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# Cezary Czpak
**Cezary Czpak** (born 6 February 1982) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
He was the player of Radomiak Radom, SMS Wrocław, UKS SMS Łódź, Vena Łódź, Mień Lipno, ŁKS Łódź, KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Mazowsze Grójec, Stal Stalowa Wola, Orzeł Wierzbica and Oskar Przysucha. In 2006, he played two games in Ekstraklasa for Górnik Łęczna; scoring the goal in the debut game against GKS Bełchatów (1--3).
He retired from football after the 2015--16 autumn round season. In his last game, he scored a goal for Oskar Przysucha in a III liga match against Lechia Tomaszów Mazowiecki, as his team lost 1--2
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# Mini-Moni Song Daihyakka Ikkan
is the first album of the Morning Musume subgroup Minimoni. It was released on June 26, 2002 and sold 187,470 copies.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs are written and composed by Tsunku, with the exception of \"Aiin Taishō\", which was written by Hiroyuki Tomonaga and composed by Akihiko Takashima.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
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# Kornél Ábrányi
**Kornél Ábrányi** (`{{IPA|hu|ˈkorneːl ˈaːbraːɲi}}`{=mediawiki}; 15 October 1822 -- 20 December 1903) was a Hungarian pianist, music writer and theorist, and composer. He was born in Szentgyörgyábrány. A pupil of Frédéric Chopin, and a close friend of Franz Liszt, whose music he championed, Ábrányi chiefly wrote music for piano, but also composed chamber music, choral works, and *lieder.* He began teaching at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music at its founding in 1875 and became its secretary.
He was one of several people to use the pseudonym Kákay Aranyos.
Ábrányi died in Budapest, aged 81. His grandson was the composer Emil Ábrányi
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# John Pekkanen
**John Pekkanen** (born February 11, 1939, in Lyme, Connecticut) is an author, and two-time National Magazine Award-winning American journalist and the winner of ten other national journalism awards including the National Headliner Award, the Penney-Missouri Award for medical journalism, and the Award of Excellence from the American College of Emergency Physicians.
A former correspondent and bureau chief for *Life* magazine and a senior writer for *Washingtonian,* Pekkanen has written for *The New Republic*, *The Atlantic Monthly*, *Town and Country* and is the author of *Donor: How One Girl\'s Death Gave Life to Others*; *The Best Doctors in the U.S.*; *Victims: An Account of a Rape*; *The American Connection - Profiteering and Politicking in the \"Ethical\" Drug Industry*; *M. D.: Doctors Talk about Themselves*; and *My Father, My Son* with Admiral Elmo Zumwalt and Lieutenant Elmo Zumwalt. He is also a published poet.
Pekkanen has been a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. He lives in the Washington, D.C. area
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# C22H27N3O2
The molecular formula **C~22~H~27~N~3~O~2~** (molar mass: 365
| 9 |
C22H27N3O2
| 0 |
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# Port of Málaga
The **Port of Málaga** is an international seaport located in the city of Málaga in southern Spain, on the Costa del Sol coast of the Mediterranean. It is the oldest continuously-operated port in Spain and one of the oldest in the Mediterranean.
Principal port activities include cruise shipping and the importation of containerised manufactured products, break bulk and vehicles. A small fishing fleet also operates from the port.
## History
### Ancient and medieval times {#ancient_and_medieval_times}
The Port of **Malaga** was founded by Phoenicians from Tyre in around 1000 BC. The name Malaka is probably derived from the Phoenician word for *salt* because fish was salted on the first dock; in other Semitic languages the word for *salt* is still Hebrew מלח *mélaḥ* or Arabic ملح *milḥ*. This first dock was a single waterfront quay parallel to the shore and extending for about 500 metres from the Palacio de la Aduana to the Jardines de Puerta Oscura.
By Roman times Malaga had become an important export port for minerals, pottery, almonds, wine and oil. An Iberian delicacy was fish prepared with garum, large quantities of which were also exported to Rome.
Trade continued to grow, peaking when Malaga (now **Mālaqah** (Arabic **مالقة**) was declared the capital of the Islamic kingdom of Granada. When the kingdom passed into Catholic control in 1487 the port assumed a strategic importance as an embarkation point for Spanish soldiers in the conquest of the Rif, Melilla, Peñon de Velez and Oran, and was renamed the Port of Málaga.
### Imperial Spain {#imperial_spain}
The Port of Málaga grew swiftly throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, establishing itself as Spain\'s major export port for cereals and manufactures during the Habsburg and Enlightenment eras. In 1720 King Philip V appointed French engineer Bartolome Thurus to prepare a project of port expansion for commercial and military needs, culminating in the construction of both the East Dock and the New Quay. The first lighthouse was built in 1814.
### Twentieth century {#twentieth_century}
Between 1900 and 1910 an extensive reconstruction of port facilities resulted in the modernization of the existing quays and the completion of the current passenger terminal. The Málaga-Puertollano oil pipeline was completed by 1920, permitting oil exports directly from the port.
After the Second World War the importance of the port declined as new ports opened in North Africa and the Middle East, and post-war reconstruction led to the massive expansion of facilities at Port of Rotterdam and elsewhere. The Puertotollano pipeline ceased operation in the 1990s. Port operations were concentrated around ten wharves on the southern border of the existing port. The northern and central port areas were then progressively returned to the control of the city and converted for residential use.
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# Port of Málaga
## Port facilities {#port_facilities}
Ten wharves are currently in operation at the Port of Málaga:
- East Quay: Embarkation for cruise ship.
- Quay n°1 \"Ricardo Gross\": Megayatchs and touristic cruise ships.
- Quay n°2 \"Guadiaro\": Cruise ships.
- Quay n°3 \"Canovas\": Roll-on/roll-off.
- Quay n°4 \"Heredia\": Roll-on/roll-off, bulk liquids, break bulk.
- Quay n°5 Floating dock: Repairs and defence forces.
- Quay n°6 \"Romero Oak grove 1\": Bulk liquids, dangerous goods.
- Quay n°7 \"Romero Oak grove 2\": Bulk liquids, dangerous goods.
- Multipurpose Quay n°9: Containers, Roll-on/roll-off
- Soft Port 1: bulk liquid import/export where specialist equipment required.
The quays are connected by a system of internal roads and a network of internal and external railway lines . Access to the Port is via State Highways A-7 (Barcelona-Cádiz) that runs by the coast, and A-45 (Córdoba-Málaga). The internal rail network links the Harbor Services Area with the Málaga Main Station.
The port is dominated by imports, principally an annual throughput of nearly 2 million tonnes of break bulk within a total annual throughput of 3.1 million tonnes. Major imports include cement, clinker coal, cereals, grains, petroleum coke and fertilizers. A substantially smaller export trade is centred on processed food and construction equipment.
The port handles in excess of 450,000 TEU\'s annually, and 39,000 vehicles. Liquid bulk handling is approximately 70,000 metric tonnes per year, principally olive oil import and export.
Cruise shipping is also an essential industry at the port, with 211,000 passenger embarkations each year from more than 220 cruise ships.
The existing Mario López Shipyard and Shiprepair facilities are part of the Cernaval Group Shipyards, founded by the local naval entrepreneur Mr. Mario López on the early eighties; this installation has been a mayor player in the local marine sector for many years, and with over 40 shiprepairs yearly with vessels from all over the world a very important asset for the Port of Málaga, in future more investments are fixed to continue the development of this industry.
## Future works {#future_works}
An extensive program of works are planned for the Port as part of a Special plan developed by the City of Málaga.
The Hereida Quay will be refurbished to expand port operation centres and provide an additional 500 car spaces. The works are estimated at 33 million euros. A new passenger terminal, port museum and environmental education centre are planned for inclusion in the cruise ship facilities at Quay 2 at a further cost of 22 million euros.
A commercial marina will also operate from Quay 1, catering for 24 superyachts of up to 30 metres, and the Eastern Quay passenger terminal will be remodeled to improve pedestrian access and double existing capacity to 560,000 passengers a year.
The total area of the new terminal is 1,270 m^2^, consisting of two heights and two new berths: Southern Berth and Northern Berth with a total construction cost of 21.3 million euros
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# Henry Standish
**Henry Standish** (c. 1475--1535) was an English Franciscan, who became Bishop of St. Asaph. He is known as an opponent of Erasmus in particular, and humanists in general.
He was a Doctor of Divinity of the University of Oxford. He was Guardian of the Franciscan Friary in London, and in 1505 Franciscan minister provincial for England. He preached for Henry VIII.
In 1515 Richard Kidderminster, Abbot of Winchcombe, attacked a 1512 Act of Parliament restricting the benefit of clergy, to those in major orders. The House of Lords refused to pass the bill from the Commons that would renew the law, which was close to expiration. Standish defended it, and won the decision, at a meeting called at Blackfriars of a royal committee called to look into the issue. Anti-clerical feelings were running high at the time, in the case of Richard Hunne, with its coroner\'s jury verdict of murder in a bishop\'s prison from February 1515. Convocation then proceeded with charges of heresy against Standish. In the end the King's influence was brought to bear: the charges against Standish were not pressed, but the Act was not renewed in the Lords. Thomas Wolsey asked to have the case sent for papal judgement, but was overruled.
Standish was consecrated a bishop on 6 July 1518, by William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by Robert Sherborne, Bishop of Chichester, and John Young, suffragan bishop of London. His criticisms of the *Greek New Testament* of Erasmus was part of a wider controversy around 1520, that drew in Edward Lee, Archbishop of York. Erasmus hit back satirically. Standish is described as *essentially a combatant and an inheritor of the tradition of the friars of Wyclif\'s day, at once opposed to doctrinal innovations and clerical privilege*, and *a conservative of the type of Stokesley and Tunstall*. He was classed also with Richard Fitzjames and Edmund Birkhead, as an opponent to the English humanism of John Colet.
He was one of the court who convicted Thomas Bilney of heresy. In 1528 he acted as one of the counsel for Catherine of Aragon in her divorce case. He was one of the group of clerics targeted in 1530 by Henry VIII with *praemunire* charges.
He held the Lancashire parish of Standish, right at the end of his life
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# Radio Parade of 1935
***Radio Parade of 1935*** (1934), released in the US as ***Radio Follies***, is a British comedy film directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring Will Hay, Clifford Mollison and Helen Chandler. It followed on from the 1933 film *Radio Parade*.
## Plot
The film tells the story of the Director General of the National Broadcasting Group (Will Hay), who promotes the ambitious Head of Complaints to Programme Director (Clifford Mollison) in an attempt to stem the number of complaints he is receiving owing to the station\'s overly intellectual programming. In 1930s British slang, the acronym \"NBG\" stood for \"no bloody good\". The character played by Hay is clearly intended to be a satirical parody of Lord Reith, and the NBG the BBC.
## Cast
- Will Hay as Director General William Garlon/Garland
- Helen Chandler as Joan Garland, the DG\'s daughter
- Clifford Mollison as Jimmy Clare, Complaints Manager
- Davy Burnaby as Maj. Gen. Sir Frederick Fotheringhay
- Robert Nainby as Col. Egbert Featherstone Haugh-Haugh, 2nd Assistant
- Jimmy Godden as Lt. Comm. Vere de V. de Vere, 3rd Assistant
- Basil Foster as Capt. Esme St. J. Entwistle, 4th Assistant
- Ivor McLaren as Fl. Lieut. Eric Lyttle Lyttle, 5th Assistant
- Billy Bennett as The Commissionaire
- Hugh E. Wright as Algernon Bird, The Inventor
- Lily Morris and Nellie Wallace as Two Charladies
- The Western Brothers as Two Announcers
- The Three Sailors as Assistants to Complaints Manager
- Haver and Lee as Two Effects Men
- The Carlyle Cousins as Three Telephonists
- Georgie Harris as Chief Page Boy
- Gerry Fitzgerald and Arthur Young as Two Window Cleaners
- Claude Dampier as A Piano Tuner
- Teddy Joyce And His Band
- Alfred Drayton as Carl Graham, Head of the Theatre Trust
- Denier Warren as His Personal Assistant
- Clapham and Dwyer as Two Reporters
\"In Town Tonight\":
- Eve Becke
- Fay Carroll
- Peggy Cochrane
- Yvette Darnac
- Ronald Frankau
- Alberta Hunter
- Joyce Richardson
- Ted Ray
- Stanelli And His Hornchestra
- The Buddy Bradley Girls
- Fred Conyngham
- Beryl Orde
## Production background and preservation status {#production_background_and_preservation_status}
Two sequences in the film were filmed in Dufaycolor. The film is extant
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# Laramie Formation
The **Laramie Formation** is a geologic formation of the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age, named by Clarence King in 1876 for exposures in northeastern Colorado, in the United States. It was deposited on a coastal plain and in coastal swamps that flanked the Western Interior Seaway. It contains coal, clay and uranium deposits, as well as plant and animal fossils, including dinosaur remains. The formation contains some of the oldest records of grass in western North America.
## Stratigraphy and Lithology {#stratigraphy_and_lithology}
The Laramie Formation is exposed around the edges of the Denver Basin and ranges from 400 to 500 feet (120--150 m) on the western side of the basin, and 200--300 feet (60--90 m) thick on the eastern side. It rests conformably on the Fox Hills Sandstone and unconformably underlies the Arapahoe Conglomerate. The formation can be divided into an unnamed **lower member** containing bedded sandstone, clay and coal; and an unnamed **upper member** composed predominately of 90 to 190 m of drab-colored mudstone, some sandstone, and thin coal beds. Nodular ironstone concretions occur in the mudstones that contain plant remains. Some of the material in the sandstones originated from silicic volcanoes far to the west.
## Paleofauna
Fossil vertebrates from the Laramie Formation were among the first dinosaurs to be discovered in the American West (Carpenter and Young 2003). In 1873, Edward D. Cope accompanied Ferdinand V. Hayden, who was leader of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. The route of the expedition included eastern Colorado where Cope collected specimens in what is now the Laramie Formation along Bijou Creek on the east side of the Denver Basin (Cope, 1874).
Cope named three species of dinosaurs without description: *Cinodon arctatus* (later changed to *Cionodon arctatus*), *Polyonax mortuarius* and *Agathaumas milo* (later renamed *Hadrosaurus occidentalis*). These specimens are currently in the American Museum of Natural History. These specimens are very scrappy and the names no longer considered valid. Subsequent discoveries of dinosaurs occur through the formation, and include a nearly complete skull of *Triceratops*. Non-dinosaur vertebrates also occur (Carpenter 1979).
More recent work in and around the Pawnee National Grasslands in Weld County has produced a diverse collection of 10 different fossil mammal species, including six multituberculates and four therians.
List of Fossil Vertebrates (data from Carpenter 1979; Hutchinson and Holroyd 2003)
### Cartilaginous fishes {#cartilaginous_fishes}
**Cartilaginous fishes of the Laramie Formation**
---------------------------------------------------
Genus
*Ischyriza*
*Lonchidion*
*Myledaphus*
*Squatirhina*
### Bony fishes {#bony_fishes}
**Bony fishes of the Laramie Formation**
------------------------------------------
Genus
*Amia*
*Atractosteus*
### Amphibians
**Amphibians of the Laramie Formation**
-----------------------------------------
Genus
*Albanerpeton*
*Lisserpeton*
*Opisthotriton*
*Scapherpeton*
### Turtles
**Turtles of the Laramie Formation**
--------------------------------------
Genus
*Adocus*
*Basilemys*
*Compsemys*
*Helopanoplia*
*Plesiobaena*
### Squamates
**Squamates of the Laramie Formation**
----------------------------------------
Genus
*Odaxosaurus*
### Crocodilians
**Crocodilians of the Laramie Formation**
-------------------------------------------
Genus
*Borealosuchus*?
### Dinosaurs
**Dinosaurs reported from the Laramie Formation**
---------------------------------------------------
Genus
*Ceratopsipes*
*Dromaeosaurus*
cf. *Edmontonia*
*Edmontosaurus*
*Ornithomimus*
*Paronychodon*
*Thescelosaurus*
*Torosaurus*
*Triceratops*
*Tyrannosaurus*
### Mammals
**Mammals of the Laramie Formation**
--------------------------------------
Genus
*Gypsonictops*
*Meniscoessus*
cf. *Mesodma*
## Paleoflora
Fossil pollen (palynomorphs) include bryophyte and pteridophyte spores, gymnosperm pollen, and abundant angiosperm pollen, including *Aquilapollenites striatus*, *Ilexpollenites compactus*, *Interpollis* cf. *I. supplingensis*, and *Tricolpites interangulus*. The palynomorphs indicate an early Maastrichtian age (68-69 mya), which is supported by magnetostratigraphy. Magnetostratigraphy also shows that the Laramie Formation becomes progressively younger eastward as deposition followed the regression of the Western Interior Seaway.
Fossil leaves are abundant, especially in the shales and sandstones associated with coal. Dicot angiosperms dominate, with lesser amounts of ferns, palms, and herbaceous lycopods. Conifers are rare. Common plants include \"*Ficus*\" *planicostata*, \"*Myrica*\" *torreyi*, *Sabalites* sp., *Platanites marginata*, and *Marmarthia pearsonii*
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# Roger Swinfen Eady, 3rd Baron Swinfen
**Roger Mynors Swinfen Eady, 3rd Baron Swinfen**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|MBE|JP}}`{=mediawiki} (14 December 1938 -- 5 June 2022) was a British politician and philanthropist, who was one of the ninety two hereditary peers elected to remain in the House of Lords following the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. He sat as a Conservative.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Swinfen was born in 1938, the elder son of Charles Swinfen Eady, second Baron Swinfen and his novelist wife Mary Wesley. His parents divorced in 1945. He was educated at Westminster School and at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, after which he received a Short Service Commission in The Royal Scots before leaving the British Army in the rank of Lieutenant.
## Later life {#later_life}
A philanthropist, he was the Founding Trustee of the Swinfen Charitable Trust and was Director of the American Telemedicine Association from 2009 until 2013.
Swinfen was President of the South East Region British Sports Association for the Disabled and between 1983 and 1997, he served as a Member of the Direct Mail Services Standards Board. In 1988, he became Patron of the Disablement Income Group, in 1996, Patron of Labrador Rescue South East, in 2002, Patron of World Orthopaedic Concern, and of the Kunde Foundation in 2007.
Swinfen was a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers as well as a Freeman of the City of London.
## House of Lords {#house_of_lords}
Swinfen became the third Baron Swinfen on the death of his father in 1977. As a member of the House of Lords, he was a member on various UK Parliamentary Committees.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Swinfen married Patricia Anne Blackmore on 24 October 1962. They had four children:
- Hon Georgina Mary Rose Swinfen Eady (born 1 February 1964)
- Hon Katherine Anne Dorothy Swinfen Eady (born 18 May 1966)
- Hon Arabella Victoria Eleanor Swinfen Eady (born 10 March 1969)
- Charles Roger Peregrine Swinfen Eady, 4th Baron Swinfen (born 8 March 1971)
Lady Swinfen died in 2023.
## Death
Swinfen died on 5 June 2022, at the age of 83. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son, Charles.
## Honours and fellowships {#honours_and_fellowships}
- UK Baron (*suc.* 1977)
- MBE (2016, for \"services to international telemedicine and for his work with the Swinfen Charitable Trust\")
- Justice of the Peace (JP) for Kent (1983)
- Fellow, Industry and Parliament Trust (FIPT) (1983)
- Fellow, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (FRICS) (1998)
- ARICS (1970)
- Hon
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# Sacro Monte di Orta
The **Sacro Monte di Orta** (literally: \"Sacred Mountain of Orta\") is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the comune of Orta San Giulio (Piedmont, northern Italy) on the summit of a hill known as San Nicolao, on the eastern shore of Lake Orta. It is one of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list.
It is a stop-over on the CoEur devotional path.
Many of the artworks are of a high quality, some of the most highly thought of painters and sculptors of the period having been commissioned to produce them. The vegetation of the Sacred Mountain runs down to the shores of Lake Orta and was designed in line with ornamental criteria to match the architecture.
## History
Construction of the complex, dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, began in 1583. The project by the Capuchin friar Cleto da Castelletto Ticino involved 36 chapels, of which only 20 were built. Until 1630 they were mostly in the Mannerist style, but from the mid-17th century, Baroque and other influences predominated. Construction ended in 1788
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# Industrial relations commission
**Industrial Relations Commissions** are government courts or tribunal set up by a state or country to regulate and adjudicate on employment and industrial issues between employees and employers. These bodies are predominantly found in Australia where bodies in each of the states of that nation were set up from the early 1900s to deal with industrial issues.
The bodies are an attempt to mitigate the effects of the common law on employment contracts between employers and employees.
## Australia
For parties to industrial agreements covered by federal law, the Fair Work Commission has jurisdiction.
In New South Wales, the state government has set up the Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales.
In Queensland, the state government has set up the Queensland Industrial Relations Commission.
In South Australia, the state government has set up the Industrial Relations Court of South Australia.
In Victoria, jurisdiction for industrial agreements covered by state law have been referred to the federal Fair Work Commission.
In Western Australia, the state government has set up the Western Australia Industrial Relations Commission.
## United States {#united_states}
A reference to such a commission in the United States may be a reference to the Industrial Commission
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# Frenchman Formation
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 54, column 2):
unexpected '-'
|-
^
``
| 17 |
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# Barinya
***Barinya*** is a fossil genus from the marsupial family Dasyuridae, which contains the oldest known undoubted dasyurid. It is the only genus in the subfamily **Barinyainae**.
The principal differences between *Barinya* and more recent dasyurids are in the dentition and skull morphology, with *Barinya* displaying more primitive features. One described fossil exists and at least one remains to be described. This genus has only been found at Riversleigh in Queensland, where it is quite common in deposits from the Oligo-Miocene
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# Catholic Party (Belgium)
The **Catholic Party** (*Parti catholique*, `{{IPA|fr|paʁti katɔlik|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *Katholieke Partij*, `{{IPA|nl|kɑtoːˈlikə pɑrˈtɛi|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) was a Belgian political party established in 1869 as the **Confessional Catholic Party** (*Confessionele Katholieke Partij*). In 1921, the party became the **Catholic Union**, and from 1936 the **Catholic Block**.
## History
In 1852, a *Union Constitutionnelle et Conservatrice* was founded in Ghent, in Leuven (1854), and in Antwerp and Brussels in 1858, which were active only during elections. On 11 July 1864 the Federation of Catholic Circles and Conservative Associations was created (*Fédération des Cercles catholiques et des Associations conservatrices*; *Verbond van Katholieke Kringen en der Conservatieve Verenigingen*).
The other group which contributed to the party were the *Catholic Cercles*, of which the eldest had been founded in Bruges. The Malines Congresses in 1863, 1864, and 1867 brought together Ultramontanes or *Confessionals* and the Liberal-Catholics or *Constitutionals*. At the Congress of 1867, it was decided to create the *League of Catholic Circles*, which was founded on 22 October 1868.
The Catholic Party, under the leadership of Charles Woeste, gained an absolute majority in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 1884 from the Liberal Party in the wake of the schools dispute. The Catholic Party retained its absolute majority until 1918. In 1921, the party became the **Catholic Union**, and from 1936 the **Catholic Block**.
The party remained almost entirely inactive during the German occupation of Belgium during World War II and was officially disbanded on 5 February 1945. A successor party was founded on 18--19 August 1945 in the form of Christian Social Party (PSC-CVP).
## Notable members {#notable_members}
- Auguste Beernaert, Nobel Peace Prize in 1909.
- Jules de Burlet
- Paul de Smet de Naeyer
- Jules Vandenpeereboom
- Jules de Trooz
- Gustaaf Sap
- Frans Schollaert
- Charles de Broqueville
- Gérard Cooreman
- Henri Baels
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
### Chamber of Deputies {#chamber_of_deputies}
- 1936 Belgian general election: 61 seats, 27.67% of votes
- 1939 Belgian general election: 67 seats, 30
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# Deua River
The **Deua River**, being the main perennial river of the Moruya River catchment, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
## Course and features {#course_and_features}
The Deua River rises about 5 km southeast of Bendethera Mountain, on the eastern slopes of the Badja Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, within Deua National Park, in rugged and thickly forested ranges south of Braidwood. The river flows generally south, west, north, northeast, south southeast and east, making almost a complete circle, and is joined by fourteen minor tributaries, before becoming the Moruya River near Kiora. The river descends 634 m over its 139 km course.
The lower reaches of the river are estuarine by nature and are called the Moruya River, while the freshwater reaches are called the Deua River. The upper catchment of the Deua River is suspected to be in a rain shadow, so the Deua River is on the whole a small river, and naturally experiences periods of very low flow. Heavy use of groundwater and riverwater however, for summer irrigation of fruit crop in the tributary Araluen Valley and the main river locality Merricumbene, greatly exacerbate summer low flows.
The village of Araluen lies in the valley of Araluen Creek, that joins the Deua River at roughly the midpoint in its course. The name \'Araluen\' means \'water lily\' or \'place of the water lilies\' in the local aboriginal dialect. At the time of European settlement Araluen was described as a broad alluvial valley with one or more large natural billabongs covered with water lilies, likely providing some unusual but important habitat for native fish and other aquatic fauna. Unfortunately, no such billabongs exist in the Araluen valley today. As with most river and creek valleys in south-eastern Australia, the natural landscape and landforms of Araluen Creek and its valley were destroyed by rampant and destructive gold mining, including via hydraulic sluicing, in the latter half of the 1800s. This has mobilised hundreds of thousands of tons of coarse granitic sand and has led to serious sand-slugging or sand siltation of the lower half of the Deua River below the Araluen Creek confluence. New gold mines in the headwaters of the river remain controversial and have attracted considerable public attention for their proposed use of cyanide and breaches of environmental standards.
Despite the sand-slugging the Deua River is bio-diverse and supports an extremely important population of the endangered fish the Australian grayling (*Prototroctes maraena*)---possibly the best in the state of New South Wales---as well as thriving populations of several other native freshwater fish species including Cox\'s gudgeon (*Gobiomorphus coxii*), congolli (*Pseudaphritis urvillii*), Australian smelt (*Retropinna semoni*) and Galaxiids (*Galaxias* sp.), as well as some Australian bass (*Macquaria novemaculeata*). The river also supports healthy populations of platypus, azure kingfishers and eastern water dragons.
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# Deua River
## Historical accounts of sand-slugging {#historical_accounts_of_sand_slugging}
It is evident from the following accounts that sand-slugging of the Deua/Moruya Rivers commenced rapidly after the rampant destruction (via sluicing) of the tributary Araluen Creek and its valley in the 1860s. The damage of this gold-mining will last many lifetimes, as it is evident that the copious sand-slugging now present in the river will take many thousands of years to work through the river and out to sea via floods.
*Yarragee in its spring dress is really a pretty little village. It is situated about two miles from the town- ship, and on a bend of the Moruya River. The cottages are very comfortable, surrounded by flowers, timber, and fruit trees, and those in particular of Messrs. Jacob Luck, John Luck, and T. Gannon, are worthy of note. Near the banks of the river, Mr. Jacob Luck has a nice plantation of some hundreds of various young orange trees. **Here my attention was called to the state of the Moruya River, which is very shallow at this point, being filled, it is alleged, by the silt washed down from the Araluen diggings by the floods. About sixteen years ago the depth was sufficiently great to allow a vessel of sixty tons register to be built and launched here. This vessel belonged to Mr. Collett, whose estate I have described. Now the stream is scarcely a foot deep at this point, which is about six miles from Moruya, following the river course.***
**A Tour to the South.** \[FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT.\] No. 10.---THE BROULEE DISTRICT (CONTINUED). *Australian Town and Country Journal*, Saturday 21 October **1871**, Page 11
*Moruya stands on the south bank of the Moruya River, which runs west and east, its head being only five miles from the township. Steamers and coasters can enter the river with safety, and as several improvements have been effected of late years, the vessels find a fair port of shelter. The Moruya at the township is a fine wide stream fully 300 yards across; unfortunately it is shallow and only navigable for boats. **The increase of silt in the river of late years has been somewhat remarkable, and can only be accounted for from the fact that the Moruya being the outlet for Araluen and the diggings around its head, it is stated that thousands of tons of sand are washed down each flood.** The silting up of the stream would be of little moment were it not that directly opposite the town a sand-bank has during the last year placed itself, rendering the passage of the punt impossible. Traffic being impeded the inhabitants of Moruya are seriously inconvenienced. Petitions for a bridge have been presented, and the residents of the town and district are most anxious for a favourable consideration of their request.*
**The Southern Coast Districts.---From Bega to Moruya.** \[FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.\] *The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser*, Saturday 26 July **1873**, Page 102
*Some ten months back, I described in the columns of the Herald the southern coast, Moruya being included in my jottings with the rest of the coast town. I will not therefore at present enter into detail, but simply string together a few memories, mental ones made during my progress from Moruya to Manaro.*
*One of the first of these memories, I find, must touch upon the Moruya River, a stream which, by the way, of late years has not been conducting itself in a manner likely to benefit or keep the goodwill of the residents along its banks. Some short time back a punt used to travel from bank to bank opposite the town, the depth of water being quite sufficient for the purpose---indeed more, for I believe small coasting craft used to come up from the Heads to the town, a distance of about five miles. **Latterly, however, the stream commenced to silt up, each fresh bringing down from the Araluen thousands of tons of sand. In fact, the Moruya for years had to do the duty of a monster tail-race for the diggers of the Araluen Valley. Immense sandbanks now have formed in the river.** The punt cannot work, and the crossings, which only can be attempted by horses or vehicles at low tides, are dangerous in the extreme. This state of things is most disagreeable to the people of Moruya, and offers a serious bar to the traffic along this part of the coast.*
*By all reports, and according to all opinions, nothing but a bridge can answer the purpose. To obtain this boon the residents of the district have struggled, and I believe intend this year to make another attempt.*
**TRIP TO THE MANARO.** \[BY OUR SPECIAL REPORTER.\] *The Sydney Morning Herald*, Thursday 26 March **1874**, Page 6
*On approaching Araluen affairs assume a more serious air. The change commences where the Sideling Gold Mining Company has erected its great waterwheel, and is at work reefing and ground sluicing. This is at a distance of seven miles from Araluen. The company consists of eight proprietors, who are sanguine. The particulars promised respecting this claim have not yet reached me. From this claim the indications of mining increase. **The timber is more interfered with, races intersected the country everywhere, and patches of upturned country impart an air of desolation inseparable from mining industry**. The Araluen Creek winds through an extensive valley 1200 feet above the sea level, and surrounded by ranges of mountains about two miles apart. The ranges attain an altitude of 1000 feet, are precipitous, and sparsely wooded to the summit. **In this enclosure the shallow stream which now winds about, once swelled into a lagoon \[i.e. the lagoon once covered in water lilies\]**, and over the whole of the rocky bed formed a deposit which is now the object of search. This layer of \"wash-dirt\", which varies from four to thirty feet in depth, contains the gold. Near the creek it is easily reached, but away back it is covered with the tailings and debris of former diggers, that has to be removed. Further from the creek, therefore, the more stripping there is to deal with---16, 18, and 20 feet.*
**FROM MORUYA TO ARALUEN.** \[FROM AN OCCASIONAL TRAVELLER.\] ARALUEN, NOVEMBER 20. *The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser*, Saturday 28 November **1874**, Page 683
*Sir,---For the information of those who are opposed to dredging on the Murrumbidgee, permit me to quote the reply given recently at the Chamber of Mines, Sydney, by a New Zealand expert. The question was---What effect had dredging on natural watercourses. His reply---Nothing more than that produced by ordinary sluicing. If that be so the people of the lower Murrumbidgee have every reason to be alarmed should the Minister grant the lease applied for at Gundagai. **We have ample proof of the damage sluicing at Araluen has done on the Moruya River; it was, prior to the gold discovery at Araluen, navigable to the township of Moruya, but now the coasters cannot approach within ten miles of the town; the river has silted up to such a degree that rich maize-growing flats, which were formerly impervious to floods, now become submerged when we have what may be termed a moderate rainfall, making the land practically valueless for maize production.** There are many gentlemen, residents of Gundagai, who can bear witness to the accuracy of the above statement. The public importance of this matter is my claim on your val able apace.--- I am, etc.,* *JAMES J. DUFFY.* *Jones\' Creek, August 8, 1900.*
PUBLIC OPINION. **A MUCH-DISCUSSED QUESTION.** TO THE EDITOR
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# Château de Pierre-Percée
The **Château de Pierre-Percée** (\'pierced rock castle\') is a ruined castle found in the *commune* of Pierre-Percée in the *département* of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France. The site in the early 12th century was in possession of Agnès, countess of Bar and widow of the count of Langenstein. She married Hermann II, Count of Salm and son of Hermann I, King of Germania (Eastern Francia). A well dug 100 ft (\~30 m) into the rock gives the village and the castle their name. The territory, which included the towns of Badonviller (which became the capital of the county) and Blâmont, became for several hundred years part of the hereditary property of the Counts of Salm. Around 1134, Hermann II went to war allied to the Duke of Lorraine against the Count of Bar and Stephan of Bar, the Bishop of Metz, himself a member of the Bar family. Hermann was killed on the battlefield outside the Château de Frouard. The castle at Pierre-Percée was besieged for a year and fell into the hands of the bishop of Metz with the death of Hermann\'s eldest son.
The castle was not besieged again until the Thirty Years\' War (1618-1648) when, being deserted, it was destroyed by Franco-Swedish troops.
State property, the Château de Pierre-Percée is listed as a *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture
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# Route nationale 21
The **Route nationale 21** (N21) is a trunk road (nationale) in south west France.
## Reclassification
The N21 used to end at Gavarnie in the Pyrenees but after 1972 ended at Argelès-Gazost the old road is now the D921. Since 2006 the section south of Lourdes which is partly dual carriageway has been maintained by the Department Hautes-Pyrenees.
## Route
Limoges - Bergerac - Agen - Lourdes - Argelès-Gazost
### Limoges to Bergerac (0 to 145 km) {#limoges_to_bergerac_0_to_145_km}
The road starts at a junction with the N20 and heads west along the bank of the river Vienne which it crosses at Aixe-sur-Vienne. The road turns south west over open countryside to the small town of Châlus. The road passes through the *Parc Regional Limousin* reaching 350m altitude. The road passes the town of Thiviers before joining the River Isle close to its joining the river Auvezere. The road turns west to the town of Périgueux.
To the south of Périgueux the road is now numbered the D6021, with through traffic directed to use the N221 and A89 autoroute. The N21 recommences after the junction with the A89 and D6021 heading south. The countryside is now wooded including the *Forêt de Montclard*. The road meets the River Dordogne at the town of Bergerac.
### Bergerac to Agen(145 to 236 km) {#bergerac_to_agen145_to_236_km}
After Bergerac the road heads south east past the Chateau Montbazillac, to the small town of Castillonnes and then Cancon. The countryside becomes more rolling and the road reaches the Lot valley. The road now by-passes the town of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and continues to the south. The road then heads to the Garonne valley and the town of Agen. The town is home of the attraction Walibi Aquitaine and famous for its Prunes. Through traffic is directed west of the town along the N113.
### Agen to Lourdes (236 to 402 km) {#agen_to_lourdes_236_to_402_km}
The road continues south crossing the river and a junction (7) with the A62 autoroute. The countryside becomes more rugged as the road passes the towns of Astaffort and Lectoure. The road heads into the valley of the Ger and the town of Fleurance. Further south the road passes through the town of Auch. The road heads south west to Mirande and the town of Miélan. The road heads west crossing a ridge and the *Puntous de Laguian* (342m). At Rabastens-de-Bigorre the road turns south again to the town of Tarbes.
The road leaves Tarbes to the south west (old road now the D921) with a junction (12) to the A64 autoroute. It passes the Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrenees Airport before reaching the town of Lourdes.
### Lourdes to Argelès-Gazost/Gavarnie (402 to 453 Km) {#lourdes_to_argelès_gazostgavarnie_402_to_453_km}
The road is dual carriageway south of Lourdes and is now numbered the D821 following the River Luz. Thereafter the old road is now the D921 continuing south along the *Gorges de Luz* into the Pyrenees mountains. It passes Luz-St-Sauveur before taking the *Gorges de St Sauveur* to the skiing resort of Gavarnie overlooked by the *Pic de Tentes* (2,322m) and the *Cirque de Gavarnie* (3,248m)
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# Farinheira
**Farinheira** (`{{IPA|pt|fɐɾiˈɲɐjɾɐ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Portuguese smoked sausage made mainly from wheat flour, pork fat and seasonings (white wine, paprika, salt and pepper). It has a yellow/brown colour and is served in traditional dishes like *feijoada* or *cozido à portuguesa*. It is also eaten on its own, roasted or fried. In modern versions, it is previously cooked, then peeled and mixed with scrambled eggs and served on bread or toast as a starter.
Although it resembles a chouriço or other meat sausage, its taste is not meaty; it is tangy (but not hot), with a doughy texture and has a somewhat sweet finish in the palate. It is never cooked sliced, unlike other sausages, since its dough-like content would pour out of the skin during cooking, except when fried, or deep-fried, as thick slices.
## *Farinheiras* with PGI {#farinheiras_with_pgi}
Some *farinheiras* made in Portugal have a PGI status:
- *Farinheira de Estremoz e Borba*, from Estremoz and Borba area, PGI since 2004.
- *Farinheira de Portalegre*, from Portalegre area, (PGI) since 1997
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# Ometz (political party)
**Ometz** (*אומץ*, *Courage*), originally **Rafi -- National List** (Hebrew: רפ\"י -- רשימה ממלכתית, *Rafi -- Reshima Mamlakhtit*), then the **National List** (Hebrew: רשימה ממלכתית, *Reshima Mamlakhtit*) was a small right-wing political party in Israel, which existed briefly in 1981, and then from 1983 until 1987. Though linked to it, it is considered a separate entity to the National List of the early 1970s.
## Background
Rafi -- National List was founded when three MKs, Yigal Hurvitz, Yitzhak Peretz and Zalman Shoval, broke away from Likud in January 1981, during the ninth Knesset, Hurvitz and Shoval having previously been members of the National List. However, three months later Hurvitz and Shoval left to join Telem, and the party was renamed *National List*. It folded when Peretz rejoined Likud in June, shortly before the 30 June elections.
The party was refounded as *Rafi -- National List* by Hurvitz in 1983 during the tenth Knesset after Telem split in two (the other outcome was the Movement for the Renewal of Social Zionism). Prior to the 1984 elections the party was renamed *Ometz*.
The party only won one seat in the elections, taken by Hurvitz. Despite its small size, the party was invited to Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Shamir\'s national unity government alongside the National Religious Party, Agudat Israel, Shas, Morasha, and Shinui.
On 27 August 1988, the party merged into Likud and ceased to exist
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# Götatunneln
The **Götatunneln** (Göta Tunnel) is a road tunnel between Järntorget and Lilla Bommen in central Gothenburg, Sweden. It is 1600 m long.
Construction began 2000 and it was opened for traffic June 2006. The tunnel is separated in two tubes, each carrying three lanes of traffic. The cost including road connection was 3 billion SEK.
The tunnel has made it possible for the city of Gothenburg to build new apartments and restaurants just by the waterfront of the southern shore of Göta älv, which was cut off by the E45 road before
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# Yog Joy
**Yog Joy** (1938--1996) was an Indian photojournalist whose published works include over 1,000 pictures of news and of human interest themes in international newspapers, periodicals and books. He spent over 20 years with *The Tribune*, and became their photo editor.
## Biography
Joy came from a humble rural background. Born in the Sargodha District of Pakistan, he completed his education from Rohtak and pursued photography.
He has been honoured with national and international awards which include the National Press Award; All India Press Photography Competition Award; \'Sakaal\' Golden Jubilee National Award for outstanding news photography; The Lalit Kala Akademi\'s Portfolio Award, UNICEF photo awards on themes of the \'Girl Child\' and \'Child needs Peace\'; second prize in the UNESCO National Photo competition, second prize in \"Fun with Mazda\" organized by Mazda for three consecutive years (1985, 1986 and 1987); a medal in the World Photo Contest 1993 organised by UNESCO and ACCU, Japan, and first position in the Kodak Awards for Photographic Excellence in the professional category in 1998
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# William B. Preston (Mormon)
**William Bowker Preston** (November 24, 1830 -- August 2, 1908) was the fourth Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) between 1884 and 1907.
## Biography
Born in Halifax, Franklin County, Virginia, Preston was raised on a farm but at age 19 became a store clerk. He traveled to California by the Panama route in 1852.
He shortly afterward became a farmer in Yolo County, California. It was here that he joined the LDS Church. Preston was baptized by Henry G. Boyle in February 1857 and shortly afterward was ordained an elder by George Q. Cannon. Preston then served as a missionary in northern California until later that year when he led a company of Latter-day Saints to Utah Territory, responding to the call to gather in anticipation of the Utah War. Among those in Preston\'s company gathering to Utah was Moses Thatcher. Thatcher\'s sister Harriet A. Thatcher was also in this company, and the following February Preston married Harriet Thatcher. In 1859 Preston was among the first settlers of Logan, Utah. He was made bishop of Logan in November 1859.
Beginning in 1862, Preston served as a member of the Utah territorial legislature.
From 1865 to 1868 Preston served as a missionary in England. The next winter he spent as a sub-contractor working on the Union Pacific Railroad. He served as a member of the territorial legislature again from 1872 to 1882 and continued to serve as bishop of Logan after his return from England. In 1871, he became presiding bishop over Cache County, succeeding Peter Maughan, the first holder of this office, who had just died. Preston served as vice-president of the Utah and Northern Railway (the president was John W. Young), which was key to further economic development of Cache Valley. In 1877, Preston became first counselor to Moses Thatcher in the presidency of the Cache Stake. From 1879 to 1884, Preston served as president of the Cache Stake.
Preston also served as a director of the Logan Cooperative Mercantile Institution, and he also served on the board of trustees of Brigham Young College and as chairman of the executive committee of that college. From 1870 until 1882, Preston served as mayor of Logan.
Preston was a member of the Utah State Constitutional Convention in 1895, which led to Utah gaining statehood in 1896.
Preston was called to be the Presiding Bishop of the LDS Church by LDS Church president John Taylor on April 6, 1884. Preston served until ill health forced him to resign his position on December 4, 1907. He died of pneumonia in Salt Lake City, Utah, and was buried at Logan City Cemetery. The towns of Preston, Nevada and Preston, Idaho, in northern Cache Valley, are named after him
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# Sant Esteve de Palautordera
**Sant Esteve de Palautordera** (`{{IPA|ca|ˈsant əsˈteβə ðə pəˌlawtuɾˈðeɾə}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the *comarca* of the Vallès Oriental in Catalonia, Spain. It forms part of the sub-comarca of Baix Montseny
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# Jules d'Anethan
**Jules Joseph, Baron d\'Anethan** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒyl ʒozɛf baʁɔ̃ dantɑ̃}}`{=mediawiki}; 23 April 1803 -- 8 October 1888) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician.
After serving as minister for Justice and Religion, D\'Anethan was named the prime minister of Belgium and minister of Foreign Affairs by King Leopold II on 2 July 1870. During his term in office, d\'Anethan was responsible for directing the Belgian reaction to the Franco-Prussian War.
D\'Anethan and the king agreed a programme whereby the King\'s favoured military reforms---in particular the abolition of *Remplacement* conscription---would be implemented, along with an agreement not to institute electoral reforms. He served as Foreign and War minister in his own government.
D\'Anethan was obliged to include in his cabinet ministers who were opposed to the abolition of *Remplacement* which led to conflicts with the King. A political crisis following his nomination of Pierre de Decker as governor of Limburg led to the resignation of d\'Anethan\'s government.
He later served, from 1884 to 1885, as president of the Belgian Senate.
## Honours
- : Minister of State, by royal decree
- : Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold
- : Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Christ.
- : Knight Grand Cross in the Imperial Order of the Rose
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# Pierre-Percée
**Pierre-Percée** (`{{IPA|fr|pjɛʁ pɛʁse}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France
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# Sacro Monte di Ghiffa
The **Sacred Mountain of Ghiffa** is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the *comune* of Ghiffa, Piedmont, northern Italy, overlooking the Lake Maggiore. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list.
It is a stop-over on the CoEur devotional path.
## Description
The dedication to the mystery of the Trinity was influenced by a pre-existing small oratory on Mount Cariago. The panoramic view over the Piedmont side of Lake Maggiore displays a high level of compositional architecture and landscape research. The monumental complex is not homogeneous but remains incomplete and the authors and founders are anonymous. The Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary Crowned was the first to be constructed in 1647. The portico of Via Crucis, erected in the 17th century, underlines the shift from the themes of the Counter Reformation to that of the Passion of Christ
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# Boarding (transport)
**Boarding** is the entry of passengers onto a vehicle, usually in public transportation. Boarding starts with entering the vehicle and ends with the seating of each passenger and closing the doors. The term is used in road, rail, water and air transport (for example, passengers **board** a coach).
## Aviation
At commercial airports, a *boarding call* on the public announcement system asks travelers to proceed to the departure gate and board the aircraft. This can begin any time from an hour to thirty minutes before departure (depending on the size of the plane and number of passengers). For boarding an aircraft, airstairs or jetways are used. Small aircraft may carry their own stairs.
Airlines control the access to the aircraft by checking passengers\' boarding passes and matching them with the list of passengers and their identification cards. Many airlines use the IATA standard *Bar Coded Boarding Passes* (BCBP) to automate this process. A 2D bar code is scanned and the data are sent to the airline\'s system to look up the list of passengers. If the passenger is entitled to board, a positive message is sent back to the airline agent.
Boarding in air travel is supervised by ground personnel. The pilot is responsible for the boarding as soon as the doors are closed because by law the aircraft is then \"in flight\".
After boarding, the taxiing and takeoff will follow in most cases.
Boarding mit mobiler Gangway.jpg\|Boarding with mobile gangway in Zurich, 2011 Image:Cologne Bonn Airport Terminal C5.jpg\|Boarding bridge to an aircraft via a jetway at the Cologne Bonn Airport in 2001. Image:B737-500.Economycabin.jpg\|Having boarded, passengers stow their cabin baggage - Lufthansa Boeing 737-500.
### Boarding patterns and efficiency {#boarding_patterns_and_efficiency}
Most North American airlines have assigned seating, but Southwest Airlines does not. Southwest boards passengers in A, B, and C number groups depending on their ticket purchase date. Across North American airlines, it is standard to allow early boarding for passengers with mobility impairments, those with small children, and first class passengers. All airlines allow passengers in premium cabins or with elite status to board earlier, with some offering it to coach customers for a fee.
Several boarding patterns by seating location are possible:
- Back-to-front by row
- Outside-in by column (window, middle, aisle = \"Wilma\")
- Block boarding (outside-in within a zone, with zones ordered back-to-front)
- Reverse pyramid (combines back-to-front with outside-in)
- Rotating zone (alternating back-to-front and front-to-back segments)
- Random
Efficiency considerations to minimize overall boarding time include:
- Whether passengers have to wait to pass other passengers in the aisle
- Whether passengers have to cross already-seated passengers in aisle and middle seats
- How many people can be storing luggage and taking their seats at the same time
Competing considerations include:
- Encouraging specific behaviors (paying more, self-service, checking in earlier, buying earlier)
- Whether families and friends can board together
- Passenger stress with regard to who gets what seat and competition for overhead bin space
Computer simulations indicate that the outside-in and reverse-pyramid patterns should be fastest, followed by block and random, followed by back-to-front and rotating zone. American Airlines found in a two-year study that randomized boarding was faster than outside-in. Despite this, most North American airlines use the back-to-front pattern.
Another proposed method to speed boarding is to have passengers sort themselves by row and seat while still standing in the waiting area.
Television series *MythBusters* examined various boarding techniques in their 2014 episode \"Plane Boarding\" and found the standard back-to-front system to be the slowest among the tested.
At the gate, the term \"gate lice\" has been applied to passengers who cluster around the boarding area prior to their designated time to board.
### Pre-boarding {#pre_boarding}
As the process of controlling and verifying boarding passes and identity documents takes non-negligible amounts of time and as some airlines aim to reduce turnaround times, the process of \"pre boarding\" is increasingly employed. In this process, passengers enter a separate area after having their boarding pass inspected before the plane is ready to be boarded and once actual boarding commences passengers simply enter the plane.
## Water transport {#water_transport}
In water transport a boarding onto a watercraft can be done while it is located moored or anchored.
Image:CBP female officers going aboard a ship.jpg\|Officers board a ship using a gangway. <File:tourist> boat at sa calobra (majorca spain) arp.jpg\|Tourists board a boat in Majorca (Spain) for a coastal trip from Sa Calobra to Port de Soller
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# Boarding (transport)
## Buses
Passengers board buses in the United Kingdom by either indicating to the bus driver they want to board (by queuing up at the bus stop or by holding out an arm) or by boarding when a bus has stopped at a bus station.
Once on board passengers can either purchase a ticket for their journey or they can show a travel pass (such as an Oyster card when passengers travel on London buses).
On long-distance buses in Europe tickets are usually checked upon boarding whereas in Latin America fares or tickets are collected on the moving bus by an assistant to the driver
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# Zenbu! Petitmoni
is the first album and only album of the subgroup Pucchimoni. It was released on August 21, 2002 selling a total of 109,160 copies, and placing at #1 on the Oricon Albums Chart.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
The lyricist and composer of the songs is Tsunku.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. \"Dream & Kiss\"
8.
9.
10.
11
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# Herbert Smith (mineralogist)
**George Frederick Herbert Smith** CBE (26 May 1872 `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} 20 April 1953) was a British mineralogist who worked for the British Museum (Natural History). He discovered the mineral paratacamite in 1906, and developed a jeweller\'s refractometer for the rapid identification of gems. The minerals smithite and herbertsmithite are named after him, as is Herbert\'s rock-wallaby.
## Career
Smith was born in 1872, went to school at Winchester College and then to New College, Oxford. In Oxford, he studied mathematics from 1891 to 1895, gaining first class marks, and then graduated in physics in 1896. Smith was appointed as an assistant in the British Museum (Natural History) in December 1896. He worked in the mineralogy department of the museum until 1921, when he became assistant secretary of the museum, succeeding Charles E. Fagan.
In his mineralogical career, Smith worked on topics including the determination of mineral structures and compositions. He wrote papers on the structure of the gold telluride mineral calaverite (`{{Chem2|AuTe2)}}`{=mediawiki}; and he described the new copper-zinc oxychloride mineral paratacamite. Smith also developed new instruments for the practical measurement of the crystallographic and optical features of minerals and gems (goniometers and a refractometer), and wrote a text book on gemstones and gemmology that was first published in 1912, and went through many editions, with the thirteenth edition published posthumously after revisions by F.C. Phillips 1958.
In his role as secretary of the museum, he oversaw the expansion of the museum and the creation of new buildings for the department of entomology; and he was in charge of the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Natural History museum in 1931. He also started the practice of selling postcards of museum items, and established a sports club for the staff of the museum. He served as secretary of the museum until 1935, before returning to the mineralogical department for two years before retirement. He retired in 1937.
In 1927, in conjunction with the Society of Civil Servants, Smith arranged for a special train to take civil servants to Richmond, Yorkshire, to view the solar eclipse. Smith provided pieces of smoked glass for viewing, and wrote a guide to the eclipse. Richmond was in the line of totality, and many thousands of visitors attended on fleets of special excursion trains that day, including Virginia Woolf, who described the events in her diary and in a 1928 essay *The Sun and the Fish*. At totality, the Sun was obscured by clouds.
## Professional service {#professional_service}
In 1918, Smith helped to establish the Society of Civil Servants \'to cover the middle and upper grades of the service\'. He was honorary secretary of this society from 1918 to 1925, vice-president from 1925 to 1928, and president for the period 1928 to 1932.
Smith played a major role in the professional work of gemmologists in the United Kingdom. He set and marked the first diploma in gemmology (from 1912), and was later an examiner for the Gemmological Association of Great Britain (Gem-A) from 1931 to 1951. He was elected president of the association from 1942 to 1953, and was awarded the title of honorary fellow in 1946.
Smith served on the council of the Royal Albert Hall from 1930 to 1953, and worked for many years for the society for the promotion of nature reserves, which eventually became the UK government agency, Nature Conservancy in 1948 and the National Parks Commission in 1949.
## Recognition
In 1905, mineralogist R H Solly named a silver arsenic sulphide mineral (`{{chem2|AgAsS2}}`{=mediawiki}) smithite after Smith. This mineral was from the Lengenbach Quarry in the Binn valley, Switzerland. At that time, Smith was working on other minerals from the same location. In 2004, a copper zinc oxychloride mineral (`{{Chem2|ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2}}`{=mediawiki}) herbertsmithite was named after Smith, since it was found to share chemical and structural features with paratacamite, which Smith had discovered in 1906.
In 1926, Herbert\'s rock-wallaby, *Petrogale herberti* was named in Smith\'s honour, to reflect the assistance he had provided to Hubert Wilkins, on whose expedition the wallaby had been discovered.
In June 1949, Smith was awarded the CBE for \'services to the flora and fauna of the British Isles\'.
| 693 |
Herbert Smith (mineralogist)
| 0 |
10,086,173 |
# Herbert Smith (mineralogist)
## Family
Smith married Rosalie Ellerton (d. 1936), and they had a daughter. Smith died on 20 April 1953, after a short illness
| 27 |
Herbert Smith (mineralogist)
| 1 |
10,086,187 |
# Electoral district of Macleay
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^
``
| 25 |
Electoral district of Macleay
| 0 |
10,086,190 |
# Edward Hunter (Mormon)
**Edward Hunter Jr.** (June 22, 1793 -- October 16, 1883) was the third Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1851 until his death. He served as Presiding Bishop longer than any other person in the history of the LDS Church.
## Biography
Born to Edward Hunter and Hannah Maris in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, Hunter was engaged in the mercantile business near Philadelphia from 1816 to 1822 and was married to Ann Standley in 1830. Hunter served in the United States Cavalry for seven years, and as Delaware County commissioner for three years. During this time, Hunter identified as a Swedenborgian.
Hunter converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1840, served as bishop of the Nauvoo 5th Ward from 1844 to 1846, and made significant financial contributions to the early church. He migrated to the Salt Lake Valley in 1846--47 and served as the bishop of the Salt Lake City 13th Ward from 1849 to 1854. Hunter was elected to the Utah Territorial Assembly on November 15, 1851, and served one term.
Hunter was called as Presiding Bishop by LDS Church president Brigham Young in 1851. Young and Heber C. Kimball served as Hunter\'s informal counselors for more than five years until Hunter formally called Leonard W. Hardy and Jesse Carter Little to these positions.
As *ex officio* president of the church\'s Aaronic priesthood, Hunter laid the southwest cornerstone of the Salt Lake Temple on April 6, 1853.
Hunter died at Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, and was buried at the Salt Lake City Cemetery
| 271 |
Edward Hunter (Mormon)
| 0 |
10,086,192 |
# Larry Hennessy
**Larry Hennessy** (May 20, 1929 -- August 20, 2008) was an American basketball player.
Hennessy, a 6\' 4\" forward out of Blessed Sacrament High School in New Rochelle, New York, played college basketball for Villanova University. An excellent passer and rebounder, Hennessy finished his collegiate career with 1737 points. He was named to the 1951--52 sophomore All-America first team.
Hennessy played professionally in the NBA for the Philadelphia Warriors in 1955--56, and for the Syracuse Nationals in 1956--57.
Hennessy played in the Eastern Professional Basketball League (EPBL) for the Wilkes-Barre Barons, Allentown Jets and Scranton Miners from 1956 to 1962. He won EPBL championships with the Barons in 1958 and 1959. Hennessy was selected as the EPBL Most Valuable Player and as a member of the All-EPBL First Team in 1958 and to the Second Team in 1957. Hennessy served as head coach of the Asbury Park Boardwalkers during the 1966--67 season and accumulated a 2--17 record.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### NBA
Source
#### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team GP MPG FG% FT% RPG APG PPG
-------- -------------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------
† Philadelphia **53** 8.4 **.344** **.813** .9 .9 3.7
Philadelphia 2 12.5 .286 -- .5 **1.5** 2.0
Syracuse 19 **18.3** .321 .719 **2.3** 1.3 **6.9**
Career 74 11.0 .334 .766 1.3 1.0 4.5
#### Playoffs
Year Team GP MPG FG% FT% RPG APG PPG
------- -------------- ---- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- -----
1956† Philadelphia 3 3.7 .000 -- .3 .7
| 250 |
Larry Hennessy
| 0 |
10,086,210 |
# 1974 Five Nations Championship
The **1974 Five Nations Championship** was the 45th season of the Five Nations Championship, a rugby union competition contested by the men\'s national teams of England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Including its previous incarnations as the Home Nations, this was the competition\'s 80th season. Ten matches were played between 19 January and 16 March. The championship was won by Ireland, the team\'s eighth outright title (seven other titles had been shared with other teams).
This was the first time ever that two games were played on the same weekend. This was brought in after the request from some teams, who complained that they had to always play early on in the year when bad weather prevailed, but others played in March, when the weather was better.
To get round this problem, the new format saw each team play each other\'s fixtures in a rotational period of scheduling. As an example, Scotland played England last in 1975, 1980, 1985. In 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991, the Scotland v England fixture was on the second weekend.
The 1974 tournament was closely contested with three of the matches ending in draws. Ireland topped the table after four rounds but had to sit out the final round of matches. Both France and Wales had chances to win the title, but both lost their last games. Welsh winger J. J. Williams appeared to score a winning try late in their game against England, but it was disallowed by referee John West, an Irishman, leading singer and Welsh rugby fan Max Boyce to compose a song about \"blind Irish referees\"
| 269 |
1974 Five Nations Championship
| 0 |
10,086,225 |
# When I Call Your Name (Mary Kiani song)
\"**When I Call Your Name**\" is the debut solo single by Scottish singer Mary Kiani. It was produced by Nightcrawlers, and released in July 1995 by 1st Avenue and Mercury from Kiani\'s first album, *Long Hard Funky Dreams* (1995). The song peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance Singles Chart.
## Track listings and formats {#track_listings_and_formats}
\# Title Length
--------------------------- ------------------------- --------
**UK CD single MERCD440**
1\. Radio Edit 3:40
2\. Motiv8 Special Club Mix 6:30
3\. A Team Paradise Mix 6:00
4\. Nightcrawlers Vocal Mix 4:21
5\. Hardfloor Vocal Mix 8:00
6\. Eddy Fingers Mix 8:09
**UK 12\" MERX440**
A1. Motiv8 Special Club Mix
A2. Motiv8 Vocal Club Mix
B1. Hardfloor Vocal Mix
B2
| 133 |
When I Call Your Name (Mary Kiani song)
| 0 |
10,086,231 |
# Cyclone George
**Severe Tropical Cyclone George** was one of the most powerful Australian tropical cyclones on record, attaining a minimum barometric pressure of 902 mbar (hPa; 26.64 inHg). It was also the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2007 and the last Australian region tropical cyclone to achieve this record to date. The cyclone formed on 26 February 2007 in the Northern Territory\'s Top End, and intensified when it entered the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, before crossing the northern coast of the Kimberley. It moved over the Indian Ocean, intensifying to a Category 4 cyclone, and eventually crossed the Pilbara coast just east of Port Hedland at peak intensity. After further analysis from the Bureau of Meteorology, George was reclassified to Category 5. The cyclone caused significant damage to the town of Port Hedland and numerous isolated mining camps around the town. Losses in the Northern Territory amounted to at least A\$12 million. Two people died and more than a dozen others were infected in a melioidosis outbreak following the Northern Territory floods. Insured damage in Western Australia amounted to \$8 million, and there were three fatalities.
## Meteorological history {#meteorological_history}
On 24 February 2007, an area of low pressure began consolidating over the Arafura Sea. By 26 February, the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) warning centre in Darwin classified the system as a tropical low with its centre situated 230 km northwest of Nhulunbuy. Over the following days, the system meandered around the Top End region and showed signs of gradual organisation. Initial forecasts depicted the low as moving gradually eastward and becoming a significant cyclone over the Gulf of Carpentaria; however, after approaching Milingimbi Island on 1 March, the system doubled back to the west in response to a subtropical ridge over central Australia. Though overland, the cyclone remained well-organized (a typical occurrence for tropical lows over Top End). Deep convection blossomed on 2 March, as the system approached the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf. Owing to favourable upper-level outflow and decreasing wind shear, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system that day. The agency estimated the formation of a tropical depression, assigning it the identifier *17S*, by 00:00 UTC (9:30 a.m. ACST) on 3 March while it was still over land. Hours later, the low emerged over the Gulf and acquired gale-force winds while situated 75 km south-southeast of Gunbalanya. In light of this, the Darwin warning centre initiated advisories on *Tropical Cyclone George*, marking the first time since Cyclone Fay, in 2004, that the Darwin office named a storm.
George quickly intensified once offshore, with a very small banding eye of approximately 8 km in diameter appearing on SSMI satellite imagery, and gained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) by 18:00 UTC (3:00 a.m. AWST on 4 March). The system subsequently made landfall in the Kimberley region of Western Australia at that intensity hours later. Substantial structural degradation took place over land, with the eye feature dissipating, and the BOM estimated the system to have briefly weakened to a tropical low before emerging over the extreme eastern Indian Ocean late on 4 March. Once offshore, George regained tropical cyclone strength as it moved steadily west away from Australia. Intensification was slow due to a lack of outflow and increased wind shear. Over the following few days, most forecast models indicated that George would gradually turn to the south as it rounded the subtropical ridge and possibly strike areas between Exmouth and Onslow by 9 March. The models continued to indicate this scenario through 6 March, resulting in a high-confidence forecast from the Perth warning centre. However, on 7 March George took an abrupt, nearly 90 degree left turn through a weakness in the ridge and began moving almost due south. This turn caught meteorologists almost entirely off-guard, with only the United Kingdom Met Office ensemble model depicting this scenario. Post-storm reviews of the forecasting failure pointed toward four factors that may have influenced George at the time but were not initialised by the models: the extratropical transition of Cyclone Humba well upstream over the Indian Ocean, a Fujiwhara interaction with Cyclone Jacob to the northwest, the Beta drift effect, and poorly represented monsoonal flow. Of these factors, the monsoonal flow was determined to have been the main cause in the poor track forecast as models did not capture the degree of influence of these winds on the cyclone. This resulted in the forecast track for George having the greatest error of any cyclone in the Western Australian region in at least five years. The average error of 477 km at 48 hours was comparable to the average accuracy of forecasts in the 1980s.
Coinciding with George\'s turn south was a notable improvement of environmental factors. Wind shear, previously inhibiting organisation, began to decrease while a nearby upper-level low enhanced the system\'s outflow. The favourable condition allowed for an increase in both strength and size, with both the BOM and JTWC estimating the cyclone to have attained hurricane-force winds by 12:00 UTC (8:00 pm. AWST) on 7 March.{{#tag:ref\|Hurricane-force winds are equivalent to 119 km/h (74 mph) or greater.\|group=\"nb\"\|name=\"hurricanewinds\"}} By early on 8 March, George featured an area of gale-force winds spanning nearly 400 km across, significantly larger than average. A large cloud-filled eye soon developed before a sudden period of rapid intensification ensued. During this phase, the cyclone\'s eye steadily contracted to a minimum diameter of roughly 22 km. Between 09:00 and 10:00 UTC (5:00--6:00 pm. AWST) on 8 March, George passed directly over Bedout Island. As the eyewall moved over the island, a record-breaking ten-minute sustained wind speed of 194 km/h was measured, until it was surpassed by Cyclone Ilsa in 2023. Based on the extreme winds measured on Bedout and additional intensification thereafter, George was estimated to have reached its peak intensity at 12:00 UTC (8:00 pm. AWST) with winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and an estimated barometric pressure of 902 mbar (hPa; 26.64 inHg). Automated Dvorak classifications from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies at University of Wisconsin--Madison peaked at 6.8, equivalent to a high-end Category 4 on the Saffir--Simpson hurricane wind scale, as the storm moved ashore.
At 10 p.m on 8 March, Cyclone George made landfall 50 km north-east of Port Hedland. When it made landfall, it was still at its peak intensity. Damaging wind gusts of 154 km/h were recorded at Port Hedland Airport weather station just before 11 pm. The anemometer failed shortly afterwards. At 00:12 on 9 March, an air pressure reading of 962.7 hPa was recorded at Port Hedland Airport; this was lowest recorded at the airport during the passage of the cyclone. George weakened slowly while over land and it was downgraded to a Category 3 late on 9 March. The next day, the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Perth issued its final warning for the system. George\'s remnants continued drifting southeastward and then southward over the next 3 days, before dissipating on 13 March, in southern Australia.
## Preparations
Cyclone George resulted in numerous schools and ports in Port Hedland being closed down to deal with the severe cyclone. Mining and Oil & Gas companies had to ultimately close to also deal with the threat of the imminent cyclone. People were additionally evacuated from low lying levels near the sea, and moved either to higher ground, or further inland to Cyclone Shelters.
| 1,232 |
Cyclone George
| 0 |
10,086,231 |
# Cyclone George
## Impact
### Northern Territory {#northern_territory}
As a developing tropical low, George produced prolonged heavy, in some cases record-breaking, rain across much of the Northern Territory in late February through early March. The most prolific rains took place as the system strengthened and began moving away from the region. In a five-day span, numerous areas saw more than a month\'s worth of precipitation. Several towns and cities saw single-day rainfall records for March shattered by the system most notably Jabiru Airport with 393.4 mm falling on 1 March, more than three times the previous highest. Other places that broke daily records include Adelaide River, Black Point, Channel Island, Elizabeth Valley, Howard Springs, Mango Farm, Gunbalanya, Territory Wildlife Farm, Thorak Cemetery, and Walker Creek. The tremendous rains also resulted in many areas seeing their wettest March on record.
Widespread flooding resulted from the rains in the region, with some areas becoming isolated by 2 March. Extensive damage was incurred by region\'s roadways, with losses reaching \$12 million. Officials referred to the effects of the flooding as the worst in 40 years. Portions of the Kakadu and Arnhem highways were shut down, with the latter expected to remain so for a week. Throughout the Top End region, a collective 101 bridges and roads were closed due to flooding. Workers at the Ranger Uranium Mine in Jabiru were forced to camp out at the mine as floodwaters overtook the area. The mine\'s pit was inundated and forced to shut down for nine days while processing had to be suspended for two weeks. The resulting loss in production cost Energy Resources of Australia 300 tonnes (330 tons) of uranium. According to resource analysts, the negative impacts of the flood in addition to lingering effects from Cyclone Monica in 2006 would result in a two percent decrease in the global supply of uranium by 2008. Economic losses sustained by the Energy Resources of Australia were estimated to reach \$200 million. At least one house nearby was submerged.
Just south of Jabiru, 35 people were airlifted from the Gagudju Lodge in Cooinda. Helicopters were used to drop food to personnel stranded at outstations in the Kakadu National Park. Severe storms in the park spawned a rare tornado near the Mary River Ranger Station. The 300 m wide twister levelled trees and destroyed caravans along a 3 km path. In some cases, trees were even debarked. Based on the damage, the tornado was estimated to have had winds between 230 and. Severe thunderstorms battered Darwin on 3 March with frequent lightning, torrential rain, and destructive wind gusts up to 120 km/h (75 mph). Downed trees and power lines left 10,000 residents without electricity and flooded roadways isolated some in suburban areas. Flight delays were common at Darwin International Airport, while two had to be cancelled. Four people in Adelaide River required rescue from their home. Debris from flooding in the town left main street and a nearby bridge impassible.
The most severe flooding took place in Gunbalanya which saw roughly 930 mm of rain in less than a week. Evacuation of 90 people from 47 homes in the town took place on 3 March as rising waters from the local billabong became contaminated with sewage. Residents initially attempted to protect their homes with sandbags but waters rose too fast and over-topped the barrier. Waters reached halfway up homes in the lowest lying areas, with high tide expected to reach 7.2 m on 4 March. Waters began subsiding in the town by 6 March, though low-lying areas remained partially submerged. More than 60 homes sustained flood-related damage. The local school and its library sustained extensive damage, with the latter being damaged beyond repair. An estimated 350 of the 1,400 cattle kept in paddocks near the community were swept away during the flood; at least 70 were known to have drowned by 7 March.
### Western Australia {#western_australia}
Cyclone George was the most powerful cyclone to hit Port Hedland since Cyclone Joan in 1975. The cyclone\'s peak intensity of 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) with wind gusts of up to 285 km/h was estimated following Dvorak analysis of satellite imagery.
Power and telephone lines were down in Port Hedland, many roofs and fences were torn down and trees were uprooted. At least one house was destroyed. The Pilbara region was declared a disaster zone, and the Australian Defence Force was on standby to provide extra help. At around 10 p.m on 8 March, the Bureau of Meteorology\'s Port Hedland weather radar was damaged by the cyclone and was offline for nearly a day. Tropical Cyclone Jacob struck almost the same area as George only three days later, although it was not as damaging or deadly as George. It did however cause some minor flooding.
Three people were killed and twenty-eight others were injured as a result of the severe cyclone. One death and the majority of the people injured occurred at a Fortescue Metals Group camp, about 100 km (62.13 mi) south of Port Hedland. Strong winds and flooding delayed the rescue efforts for most of the day. However, all injured workers were airlifted to the hospital in Port Hedland after the cyclone passed. The deaths occurred when strong winds knocked over temporary accommodation shelters known as dongas. The second death occurred at Indee station, located between Port Hedland and the mining camp. The man died from severe internal injuries while escaping from his wrecked donga, trying to seek help at the main station homestead. A third death occurred when a man who was transferred to a Perth hospital on 11 March died due to the injuries received when the cyclone hit at the Fortescue camp.
| 949 |
Cyclone George
| 1 |
10,086,231 |
# Cyclone George
## Aftermath
### Northern Territory {#northern_territory_1}
Starting on 7 March, the Gunbalanya Health Clinic began warning residents of a possible melioidosis outbreak resulting from the floods. They urged residents to wear shoes and wash their hands before eating to avoid infection. More than a dozen people contracted the disease over the following weeks, with two dying as a result. Three others were hospitalised in the Royal Darwin Hospital. Reconstruction of roads in and around Darwin began by 9 March; however, portions of the Arnhem Highway remained under water. The Department of Planning and Infrastructure stated that a 15 m bridge would have to be constructed over the West Alligator River where a culvert collapsed. The \$1.2 million bridge was completed on 5 April and allowed Arnhem Highway to completely re-open. Repair work on roads continued for more than a month, with additional rains in the following weeks creating additional potholes. A week after the floods, there was some concern over a delay in aid from the government; however, authorities assured that supplies would be provided in a timely manner once need assessments were complete. The Salvation Army began collecting supplies for the 90 people rendered homeless by 13 March with additional requests for assistance made to the Australian Red Cross. Shipments of supplies to Gunbalanya began on 20 March, with a total of 14 flights scheduled over two days. The airlifts brought more than \$200,000 worth of goods, consisting of mattresses, blankets, sheets, refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves, to the community.
### Western Australia {#western_australia_1}
On 9 March, Prime Minister John Howard announced that persons injured by the storm or those whom lost their home would be eligible for funding through the Australian Government Disaster Recovery Payment program. The initiative ultimately provided 530 people with a collective \$630,000 in aid.
After Cyclone George struck the Pilbara coast, a relief fund was set up to help the victims of the storm. Mining companies, business, and residents all donated money to assist with the cause, and within 48 hours the town of Port Hedland was able to raise just over \$520,000 BHP also helped recover Port Hedland by giving the local government \$1 million each year which will fund for a large part of an enhancement scheme with the Western Australian State Government to improve the town\'s appearance. Schools in South Hedland remained closed due to safety concerns about the damage caused by cyclones George and Jacob until 19 March, after the local community joined in a massive clean-up.
In commemoration of the deaths that took place, the Fortescue Metals Group commissioned the McNally Newton Landscape Architects to construct a memorial in South Hedland. Acclaimed sculptor Ron Gomboc designed a 12 m twisted, steel monument for the project. The memorial was opened in March 2009, two years after the storm.
#### Lawsuits
The Australian Workers\' Union (AWU) launched a scathing attack on the Fortescue Metals Group, saying they were disgraced that no evacuation took place before the cyclone hit. The AWU were also concerned about the buildings at the campsite as they were only built to withstand a Category 2 cyclone. Almost all of the buildings located at the camp site were destroyed. Fortescue and its subsidiary the Pilbara Infrastructure (TPI) were charged with a combined 18 counts of failing to provide or maintain a safe workplace over Cyclone George and appeared in Perth Magistrates Court. The Magistrate dismissed all charges and when that decision was appealed to the Supreme Court of Western Australia the appeal was also dismissed, with Justice Stephen Hall finding that Fortescue had met their duty to provide a safe workplace by engaging \"qualified and experienced experts\" to manage the dongas. Both courts had heard that the company contracted to build the dongas, NT Link, had given assurances to Fortescue that the dongas had been constructed to industry standards when it had not. NT Link was granted immunity from prosecution in exchange for its testimony against Fortescue
| 662 |
Cyclone George
| 2 |
10,086,237 |
# Volvo PV
**Volvo PV** is a model name that Volvo used on a number of automobiles during the company\'s first forty years:
- 1928-1929 Volvo PV4
- 1929-1936 Volvo PV650 Series
- 1935-1938 Volvo PV36
- 1936-1945 Volvo PV51 Series
- 1938-1958 Volvo PV800 Series
- 1946-1950 Volvo PV60
- 1947-1958 Volvo PV444
- 1953-1960 Volvo PV445
- 1958-1965 Volvo PV544
Volvo PV is also the short form for *Volvo Personvagnar* (dir.trans: Volvo person wagon), the Swedish name for Volvo Cars, as opposed to Volvo LV, or *Volvo Lastvagnar* (dir.trans: Volvo load wagon), the Swedish name for Volvo Trucks.
## Gallery
Image:PV4 2.JPG\|Volvo PV4 Image:1935VolvoPV659.jpg\|Volvo PV659 Image:Volvo PV53 Sedan 1939.jpg\|Volvo PV53 Image:Volvo PV 831 1954 2.jpg\|Volvo PV831 Image:Volvo PV60 Sedan 1946 2.jpg\|Volvo PV60 Image:Volvo PV444 3.jpg\|Volvo PV444 Image:Volvo PV 445 Duett Station Wagon.jpg\|Volvo PV445 Image:Volvo PV544 3108
| 138 |
Volvo PV
| 0 |
10,086,250 |
# Flag of Bohol
The **Flag of Bohol** is the provincial flag of Bohol, Philippines. It is a vertical triband bearing the three main colors of the Philippine flag. According to the official interpretation of the flag\'s symbolism, the color blue represents nobility; white, purity; and red, courage. The design is similar to the flags of France and the Novgorod Oblast in Russia.
Bohol is one of the few Philippine provinces to have a distinctly-designed flag, deviating from the standard flag design of the provincial seal on a colored field. The flag has a proportion of 1:2, the same as the flag of the Philippines.
## Symbolism
Charged on the white field is the main portion of the seal of Bohol, depicting the island\'s history and famous landmarks: on the foreground is a tableau of the Sandugo between Miguel López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna which symbolizes the \"Boholano\'s love of peace,\" while behind this are the Chocolate Hills and a field of green, symbolizing the province\'s natural beauty and agricultural resources. Flanking this scene are the two *barong*s (swords) representing the Tamblot uprising and the Dagohoy rebellion, whose tips meet at the bottom of the emblem.
A blue five-pointed star, fimbriated yellow, appears above the central emblem; on all physical versions of the flag the star always appears on the observer\'s right, whether on the obverse or reverse side. The lone star represents Carlos P. Garcia, the only president of the Philippines to come from Bohol: his tenure as Philippine president (1957--1961) was originally represented by a yellow star on the original provincial flag; a smaller blue star \"superimposed\" on the yellow star was added in 1971 after Garcia was elected president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention, even though he died the day after he took his oath. Another star is meant to be added for every Boholano that becomes president of the Philippines.
## History
The flag was adopted as the provincial flag through Provincial Board Resolution No. 238 on 28 October 1969. The current version of the flag, with a blue star \"superimposed\" on the yellow star, became official with the adoption of Provincial Board Resolution No. 121 in 1971
| 363 |
Flag of Bohol
| 0 |
10,086,258 |
# Outline of zoology
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to zoology:
**Zoology** -- study of animals. Zoology, or \"animal biology\", is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the identification, structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek word ζῷον (*zōon*), i.e. \"animal\" and λόγος, (*logos*), i.e. \"knowledge, study\". To study the variety of animals that exist (or have existed), see *list of animals by common name* and *lists of animals*.
## Essence of zoology {#essence_of_zoology}
- Animal
- Fauna
## Branches of zoology {#branches_of_zoology}
### Branches by group studied {#branches_by_group_studied}
- Arthropodology - study of arthropods as a whole
- Carcinology - the study of crustaceans
- Entomology - study of insects
- Coleopterology - study of beetles
- Dipterology - study of flies
- Hemipterology - study of true bugs
- Lepidopterology - study of butterflies and moths
- Melittology - study of bees
- Myrmecology - study of ants
- Odonatology - study of dragonflies and damselflies
- Orthopterology - study of grasshoppers and crickets
- Myriapodology - study of millipedes and centipedes
- Arachnology - study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen, collectively called arachnids
- Acarology - study of mites and ticks
- Araneology - study of spiders
- Scorpiology - study of scorpions
- Ichthyology - study of fish
- Malacology - study of mollusks
- Conchology - study of shells
- Teuthology - study of cephalopods
- Nematology - study of nematodes (roundworms)
- Herpetology - study of amphibians and reptiles
- Batrachology - study of amphibians including frogs and toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians
- Cheloniology - study of turtles and tortoises
- Saurology - study of lizards
- Ophiology - study of snakes
- Ornithology - study of birds
- Mammalogy - study of mammals
- Cetology - study of cetaceans
- Felinology - study of cats
- Hippology - study of horses
- Primatology - study of primates
- Rodentology - study of rodents
- Parasitology - study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them
- Helminthology - study of parasitic worms (helminths)
- Planktology - study of plankton, various small drifting plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit bodies of water
- Protozoology - study of protozoan, the \"animal-like\" (i.e., motile and heterotrophic) protists
| 412 |
Outline of zoology
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# Outline of zoology
## Branches of zoology {#branches_of_zoology}
### By nature of studies {#by_nature_of_studies}
- Anatomy - the study of the internal structure of animals
- Comparative anatomy - comparative anatomy of different animals
- Dermatology - study of skin
- Embryology - study of embryonic development
- Histology - study of tissues
- Osteology - study of bones
- Anthrozoology - study of interaction between humans and other animals
- Behavioral ecology - study of environmental effects on animal behaviors
- Biochemistry - study of the chemical constituents and metabolic pathways of animal cells
- Biotechnology - manipulation of animal cells using genetic engineering and related technology
- Cytology - study of cells
- Ethology - study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait
- Neuroethology - study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system
- Genetics - study of inheritance and gene expression
- Epigenetics - study of factors affecting gene expression
- Mendelian genetics - genetics based on Mendelian inheritance
- Molecular genetics - study of gene expression and behaviour
- Non-Mendelian genetics - genetics that does not follow Mendel\'s laws
- Morphology - the study of the external structure of animals
- Anatomy - internal morphology
- Eidonomy - external morphology
- Pathology - the study of diseases
- Paleozoology - the branch of Paleontology that studies animal remains
- Physiology - the study of functioning of body systems
- Andrology - study of the male reproductive tract
- Cardiology - study of the heart and cardiovascular system
- Endocrinology - study of endocrine systems
- Gastroenterology - study of the digestive system
- Gynaecology - study of the female reproductive tract
- Immunology - study of the immune system
- Myology - study of muscles
- Nephrology - study of the urinary system
- Neurology - study of the neural system
- Pulmonology - study of the respiratory system
- Zooarchaeology - study of animal remains in relation to ancient people
- Zoogeography - Zoogeography is the scientific study of geographical distribution of animal species (both historic and contemporary) in the world
- Zoography - Zoography is study of animals and their habitats (also known as descriptive zoology)
- Zoometry - is a sub-division of zoology that deals with measurements (length or size) of animal parts
## History of zoology {#history_of_zoology}
- Timeline of zoology
- History of zoology (through 1859)
- History of zoology (since 1859)
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# Outline of zoology
## Animals
Animals
- Lists of animals
### Taxonomy of Animalia {#taxonomy_of_animalia}
Kingdom: Animalia\
\* **Subkingdom Parazoa**
- - Porifera (sponges)
- Placozoa
- **Subkingdom Eumetazoa**
- **Radiata (unranked)**
- Ctenophora (comb jellies)
- Cnidaria
- Trilobozoa †
- **Bilateria (unranked)**
- Acoelomorpha
- Tullimonstrum †
- Proarticulata †
- **Mesozoa (unranked)**
- Orthonectida
- Rhombozoa
- Monoblastozoa
- **Nephrozoa (unranked)**
- Chaetognatha`{{cite needed|date=August 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
- **Superphylum Deuterostomia**
- Chordata
- Hemichordata
- Echinodermata
- Xenoturbellida
- Vetulicolia †
- **Protostomia (unranked)**
- **Superphylum Ecdysozoa**
- Kinorhyncha
- Loricifera
- Priapulida
- Nematoda (nematodes)
- Nematomorpha
- Onychophora
- Tardigrada
- Arthropoda - includes insects, arachnids (spiders), myriapods, and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, etc.)
- **Superphylum Platyzoa**
- Platyhelminthes
- Gastrotricha
- Rotifera
- Acanthocephala
- Gnathostomulida
- Micrognathozoa
- Cycliophora
- **Superphylum Lophotrochozoa**
- Sipuncula
- Hyolitha †
- Nemertea
- Phoronida
- Bryozoa
- Entoprocta
- Brachiopoda
- Mollusca
- Annelida
## General zoology concepts {#general_zoology_concepts}
- taxonomy
- clade
- monophyly
- polyphyly
- speciation
- isolating mechanisms
- species
- phenetic species
- biological species
- recognition species
- ecological species
- pluralistic species
## Notable zoologists {#notable_zoologists}
*In alphabetical order by surname:*
- Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology)
- Aristotle
- Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
- Archie Carr (herpetology, esp. cheloniology)
- Eugenie Clark (ichthyology)
- Jeff Corwin (most animals)
- Georges Cuvier (founder of comparative morphology)
- Charles Darwin (formulated modern theory of evolution)
- Richard Dawkins (ethology)
- Dian Fossey (primatology)
- Birutė Galdikas (primatology)
- Jane Goodall (primatology)
- Victor Hensen (planktology)
- Libbie Hyman (invertebrate zoology)
- Steve Irwin (herpetology)
- William Kirby (father of entomology)
- Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke (ornithology, herpetology)
- Carl Linnaeus (father of systematics)
- Konrad Lorenz (ethology)
- David W. Macdonald (wild mammals)
- Ernst Mayr (evolutionary biologist)
- Desmond Morris (ethology)
- Richard Owen (proposed archetypes for major groups of organisms)
- Roger Tory Peterson (ornithology)
- William Emerson Ritter (marine biology)
- Thomas Say (entomology)
- Jakob von Uexküll (animal behavior, invertebrate zoology)
- E. O. Wilson (entomology, founder of sociobiology)
- **more\...**
## Zoology lists {#zoology_lists}
- Lists of animals
- Ant genera (alphabetical)
- British ant species (common names)
- Non-endemic ant species introduced to Great Britain and Ireland
- Myrmecology topics
- Amblypygid genera
- Birds
- Santa Cruz County, California
- Sibley--Monroe checklist
- Domesticated animals
- Cat breeds
- Dog breeds
- Freshwater aquarium fish species
- Horse breeds
- Marine reptiles
- Externally visible animal parts
- Endangered species in the U.S
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# Windbag the Sailor
***Windbag the Sailor*** is a 1936 British comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring Will Hay. The film marked the first appearance of Hay with Graham Moffatt and Moore Marriott acting as his straight men, however both Moffatt and Marriott had previously acted separately in films starring Hay, namely in *Dandy Dick* and *Where There\'s a Will*, respectively.
## Plot
Ben Cutlet is a retired barge captain who entertains his bar room audience with tales of his alleged days at sea, although his maritime experience extends no further than navigating a coal barge. His tall tales catch him out when he is conned into commanding the unseaworthy *Rob Roy* to the West Indies by a gang of criminals who mean to scuttle the ship for the insurance money. Cutlet gets the upper hand however when he and his companions fall in with West Indian natives who mistake their radio set for a god.
## Cast
- Will Hay as Captain Ben Cutlet
- Moore Marriott as Jerry Harbottle
- Graham Moffatt as Albert Brown
- Norma Varden as Olivia Potter-Porter
- Kenneth Warrington as Yates
- Dennis Wyndham as Jim Maryatt
- Amy Veness as Emma Harbottle
- Leonard Sharp as Crew member
## Reception
Writing for *The Spectator* in 1937, Graham Greene gave the film a good review, recommending it to \"those under sixteen\". Greene praised Beaudine for his \"admirabl\[e\] direct\[ion\]\", and noted that Hay \"has never had a better part than that of Captain Ben Cutlett\"
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# Pathfinders Company (Portugal)
The **Air-Land Pathfinders Company** (*Companhia de Precursores Aeroterrestres*) - known as the ***Precs*** - is a forward observer, long-range penetration, and special reconnaissance unit of the Portuguese Paratroopers. This unit is part of the Airborne Support Battalion which is based in Tancos. Its specialty is high altitude mission insertions through the use of HAHO and HALO jumps and reconnaissance of landing zones for other paratroopers to be dropped.
It is also an operational unit for the Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade (BRR), one of the three brigades that make up the Portuguese Army.
## The Unit {#the_unit}
The Pathfinders Company is attached to the Airborne Support Battalion, of the ETP. It is a key element for aerial infiltration, through operational free fall (using HALO and HAHO jumps), although the unit can be inserted by sea or ground transport.
This unit was practically unknown by the Portuguese society in general and even on the Portuguese Armed Forces until very recently and is considered to be the elite of the Portuguese paratroopers. The *Precs* have participated in a variety of national and international exercises.
## Organization
The Pathfinders Company is commanded by a major and includes:
1. Headquarters;
2. Pathfinder Detachment Alpha - includes 16 elements (1 captain, 5 sergeants, and 10 other ranks), being qualified to do HALO and HAHO jumps;
3. Pathfinder Detachment Bravo - includes 16 elements (1 lieutenant or 2nd lieutenant, 5 sergeants, and 10 other ranks).
## The Mission {#the_mission}
- Recon of Landings Zones for both fixed-wing and rotor aircraft and airborne drop positions, while establishing the needed assistance to air traffic control navigation and communications, in hostile conditions.
- Limited direct action.
- Recon on any information required by airborne Command.
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# Pathfinders Company (Portugal)
## Selection & Training {#selection_training}
Only military personnel who are already qualified as paratroopers and who qualify in addition to the Operations/Operations Auxiliary course can be admitted to this company. This qualification is obtained after successfully attending the respective training given in the Parachute Regiment.`{{Circular reference|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
After a series of medical aptitude tests, admission tests take place. There are two days of tests in which the aim is to prove the physical and psychological endurance, the spirit of body and sacrifice necessary for the performance of the future precursor.
1st day; in the morning, a 90-meter run with a 50 kg bag; 1500 meter race with all combat gear; 8000 meter race with all combat gear;
1st day in the afternoon, a 7-meter rope climb with all war material; Swimming Evidence;
2nd day; in the morning, a 30 km march with combat gear.
Whoever overcomes these tests starts the precursor/precursor assistant course the next day.
Phase A
The subjects taught are: Weapons, shooting, transmissions, topography, sappers, reconnaissance, patrols, close combat, first aid, technique of overcoming obstacles, nautical sports, survival, combat in urbanized areas, escape and evasion, military physical education.
The course lasts for 10 weeks, after which the trainee will be able to:
Get the maximum performance from the armament; Get the most out of your transmission equipment; Guide yourself as a member of a prec team using topographic maps, GPS, etc.; Apply sapper techniques; Identify material and equipment in use in military operations; Act as commander of a prec team in the execution of Patrols; Close Anticar Fight (ACar), as commander of a Prec team; Basic first aid as commander of a prec team; Obstacle crossing as commander of a Prec team; Act as commander of a Prec team in amphibious surface operations; Survive for short periods (less than 10 days) without support, in a hostile environment; Act as commander of a prec team in combat in built-up areas; Acting alone and as a team commander in supported and unsupported exfiltration. Phase B
The subjects taught are: Aerial photography, meteorology, air traffic, precursor material, organization and use of precursors, launches and final exercise
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# Allan Spear
**Allan Henry Spear** (June 24, 1937 -- October 11, 2008) was an American politician and educator from Minnesota who served almost thirty years in the Minnesota Senate, including nearly a decade as President of the Senate.
## Biography
Spear was born to a Jewish family in Michigan City, Indiana. A graduate of Oberlin College (B.A., 1958), he went on to earn an M.A. and a PhD from Yale University (1960 and 1965 respectively). Decades later, Oberlin would also award him an honorary LL.D. He was first elected to the Minnesota Senate in 1972, representing a liberal Minneapolis district centered on the University of Minnesota. He served a total of 28 years in the Senate, retiring in 2000. He was President of the Senate from 1992 to 2000.
Spear represented two different districts in Minneapolis during his political career. From 1972 to 1982, he represented District 57, the southeast part of Minneapolis, including the University of Minnesota\'s main campus. In 1982, he moved to District 59, the southwest part of Minneapolis, (renamed to District 60 after the 1992 redistricting) winning election and representing the district until his retirement in 2000.
Spear came out on December 9, 1974, and was one of the first openly gay Americans serving in elected office. His coming out drew national attention, being featured in *The New York Times* amongst others.
### 1990s and later {#s_and_later}
Spear was instrumental in passing the 1993 Minnesota Human Rights Act, which guaranteed protection from discrimination in education, employment, and housing to LGBT Minnesotans. He had been working on this for nearly 20 years, and later called it his \"proudest legislative achievement.\" His personal connections with other senators during his years in office were important in gaining the votes of Republican colleagues. He gained the public support of the leader of the Senate Republicans, Lutheran minister Dean E. Johnson, who gave a speech supporting the bill on the Senate floor (and was later \"censured\" by his local Republican party officials, and eventually forced out of the Republican party).
In 2008, as part of Minnesota\'s Sesquicentennial celebration, the Minnesota Historical Society named him as one of the 150 people and groups that helped shape the state. Allan Spear died on October 11, 2008, from complications following heart surgery earlier that week. He was survived by his partner of 26 years, Junjiro Tsuji, who died on March 13, 2019.
He had partially completed an autobiography (*Crossing the Barriers* `{{ISBN|9780816670406}}`{=mediawiki}) at his death; a colleague of his in the Senate, John Watson Milton, provided an afterword listing the accomplishments of his later years. This book was published in 2010
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# Kanashimi Twilight
is the thirty-third single of idol group Morning Musume. It was released on April 25, 2007 and was the last single for Hitomi Yoshizawa as well as Miki Fujimoto.
There are three different versions of the single. Limited edition A includes a bonus DVD with an alternate edit of the single music video, comments from Morning Musume, and a serial-numbered card and has catalog number EPCE-5465\~6. Limited edition B features special package and 40-page booklet plus serial-numbered card and has catalog number EPCE-5467. The regular edition has catalog number EPCE-5468.
## Details
- The song was used as the ending theme of \"Love Change,\" a popular television show in Nagoya, for the month of April.
- This is the last single to join the fourth generation Hitomi Yoshizawa (in June, Miki Fujimoto withdrew, so in fact became the last single Fujimoto). It is a single released after Junjun and Linlin join announcement, but did not participate in this work, and participated from the next single \"Onna ni Sachi are\".
- The main works are Hitomi Yoshizawa, Ai Takahashi, and Miki Fujimoto, and they are also in charge of the previous work \"Egao YES Nude\" (previous work is also Risa Niigaki). Both A and Melo are mainly Fujimoto and Takahashi, but in the big chorus there is a solo part by Yoshizawa.
- During the PV shoot, Koharu Kusumi had appendicitis, so we didn\'t participate when shooting everyone, and later went to shoot with the surrounding members.
- According to the Oricon chart on May 7, 2007, total sales of the singles since its debut reached 110.85 million copies, exceeding Pink Lady\'s 11.37 million copies, making it the number one female group in history. Moreover, the initial sales exceeded 50,000 copies since 2005\'s \"Iroppoi jirettai\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All lyrics are written by Tsunku.
### CD
1.
2. \"Hand Made City\"
3. \"Kanashimi Twilight\" (Instrumental)
### Limited Edition A DVD {#limited_edition_a_dvd}
1. \"Kanashimi Twilight (Another Ver.)\"
### Event V {#event_v}
1. `{{nihongo|"Quiz! Hawaii de Kanashimi Twilight!"|クイズ！ハワイで悲しみトワイライト！}}`{=mediawiki}
2. \"Kanashimi Twilight (Dance Shot Ver
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# Electoral district of Manning
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^
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# Complete theory
In mathematical logic, a theory is **complete** if it is consistent and for every closed formula in the theory\'s language, either that formula or its negation is provable. That is, for every sentence $\varphi,$ the theory $T$ contains the sentence or its negation but not both (that is, either $T \vdash \varphi$ or $T \vdash \neg \varphi$). Recursively axiomatizable first-order theories that are consistent and rich enough to allow general mathematical reasoning to be formulated cannot be complete, as demonstrated by Gödel\'s first incompleteness theorem.
This sense of *complete* is distinct from the notion of a complete *logic*, which asserts that for every theory that can be formulated in the logic, all semantically valid statements are provable theorems (for an appropriate sense of \"semantically valid\"). Gödel\'s completeness theorem is about this latter kind of completeness.
Complete theories are closed under a number of conditions internally modelling the T-schema:
- For a set of formulas $S$: $A \land B \in S$ if and only if $A \in S$ and $B \in S$,
- For a set of formulas $S$: $A \lor B \in S$ if and only if $A \in S$ or $B \in S$.
Maximal consistent sets are a fundamental tool in the model theory of classical logic and modal logic. Their existence in a given case is usually a straightforward consequence of Zorn\'s lemma, based on the idea that a contradiction involves use of only finitely many premises. In the case of modal logics, the collection of maximal consistent sets extending a theory *T* (closed under the necessitation rule) can be given the structure of a model of *T*, called the canonical model.
## Examples
Some examples of complete theories are:
- Presburger arithmetic
- Tarski\'s axioms for Euclidean geometry
- The theory of dense linear orders without endpoints
- The theory of algebraically closed fields of a given characteristic
- The theory of real closed fields
- Every uncountably categorical countable theory
- Every countably categorical countable theory
- A [group of three elements](https://math.stackexchange
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# Bob Schafer
**Robert Thomas Schafer** (March 29, 1933 -- February 15, 2005) was an American professional basketball player. The 6\' 3\" guard out of Roman Catholic High School in Philadelphia played college basketball for Villanova University from 1952 to 1955.
Schafer was the first Villanova player to score 2000 points, and earned All-America honors in 1954.
## Biography
In 1951, during his college career, Schafer was forcefully approached by three men who tried to intimidate him into throwing some games. He rejected their advances and reported the matter to the FBI.
Schafer played professional basketball for the NBA\'s Philadelphia Warriors and St. Louis Hawks in 1955--56, and for the Syracuse Nationals in 1956--57.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### NBA
Source
#### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team GP MPG FG% FT% RPG APG PPG
-------- -------------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------
Philadelphia 12 6.8 **.343** .583 1.1 .8 2.6
St. Louis **42** 11.8 .294 .797 **1.4** 1.0 **4.6**
Syracuse 11 **15.2** .288 **.846** 1.0 **1.4** 4.5
Career 65 11.5 .298 .777 1.3 1.0 4.2
#### Playoffs
Year Team GP MPG FG% FT% RPG APG PPG
------ ----------- ---- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- -----
1956 St. Louis 4 9.8 .150 .833 2.3 .3 2
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# Victor L. Brown
**Victor Lee Brown** (31 July 1914 -- 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death.
Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions for several different airlines before becoming a full-time leader in the LDS Church.
Among other positions in the LDS Church, Brown served as bishop of the Denver 4th Ward. He and his wife, Lois Kjar, were the parents of five children. One of their children, Victor L. Brown Jr., served as a stake president and an area director for the church\'s Welfare Services .
In 1961, Brown was called as second counselor to John H. Vandenberg in the presiding bishopric. In 1972, he succeeded Vandenberg.
In 1985, Brown was released as Presiding Bishop and called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy and as president of the Salt Lake Temple. He was designated an emeritus general authority in 1989. Brown died at Salt Lake City, Utah
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# 1975 Five Nations Championship
The **1975 Five Nations Championship** was the forty-sixth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the eighty-first series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 18 January and 15 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The championship was won by Wales, the team\'s eighteenth title (excluding another nine shared championships).
The game between Scotland and Wales at the Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh on 1 March attracted a World Record rugby attendance of 104,000 fans. This record would not be broken until a Bledisloe Cup game between Australia and New Zealand attracted 107,042 to the Sydney Olympic Stadium in 1999. The attendance at Murrayfield remains the Championship\'s record crowd, the record attendance in Europe and the third highest rugby attendance in history. With Scotland winning 12-10 it was the only loss for the Welsh during the 1975 Five Nations
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# Lexical verb
In linguistics a **lexical verb** or **main verb** is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. In contrast, auxiliary verbs express grammatical meaning. The verb phrase of a sentence is generally headed by a lexical verb.
Lexical verbs are categorized into five categories: copular, intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, and ambitransitive.
The descriptor *lexical* is applied to the words of a language\'s lexicon, often to indicate a content word, as distinct from a function word
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# Jean Van Houtte
**Jean (Jan) Marie Joseph, Baron Van Houtte** (17 March 1907 -- 23 May 1991) was a Belgian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Belgium from 1952 to 1954.
Born in Ghent, van Houtte held a doctorate in law and lectured at Ghent University and the University of Liège. He served as chairman of the Belgian Institute of Public Finance and represented the PSC-CVP in the Belgian Senate from 1949 to 1968.
Having served as Minister of Finance in the governments of Jean Duvieusart (1950) and Joseph Pholien (1950--1952), van Houtte replaced Pholien to become the 38th Prime Minister of Belgium in January 1952. His period in office was marked by disputes over conscription, and in particular the length of service of conscripts, and over the treatment of collaborators, where van Houtte controversially favoured a mild approach. An economic recession added to his troubles.
Van Houtte again served as Minister of Finance from 1958 to 1961 under Gaston Eyskens. He was governor of the World Bank, named an honorary Minister of State in 1966, and made a Baron in 1970.
## Honours
- : Created Baron van Houtte by Royal Decree in 1970.
- : Minister of State, by Royal Decree.
- : President of the Royal Academy.
- : Commander in the Order of Leopold.
- : knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown.
- knight Grand Cross in the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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# Osama Al Hamadi
**Osama Al Hamadi** (*اسامه الحمادي*) (born June 7, 1975) is a former Libyan football defender. He was a member of the Libya national football team.
Al Hamadi featured for Libya at the 2009 African Championship of Nations
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# People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
right\|thumb\|upright 1.6\|Flag of the People\'s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)
The **People\'s Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force** (PLANSF) is the submarine service of the People\'s Liberation Army Navy. It consists of all types of submarines in operational service organized into three fleets: the North Sea Fleet, the East Sea Fleet, and the South Sea Fleet. Submarines have long been one of the three focuses of the People\'s Liberation Army Navy (the other two are aircraft and major surface combatants), and when the decision was made in late 2006 to concentrate on building other principal surface combatants to strengthen the air defense and to further delay the construction of aircraft carriers due to insufficient air cover, submarines will continue to play the lead dominant role in the assault force for the PLAN. Currently, PLANSF operates a fleet of 66 submarines which include nuclear as well as conventional submarines.
Its surface branch counterpart is the People\'s Liberation Army Navy Surface Force.
## Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines {#nuclear_powered_ballistic_missile_submarines}
The PLAN currently operates two classes of ballistic missile submarines with another under construction:
- Type 096 submarine **(NATO designation Tang-class)** - 6 planned, 2 under construction.
- Type 094 submarine **(NATO designation Jin-class)** - 6 In service 2 more planned.
- Type 092 submarine **(NATO designation Xia-class)** - 1 In service.
### Development
China\'s first ballistic missile submarine, Type 092 submarine (Xia-class), was laid down in 1978, launched in 1981 and commissioned by 1983. Its primary weapon is the JL-1 SLBM, with 12 launch tubes, as well as six 533 mm tubes for self-defense. The JL-1 missile was not ready until the first successful test launch of the missile from the Xia in 1988. Previous launch attempts from 1985 had failed. The missile\'s short range only permits the 092 to launch its missiles against regional targets. Striking targets far away require the submarine to travel dangerously closer to enemy waters. The Xia has since undergone a major modernisation refit, with a new black-coated paint and possibly other improvements with unofficial reports indicating the Xia is now carrying an improved missile, the JL-1A that is alleged to have longer range.
The Type 094 submarine (Jin-class) is believed to have been influenced by Russian assistance. It features 12 launch tubes for the longer ranged JL-2 missile, which has an 8,000 km range that can carry 3 to 4 MIRVs. The 094 would be permitted to patrol nearer Chinese waters, with the ability to launch its missiles against continental US targets.
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# People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
## Nuclear-powered fleet submarines {#nuclear_powered_fleet_submarines}
China was the first Asian country and the 5th globally to successfully design, build and commission a nuclear-powered submarine. The PLAN currently has two types of nuclear-powered attack submarines in service with another in development:
- Type 095 submarine **(NATO designation Sui-class)** - In development.
- Type 093 submarine **(NATO designation Shang-class)** - 6 in service, 2 under construction.
- Type 091 submarine **(NATO designation Han-class)** - 3 in service, 2 retired.
### Development {#development_1}
Nuclear submarines have been envisaged in the PLAN since the 1950s. Despite ambition and a long history of development, the acquisition of nuclear submarines has been a difficult and time-consuming process. The Cultural Revolution greatly disrupted nuclear submarine development. The Sino-Soviet split prevented any Soviet assistance in nuclear propulsion, and these propulsion problems have been troublesome to this day.
The first Chinese nuclear-powered submarine was laid down in 1967 but not completed until 1974, the Type 091 submarine (*Han*-class). The *Han*-class experienced more than 20 years of development, with the last of the class not being commissioned until 1990. Since their commission the class has gone through major upgrades and numerous refits with the remaining boats having been greatly refitted with new sonars and anechoic tiles (which reduce noise levels). The *Han*-class has mostly operated in local waters, but since the 1990s, they have been used more aggressively. A *Han*-class shadowed a US carrier battle group in the mid-1990s, and more recently, operated around Japanese waters, prompting a Japanese task force to chase the submarine out of its territory. The *Han*-class submarines are far from being as capable or effective as their American *Los Angeles*-class counterparts, but with recent improvements they can pose a great threat by operating deep in the Western Pacific and attacking targets that are less well-protected by ASW coverage. Two of this class have been retired - the *Changzheng* 01 (hull no.401) in 2000 and the *Changzheng* 02 (hull no.402) in 2005.
A new class of submarine has been in development since the 1980s, when the PLAN first sought a replacement for the Han-class. Little information has emerged about the Type 093 submarine (Shang---class), but it is believed to have some Russian influence. The 093 design may be comparable to the Russian Victor III-class, signifying a significant step forward for Chinese nuclear attack submarines. The 093 has been the focus of much attention from US and Asian military analysts. Its improved capabilities will undoubtedly increase PLAN power in the region and its ability to carry war to the West Pacific. Such submarines can escort future ballistic missile submarines as well as attacking US Navy carrier battle groups in the deep ocean. Six Type 093 submarines are in service with two more under construction.
China is constructing a major underground nuclear submarine base near Sanya, Hainan. The Daily Telegraph in 2008 reported that tunnels were being built into hillsides which could be capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites.
- Type 041 submarine **(NATO designation Zhou-class)** - 1 being built.
The Zhou-class submarine is a new class of fleet or attack submarines. The first images of the Zhou-class appeared in April 2022, in drydock at Huludao Port. The Zhou-class submarine was notably longer than the Type 093 or Type 094, although reporters from *Reuters* stated it was unclear whether the class represented a new model, or an upgrade of an existing class. While other analysts disputed claims of the submarine being nuclear powered, instead claiming translation errors and assumptions, and that the submarine is more likely conventionally powered. So far, it appears that only one submarine in the class has been built, which in September 2024, was revealed by aerial photographs to have allegedly sunk in May or June while under construction.
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# People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
## Conventionally-powered attack submarines {#conventionally_powered_attack_submarines}
Submarine warfare is regarded as a vital part of PLAN\'s coastal defense doctrine. Large numbers of conventional powered submarines have therefore been constructed and commissioned, and this force makes up the bulk of the PLAN\'s submarines. The PLAN currently operates four different classes of conventional submarines:
- Type 039A submarine **(NATO designation Yuan-class)** - In service.
- Type 039 submarine **(NATO designation Song-class)** - In service.
- Kilo-class submarine **(NATO designation Kilo-class)** - In service.
- Type 035 submarine **(NATO designation Ming-class)** - In service.
### Development {#development_2}
The first class of conventionally powered submarine to be operated by the PLAN was the Soviet Whiskey-class. The Whiskey was imported from the Soviet Union and subsequently built in considerable numbers and served until the last few remaining boats were removed during the mid-1990s. The second type to be operated also owed its origins to the Soviet Union, the Romeo-class, they were built under licence in China as the Type 033 submarine. Production of this submarine took place from the late 1960s until the late 1980s. The Type 033 went on to form the backbone of the PLAN submarine forces, and has been estimated that more than 100 may have been produced for the PLAN and for export. By the late 1990s, a large number of 033s had been retired from active duty and pulled into reserves. A handful of upgraded hulls remained in service until the late 2000s for training and other limited purposes.
The Type 035 submarine (Ming-class), first commissioned in 1974, is based on the Type 033. It could be considered as China\'s first indigenously designed submarine, despite its similarities to the Romeo-class. A total of 21 were built, but many of the initial hulls didn\'t perform well and were subsequently scrapped. At least 17 hulls are still in service, with later hulls using modern sonar systems, including the French DUUX-5. The later hulls of the Ming-class may have been employed for testing Air-independent propulsion (AIP), which would significantly reduce the noise level of the submarine. Mings have reportedly been exercising more frequently since the mid-2000s and making recent incursions into Japanese waters. On one occasion a Ming surfaced briefly within Japanese waters before submerging again.
The PLAN in the 1990s sought to acquire a modern conventional submarine with emphasis on sensors, weaponry, and modern capabilities to engage enemy submarines in modern warfare. In 1994 it ordered two Kilo-class 877EKM type submarines from Russia, which were delivered by 1995. In 1996, two improved Kilo-class 636 submarines were ordered, delivered between 1997 and 1998. In 2002, a \$2 billion deal was signed for eight more Kilo-class 636, these submarines particularly fitted with the capability of launching the Russian Novator 3M-54E Klub S cruise missile capable of engaging land and sea targets at 220 km. The Kilo class represents a huge leap forward in the PLAN submarine fleet. Originally a Soviet design in the 1980s, the Kilo-class was meant to be one of the world\'s quietest class of submarines. With 12 Kilos operational by 2006, it is unclear whether PLAN will buy more of these potent vessels.
Despite the purchase of the Kilo-class, the PLAN has continued to develop indigenous designs. The Type 039 submarine (Song-class) was first launched in 1994 with sea trials in 1995. It featured Western influences with a German propulsion system, seven blade skewed propeller and noise-reduction rubber tiles; however, the first hull retained the traditional stepped sail. The first hull was not fully operational until 1999. As a result of the sea trials a significantly modified designs emerged, with a number of improvements, including a conventional sail. By 2006 about 13 hulls have been confirmed to be built so far, indicating the class has performed satisfactorily. The Song-class presents a major milestone to indigenous submarine designs, being comparable in capabilities to contemporary Western submarines. Song submarines are armed with torpedoes and a sub-launched variant of the YJ-8 anti-ship missile. An AIP system may be installed in the future.
The Type 039A submarine (Yuan-class) is the latest of China\'s indigenous submarine. The hull seems to resemble Russian influences (as it is similar to the Kilo) while also adapting features found on the Type 039. The Yuan-class is likely fitted with an AIP system to achieve maximum silent operational capabilities and can be armed with advanced Russian and Chinese torpedoes and cruise missiles. The Yuan-class came as a surprise to US military intelligence, as the submarine\'s existence was entirely unknown until internet images emerged. This class of submarine is expected to have capabilities which surpass the Kilo and Song-classes considerably. Series production began late in 2007, with at least 17 boats identified so far and up to 3 more under construction.
At the beginning of 2014, the PLAN held an emergency combat readiness test. The captain of the 32nd Submarine Detachment Wang Hongli was ordered to take the Kilo-class submarine Yuanzheng 72 (hull number: 372) on a combat readiness voyage. Submarine 372 suddenly encountered a \"cliff\" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly dropped to the seabed more than 3,000 meters deep. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged and water entered. Wang Hongli quickly issued a series of commands, and the commanders and crew accurately completed dozens of operations, successfully surfacing the submarine in 3 minutes, avoiding the tragedy of the submarine being destroyed and people dying. Submarine 372 lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. Wang Hongli led the officers and soldiers to eliminate the equipment failure. Finally, only one navigation motor was used to power the submarine and it entered the ocean. This voyage created many firsts in the history of the Chinese People\'s Liberation Army Navy submarines. 。
The PLA Navy declared it a miracle in the history of world submarines.
On August 27, 2014, Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi Jinping signed a general order to award the First Class Merit to Wang Hongli, commander of the 92474th Unit. On September 2, 2014, a celebration meeting was held in the auditorium of a submarine detachment of the South China Sea Fleet to celebrate the first-class merit awarded by the Central Military Commission to Wang Hongli and the Navy to 372 submarines. Member of the Central Military Commission and Commander of the Navy Wu Shengli read out the orders of the Central Military Commission and the Navy, and awarded medals and certificates to Wang Hongli and 372 submarines respectively.
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# People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
## Conventionally-powered ballistic missile submarine {#conventionally_powered_ballistic_missile_submarine}
- Type 032 submarine **(NATO designation Qing-class)** - In service as technology testbed.
## Nomenclature
The Naval Vessels Naming Regulation prescribes the following prefixes for submarines under PLANSF.
Ship Named after
------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nuclear submarines Changzheng (`{{zh|s=长征|p=Chángzhēng|l=Long March}}`{=mediawiki}) followed by a serial number
Ballistic and cruise missile armed conventional submarines Yuanzheng (`{{zh|s=远征|p=Yuǎnzhēng|l=Expedition}}`{=mediawiki}) followed by a serial number
Conventional submarines Changcheng (`{{zh|s=长城|p=Chángchēng|l=Great Wall}}`{=mediawiki}) followed by a serial number
## Submarine bases {#submarine_bases}
China has a number of dedicated submarine bases, some of which have underground facilities accessed via tunnels
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# Waterkloof House Preparatory School
**Waterkloof House Preparatory School** (WHPS, pronounced, and commonly known as, *WHiPS*) is an independent (private) primary school in Pretoria, South Africa, offering education to grade 000 and grade 00 boys and girls, and grade 0--7 boys only through the medium of English.
## History
The school began in 1923 with 12 pupils. The original Brooklyn House Preparatory School was on the south-east corner of MacKenzie and Alexander Streets in Brooklyn. To cope with rapidly expanding numbers, the school moved to its present seven-and-a-half acre site on Charles Street (Justice Mahomed Street), then known as Bailey\'s Avenue, in 1925.
The school now has 400 pupils
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# TV4 Komedi
**TV4 Komedi** was a sister subchannel of Swedish TV4, owned by TV4 Group. The channel focuses on comedy only with sitcoms, comedy shows and talk shows. The channel airs classic sitcoms like *ALF*, *Family Matters*, *Cheers*, *Hope & Faith*, *Roseanne*, *Will & Grace*, *The Golden Girls* together with newer shows such as the *Late Show with David Letterman*, *30 Rock* and *Parks and Recreation*.
## History
The channel was launched on November 3, 2006 along with TV4 Guld. The first programme aired on the channel was Father of the Bride Part II.
On its launch, both TV4 Guld and TV4 Komedi were available on Com Hem\'s digital cable TV and Canal Digital\'s satellite package. Since September 2009, the two channels are available to Viasat subscribers.
The channel was commercial-free until the channel introduced commercial breaks in January 2012.
TV4 Komedi ceased its broadcasting on September 30, 2017 along with TV4 Fakta XL. The last programme aired on the channel was *Åsa-Nisse flyger I luften*
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# Kurt Bühligen
**Kurt Bühligen** (13 December 1917 -- 11 August 1985) was a Luftwaffe wing commander and fighter ace of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was credited with 112 enemy aircraft shot down in over 700 combat missions. His victories were all claimed over the Western Front and included 24 four-engine bombers and 47 Supermarine Spitfire fighters.
Born in Granschütz, Bühligen, volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1936. Initially trained as an aircraft mechanic, after the outbreak of World War II, he was trained as a pilot. In June 1940, he was posted to *Jagdgeschwader* 2 \"Richthofen\" (JG 2---2nd Fighter Wing). He fought in the Battle of Britain and claimed his first aerial victory in that campaign on 4 September 1940. Promoted to an officers rank, Bühligen was appointed squadron leader of the 4. *Staffel* (4th squadron) of JG 2 in April 1942. In November 1942, his unit was transferred to the Mediterranean and theatre where he claimed his 50th aerial victory in February 1943. Back on the Channel Front, he was appointed commander of the II. *Gruppe* (2nd group) of JG 2 in April 1943. Following his 96th, Bühligen was awarded the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves in March 1944. In April 1944, he replaced Kurt Ubben as commander of JG 2. He claimed his 100th victory on 7 June 1944 and in August received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords after 104 aerial victories. In May 1945, he was taken prisoner of war by Soviet forces and released in 1950.
Bühligen then settled in Nidda where he worked in automotive sales. He died on 11 August 1985 in Nidda.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Bühligen, the son of a pipefitter, was born on 13 December 1917 in Granschütz, in Province of Saxony of the German Empire. He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe with *Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung* (Aviator Replacement Unit) in Oschatz on 13 March 1936. Following his recruit training he served as an aircraft mechanic with *Kampfgeschwader* 153 (KG 153---153rd Bomber Wing) from September 1937 to 15 February 1938. He then served as a mechanic with 2. *Staffel* (squadron) of *Kampfgeschwader* 4 (KG 4---4th Bomber Wing) from 16 February 1938 to 30 April 1939.
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# Kurt Bühligen
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Bühligen then trained as a pilot, and was then posted to *Jagdgeschwader* 2 \"Richthofen\" (JG 2---2nd Fighter Wing), named after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, as an *Unteroffizier* (non-commissioned officer) on 15 June 1940. There, he was assigned to the 2. *Staffel*, the 2nd squadron of I. *Gruppe* (1st group) of JG 2 which was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft. At the time, 2. *Staffel* was under the command of *Oberleutnant* (First Lieutenant) Karl-Heinz Greisert. On 4 September 1940, Bühligen claimed his first aerial victory, a Hawker Hurricane shot down over Dover. He was then transferred to 6. *Staffel*, a squadron of II. *Gruppe* (2nd group) of JG 2. There, Bühlingen frequently flew as wingman to Greisert. Greisert had been placed in command of II. *Gruppe* on 2 September. In September 1940, Bühligen claimed three aerial victories, a Hurricane on 11 September and a Supermarine Spitfire fighter on 26 and 30 September each. Following three further victories claimed in October, he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (*Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse*) on 29 October 1940. Bühligen claimed one further aerial victory on 7 November 1940, a Hurricane southeast of the Isle of Wight, before he was transferred to 4. *Staffel*, also a squadron of II. *Gruppe*.
On 18 June 1941, II. *Gruppe* moved from Beaumont-le-Roger to Abbeville-Drucat where it stayed for the next six months. From this point on, the *Gruppe* defended against the RAF Fighter Command \"non-stop offensive\" over France. In July and August 1941, while flying with 4. *Staffel*, Bühligen claimed seven Spitfires shot down, one on 7 July, two on 10 July, one on 11 July, two on 23 July and another on 7 August respectively. He then served with the *Stab* (headquarters unit) of JG 2 and claimed six further aerial victories in August and September 1941, one Hurricane and five Spitfires. One year after his first aerial victory, Bühligen was awarded the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 4 September 1941. At the time he was credited with 21 aerial victories and 15 tethered balloons shot down.
On 1 January 1942, Bühligen was promoted to *Leutnant* (second lieutenant). In March 1942, II. *Gruppe* began converting to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 radial engine fighter aircraft. Conversion training was done in a round-robin system, *Staffel* by *Staffel*, at the Le Bourget Airfield near Paris. The conversion completed by end-April. From then on, the *Gruppe* was equipped with the Fw 190 A-2 and A-3 variant. Bühligen was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of 4. *Staffel* of JG 2 on 1 August 1942, thus succeeding *Oberleutnant* Jürgen Hepe who was transferred. He claimed his first aerial victories as *Staffelkapitän* during the Dieppe Raid on 19 August. That day, II. *Gruppe* claimed 26 aerial victories, including four Spitfires shot down by Bühligen, for the loss of four Fw 190s. In early November, the *Gruppe* moved from Beaumont to Merville before ordered to relocate to the Mediterranean Theater.
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# Kurt Bühligen
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Mediterranean theater {#mediterranean_theater}
In early November 1942, the Western Allies launched Operation Torch, the Anglo--American invasion of French North Africa. On 17 November, II. *Gruppe* of JG 2 was withdrawn from the English Channel Front and ordered to San Pietro Clarenza, Sicily. At the time, the *Gruppe* was equipped with the Fw 190 A-3, some Fw 190 A-2s, and received the A-4 variant in early December. This made II. *Gruppe* of JG 2 the only Fw 190 equipped fighter unit in the Mediterranean Theater. The *Gruppe* flew its first missions on 19 November, securing German air and sea transportation to Tunis. That day, elements of II. *Gruppe* began relocating to Bizerte Airfield. Bühlingen claimed his first aerial victory in this theater of operations on 3 December over a Spitfire south of Tebourba
On 5 December, his acting *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) *Oberleutnant* Adolf Dickfeld submitted Bühligen for preferential promotion to *Oberleutnant*. The nomination was reviewed by the commanding general of the II. *Fliegerkorps* (2nd Air Corps) *General der Flieger* (General of the Aviators) Bruno Loerzer, headquartered at Taormina, Sicily and by *Feldmarschall* (Field Marshal) Albert Kesselring, at the time *Oberbefehlshaber Süd* (Commander in Chief in the South). Both Loerzer and Kesselring approved the nomination leading to Bühligen\'s promotion on 1 February 1943. On 26 December, eighteen Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), escorted by eight Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters, attacked the harbor of Bizerte destroying approximately 100 fuel barrels and damaged one cargo ship. II. *Gruppe* intercepted the USAAF formation on their return from the target area, claiming three P-38 fighters shot down, including two by Bühligen.
In January 1943, the bulk of II. *Gruppe* of JG 2 was based at an airfield at Sidi Ahmed near Bizerte. On 4 January, 4. *Staffel* intercepted a formation of Douglas A-20 Havoc \"Boston\" bombers, escorted by Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters, on bombing mission to Fondouk, approximately 140 km south-east of Bizerte. The bombers were already under attack by Bf 109s from I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 53 (JG 53rd---53rd Fighter Wing) when 4. *Staffel* encountered the bombers west of Fondouk. In this encounter, Bühlingen shot down a P-40 and a Boston which he misidentified as a Martin B-26 Marauder bomber. On 7 January, II. *Gruppe* moved to Kairouan Airfield. The next day, II. *Gruppe* flew numerous missions and claimed twelve aerial victories, including three P-38s shot down by Bühligen, for the loss of two Fw 190s. One of the P-38s claimed by Bühligen was a 49th Fighter Squadron aircraft strafing tanks near Kairouan. On 14 January, he was credited with the destruction of another P-38. A flight of B-17s bombers, escorted by P-38s, had attacked the harbor of Sousse.
On 30 January, five Fw 190s from 4. *Staffel* were scrambled at 07:30 to intercept a flight of six Spitfires spotted northwest of Kairouan. Shortly after takeoff, 4. *Staffel* intercepted the Spitfires and claimed three Spitfires shot down, including two by Bühligen, without loss. On 2 February, Bühligen became an \"ace-in-a-day\", claiming three P-40s, a Spitfire and a Bell P-39 Airacobra in combat near Kairouan. Only one Spitfire was shot down on this day and Bühligen, according to the claims list, was the only German to report one destroyed. No. 225 Squadron RAF lost Flying Officer S.H.A Short killed near Kasserine. Ten P-40s of the 33rd Fighter Group were lost---eight from the 59th Fighter Squadron and two from the 60th Fighter Squadron. Five American pilots were killed in action and one captured. German pilots claimed 13 Allied fighters; 11 were recorded lost in aerial combat.
II\. *Gruppe* flew its last combat missions in North Africa on 11 and 12 March 1943. At the time, the *Gruppe* had ten Fw 190s remaining, seven of which still serviceable. Bühligen claimed three aerial victories on 12 March, two P-38s and a B-17 near La Sebala Airfield. On 18 March, the aircraft were handed over to III. *Gruppe* of *Schnellkampfgeschwader* 10 (SKG 10---10th Fast Bomber Wing). The pilots and ground personal were flown to Sicily on 22 March.
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# Kurt Bühligen
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Gruppenkommandeur
II\. *Gruppe* was then ordered to Beaumont-le-Roger, where they arrived on 27 March 1943 and equipped with the Bf 109 G. Until mid-May, the *Gruppe* trained on this fighter aircraft. During this training period, Bühlingen was promoted to *Hauptmann* (captain) on 1 May. The first operational missions following the relocation to France were flown on 13 May. On 15 May, II. *Gruppe* defended against an attack on the airfield Poix-Nord at Poix-de-Picardie. During this engagement, Bühligen claimed a North American P-51 Mustang shot down 30 km north-northwest of Berck. Two days later, he claimed a Hawker Typhoon shot down north of Caen. Bühligen received the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*) on 25 June 1943.
On 1 July 1943, Bühligen was appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) of II. *Gruppe* of JG 2. He replaced *Hauptmann* Erich Rudorffer in this capacity who had been transferred to IV. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 54 (JG 54---54th Fighter Wing). That day, most of the air elements of II. *Gruppe* relocated to Évreux-Fauville Air Base. On 4 July, Bühligen led II. *Gruppe* against an attack by the USAAF VIII Bomber Command, later renamed to Eighth Air Force, on Nantes and Le Mans. The *Gruppe* claimed three B-17s and five escort fighters shot down for the loss of a Bf 109 shot down and six further damaged. Bühlingen was credited with the destruction of a Spitfire and a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in this engagement. On 14 July, Bühligen led II. *Gruppe* in defense of an USAAF attack on the airfields at Villacoublay and Le Bourget. That day, II. *Gruppe* claimed three B-17s, one P-47 and four Spitfires, including one by Bühlingen, destroyed for the loss of two Bf 109s and one further Bf 109 damaged.
In early September 1943, Allied air operations under the deception Operation Starkey were very active. On 6 September, II. *Gruppe* defended against USAAF heavy bombers attacking Stuttgart. That day, II. *Gruppe* claimed eight aerial victories, including four by Bühlingen, for the loss of three Bf 109s.
Bühligen was promoted to *Major* (Major) on 1 January 1944 and received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub*) on 2 March 1944. He was the 413th member of the German armed forces to be so honored and at the time he was listed with 96 aerial victories. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Hitler\'s residence in the Obersalzberg of the Bavarian Alps, on 4 April 1944. Among others, also present at the award ceremony were *Hauptmann* Hans-Joachim Jabs, *Major* Bernhard Jope and *Major* Hansgeorg Bätcher.
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# Kurt Bühligen
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Wing commander {#wing_commander}
On 27 April 1944, *Major* Kurt Ubben *Geschwaderkommodore* (wing commander) of JG 2 was killed in action. In consequence, Bühligen became the last *Geschwaderkommodore* of JG 2. Command of II. *Gruppe* was then passed to *Hauptmann* Georg Schröder who had commanded the 4. *Staffel* of JG 2. On 7 June 1944, Bühligen shot down two Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters in the vicinity of Caen, taking his total to 100 aerial victories. He was the 75th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Following his 104th aerial victory, Bühligen received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern*) on 14 August 1944. He was the 88th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. On 1 October, Bühligen was promoted to *Oberstleutnant* (Lieutenant Colonel)
On 5 December 1944, Bühlingen was briefed on the operational objectives of Operation Bodenplatte, an air superiority operation in support of the Battle of the Bulge launched on 1 January 1945. The meeting took place at the headquarters of II. *Jagdkorps* (2nd Fighter Corps) at Flammersfeld. JG 2\'s main objective was Sint-Truiden Airfield where it sustained heavy losses in the attack. Bühligen himself did not fly during Operation Bodenplatte.
As *Geschwaderkommodore*, Bühligen was ordered to Berlin on 22 January 1945 and attended the meeting with *Reichsmarschall* Hermann Göring which was later dubbed the Fighter Pilots\' Mutiny. This was an attempt to reinstate *Generalleutnant* Adolf Galland as *General der Jagdflieger* who had been dismissed for outspokenness regarding the *Oberkommando der Luftwaffe* (*Luftwaffe* high command), and had been replaced by *Oberst* Gordon Gollob. The meeting was held at the *Haus der Flieger* in Berlin and was attended by a number of high-ranking fighter pilot leaders which included Bühligen, Günther Lützow, Hannes Trautloft, Hermann Graf, Gerhard Michalski, Helmut Bennemann, Erich Leie and Herbert Ihlefeld, and their antagonist Göring supported by his staff Bernd von Brauchitsch and Karl Koller. The fighter pilots, with Lützow taking the lead as spokesman, criticized Göring and made him personally responsible for the decisions taken which effectively had led to the lost air war over Europe.
During the final days of World War II in Europe, Bühligen led JG 2 in operations against the Soviet advance on the Eastern Front. On 18 April, the remnants of JG 2 moved to Cham. Two days later, JG 2 relocated to Berlin Tempelhof Airport via Plzeň where they refueled and moved on to Leck Airfield. From Leck, JG 2 flew missions in support of the German forces fighting in the Battle of Berlin. At the time, Leck was under constant attack by the RAF. On 23 April, some elements of I. and II. *Gruppe* which were still based at Cham surrendered to US forces. A few pilots managed to fly to Pocking before moving on to the area of Erding-Holzkirchen-Prien. With 12 aircraft remaining, Bühligen disbanded JG 2 on 30 April while parts of JG 2 were dispersed in Leck and Föching near Straubing. The last elements of JG 2 surrendered to British forces on 8 May at Leck. An engine failure caused Bühligen to be taken prisoner by the Soviets, being finally released in 1950.
## Later life {#later_life}
In 1950, Bühligen was released from captivity and returned to West Germany. He settled in Nidda, Hesse where he ran two car dealerships. Bühligen died on 11 August 1985 and was buried at the city cemetery at Nidda in section D, grave 42.
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# Kurt Bühligen
## Summary of career {#summary_of_career}
### Aerial victory claims {#aerial_victory_claims}
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Bühligen was credited with 112 aerial victories. Spick and Obermaier also list him with 112 aerial victories, of which 40 were claimed over the North Africa, 72 over the Western Front including 24 four-engined heavy bombers, claimed in over 700 combat missions. Forsyth also lists him with 24 four-engined bombers shot down. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces --- Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for more than 99 aerial victory claims, plus nine further unconfirmed claims. All of his victories were claimed on the Western Front and include 13 four-engined bombers.
### Awards
- Wound Badge in Silver
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (24 July 1941)
- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
- in Gold (31 July 1941)
- in Gold with Pennant \"700\"
- Combined Pilots-Observation Badge
- German Cross in Gold on 25 June 1943 as *Leutnant* in the 4./*Jagdgeschwader* 2
- Iron Cross (1939)
- 2nd class (10 September 1940)
- 1st class (29 October 1940)
- Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
- Knight\'s Cross on 4 September 1941 as *Oberfeldwebel* and pilot in the II./*Jagdgeschwader* 2 \"Richthofen\"
- 413th Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944 as *Major* (war officer) and *Gruppenkommandeur* of the II
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# Julian Amyes
**Julian Charles Becket Amyes** (9 August 1917 -- 26 April 1992), known as **Julian Amyes**, was a British film and television director and producer.
Although primarily director and producer, Amyes also had acting roles in *High Treason* (1951) and *Mandy* (1952).
Amyes made his directorial début with a BBC *Sunday Night Theatre* version of Shakespeare\'s *The Merry Wives of Windsor* in 1952 and also directed a number of other productions for BBC before joining Granada Television in the early 1960s, where he was head of drama from 1963 until 1977.
Film credits (as director) include *A Hill in Korea* (1956), and the Emeric Pressburger-written *Miracle in Soho* (1957).
After 1977, he returned to directing predominantly in television directing (amongst other works) adaptations of *The Old Curiosity Shop* (1979), *Great Expectations* (1981) and *Jane Eyre* (1983) for the BBC. Amyes also worked on a number of independent productions, before acting as director on episodes of *The Bill* (1990) and *Rumpole of the Bailey* (1989--91) for Thames Television.
He was married to the actress/writer Anne Allan. They had two children; Sebastian a Professor at the University of Edinburgh and Isabelle, an Actress. Julian Amyes died of a stroke in 1992
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# Nakajima A2N
The **Nakajima A2N** or **Navy Type 90 Carrier Fighter** was a Japanese carrier-borne fighter of the 1930s. It was a single-engined biplane of mixed construction with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The A2N was originally developed as a private venture by Nakajima for the Imperial Japanese Navy. It was based loosely on the Boeing Model 69 and Boeing Model 100, examples of both having been imported in 1928 and 1929 respectively. Takao Yoshida led the design team, and two prototypes, designated Navy Type 90 Carrier Fighter in anticipation of Navy acceptance, were ready by December 1929. Powered by Bristol Jupiter VI engines, these were rejected as not being regarded as offering a significant improvement over the Nakajima A1N.
Jingo Kurihara carried out a major redesign, and another prototype, the A2N1, powered by a 432 kW Nakajima Kotobuki 2, was completed in May 1931. The type was adopted by the Navy in April 1932.
A two-seat trainer, the **A3N3-1** (**Navy Type 90 Training Fighter**), was later developed from the Navy Type 90 Carrier Fighter, and sixty-six of these were built between 1936-39.
The A4N was developed from this aircraft, which entered service later in the 1930s.`{{rs|date=April 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Operational history {#operational_history}
In 1932, Minoru Genda formed a flight demonstration team known as \"Genda\'s Flying Circus\" to promote naval aviation and flew this type. The Navy Type 90 Carrier-based fighter flew from the `{{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hōshō||2}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaga||2}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūjō||2}}`{=mediawiki}. On what would become the first air battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War-Second World War for the air-combat units of these aircraft carriers, **A2N** fighter pilot Akio Matsuba from *Kaga*, flying air-cover in support of Japanese troop-landings in the Battle of Shanghai on 16 August 1937, shot-down a Chinese Air Force Douglas O-2M on an attack mission against Japanese forces in Shanghai. A2Ns were soon completely superseded by the A4Ns and A5Ms fighters.
## Variants
A2N1:(**Navy Type 90-I Carrier Fighter**) - Guns located in both sides of the nose, but few produced.\
A2N2:(**Navy Type 90-II Carrier Fighter**) - Guns transferred to the upper surface of the nose, the fuel tanks mounted on the fuselage sides.\
A2N3:(**Navy Type 90-III Carrier Fighter**) - principal production variant. 5° of dihedral on upper mainplane
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# Vincent Adler
**Vincent Adler** (3 April 1826, Győr -- 4 January 1871, Geneva) was a Hungarian composer and pianist.
Adler received his initial musical training from his brother-in-law Ferenc Erkel and later studied in Vienna, before finally settling in Paris. From Paris, he embarked on numerous concert tours of Europe as a soloist. In 1864, he started teaching at the Geneva Conservatory.
Adler composed many *études* and virtuosic salon pieces for the piano, which were filled with Hungarian colour
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# Pojken med guldbyxorna
***Pojken med guldbyxorna*** (*\"The Boy with the Golden Trousers\"*) is a 1975 Swedish TV series, based on a 1967 novel of the same name by Max Lundgren, that became very popular in Sweden and has since been shown numerous times on Swedish television. The version now broadcast on TV4 Guld consists of 30-minute episodes of the series.
The plot revolves around a boy who discovers that he is able to pull an infinite number of banknotes from the pockets of his jeans.
According to the [Swedish Film Database](http://sfi.se/sv/svensk-filmdatabas/Item/?itemid=36534&type=MOVIE&iv=Basic&ref=/templates/SwedishFilmSearchResult.aspx?id%3d1225%26epslanguage%3dsv%26searchword%3dpojken+med+guldbyxorna%26type%3dMovieTitle%26match%3dBegin%26page%3d1%26prom%3dFalse), the plot goes as follows: We follow the boy Mats and his adventures with his father after Mats one day finds a pair of trousers in the attic that bring them unimaginable riches. Mats just needs to slip his hand into his pocket and then he can pull out small denomination bills for as long as he is able to keep going.
Initially, they both satisfy only their own personal desires with the money, but gradually Mats\' intellect and idealism gains the upper hand and the two together start the firm *Nilsson International* to utilize the money for good. The biggest problem in the beginning is how to be able to exchange all their small bills into larger denominations without drawing attention. Gradually, it becomes clear that the money is mysteriously connected to money that disappears from bank vaults and cash transports. Soon, newspapers and radio news feature stories about the authorities\' efforts to reveal the \"man without fingerprints.\"
Mats and his father, Torkel, then establish the \"Fund for Orphaned Children\" and fly to a developing country in Africa to donate large amounts of money there. However, the recipients do not always react the way the two had intended.
Mats and his father are hunted and eventually tracked down by financiers who want to stop the uncontrolled outflow of money. After an alcohol-fuelled evening, the father lets the truth slip to a German journalist, and Mats is finally caught by three hired villains who force him to give up his golden trousers, who then burn them. There the story ends for now, with the desperate Mats shouting that they can expect that there will be more boys with golden trousers
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# Am I Evil (album)
***Am I Evil*** is a compilation album by British heavy metal band Diamond Head. It was released in 1987 by FM-Revolver Records before being re-released by Heavy Metal Records in 1994.
This album contains early recordings of the tracks from Diamond Head\'s 1982 album *Borrowed Time*, except for the song \"Call Me\", plus two extra tracks, \"Dead Reckoning\" and \"Sucking My Love\". The latter was previously released on the band\'s 1980 debut album *Lightning to the Nations*. The former had already been released on two previous Diamond Head records. It appears on the *Four Cuts* EP and as a B-side to the single \"Call Me\"; both were released by MCA in 1982 (however, the 7\" version of \"Call Me\" was only released in France).
Like *Borrowed Time*, this album\'s artwork was done by Rodney Matthews, a British Illustrator from Somerset who had previously worked with bands such as Thin Lizzy and Scorpions.
The songs off this compilation are much less polished compared to their *Borrowed Time* versions. Many fans prefer the versions of the songs on this album as many blamed Diamond Head\'s previous label, MCA, of trying to over commercialize the band
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# Akram Ayyad
**Akram Seifeddine Kanzari al-Ayyad** (born 23 November 1991) is a Libyan football midfielder who currently plays in the Tunisian Championship for CS Hammam-Lif
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# John Shield
**John Shield** (10 April 1915 -- 24 October 1981) was an English footballer who played as a defender. He played for a number of clubs including Bishop Auckland, Wolverhampton Wanderers, and West Bromwich Albion before he was transferred to Liverpool. He played one game for the club in the 1936--37 season when he deputised for Jimmy McDougall in defence
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# Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)
In 2005, an international conference titled **Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change: A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases** examined the link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration and global warming and its effects. The conference name was derived from Article 2 of the charter for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The conference explored the possible impacts at different levels of greenhouse gas emissions and how the climate might be stabilized at a desired level. The conference took place under the United Kingdom\'s presidency of the G8, with the participation of around 200 \"internationally renowned\" scientists from 30 countries. It was chaired by Dennis Tirpak and hosted by the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in Exeter, from 1 February to 3 February.
The conference was one of many meetings leading up to the 2015 Paris Agreement, at which the international community agreed to limit global warming to no more than 2 °C in order to have a 50-50 chance of avoiding dangerous climate change.
## Objectives
The conference was called to bring together the latest research into what would be necessary to achieve the objective of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:
: to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
It was also intended to encourage further research in the area. In the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report, an initial assessment of the subject had been included; however, the topic had received relatively little international discussion.
Specifically, the conference explored three issues:
- For different levels of climate change what are the key impacts, for different regions and sectors and for the world as a whole?
- What would such levels of climate change imply in terms of greenhouse gas stabilisation concentrations and emission pathways required to achieve such levels?
- What options are there for achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gases at different stabilisation concentrations in the atmosphere, taking into account costs and uncertainties?
## Conclusions
Among the conclusions reached, the most significant was a new assessment of the link between the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the increase in global temperature levels. Some researchers have argued that the most serious consequences of global warming might be avoided if global average temperatures rose by no more than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels. It had generally been assumed that this would occur if greenhouse gas concentrations rose above 550 ppm carbon dioxide equivalent by volume. This concentration was, for example, informing government in certain countries, including the European Union.
The conference concluded that, at the level of 550 ppm, it was likely that 2 °C would be exceeded, according to the projections of more recent climate models. Stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at 450 ppm would only result in a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 2 °C, and that it would be necessary to achieve stabilisation below 400 ppm to give a relatively high certainty of not exceeding 2 °C.
The conference also claimed that, if action to reduce emissions is delayed by 20 years, rates of emission reduction may need to be 3 to 7 times greater to meet the same temperature target.
## Reaction
As a result of changing opinion on the \'safe\' atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, to which this conference contributed, the UK government changed the target in the Climate Change Act from 60% to 80% by 2050
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# Electoral district of Gloucester and Macquarie
**Gloucester and Macquarie** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in the first and second Parliaments (1856-1859), named after Gloucester and Macquarie counties on the Mid North Coast. It was abolished in 1859 with Macquarie, the north-east of Gloucester and the Macleay River area forming the new district of Electoral district of Hastings (New South Wales), while the rest of Gloucester was split between Lower Hunter, Northumberland and The Williams
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# Slava Metreveli
**Slava Kalistratovich Metreveli** (`{{lang-ka|სლავა კალისტრატეს ძე მეტრეველი}}`{=mediawiki}; *Слава Калистратович Метревели*, 30 May 1936 -- 7 January 1998) was a Soviet and Georgian football player and manager.
Metreveli played most of his career for Torpedo Moscow (1956--1962) and Dinamo Tbilisi (1963--1971).
## International career {#international_career}
Metreveli played for Soviet Union national team (48 matches/10 goals) and was a participant at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, 1966 FIFA World Cup, 1970 FIFA World Cup, and at the 1960 European Nations\' Cup, where the Soviet Union won the gold medal. In the latter, Metreveli scored in the final against Yugoslavia as they won 2--1.
## Honours
Torpedo Moscow
- Soviet Top League: 1960
- Soviet Cup: 1959--60
Dinamo Tbilisi
- Soviet Top League: 1964
Soviet Union
- UEFA European Football Championship: 1960
Individual
- UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1960,
- The best 33 football players of the Soviet Union (9): No. 1 (1958-1962, 1964, 1965, 1968); No
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# Carola Standertskjöld
**Carola Christina Standertskjöld-Liemola** (23 March 1941 -- 12 November 1997), professionally known as **Carola**, was a Finnish jazz and pop singer. Her style was partially inspired by American singers of the 1950s. Simultaneously, it was in the spirit of the modal jazz scene going down in Europe in the 1960s. Mostly, Carola\'s jazz repertoire consisted in idiosyncratic versions of American songs in English, while her most famous jazz track \"The Flame\" was an original composition by Esa Pethman and the lyrics by the singer herself. As the vocalist for Esa Pethman\'s quartet and Hazy Osterwald\'s sextet in the early 1960s, Carola made fame in Finland and Sweden, and toured Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland. Her most significant recording is a session with the Heikki Sarmanto Trio from 1966, which the Finnish Music Information Centre considers among the original blueprints of Finnish jazz. Carola\'s recordings have been credited for the accosting tone of her contralto voice and her phrasing. The singer also co-produced the groovy approach of her supporting orchestras. In late 1960s and early 1970s, she performed in nine languages and a wide variety of styles, including chanson, schlager, Latin, rock\'n\'roll, and soul. After her death of Alzheimer\'s disease in 1997, Carola\'s music was revived in 2004 with two *Best of* albums and *Carola & Heikki Sarmanto Trio* reaching the Finnish charts.
## Biography
Carola Christina Standertskjöld was born on 23 March 1941 to Elin Christina Fazer and Johan Standertskjöld, into a Swedish-speaking noble family in Helsinki. They left the harsh Finnish post-war conditions and settled in Switzerland. From a very young age Carola was interested in learning foreign languages. Later her family moved to Spain, where her first public jazz performance took place; she also performed the French chansons at school parties and small occasions, accompanying herself on the acoustic guitar.
### Jazz career (1962--1966) {#jazz_career_19621966}
When Carola returned to Finland, she was spotted by Esa and Anssi Pethman, brothers who led a jazz quarter that was popular in Finland and Sweden in 1962. As the lead singer of Esa Pethman\'s quartet, Carola gained fame in Sweden, Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1963 and released her first track in Finland.: the Jewish folk song \"Hava Nagila\", published by the RCA as the B-side of Laila Halme\'s version of \"Telstar\".
After leaving Esa Pethman\'s quartet Carola became the vocalist for the Swiss Hazy Osterwald Sextet. During 1964 she toured the Central European scene and performed on television programs. Returning to Finland in 1965, Carola released a single in German, \"Warum Willst Du Das Alles Vergessen\" and also performed with a backup band, The Boys, who mostly recorded cover versions of songs in the English language, including The Rolling Stones\' \"The Last Time\" and Skeeter Davis\' \"The End of the World\". Carola starred both as a singer and actress in the musical television film *The Cold Old Days*, with the film winning the Golden Rose of the Montreaux Film Festival. Her performances in the film included a cover of Manos Hadjidakis\'s song \"All Alone Am I\", for which she herself composed the French lyrics.
In 1966, Carola returned to performing jazz music. As the vocalist of the Heikki Sarmanto Trio, she gave a number of concerts in Finland and recorded a session in the studios of Yle on 5 June 1966. Yle considered the material as uncommercial, aired the tracks once on Finnish radio, and shelved them.
### Pop career (1967--1975) {#pop_career_19671975}
Carola\'s popularity in Finland peaked with her interpretations of the songs \"Hunajainen\", \"Kielletyt leikit\", \"Agua de Beber\", \"Rakkauden jälkeen\", \"Jerusalem\", \"Mä lähden stadiin\", and the traditional Finnish song \"Herrojen kanssa pellon laidassa\". She also covered 3 winning songs from the Eurovision Song Contest (\"La, la, la\" 1968, \"Un banc, un arbre, une rue\" 1971, \"Après Toi\" 1972). In 1969, Carola tried out rhythm & blues, recording a television video of Aretha Franklin\'s \"Chain of Fools\". The tongue-in-cheek choreography by Heikki Värtsi included girl group dancing and Carola whipping a man in a cave. Her rhythm & blues covers continued with the television videos of Elaine Brown\'s \"Seize the Time\" and \"The End of Silence\" (in Finnish as \"Sanaton hiljaisuus\").
### Retirement (1975--1997) {#retirement_19751997}
In the mid-1970s, tired of living constantly in the public eye, Carola retired from the music industry and concentrated on work in her husband Georg Liemola\'s vegetable wholesale company. Throughout the 1970s, she made selected appearances at jazz clubs in Helsinki, including performances with the UMO Jazz Orchestra. Carola made a comeback in 1980 by publishing the Latin style album *Maria, Maria*, receiving a golden record certificate in Finland. After that, she refused to appear to audiences. In 1985, Carola was diagnosed with Alzheimer\'s disease. In 1987, Carola gave an exclusive concert with the UMO Jazz Orchestra and two years later one with pianist Iiro Rantala. In the early 1990s, she performed alone at a few charity concerts. After her long battle with the disease, Carola died on 12 November 1997 in Kirkkonummi.
## Artistry
On stage, Carola concentrated to singing fully and living with the music, usually oblivious of her audience. The Finnish public usually reacted to her concentrated act, accusing her of being drunk. Carola enjoyed being on stage, but after her shows she usually felt depressed by and unsatisfied with her voice and performance.
### Jazz singer {#jazz_singer}
Carola had a deep voice and an accosting manner without frills, concentrated on the phrasing. Her storytelling technique was accompanied by the grooviness of her supporting orchestras, co-produced by her. Partially, the style was inspired by American jazz singers of the 1950s. Simultaneously, it was in the spirit of the modal jazz scene going down in Europe in the 1960s. Mostly, Carola\'s jazz repertoire consisted in idiosyncratic versions of American songs. Examples include \"Just Give Me Time\" by Francy Boland and Jimmy Woode, \"So Long, Big Time\" by Dory Langdon and Harold Arlen, and \"Lonely Woman\" by Margo Guryan and Ornette Coleman. Carola\'s most famous track in the genre was the swinging \"The Flame\" composed and arranged by Esa Pethman and lyrics by Carola herself.
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# Carola Standertskjöld
## Artistry
### Pop singer {#pop_singer}
Using her international experience, Carola performed in nine languages, including Finnish, Swedish, German, French, Italian, English, and Spanish. She interpreted chanson, schlager, jazz, blues, soul, and folk music.
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# Carola Standertskjöld
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Carola felt exhausted by the attention of the Finnish press at her private life. Her favourite activities were various physical exercises, including walking, yachting, and driving. Her kilometrage was usually 5,000 km/month. Carola admitted consuming \"a fair deal\" of alcoholic beverages in her youth, quitting later in her life. She smoked 2--3 packages of cigarettes per day. She reportedly considered herself a \"terribly lazy\" person for not learning to play any instruments. She reportedly spoke five languages: Swedish, Finnish, French, Italian, and English.
## Legacy
In 1998, Carola\'s song \"Armonaikaa\" was used as the closing credits theme of the Prix Europa Special winning film *Hardly a Butterfly*. In 2004, the double CD *Parhaat* (*The Best*) was released, ending up as the No. 15 on the chart of best-selling Finnish albums of the year in Finland with 27,100 copies sold. This caused a revival of Carola\'s music in Finland. Her 1966 recording session with Heikki Sarmanto Trio was published in the same year. *Carola & Heikki Sarmanto Trio* featured 10 songs from the YLE studio sessions, and 4 live performances from the YLE Jazz Concert at Kulttuuritalo concert hall in Helsinki 28 April 1966. The album stayed in the Finnish charts for ten weeks. The Finnish Music Information Centre considers the Heikki Sarmanto Trio among the original blueprints of Finnish jazz. The album was also issued in Germany to a lauding review by the Nordische Musik website.
A biographical play *Kielletyt leikit* (Forbidden Games), named after the title of the singer\'s version of the Spanish tune \"Romance\" and based on Carola\'s life, ran for a month in the Frenckell theatre of Tampere in 2009
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# Approach (album)
***Approach*** is the Finnish rock band Von Hertzen Brothers\'s second full-length album. The album was released on 17 May 2006 in Finland and went gold. The first single released from the album was \"Let Thy Will Be Done\" and the second was \"Kiss a Wish\".
\"Approach\" won the Emma award, the Finnish equivalent of the Grammy Award, for Best Rock Album of the year 2006.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Disciple Of The Sun\" -- 8:12
2. \"Let Thy Will Be Done\" -- 4:47
3. \"River\" -- 4:02
4. \"Endlessly\" -- 8:20
5. \"In Your Arms\" -- 5:37
6. \"Open Water Stormy Weather\" -- 4:47
7. \"Ocean Of Mercy\" -- 7:42
8. \"Kiss A Wish\" -- 9:30
9. \"After All\" -- 5:03
## Personnel
- Kie von Hertzen - Lead guitars, vocals, etc.
- Mikko von Hertzen - Lead vocals, guitars, etc.
- Jonne von Hertzen - Bass, vocals, etc.
- Sami Kuoppamäki - Drums and Percussion
Guests (in order of appearance)
- Juha Kuoppala - Various keyboards on all Tracks
- Jukka Puurula - Viola and Violin on Track 03
- Antto Melasniemi - Flute on Track 05
- Juho Martikainen - Double Bass on Track 07
- Laura Närhi - Vocals on Track 07
- Sonny Heinilä - Ney Flute on Track 08
- Maikki Liuski - Vocals on Tracks 08, 09
- Tuomas Murtomaa - French horn on Track 09
- Tommi Lindell - Analog Pörinä on Track 09
- Aldur Smith-Diesel, Denis Vinokur and Matti Pyykkö - Photography
- Janne \"Toxic Angel\" Pitkänen at InferiArt - Artwork and layout
## Trivia
- The former Kingston Wall drummer Sami Kuoppamäki played the drums on the album
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# Armand De Decker
**Armand De Decker** (8 October 1948 -- 12 June 2019) was a Belgian politician and member of the French-speaking liberal party Mouvement Réformateur (MR).
De Decker studied law at the Université libre de Bruxelles and practised law. He was also mayor of Uccle between 2006 and 2017. He died on 12 June 2019.
## Political career {#political_career}
- In 1981 he was elected for the Parti Réformateur Libéral to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives where he served until 1995.
- In 1995 he was elected to the Belgian Senate, and re-elected in 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2010.
- From 1999 to 2003, and from 2007 to 2010, he was President of the Senate.
- Beginning in 2010, he was second vice-president of the senate.
- He served as president of the council of the Brussels-Capital Region from 1995 to 1999.
- From 20 July 2004 to 12 July 2007, De Decker served as the minister responsible for Development Cooperation in the Belgian Federal Government.
- Until 17 June 2017 he was mayor of Uccle
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# Chris Malkin
**Christopher Gregory Malkin** (born 4 June 1967) is an English former professional footballer who played as a centre-forward.
Malkin began his professional career at Tranmere Rovers, whom he joined from Stork on a free transfer in 1987. He spent eight years at Prenton Park, forming a successful partnership with John Aldridge upon his arrival from Real Sociedad in 1991, halfway through Malkin\'s stay on the Wirral. A couple of months earlier Malkin scored the winning goal at Wembley Stadium to win the Division Three play-off final against Bolton Wanderers. At Tranmere he was also part of the side that won the 1989-90 Football League Trophy.
After over 200 league appearances and 60 goals for Rovers, Malkin joined Millwall in 1995 for a £400,000 price tag. In fifteen months at the Den, he scored thirteen goals in a half-century of league appearances for the Lions.
In 1996, Malkin moved back north, joining Gary Megson\'s Blackpool for £275,000, becoming the Seasiders\' record signing (which he remained until 2008). An injury-prone period at Bloomfield Road meant he made only 65 league appearances and scored six goals for the Lancashire club in just under three years.
Blackpool didn\'t receive any return on their record outlay when, in August 1999, Nigel Worthington let the forward join Telford United on a free transfer.
Malkin joined Chester City as player-physio in 2001, and a year later moved to Oswestry Town, with whom he finished his career.
Malkin now works as a physiotherapist at Spire Murrayfield Hospital in Wirral, helping patients back to fitness. He previously had spells as club physio for Aston Villa and Nottingham Forest
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# William Wallace (mason)
**William Wallace** (died 1631) was a Scottish master mason and architect. He served as King\'s Master Mason under James VI.
From 1615, Wallace is known to have been the leading mason working on the King\'s Lodgings at Edinburgh Castle. On 18 April 1617 he was appointed King\'s Master Mason, holding this post until his death. Wallace was commissioned in 1618 to rebuild the north range of Linlithgow Palace, which had collapsed in 1605. He was responsible for design as well as building, and executed the new range in an Anglo-Flemish style, which he helped to popularise in Scotland.
He followed this with works to Winton House, near Pencaitland, for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton, which he undertook from 1620 to 1627. In 1621 he was made a burgess of Edinburgh, and later served as Deacon of the Edinburgh Masons Lodge. From 1628 until his death Wallace was engaged on the design and construction of Heriot\'s Hospital, a school, again in the Anglo-Flemish style. He was almost certainly the principal designer of the building, which was continued after his death by William Aytoun. One of Wallace\'s last works was carving the monument to John Byres of Coates in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, unpaid for at his death, and his will also includes debts for works at Moray House for the Countess of Home.
In addition, Pinkie House and the original, unexecuted, design for Drumlanrig Castle have been attributed to Wallace on stylistic grounds, although no documentary evidence exists to confirm his involvement
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# Haryono Suyono
**Haryono Suyono** (born 6 May 1938 in Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia) has served as head of the Indonesian National Family Planning Coordination Body (BKKBN) for 26 years. From 1998 to 1999, he served as Coordinating Minister for the Peoples\' Welfare in the Indonesian Development Cabinet.
Suyono also wrote former President Soeharto\'s address to the UN assembly.
## Early life {#early_life}
Dr. Haryono Suyono was born in a small town in Java island, the most heavily populated of the major Indonesian islands. He is one of three sons born to a school teacher and a business woman. He has a PhD degree in demography, sociology and communication from University of Chicago in the US. Before his doctorate studies, he worked with a pilot FP project in Jakarta where his interest and commitment to population began. There were very few people with advanced degrees in population and demography in Indonesia at that time. Despite Haryono didn\'t finish his study, he also enrolled as a medical student at Gadjah Mada University.
## Career
While doing his doctorate degree in the late 1960s, Dr Haryono saw the opportunity to be a professional leader. He conducted workshops on population while at Chicago, and it was at one of these workshops where he came in contact with the Indonesian government family planning officials. He started his 30-year-plus tenure at BKKBN as a deputy director. While a deputy at BKKBN, he was involved in writing speeches for President Suharto which would inevitably include messages on family planning. He was head of BKKBN for 15 years, during which time the Indonesian program grew by leaps and bounds. He was Minister of Population and Minister Coordinator for Social Welfare, and also Chairman of LCOMP Executive Committee for two terms in the 1990s. He is Founder and Chairman of Yayasan Dana Sejahtera Mandiri, a foundation that promotes self-reliance and human development. He is also on the faculty of the School of Medicine at Airlangga University in Java, and host of radio programs on health and family.
Note: Decentralization of the Indonesian family planning program began in 2000, a process in which the transferred mandate of the program has a direction and implementation from a central level to the provinces and districts. The current role of BKKBN has since changed dramatically from the days when Dr Haryono was at the helm
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# Hugh de Mortimer
**Hugh de Mortimer** (1117 -- 26 February 1180/81) was a Norman English medieval lord.
## Lineage
The son of Ranulph de Mortimer, he was Lord of Wigmore Castle, Stratfield Mortimer, Cleobury Mortimer and at times, Bridgnorth, Bishop\'s Castle and Maelienydd.
## Anarchy
During the Anarchy of King Stephen\'s reign, Mortimer was an ardent royalist`{{clarify|which royal|date=December 2018}}`{=mediawiki} until at least 1148. This was because Wigmore Castle had been confiscated from his father by King Henry I. He only seems to have returned to England from his Norman estates in 1137.
## Private Wars {#private_wars}
He did quarrel violently with his neighbouring Lords, most notably with Miles, earl of Hereford, his son Roger and Josce de Dinan, lord of Ludlow. The latter ambushed Mortimer and only released him after the payment of a substantial ransom. During this time Mortimer also took over the Royal castle at Bridgnorth.
## Opposition to King Henry II {#opposition_to_king_henry_ii}
Hugh was one of the Barons who objected to Henry II\'s demand for the return of Royal castles in 1155. Henry II launched a campaign in May 1155 against Hugh, simultaneously besieging his three principal castles of Wigmore, Bridgnorth and Cleobury. On 7 July 1155, Hugh formally submitted to Henry II at the Council at Bridgnorth. He was allowed to keep his own two castles (though Cleobury had been destroyed during the siege) but Bridgnorth returned to the crown.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Between 1148 and 1155 Hugh married Maud le Meschin (also known as Maud/Matilde du Bessin), daughter of William Meschin, Lord of Skipton, Yorkshire, and Cecily de Rumilly. Maud (Matilda) was the widow of Philip Belmeis of Tong. Hugh and Maud\'s son Roger Mortimer of Wigmore succeeded his father as Lord of Wigmore. Hugh and Maud had three other sons, Hugh (killed in a tournament), Ralph, and William. Hugh may have died 26 Feb 1180/81 in Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire, England, and was buried at Wigmore
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# St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings
***St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings*** is a compilation album consisting of recordings by the American rock band the Stalk--Forrest Group, who would later be known as Blue Öyster Cult. It is a combination of two albums recorded by the group for Elektra Records -- one in 1969 and the other in 1970 -- as well as the promotional single `{{nowrap|"What is Quicksand?"}}`{=mediawiki} released in 1970. Except for the single, the tracks were not officially released until 2001, although bootlegs had existed and individual tracks had been released as bonus tracks to other albums.
The band had originated as \"Soft White Underbelly\" in 1967 but went through several names under its creative director Sandy Pearlman. Soft White Underbelly had recorded demos for Elektra with its original lead vocalist Les Braunstein, and re-recorded them with new vocalist Eric Bloom in 1969, the re-recordings with Bloom forming the first half of the compilation album. Elektra, who had liked Braunstein, declined to release the album with Bloom despite its completion and mixing. In an effort to get Elektra to reconsider its position, Pearlman and the band`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}now named \"Oaxaca\"`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}traveled from their native New York to California in early 1970 to record more sessions, which form the second half of the compilation album, but the label was losing patience with the band and ended the contract. Despite these failures, the band`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}now the \"Stalk--Forrest Group\"`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}released a single for the label in July 1970.
The band continued to struggle without a recording contract, and under more names, for the next year. Columbia Records, which had rejected the band multiple times in the past, saw the need to compete with the likes of Black Sabbath, and promised Pearlman a contract for the band if it could change its sound to that end. The band, which had already started going towards a heavier direction, rehearsed new material and signed the contract in autumn 1971 under the name \"Blue Öyster Cult\". With this contract, the band recorded and released a true debut album in 1972, and would go on to find success in the metal scene in the next decades.
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# St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings
## History
### Band formation {#band_formation}
Albert Bouchard and Donald Roeser met in college in 1965 in Potsdam, New York, and began playing together in several bands, with Roeser on guitar`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}having taken it up as physical therapy after breaking his arm`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}and Bouchard on drums. The two eventually dropped out of college but continued to play gigs throughout upstate New York, except for a brief stint of Bouchard playing for another band in Chicago.
The band that would become the Stalk--Forrest Group was the brainchild of Sandy Pearlman, a student of Stony Brook University in Long Island. Pearlman had heard Roeser jam with his band in a common building on the campus of Stony Brook and offered to be their manager. The band`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}known as \"Soft White Underbelly\" in reference to a speech by Winston Churchill regarding Nazi-held Italy during World War II`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}included Bouchard and Roeser, as well as keyboardist Allen Lanier, bassist Andy Winters, and vocalist and frontman Les Braunstein. Bouchard would retrospectively call Soft White Underbelly\'s music \"more of a Grateful Dead type thing, \[with the band\] developing \[their\] improvisational skills and songwriting abilities,\" whereas Roeser would credit Pearlman for giving him motivation to play rock on a professional level. The songwriting of the band was largely left to Bouchard; Lanier; Pearlman; and Richard Meltzer, a rock critic as well as childhood friend and classmate of Pearlman\'s. Winters also contributed some material, as did Braunstein.
Braunstein\'s talents were increasingly at odds with the band\'s desired metal direction; tensions also grew with Braunstein taking unnecessary time recording his vocals and insisting on his compositions being recorded. Braunstein was delinquent on payments of his Volkswagen van, which the band used, and upon its repossession in April 1969 the band turned to Eric Bloom. Bloom was a classmate of Braunstein\'s at Hobart College, and already an acclaimed rock singer in the Finger Lakes region; having been a stage engineer for the band since November 1968, his position was helped by having a van already paid off and complete with a sound system, as well as dealing drugs to the band. Even after Bloom was chosen to replace Braunstein, the band auditioned Pearlman and Meltzer for singing; despite the lack of success in such auditions, Meltzer sang for the band on one occasion. After Bloom\'s entry, the band began changing names and concepts frequently.
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# St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings
## History
### Recording and single release {#recording_and_single_release}
Soft White Underbelly recorded a demo album for Elektra Records with Braunstein; Meltzer recalled the experience negatively, accusing Braunstein of \"\[finding\] any way he could to destroy what they were doing because he was a fool\" and blaming him for the demo album\'s never being mixed. Nevertheless, Elektra signed the group in January 1969. One of the band\'s supporters in the label was Jac Holzman, who had attended a show at the Diplomat Hotel. After Braunstein\'s departure, the group re-recorded the songs in New York with Bloom. The ten-song album was turned in to Elektra completed, mixed and mastered, ready for release, but was rejected. A source of the rift between the label and the band was Braunstein, whom the label liked despite his issues with the band.
The band recorded new demos of several of the songs for Columbia Records in hopes of scoring a record deal; some of these Columbia demos eventually surfaced as bonus tracks on the re-mastered version of the first Blue Öyster Cult album in 2001. After being rejected by Columbia as well, Pearlman convinced Elektra to give the band another shot, and the group traveled to California in February 1970 to begin reworking and re-recording the songs for a full-length album release. Meanwhile, the band had changed its name to Oaxaca, and would soon change it again to the Stalk--Forrest Group; the latter name being inspired by Chinese food. By the time of the California sessions, however, Elektra distrusted the band and believed it was using the label for money`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}the band had received \$70,000 (\$`{{inflation|US|70000|1970|2021|fmt=c|r=-4}}`{=mediawiki} in 2021) at this point`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}and, not liking the final album, ended the contract. Pearlman made a final effort to release a single for Elektra, who sent out representative Don Galucci to New York to record it. Winters decided to abandon the band in favor of his work and failed to appear at this point, leading to his replacement by Bouchard\'s brother Joe.
The band decided to release \"What is Quicksand?\", despite Galucci\'s suggestion to release the less-psychedelic \"Gil Blanco County\" instead. Pearlman also did not want to release the album during the summer so delayed Holzman a track listing; in retrospect, however, Pearlman was of the opinion that the label did not like the album no matter the other factors straining the relationship.
### Subsequent history of Blue Öyster Cult {#subsequent_history_of_blue_öyster_cult}
With its lineup solidified, the band continued to cycle through such names as \"the Santos Sisters\", and continued to try getting a record deal. Murray Krugman, a product manager for Columbia, had rejected the band twice previously, but had come around to the idea that Columbia needed an answer to Warner\'s Black Sabbath, promising Pearlman a contract if the band could change its music to that effect. Pearlman and Krugman rehearsed with the band for around a month to create the appropriate music. Nevertheless, the band still did not have a name.
The band renamed themselves Blue Öyster Cult, and finally secured a solid recording contract with Columbia in Fall 1971.
### Bootlegs and official release {#bootlegs_and_official_release}
The recordings surfaced as a bootleg in the late 1990s. Confusingly, the bootleg was titled *Curse of the Hidden Mirrors*, after a song on the Elektra album, but *Curse of the Hidden Mirror* was eventually used as the title of a Blue Öyster Cult studio album in 2001.
The untitled \"California\" Elektra album was finally released officially in 2001, along with the previously unreleased original \'69 sessions, as *St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings* by Rhino Entertainment in a limited, numbered edition of 5000 copies. It is now out of print. This same release was reissued in 2013 by Wounded Bird Records and is also now out of print. Inferior \"bootleg\" versions of the album with a shuffled track listing are available as grey-area releases, such as *St. Cecilia: The California Album* on Radioactive Records (not the real Radioactive label, but a grey area label using the same name). These releases are not made from the original master tapes like the Rhino/Wounded Bird release.
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# St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings
## Music
The first nine tracks on the compilation album are from the 1969-recorded demo album EKS-74046, while the following seven are from the California sessions and the last two are from the single release of \"What is Quicksand?\". The majority of songs on the compilation therefore appear twice.
### \"What is Quicksand?\" {#what_is_quicksand}
The opening track of the compilation is the EKS-74046 recording of \"What is Quicksand?\". This differs both from the version released as a single (also included in the compilation) and from another demo released as part of a reissue of the 1972 album.
### \"I\'m on the Lamb\" {#im_on_the_lamb}
The song \"I\'m on the Lamb\" was re-recorded under the title \"I\'m on the Lamb but I Ain\'t no Sheep\" for Blue Öyster Cult\'s first proper album *Blue Öyster Cult* in 1971. It was re-worked and recorded again for the *Tyranny & Mutation* album (1973), under the title \"The Red and the Black\".
### \"Gil Blanco County\" {#gil_blanco_county}
The very last part of the song \"Gil Blanco County\" would later re-emerge at the end of \"(Don\'t Fear) The Reaper\" on the popular live album *Some Enchanted Evening* (1978). The bridge from \"Gil Blanco County\" was used as the main development section in \"Buck\'s Boogie,\" although the progression is in D rather than Db in \"Buck\'s Boogie.\"
### \"Curse of the Hidden Mirrors\" {#curse_of_the_hidden_mirrors}
This title would be recycled for albums. Especially Albert Bouchard\'s Imaginos Act III: The Mutant Reformation
### \"St. Cecilia\" {#st._cecilia}
The titular track, predominantly written by Winters, is a ballad, and would be referenced by Richie Castellano in *The Return Of St. Cecilia* on 2022\'s *The Symbol Remains*.
### Other songs {#other_songs}
- The chord changes for \"Arthur Comics\" were recycled for the instrumental \"Buck\'s Boogie\", released on the 1975 live album *On Your Feet or on Your Knees*.
- Demo versions of three songs from this album (\"What Is Quicksand?\", \"Donovan\'s Monkey\" and \"A Fact About Sneakers\"), appear on the remastered CD of the album *Blue Öyster Cult*, as does a cover of the Bobby Freeman tune \"Betty Lou\'s Got a New Pair of Shoes\". Another song from these sessions, \"John L. Sullivan\", was released on the 2001 promo-only CD \"God Save Blue Oyster Cult From Themselves\". It was also included in the 2012 Blue Öyster Cult box set that compiles all the band\'s output during their time at Columbia. All were recorded as demos for Columbia Records in 1969.
- The tracks intended for the Stalk--Forrest Group\'s debut album (EKS-74046) were reissued on 15 October 2017 by Australian label Blank Recording Co. under the title *The Stalk--Forrest Group*.
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# St. Cecilia: The Elektra Recordings
## Reception
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"What Is Quicksand?\" *(Allen Lanier, Richard Meltzer)* -- 3:19
2. \"I\'m on the Lamb\" *(Eric Bloom, Albert Bouchard, Sandy Pearlman)* -- 3:00
3. \"Gil Blanco County\" *(Lanier, Pearlman)* -- 3:37
4. \"Donovan\'s Monkey\" *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 3:44
5. \"Ragamuffin Dumplin\'\" *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 5:12
6. \"Curse of the Hidden Mirrors\" *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 3:17
7. \"Arthur Comics\" *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 3:11
8. \"A Fact About Sneakers\" *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 7:53
9. \"St. Cecilia\" *(Andrew Winters, Bouchard, Pearlman)* -- 6:48
10. \"Ragamuffin Dumplin\'\" (alternate mix) *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 5:19
11. \"I\'m on the Lamb\" (alternate take) *(Bloom, Bouchard, Pearlman)* -- 2:54
12. \"Curse of the Hidden Mirrors\" (alternate mix) *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 3:17
13. \"Bonomo\'s Turkish Taffy\" (deleted from final album) *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 2:14
14. \"Gil Blanco County\" (alternate mix) *(Lanier, Pearlman)* -- 3:37
15. \"St. Cecilia\" (alternate mix) *(Bouchard, Pearlman, Winters)* -- 6:47
16. \"A Fact About Sneakers\" (alternate take) *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 3:10
17. \"What Is Quicksand?\" (mono single mix) *(Lanier, Meltzer)* -- 3:21
18. \"Arthur Comics\" (mono single mix) *(Bouchard, Meltzer)* -- 3:10
- Tracks 1--9 are the finished, but unreleased and untitled Elektra album EKS-74046
- Tracks 10--16 taken from earlier version of the unreleased album labeled \"OAXACA\"
- Tracks 17 and 18 are from the Elektra promo single EKM-45693, released July 20, 1970
## Personnel
- Eric Bloom a.k.a. \"Jesse Python\" -- lead vocals, guitars
- Donald Roeser a.k.a. \"Buck Dharma\" -- lead guitar, vocals
- Andrew Winters a.k.a. \"Andy Panda\" -- bass, acoustic guitar on \"St. Cecilia.\" Mr. Winters was never called \"Andy Panda,\" at least not to his face. Guild acoustic guitar played by Andrew Winters courtesy of Jackson Browne.
- Allen Lanier a.k.a. \"La Verne\" -- keyboards, guitar
- Albert Bouchard a.k.a. \"Prince Omega\" -- drums, vocals
The nicknames in quotes were given to the band members by manager Sandy Pearlman. Nearly all of the members hated the nicknames, with the exception of Donald Roeser, who continues to use \"Buck Dharma\" as his stage name
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# Paul Lehner
**Paul Eugene Lehner** (July 1, 1920 -- December 27, 1967) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball, playing mainly as a center fielder for five American League teams from 1946 through 1952. A native of Dolomite, Alabama, Lehner batted and threw left-handed. Listed at 5 ft tall and 165 lb, he was nicknamed \"Peanuts\" or \"Gulliver.\" He worked in the region\'s coal mines as a young man.
## Biography
Lehner\'s professional baseball career began when he was 25, after World War II service in the United States Army Air Forces. He was one of a few big leaguers to play for four different teams in a single season. He reached the majors in 1946 with the St. Louis Browns, spending four years with them before moving to the Philadelphia Athletics in 1950. He started 1951 with Philadelphia, then was part of successive trades between the Athletics, Chicago White Sox, Browns, and Cleveland Indians. His most productive season came in 1950 with Philadelphia, when he posted career-highs in batting average (.309), home runs (9), and RBI (52) in 114 games. He also played briefly for the Boston Red Sox in 1952, his last major league season.
When playing with the Browns, Lehner believed that he could not hit safely if he played on a Sunday. He would approach the Browns\' trainer with an alleged ailment that would keep him out of the line-up for a Sunday game. When Lehner finally admitted to the trainer of his problem, the trainer said that he had some new pills that could help him. Lehner took the pills before a Sunday double-header, hit a home run in the first game, and never tried to be excused from Sunday games again.
In a seven-season career, Lehner was a .257 hitter with 22 home runs and 197 RBI in 540 games. Lehner died in Birmingham, Alabama, at the age of 47. He was buried in Bessemer\'s Highland Memorial Gardens
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# Cynthia McKinney–Capitol Hill police incident
On March 29, 2006, Representative Cynthia McKinney of Georgia had a dispute with Capitol Police. McKinney entered the Longworth House Office Building\'s southeast entrance after walking around the metal detector at the security checkpoint. She proceeded westward down the ground floor hallway and about halfway down the hallway was grabbed by United States Capitol Police officer Paul McKenna who stated that he had been calling after her \"Ma\'am, Ma\'am!\" Two days later Officer McKenna filed a police report claiming that McKinney had \"struck his chest with a closed fist.\" Members of Congress are not required to pass through metal detectors but they are asked to wear identifying lapel pins.
The incident made national headlines and sparked controversies over whether the officers present failed to recognize her as a Member of Congress because she was not wearing the appropriate lapel pin, whether McKinney had just cause to assert that racial profiling played a role in the incident, whether Members of Congress should be required to pass through metal detectors, and even whether McKinney\'s recent change of hair-style contributed to the incident.
## Police report, media attention and charges {#police_report_media_attention_and_charges}
Officer McKenna did not arrest McKinney at the time of the incident. He filed a police report later. The following is his exact statement, with C-1 referring to himself and S-1 to Rep. McKinney:
\"On 3-29-06, at approximately 0855 hrs. C-1 while performing his official duties as United States Capitol Police Officer and in full uniform, stated that he was physically assaulted by S-1. S-1 struck C-1 in his chest with a closed fist.\"
## Congressional pin debate {#congressional_pin_debate}
McKinney was criticized in the media for failing to wear her pin on the morning of March 29, 2006, with critics charging that her failure to do so led to the confrontation. Many other members have not worn the pin since the McKinney--McKenna affair. A July 5, 2006 article in *The Hill* titled \"Pinpoint: After McKinney, many lawmakers still dress without their congressional pins\" noted \"no discernible pattern\" in the decision by Members of Congress regarding the wearing of the Congressional Pin. Several members indicated they followed the same practice as McKinney. House Majority Leader Rep. John Boehner (R-Ohio) said that he was \"not a pin-wearing guy.\" Another Republican Member, Sherwood Boehlert (NY) explained his reason for not wearing a pin, stating \"I know who I am.\" Democratic Member George Miller (CA) said \"I\'ve never worn one. I have enough trouble combing my hair in the morning.\"
McKinney admitted that she was not wearing her pin that morning but opined that the police responsible for protecting lawmakers should recognize the 435 members of Congress on sight and claimed to have shown her congressional identification badge.
## Initial reactions {#initial_reactions}
McKinney made a brief statement on her own behalf at Howard University on March 31: \"Let me be clear: this whole incident was instigated by the inappropriate touching and stopping of me, a female black congresswoman. I deeply regret this incident occurred, and I am certain that after a full review of the facts, I will be exonerated.\"
McKinney garnered little support. Not one Congressional Democrat chose to join her at a news conference to discuss the situation at Howard University, although Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton sent a supportive statement to be read at the event. Minority Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-Cal.) later said on April 5 that she \"found it hard to see any set of facts that would justify striking a police officer,\" and McKinney\'s fellow Georgia Democrat, Rep. John Lewis, told McKinney that \"she needs to lower the temperature and stop holding press conferences.\" Outside of Capitol Hill, the Sarasota Democratic Party withdrew from a rally at which McKinney was due to speak.
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# Cynthia McKinney–Capitol Hill police incident
## Race in the incident and aftermath {#race_in_the_incident_and_aftermath}
The story was picked up by many blogs and internet opinion sites with overwhelming rebuke for McKinney coming from conservatives and also left-leaning sources offering negative portrayals of her, as on the comedy show *Saturday Night Live*, which lampooned her repeatedly on their April 8, 2006 show for \"playing the race card.\" On April 3, former Wonkette editor Ana Marie Cox, interviewed on Joe Scarborough\'s MSNBC show *Scarborough Country*, said that \"I worry that she \[McKinney\] makes us \[Democrats\] all look a little crazy.\" Some columnists analyzed her hairstyle in a negative light and question the quick participation of musician/actor/social activist Harry Belafonte.
Reacting to the sudden rise in stakes reflected by the potential for criminal indictment, McKinney\'s attorney, James Myart, spoke in a March 31 news conference suggesting that the officer involved be criminally investigated for accosting (\"inappropriately touching\") the congresswoman. This charge was not taken seriously by most commentators and media outlets. Myart said the case typified a pattern of police harassment of black Americans. \"\...my belief is this is no different than that: \'they all look alike{{\' \"}}. On April 25, 2006, CNN reported that Myart was no longer representing McKinney. Recently retired U.S. Capitol Police Chief Terrance W. Gainer rejected Myart\'s charge in an interview with CNN:
McKinney has repeatedly stated the incident arose from McKenna\'s failure to recognize her face, suggesting that a pattern of incidents in which Capitol Police failed to recognize her as a Member of Congress had to do with a general tendency by police in the United States to engage in racial profiling of blacks and therefore tend to handle blacks more roughly.
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# Cynthia McKinney–Capitol Hill police incident
## Apology
On April 6, 2006, after the grand jury was convened to investigate, the Associated Press reported that McKinney had expressed \"sincere regret\" for the altercation and offered an apology to the House. \"There should not have been any physical contact in this incident,\" McKinney said in a one-minute statement on the House floor. Various commentators, including *The Wall Street Journal* questioned the sincerity of the apology, noting, among other things, its careful wording, the lack of admission of culpability, and the absence of an apology specifically to the Capitol Police and Officer McKenna.
## Potential legal consequences {#potential_legal_consequences}
News reports variously suggested that the police officer as an individual, or the Capitol Police as a whole, were planning to file assault charges. On April 3, 2006, Assistant U.S. Attorney Channing Phillips announced that the Capitol Police had referred the incident to his office for further investigation. On April 5, the Associated Press reported that the case might be referred to a federal grand jury. A sitting Grand Jury was subsequently presented with McKenna\'s charge of assault of a police officer. Six witnesses were called by the U.S. Attorney\'s office.
## Charges dropped {#charges_dropped}
On June 16, 2006, the grand jury declined to indict McKinney, finding insufficient grounds to proceed. Under [18 U.S.C. §111(a)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/111-), McKinney faced a fine and/or up to eight years in prison if convicted of assaulting an \"officer or employee of the United States.\"
It was suggested on Fox News that McKinney\'s allegations of racism and sexism were overplayed on her part and had a boomerang effect.
Though not indicted for criminal charges or subjected to disciplinary action by the House, the president of the Fraternal Order of Police said of Officer McKenna, \"We\'re going to make sure the officer won\'t be harassed. We want the officer to be able talk to experts, who can look at his legal recourses, if he needed to
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