditional Japanese writing on naturalism and romanticism. His writings include: *Kindai bungaku jikko* (\"Ten Aspects of Modern Literature\", 1912), *Zoge no to o dete* (\"Leave the Ivory Tower!\", 1920) and *Kindai no ren-aikan* (\"Modern Views on Love\", 1922).
In *Kindai no ren-aikan* Hakuson regarded \"love marriage\" (*renai kekkon*) to be a practice indicating an advanced nation and society, as opposed to the practice of arranged marriage, which was more commonly practiced in Japan at the time.
He was killed by a tsunami, which swept away his cottage near the beach in Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture, during the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923
| 170 |
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| 0 |
10,088,602 |
# Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata
The **Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata** (**ANSA**; literally \"National Associated Press Agency\") is the leading news agency in Italy and one of the top ranking in the world. ANSA is a not-for-profit cooperative, whose members and owners are 36 leading news organizations in Italy.
## History
In January 1945, three representatives of the major political forces of the Italian Resistance, Giuseppe Liverani, managing director of *Il Popolo* (The People), Primo Parrini, managing director of *Avanti!*, and Amerigo Terenzi, CEO of *L\'Unità*, advanced the possibility to organize a news agency as a cooperative of newspapers, not controlled by the government nor private groups, replacing the work of the Agenzia Stefani, moved to Milan to meet the information needs of the Italian Social Republic. Their proposal had the approval from the Allied military authorities who, a few months later, favored the success of the new agency by closing the Italian *Notizie Nazioni Unite* (NNU, United Nations News), an agency created by Psychological Warfare Division.
Some antifascist newspapers immediately adhered, and a makeshift headquarters was set up in Rome, at 15 Moretto Street, unofficially entrusting the direction of former NNU director Renato Mieli. ANSA\'s first publication came on 15 January 1945, in the form of a news release and distributed in the city of Rome. After a few weeks ANSA moved to the place formerly occupied by Agenzia Stefani, on Via di Propaganda.
## Profile
The ANSA is a cooperative of 36 members of the main Italian newspapers publishers and is designed to collect and transmit information on the main events Italian and world. To this end, the ANSA has 22 offices in Italy and 81 offices in 78 other countries. It headquartered in Rome, in Via della Dataria, 94. The agencies ANSA transmit more than 3,500 news and more than 1,500 photos a day that are transmitted to the Italian media, national institutions, local and international trade associations, political parties and trade unions. The ANSA news broadcasts national, local and sector-specific. In addition to the news in Italian ANSA transmits its news in English, Spanish, German, Portuguese and Arabic. Since 1996, the ANSA was the first agency in Italy to spread news via SMS.
From 1985 to 1994, as President of ANSA, he was covered by journalist Giovanni Giovannini. From 1997 to 2009, `{{Interlanguage link|Boris Biancheri|it}}`{=mediawiki}, a diplomat, was president of ANSA. Since 2003, the Ansa through AnsaMed provides a news service covering the countries of the Mediterranean basin. Since 2009, the new president is Giulio Anselmi, former director of the ANSA from 1997 to 1999. On 10 June, Luigi Contu has been appointed managing director of the agency. On 26 August 2014 a five-year partnership agreement (2015--2020) was signed between AP and ANSA for photos, text and video.
## Directors
ANSA was founded on 15 January 1945, and it is based in Rome. The following is a list of the editor-in-chiefs ANSA has had in its history:
- Edgardo Longoni (1945--1947)
- Leonardo Azzarita (1947--1952)
- Angelo Magliano (1952--1958)
- Vittorino Arcangeli (1958--1961)
- Sergio Lepri (1961--1990)
- Bruno Caselli (1990--1997)
- Giulio Anselmi (1997--1999)
- Pierluigi Magnaschi (1999--2006)
- Giampiero Gramaglia (2006--2009)
- Luigi Contu (2009--present)
## Organization
ANSA covers national and international events through its 22 offices in Italy, and its presence in more than 80 cities in 74 countries in the world. More than 2,000 news items are distributed every day by ANSA, together with more than 700 photos and several videos. ANSA multimedia production is distributed on all the digital platforms (web, TV, satellite, cellphones). Among the more than 1,400 customers of ANSA productions, there are media companies, corporate firms, and the government.
In addition to its primary news website at ANSA.it, ANSA has a news website at ANSAmed.info (where \'med\' is short for Mediterranean) which covers the current affairs of all the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. \"The ANSAmed package consists of a news stream of about 200 stories and reports per day, in English, Italian and Arabic languages. The news covers Euro-Mediterranean and Middle Eastern political news, and economic and business reports from the area
| 684 |
Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata
| 0 |
10,088,605 |
# Web Rule Language
The **Web Rule Language** (WRL) is a rule-based ontology language for the Semantic Web. The language is characterized by formal semantics
| 25 |
Web Rule Language
| 0 |
10,088,639 |
# Loud Jazz
***Loud Jazz*** is a studio album by American jazz guitarist John Scofield. It is the second recording to feature bass guitarist Gary Grainger and drummer Dennis Chambers. Also appearing are keyboardist George Duke and percussionist Don Alias.
## Reception
AllMusic awarded the album with 4 stars and its review by Scott Yanow states: \"The music (which includes such numbers as \"Tell You What\", \"Dirty Rice\", \"Wabash\" and \"Spy Vs. Spy\") has few memorable melodies but plenty of dynamic playing by Scofield, who at this point was growing as a major stylist from album to the album\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- John Scofield -- guitar
- Robert Aries -- keyboards
- George Duke -- keyboard solos (1, 2, 4-6)
- Gary Grainger -- bass guitar
- Dennis Chambers -- drums
- Don Alias -- percussion
### Production
- Jonathan F. P
| 146 |
Loud Jazz
| 0 |
10,088,646 |
# Baiern
**Baiern** is a community in the district of Ebersberg, Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is a member of the administrative community (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Glonn.
The community\'s name is pronounced the same way as the German name for Bavaria (\"Bayern\"), although it is spelt differently. This is most likely derived from the old way of spelling Bavaria in German (\"Baiern\").
The constituent communities of Antholing, Berganger and Netterndorf are to be found within Baiern, as is the *Jugenddorf Piusheim* (\"Youth Village of Piusheim\").
## Geography
Baiern lies in the Munich region. It includes one traditional rural land unit -- *Gemarkung* in German -- also called Baiern.
## History
Baiern belonged to the *Rentamt* of Munich and the Court of Swabia of the Electorate of Bavaria. It was also the seat of a captaincy (Hauptmannschaft). The Weihenstephan Benedictine Monastery was until secularization in 1803 an important landlord in the community. With the municipal edict in 1818 came what is today the community of Baiern.
The painter Edgar Ende spent the last years of his life in a former schoolhouse in Netterndorf. He died there on 27 December 1965 and was buried at the graveyard in Antholing.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community\'s land area was home to 986 inhabitants in 1970, 1048 in 1987 and 1402 in 2000.
## Politics
The community\'s tax revenue in 1999, converted into euros, was €349,000, of which €29,000 was from business taxes.
The community\'s mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Martin Riedl, elected in 2018.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
In 1998, the fields of agriculture and forestry employed no workers on the social insurance contribution rolls. In industry it was 68 and in trade and transport none. In other fields of work there were 152. Also, 345 people on the aforesaid rolls worked from their homes. There were nine processing businesses. There were six businesses in contracting. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 61 agricultural businesses with a total productive land area of 1 546 ha, of which 466 ha was cropland and the other 1 078 ha was meadowland
| 342 |
Baiern
| 0 |
10,088,670 |
# David McKelvey Peterson
Major **David McKelvey Peterson** was a 1915 Lehigh University graduate who became a World War I flying ace. He achieved six aerial victories, one of which was earned in the Lafayette Escadrille; five were officially credited during his tenure with the United States Army Air Service.
He was killed in an aviation accident in Daytona Beach, Florida, on March 16, 1919.
## Biography
Born in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, on July 2, 1894, Peterson joined the French air service in 1916. He gained his first victory while in the Lafayette Escadrille, on September 19, 1917. Commissioned as a captain in the United States Army Air Service in January 1918, he was one of seventeen pilots in the French air service to be assigned to the original flying echelon of the American 103rd Aero Squadron on February 19, 1918. This echelon was the first unit of the Air Service to see combat in World War I.
Peterson transferred to the 94th Aero Squadron, flying a Nieuport 28, and scored his first victories in American service, on May 3 and twice on May 15. Two days later, he became a Flight Commander in the 95th Aero Squadron, scoring his fifth win. Three days later, he tallied his final victory.
He was awarded two Distinguished Service Crosses. The citation for the first was:
\"For extraordinary heroism in action near Luneville, France, on May 3, 1918. Leading a patrol of three, Captain Peterson encountered five enemy planes at an altitude of 3,500 meters and immediately gave battle. Notwithstanding the fact that he was attacked from all sides, this officer, by skilful maneuvering, succeeded in shooting down one of the enemy planes and dispersing the remaining four.\"
The citation for the second was:
\"For extraordinary heroism in action near Thiaucourt, France, on May 15, 1918. While on patrol alone, Captain Peterson encountered two enemy planes at an altitude of 5,200 meters. He promptly attacked despite the odds and shot down one of the enemy planes in flames. While thus engaged he was attacked from above by the second enemy plane, but by skilful manoeuvering he succeeded in shooting it down also.\"
His recognized aerial victories included:
Date Time Unit Opponent Location
- 1 Sep 19, 1917, 1540, N124 Albatros D.V Montfaucon
- 2 May 3, 1918, 1040, 94 Scout Amenencourt
- 3 May 15, 1918, 1205, 94 Rumpler C Thiaucourt
- 4 May 15, 1918, 1210, 94 Rumpler C Thiaucourt
- 5 May 17, 1918, 2100, 95 LVG C.VI Saint-Mihiel
- 6 May 20, 1918, 95 Two-seater Pont-a-Mousson
## Post-war flying career and death {#post_war_flying_career_and_death}
Post-war, Peterson was killed in an aviation accident in Daytona Beach, Florida, on March 16, 1919.
An American Legion Post in Honesdale was named after him
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10,088,675 |
# 1954 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**20th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
unknown\
(announced December 28, 1954)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**On the Waterfront**
The **20th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**, honored the best filmmaking of 1954
| 38 |
1954 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| 0 |
10,088,683 |
# Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly
**Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly** is the INCI name for a preparation used as an antiperspirant in many deodorant products. It is selected for its ability to obstruct pores in the skin and prevent sweat from leaving the body. Its anhydrous form gives it the added ability of absorbing moisture. It is sometimes called AZG, and contains a mixture of monomeric and polymeric Zr^4+^ and Al^3+^ complexes with hydroxide, chloride and glycine.
## Functions
Anhydrous aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly functions by diffusing into the sweat gland and forming a colloidal \"plug\" which limits the flow of sweat to the skin surface. The plug is gradually broken down and normal sweating resumes.
## Clothing stains {#clothing_stains}
When mixed with sweat, aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly is thought to stain clothing with a yellowish tint. It can also cause a stiffening of the affected areas of clothing. If excessive amounts of aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly mixed with sweat come in contact with a material, bleach marks may develop.
Excessive deposits of aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly on clothing may be removed during washing by adding a chelating agent - such as the citrate ions from mixing lemon juice and baking soda - to the wash. (Because only the conjugate base of citric acid can chelate, baking soda is necessary to neutralize the acid
| 223 |
Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly
| 0 |
10,088,692 |
# Bruck, Upper Bavaria
**Bruck** is a community in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg. It is a member of the municipal association (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Glonn.
## Geography
Bruck lies in the Munich region. It includes one traditional rural land unit -- *Gemarkung* in German -- also called Bruck.
The constituent communities of Taglaching, Pienzenau, Alxing, Bauhof, Pullenhofen, Loch, Nebelberg, Schlipfhausen, Eichtling, Doblbach, Wildaching, Feichten, Hamburg, Einharting and Wildenholzen are to be found within Bruck.
## History
Bruck belonged to the Lord (*Freiherr*) of Pienzenau. It was part of the Electorate of Bavaria, belonging to the lordly estate of Wildenholzen. In 1818 the community of Bruck came into being.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community\'s land area was home to 879 inhabitants in 1970, 908 in 1987 and 1047 in 2000.
## Politics
The community\'s mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Josef Schwäbl (CSU).
The community\'s tax revenue in 1999, converted into euros, was €364,000, of which €102,000 was from business taxes.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
In 1998, the industries of agriculture and forestry employed no workers on the social insurance contribution rolls. In industry it was 21 and in trade and transport, none. Also, 285 people on the aforesaid rolls worked from their homes. There were five processing businesses. There was one business in contracting. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 62 agricultural businesses with a total productive land area of 1 478 ha, of which 903 ha was meadowland.
## Education
In 1999, the following institutions could be found in Bruck:
- Kindergartens: 50 kindergarten places with 47 children
- Elementary schools: Moosach elementary school has a branch school in the constituent community of Alxing
| 274 |
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| 0 |
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# Shaun Kenny-Dowall
**Shaun Kenny-Dowall** (born 23 January 1988) is a New Zealand international former rugby league footballer who last played as a `{{rlp|ce}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rlp|wg}}`{=mediawiki}er for Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League. He was also the club captain.
He previously played for the Sydney Roosters, winning the 2013 NRL Grand Final with them and the Newcastle Knights in the NRL. He has played for the New Zealand Māori and NRL All Stars, and played in New Zealand\'s 2010 Four Nations-winning side as well as the 2014 Four Nations-winning side.
## Early years {#early_years}
Kenny-Dowall was born in Woodridge, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. He is of English & Māori descent specifically the Ngāti Ākarana Iwi (tribe).
He moved to Auckland as a three-year-old and began his rugby league career playing for the East Coast Bays Barracudas on Auckland\'s North Shore. Kenny-Dowall later resided in Ngāruawāhia, where he attended Ngaruawahia High School and played for Turangawaewae and the Ngaruawahia Panthers. Kenny-Dowall was a New Zealand Warriors junior but was unwanted by the club before moving to Sydney in 2004. Kenny-Dowall was selected for the Junior Kiwis in 2006.
His father, John Dowall, won a gold medal in javelin and a silver medal in shot put at the 2000 Paralympic Games.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### 2006
Kenny-Dowall played in the 2006 NSW Cup grand final for Newtown who were the Sydney Roosters feeder club at the time against Parramatta. Newtown would lose the grand final 20-19 at Stadium Australia.
### 2007 {#section_1}
Kenny-Dowall joined the Sydney Roosters and made his National Rugby League debut in round 1 the 2007 NRL season against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, playing on the wing in the Roosters\' 6--18 loss. In round 4, against the Brisbane Broncos, Kenny-Dowall scored his first NRL try in the Roosters 10--32 loss at the SFS. In round 13, Kenny-Dowall scored a hat-trick in the Roosters 64--30 victory over the North Queensland Cowboys at the SFS. Kenny-Dowall finished his debut year in the NRL with playing in 14 matches and scored 8 tries in the 2007 NRL season. At the end of the season he was selected for the New Zealand All Golds to play against the Northern Union in October as part of the 2007 All Golds Tour. He missed out on selection for the New Zealand national rugby league team for the 2007 Baskerville Shield test series against the Great Britain Lions but was selected for the test against France due to the injury of Taniela Tuiaki, scoring a try on test debut in the 22--14 win.
### 2008 {#section_2}
Kenny-Dowall played 19 matches and scored 15 tries for the Roosters in the 2008 NRL season. Kenny-Dowall was named in the New Zealand training squad for the 2008 World Cup but was not selected. Instead, Kenny-Dowall played for the New Zealand Māori which met the Indigenous Dreamtime team in a curtain-raiser to the World Cup, scoring a try in the 34--26 loss.
### 2009 {#section_3}
Kenny-Dowall played in all 24 matches and scored 14 tries and kicked three goals in the Roosters\' Wooden Spoon 2009 NRL season.
### 2010 {#section_4}
In round 20, against the Brisbane Broncos, Kenny-Dowall scored 4 tries in the 34--30 win at Suncorp Stadium, becoming the first Rooster in 35 years to score 4 tries in a single match. In the Roosters qualifying final match, against the Wests Tigers at the SFS, Kenny-Dowall scored the winning try in golden point extra time by intercepting the ball and running 70 metres downfield to win the match for the Roosters 19--15. Kenny-Dowall played at centre in the Roosters 2010 NRL Grand Final 32--8 loss to the St George Illawarra Dragons. Kenny-Dowall played in all the Roosters 28 matches and scored 21 tries being the 2010 NRL season\'s highest tryscorer along with Newcastle\'s Akuila Uate. Kenny-Dowall cemented his position in the centres for the Kiwis in the 2010 Four Nations series, scoring three tries including one in the final. Kenny-Dowall combined with Benji Marshall, Jason Nightingale and Nathan Fien to set up the series winning 79th minute try. Kenny-Dowall\'s form throughout 2010 saw him runner up to Marshall in the Rugby League World Golden Boot Award, where he made centre in the team of the year.
### 2011 {#section_5}
On 13 February 2011, Kenny-Dowall was chosen to play for the NRL All Stars team on the interchange bench, scoring a try in the 28--12 win over the Indigenous All Stars at Cbus Super Stadium. On 10 March 2011, Kenny-Dowall agreed to a 4-year deal with the Roosters worth \$1.4m. Kenny-Dowall played for the New Zealand Kiwis at centre in the 2011 Anzac Test at Cbus Super Stadium against Australia in the 20--10 defeat. In round 19, against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Kenny-Dowall played his 100th NRL career match for the Roosters, scoring a try in the 21--20 loss at ANZ Stadium. Kenny-Dowall played in 20 matches and scored 9 tries for the Roosters in the 2011 NRL season.
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| 0 |
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# Shaun Kenny-Dowall
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### 2012 {#section_6}
Kenny-Dowall played in the Kiwis 2012 Anzac Test at centre in the 20--12 loss to Australia at Eden Park. Kenny-Dowall played in 17 matches and scored 8 tries for the Roosters in the 2012 NRL season.
### 2013 {#section_7}
On 13 February 2013, Kenny-Dowall was chosen to play for the NRL All Stars team at centre in the 32--6 loss over the Indigenous All Stars at Suncorp Stadium. For the 2013 Anzac Test, Kenny-Dowall was selected to play for New Zealand at centre in their 32--12 loss to Australia at Canberra Stadium. Kenny-Dowall played in the Roosters 26--18 victory in the 2013 NRL Grand Final against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. scoring a try in the 60th minute of the match. After the match it was revealed that he had broken a tooth and fractured his jaw in an early encounter in the match. The injury forced him to miss the 2013 Rugby League World Cup. Kenny-Dowall played in all the Roosters 27 matches and scored 9 tries.
### 2014 {#section_8}
In the 2014 NRL season round 1 season opener, against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Kenny-Dowall played his 150th career NRL match for the Roosters in the 28--8 loss at ANZ Stadium. Kenny-Dowall finished off the 2014 NRL season with him playing in all of the Roosters 27 matches and scoring 11 tries. On 7 October 2014, Kenny-Dowall was selected in the New Zealand Kiwis final 24-man squad for the 2014 Four Nations series. Kenny-Dowall played at centre in the Kiwis 22--18 Four Nations final win over Australia at Westpac Stadium.
### 2015 {#section_9}
In round 8, against the St George Illawarra Dragons, Kenny-Dowall scored his 100th NRL career try in the Roosters 14--12 loss at the Sydney Football Stadium. On 3 May, Kenny-Dowall played for New Zealand against Australia in the 2015 Anzac Test, playing at centre and scoring a try in the Kiwis\' 26--12 win at Suncorp Stadium. On 11 May 2015, Kenny-Dowall extended his contract with the Roosters for a further two years keeping him at the club until the end of the 2017 season. In round 15, against the St George Illawarra Dragons, Kenny-Dowall scored 2 tries in the match becoming the Roosters second highest tryscorer with 105 tries, overtaking Bill Mullins record of 104 tries during the Roosters 19--14 win at the Sydney Football Stadium. After missing nearly two months of the season due to off-field issues, Kenny-Dowall returned to the field in round 26 against the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the Roosters 30--0 win at the Sydney Football Stadium. In the preliminary final match, against the Brisbane Broncos, Kenny-Dowall made headlines after making one of the biggest blunders of the season when he attempted throw a pass from the wing to fullback Roger Tuivasa-Sheck under pressure. The pass was easily intercepted by Broncos fullback Darius Boyd and Boyd ran away to score the try in the first minute of the match in the Roosters 31--12 loss at Suncorp Stadium. Kenny-Dowall finished his highly publicised 2015 NRL season with him being the Roosters highest tryscorer for the season with 17 tries in 20 matches. On 8 October 2015, Kenny-Dowall was selected in the 23-man New Zealand squad for the 2015 Tour of Great Britain. Kenny-Dowall played in all three test matches against England on the wing and scored a try in the Kiwis 2-1 Baskerville Shield series loss.
### 2016 {#section_10}
On 2 February 2016, Kenny-Dowall was named in the Roosters 2016 NRL Auckland Nines squad. On 29 February 2016, Kenny-Dowall was found not guilty to all of the domestic violence charges against his ex-girlfriend, Jessica Peris. In round 4, against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Kenny-Dowall played his 200th NRL career match and scored 2 tries in the Roosters 22--20 loss at the Sydney Football Stadium. On 1 May 2016, Kenny-Dowall was named in the New Zealand Kiwis 19-man squad for the 2016 ANZAC Test but was later ruled out of the match due to a foot injury. Kenny-Dowall finished the 2016 NRL season with him playing in 19 matches and scoring 7 tries for the Roosters. On 6 September 2016, Kenny-Dowall was added to the New Zealand national rugby league team train-on squad for the 2016 Four Nations.
### 2017 {#section_11}
On 5 May, Kenny-Dowall was charged with possessing a prohibited drug after he was found with half a gram of cocaine at a Sydney nightclub. On 12 June, he had his Roosters contract terminated. On 27 June, after escaping conviction for the charges, it was announced that he was able to join the Newcastle Knights effective immediately on a contract until the end of 2019. He finished his season with Roosters having played in 9 matches and scoring 2 tries.
At the time he was released, he was the sixth highest capped Rooster in their 110-year history as well as their second highest try-scorer with 122. Kenny-Dowall also kicked three goals, all in 2009, for the tri-colours.
Kenny-Dowall made his Knights debut against the Roosters in round 20 of the 2017 season, scoring the Knights\' only try in their 4--28 loss.
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# Shaun Kenny-Dowall
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### 2018 {#section_12}
In round 9 of the 2018 season, Kenny-Dowall scored 2 tries in the Knights\' 12--34 loss to the South Sydney Rabbitohs, at McDonald Jones Stadium.
### 2019 {#section_13}
In September, it was revealed that 2019 would be Kenny-Dowall\'s last year in the NRL. On Thursday 19 September, it was announced that he would be joining Super League side Hull Kingston Rovers on a 2-year contract starting from 2020. He finished his time with the Knights having played in 53 matches and scoring 18 tries.
### 2020 {#section_14}
Kenny-Dowall made 19 appearances for Hull KR and scored 4 tries in the 2020 Super League season. Hull KR finished bottom of the table but avoided relegation due to the interrupted season which was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
### 2021 {#section_15}
In round 18 of the 2021 Super League season, he scored two tries for Hull KR in a 34-28 victory over Leigh. Kenny-Dowall played every game for Hull KR in the 2021 Super League season as the club reached the semi-final stage of the competition before losing 28-10 against the Catalans Dragons.
### 2022 {#section_16}
Kenny-Dowall made 23 appearances for Hull KR in the 2022 Super League season scoring four tries. Kenny-Dowall was later named in the 2022 Super League dream team at centre.
### 2023 {#section_17}
On 7 March, Kenny-Dowall was given a four-game ban including a £750 fine for making unnecessary contact with an injured opponent during Hull Kingston Rovers loss against Leigh in round 3 of the 2023 Super League competition. On 24 May, Kenny-Dowall announced he would be retiring at the end of the 2023 season. On 12 August, Kenny-Dowall played for Hull Kingston Rovers in their 17-16 golden point extra-time loss to Leigh in the Challenge Cup final. Kenny-Dowall\'s final game as a player was their 42-12 semi-final loss against Wigan which saw Hull Kingston Rovers finish just one game away from the grand final.
## Controversies
On 18 July 2015, Kenny-Dowall was charged with ten domestic violence offences over the alleged abuse of his former de facto partner, Jessica Peris, daughter of ex-Olympian-turned politician Nova Peris. A police statement said the incidents were believed to have taken place between October 2014 and June 2015. Peris filed for an Apprehended Violence Order against Kenny-Dowall two days before he was charged. Kenny-Dowall pleaded not guilty to the charges at a hearing in August 2015.
Kenny-Dowall\'s trial commenced on 24 February 2016 in Sydney. On 29 February, magistrate Gregory Grogin found him not guilty on all 11 charges, taking into account lack of evidence, witness credibility issues, and his good character.
On 5 May 2017, Kenny-Dowall was charged with possessing a prohibited drug after he was found with half a gram of cocaine at a Sydney nightclub. He pled guilty and was placed on a one-year good behaviour bond. It was found in court that Kenny-Dowall had taken a hair follicle drug test which returned a negative result
| 500 |
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| 2 |
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# Brett Alexander Savory
**Brett Savory** is a freelance writer, editor, and web designer. He lives in Canada with his wife, writer and editor, Sandra Kasturi
| 26 |
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| 0 |
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# Egmating
**Egmating** is a community in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg in Germany. It is a member of the administrative community (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Glonn.
## Geography
Egmating lies in the Munich region. It includes one traditional rural land unit -- *Gemarkung* in German -- also called Egmating.
The constituent communities of Orthofen, Neuorthofen, Lindach, Münster und Neumünster are to be found within Egmating.
## History
Egmating belonged to the Lord (*Freiherr*) of Hornstein. It was part of the Electorate of Bavaria and was a lordly estate.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community's land area was home to 1,180 inhabitants in 1970, 1,388 in 1987 and 1,639 in 2000.
## Politics
The community\'s mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Ingeborg Heiler (Aktive Bürgerliste Egmating).
The community\'s tax revenue in 1999, converted into euros, was €765,000, of which €45,000 was from business taxes.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
In 1998, according to official statistics, the field of industry employed 25 workers on the social insurance contribution rolls. In transport and trade, however, there were none. Also, 547 people on the aforesaid rolls worked from their homes, and 77 were employed in other fields. There were four processing businesses. There were five businesses in contracting. Furthermore, in 1999, there were 38 agricultural businesses with a total productive land area of 744 ha, of which 494 ha was meadowland
| 224 |
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| 0 |
10,088,741 |
# Château de Ramstein, Bas-Rhin
The **Château de Ramstein** is a ruined castle in the *commune* of Scherwiller, in the Bas-Rhin *département* of France. Its name is probably derived from the German *Ram* (crow) and *Stein* (stone) and signifies \'rock of the crow\'.
The Château de Ramstein is built on the same crest as the Château de l\'Ortenbourg. Standing at an altitude of 384 m, it is dominated by the Château de l\'Ortenbourg from which it is separated by a few hundred metres.
It was built around 1293 as a rear base during the siege of Château de l\'Ortenbourg by Otto von Ochenstein, during the conflict between Adolf of Nassau and Albert of Habsburg. Originally built as a simple tower to support a siege engine, it grew at the start of the 14th century into a true castle with the strengthening of the tower and an extra wall. In 1421, it was attacked and pillaged by Strasbourg. It was destroyed in 1633 by the Swedes during the Thirty Years\' War. At the start of the 19th century it became the property of baron Mathieu de Fabvier, who also owned Ortenbourg. Today, all that remains are the exterior wall and two turrets, built of granite.
Because of the risk of landslides, the castle has been closed to visitors since 1983.
The castle has been listed as *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture since 1924. It is the property of the commune
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# Van Dormael
**Van Dormael** is a surname
| 8 |
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| 0 |
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# Studio e.go!
**Studio e.go!** was a Japanese eroge company which used to produce fantasy games of various genres for computers, including role-playing video games, SRPGs, and visual novels. The cutscenes of these games were illustrated by Kazue Yamamoto.
Some products were officially translated to Traditional Chinese for distribution in Taiwan between 1999 and 2001. Since these games were being marketed for all ages in Taiwan, the erotic scenes inside the story were modified or deleted. Taiwan Symbio (信必優多媒體) was the official distributor of the Chinese versions.
On March 17, 2009, amidst preparations for the company\'s 10th anniversary celebrations, Kazue Yamamoto announced that she was leaving the company. This announcement was followed by the departure of all of the remaining staff two days later.
Kazue Yamamoto founded a new company called Debo no su seisakujo (でぼの巣製作所) The company uses a fat sparrow named \"Debo\" (でぼ, \"plump\") as its mascot.
## Game List {#game_list}
### PC Games {#pc_games}
Title Japanese title First release date Genre
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Castle Fantasia キャッスルファンタジア 1998-05-22 RPG
Castle Fantasia: Seima Taisen キャッスルファンタジア ～聖魔大戦～ 1998-11-20
Men at Work! メンアットワーク！ 1999-07-30 RPG
Pythian PYTHIAN 1999-05-28
Kurenai no Namida 紅涙 1999-12-27 RPG
Castle Fantasia: Erencia Wars キャッスルファンタジア ～エレンシア戦記～ 2000-04-21 RPG
Twin Way Twin Way 2000-07-14
Men at Work! 2: Welcome to Hunter Academy メンアットワーク！2 ～ハンターアカデミーへようこそ～ 2000-11-17 RPG
Aozameta Tsuki no Hikari 蒼ざめた月の光 2001-04-20 Visual novel
My Fair Angel マイ・フェア・エンジェル 2001-07-27 Raising sim
Working Days わーきんぐDAYS 2001-10-26 Visual novel
Izumo IZUMO 2001-12-21
Yuki no Tokeru koro ni\... 雪のとける頃に\... 2002-04-19 Visual novel
Wind of Ebenbourg エーベンブルグの風 2002-07-26 Simulation game
TenAku: ANGEL and DEVIL てんあく ANGEL and DEVIL 2002-10-25 Visual novel
Men at Work! 3: Hunter-tachi no Seishun メンアットワーク！3 ～ハンター達の青春～ 2002-12-27
Natsu Kagura 夏神楽 2003-06-20 RPG
Angel\'s Feather 2003-04-25
Gakupara Gakuen Paradise がくパラ ～GAKUEN PARADISE
Vagrants 2003-12-26 RPG
Maou no Musume-tachi 魔王の娘たち 2004-04-23 Simulation game
Izumo 2 2004-07-30 RPG
Kaze no Keishosha 風の継承者 2004-11-26 Tactical RPG
Hitogata Ruins ひとがたルイン 2004-12-24 Action RPG
Oni Kagura 鬼神楽 2005-04-28
Izumo Zero IZUMO零（ゼロ） 2005-09-22 Tactical RPG
Debo no Subako でぼの巣箱 2005-12-22 Fandisc
Angel\'s Feather: Kohaku no Hitomi Angel\'s Feather -琥珀の瞳- 2005
Amakagura 天神楽 2005-12-22 Shooter
Izumo 2: Gakuen Kyousoukyoku IZUMO2 学園狂想曲 2006-04-28
Men at Work! 4: Hunter-tachi yo Eien ni メンアットワーク！4 ～ハンター達よ永遠に～ 2006-09-01 RPG
Mi-ko-ko-n み・こ・こ・ん 2006-10-27 Visual novel
Okaeshi Beast! おかえしび～すと 2006-11-24
Aozora Magiccer あおぞらマジカ！！ 2006-12-22
Trouble Days とらぶるDAYS 2007-04-20 Visual novel
Izumo 3 IZUMO3 2007-07-27 RPG
X-vain エクスヴァイン 2007-10-26
Tsuki Kagura 月神楽 2007-12-21
Little Piece Vol.1 りとる・ピース vol.1 2008-03-28
Little Piece Vol.2 りとる・ピース vol.2 2008-05-30 Visual novel
Eternal Kingdom: Horobi no Majo to Densetsu no Ken ETERNAL KINGDOM～滅びの魔女と伝説の剣～ 2008-07-25 Action RPG
Injoku no Seiki: Kaikan ni Ochita Hime 淫辱の性姫～快姦二堕チタ姫～ 2008-10-31
Toki no Senka トキノ戦華 2009-01-23 Real-time strategy
Izumo 4 IZUMO4 2015-12-25 RPG
Meguru Sekai de Towanaru Chikai o! 廻るセカイで永遠なるチカイを！ 2016-12-22 RPG
### PS2 Games {#ps2_games}
Title Japanese title Release date Genre
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- -------------- -------
Castle Fantasia: Erencia Wars
IZUMO Complete
Men at Work! 3: Ai to Seishun no Hunter Gakuen
Izumo 2: Takeki Tsurugi no Senki
Castle Fantasia: Arihato Senki(Made from the original Game of Debo\'s no Subako) キャッスルファンタジア アリハト戦記 2007-08-09 RPG
IZUMO 2: Gakuen Kyousoukyoku Double Tact
IZUMO Zero: Yokohama Ayakashi Emaki
Angel\'s Feather: Kohaku no Hitomi
Angel\'s Feather: Kuro no Zanei
### Dreamcast Games {#dreamcast_games}
On (*unknown date*, date needed) a \"Coming Soon\" message was put up on the Company\'s Website announcing that the company was going to release some games for Dreamcast in the near future. Although three games were supposed to be released as per the initial announcement, only 2 were released, both on 22 January 2004.
- Castle Fantasia: Seima Taisen
- Izumo
## Adaption of Games into other Media {#adaption_of_games_into_other_media}
Most of the Company\'s games were adapted into an anime series or OVA, though some of them were never licensed.
In Order of Release they are:
- Izumo The Best: Complete Edition (Aired on TV Between 25 January 2003 to 25 October 2004. Two years later, on 25 January 2005, Izumo - The Complete Edition was released )
- Castle Fantasia: Seima Taisen (Aired on TV Between 25 January 2003 to 25 October 2004)
- Wind of Ebenbourg
- Izumo: Takeki Tsurugi no Senki (Aired on TV Between 3 April 2005 to 19 June 2005)
- Angel\'s Feather
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# Studio e.go!
## Other Products {#other_products}
The merchandise, released by the company as supplements to their games, is very varied, ranging from their own OST games (Most of these were composed by Angel Note and the Openings and Endings of some these Games were performed (and in some cases, written) by Candy) to Artbooks and Fanbooks of the games.
Some of these fanbooks were produced for and published by other companies, and in most of the cases, not for Studio e.go itself.
## Sub-Companies {#sub_companies}
There were two sub-companies of Studio E.go!, one of them was Blue Impact, a Boy\'s Love (BL) Game producer and publisher, which made Angel\'s Feather, which is still producing White Shadow, and which was the publisher of Working Days in 2001.
Some of its releases were:
- White Shadow
- Angel\'s Feather\~Mono Hot Springs\~(Tentative)
- Angel\'s Feather -Kuro no Zanei- (The PS2 Version of The Original Game. Rated 15+)
- Angel\'s Feather -Kohaku no Hitomi- (This was the 18+ Version of the Original Angel\'s Feather)
- Angel\'s Feather (This release was rated 15+)
The other sub-branch of the company is Cool Beans (KU-RUBI-NZU) 「くーるびーんず\] which is the developer and publisher of the OSTs and CD Dramas of Studio E.go! and Blue Impact Games, a subdivision of the original company.
Some of its releases were:
- Kagura Souenshu (神楽奏演集)
- Amakagura & Jankagura Original SoundTrack(天神楽・雀神楽 オリジナルサウンドトラック)
- Studio E.go! Vocal Collection Vol.1
- Studio E.go! Vocal Collection Vol.2
- Men at Work! 1\~4 Complete Soundtrack Collection (オリジナルサウンドトラック 「メンアットワーク！」1～4 コンプリート！)
- Izumo 2 Original Soundtrack Collection CD Complete Box (Izumo 2 猛き剣の閃記 キャラクターソング＆ドラマCD Complete Box)
## Other releases {#other_releases}
These were published before the release of IZUMO 2 Original Soundtrack Collection CD:COMPLETE BOX.
- IZUMO2 猛き剣の閃記 キャラクターソング＆ドラマCD vol.4
- IZUMO2 猛き剣の閃記 キャラクターソング＆ドラマCD vol.3
- IZUMO2 猛き剣の閃記 キャラクターソング＆ドラマCD vol.2
- IZUMO2 猛き剣の閃記 キャラクターソング＆ドラマCD vol
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# Emmering, Ebersberg
**Emmering** is a community in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg. It is a member of the administrative community (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Aßling.
## Geography
Emmering is located in the Munich region. It includes one traditional rural land unit -- *Gemarkung* in German -- also called Emmering.
## History
Emmering belonged to the *Rentamt* of Munich and the Court of Swabia of the Electorate of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the community edict of 1818.
### Population development {#population_development}
+------------------------+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants | Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- | ------ ------------- |
| 1840 812 | 1987 1,205 |
| 1871 822 | 1991 1,223 |
| 1900 952 | 1995 1,278 |
| 1925 1,110 | 2000 1,291 |
| 1939 1,281 | 2005 1,393 |
| 1950 1,725 | 2010 1,440 |
| 1961 1,221 | 2015 1,531 |
| 1970 1,219 | 2020 1,486 |
+------------------------+------------------------+
## Politics
The community's mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Claudia Streu-Schütze (FWG Emmering).
The community's tax revenue in 2018 was € 1,169,000, of which € 153,000 was from business taxes.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Emmering's arms might heraldically be described thus: In argent a chevron gules, above which two slanted hart's antlers gules.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, there were a total of 617 employees subject to social security contributions in 2018. Of these, 42 worked in the municipality in manufacturing, 19 in trade, transport, hospitality and 64 in other economic sectors. There were no processing businesses (with 20 or more employees) and 7 businesses in contracting. Furthermore, in 2016, there were 50 agricultural businesses with a total productive land area of 1,331 ha (5.14 sq mi), of which 837 ha (3.23 sq mi) was meadowland
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| 0 |
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# Joel Neftali Martinez
**Joel Neftali Martinez** is a Mexican-American bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1992. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Rev. Martinez gained notability as a Pastor and District Superintendent in the Methodist and United Methodist Churches and as a denominational official in the area of ethnic ministries.
## Birth and family {#birth_and_family}
Martinez was born 3 February 1940 in Seguin, Texas. He was the eldest of four children born to Guadalupe and Dora Martinez. Martinez is a grandson of sharecropper farmers who came to the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. Martinez was baptized at the Iglesia Metodista Unida La Trinidad, where his parents are still active members.
Martinez met Raquel Mora while in college in El Paso, Texas. They were married 9 June 1961. She was born in Allende, Coahuila, Mexico, where her father was a Methodist pastor. The Mora family came to the United States when Raquel was twelve years old. Joel and Raquel have three children: Patricia, John and Rebeca.
## Education
Martinez earned the B.A. degree in history from the University of Texas at El Paso in 1961. His wife attended the Lydia Patterson Institute in El Paso at the same time. Martinez went on to graduate from the Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas in 1965, earning the M.Div. degree. Martinez received the Distinguished Alumni Award from Perkins in 1995. He also was honored with the honorary degree D.D. by Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1993. His wife has a degree in Music Education from UTEP and a Master of Sacred Music degree from Perkins.
## Ordained ministry {#ordained_ministry}
Martinez was ordained a Deacon in the Rio Grande Annual Conference of The Methodist Church in 1962. He was ordained Elder in 1965. Bishop Paul E. Martin presided at both ordinations.
Martinez served the following appointments as Pastor: El Buen Methodist Church, Dallas, Texas (1965--70) and the Emanuel Church, El Paso, Texas (1970--79). From 1973 until 1975 he also served as the Director of Planning and Development for the Newark-Houchen Center in El Paso.
In 1975 Martinez was appointed the Executive Secretary of the Office of Ethnic and Language Ministries of the National Division of the General Board of Global Ministries of the U.M. Church, serving in this capacity until 1981. He was then appointed Superintendent of the Northern District of the Rio Grande Annual Conference of the U.M. Church, with headquarters in San Antonio, Texas (1981--87). His last appointment before election to the Episcopacy was as Pastor of the Emanu-El Church in Dallas (1987--92).
## Service to the United Methodist Church {#service_to_the_united_methodist_church}
Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Martinez gave leadership to many areas of the worldwide United Methodist Church. He was a member of the General Council on Ministries (1984--88), and of the World Methodist Council (1986--91). He was elected a Delegate to the South Central Jurisdictional Conference in 1984, and to the U.M. General Conference in 1988 and 1992. He also represented the church as a Delegate to the Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches, 1991 in Canberra, Australia. He also served as Chairperson, Division of Human Relations, U.M. General Board of Church and Society (1972--75).
## Involvement in labor and ethnic issues {#involvement_in_labor_and_ethnic_issues}
From early exposure to the plight of farm workers, and later in student ministry to migrant workers, Martinez learned to appreciate the urgent need for poor people to organize themselves in order to participate more equitably in society. He worked with Cesar Chavez during the 1970s. He worked to establish the first federally funded health clinic for the poor of El Paso. Martinez also was a founding member of the National Hispanic Caucus in the U.M. Church in 1970. He also supported the organizing of poor fishermen on the island of Puerto Rico in the late 1970s.
Martinez worked on the initial proposals to the 1976 U.M. General Conference for a Missional Priority on the Ethnic Minority Local Church. He served on the Ethnic Minority Local Church Inter-Agency Committee on the Missional Priority (1976--80). He later chaired the National Missional Priority Coordinating Committee during the 1984-88 quadrennium. During the 1988-92 quadrennium, he served as Secretary of the National Committee to Develop a Plan for Hispanic Ministry, and was President of the National Hispanic Caucus (1987--90).
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# Joel Neftali Martinez
## Ecumenical ministry {#ecumenical_ministry}
Martinez has always worked ecumenically in his ministry. For example, he served as the President of the Greater Dallas Community of Churches in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He also was a delegate to the Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches, Canberra, Australia in 1991. He was a member of the Finance Committee of the National Council of Churches in the U.S.A. (1979--80). He was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Seminaro Evangelico of Puerto Rico (1975--81).
## Episcopal ministry {#episcopal_ministry}
Martinez was elected and consecrated a Bishop of the United Methodist Church by the 1992 South Central Jurisdictional Conference. He was assigned the Nebraska episcopal area (the Nebraska Annual Conference). In 2000 Martinez was assigned the San Antonio Episcopal Area (the Rio Grande and Southwest Texas Annual Conferences).
One of Martinez\'s interests is fostering closer relationships between the U.M.C. and the Churches of Latin America and the Caribbean. Another goal is to visit Asia, and travel more extensively in Africa and Latin America.
Martinez also writes church history with an emphasis on the contributions of Hispanics to the ecumenical church.
## Selected writings {#selected_writings}
- **Fiesta Cristiana** (with Raquel Martinez), Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003
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# Florentine painting
**Florentine painting** or the **Florentine school** refers to artists in, from, or influenced by the naturalistic style developed in Florence in the 14th century, largely through the efforts of Giotto di Bondone, and in the 15th century the leading school of Western painting. Some of the best known painters of the earlier Florentine School are Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Filippo Lippi, the Ghirlandaio family, Masolino, and Masaccio.
Florence was the birthplace of the High Renaissance, but in the early 16th century the most important artists, including Michelangelo and Raphael were attracted to Rome, where the largest commissions then were. In part this was following the Medici, some of whom became cardinals and even the pope. A similar process affected later Florentine artists. By the Baroque period, the many painters working in Florence were rarely major figures.
## Before 1400 {#before_1400}
The earliest distinctive Tuscan art, produced in the 13th century in Pisa and Lucca, formed the basis for later development. Nicola Pisano showed his appreciation of Classical forms as did his son, Giovanni Pisano, who carried the new ideas of Gothic sculpture into the Tuscan vernacular, forming figures of unprecedented naturalism. This was echoed in the work of Pisan painters in the 12th and 13th centuries, notably that of Giunta Pisano, who in turn influenced such greats as Cimabue, and through him Giotto and the early 14th-century Florentine artists.
The oldest extant large scale Florentine pictorial project is the mosaic decoration of the interior of the dome of the Baptistery of St John, which began around 1225. Although Venentian artists were involved in the project, the Tuscan artists created expressive, lively scenes, showing emotional content unlike the prevailing Byzantine tradition. Coppo di Marcovaldo is said to have been responsible for the central figure of Christ and is the earliest Florentine artist involved in the project. Like the panels of the Virgin and Child painted for the Servite churches in Siena and Orvieto, sometimes attributed to Coppo, the Christ figure has a sense of volume.
Similar works were commissioned for the Florentine churches of Santa Maria Novella, Santa Trinita and Ognissanti in the late 13th century and early 14th century. Duccio\'s panel of around 1285, *Madonna with Child enthroned and six Angels* or *Rucellai Madonna*, for the Santa Maria Novella, now in the Uffizi Gallery, shows a development of the naturalistic space and form, and may not have been originally intended as altarpieces. Panels of the Virgin were used at top of rood screens, as at the Basilica of San Francesco d\'Assisi, which has the panel in the fresco of the *Verification of the Stigmata* in the *Life of Saint Francis* cycle. Cimabue\'s *Madonna of Santa Trinita* and Duccio\'s *Rucellai Madonna* do, however, retain the earlier stylism of showing light on drapery as a network of lines.
Giotto\'s sense of light would have been influenced by the frescoes he had seen while working in Rome, and in his narrative wall paintings, particularly those commissioned by the Bardi family, his figures are placed in naturalistic space and possess dimension and dramatic expression. A similar approach to light was used by his contemporaries such as Bernardo Daddi, their attention to naturalism was encouraged by the subjects commissioned for 14th-century Franciscan and Dominican churches, and was to influence Florentine painters in the following centuries. While some were traditional compositions such as those dealing with the order\'s founder and early saints, others, such as scenes of recent events, people and places, had no precedent, allowing for invention.
The 13th century witnessed an increase in demand for religious panel painting, particularly altarpieces, although the reason for this is obscure, early 14th-century Tuscan painters and woodworkers created altarpieces which were more elaborate, multipanelled pieces with complex framing. Contracts of the time note that clients often had a woodwork shape in mind when commissioning an artist, and discussed the religious figures to be depicted with the artists. The content of the narrative scenes in predella panels however are rarely mentioned in the contracts and may have been left to the artists concerned. Florentine churches commissioned many Sienese artists to create altar pieces, such as Ugolino di Nerio, who was asked to paint a large scale work for the altar for the Basilica di Santa Croce, which may have been the earliest polyptych on a Florentine altar. The guilds, cognizant of the stimulus that external craftmanship brought, made it easy for artists from other areas to work in Florence. Sculptors had their own guild which held minor status, and by 1316 painters were members of the influential *Arte dei Medici e Speziali*. The guilds themselves became significant patrons of art and from the early 14th century various major guilds oversaw the upkeep and improvement of individual religious buildings; all the guilds were involved in the restoration of Orsanmichele.
The naturalism developed by the early Florentine artists waned during the third quarter of the 14th century, likely as a consequence of the plague. Major commissions, such as the altarpiece for the Strozzi family (dating from around 1354--57) in Santa Maria Novella, were entrusted to Andrea di Cione, whose work, and in that of his brothers, are more iconic in their treatment of figures and have an earlier sense of compressed space.
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# Florentine painting
## Early Renaissance, after 1400 {#early_renaissance_after_1400}
Florence continued to be the most important centre of Italian Renaissance painting. The earliest truly Renaissance images in Florence date from 1401, the first year of the century known in Italian as *Quattrocento*, synonymous with the Early Renaissance; however, they are not paintings. At that date a competition was held to find an artist to create a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistry of St. John, the oldest remaining church in the city. The Baptistry is a large octagonal building in the Romanesque style. The interior of its dome is decorated with an enormous mosaic figure of Christ in Majesty thought to have been designed by Coppo di Marcovaldo. It has three large portals, the central one being filled at that time by a set of doors created by Andrea Pisano eighty years earlier.
Pisano\'s doors were divided into 28 quatrefoil compartments, containing narratives scenes from the *Life of John the Baptist*. The competitors, of which there were seven young artists, were each to design a bronze panel of similar shape and size, representing *the Sacrifice of Isaac*. Two of the panels have survived, that by Lorenzo Ghiberti and that by Brunelleschi. Each panel shows some strongly classicising motifs indicating the direction that art and philosophy were moving, at that time. Ghiberti has used the naked figure of Isaac to create a small sculpture in the Classical style. He kneels on a tomb decorated with acanthus scrolls that are also a reference to the art of Ancient Rome. In Brunelleschi\'s panel, one of the additional figures included in the scene is reminiscent of a well-known Roman bronze figure of a boy pulling a thorn from his foot. Brunelleschi\'s creation is challenging in its dynamic intensity. Less elegant than Ghiberti\'s, it is more about human drama and impending tragedy.
Ghiberti won the competition. His first set of Baptistry doors took 27 years to complete, after which he was commissioned to make another. In the total of 50 years that Ghiberti worked on them, the doors provided a training ground for many of the artists of Florence. Being narrative in subject and employing not only skill in arranging figurative compositions but also the burgeoning skill of linear perspective, the doors were to have an enormous influence on the development of Florentine pictorial art. They were a unifying factor, a source of pride and camaraderie for both the city and its artists. Michelangelo was to call them *the Gates of Paradise*. `{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = center
| header =
| image1 = Cappella brancacci, Tentazione di Adamo ed Eva (restaurato), Masolino.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = A fresco showing Adam and Eve tempted by the Devil. Eve holds a piece of fruit while Adam gestures towards it. The figures look slim, youthful and beautiful. Adam is bearded and tanned; Eve is blonde and pretty.
| caption1 = Masolino: ''Adam and Eve''
| image2 = Masaccio expulsion-1427 crop.JPG
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = A fresco showing Adam and Eve leaving the garden of Eden. Adam's weeps into his hands and Eve throws her head back to wail, while trying to cover her naked body. The style is broadly painted with realistic gestures and emotion.
| caption2 = Masaccio: ''Adam and Eve''
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Brancacci Chapel {#brancacci_chapel}
In 1426 two artists commenced painting a fresco cycle of *the Life of St. Peter* in the chapel of the Brancacci family, at the Carmelite Church in Florence. They both were called by the name of Tommaso and were nicknamed Masaccio and Masolino, Slovenly Tom and Little Tom.
More than any other artist, Masaccio recognized the implications in the work of Giotto. He carried forward the practice of painting from nature. His paintings demonstrate an understanding of anatomy, of foreshortening, of linear perspective, of light and the study of drapery. Among his works, the figures of *Adam and Eve being expelled from Eden*, painted on the side of the arch into the chapel, are renowned for their realistic depiction of the human form and of human emotion. They contrast with the gentle and pretty figures painted by Masolino on the opposite side of *Adam and Eve receiving the forbidden fruit*. The painting of the Brancacci Chapel was left incomplete when Masaccio died at 26. The work was later finished by Filippino Lippi. Masaccio\'s work became a source of inspiration to many later painters, including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
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# Florentine painting
## Early Renaissance, after 1400 {#early_renaissance_after_1400}
### Development of linear perspective {#development_of_linear_perspective}
thumb\|upright=1.50\|Paolo Uccello: *The Presentation of the Virgin* shows his experiments with perspective and light.\|alt=Fresco. A scene in muted colours showing the porch of a temple, with a steep flight of steps. The Virgin Mary, as a small child and encouraged by her parents, is walking up the steps towards the High Priest. During the first half of the 15th century, the achieving of the effect of realistic space in a painting by the employment of linear perspective was a major preoccupation of many painters, as well as the architects Brunelleschi and Alberti who both theorised about the subject. Brunelleschi is known to have done a number of careful studies of the piazza and octagonal baptistery outside Florence Cathedral and it is thought he aided Masaccio in the creation of his famous *trompe-l\'œil* niche around the *Holy Trinity* he painted at Santa Maria Novella.
According to Vasari, Paolo Uccello was so obsessed with perspective that he thought of little else and experimented with it in many paintings, the best known being the three Battle of San Romano pictures which use broken weapons on the ground, and fields on the distant hills to give an impression of perspective.
In the 1450s Piero della Francesca, in paintings such as *The Flagellation of Christ*, demonstrated his mastery over linear perspective and also over the science of light. Another painting exists, a cityscape, by an unknown artist, perhaps Piero della Francesca, that demonstrates the sort of experiment that Brunelleschi had been making. From this time linear perspective was understood and regularly employed, such as by Perugino in his *Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter* in the Sistine Chapel. thumb\|left\|upright=1.50\|Piero della Francesca: *The Flagellation* demonstrates the artist\'s control over both perspective and light. \|alt= Rectangular panel painting. The composition is divided in two, with an interior scene and an exterior scene. To the left, the pale, brightly lit figure of Jesus stands tied to a column while a man whips him. The ruler sits to the left on a throne. The building is Ancient Roman in style. To the right, two richly dressed men and a barefooted youth stand in a courtyard, much closer to the viewer, so appearing larger.
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# Florentine painting
## Early Renaissance, after 1400 {#early_renaissance_after_1400}
### Understanding of light {#understanding_of_light}
Giotto used tonality to create form. Taddeo Gaddi in his nocturnal scene in the Baroncelli Chapel demonstrated how light could be used to create drama. Paolo Uccello, a hundred years later, experimented with the dramatic effect of light in some of his almost monochrome frescoes. He did a number of these in *terra verde* or \"green earth\", enlivening his compositions with touches of vermilion. The best known is his equestrian portrait of John Hawkwood on the wall of Florence Cathedral. Both here and on the four heads of prophets that he painted around the inner clockface in the cathedral, he used strongly contrasting tones, suggesting that each figure was being lit by a natural light source, as if the source was an actual window in the cathedral.
Piero della Francesca carried his study of light further. In the *Flagellation* he demonstrates a knowledge of how light is proportionally disseminated from its point of origin. There are two sources of light in this painting, one internal to a building and the other external. Of the internal source, though the light itself is invisible, its position can be calculated with mathematical certainty. Leonardo da Vinci was to carry forward Piero\'s work on light.
### The Madonna {#the_madonna}
The Blessed Virgin Mary, revered by the Catholic Church worldwide, was particularly evoked in Florence, where there was a miraculous image of her on a column in the corn market and where both the Cathedral of \"Our Lady of the Flowers\" and the large Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella were named in her honor.
The miraculous image in the corn market was destroyed by fire, but replaced with a new image in the 1330s by Bernardo Daddi, set in an elaborately designed and lavishly wrought canopy by Orcagna. The open lower storey of the building was enclosed and dedicated as Orsanmichele.
Depictions of the Madonna and Child were a very popular art form in Florence. They took every shape from small mass-produced terracotta plaques to magnificent altarpieces such as those by Cimabue, Giotto and Masaccio. Small Madonnas for the home were the bread and butter work of most painting workshops, often largely produced by the junior members following a model by the master. Public buildings and government offices also often contained these or other religious paintings.
Among those who painted devotional Madonnas during the Early Renaissance are Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and Davide Ghirlandaio. Later the leading purveyor was Botticelli and his workshop who produced large numbers of Madonnas for churches, homes, and also public buildings. He introduced a large round tondo format for grand homes. Perugino\'s Madonnas and saints are known for their sweetness and a number of small Madonnas attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, such as the *Benois Madonna*, have survived. Even Michelangelo who was primarily a sculptor, was persuaded to paint the *Doni Tondo*, while for Raphael, they are among his most popular and numerous works.
### Birthing-trays {#birthing_trays}
A Florentine speciality was the round or 12-sided *desco da parto* or birthing-tray, on which a new mother served sweetmeats to the female friends who visited her after the birth. The rest of the time these seem to have been hung in the bedroom. Both sides are painted, one with scenes to encourage the mother during the pregnancy, often showing a naked male toddler; viewing positive images was believed to promote the outcome depicted.
### Painting and printmaking {#painting_and_printmaking}
From around the mid-century, Florence became Italy\'s leading centre of the new industry of printmaking, as some of the many Florentine goldsmiths turned to making plates for engravings. They often copied the style of painters, or drawings supplied by them. Botticelli was one of the first to experiment with drawings for book illustrations, in his case of Dante. Antonio del Pollaiuolo was a goldsmith as well as a printer, and engraved his *Battle of the Nude Men* himself; in its size and sophistication this took the Italian print to new levels, and remains one of the most famous prints of the Renaissance.
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# Florentine painting
## Early Renaissance, after 1400 {#early_renaissance_after_1400}
### Patronage and Humanism {#patronage_and_humanism}
thumb\|upright=1.75\|Botticelli: *The Birth of Venus* for the Medici\|alt=Large rectangular panel. At the centre, the Goddess Venus, with her thick golden hair curving around her is standing afloat in a large seashell. To the left, two Wind Gods blow her towards the shore where on the right Flora, the spirit of Spring, is about to drape her in a pink robe decorated with flowers. The figures are elongated and serene. The colours are delicate. Gold has been used to highlight the details.
In Florence, in the later 15th century, most works of art, even those that were done as decoration for churches, were generally commissioned and paid for by private patrons. Much of the patronage came from the Medici family, or those who were closely associated with or related to them, such as the Sassetti, the Ruccellai and the Tornabuoni.
In the 1460s Cosimo de\' Medici the Elder had established Marsilio Ficino as his resident Humanist philosopher, and facilitated his translation of Plato and his teaching of Platonic philosophy, which focused on humanity as the centre of the natural universe, on each person\'s personal relationship with God, and on fraternal or \"platonic\" love as being the closest that a person could get to emulating or understanding the love of God.
In the Medieval period, everything related to the Classical period was perceived as associated with paganism. In the Renaissance it came increasingly to be associated with enlightenment. The figures of Classical mythology began to take on a new symbolic role in Christian art and in particular, the Goddess Venus took on a new discretion. Born fully formed, by a sort of miracle, she was the new Eve, symbol of innocent love, or even, by extension, a symbol of the Virgin Mary herself. We see Venus in both these roles in the two famous tempera paintings that Botticelli did in the 1480s for Cosimo\'s nephew, Pierfrancesco Medici, the *Primavera* and the *Birth of Venus*.
Meanwhile, Domenico Ghirlandaio, a meticulous and accurate draughtsman and one of the finest portrait painters of his age, executed two cycles of frescoes for Medici associates in two of Florence\'s larger churches, the Sassetti Chapel at Santa Trinita and the Tornabuoni Chapel at Santa Maria Novella. In these cycles of the *Life of St Francis* and the *Life of the Virgin Mary* and *Life of John the Baptist* there was room for portraits of patrons and of the patrons\' patrons. Thanks to Sassetti\'s patronage, there is a portrait of the man himself, with his employer, Lorenzo il Magnifico, and Lorenzo\'s three sons with their tutor, the Humanist poet and philosopher, Agnolo Poliziano. In the Tornabuoni Chapel is another portrait of Poliziano, accompanied by the other influential members of the Platonic Academy including Marsilio Ficino.
### Flemish influence {#flemish_influence}
From about 1450, with the arrival in Italy of the Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden and possibly earlier, artists were introduced to the medium of oil paint. Whereas both tempera and fresco lent themselves to the depiction of pattern, neither presented a successful way to represent natural textures realistically. The highly flexibly medium of oils, which could be made opaque or transparent, and allowed alteration and additions for days after it had been laid down, opened a new world of possibility to Italian artists.
In 1475 a huge altarpiece of *the Adoration of the Shepherds* arrived in Florence. Painted by Hugo van der Goes at the behest of the Portinari family, it was shipped out from Bruges and installed in the Chapel of Sant\' Egidio at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova. The altarpiece glows with intense reds and greens, contrasting with the glossy black velvet robes of the Portinari donors. In the foreground is a still life of flowers in contrasting containers, one of glazed pottery and the other of glass. The glass vase alone was enough to excite attention. But the most influential aspect of the triptych was the extremely natural and lifelike quality of the three shepherds with stubbly beards, workworn hands and expressions ranging from adoration to wonder to incomprehension. Domenico Ghirlandaio promptly painted his own version, with a beautiful Italian Madonna in place of the long-faced Flemish one, and himself, gesturing theatrically, as one of the shepherds.
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# Florentine painting
## Early Renaissance, after 1400 {#early_renaissance_after_1400}
### Papal commission in Rome {#papal_commission_in_rome}
thumb\|upright=1.75\|Perugino: *Christ Giving the Keys to Peter*\|alt=Rectangular fresco. The scene is like Raphael\'s Marriage of the Virgin, above, which is based on it. There is a similar townscape and circular building in perspective, with an ancient Roman triumphal arch to either side. In the foreground, Jesus gives the keys of Heaven to St Peter, who is kneeling. To the right and left stand the other disciples and some onlookers, who are distinguished by Renaissance clothing. There are many more small figures in the square behind them. In 1477 Pope Sixtus IV replaced the derelict old chapel at the Vatican in which many of the papal services were held. The interior of the new chapel, named the Sistine Chapel in his honour, appears to have been planned from the start to have a series of 16 large frescoes between its pilasters on the middle level, with a series of painted portraits of popes above them.
In 1480, a group of artists from Florence was commissioned with the work: Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Cosimo Rosselli. This fresco cycle was to depict *Stories of the Life of Moses* on one side of the chapel, and *Stories of the Life of Christ* on the other with the frescoes complementing each other in theme. *The Nativity of Jesus* and the *Finding of Moses* were adjacent on the wall behind the altar, with an altarpiece of the *Assumption of the Virgin* between them. These paintings, all by Perugino, were later destroyed to paint Michelangelo\'s *Last Judgement*.
The remaining 12 pictures indicate the virtuosity that these artists had attained, and the obvious cooperation between individuals who normally employed very different styles and skills. The paintings gave full range to their capabilities as they included a great number of figures of men, women and children and characters ranging from guiding angels to enraged Pharaohs and the devil himself. Each painting required a landscape. Because of the scale of the figures that the artists agreed upon, in each picture, the landscape and sky take up the whole upper half of the scene. Sometimes, as in Botticelli\'s scene of *The Purification of the Leper*, there are additional small narratives taking place in the landscape, in this case *The Temptations of Christ*.
Perugino\'s scene of *Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter* is remarkable for the clarity and simplicity of its composition, the beauty of the figurative painting, which includes a self-portrait among the onlookers, and especially the perspective cityscape which includes reference to Peter\'s ministry to Rome by the presence of two triumphal arches, and centrally placed an octagonal building that might be a Christian baptistry or a Roman Mausoleum.
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# Florentine painting
## High Renaissance {#high_renaissance}
Florence was the birthplace of the High Renaissance, but in the early 16th century the most important artists were attracted to Rome, where the largest commissions began to be. In part this was following the Medici, some of whom became cardinals and even the pope.
### Leonardo da Vinci {#leonardo_da_vinci}
Leonardo, because of the scope of his interests and the extraordinary degree of talent that he demonstrated in so many diverse areas, is regarded as the archetypal \"Renaissance man\". But it was first and foremost as a painter that he was admired within his own time, and as a painter, he drew on the knowledge that he gained from all his other interests. Leonardo was a scientific observer. He learned by looking at things. He studied and drew the flowers of the fields, the eddies of the river, the form of the rocks and mountains, the way light reflected from foliage and sparkled in a jewel. In particular, he studied the human form, dissecting thirty or more unclaimed cadavers from a hospital in order to understand muscles and sinews.
thumb\|left\|upright=1.75\|Leonardo da Vinci: *The Last Supper*\|alt= Rectangular fresco, in very damaged condition, of the Last Supper. The scene shows a table across a room which has three windows at the rear. At the centre, Jesus sits, stretching out his hands, the left palm up and the right down. Around the table, are the disciples, twelve men of different ages. They are all reacting in surprise or dismay at what Jesus has just said. The different emotional reactions and gestures are portrayed with great naturalism.
More than any other artist, he advanced the study of \"atmosphere\". In his paintings such as the *Mona Lisa* and *Virgin of the Rocks*, he used light and shade with such subtlety that, for want of a better word, it became known as Leonardo\'s \"sfumato\" or \"smoke\".
Simultaneous to inviting the viewer into a mysterious world of shifting shadows, chaotic mountains and whirling torrents, Leonardo achieved a degree of realism in the expression of human emotion, prefigured by Giotto but unknown since Masaccio\'s *Adam and Eve*. Leonardo\'s *Last Supper*, painted in the refectory of a monastery in Milan, became the benchmark for religious narrative painting for the next half millennium. Many other Renaissance artists painted versions of *the Last Supper*, but only Leonardo\'s was destined to be reproduced countless times in wood, alabaster, plaster, lithograph, tapestry, crochet and table-carpets.
Apart from the direct impact of the works themselves, Leonardo\'s studies of light, anatomy, landscape, and human expression were disseminated in part through his generosity to a retinue of students.
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# Florentine painting
## High Renaissance {#high_renaissance}
### Michelangelo
thumb\|upright=1.75\|Michelangelo: *The Creation of Adam*\|alt= Rectangular fresco. God is in the act of creating the first man, who lies languidly on the ground, propped on one elbow, and reaching towards God. God, shown as a dynamic elderly man, is reaching his hand from Heaven to touch Adam and fill him with life. In 1508 Pope Julius II succeeded in getting the sculptor Michelangelo to agree to continue the decorative scheme of the Sistine Chapel. The Sistine Chapel ceiling was constructed in such a way that there were twelve sloping pendentives supporting the vault that formed ideal surfaces on which to paint the Twelve Apostles. Michelangelo, who had yielded to the Pope\'s demands with little grace, soon devised an entirely different scheme, far more complex both in design and in iconography. The scale of the work, which he executed single handed except for manual assistance, was titanic and took nearly five years to complete.
The Pope\'s plan for the Apostles would thematically have formed a pictorial link between the Old Testament and New Testament narratives on the walls, and the popes in the gallery of portraits. It is the twelve apostles, and their leader Peter as first Bishop of Rome, that make that bridge. But Michelangelo\'s scheme went the opposite direction. The theme of Michelangelo\'s ceiling is not God\'s grand plan for humanity\'s salvation. The theme is about humanity\'s disgrace. It is about why humanity and the faith needed Jesus.
Superficially, the ceiling is a Humanist construction. The figures are of superhuman dimension and, in the case of Adam, of such beauty that according to the biographer Vasari, it really looks as if God himself had designed the figure, rather than Michelangelo. But despite the beauty of the individual figures, Michelangelo has not glorified the human state, and he certainly has not presented the Humanist ideal of platonic love. In fact, the ancestors of Christ, which he painted around the upper section of the wall, demonstrate all the worst aspects of family relationships, displaying dysfunction in as many different forms as there are families.
Vasari praised Michelangelo\'s seemingly infinite powers of invention in creating postures for the figures. Raphael, who was given a preview by Bramante after Michelangelo had downed his brush and stormed off to Bologna in a temper, painted at least two figures in imitation of Michelangelo\'s prophets, one at the church of Sant\' Agostino and the other in the Vatican, his portrait of Michelangelo himself in *The School of Athens*.
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# Florentine painting
## High Renaissance {#high_renaissance}
### Raphael
With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, Raphael\'s name is synonymous with the High Renaissance, although he was younger than Michelangelo by 18 years and Leonardo by almost 30. It cannot be said of him that he greatly advanced the state of painting as his two famous contemporaries did. Rather, his work was the culmination of all the developments of the High Renaissance. thumb\|left\|upright=1.75\|alt=Fresco of an arched space in which many people in classical costume are gathered in groups. The scene is dominated by two philosophers, one of whom, Plato, is elderly and has a long white beard. He points dramatically to the Heavens. A gloomy figure in the foreground sits leaning on a block of marble.\|Raphael: *The School of Athens*, commissioned by Pope Julius II to decorate a suite now known as the Raphael Rooms in the Vatican Raphael had the good luck to be born the son of a painter, so his career path, unlike that of Michelangelo who was the son of minor nobility, was decided without a quarrel. Some years after his father\'s death he worked in the Umbrian workshop of Perugino, an excellent painter and a superb technician. His first signed and dated painting, executed at the age of 21, is the *Betrothal of the Virgin*, which immediately reveals its origins in Perugino\'s *Christ giving the Keys to Peter*.
Raphael was a carefree character who unashamedly drew on the skills of the renowned painters whose lifespans encompassed his. In his works the individual qualities of numerous different painters are drawn together. The rounded forms and luminous colours of Perugino, the lifelike portraiture of Ghirlandaio, the realism and lighting of Leonardo and the powerful draughtsmanship of Michelangelo became unified in the paintings of Raphael. In his short life he executed a number of large altarpieces, an impressive Classical fresco of the sea nymph, Galatea, outstanding portraits with two popes and a famous writer among them, and, while Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling, a series of wall frescoes in the Vatican chambers nearby, of which *the School of Athens* is uniquely significant.
This fresco depicts a meeting of all the most learned ancient Athenians, gathered in a grand classical setting around the central figure of Plato, whom Raphael has famously modelled upon Leonardo da Vinci. The brooding figure of Heraclitus who sits by a large block of stone, is a portrait of Michelangelo, and is a reference to the latter\'s painting of the Prophet Jeremiah in the Sistine Chapel. His own portrait is to the right, beside his teacher, Perugino.
But the main source of Raphael\'s popularity was not his major works, but his small Florentine pictures of the Madonna and Christ Child. Over and over he painted the same plump calm-faced blonde woman and her succession of chubby babies, the most famous probably being *La Belle Jardinière* (\"The Madonna of the Beautiful Garden\"), now in the Louvre. His larger work, the *Sistine Madonna*, used as a design for countless stained glass windows, has come, in the 21st century, to provide the iconic image of two small cherubs which has been reproduced on everything from paper table napkins to umbrellas.
## Early Mannerism {#early_mannerism}
The early Mannerists in Florence, especially the students of Andrea del Sarto such as Jacopo da Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino, are notable for elongated forms, precariously balanced poses, a collapsed perspective, irrational settings, and theatrical lighting. As the leader of the First School of Fontainebleau, Rosso was a major force in the introduction of Renaissance style to France.
Parmigianino (a student of Correggio) and Giulio Romano (Raphael\'s head assistant) were moving in similarly stylized aesthetic directions in Rome. These artists had matured under the influence of the High Renaissance, and their style has been characterized as a reaction to or exaggerated extension of it. Instead of studying nature directly, younger artists began studying Hellenistic sculpture and paintings of masters past. Therefore, this style was described by art historian Walter Friedländer as \"anti-classical", yet at the time it was considered a natural progression from the High Renaissance. The earliest experimental phase of Mannerism, known for its \"anti-classical\" forms, lasted until about 1540 or 1550. Marcia B. Hall, professor of art history at Temple University, notes in her book *After Raphael* that Raphael\'s premature death marked the beginning of Mannerism in Rome.
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# Florentine painting
## Later Mannerism {#later_mannerism}
Bronzino (d.1572), a pupil of Pontormo, was mostly a court portraitist for the Medici court, in a somewhat frigid formal Mannerist style. In the same generation, Giorgio Vasari (d. 1574) is far better remembered as the author of the *Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects*, which had an enormous and lasting effect in establishing the reputation of the Florentine School. But he was the leading painter of history painting in the Medici court, although his work is now generally seen as straining after the impact that Michelangelo\'s work has, and failing to achieve it. This had become a common fault in Florentine painting by the decades after 1530, as many painters tried to emulate the giants of the High Renaissance.
## Baroque
By the Baroque period, Florence was no longer the most important centre of painting in Italy, but was important nonetheless. Leading artists born in the city, and who, unlike others, spent much of their careers there, include Cristofano Allori, Matteo Rosselli, Francesco Furini, and Carlo Dolci. Pietro da Cortona was born in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and did much work in the city
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# 1955 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**21st New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
January 21, 1956\
(announced December 27, 1955)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Marty**
The **21st New York Film Critics Circle Awards** honored the best filmmaking of 1955.
## Winners
- **Best Film:**
- ***Marty***
- **Best Actor:**
- Ernest Borgnine -- *Marty*
- **Best Actress:**
- Anna Magnani -- *The Rose Tattoo*
- **Best Director:**
- David Lean -- *Summertime*
- **Best Foreign Language Film (tie):**
- *Diabolique (Les diaboliques)* • France
- *Umberto D
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# Forstinning
**Forstinning** is a community in the district of Ebersberg in Upper Bavaria, Germany.
## Geography
Forstinning lies in the Munich region in the north of the Ebersberg district and on the northern edge of the Munich *Schotterebene* (a sandur) and the Ebersberg Forest. Neighbouring municipalities and unincorporated areas bordering the community are, clockwise beginning with those also in the Ebersberg district, Hohenlinden, the Ebersberg Forest (unincorporated), Anzing and Markt Schwaben, and continuing with those in the Erding district, Ottenhofen, Pastetten and Forstern.
Forstinning has only one traditional rural land unit -- *Gemarkung* in German -- also called Forstinning. Forstinning\'s constituent communities include Aich, Aitersteinering, Berg, Köckmühle, Kressiermühle, Moos, Neupullach, Niederried, Salzburg, Schußmühle, Schwaberwegen, Sempt, Siegstätt, Steffelmühle, Wagmühle, Wind and Wolfmühle.
## History
Forstinning\'s history begins in Sempt, where the area\'s transport hub lay, with the Grafenburg ("Count's Castle") as the trading post, with a market lent by the king (*fiscale forum*, 11th century), and the *Reichshof* ("Imperial Court", *curtis fiscalis*, 934). The first greatness that this far-flung spot knew, however, does not date merely from Bavarii times, but from much longer ago, as witnessed by many archaeological finds nearby. The bronze ram figurine kept in the state\'s prehistoric collection may relate to the Celtic square dig site near Aitersteinering whose walls have been largely flattened by earthworks over time. The most recent findings suggest that such sites served as places of worship. There are many further traces of prehistory in the area. In the nearby state forest are found large groups of barrows from Hallstatt times. A Roman villa\'s remains were found a few decades ago at a remote mountain near Forstinning, and in Forstinning in 1958 a digger brought up a Bronze Age sword whose age was reckoned to be roughly 3,200 years. Only one old mill is nowadays left standing in Sempt. Now and then remnants of the old castle\'s and the old church\'s walls, the latter having been torn down in 1803, are brought to light when the Sempt brook overflows. This flooding sometimes also uncovers the castle graves whose loosely layered soil cannot withstand storm flooding quite as well as residual soil. Sempt Castle had the aforesaid brook as its moat.
Even though Ebersberg may have taken over Sempt\'s heritage in a way, Forstinning must have been closely tied to the market town of Sempt. The church there, dedicated to John the Baptist, could have been the original Forstinning Parish\'s baptismal church. The find of a Bavarii row grave yard strengthens what the form of the placename already suggests: Forstinning was founded in the time when the land was first occupied by its current inhabitants . The first settler was an \"Undeo\" from one of the common local clans. About 1050, this may have yielded the local lordly family, as witnessed by an \"Engildeo\". The community\'s earliest recorded name was, accordingly, \"Undeoingas\" in about 804 (the 1,200th anniversary was observed in 2004). After undergoing many changes over the years from Undeingin to Undingen and Inding, the name Forstinning -- and sometimes also Pfarrinding -- for this community only cropped up in the 17th century.
On 14 July 1894, Forstinning was beset by a tornado, which left great devastation in its wake.
### Religion
Forstinning has a Roman Catholic parish church that belongs to the parish of Anzing-Forstinning and the Archdiocese of Munich-Freising.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community\'s land area was home to 2,069 inhabitants in 1970, 2,638 in 1987 and 3,225 in 2000.
## Politics
The community\'s mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Rupert Ostermair (CSU).
The community\'s tax revenue in 1999, converted to euros, was €1,671,000, of which €233,000 was from business taxes.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Forstinning has canting arms in which one of the charges -- the two stylized fir trees -- suggests the key word element in the community\'s name, *Forst* -- German for "forest". This also symbolizes the community\'s location at the Ebersberg Forest. The Saint Sylvester Brotherhood (*St. Silvesterbruderschaft*), which looks back on a long history, could be said to be a local historical peculiarity. According to some documents pertaining to the local history, the Brotherhood also had at its disposal its own estate. Since the cross was associated with Saint Sylvester, it has been incorporated as a charge in the community\'s arms.
The arms might heraldically be described thus: In azure a three-knolled hill (*Dreiberg* in German heraldry) Or, on each flanking knoll a fir tree Or, between which a cross argent.
### Town partnerships {#town_partnerships}
Forstinning has a partnership with the Hungarian community of Dunasziget.
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# Forstinning
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
The parish church *Mariä Heimsuchung* ("Church of the Visitation") took on its current shape through Munich building master Balthasar Trischberger work in 1765 and 1766. The well maintained ceiling frescoes depict the Visitation and Pope Sylvester\'s worship of Mary. The high altar was built by a master craftsman from Markt Schwaben. The church\'s secondary patron was Saint Sylvester, upon whom a pilgrimage was bestowed by the Saint Sylvester Brotherhood, founded in the 15th century. He was said to be above all a patron of livestock.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Industry, agriculture, forestry {#industry_agriculture_forestry}
According to official statistics, 10 people on the social insurance contribution rolls were employed in agriculture and forestry in 1998 in Forstinning. In industry it was 227 and in trade and transport 183. In other fields, 129 people on the aforesaid rolls were employed, and 1,072 worked from their homes. There were no employees in processing industries. There were 12 businesses in contracting. Furthermore, in 2003, there were 36 agricultural businesses with a productive area of 972 ha.
### Transport
Forstinning is connected to Germany's Autobahn network by an interchange onto Bundesautobahn 94. Also, the Federal Highway (*Bundesstraße*) B 12, which joins the A94 in the community, runs through Forstinning, as does the regionally important state highway joining Rosenheim, Ebersberg, Markt Schwaben and Erding. Beyond the region, Forstinning is well known for the dispute over the extension of the A94. The disputed section lies between Forstinning and Ampfing.
The nearest railway station can be found in Markt Schwaben, connecting to the Munich S-Bahn line S2.
Public transport in Forstinning consists of buslines to Munich East Station (München-Ostbahnhof), Markt Schwaben, Gars, Hohenlinden and Ebersberg.
Munich Airport is about 30 km away.
### Education
In 1999 the following institutions could be found in Forstinning:
- Kindergartens: 117 Kindergarten places with 130 children
- Elementary schools: 1 with 8 teachers and 160 pupils
Further schooling is available in Markt Schwaben (Gymnasium, Realschule, Hauptschule) as well as Erding (Berufsschule, Berufsoberschule, Fachoberschule).
## Famous people {#famous_people}
- Alois Hundhammer (25 February 1900 in Moos --- 1 August 1974 in Munich), Bavarian education and cultural affairs minister, agriculture minister and acting *Ministerpräsident*
- Thomas Hitzlsperger (5 April 1982 in Munich), German national football player and professional player with Everton F.C., former Aston Villa, grew up in constituent community of Wagmühle, went to elementary school in Forstinning and played for the local team *VfB Forstinning*.
- In Moos near Forstinning the composer Carl Maria von Weber lived for a while.
- In 1871 and 1872, the later well known reform pedagogue Georg Kerschensteiner worked as an assistant teacher
| 443 |
Forstinning
| 1 |
10,088,818 |
# Electric Outlet
***Electric Outlet*** is a studio album by jazz guitarist John Scofield. Featured musicians include alto saxophonist David Sanborn, trombonist Ray Anderson and keyboardist Pete Levin. Scofield also plays bass guitar.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- John Scofield -- guitars, bass, Oberheim DMX
- Pete Levin -- synthesizers
- Steve Jordan -- drums
- David Sanborn -- alto saxophone
- Ray Anderson -- trombone
### Production
- Jonathan F. P. Rose -- executive producer
- John Scofield -- producer
- Steve Swallow -- producer
- Joe Ferla -- engineer
- Bob Ludwig -- mastering at Masterdisk (New York, NY)
- M&Co
| 105 |
Electric Outlet
| 0 |
10,088,822 |
# Frauenneuharting
**Frauenneuharting** is a community in the district of Ebersberg in Upper Bavaria and a member of the administrative community of Aßling.
## Geography
Frauenneuharting lies in the Munich planning region.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
- Aichat
- Alme
- Anger
- Baumberg
- Biebing
- Buch
- Eichbichl
- Eschenloh
- Gersdorf
- Graben
- Großaschau
- Hagenberg
- Haging
- Halbeis
- Haus
- Heimgarten
- Hochholz
- Höhenberg
- Hungerberg
- Jakobneuharting
- Kleinaschau
- Knogl
- Lacke
- Lauterbach
- Lindach
- Moosen
- Oed
- Raunstädt
- Reith
- Ried
- Schaurach
- Spezigraben
- Stachet
- Tegernau
- Wimpersing
## History
About 1000 the church in Frauenneuharting was consecrated. The Catholic Parish Church of the Visitation (*Katholische Pfarrkirche Mariä Heimsuchung*) in Frauenneuharting was originally built in the Late Gothic style, but was given a Baroque makeover in 1632. Frauenneuharting belonged to the *Rentamt* of Munich and the Court of Swabia of the Electorate of Bavaria and was the seat of a captaincy (Hauptmannschaft). The Lords of Pienzenau were as landowners connected with Jakobneuharting, the earlier Neuharting, and the surrounding centres from 1381 to 1800. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the community edict in 1818.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community's land area was home to 1,079 inhabitants in 1970, 1,115 in 1987 and 1,314 in 2000.
## Politics
The community's mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Eduard Koch (Wählergemeinschaft Frauenneuharting), re-elected in 2020.
The community's tax revenue in 1999, converted to euros, was €500,000, of which €112,000 was from business taxes.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, 131 people on the social insurance contribution rolls were employed in industry it was 227 and in trade and transport none. In other fields, 12 people on the aforesaid rolls were employed, and 409 worked from their homes. There was one processing business. There were 4 businesses in contracting. Furthermore, in 2003, there were 89 agricultural businesses with a productive area of 1 788 ha of which 531 ha was cropland and 1 253 ha was meadowland
| 351 |
Frauenneuharting
| 0 |
10,088,826 |
# Aglaspidida
**Aglaspidida** is an extinct order of marine arthropods known from fossils spanning the Middle Cambrian to the Upper Ordovician. Initially considered chelicerates, modern anatomical comparisons demonstrate that the aglaspidids cannot be accommodated within this group, and that they lie instead within the Artiopoda, thus placing them closer to the trilobites, being placed in the artiopod subgroup Vicissicaudata.
With 38 known valid species as of 2017, they represent one of the most diverse groups of early Paleozoic arthropods, after trilobites. Aglaspidid fossils are found in North America (United States and Canada), Europe, Australia, and China.
## Description
The exoskeletons of aglaspidids have frequently been suggested to have been phosphatic, though this may actually represent post-mortem taphonomic mineral replacement, and at least some members of the group definitively had calcified exoskeletons. The headshields ancestrally have a pair of unstalked eyes attached to the upper surface, which are attached to a raised region of the head that merges with the rest of the headshield frontwards (anteriorly) and towards the midline (medially), though some species appear to have lost their eyes entirely. The underside of the headshield (cephalon) had either four or possibly five pairs of attached limbs (including a pair of antennae). The trunk segments (tergites) were freely articulating (with the exception of the posteriormost one), and bore outwardly projecting pleurae. The body ends with a tailspine. A distinctive feature of aglaspididans are \"postventral plates\", a pair of two flat sclerotized plates located on the underside of the posterior final few segments of the body, covering the base of the tailspine. Most members of the group are around 2 cm in length, though their length varies from 1 cm up to a maximum of 13.5 cm including the tailspine.
Members of the family Agaspididae (which constitute the majority of the group) are additionally defined as having a flat, wide body, with the posterior outer corners of the headshield having an acute to spinose shape, with the trunk ancestrally composed of 12 tergites, with the tailspine being elongate and fused to the posteriormost 12th trunk segment/tergite.
Members of Tremaglaspididae are characterised by having a short tailspine (less than half the length of the trunk), reduction or complete loss of eyes, the headshield having rounded angles, the trunk having a vaulted shape and being composed of 11 or less (minimum 6) tergites.
## Ecology
Aglaspidids are thought to have primarily inhabited shallow marine environments. Aglaspidids are suggested to have been predatory or scavengers, using their legs to pass food towards the (probably posteriorly directed) mouth. They are thought to have mostly been benthic animals that inhabited the seafloor (with trace fossils probably made by aglaspidids on the seafloor having been reported from the Upper Cambrian of Wisconsin), though *Cyclopites* may have been a swimming, nektonic animal.
## Evolution
Aglaspidida first appeared in Laurentia (what is now North America) during the Guzhangian stage of the upper Miaolingian (Cambrian Series 3), before undergoing a major radiation during the Furongian (Upper Cambrian), reaching a worldwide distribution during this period. During the Ordovician, remains are known from Avalonia (modern Wales), Gondwana (Morocco) and South China, with the youngest representative being known from the Katian stage of the Upper Ordovician in Morocco.
| 534 |
Aglaspidida
| 0 |
10,088,826 |
# Aglaspidida
## Taxonomy
When aglaspidids were first described in the 1860s, they were initially considered to be crustaceans. Following the pioneering work on the group by Gilbert O Raasch in his 1939 publication *Cambrian Merostomata*, who named the group and many genera of aglaspidids, they were considered to be chelicerates. However, research in the late 20th century challenged this hypothesis, and during the 21st century it became recognised that they belonged to a group called Vicissicaudata with taxa like *Sidneyia*, *Emeraldella* (both formerly classified as \"xenopods\") Cheloniellida, and *Kodymirus*, based on shared traits of the organisation of the final segments of the trunk. Vicissicaudata is generally placed within the Artiopoda, the broader group which contains trilobites and their close relatives.
### List of genera {#list_of_genera}
- *Australaglaspis* (Late Cambrian, Australia)
- *Beckwithia* (Middle-Late Cambrian, United States)
- **Tremaglaspididae**
- *Brachyaglaspis* (Early Ordovician, Morocco)
- *Chlupacaris* (Late Ordovician, Morocco)
- *Cyclopites* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Flobertia* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Quasimodaspis* (Middle-Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Tremaglaspis* (Middle Cambrian, United States, Early Ordovician, Wales, unnamed possible species also known from the Early Ordovician of Morocco)
- **Aglaspididae**
- *Aglaspella* (Late Cambrian, United States, South China)
- *Aglaspis* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Aglaspoides* (Late Cambrian, United States, possibly a synonym of *Glyptarthus*)
- *Chraspedops* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Glypharthrus* (Late Cambrian, United States, Canada, South China)
- *Gogglops* (Upper Ordovician, China)
- *Hesselbonia* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Setaspis* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Tuboculops* (Late Cambrian, United States)
- *Uarthrus* (Late Cambrian, United States)
Additionally, *Obrutschewia, Angarocaris* and *Intejocaris*, known from the Ordovician of the Siberian Platform, may also be members of the group. Certain other similar extinct arthropods are suggested to possibly be closely related to the aglaspidids, including members of the poorly known order Strabopida.
Cladogram after Jiao et al. 2021
| 307 |
Aglaspidida
| 1 |
10,088,838 |
# List of Ipswich Town F.C. players
Ipswich Town Football Club is an English association football club based in Ipswich, Suffolk. The club was founded in 1878 and turned professional in 1936. Ipswich has played at all professional levels of English football and has participated in European football since the 1960s. As of 2003, the team plays in the second tier of English football, the Championship. Since 1936, more than 400 players have represented the first-team. Mick Mills has made more appearances than any other Ipswich player; he is one of five men to have represented the club on 500 or more occasions, having played 741 times between 1966 and 1983. Ray Crawford is the club\'s all-time top scorer, with 203 goals in 354 matches, while Ted Phillips scored the most goals in a single season---41 in the 1956--57 season. The most capped player in the club\'s history is Northern Ireland\'s Allan Hunter, who represented his country on 47 occasions.
The list includes all players that have played 100 or more first-class professional matches for the club. It also includes some players who have played fewer than 100 matches, if they represented their country whilst playing for the club, and players who have set a club playing record, such as goalscoring or transfer fee records. Finally, all players inducted into the Ipswich Town Hall of Fame, whose inaugural members were selected in 2007 by a ballot of former Ipswich players, are included.
## List of players {#list_of_players}
Players are initially listed according to the date of their first-team debut for the club. Appearances are for first-team competitive matches only, including substitute appearances, while wartime and local cup matches (such as the Ipswich Hospital Cup) are excluded. Players who left the club prior to 2006 are referenced by Hayes, the others are referenced by Soccerbase.
Statistics are correct as of 2 November 2024.
---- ---------------------------------------------------------
\* Ipswich Town Hall of Fame Inductee
\+ Players who represented their country while at the club
\^ Club record holder
---- ---------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| Name | Nationality | Position`{{ref label|Cap|A|A}}`{=mediawiki} | Ipswich Town career | Appearances | Goals | Ref(s) |
+=======================================+===================================+=============================================+=====================+=============+=======+========+
| | | Wing half | 1936--1945 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Half back | 1936--1949 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Full back | 1936--1949 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1936--1950 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Full back | 1938--1950 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 1938--1952 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Wing half/Inside forward | 1945--1956 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Full back | 1946--1950 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Wing half | 1946--1951 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1946--1951 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 1946--1951 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1947--1951 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Winger | 1948--1951 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Inside forward | 1949--1959 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Wing half | 1949--1959 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Wing half | 1949--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Inside forward | 1950--1952 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Centre half | 1950--1955 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 1951--1955 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1951--1958 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Full back | 1951--1960 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Right winger | 1953--1958 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Winger | 1953--1958 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Left full back | 1954--1963 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \*`{{ref label|Cap|D|D}}`{=mediawiki} | | Inside forward | 1954--1964 | | \^ | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Winger/Midfielder | 1955--1965 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1956--1963 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Goalkeeper | 1956--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Right full back | 1956--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Wing half | 1957--1962 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 1958--1963 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \*`{{ref label|Cap|E|E}}`{=mediawiki} | \+ | Forward | 1958--1969 | | \^ | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Centre half | 1959--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Right winger | 1960--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Full back | 1960--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Centre half | 1960--1971 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Inside forward | 1961--1964 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1963--1967 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Winger | 1963--1968 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Midfielder | 1963--1969 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 1964--1968 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Wing half | 1964--1969 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Winger | 1964--1970 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1964--1972 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Full back | 1966--1969 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1966--1970 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Full back | 1966--1974 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \*`{{ref label|Cap|F|F}}`{=mediawiki} | \+ | Full back/Midfielder | 1966--1983 | \^ | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 1967--1970 | | | \|-\|- |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Central defender | 1967--1972 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 1967--1978 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1968--1974 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 1968--1974 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 1969--1972 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1969--1975 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Winger | 1969--1979 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Midfielder/Forward | 1969--1980 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Forward | 1970--1979 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 1970--1984 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Midfielder | 1971--1975 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \*`{{ref label|Cap|G|G}}`{=mediawiki} | +\^ | Central defender | 1971--1982 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Forward | 1972--1976 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Central defender | 1972--1981 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Midfielder | 1973--1980 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Right full back | 1973--1985 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Forward/Midfielder | 1973--1985 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Full back | 1974--1975 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Midfielder | 1974--1978 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Goalkeeper | 1974--1987 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 1975--1977 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \*`{{ref label|Cap|H|H}}`{=mediawiki} | \+ | Midfielder | 1975--1996 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Forward | 1976--1984 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Central defender | 1977--1985 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Arnold\|Mühren | Muhren, Arnold}}\* | \+ | Midfielder | 1978--1982 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Forward | 1978--1983 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Central defender | 1978--1986 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Midfielder | 1979--1983 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Left back/Midfielder | 1979--1987 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Mich\|d\'Avray | Davray, Mich}} | | Forward | 1979--1990 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Kevin\|O\'Callaghan | Ocallaghan, Kevin}} | \+ | Left winger | 1980--1984 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1982--1986 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1983--1988 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Central defender | 1983--1988 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1984--1992 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Full back | 1984--1996 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Midfielder | 1984--1997 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 1985--1987 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Midfielder | 1985--2000 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1986--1991 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1987--1991 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Midfielder | 1987--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Central defender | 1988--1995 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1988--1995 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Goalkeeper | 1988--1997 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Left back | 1989--1995 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1989--1995 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1989--1995 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1991--1994 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 1992--1995 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 1992--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1993--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1994--1997 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 1994--1997 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1994--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1995--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1995--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | | Central defender | 1995--2000 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Goalkeeper | 1995--2001\ | | | |
| | | | 2008--2010\ | | | |
| | | | 2011--2012 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 1995--2001\ | | | |
| | | | 2004--2005 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward/Defender | 1996--2009 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 1996--1998 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1996--1999 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1996--1999 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 1997--2000 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1997--2002 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \* | \+ | Midfielder | 1997--2003 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1998--2003 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1999--2008 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 1999--2004 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 1999--2004 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 1999--2006 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Amir\|Karić | Karic, Amir}} | \+ | Defender | 2000--2001 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Hermann\|Hreiðarsson | Hreidarsson, Hermann}}\* | \+ | Defender | 2000--2003 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2000--2004 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2001--2005\ | | | |
| | | | 2007--2009 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Pablo\|Couñago | Counago, Pablo}} | | Forward | 2001--2005\ | | |
| | | | | 2007--2011 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2001--2002 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \^`{{ref label|Cap|I|I}}`{=mediawiki} | | Goalkeeper | 2001--2003 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 2001--2005 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 2001 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Full back | 2002--2009 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2002--2006 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2003--2005\ | | | |
| | | | 2007--2008 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Jason\|de Vos | Vos, Jason}}\* | \+ | Defender | 2004--2008 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Goalkeeper | 2004--2007 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2005--2010 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 2005--2009 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2005--2007 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2005--2012 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2006--2008 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2006--2010 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 2006--2010 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2006--2010\ | | | |
| | | | 2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Velice\|Šumulikoski | Sumulikoski, Velice}} | \+ | Midfielder | 2007--2009 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2008--2011 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2008--2011 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2008--2009 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | New Zealand`{{NZL}}`{=mediawiki}+ | Defender | 2007--2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2009--2011 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| \^`{{ref label|Cap|J|J}}`{=mediawiki} | | Forward | 2009--2011 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2009--2011 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Tamás\|Priskin | Priskin, Tamas}} | \+ | Forward | 2009--2012 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2009--2012 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2009--2013 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Full back/Winger | 2009--2014 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2009--2012 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2010\ | | | |
| | | | 2011--2016 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2010--2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Márton\|Fülöp | Fulop, Marton}} | \+ | Goalkeeper | 2010--2011 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2010 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2011--2012 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Full back | 2011--2014 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2011 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 2012--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2013--2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2013--2017 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2013--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Goalkeeper | 2013--2019 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2014--2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| {{sortname\|Bartosz\|Białkowski | Bialkowski, Bartosz}} | \+ | Goalkeeper | 2014--2020 | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2014--2015\ | | | |
| | | | 2016 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 2015--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2015--2019 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Winger | 2016--2017 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2017--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2017--2018\ | | | |
| | | | 2021--2022 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | New Zealand`{{NZL}}`{=mediawiki}+ | Forward | 2016--2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2018 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2019--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2019-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2019 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2014--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Midfielder | 2018--2021 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 2015--2022 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 2018--2024 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2020-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 2017-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2021-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2018-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2023-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Forward | 2021-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2021-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2021-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2012\ | | | |
| | | | 2023-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2017--2018\ | | | |
| | | | 2024 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2024 | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2023-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2024-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Goalkeeper | 2024-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Forward | 2024-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Defender | 2024-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2024-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | \+ | Midfielder | 2023-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
| | | Defender | 2022-- | | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------+-------------+-------+--------+
## Club captains {#club_captains}
| 2,952 |
List of Ipswich Town F.C. players
| 0 |
10,088,838 |
# List of Ipswich Town F.C. players
## Club captains {#club_captains}
Below lists the club captains of Ipswich Town since the club turned professional in 1936. The club\'s first professional captain was Jimmy McLuckie, who captained the club from 1936 to 1945. Mick Mills has made the highest number of appearances as Ipswich Town captain, having captained the club for 11 years between 1971 and 1982. The club\'s current captain is Luke Chambers, who has held the captaincy since 2014, after Carlos Edwards left the club. In July 2021, Chambers left Ipswich after making close to 400 appearances in 9 years at the club, having been club captain since 2014. Following Chambers\' departure, new signing Sam Morsy was named club captain in October 2021
| 124 |
List of Ipswich Town F.C. players
| 1 |
10,088,846 |
# Kirchseeon
**Kirchseeon** is a market town in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg and lies 15 km east of Munich city limits.
The nearest communities are Grafing and Ebersberg. The Bavarian capital, Munich, can be reached by S-Bahn (line S4), which runs over the Munich--Salzburg line. Rosenheim and Wasserburg am Inn are each about 25 km away.
## History
Buch is Kirchseeon\'s oldest constituent community, having had its first documentary mention in 809. In 842, a place called *Sevun* was mentioned for the first time. The name *Chirichsewe* first appeared in the 14th century. Until secularization, the Ebersberg Monastery maintained a small branch monastery in Kirchseeon. The community grew quickly once the surrounding woodlands fell victim to a natural disaster in 1889 in the form of a nun moth infestation. The Royal Bavarian Railway decided to make use of the denuded woods by building a sleeper works at Kirchseeon in 1889 and 1890. In 1939, the community of Kirchseeon was formed out of the former community of Eglharting, which itself had been formed in 1818. Its constituent communities were the villages of Buch and Kirchseeon-Dorf as well as the hamlets of Forstseeon, Osterseeon, Neukirch, Ilching and Riedering. At the same time, the church was promoted to a parish curacy. In 1959, the community itself was raised to market town. Since Eglharting\'s population had risen so sharply, the new Erlöserkirche (Church of the Redeemer) was consecrated there in 1973. In 1974, a new town hall was completed.
## Population growth {#population_growth}
Between 1988 and 2018 the market town\'s population grew by 45.9%, from 7,272 to 10,607 inhabitants.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Kirchseeon\'s arms might heraldically be described thus: *In vert between two conifers with roots Or a nun moth argent*.
## Community layout {#community_layout}
After the Second World War, the hitherto isolated centres of Eglharting, Kirchseeon and Kirchseeon-Dorf were melded together along the Bundesstraße 304 (Munich-Wasserburg), mainly by building detached housing, with the combined centre at Kirchseeon railway station and a lesser centre at Eglharting. Supermarkets are to be found in both centres, and in Kirchseeon are many small and medium-sized shops.
Along the B 304, properties are exposed to traffic noise. Outlying areas of town, on the other hand, are very quiet.
## Constituent communities belonging to Kirchseeon {#constituent_communities_belonging_to_kirchseeon}
- Buch
- Eglharting
- Forstseeon
- Ilching
- Kirchseeon-Dorf
- Neukirch
- Osterseeon
- Riedering
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Established businesses {#established_businesses}
- One of the biggest employers in town is the *Autohaus Kirchseeon*, a car dealership founded in 1972. In 1976, the company was merged with the Auto-Eder-Gruppe.
- The automotive supplier Hörmann Industries is headquartered here.
## Education
- In Kirchseeon and its constituent communities are six kindergartens and four nursery schools.
- There is also an elementary school with one building each in Kirchseeon and Eglharting.
- A Gymnasium was opened in 2008.
- The headquarters of the Munich *Berufsförderungswerk* (vocational training school) with a boarding school building is to be found in Kirchseeon.
## Firefighting
Kirchseeon has at its disposal four fire brigades: FFW Kirchseeon Markt, FFW Kirchseeon-Dorf, FFW Eglharting and FFW Buch
| 521 |
Kirchseeon
| 0 |
10,088,852 |
# Slovak rail border crossings
**Slovak rail border crossings**, as of 2007. Crossings in *italic* are abandoned. Year of opening in brackets
| 22 |
Slovak rail border crossings
| 0 |
10,088,854 |
# Barry Roche
**Barry Christopher Roche** (born 6 April 1982) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and now works as a goalkeeping coach for Fleetwood. He is an Irish former Under-21 international.
## Career
### Nottingham Forest {#nottingham_forest}
Born in the town of Wicklow, Roche played at Leeds United, before following Paul Hart to Nottingham Forest. He made his debut for Forest on 28 August 2000 as a substitute in a 3--2 win at Crystal Palace in the Football League First Division, saving a late twice-taken Julian Gray penalty kick. During his time at the club he was mainly an understudy to Darren Ward and Paul Gerrard and made just 10 first team starts. He was released at the end of the 2004--05 season.
### Chesterfield
Roche signed for Chesterfield on 26 July 2005 after an impressive trial at the club. He established himself as the club\'s first choice goalkeeper, although he briefly lost his place due to a dip in form during the 2006--07 season. In May 2007 he signed a new two-year contract with Chesterfield, who had just been relegated from League One.
### Morecambe
In June 2008 Chesterfield allowed Roche to move to fellow League Two side Morecambe despite him having another year remaining on his contract. He signed a two-year contract with his new club. Roche kept his first clean sheet for Morecambe in their 1--0 win over Shrewsbury Town on 6 September 2008. He has since made a name for himself with the Morecambe faithful with some inspired performances and has won their Player of the Season twice. In 2010, he was appointed Morecambe FC club captain. On 21 January 2012, Roche signed a new contract that keeps him until June 2014.
On 3 May 2014, Roche signed a new contract at the *Shrimps* which will keep him until June 2016.
Roche scored his first career goal on 2 February 2016 with a 94th-minute equaliser to secure a 1--1 draw against Portsmouth.
In May 2018 he signed a new one-year contract with Morecambe. He signed a further one-year contract in June 2019.
Following Jim Bentley\'s departure as manager on 28 October 2019, Roche assumed the role of caretaker player-manager, alongside Kevin Ellison. Roche\'s only match in charge was the 1-0 home win against Leyton Orient in League Two on 2 November 2019. Derek Adams was appointed Morecambe team manager on 7 November 2019.
Roche was released by Morecambe at the end of the 2019-20 season. He announced his retirement on 22 June, intending to concentrate on coaching, and on 16 July, it was officially announced that Roche would take up a permanent role as goalkeeper coach at the club
| 449 |
Barry Roche
| 0 |
10,088,859 |
# Mitsubishi 3A9 engine
The **Mitsubishi 3A9 engine** is a range of all-alloy three cylinder engines from Mitsubishi Motors that were jointly developed with 4A9 engine family. They were introduced in the 2003 version of their Mitsubishi Colt supermini, and built by DaimlerChrysler-owned MDC Power in Germany (previously a joint venture).
For engine family characteristics see 4A9 engine family.
## Specifications
### 3A90
--------------- --------------
Displacement
Bore pitch
Bore x stroke
Peak power at 6,000 rpm
Peak torque at 5,000 rpm
Notes MIVEC
--------------- --------------
### Applications
- 2012-2022 Mitsubishi Mirage
- 2013-2020 Mitsubishi Attrage
### 3A91
Also known as the **Mercedes-Benz M134 E11**
| 104 |
Mitsubishi 3A9 engine
| 0 |
10,088,874 |
# Lordship, Connecticut
**Lordship** is a small, waterfront neighborhood situated on Connecticut\'s Gold Coast in Stratford, Connecticut, United States. It was listed as a census-designated place prior to the 2020 census. Lordship was an island bounded by salt marshes to the north and Long Island Sound to the south, The neighborhood currently extends, by man made fill, as a peninsula on Long Island Sound and is bounded from the rest of Stratford by Sikorsky Memorial Airport to the north and Short Beach to the north east. Lordship is accessible by only two roads, both parts of Route 113.
Lordship is home to the Stratford Point Light.
## History
The first inhabitants of Lordship were the Paugussetts who had a large village at Frash Pond and smaller encampments at Stratford Point and at Indian Well (areas in Lordship). Indian Well was a fresh water pond where the old trolley line crossed Duck Neck Creek just north of the rotary near the firehouse. When the first settlers arrived in 1639, they found that Indians were using this area to plant corn, so there was little clearing necessary. Lordship, originally called Great Neck, was a "Common Field" worked and owned by settlers who returned home to the safety of the palisade fort at Academy Hill at night. Richard Mills was the first to build a farmhouse in Great Neck in the western end near present-day Second Avenue. He sold his estate to Joseph Hawley (Captain) in 1650 and moved. It is in connection with his name that the term *Lordship* is first found, as applied to a meadow on what is still known as the Lordship farm. It is said in deeds of land - 1650 to 1660 -- several times, *Mill's Lordship* and the *Lordship Meadow*. Richard Beach came to Stratford with a family and in 1662, he purchased one of five acres *on west point of the Neck*, butted south upon the meadow called *Mill's Lordship*.
Gustave Whitehead is reported to have used the windswept sandy areas of Lordship during some of his early powered flight trials in the early 1900s
| 350 |
Lordship, Connecticut
| 0 |
10,088,880 |
# Betsy Brantley
**Betsy Brantley** is an American actress. She has appeared in numerous films, plays, and television shows since the early 1980s. Her breakout role was in the 1982 film *Five Days One Summer* with Sean Connery.
## Early life {#early_life}
Betsy Brantley was born in 1955 to Jack R. Brantley, a textile executive, and Dotty Brantley (née Rabey). In 1960, Jack moved the family to Greensboro, North Carolina, moving into the same house on Meadowbrook Terrace where he grew up. In 1962 Jack moved the family to Rutherfordton, North Carolina, to serve as division president at dress-manufacturer Tanner. Betsy has a fraternal twin Alison, an older brother Jack Jr., and a younger brother Duncan who is a producer and screenwriter.
Growing up Brantley spent a great deal of her time in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Rutherfordton, where she developed a love for mountains. Her affinity with mountains helped her land her first major role in the film *Five Days One Summer*.
Brantley graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1977 and the Central School of Speech and Drama in the United Kingdom in 1980.
## Career
Brantley\'s first major role was Kate in the 1982 film *Five Days One Summer* with Sean Connery. The film\'s director, Fred Zinnemann, cast Brantley because he wanted a new, unfamiliar face. Zinnemann only auditioned young women with little or no acting experience because he didn\'t want audiences associating a known actress, who had been around the block a time or two on screen or in a publicized personal life, spoiling the illusion of virtue. Until her role in *Five Days One Summer*, her acting experience had been limited to a few roles in the English theater, a five-minute part in a British TV movie and a minor role in the film *Shock Treatment*.
Like *Five Days One Summer*, many of Brantley\'s films are based in Europe. Her most famous role, perhaps, is her portrayal of Neely Pritt in *Shock Treatment* (1981). She also played alongside Pierce Brosnan and Michael Caine in the film version of *The Fourth Protocol* (1987) and acted a cameo in the Ashley Judd movie *Double Jeopardy* (1999). Brantley was also the performance model for Jessica Rabbit in *Who Framed Roger Rabbit* (1988).
Along with roles in several other films, including *Havana* (1990) and *Deep Impact* (1998), Betsy has been a cast member in a number of television shows, including *Tour of Duty* and *Second Noah*. On *Tour of Duty*, she played the role of Dr. Jennifer Seymour (later Major Jennifer Seymour). On *Second Noah*, she played Jesse Beckett, a veterinarian and the mother of eight adopted children.
Brantley played Dolph Lundgren\'s girlfriend in *Dark Angel* (1990, retitled *I Come in Peace* in America).
She has also appeared as Elsie Cubitt in the Granada Television production of \"The Dancing Men\", from *The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes* by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and also appeared in the 1987 BBC Horizon film, *Life Story* (the story of the discovery of the DNA double helix) as James Watson\'s sister, Elizabeth Watson.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Brantley married filmmaker Steven Soderbergh. She has one daughter, Sarah, with Soderbergh. Sarah lives in Seattle, Washington.
Brantley is a private person and somewhat uncomfortable with the stardom she achieved. After her critical success with *Five Days One Summer*, she said \"I\'d like to have had my career move a little slower, I find the attention just a bit daunting.\"
Brantley lives in a pre--Civil War era home in the Montford, Virginia area with her pet cat Blueberry.
| 596 |
Betsy Brantley
| 0 |
10,088,880 |
# Betsy Brantley
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------
1981 *Shock Treatment* Neely Pritt
1982 *Five Days One Summer* Kate
1984 *Another Country* Julie Schofield
1987 *`{{sortname|The|Fourth Protocol|The Fourth Protocol (film)}}`{=mediawiki}* Eileen McWhirter
1987 *`{{sortname|The|Princess Bride|The Princess Bride (film)}}`{=mediawiki}* The Mother
1988 *Who Framed Roger Rabbit* Jessica\'s Performance Model
1990 *I Come in Peace* Diane Pallone AKA, *Dark Angel*
1990 *Havana* Diane
1993 *Flesh and Bone* Peg
1993 *Shepherd on the Rock* Jean
1996 *Schizopolis* Mrs. Munson / Attractive Woman No. 2
1997 *Washington Square* Mrs. Montgomery
1998 *Mercury Rising* Special Ed Teacher No. 2
1998 *Deep Impact* Ellen Biederman
1999 *`{{sortname|The|Encounter|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Waitress Short
1999 *Rogue Trader* Brenda Granger
1999 *Double Jeopardy* Prosecutor
2002 *`{{sortname|The|Angel Doll|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Mary Barlow
2008 *This Man\'s Life* Mrs. Zimmerman Short
2022 *Kimi* Kimi Voice
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
1984 *Sherlock Holmes* Elsie Cubitt Episode: \"The Dancing Men\"
1985 *Romance on the Orient Express* Stacey TV film
1985 *Oscar* American Beauty Episode: \"Gilded Youth\"
1987 *Horizon* Elizabeth Watson Episode: \"The Race for the Double Helix\"
1987 *Dreams Lost, Dreams Found* Jane McAllister TV film
1987 *London Embassy* Flora Domingo-Duncan Episodes: \"The Winfield Wallpaper\", \"Tomb with a View\"
1988 *`{{sortname|The|Comic Strip Presents...|The_Comic_Strip#The_Comic_Strip_Presents...}}`{=mediawiki}* Vanessa Episode: \"The Yob\"
1988 *`{{sortname|A|Year in the Life}}`{=mediawiki}* Cynthia Episode: \"Glory Days\"
1988 *Heartbeat* Dorothy Episode: \"Where\'s Solomon When You Need Him?\"
1988 *Beauty and the Beast* Nancy Tucker Episodes: \"Ozymandias\", \"A Happy Life\"
1988 *American Playhouse* Marion Castle Episode: \"The Big Knife\"
1989 *Men* Claire Episode: \"Baltimore\"
1989 *Tour of Duty* Jennifer Seymour Recurring role (seasons 2--3)
1992 *Yesterday Today* TV film
1993 *`{{sortname|The|Jackie Thomas Show}}`{=mediawiki}* Gail Harper Episode: \"Stand Up for Bastards\"
1993 *Jack\'s Place* Claudia Episode: \"True Love Ways\"
1993 *Final Appeal* Fran TV film
1995 *Little Lord Fauntleroy* Mrs. Errol TV miniseries
1995 *Amazing Grace* Episode: \"The Fugitive\"
1995 *Dad, the Angel & Me* Susan Lyons TV film
1996--97 *Second Noah* Jessie Beckett Main role
1997 *Touched by an Angel* Joanne McNabb Episode: \"Great Expectations\"
1998 *NYPD Blue* Val Dixon Episode: \"Speak for Yourself, Bruce Clayton\"
1998 *From the Earth to the Moon* Jan Armstrong Episode: \"Mare Tranquilitatis\"
1999 *Chicago Hope* Mrs
| 364 |
Betsy Brantley
| 1 |
10,088,903 |
# Oberpframmern
**Oberpframmern** is a community in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (administrative community) of Glonn. It lies roughly 24 kilometres southeast of Munich.
## Geography
Oberpframmern lies in the Munich Region. It has only one traditional rural land unit (*Gemarkung* in German), also called Oberpframmern.
## History
Oberpframmern belonged to the *Rentamt* of Munich and the Court of Swabia of the Electorate of Bavaria. It was also seat of a captaincy (Hauptmannschaft).
### Population development {#population_development}
In 1970, the community\'s land area was home to 1,179 inhabitants. In 1987 there were 1,522, and in 2000 there were 2,011.
## Politics
The mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Andreas Lutz, re-elected in 2020.
The community\'s tax revenue in 1999, converted into euros, was €1,622,000 of which €605,000 was business taxes.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
According to official statistics, in 1998, 20 workers on the social insurance contribution rolls were employed in agriculture and forestry. In the industrial sector, it was 118 and in trade and transport 81. In other fields, 122 contributors were employed. Remote workers numbered 682. In processing industries there was one business, and in contracting three. Furthermore, in 1999 there were 25 businesses in agriculture with an area of 506 ha, of which 373 ha was meadowland
| 215 |
Oberpframmern
| 0 |
10,088,920 |
# Putnam Griswold
**Putnam Griswold** (1875 -- February 26, 1914) was an American opera bass singer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1875, Griswold originally followed a business career. At the age of 22 he discovered his voice and began to study with a local teacher in California.
In 1900 he went to London, where he was for two years a pupil of Alberto Randegger at the Royal College of Music. During the winter of 1902/03 he studied under Bouhy at Paris, the next winter under Julius Stockhausen at Frankfurt; and finally he completed his studies with Emerich at Berlin in 1905.
## Career
His operatic début took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, in 1901. During the summer of 1904 he sang at the Royal Opera in Berlin. After having sung the role of Gurnemanz in Savage\'s production of *Parsifal* in America (1904--1905), he became in 1906 a regular member of the Berlin Opera. There he remained, appearing also as guest in various German cities, until he came to the Metropolitan Opera House in 1911, where through his interpretation of Wagner\'s heroes, he immediately won over the public and critics.
Griswold was the first American bass to sing the great Wagner roles at the Metropolitan, where he was compared with the most distinguished of his foreign predecessors. He had been a prime favorite in Berlin, where the critics had praised him as the greatest foreign interpreter of Wotan and he was twice decorated by Emperor William (Kaiser Wilhelm).
## Death
He died in the winter of 1914 while working for the Metropolitan Opera. His sudden death due to an attack of appendicitis---came as a shock to his numerous admirers. Following his death, German Emperor Wilhelm II conveyed his gratitude to Mrs. Griswold for sending him a medallion of her husband portraying Hagen in Wagner\'s *Götterdämmerung
| 314 |
Putnam Griswold
| 0 |
10,088,932 |
# Pliening
**Pliening** is a community east of Munich in the northwest of the district of Ebersberg in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Upper Bavaria, Germany. In the local dialect, the name is pronounced *Pleaning*. It has flourished in recent decades, partly as a commuter base for Munich, located some 20 km to the west. The official population level had reached 5,263 by 2006.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms consist of a shield divided into three. Uppermost in the shield are two coloured bars, black on the right and gold on the left. Below this are three crowns on a blue background. The lowest and biggest part of the shield is taken up by a black bear on a silver background.
## History
Sporadic prehistoric finds in the community point to the area\'s having been settled since the New Stone Age.
In the Bronze Age a small settlement arose on a strip of grassland between the woods in the community\'s south end and the moor in the north. Sheep raising was the settlers' main livelihood.
The later settlement -- between 850 BC and AD 50 -- is believed to have been established by the Celtic Hallstadt culture, which has been shown by ceramic finds. As this settlement developed, the at first loose structure shifted to a much tighter village structure. After southern Germany was conquered by the Romans about AD 50, the area became part of the Roman Empire. Some finds in the area also point to a Roman presence.
The Völkerwanderung, beginning about AD 400, brought with it new settlers: the Germanic stock of the Bavarii put down roots here. Also, a small Alemannic tribe settled in the area. Results of aerial archaeological photography show loose, scattered settlement.
Under Gothic rule, political relations stabilized. The noble alemannic tribal leader Pleonunc became his village\'s namesake. The three "original yards" (*Urhöfe*) of Sellmayr, Wunsam and Wolfram stem from Pleonunc\'s time.
About 700, the area was Christianized. The first church was built about 1000.
### Pliening
Pliening grew out of the yard at Gelting. Until some time in the 14th century, it was called \"Moospliening\" to distinguish it from the older \"Kirchpliening\". Over time, the placename \"Pliening\" came to be used ever more often for the more westerly of the two places. Lying advantageously on the road between Erding and Munich, the community saw quick development in modern times.
Currently, a ringroad around Gelting, Pliening and Landsham is being planned, which has unsettled retailers in the community of Pliening, as it is seen as potentially disruptive to their livelihoods. Where funding for this new road will come from is also still very much an open question.
### Gelting
Gelting is a fusion of two older places: the southern part, known from documentary evidence to be older, and the northern part, Gelting. The southern part, once known as \"Kirchpliening\", consisted even into the Middle Ages only of the church and the original "yard" (nowadays known as Zehmerhof). Over the centuries, the simple day labourers acquired houses, whereby the southern part of the village became more heavily populated. This south end is said to be the actual Pliening, and was founded by the Allemannic settler Pleon, whose tribe came originally from the Neckar area. In 813, the noble priest Cundhart donated parts of his estate \"nahe bei Pleoningas\" ("near Pliening") to the Bishop of Freising and built a church there, which is said to be the current church\'s forerunner.
The northern part of Gelting, the actual Gelting, had its first documentary mention in 855 and is said to have been founded by someone named Gelto. It has not been fully established where he came from. The name could be a corruption of the name \"Kelto\" (which could point to an old Celtic settlement), or Gelto might have been among Pleon\'s kin, and founded a settlement near his cousin\'s.
### Landsham
In the 19th and 20th centuries the Parish of Landsham was a branch of St. Andrew\'s Parish (\"Pfarrei St. Andreas\") in Kirchheim. For a long time, schoolchildren went to school in Kirchheim. Furthermore, a commercial-industrial park was built in Landsham in the 1990s, which has become the community\'s main income source.
### Offices
- Allgemeine Verwaltung der Gemeinde Pliening (Community administration)
- Bauamt der Gemeinde Pliening (Building office)
- Öffentliche Sicherheit und Ordnung, Personenstandswesen der Gemeinde Pliening (Public safety and order, civil status)
- Finanzverwaltung der Gemeinde Pliening (Financial administration)
## Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The community of Pliening consists of the main centres of Pliening, Gelting, Landsham, Landsham-Moos and Ottersberg as well as the hamlets and uninhabited places of Geltinger Au, Unterspann, Gigging, Gerharding and Erlmühle
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Pliening
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