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# Great Massingham
## War Memorial {#war_memorial}
Great Massingham War Memorial is a tall portland stone Greek cross which was opened in 1920 by a Colonel McNeil. The following names were added after the First World War:
Rank Name Unit Date of Death Burial/Commemoration
------- -------------------- ------------------------------------ --------------- ----------------------------
CSt. Charles W. Allcock HMS *Africa* 11 Mar. 1916 Dalmeny Cemetery
Sgt. John W. Skipper 9th Bn., Yorkshire Regiment 9 Oct. 1916 Dernancourt Cemetery
Cpl. Horace Warnes 1/5th Bn., Norfolk Regiment 19 Apr. 1917 Jerusalem Memorial
Cpl. Albert W. Whitby 1/5th Bn., Norfolk Regt. 28 Aug. 1915 Helles Memorial
Cpl. Ernest C. Jarvis 7th Bn., Rifle Brigade 18 Aug. 1916 Thiepval Memorial
LCpl. Herbert Bird 101st Coy., Labour Corps 17 May 1918 St. Sever Cemetery
LCpl. Peter Powley 8th Bn., Norfolk Regiment 19 Jul. 1916 Thiepval Memorial
LCpl. Charles E. Reader 14th Bn., Royal Warwickshire Regt. 27 Sep. 1918 Gouzeaucourt Cemetery
Pte. Horace A. Holsey 7th Bn., Cheshire Regiment 5 Sep. 1918 St. Mary\'s Churchyard
Pte. Ernest W. Powley 1/9th Bn., Durham Light Infantry 7 Feb. 1917 Hamburg Cemetery
Pte. John W. Goll 8th Bn., East Surrey Regiment 18 Sep. 1918 Emilie Valley Cemetery
Pte. Frank Beck 1st Bn., East Yorkshire Regiment 1 Jul. 1916 Thiepval Memorial
Pte. George Barnes 14th Bn., Hampshire Regiment 17 Sep. 1916 Euston Road Cemetery
Pte. Aubone H. Tooke 16th Bn., Lancashire Fusiliers 3 Apr. 1918 Quesnoy Farm Cemetery
Pte. Sidney W. Gage 9th Bn., Norfolk Regiment 25 Mar. 1917 Vermelles British Cemetery
Pte. Albert George 12th Bn., Norfolk Regt. 12 Oct. 1918 Underhill Farm Cemetery
Pte. R. William Howard 12th Bn., Norfolk Regt. 8 Dec. 1917 Jerusalem War Cemetery
Pte. Harry Sillis 2nd Bn., Royal Sussex Regiment 10 Oct. 1917 Tyne Cot
Rfn. Thomas R. Moore 18th Bn., Rifle Brigade 15 Nov. 1916 Taukkyan War Cemetery
The following name was added after the Second World War:
Rank Name Unit Date of Death Burial/Commemoration
------- --------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------------------
LSgt. Dudley Harvey 118 LAA Regt., Royal Artillery 24 Dec
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# Herbert Druce
**Herbert Druce, FLS** (14 July 1846 in London -- 11 April 1913 in London) was an English entomologist. His collections were acquired by Frederick DuCane Godman (1834--1919), Osbert Salvin (1835--1898), and James John Joicey (1870--1932) before being bequeathed to the Natural History Museum in London.
He is not to be confused with his son, the English entomologist Hamilton Herbert Druce (1869 -- 21 June 1922), who also worked on Lepidoptera.
## Partial list of publications {#partial_list_of_publications}
- Druce, H., 1872 with Arthur Gardiner Butler (1844--1925), Descriptions of new genera and species of Lepidoptera from Costa Rica. *Cistula entomologica*, 1 : 95--118. (1872)
- Druce, H., 1873. A list of the Collections of Diurnal Lepidoptera made by Mr. Lowe in Borneo. *Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London* 1873: 337--361, 2 pls. text plates.
- Druce, H., 1874. A list of the lepidopterous insects collected by Mr. L. Layard in Siam *Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London*1874(1): 102--109, pl. 16
- Druce, H. 1875 A list of the collection of diurnal lepidoptera made by Mr. J.J. Monteiro, in Angola, with descriptions of some new species. *Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London* 1875:406--417.
- Druce, H. 1887 [*Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera Heterocera, mostly from tropical Africa*. - Proc. Zoological Society of London 1887:668--686, pl. 55](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31784329#page/810/mode/1up)
- Druce, H. 1894 Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera from Central America *Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.* (6) 13 : 168-182
- Druce, H. 1894. [*Descriptions of new species of Agaristidae*. - Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6)14:21--24](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53354#page/39/mode/1up).
- Druce, H. 1889 Descriptions of new Species of Lepidoptera, chiefly from Central America *Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.* (6) 4 (19) : 77--94
- [Druce, H. 1910a. *Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera from tropical Africa*. - Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)5:393--402.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16094826#page/429/mode/1up)
- Druce, H. 1911b. *Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera, chiefly from tropical South America*. - Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)8:136--150
- Druce, H. 1912a. [*Descriptions of seven new species of Heterocera belonging to the subfamily Ophiusinae*. - Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)9:552--554](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61794#page/564/mode/1up)
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# Kat Alano
**Katherine Anne Alano**{{#tag:ref\|Kat Alano was born in England. Thus, she does not possess her mother\'s maiden name which is Brown.\|group = fn\|name = sur}} is a Filipino-British model, actress and television presenter/VJ in the Philippines.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kat Alano was born to an English mother and a Filipino father. She was educated at Gresham\'s School, Norfolk, England, and at the German Swiss International School, Hong Kong. She was born in Birmingham, England, then later moved to Hong Kong.
## Career
Before becoming famous, Alano performed in theatre in England, including William Shakespeare plays and *West Side Story*. When she came to the Philippines in 2003, she started her modeling career and joined GMA Artist Center using the screen name *Olga*. She even won the Miss Batangas competition in 2004 and that same year, she won the Studio 23 VJ Hunt along with Beau Canlas, Ayanna Oliva and Juddha Paolo. After that stint, she became one of the first official co-hosts of the variety show *Wowowee*. She later joined Studio 23\'s show *E-Club*. After winning the MTV VJ Hunt in June 2007, she was a VJ for MTV Philippines, as well as being the host for Cinema One\'s *VIP Pass*. She also hosted QTV 11\'s *Fit & Fab* in season two partnered with fellow MTV VJ Maggie Wilson.
After a brief hiatus in the UK, she co-hosted the morning show *The KC Show with Kat* on Wave 891 alongside KC Montero. She is now working on her musical endeavors, having already collaborated with SNRG on several tracks, she is now the Singer/Songwriter for Alikat, (https://soundcloud.com/alikat-music) as well as hosting her own podcast show on nmfnetwork.tv with Basti Artadi and Sib Sibulo called *That Show*.
In 2015, Kat launched her company, Diwata Yoga Mats, (https://lovediwata.com/`{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}). Her purpose with Diwata was to bring inspiration through art she created around the world.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ------------------- --------- ---------
2004--2006 Studio 23 Herself VJ
2005--2006 *Wowowee* Herself Host
2006 *E-Club* Herself Host
2007 *VIP Pass* Herself Host
2007 MTV Philippines Herself Host
2007 *Ysabella* Georgia
2008 *Uploaded on MTV* Herself Co-host
2008 *Eva Fonda* Clarice
2009 *Fit and Fab* Co-host
: Television
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------- ------------------- -------
2006 *First Day High* Ashley
2006 *Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo* Sandra
2006 *All About Love* Elizabeth/Betchay
2007 *Sakal, Sakali, Saklolo* Sandra
2011 *In The Name Of Love* Jennifer
2011 *No Other Woman* Michelle
: Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------- ---------------- -------
2005 \"Too Crazy\" South Border
2006 \"First Day High\" Kamikazee
2007 \"Break It To Me Gently\" Mark Bautista
2009 \"You Don\'t Know Me\" SNRG
2011 \"T.I.P.S
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# Mickey Manners
**Mickey Manners** (October 12, 1925 -- January 28, 2016) was an American actor, singer, dancer, and stand-up comedian.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
He was a regular panelist on the game show *Pantomime Quiz*. He also appeared on *Murphy Brown, The Rifleman*, *Here\'s Lucy*, *The Ghost & Mrs. Muir*, *Hogan\'s Heroes*, *Lost in Space*, *Get Smart*, and *Perry Mason*. He had small roles in two Jerry Lewis films: *The Errand Boy* (1961) and *Which Way to the Front?* (1970).
In the 1964--1965 season, he starred with John McGiver in the role of Joe Foley on the short-lived CBS sitcom *Many Happy Returns*, set in the complaint department of a fictitious Los Angeles department store. He appeared in the 1965 *Perry Mason* episode \"The Case of the Laughing Lady\" as Lenny Linden, the nephew of series regular Terrance Clay, proprietor of Clay\'s Bar and Grill.
He played a bartender/bouncer as a regular cast member of the Mickie Finn\'s musical variety show broadcast on NBC in the spring and summer of 1966.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Manners was born Solomon Shapiro in New York City in 1925. He married Jane, one of the June Taylor Dancers, and they had five children. Manners later lived in San Fernando Valley with his daughters Debra and Tracy and his grandson Michael. He died January 28, 2016, at age 90
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
**Hydroxyprogesterone caproate**, sold under the brand name **Delalutin** among others, is a medication used to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women pregnant with one baby who have a history of spontaneous preterm birth. In March 2023, the manufacturer, Covis Pharma, agreed to withdraw the drug from the US market. The approval of this drug substance was withdrawn by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2023. In May 2024, the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee of the European Medicines Agency recommended suspending the marketing authorizations of medications containing 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the European Union.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is a progestin medication which was used to prevent preterm birth in pregnant women with a history of the condition and to treat gynecological disorders. It has also been formulated in combination with estrogens for various indications (brand names Gravibinon and Primosiston) and as a form of long-lasting injectable birth control (brand name Chinese Injectable No. 1). It is not used by mouth and is instead given by injection into muscle or fat.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is generally well tolerated and produces few side effects. Injection site reactions such as pain and swelling are the most common side effect of hydroxyprogesterone caproate. The medication may increase the risk of gestational diabetes when used in pregnant women. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has some antimineralocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity. The medication shows a number of differences from natural progesterone.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate was discovered in 1953 and was introduced for medical use in 1954 or 1955. It was marketed in the United States under the brand name Delalutin and throughout Europe under the brand name Proluton. The medication was discontinued in the United States in 1999. However, hydroxyprogesterone caproate was subsequently reintroduced in the United States under the brand name Makena for the treatment of preterm birth in 2011 until the FDA banned 17α-OHPC in 2023.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Medical uses {#medical_uses}
### Preterm birth {#preterm_birth}
The use of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth in women with a history of preterm delivery between 20 weeks and 36 weeks and 6 days is supported by the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic Guidelines put out in May 2012 as Level I and III evidence, Level A recommendation. Level I evidence refers to a properly powered randomized controlled trial, and level III evidence is support from expert opinion, while a Level A recommendation confers that the recommendation is made based on good and consistent scientific evidence. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate 250 mg IM weekly preferably starting at 16--20 weeks until 36 weeks is recommended. In these women, if the transvaginal ultrasound cervical length shortens to \<25 mm at \< 24 weeks, cervical cerclage may be offered. In the 2013 study the guideline recommendation is based on, there was also a significant decrease of neonatal morbidity including lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (0 in the treatment group vs 4 in the control), intraventricular hemorrhage (4 in the treatment group compared with 8 in the control for a relative risk of 0.25), and need for supplemental oxygen (14% in the treatment group vs 24% in the placebo for a relative risk of 0.42). Furthermore, this study contained 463 women, 310 of whom received injection. Of these women, 9 had infants with congenital malformations (2%), but there was no consistent pattern and none involved internal organs.
There is no evidence of fetal risk with use of hydroxyprogesterone caproate during pregnancy.`{{medcn|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki} A review concluded that information about the potential harms was lacking. Three clinical studies in singleton pregnancies of 250 mg/week of intramuscular hydroxyprogesterone caproate have all shown a trend for an increase in pregnancy loss due to miscarriage compared to placebo. One of them, a large National Institutes of Health (NIH) study in 2003, looked at the effect of hydroxyprogesterone caproate injections in women at risk for repeat premature birth and found that the treated group experienced premature birth in 37% versus 55% in the controls. A follow-up study of the offspring showed no evidence that hydroxyprogesterone caproate affected the children in the first years of life. Based on these NIH data, hydroxyprogesterone caproate was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011, as a medication to reduce the risk of premature birth in selected women at risk.
The FDA expressed concern about miscarriage at the 2006 advisory committee meeting; the committee voted unanimously that further study was needed to evaluate the potential association of hydroxyprogesterone caproate with increased risk of second trimester miscarriage and stillbirth. A toxicology study in rhesus monkeys resulted in the death of all rhesus fetuses exposed to 1 and 10 times the human dose equivalent of hydroxyprogesterone caproate. `{{As of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, hydroxyprogesterone caproate was a category D progestin according to the FDA (that is, there is evidence of fetal harm). There is speculation that the castor oil in the hydroxyprogesterone caproate formulation may not be beneficial for pregnancy. Of note, the above-mentioned NEJM study by Meirs et al. compares the effect of hydroxyprogesterone caproate (with the castor oil component) to castor oil injection as the placebo.
A study published in February 2016, found amongst other findings:
The journal reviewer made the following notable commentary on the OPPTIMUM study: \"That\'s it. This story is ended, and nobody need ever use vaginal progesterone again to prevent preterm birth.\"
A Cochrane review on progestogen for preventing preterm birth concluded that there was little evidence that either vaginal or intramuscular progesterone helped to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy.
### Gynecological disorders {#gynecological_disorders}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is used in the treatment of threatened miscarriage, gynecological disorders such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, fibrocystic breast disease, adenosis, and breast pain. In addition, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is used in the treatment of endometrial cancer and has been found to be significantly effective in extending life in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with the disease. The medication was used widely in the 1950s through the 1970s for such indications, but hydroxyprogesterone caproate more recently has received the most attention in the prevention of preterm birth.
### Birth control {#birth_control}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is available in combination with estradiol valerate as a once-monthly combined injectable contraceptive in a some countries.
### Other uses {#other_uses}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been used as a component of menopausal hormone therapy in women.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia in men, although evidence of effectiveness is marginal and uncertain. It has also been used to treat prostate cancer, at a dosage of 1,500 mg twice per week. The mechanism of action of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in these uses is suppression of testicular androgen production via suppression of luteinizing hormone secretion, which are the result of the progestogenic and antigonadotropic activity of hydroxyprogesterone caproate. However, symptoms of hypogonadism may develop when hydroxyprogesterone caproate is used for this indication, with two-thirds of men reportedly experiencing impotence.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been used as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. Due to micronization, bioidentical progestogens are more commonly used.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Medical uses {#medical_uses}
### Available forms {#available_forms}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is available alone in the form of ampoules and vials of 125 and 250 mg/mL oil solutions for intramuscular injection (brand names Proluton, Makena). It is also available alone in the form of a 250 mg/mL autoinjector for use by subcutaneous injection (brand name Makena).
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is or was available in combination with estradiol valerate in the form of ampoules and vials of 250 mg/mL OHPC and 5 mg/mL estradiol valerate oil solutions for intramuscular injection (brand names Gravibinon, Chinese Injectable No. 1). The medication is or was available in combination with estradiol benzoate in the form of ampoules of 125--250 mg OHPC and 10 mg estradiol benzoate in oil solution for intramuscular injection (brand name Primosiston) as well. In addition, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been marketed in combination with estradiol dipropionate in the form of 50 mg/mL hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 1 mg/mL estradiol dipropionate (brand name EP Hormone Depot) in Japan.
## Contraindications
Contraindications of hydroxyprogesterone caproate include previous or current thrombosis or thromboembolic disease, known or suspected breast cancer, past or present history of other hormone-sensitive cancer, undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding unrelated to pregnancy, cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy, liver tumors or active liver disease, and uncontrolled hypertension. A few relative contraindications also exist for hydroxyprogesterone caproate.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Side effects {#side_effects}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is generally well tolerated and produces relatively few side effects. Injection site reactions such as pain, soreness, swelling, itching, bruising, and lumps are the most common side effect of hydroxyprogesterone caproate. In contrast to large doses of progesterone however, which produce moderate-to-severe such reactions, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is relatively free from injection site reactions. Side effects of hydroxyprogesterone caproate that occur in greater than or equal to 2% of users include injection site pain (34.8%), injection site swelling (17.1%), urticaria (12.3%), pruritus (7.7%), injection site pruritus (5.8%), nausea (5.8%), injection site nodules (4.5%), and diarrhea (2.3%). Numerically increased rates relative to controls of miscarriage (2.4% vs. 0%), stillbirth (2.0% vs. 1.3%), admission for preterm labor (16.0% vs. 13.8%), preeclampsia or gestational hypertension (8.8% vs. 4.6%), gestational diabetes (5.6% vs. 4.6%), and oligohydramnios (3.6% vs. 1.3%) have been observed with hydroxyprogesterone caproate in clinical trials in which it was given to pregnant women to prevent preterm birth.
## Overdose
There have been no reports of overdose of hydroxyprogesterone caproate. In the event of overdose, treatment should be based on symptoms. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been studied in humans at high doses of 2,000 to 5,000 mg per week by intramuscular injection, without safety concerns.
## Interactions
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not likely to affect most cytochrome P450 enzymes at therapeutic concentrations. Drug interaction studies have not been performed with hydroxyprogesterone caproate.
## Pharmacology
### Pharmacodynamics
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has progestogenic activity, some antimineralocorticoid activity, and no other important hormonal activity.
#### Progestogenic activity {#progestogenic_activity}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, also known as 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, is closer to progesterone in terms of structure and pharmacology than most other progestins, and is essentially a pure progestogen -- that is, a selective agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR) with minimal or no other hormonal activity. However, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has improved pharmacokinetics compared to progesterone, namely a much longer duration with intramuscular injection in oil solution.
Administered by intramuscular injection, the endometrial transformation dosage of hydroxyprogesterone caproate per cycle is 250 to 500 mg, and the weekly substitution dosage of hydroxyprogesterone caproate is 250 mg, while the effective dosage of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the menstrual delay test (Greenblatt) is 25 mg per week. An effective ovulation-inhibiting dosage of hydroxyprogesterone caproate is 500 mg once per month by intramuscular injection. However, the dose of hydroxyprogesterone caproate used in once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives is 250 mg, and this combination is effective for inhibition of ovulation similarly. For comparison, the dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate), a close analogue of hydroxyprogesterone caproate, used by intramuscular injection in microcrystalline aqueous suspension in once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives, is 25 mg. It has also been said that given by intramuscular injection, 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil solution is equivalent in progestogenic potency to 50 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension. Although the elimination half-life of intramuscular hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil solution in non-pregnant women is about 8 days, the elimination half-life of intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension in women is around 50 days. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is also to some degree less potent than the more closely related ester hydroxyprogesterone acetate (OHPA; 17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate).
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) has weak progestogenic activity, but C17α esterification results in higher progestogenic activity. Of a variety of different esters, the caproate (hexanoate) ester was found to have the strongest progestogenic activity, and this served as the basis for the development of hydroxyprogesterone caproate, as well as other caproate progestogen esters such as gestonorone caproate. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is a much more potent progestogen than 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, but does not have as high of affinity for the PR as progesterone. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has about 26% and 30% of the affinity of progesterone for the human PR-A and PR-B, respectively. The medication was no more efficacious than progesterone in activating these receptors and eliciting associated gene expression *in vitro*.
#### Antigonadotropic effects {#antigonadotropic_effects}
Due to activation of the PR, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has antigonadotropic effects, or produces suppression of the hypothalamic--pituitary--gonadal axis, and can significantly suppress gonadotropin secretion and gonadal sex hormone production at sufficiently high doses. One study found that hydroxyprogesterone caproate by intramuscular injection at a dosage of 200 mg twice weekly for the first two weeks and then 200 mg once weekly for 12 weeks did not significantly influence urinary excretion of estrogens, luteinizing hormone, or follicle-stimulating hormone in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. In another study that used an unspecified dosage of intramuscular hydroxyprogesterone caproate, testosterone secretion was assessed in a single man and was found to decrease from 4.2 mg/day to 2.0 mg/day (or by approximately 52%) by 6 weeks of treatment, whereas secretion of luteinizing hormone remained unchanged in the man. Yet another study found that 3,000 mg/week hydroxyprogesterone caproate by intramuscular injection suppressed testosterone levels from 640 ng/dL to 320--370 ng/dL (by 42--50%) in a single man with prostate cancer, which was similar to the testosterone suppression with cyproterone acetate or chlormadinone acetate. Gestonorone caproate, a closely related progestin to hydroxyprogesterone caproate with about 5- to 10-fold greater potency in humans, was found to suppress testosterone levels by 75% at a dosage of 400 mg/week in men with prostate cancer. For comparison, orchiectomy decreased testosterone levels by 91%. In general, progestins are able to maximally suppress testosterone levels by about 70 to 80%. The antigonadotropic effects of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and hence its testosterone suppression are the basis of the use of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer in men. Suppression of luteinizing hormone levels by hydroxyprogesterone caproate has also been observed in women.
#### Glucocorticoid activity {#glucocorticoid_activity}
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is said not to have any glucocorticoid activity. In accordance, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been found not to alter cortisol levels in humans even with very high doses by intramuscular injection. This is of relevance because medications with significant glucocorticoid activity suppress cortisol levels due to increased negative feedback on the hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal axis. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been studied in humans at doses as high as 5,000 mg per week by intramuscular injection, with safety and without glucocorticoid effects observed. The medication does interact with the glucocorticoid receptor however; it has about 4% of the affinity of dexamethasone for the rabbit glucocorticoid receptor. But it acts as a partial agonist of the receptor and has no greater efficacy than progesterone in activating the receptor and eliciting associated gene expression *in vitro*.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Pharmacology
### Pharmacodynamics
#### Other activities {#other_activities}
As a pure progestogen, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has no androgenic, antiandrogenic, estrogenic, or glucocorticoid activity. The absence of androgenic and antiandrogenic activity with hydroxyprogesterone caproate is in contrast to most other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone-derivative progestins. Due to its lack of androgenic properties, similarly to progesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate does not have any teratogenic effects on the fetus, making it safe for use during pregnancy. Although hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been described as a pure progestogen, there is evidence that it possesses some antimineralocorticoid activity, similarly to progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. This includes clinically important diuretic effects and reversal of estrogen-induced fluid retention and edema. Unlike progesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate and its metabolites are not anticipated to interact with non-genomic receptors such as membrane progesterone receptors or the GABA~A~ receptor. In accordance, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not thought to possess the neurosteroid activities of progesterone or its associated sedative effects.
In relation to cytochrome P450 enzymes, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has no effect on CYP1A, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, or CYP3A4, but is a modest inducer of CYP2C19.
#### Differences from progesterone {#differences_from_progesterone}
There are pharmacodynamic differences between progesterone and hydroxyprogesterone caproate, which may have implications for obstetrical use. These include:
- Decreased myometrial activity with progesterone *in vitro* but no effect or increased myometrial activity with hydroxyprogesterone caproate
- Prevention of cervical ripening with progesterone but unknown effect with hydroxyprogesterone caproate
- A non-significantly increased rate of stillbirth and miscarriages with hydroxyprogesterone caproate (in one study)
- A possibly increased incidence of gestational diabetes with hydroxyprogesterone caproate (increased in two studies, no difference in one study) but no such effect with progesterone
- A significantly increased risk of perinatal adverse effects such as fetal loss and preterm delivery in multiple gestations with hydroxyprogesterone caproate (in two studies)
Differences in the metabolism of progesterone and hydroxyprogesterone caproate and differences in the formation and activities of metabolites may be responsible for or involved in these observed biological and pharmacological differences. Progesterone is metabolized by 5α- and 5β-reductases, 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and 20α- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in various tissues. In target tissues, particularly the cervix and myometrium, these enzymes regulate local progesterone concentrations and can activate or inactivate progesterone signaling. In addition, these enzymes catalyze the formation of metabolites of progesterone such as 5β-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone, which signal through their own non-genomic receptors such as membrane progesterone receptors and the GABA~A~ receptor and have their own important effects in pregnancy. As examples, 5β-dihydroprogesterone has been found to play an important role in suppressing myometrial activity while allopregnanolone has potent sedative and anesthetic effects in the mother and especially the fetus and is involved in fetal nervous system development. In contrast to progesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not metabolized by traditional steroid-transforming enzymes and instead is metabolized exclusively via oxidation at the caproate side chain by cytochrome P450 enzymes. As such, it is not thought to have the same tissue-specific activation and inactivation patterns that progesterone does nor the same non-genomic actions that progesterone and its metabolites possess.
Further clinical research is anticipated to provide additional data to help clarify the issue of safety with hydroxyprogesterone caproate. In any case, it has been recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists that pregnant women treated with hydroxyprogesterone caproate receive counseling about its risks and benefits.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Pharmacology
### Pharmacokinetics
Parameter Singleton Twin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------
`{{abbr|C<sub>max</sub>|Peak levels}}`{=mediawiki} (ng/mL) 22.6 (15.8--27.4) 17.3 (12--27)
`{{abbr|C<sub>mean(0–t)</sub>|Mean levels}}`{=mediawiki} (ng/mL) 16.8 (12.8--22.7) 12.3 (8.4--18.7)
`{{abbr|C<sub>trough</sub>|Trough levels}}`{=mediawiki} (ng/mL) 14.1 (10--18.1) 11.2 (4.8--16.3)
`{{abbr|AUC<sub>0–t</sub>|Area-under-the-curve levels (total exposure)}}`{=mediawiki} (ng/mL/day) 117.3 (89.9--159.1) 86.1 (59--131)
`{{abbr|t<sub>1/2</sub>|Elimination half-life}}`{=mediawiki} (days) 16.2 (10.6--21.0) 10 (6--16)
`{{abbr|T<sub>max</sub>|Time to peak levels}}`{=mediawiki} (days) 1.0 (1--3) 1.2 (1--2)
`{{abbr|V<sub>d</sub>/F|Volume of distribution}}`{=mediawiki} (×10^3^) (L) 56 (25.2--69.6) 16.9 (9.1--24.5)
`{{abbr|Cl/F|Clearance}}`{=mediawiki} (×10^3^) (L) 2.1 (1.5--2.7) 1.2 (0.9--1.7)
**Footnotes:** ^a^ = OHPC 250 mg once per week by intramuscular injection. **Sources:**
: Pharmacokinetics of OHPC^a^ in pregnant women
#### Absorption
In animals, the bioavailability of hydroxyprogesterone caproate with intramuscular injection is nearly 100%, but its oral bioavailability is very low at less than 3%. In women, 70 mg/day oral hydroxyprogesterone caproate has similar endometrial potency as 70 mg/day oral OHPA and 2.5 mg/day oral medroxyprogesterone acetate, indicating that oral hydroxyprogesterone caproate and OHPA have almost 30-fold lower potency than medroxyprogesterone acetate via oral administration. Studies on progestogenic endometrial changes with oral hydroxyprogesterone caproate in women are mixed however, with one finding weak effects with 100 mg/day whereas another found that doses of 250 to 1,000 mg produced no effects. As a result of its low oral potency, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has not been used by the oral route and has instead been administered by intramuscular injection. However, a novel oral formulation of hydroxyprogesterone caproate (developmental code name LPCN-1107) is under development and has been found to be effective, though it required administration twice a day in a clinical study.
A depot effect occurs when hydroxyprogesterone caproate is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously, such that the medication has a prolonged duration of action. Following a single intramuscular injection of 1,000 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate in five women with endometrial cancer, peak levels of hydroxyprogesterone caproate were 27.8 ± 5.3 ng/mL and the time to peak concentrations was 4.6 ± 1.7 (3--7) days. Following 13 weeks of continuous administration of 1,000 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate per week, trough levels of hydroxyprogesterone caproate were 60.0 ± 14 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetic parameters of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate once per week by intramuscular injection have also been studied in pregnant women with singleton and multiple (twin and triplet) gestation. Steady state levels of the medication are achieved within 4 to 12 weeks of administration in pregnant women. The duration of clinical biological effect of hydroxyprogesterone caproate by intramuscular injection has also been studied in women. A single intramuscular injection of 65 to 500 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil solution has been found to have a duration of action of 5 to 21 days in terms of effect in the uterus and on body temperature in women.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been found to possess similar pharmacokinetics, including peak levels, time to peak levels, area-under-the-curve levels (i.e., total exposure), and elimination half-life, with administration via intramuscular injection or subcutaneous autoinjection. However, there was a higher incidence of injection site pain with subcutaneous autoinjection than with intramuscular injection (37.3% vs. 8.2%).
#### Distribution
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is extensively bound to plasma proteins, of which include albumin. Unlike progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate has very low affinity for corticosteroid-binding globulin (less than 0.01% of that of cortisol). Progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone have low affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin, and for this reason, only a very small fraction of them (less than 0.5%) is bound to this protein in the circulation.
#### Metabolism
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate appears to be metabolized primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. It may also be metabolized by CYP3A7 in fetal liver and the placenta. Unlike progesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not metabolized by traditional steroid-transforming enzymes and does not form similar metabolites. The metabolism of hydroxyprogesterone caproate is by reduction, hydroxylation, and conjugation, including glucuronidation, sulfation, and acetylation. The caproate ester of hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not cleaved during metabolism, so 17α-hydroxyprogesterone is not formed from hydroxyprogesterone caproate. As such, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not a prodrug of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, nor of progesterone.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been found to have an elimination half-life of 7.8 days when given by intramuscular injection in an oil-based formulation to non-pregnant women. Its total duration is said to be 10 to 14 days, which is much longer than the duration of intramuscularly administered progesterone in an oil formulation (2 to 3 days). In pregnant women, the elimination half-life of hydroxyprogesterone caproate appears to be longer, about 16 or 17 days. However, in women pregnant with twins rather than a singlet, the elimination half-life of hydroxyprogesterone caproate was found to be shorter than this, at 10 days. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been detected in pregnant women up to 44 days after the last dose.
#### Elimination
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is eliminated 50% in feces and 30% in urine when given by intramuscular injection to pregnant women. Both the free steroid and conjugates are excreted by these routes, with the conjugates more prominent in feces.
#### Time--concentration curves {#timeconcentration_curves}
## Chemistry
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, also known as 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or as 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 17α-hexanoate, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone. It is specifically a derivative of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone with a hexanoate (caproate) ester at the C17α position. Analogues of hydroxyprogesterone caproate include other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives such as algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide), chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and megestrol acetate, as well as the caproate esters chlormadinone caproate, gestonorone caproate (norhydroxyprogesterone caproate), medroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol caproate, and methenmadinone caproate.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Pharmacology
### Synthesis
Chemical syntheses of hydroxyprogesterone caproate have been described.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## History
Along with hydroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate was developed by Karl Junkmann of Schering AG in 1953 and was first reported by him in the medical literature in 1954. It was reportedly first marketed in Japan in 1954 or 1955, and was subsequently introduced as Delalutin in the United States in 1956. Due to its much longer duration than parenteral progesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate had largely replaced progesterone in clinical practice by 1975. After decades of use, Squibb, the manufacturer, voluntarily withdrew the Delalutin product in the United States in 1999. Renewed interest in hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the United States was sparked with a large NIH-sponsored study in 2003 that found that hydroxyprogesterone caproate reduced the risk of premature birth in selected at-risk pregnant women. With follow-up data showing no evidence of harmful effects on the offspring, the FDA approved the medication Makena, sponsored by KV Pharmaceutical, as an orphan drug in February 2011 to reduce the risk of premature birth in women prior to 37 weeks gestation with a single fetus who had at least one previous premature birth.
Under the FDA Accelerated Approval Programs, drugs that fill an unmet need for serious conditions can be approved based on a surrogate endpoint. The pharmaceutical company is required to conduct confirmatory studies to show the drug provides a clinical benefit. The confirmatory trial, the PROLONG study, was completed in 2019 and showed no benefit in preventing preterm birth. The FDA proposed withdrawal of approval for Makena in 2020.
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### Names
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is the generic name of OHPC and its `{{abbrlink|INN|International Nonproprietary Name}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{abbrlink|USAN|United States Adopted Name}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{abbrlink|BANM|British Approved Name}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{abbrlink|JAN|Japanese Accepted Name}}`{=mediawiki}, while hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate was its former `{{abbrlink|BANM|British Approved Name}}`{=mediawiki}.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is often mislabeled as and confused with progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. It should also not be confused with hydroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate, or medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is marketed throughout the world under a variety of brand names including Proluton, Proluton Depot, and Makena, among many others. It was also formerly marketed under brand names including Delalutin, Prodrox, and Hylutin among others, but these formulations have been discontinued. It has been marketed under the brand names Gravibinon and Injectable No. 1 (or Chinese Injectable No. 1) in combination with estradiol valerate and under the brand name Primosiston in combination with estradiol benzoate.
### Availability
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is marketed in the United States and throughout Europe, Asia, and Central and South America. It is not available in Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, or South Africa, and only veterinary formulations are available in Australia. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is also marketed in combination with estradiol valerate as a combined injectable contraceptive in a number of countries including in South America, Mexico, Japan, and China. It has been marketed as an injectable preparation in combination with estradiol benzoate in some countries as well.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### Economics
With the designation of hydroxyprogesterone caproate as an orphan drug by the FDA and approval of Makena in 2011, the price of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the United States was going to increase from `{{US$|15}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{US$|1,500}}`{=mediawiki} for a single dose, or from about `{{US$|300}}`{=mediawiki} to between `{{US$|25,000}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{US$|30,000}}`{=mediawiki} for a typical single month of treatment. This was about a 100-fold increase in cost, with \"minimal added clinical benefit\", and was a strongly criticized pricing strategy. The FDA subsequently announced that compounding pharmacies could continue to sell hydroxyprogesterone caproate at their usual cost of approximately `{{US$|10}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{US$|20}}`{=mediawiki} per dose without fear of enforcement action by the agency. KV Pharmaceutical also opted to reduced its price of Makena to `{{US$|690}}`{=mediawiki} per dose. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate continued to be available at low cost from compounding pharmacies until late 2016, after which time the FDA published new guidance documents prohibiting compounding pharmacies from selling products that are \"essentially copies\" of commercially available drug products.
## Research
Cyclical therapy with 150 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate by intramuscular injection was found to be effective in the treatment of 76 women with persistent, treatment-refractory acne in a preliminary study, with 84% responding to the therapy and experiencing a \"good-to-excellent\" improvement in symptoms.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate was studied by Schering for use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive at a dose of 250 to 500 mg once a month by intramuscular injection but produced poor cycle control at these doses and was never marketed.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate by itself has been found to have little or no effectiveness in the treatment of breast cancer in women. Conversely, the combination of estradiol valerate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been found to be effective in the treatment of breast cancer in women. Initial research based on limited clinical data reported that the breast-cancer response rate with a combination of estradiol valerate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate seemed to be greater than with an estrogen alone (35% vs. 50%). However, subsequent research using the related but more potent progestin gestonorone caproate found that the combination of estradiol valerate and gestonorone caproate had effectiveness that was not significantly different from that of an estrogen alone in the treatment of breast cancer in women.
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# Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
## Veterinary uses {#veterinary_uses}
The pharmacokinetics of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in various ungulates including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat have been studied
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# Boundaries in landscape history
**Boundaries**---particularly field boundaries---are among the oldest features in an English rural landscape. Although a boundary itself is an abstract concept, the boundary can often be seen by differences in land use on either side.
## Longevity of boundaries {#longevity_of_boundaries}
Boundaries - a real or imagined line that marks the limit of something. Many field boundaries in the central region of England originated with the enclosure of the previous open fields in the 18th or 19th century. In a few instances, current field boundaries (particularly in the West Country) have been shown to have originated in the Bronze Age or Iron Age. With a few exceptions, however, the attempt to establish pre-Saxon boundaries has been \"largely fruitless\". Areas that were never formally enclosed might yet prove a more fruitful area of research.
## Hedgerow dating {#hedgerow_dating}
The presence of bluebells in a hedge is often an indicator of an early hedge. It has been proposed that boundary hedges can be dated by hedgerow dating. This involves counting the number of species in a 27-metre section of hedge. In its simplest form each separate species suggests an age of 100 years. A variety of additional complexities have been suggested, but results have been mixed and the technique remains controversial.
## Parish boundaries {#parish_boundaries}
Parish boundaries are of particular interest to landscape historians, since they are often inherited from land holdings that date back to the middle Saxon period or earlier. The coincidence of another landscape feature with a parish boundary can be used to date that feature---for example in the *Time Team* episode screened on 11 March 2007, a mill leat was determined to pre-date the Norman conquest because it coincided with a parish boundary.
The boundaries of a few Anglo-Saxon estates were described in the boundary clauses of Anglo-Saxon Charters. These boundary clauses can sometimes be used to characterise the landscape at the time. In some cases, it has been possible to show that the boundaries of these Anglo-Saxon estates correspond to the boundaries of the subsequent parish.
Parish boundaries are shown on the old \"1 inch\" Ordnance Survey maps, although these are the boundaries of the civil parish which may be different. Parish boundaries are not shown on the modern \"Landranger\" maps. Tithe maps, from the early 19th century, usually show the parish boundary at the time they were drawn.
### Beating the Bounds {#beating_the_bounds}
A long tradition exists in England of \'Beating the Bounds\', either an annual or seven-yearly event, wherein parishioners would walk the bounds of the parish. The event was deliberately organised to make it as memorable as possible, and to hand-down an intergenerational memory of the precise boundaries. For civil parishes, the ceremony may have begun with the Poor Relief Act 1601, or much older for the \'Processioning\' of churches, dating from Anglo-Saxon times. Older parishioners, and local officials, would walk the route as accurately as possible, pointing out all the various landmarks and boundary markers along the way, both natural and deliberate artefacts. A distinctive feature of these perambulations was the performance of peculiar rituals with the youngest walkers, in order to make particular points memorable. These could include being passed through the window of a local pub, rather than walking through the door, being carried across a stream, or being hung upside down by the ankles and their head \'bumped\' on the grass.
Such processions fell from practice in the Modernism of the mid-20th century, but there was some interest in their revival from the 1960s. Several were re-enacted after a break of as many as 21 years.
## March dyke {#march_dyke}
In Scotland a march dyke is the boundary between farms or previously baronies.
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# Boundaries in landscape history
## Deer park boundaries {#deer_park_boundaries}
The boundaries of medieval deer parks are often marked by pronounced earthworks and for early parks, they can coincide with parish boundaries.
## Former boundaries {#former_boundaries}
Boundaries that have fallen out of use, may still be traceable by using geophysics or as a result of earthworks (lumps and bumps) or cropmarks. Cropmarks and earthworks are often visible in aerial photographs. Earthworks are more easily seen on photographs taken when the sun is low in the sky and as a result, shadows are more pronounced. They can also become more easily seen when the ground has a slight dusting of snow
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# Pamantasan
**Pamantasan** is a Filipino word, which translates to *university* in the English language. Several local universities (or universities funded by municipal or city government) in the Philippines are called *Pamantasan*.
In 1965, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, the first Philippine university funded by a municipal government, was founded. It is also the same educational institution to have first used the term *Pamantasan* as part of its official name.
Other municipalities and cities emulated the PLM, but it was only after the approval and subsequent implementation of the **Local Government Code (R.A. 7160)** in 1991 that it became feasible for them to establish their own community or local university. At present, the PLM, being considered as one of the top five universities in the Philippines, are in consortium with other locally funded educational institutions to help them in their curricular offerings and academic programs. The President of PLM, Atty. Adel A. Tamano is also the President the Association of Local Colleges and Universities
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# Long Healing Prayer
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Baháʼí texts sidebar}}`{=mediawiki}
***Lawh-i-Anta\'l-Kafi*** or the ***Long Healing Prayer*** (also known as *Lawh-i-Shifá* and *Lawh al-Shafá al-Tawíl*) is a prayer written in Arabic by Baháʼu\'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí Faith, in the \'Akká period. The authorized English translation was done in 1980 by Habib Taherzadeh and a Committee at the Baháʼí World Centre.
The main part of the prayer consists of numerous rhythmic invocations of God, each ending with the phrase *\"Thou the Sufficing, Thou the Healing, Thou the Abiding, O Thou Abiding One.\"*
The prayer ends with a supplication for healing and protection, and includes the phrase *\"protect the bearer of this blessed Tablet, and whoso reciteth it, and whoso cometh upon it, and whoso passeth around the house wherein it is. Heal Thou, then, by it every sick, diseased and poor one\"*, which gives this prayer its talismanic nature.
## In music {#in_music}
Norwegian composer Lasse Thoresen composed a piece of choral music for the Bergen International Music Festival in May 1996, in which the *Long Healing Prayer* was sung, first in the original Arabic and then in English.
## Other Baháʼí healing prayers {#other_baháʼí_healing_prayers}
Baháʼu\'lláh wrote several other healing prayers, including a prayer for women, one for infants, and a well-known short prayer starting with the phrase *\"Thy Name is my healing\"*, which is part of Baháʼu\'lláh\'s *Lawh-i-Tibb* (*Tablet to a Physician*). There is also a prayer for protection from \"calamity and pestilence\" (epidemics)
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# Let Me In (The Sensations song)
**\"Let Me In\"** is the name of a 1961 song with music and lyrics by Yvonne Baker, recorded the same year by Baker and The Sensations, which went to No. 2 on the US R&B singles chart and No. 4 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 singles chart. It was the group\'s highest charting and most successful single. \"Let Me In\" may be most memorable for its repetitive \"weeoo\" refrain in the chorus.
## Cover versions {#cover_versions}
- Bonnie Raitt included it on her 1973 album *Takin\' My Time*.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- It was heard in the 2003 movie *Secondhand Lions*.
- Cadillac utilized the song for a television commercial in 2018
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# Ulmus × arbuscula
***Ulmus × arbuscula*** E. Wolf \[: \"bushy\" \] is a putative hybrid of *Ulmus scabra (: glabra)* and *Ulmus pumila* raised from seed collected from a large wych elm in the St. Petersburg Botanic Garden in 1902. A similar crossing was cloned (\'FL025\') by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Florence, as part of the Italian elm breeding programme circa 2000.
## Description
The St. Petersburg tree bore leaves 17--75 mm long with 20 lateral veins, side shoots \<125 mm long and leader shoots \<170 mm long, and was described as \"a shrubby tree with pleasing foliage and branches appearing quite decorative\". In 1913 Späth described the tree as intermediate in appearance, with leaves 7--10 cm long, pointed-ovate, double-toothed, \"dense-nerved\", grey-green and rough above, light green below.
Image: Ulmus FL025 leaf 1.jpg\|*Ulmus* FL025 *(glabra x pumila)* leaf, Cams Bay, Fareham, England Image: Ukmus FL025 leaf 2.jpg\|*Ulmus* FL025 *(glabra x pumila)* leaf <File:Ulmus> arbuscula FL025 samara close up.jpg\|*Ulmus* FL025 *(glabra x pumila)* samara Image: Ulmus FL025 bark 2.jpg\|*Ulmus* FL025 Bark of Cams Bay tree Image: Ulmus FL025 structure 4.jpg\|*Ulmus* FL025 structure
## Pests and diseases {#pests_and_diseases}
A tree at the Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk, listed as *Ulmus arbusculata* and obtained from the Späth nursery in Berlin before 1914, was killed by the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease prevalent in the 1930s.
## Cultivation
The tree was for a short time from 1913 distributed by the Späth nursery, as *Ulmus arbuscula* E. Wolf, described as \"(*montana* × *pumila*), ..an as yet uncommon hybrid\", a specimen being supplied to Ryston Hall at that time. It does not appear in their post-war catalogues. Another, labelled *Ulmus arbuscula* Wolf and described as a large tree, stood in the Nymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, in the mid-20th century. Two trees survive in eastern European arboreta (see \'Accessions\'). *U. × arbuscula* is not known to have been introduced to North America or Australasia.
## Accessions
Europe
- Butterfly Conservation Hants & IoW Branch elm trials, Cams Bay, Fareham, UK. One specimen of IPP clone \'FL025\' planted circa 2005.
- Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 1097 (grown from seed).
- Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18093, 18094. Planted 1964, no details available.
- Strona Arboretum, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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# Greenwood Public School District (Mississippi)
The **Greenwood Public School District** was a public school district based in Greenwood, Mississippi, United States.
Effective July 1, 2019 the Greenwood and the Leflore County School District consolidated into the Greenwood-Leflore School District.
## History
In 1993, white parents in the Greenwood district made plans to look for majority white private schools after the district leadership proposed having a centralized middle school for all students.
David Jordan, a member of the Mississippi Senate, criticized the upcoming Greenwood-Leflore merger since the Leflore district\'s performance in state tests was worse than that of the Greenwood district; their respective grades from the Mississippi Department of Education circa 2016-2017 were F and C. Circa 2016 the rating of the Greenwood district was D. Unlike most state-mandated school district consolidations, in which a larger district absorbs a smaller district, in this instance two districts of roughly equal size are merging; in 2016 the Greenwood district had 2,846 students while the Leflore district had 2,405 students. Adam Ganucheau and Zachary Oren Smith of *Mississippi Today* described both districts as being \"large\".
## Schools
- Greenwood High School (Grades 9-12)
- Greenwood Middle School (Grades 7-8)
- Bankston Elementary (Grades K-6)
- Davis Elementary (Grades K-6)
- Threadgill Elementary (Grades K-6)
- Threadgill Primary School (Greenwood). It opened in 1935 as W.C. Williams Elementary School. Enrollment was 400 in 2015. In 2015 the closure of the school was proposed. On May 22, 2015, the school board voted to close it, but in 2017 it reopened for grades Pre-Kindergarten-1. By 2019 the school adopted its current name.
## Demographics
Around 1988 Greenwood High School was almost split evenly between black and white students. In 1998 it was 92% black. Greenwood Junior High School was 97% black. Many white students were instead going to the private school Pillow Academy.
The district had 2,846 students in 2016, and 2,634 in the 2018-2019 school year.
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 3,110 students enrolled in the Greenwood Public School District during the 2006-2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 51% female and 49% male. The racial makeup of the district was 91.64% African American, 7.43% White, 0.48% Hispanic, and 0.45% Asian. All of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free or price-subsidized lunch.
### Previous school years {#previous_school_years}
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| School Year | Enrollment | Gender Makeup | |
+=============+============+===============+==========+
| Female | Male | Asian | African\ |
| | | | American |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2005-06 | 3,152 | 50% | 50% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2004-05 | 3,211 | 49% | 51% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2003-04 | 3,422 | 49% | 51% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| 2002-03 | 3,486 | 50% | 50% |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
| | | | |
+-------------+------------+---------------+----------+
## Accountability statistics {#accountability_statistics}
2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03
---------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
**District Accreditation Status** Accredited Accredited Accredited Accredited Accredited
**School Performance Classifications**
Level 5 (Superior Performing) Schools 1 1 0 2 1
Level 4 (Exemplary) Schools 0 1 1 2 0
Level 3 (Successful) Schools 4 4 4 1 2
Level 2 (Under Performing) Schools 1 0 1 1 2
Level 1 (Low Performing) Schools 0 0 0 0 1
Not Assigned 0 0 0 0 0
## School uniforms {#school_uniforms}
Students at all schools are required to wear school uniforms. The policy was established in the 2009-2010 school year
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# So Fine (Electric Light Orchestra song)
\"**So Fine**\" is the title of the fifth track from *A New World Record* by Electric Light Orchestra.
Recorded in 1976 at Musicland Studios in Munich, Germany, this track is peppy and upbeat, contrasting with \"Mission (A World Record)\", the previous track. It is a typical example of ELO\'s (at the time) cutting-edge use of technology and recording techniques, which would become the conventional sound of pop music within 10 years.
The middle section contains drums and electronic percussion created by a then state of the art Moog processor, and continues with rising intensity. More and more instruments join in, until the vocal again takes over. As the song fades out, it segues into the violin of \"Livin\' Thing\".
## Production and composition {#production_and_composition}
According to ELO drummer Bev Bevan (regarding the Moog processor):
> Uh, yeah, I used it on one track on the album, So Fine. It really - It\'s quite a new item, really. It\'s made by the Moog people. It\'s an electronic - It\'s a drum itself and it\'s electronic. You plug it through the keyboard setup into the Moog itself. And according to what setting you put on the Moog, you can get a sound accordingly on the drum. And, uh, it\'s very new. Very innovative.\" Bev Bevan (1976 - Rock Around The World radio show interview)
Composer Jeff Lynne described writing the song in a 1990 radio interview with Roger Scott:
> \"So Fine\'s a bouncy little (number). I really don\'t know much about it. It\'s just that I wrote it and sang the thing. And um- I suppose it was along the lines of a - like an American, trying to sound like an American style. Maybe like The Doobie Brothers or something, y\'know, trying to sound a bit like an American group with harmonies. I wasn\'t trying to copy \'em, but it was\... it was sort of bouncy American style with a wobbly bit on the top.\" Jeff Lynne (August 21, 1990 - Classic Albums radio interview by Roger Scott)
Regarding the dropping end of So Fine to segue into the next song on the LP, Livin\' Thing:
> \"(It) was getting the two track and - and just basically switching it off, y\'know, the motors off. So that it went \'(SQUEAL)\' and when it got to the - to the key that, uh, Livin\' Thing was in, we cut it there and just but it straight on. So as it reached C, what Livin\' Thing was in. So it went down from like - maybe F sharp all the way down to C, y\'know, the tape went. Somewhere like that. I can\'t remember the exact keys. I know it was quite a long drop.\" Jeff Lynne (August 21, 1990 - Classic Albums radio interview by Roger Scott)
In the book about ELO, *Unexpected Messages*, the authors expounded:
> \"The end of the song So Fine fades into Livin\' Thing. This was created by unplugging the tape machine and when it got to the key \'A\' (which starts off Livin\' Thing) Jeff cut it
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# Pure laine
The French term ***pure laine*** (`{{lit|pure wool|genuine}}`{=mediawiki}, often translated as \'old stock\' or \'dyed-in-the-wool\'), refers to Québécois people of full French Canadian ancestry, meaning those descended from the original settlers of New France who arrived during the 17th and 18th centuries. Terms with a similar meaning include ***de souche*** (of the base of the tree, or root) and *old stock* as in \"Old Stock Canadians\".
Many French-Canadians are able to trace their ancestry back to the original settlers from France---a number are descended from mixed marriages between the French, Scottish and Irish settlers. Unions sharing Roman Catholic faith were approved by the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec. Many English emigrants in the region, especially after 1763 when Quebec was ceded to Britain, were ultimately assimilated into Francophone culture.
The term is associated with nativism and ethnic nationalism in Quebec, and its usage has been criticized for excluding immigrants from Québécois identity and culture.
## History
The genealogy of the *pure laine* -- dating back to original settlers of New France in the seventeenth century -- has been the subject of detailed research. Prior to 1663 the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal recruited women to come to Montreal, then known as *Ville-Marie.* King Louis XIV -- following the advice of Jean Talon, Intendant of New France -- sponsored about 800 female immigrants the King\'s Daughters or *les filles du Roi* to increase the number of marriages and therefore the population of New France. The Sisters of Notre-Dame facilitated their settling in Ville-Marie. In his 1992 PhD dissertation Yves Landry listed 770 of the approximately 800 by name.
From the seventeenth century into the twentieth century, French Canadians lived in relative geographic and linguistic isolation. Their \"settlements, internal migrations, and natural population increase\" were well-documented with \"3 million records covering the whole province of Quebec over four centuries.\" By 2015 \"extended pedigrees of up to 17 generations\" were constructed from \"a sample of present-day individuals.\" In an article published in 2001 in the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, McGill University professor Charles R. Scriver, observed there is \"important evidence of social transmission of demographic behavior `{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} that contributed to effective family size and population structure.\" Founder populations, like the descendants of the early French immigrants, have an important role in the study of genetic diseases. With an unusually high prevalence of genetic disorders in the subpopulations of Quebec, they became the subject of human genetics research. Clusters of hereditary disorders in eastern Quebec in the twentieth century were traced to immigrants from Perche, France who arrived in the seventeenth century.
Catholic priest and historian Lionel Groulx (1878--1967) was the key figure behind the rise of Quebec nationalism which stressed \"territoriality and the use of the Quebec state\" in the first half of the twentieth century. Jean Éthier-Blais claimed that among Quebec nationalist intellectuals the twentieth century was Groulx century --- \"le siècle de l\'abbé Groulx.\" Groulx\'s best-known novel *L\'Appel de la race*, challenged the narrative surrounding French-English relationships in Quebec and revisited the history of Canada from a French Canadian perspective. In the 1920s following the publication of this novel, French Canadian nationalism \"espoused the thought of Lionel Groulx\", retained Catholicism and abandoned Henri Bourassa\'s pan-Canadian perspective. In 1998, Xavier Gélinas, then-Curator at the Canadian Museum of History (French: *Musée canadien de l'histoire*), then known as the Canadian Museum of Civilization, presented a talk at a conference on Quebec history in which he argued that even in the 1980s Groulxism remained as an important ideology among Quebecois. Groulx\'s work is considered to be a contributing factor to the Quiet Revolution in 1960 even though the Quebec nationalism of the *révolution tranquille* was \"a-religious and ethnically pluralistic.\" Expressions such as *Canadiens français pure laine*, *Québécois pure laine* or *révolution tranquille* became powerful evocative symbols charged with ideology and identity. Gélinas challenged the thesis of French Canadian historian Esther Delisle whom he described as *pure laine*. Delisle\'s controversial PhD political science dissertation and the book entitled *The Traitor and the Jew* based on her thesis, argued that Groulx and the newspaper *Le Devoir* were antisemitic and supported fascism.
## Controversy and debate {#controversy_and_debate}
The use of *pure laine* was brought to the forefront following its controversial usage in the front-page article by Jan Wong in Canada\'s nationally distributed newspaper, *The Globe and Mail* on September 16, 2006, three days after the shooting at Dawson College in Montreal. In her article entitled \"Get under the desk,\" Wong argued that the frequent and historic use of the term *pure laine* revealed a uniquely Québécois brand of racism. \"Elsewhere, to talk of racial \'purity\' is repugnant. Not in Quebec.\" Furthermore, she suggested that the school shootings might have been related to the fact that the perpetrators were not old-stock French Québécois and they had been alienated by a Quebec society concerned with \"racial purity.\"
Wong\'s accusations were denounced by *National Post* journalist, Barbara Kay, then-Premier Jean Charest and the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste (SSJB). SSJB President Jean Dorion declared \"There is no obsession for racial purity in Quebec, definitely not. The expression *\'pure laine*\' is absolutely obsolete.\"
However the term was still frequently used in both English and French media. And in 2007, the Taylor-Bouchard Commission included the recommendation that the use of the expression \"*Québécois de souche*\" be ended and replaced with the term \"Quebecers of French-Canadian origin.\" The Commission investigated reasonable accommodation of immigrants into Quebec society.
According to David Austin, author of *Fear of a Black Nation* (2013), which was based on Austin\'s two decades of inquiry including interviews and international archival research,
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# Pure laine
## Similar terms in English {#similar_terms_in_english}
### Old-stock Canadians {#old_stock_canadians}
The English-Canadian equivalent to *pure laine* is \"old stock\", referring to the descendants of those original settlers of British Canada and French Canada who immigrated in the 17th and 18th centuries. Liberal MP Stéphane Dion used the term in 2014: \"If I\'m fishing with a friend on a magnificent lake in the Laurentians \... and I see a small boat in the distance \... usually it\'s two middle-aged old-stock French-Canadians or English-Canadians
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| 1 |
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# Ludwig Abel
**Ludwig Abel** (14 January 1835 -- 13 August 1895) was a German violinist, composer, and conductor.
## Life
Born in Eckartsberga, Province of Saxony, he was a pupil of Ferdinand David. He became a member of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, and in 1853 moved to the court orchestra of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in Weimar. From 1860 he taught at the Charitable Society of Violin Playing. At the suggestion of the Bavarian Court Kapellmeister Hans von Bülow, whom he had met in Basel in 1866 and joined in organizing joint chamber music performances, Abel went on to become concertmaster of the court orchestra in Munich in 1867. He took up teaching at the Musikschule in Munich managed by Hans von Bülow, where he became Professor in 1880 and retired in 1894 he died in Berlin at age 60.
Abel\'s compositions included a violin concerto and a violin method as well as études and duos for violin
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# Lado Davydov
**Lado Shirinshayevich Davydov** (*Ладо Шириншаевич Давыдов*) (18 August 1924 -- 30 July 1987), also known simply as **Lado Davydov** (*Ладо Давыдов*) was an Assyrian Soviet soldier during the Second World War. He is most well known for being decorated with Hero of the Soviet Union, and being one of only two Assyrians to have received the medal, alongside Armenian Assyrian Sergei Sarkhoshov.
Born in 1924, Davydov\'s family was originally from Iran and had settled in Russia after fleeing the Assyrian genocide. He joined the Red Army in 1941 and was awarded in 1944 after attaining a document outlining German defenses in Belarus.
## Early life {#early_life}
Davydov was born on August 18, 1924 to an ethnically Assyrian family in Vladikavkaz (in what is now North Ossetia--Alania). His family had fled the Assyrian genocide from Iran and moved further north into the Russian area, where his father, Shirinsha Davydov , would work as a shoemaker. Davydov himself worked as a shoemaker from an early age, having only completed four grades of secondary school and shortly afterwards keaving to work at a tannery.
## Military service {#military_service}
Davydov first joined the Red Army in 1941 as a volunteer, graduating from regimental school in Tsagveri. His military involvement came during a time when Assyrians were met with much repression under the Stalinist government. His first entry into combat would be the following year, serving as a scout in the reconnaissance company for a Rifle Division in the 56th Army. He would serve as part of reconnaissance for the rest of the war period.
Davydov was part of the North Caucasus Front when he was sent into combat on a defense mission in Krasnodar in 1942. After a bullet mortally wounded his commander, he took command of what was left of his brigade and continued the defense, even after he was wounded. After losing consciousness, Davydov would spend the rest of that autumn being treated for his wounds.
After finishing treatment, Davydov would be reassigned to the 255th Naval Infantry Brigade of the 18th Army and stationed near Novorossiysk. He would be nearly killed when snipers discovered him and shot him just above his heart, and would once again be sent to treatment. Throughout 1943, Davydov would take part in many missions with his brigade, including a landing in Myskhako, capturing an enemy airfield near Malaya Zemlya, and liberating Novorossiysk in September of that year.
In June 1944, as part of the 1st Baltic Front, Davydov was in charge of reconnaissance of the Daugava River, reaching the village of Sharipino (Vitebsk region of Belarus) and leading an attack on 30 Nazi German soldiers. Davydov had personally shot a soldier and was able to recover a briefcase outlining the German defense of the region. Based on this, he was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union later that year, one of only two Assyrians to have ever received the title.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
After the end of WWII, Davydov was discharged from military service and worked as a foreman in a shoe factory. He would later set up his own independent shoe shop near Moscow Yaroslavsky railway station, where he would work for the rest of his life. In 1985, a thief attempted to steal his Hero\'s Star and he was seriously injured, but he survived and his real Hero\'s Star was still at his house.
Davydov married an Assyrian woman from the same tribe as him (Diz tribe), Vartanush (Tatiana) Nikolaevna, and had two daughters named Rita and Lyudmila. He spoke many languages, namely Russian, Ossetian, Georgian, Armenian, and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.
Davydov died in Moscow on 30 July 1987. His grave is located in the Pyatnitskoye Cemetery in northern Moscow, and he is additionally memorialized in the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv, Ukraine. He remains a key figure in his native village, having a secondary school named after him in 2017 and receiving the title of \"Honorary Citizen\" in the Russian-Assyrian village of Urmia.
## Awards
- Medal \"For Courage\", No
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# Edgar Bowers
**Edgar Bowers** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aʊ|.|ər|z}}`{=mediawiki}; March 2, 1924 -- February 4, 2000) was an American poet who won the Bollingen Prize in Poetry in 1989 and two Guggenheim fellowships. In selecting Mr. Bowers, the judges cited his 1973 work, *Living Together: New and Selected Poems*, saying that it \"cemented Mr. Bowers\'s reputation as a poet of enduring work.\" Harold Bloom declared Bowers one of the 20th century's masters.
## Biography
Bowers was born in Rome, Georgia, in 1924. During World War II, he joined the military and worked in counter-intelligence against Germany, which would later inform much of his writing. He was stationed for a year at Berchtesgaden, Hitler's retreat in the Alps.
He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1950 and after the war, he earned his MA and PhD in English literature from Stanford University. He wrote five collections of poetry, including *For Louis Pasteur* (1990), *The Astronomers* (1965) and *The Form of Loss* (1956). He taught English at the University of California, Santa Barbara for most of his career.
In Bowers\'s obituary, the English poet Clive Wilmer wrote, \"The title poem of his 1990 collection, *For Louis Pasteur*, announces his key loyalties. He confessed to celebrating every year the birthdays of three heroes: Pasteur, Mozart and Paul Valéry, all of whom suggest admiration for the life of the mind lived at its highest pitch---a concern for science and its social uses, and a love of art that is elegant, cerebral and orderly.\"
Another aspect of Bowers is highlighted by Thom Gunn on the back of Bowers\'s *Collected Poems*: \"Bowers started with youthful stoicism, but the feeling is now governed by an increasing acceptance of the physical world.\" That \'physical world\' encompasses sex and love which are refracted through his restrained and lapidary lines. The effect of this contrast is striking: at once balanced and engaged; detached but acutely aware of sensual satisfactions.\"
Bowers\'s style owes much to the artistic ethos of Yvor Winters, under whom Bowers studied at Stanford. The poetry of his first two volumes reflects the austere dedication to formal precision that marked the thinking of Winters and J. V. Cunningham. He often wrote in rhyme, but also produced blank verse in the English language. He wrote very little (his *Collected Poems* weighs in at 168 pages).
Bowers retired in 1991 and died of non-Hodgkins lymphoma at his home in San Francisco on February 4, 2000, the day after his companion, James Davis, died. In 2003, UCLA hosted a conference and exhibit in Bowers's honor.
## Publications
- *The Form of Loss* (Alan Swallow, 1956)
- *The Astronomers* (Alan Swallow, 1965)
- *Living Together* (David R. Godine, 1973)
- *For Louis Pasteur* (Princeton University Press, 1989)
- *Collected Poems* (Alfred A
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# List of plant orders
This article lists the living orders of the Viridiplantae, based primarily on the work of Ruggiero et al. 2015. Living order of Lycophytes and ferns are taken from Christenhusz et al. 2011b and Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. Living orders of Gymnosperms are added from Christenhusz et al. 2011a while extinct orders are from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007.
## Division Prasinodermophyta {#division_prasinodermophyta}
### Class Prasinodermophyceae {#class_prasinodermophyceae}
- Order Prasinodermatales
### Class Palmophyllophyceae {#class_palmophyllophyceae}
- Order Prasinococcales
- Order Palmophyllales
## Division Chlorophyta {#division_chlorophyta}
### Subdivision Prasinophytina {#subdivision_prasinophytina}
#### Class Mamiellophyceae {#class_mamiellophyceae}
- Order Monomastigales
- Order Dolichomastigales
- Order Mamiellales
#### Class Pyramimonadophyceae {#class_pyramimonadophyceae}
- Order Pyramimonadales
### Subdivision Chlorophytina {#subdivision_chlorophytina}
#### Class Nephroselmidophyceae {#class_nephroselmidophyceae}
- Order Nephroselmidales
#### Class Picocystophyceae {#class_picocystophyceae}
- Order Picocystales
- Order ?Pseudoscourfieldiales
#### Class Chloropicophyceae {#class_chloropicophyceae}
- Order Chloropicales
#### Class Pedinophyceae {#class_pedinophyceae}
- Order ?Scourfieldiales
- Order Marsupiomonadales
- Order Pedinomonadales
#### Class Chlorodendrophyceae {#class_chlorodendrophyceae}
- Order Chlorodendrales
#### Class Trebouxiophyceae {#class_trebouxiophyceae}
- Order ?Phyllosiphonales
- Order Chlorellales
- Order Prasiolales
- Order Microthamniales
- Order Trebouxiales
#### Class Ulvophyceae {#class_ulvophyceae}
- Order Ignatiales
- Order Oltmannsiellopsidales
- Order Scotinosphaerales
- Order Ulotrichales
- Order Ulvales
- Order Trentepohliales
- Order Cladophorales
- Order Dasycladales
- Order Bryopsidales
#### Class Chlorophyceae {#class_chlorophyceae}
- Order Chaetopeltidales
- Order Chaetophorales
- Order Chlamydomonadales
- Order Chlorococcales
- Order Microsporales
- Order Oedogoniales
- Order Sphaeropleales
- Order Tetrasporales
## Division Streptophyta {#division_streptophyta}
### Subdivision Chlorokybophytina {#subdivision_chlorokybophytina}
#### Class Mesostigmatophyceae {#class_mesostigmatophyceae}
- Order Mesostigmatales
#### Class Chlorokybophyceae {#class_chlorokybophyceae}
- Order Chlorokybales
### Subdivision Klebsormidiophyinta {#subdivision_klebsormidiophyinta}
#### Class Klebsormidiophyceae {#class_klebsormidiophyceae}
- Order Klebsormidiales
### Subdivision Charophytina {#subdivision_charophytina}
#### Class Charophyceae {#class_charophyceae}
- Order †Sycidiales
- Order †Chovanellales
- Order †Moellerinales
- Order Charales (Stoenworts & musk grasses)
### Subdivision Coleochaetophytina {#subdivision_coleochaetophytina}
#### Class Coleochaetophyceae {#class_coleochaetophyceae}
- Order Coleochaetales
### Subdivision Zygnematophytina {#subdivision_zygnematophytina}
#### Class Zygnematophyceae {#class_zygnematophyceae}
- Order Spirogloeales
- Order Zygnematales
- Order Mesotaeniales
- Order Desmidiales
### Subdivision Anthocerotophytina {#subdivision_anthocerotophytina}
Source:
#### Class Leiosporocerotopsida {#class_leiosporocerotopsida}
- Order Leiosporocerotales
#### Class Anthocerotopsida {#class_anthocerotopsida}
- Order Anthocerotales
- Order Notothyladales
- Order Phymatocerotales
- Order Dendrocerotales
### Subdivision Marchantiophytina {#subdivision_marchantiophytina}
Source:
#### Class Haplomitriopsida {#class_haplomitriopsida}
- Order Treubiales
- Order Calobryales
#### Class Marchantiopsida {#class_marchantiopsida}
- Subclass Blasiidae
- Order Blasiales
- Subclass Marchantiidae (Complex thalloid liverworts)
- Order Neohodgsoniales
- Order Sphaerocarpales
- Order Lunulariales (crescent-cup liverwort)
- Order Marchantiales
#### Class Jungermanniopsida {#class_jungermanniopsida}
- Subclass Pelliidae
- Order Pelliales
- Order Pallaviciniales
- Order Fossombroniales
- Subclass Metzgeriidae
- Order Pleuroziales
- Order Metzgeriales
- Subclass Jungermanniidae (leafy liverworts)
- Order Porellales
- Order Ptilidiales
- Order Jungermanniales
### Subdivision Bryophytina {#subdivision_bryophytina}
Source:
#### Class Takakiopsida {#class_takakiopsida}
- Order Takakiales
#### Class Sphagnopsida {#class_sphagnopsida}
- Order †Protosphagnales
- Order Ambuchananiales
- Order Sphagnales (Peat/bog mosses)
#### Class Andreaeobryopsida {#class_andreaeobryopsida}
- Order Andreaeobryales
#### Class Andreaeopsida {#class_andreaeopsida}
- Order Andreaeales (Granite/lantern mosses)
#### Class Oedipodiopsida {#class_oedipodiopsida}
- Order Oedipodiales
#### Class Tetraphidopsida {#class_tetraphidopsida}
- Order Tetraphidales
#### Class Polytrichopsida {#class_polytrichopsida}
- Order Polytrichales (Hair-cap mosses)
#### Class Bryopsida {#class_bryopsida}
- Subclass Buxbaumiidae
- Order Buxbaumiales
- Subclass Diphysciidae
- Order Diphysciales
- Subclass Gigaspermidae
- Order Gigaspermales
- Subclass Funariidae
- Order Disceliales
- Order Encalyptales
- Order Funariales
- Subclass Timmiidae
- Order Timmiales
- Subclass Dicranidae (Haplolepideous mosses)
- Order Archidiales
- Order Pseudoditrichales
- Order Catoscopiales
- Order Scouleriales
- Order Bryoxiphiales
- Order Grimmiales
- Order Pottiales
- Order Dicranales
- Subclass Bryidae (Diplolepideous-alternate mosses)
- Superorder Bryanae
- Order Splachnales
- Order Hedwigiales
- Order Bartramiales
- Order Bryales
- Order Rhizogoniales
- Order Orthotrichales
- Order Orthodontiales
- Order Aulacomniales
- Superorder Hypnanae
- Order Hypnodendrales
- Order Ptychomniales
- Order Hypopterygiales
- Order Hookeriales
- Order Hypnales
### Clade †Horneophytina {#clade_horneophytina}
#### Class †Horneophytopsida {#class_horneophytopsida}
- Order †Horneophytales
| 633 |
List of plant orders
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# List of plant orders
## Division Streptophyta {#division_streptophyta}
### Subdivision Tracheophytina {#subdivision_tracheophytina}
Source:
#### Class †Cooksoniopsida {#class_cooksoniopsida}
- Order †Cooksoniales
#### Class †Rhyniopsida {#class_rhyniopsida}
- Order ?†Yarraviales
- Order ?†Taeniocradales
- Order †Rhyniales
#### Clade †Zosterophyllophyta {#clade_zosterophyllophyta}
- Class †Barinophytopsida
- Order †Barinophytales
- Class †Zosterophyllopsida
- Order †Sawdoniales
- Order †Zosterophyllales
#### Class Lycopodiopsida {#class_lycopodiopsida}
- Order †Drepanophycales
- Subclass †Asteroxylidae
- Order ?†Thursophytales
- Order †Asteroxylales
- Subclass Lycopodiidae
- Order Lycopodiales (Clubmosses, groundpines, groundcedars)
- Subclass †Prolepidodendridae
- Order †Protolepidodendrales
- Subclass Selaginellidae (Spikemosses; rose of Jericho; resurrection plant; Engels moss)
- Order Selaginellales
- Order †Lepidodendrales
- Order †Pleuromeiales
- Order Isoetales (Quillworts)
#### Class †Eophyllophytopsida {#class_eophyllophytopsida}
- Order †Eophyllophytales
#### Class †Trimerophytopsida {#class_trimerophytopsida}
- Order †Trimerophytales
#### Clade Pteridophyta {#clade_pteridophyta}
- Order †Ibykales
- Class †Cladoxylopsida
- Order †Hyeniales
- Order †Iridopteridales
- Order †Steloxylales
- Order †Pseudosporochnales
- Order †Cladoxylales
- Class Polypodiopsida (Ferns)
- Order †Stauropteridales
- Subclass †Zygopterididae
- Order †Rhacophytales
- Order †Zygopteridales
- Subclass Equisetidae
- Order †Pseudoborniales
- Order †Sphenophyllales
- Order Equisetales (Horsetails; scouring-rushes)
- Subclass Ophioglossidae
- Order Psilotales (Whisk ferns)
- Order Ophioglossales (Adder\'s tongues, moonworts)
- Subclass Marattiopsida
- Order Marattiales
- Subclass Polypodiidae
- Order †Urnatopteridales
- Order †Senftenbergiales
- Order †Botryopteridiales
- Order †Anachoropteridales
- Order Osmundales (Royal ferns)
- Order Hymenophyllales (Filmy ferns)
- Order Gleicheniales
- Order Schizaeales
- Order Salviniales
- Order Cyatheales
- Order Polypodiales (Cathetogyrates)
#### Class †Noeggerathiopsida {#class_noeggerathiopsida}
- Order †Discinitiales
- Order †Noeggerathiales
- Order †Tingiales
#### Class †Aneurophytopsida {#class_aneurophytopsida}
- Order †Scougonophytales
- Order †Aneurophytales
#### Class †Archaeopteridopsida {#class_archaeopteridopsida}
- Order †Cecropsidales
- Order †Archaeopteridales
#### Incertae sedis {#incertae_sedis}
- Order †Protopityales
- Order †Stenokoleales
#### Clade Spermatophyta {#clade_spermatophyta}
- Order †Calamopityales
- Order †Callistophytales
- Order †Erdtmanithecales
- Order †Hlatimbiales
- Order †Umkomasiales
- **Class †Arberiopsida**
- Order †Aberiales
- Order †Dicranophyllales
- **Class †Moresnetiopsida**
- Order †Moresnetiales
- Order †Pullarithecales
- Order †Tetrastichiales
- **Class †Lyginopteridopsida**
- Order †Hexapterospermales
- Order †Lyginopteridales
- **Class †Pachytestopsida**
- Order †Codonospermales
- Order †Pachytestales
- **Class †Peltaspermopsida**
- Order †Peltaspermales
- Order †Sporophyllitales
- Order †Trichopityales
- **Class †Phasmatocycadopsida**
- Order †Gigantopteridales
- Order †Phasmatocycadales
- **Class †Pentoxylopsida**
- Order †Pentoxylales
- **Class †Dictyopteridiopsida**
- Order †Dictyopteridiales
- Order †Lidgettoniales
- Order †Rigbyales
- **Class †Cycadeoideopsida**
- Order †Fredlindiales
- Order †Cycadeoideales
- **Class †Caytoniopsida**
- Order †Caytoniales
- **Class †Axelrodiopsida**
- Order †Axelrodiales
- **Class Pinopsida**
- †Subclass Pityidae
- †Order Pityales
- Subclass Cycadidae
- Order ?†Noeggerathiopsidales
- Order †Podozamitales
- Order Cycadales (Cycads)
- Subclass Ginkgoidae
- Order †Hamshawviales
- Order †Vladimariales
- Order †Matatiellales
- Order †Petriellales
- Order †Czekanowskiales
- Order Ginkgoales
- Subclass Pinidae
- Order †Cordaitales
- Order †Dordrechtitales
- Order †Vojnovskyales
- Order †Buriadiales
- Order †Ferugliocladales
- Order †Ullmanniales
- Order †Walchiales
- Order †Voltziales
- Order †Bernettiales
- Order †Eoanthales
- Order †Fraxinopsiales
- Order Gnetales (incl
| 482 |
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| 1 |
10,084,915 |
# Asset and liability management
**Asset and liability management** (often abbreviated **ALM**) is the term covering tools and techniques used by a bank or other corporate to minimise exposure to market risk and liquidity risk through holding the optimum combination of assets and liabilities. It sometimes refers more specifically to the practice of managing financial risks that arise due to mismatches - \"duration gaps\" - between the assets and liabilities, on the firm\'s balance sheet or as part of an investment strategy.
ALM sits between risk management and strategic planning. It is focused on a long-term perspective rather than mitigating immediate risks; see, here, treasury management. The exact roles and perimeter around ALM can however vary significantly from one bank (or other financial institution) to another depending on the business model adopted and can encompass a broad area of risks.
Traditional ALM programs focus on interest rate risk and liquidity risk because they represent the most prominent risks affecting the organization. Its scope, though, includes the allocation and management of assets, equity, interest rate and credit risk management including risk overlays, and the calibration of company-wide tools within these risk frameworks for optimisation and management in the local regulatory and capital environment. Often an ALM approach passively matches assets against liabilities (fully hedged) and leaves surplus to be actively managed
| 220 |
Asset and liability management
| 0 |
10,084,922 |
# Siesikai Castle
**Siesikai Castle** is the residential castle near Siesikai, Ukmergė district, Lithuania. The castle on the Siesikai Lake was built by Gabrielius Daumantas-Siesickis in the 16th century in the Renaissance style. His heirs were known as Daumantai, also called Siesicki, had given their family name to the nearby town. The masonry palace was reconstructed in the Neoclassical style after 1820 by Dominik Dowgiałło. Only 2 towers remain from the former castle, which had four of them in every corner of the palace. The castle has been undergoing restoration since 1990
| 92 |
Siesikai Castle
| 0 |
10,084,980 |
# Leflore County School District
The **Leflore County School District** (**LCSD**) was a public school district headquartered in Greenwood, Mississippi, United States.
The district served areas in Leflore County outside of the City of Greenwood, including the city of Itta Bena, the towns of Morgan City, Schlater and Sidon, as well as the community of Minter City. Also some portions of Greenwood were in the district, as well as Mississippi Valley State, which contains faculty housing and residential apartments of Mississippi Valley State University.
Effective July 1, 2019 this district and the Greenwood Public School District consolidated into the Greenwood-Leflore School District.
## History
In October 2013 the State of Mississippi took control of the school district. The second person appointed by state as the head of the school district was Ilean Richards.
Circa 2016 the rating of the Greenwood district was D. Unlike most state-mandated school district consolidations, in which a larger district absorbs a smaller district, in this instance two districts of roughly equal size are merging; in 2016 the Leflore district had 2,405 students and the Greenwood district had 2,846 students while the Leflore district had 2,405 students. Adam Ganucheau and Zachary Oren Smith of *Mississippi Today* described both districts as being \"large\".
David Jordan, a member of the Mississippi Senate, criticized the upcoming Greenwood-Leflore merger since the Leflore district\'s performance in state tests was worse than that of the Greenwood district; their respective grades from the Mississippi Department of Education circa 2016-2017 were F and C.
Richards resigned in 2017, and James Johnson-Waldington became the district head.
## Schools
High schools (9-12):
- Amanda Elzy High School (*Unincorporated area*)
- Leflore County High School (Itta Bena)
4-8 schools:
- East Elementary School (*Unincorporated area*), formerly East Middle School. Converted into East Elementary School in 2013: Elzy Elementary\'s students in pre-Kindergarten through 5th grade moved to East Elementary while grades 6 through 8 moved from East Middle to Elzy Junior High.
Middle schools (6-8):
- Amanda Elzy Junior High School - Formed in the former Amanda Elzy Elementary School in 2013.
- Leflore County Junior High School - Formed as its own school in 2013.
Primary schools:
: K-6
- Leflore County Elementary School (Itta Benna)
: K-3
- Claudine F. Brown Elementary School (*Unincorporated area*)
:\*It is about 5 mi north of Sidon.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Closed before district dissolution:
:\*Amanda Elzy Elementary School (*Unincorporated area*) - In 2013 the building was converted into Amanda Elzy Junior High School.
:\*T.Y. Fleming School (K-6) *Unincorporated area*, Minter City area
::\*2006 National Blue Ribbon School. In 2009 the school closed. The editor of the *Greenwood Commonwealth* criticized the closure.
Other
- Leflore County Vo-Tech Center (*Unincorporated area*)
## Demographics
Leflore district had 2,405 students in 2016, About 2,400 students circa 2017, and 2,167 in the 2018--2019 school year.
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 2,936 students enrolled in the Leflore County School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 49% female and 51% male. The racial makeup of the district was 96.46% African American, 1.36% White, and 2.18% Hispanic. All of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 533 |
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| 0 |
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# What Is This Thing Called Science?
***What Is This Thing Called Science?*** (1976) is a best-selling textbook by Alan Chalmers.
## Overview
The book is a guide to the philosophy of science which outlines the shortcomings of naive empiricist accounts of science, and describes and assesses modern attempts to replace them. The book is written with minimal use of technical terms. *What Is This Thing Called Science?* was first published in 1976, and has been translated into many languages.
## Editions
- *What Is This Thing Called Science?*, Queensland University Press and Open University Press, 1976, pp. 157 + xvii. (Translated into German, Dutch, Italian Spanish and Chinese.)
- *What Is This Thing Called Science?*, Queensland University Press, Open University Press and Hackett, 2nd revised edition (6 new chapters), 1982, pp. 179 + xix. (Translated into German, Persian, French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Portuguese, Polish and Danish, Greek and Estonian.)
- [*What Is This Thing Called Science?*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WQh5wDlE8cwC), University of Queensland Press, Open University press, 3rd revised edition, Hackett, 1999. (Translated into Korean.)
- [*What Is This Thing Called Science?*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3yp5ImQsB94C), University of Queensland Press, Open University press, 4th edition, 2013
| 192 |
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| 0 |
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# Transfusion hemosiderosis
**Transfusional hemosiderosis** is the accumulation of iron in the body due to frequent blood transfusions. Iron accumulates in the liver and heart, but also endocrine organs. Frequent blood transfusions may be given to many patients, such as those with thalassemia, sickle cell disease, leukemia, aplastic anemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome, among others. It is diagnosed with a blood transferrin test and a liver biopsy. It is treated with venipuncture, erythrocytapheresis, and iron chelation therapy.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
Transfusional hemosiderosis can cause cardiac arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy.
## Causes
Transfusional hemosiderosis is a potential side effect of frequent blood transfusions. These may be given for a number of conditions, including:
- thalassemia.
- sickle cell disease.
- leukemia.
- aplastic anemia.
- myelodysplastic syndrome.
## Mechanism
Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in a red blood cell, contains iron. The body has limited ways to store and remove iron. When red blood cells (RBCs) die, they are consumed by macrophages. Transfused RBCs have shorter lifespans that native ones, so they die and are consumed more frequently by the macrophages, which causes the latter to die from excess iron which is then released into the blood. Therefore, with frequent blood transfusions, iron builds up in the body over time. This can enter the liver, heart, pancreas, and endocrine organs. Free iron increases the production of oxygen radicals (mostly hydroxyl radicals) that cause damage to cells (particularly their DNA).
## Diagnosis
Transfusional hemosiderosis can be inferred with a blood transferrin test. Blood ferritin may be increased with a number of other conditions, so is less reliable for diagnosis. A liver biopsy may be used, which is the most accurate diagnostic technique. The level of siderosis seen in a liver biopsy can be graded by severity.
## Treatment
Transfusional hemosiderosis is treated with a number of therapies. Venipuncture (phlebotomy) removes blood. Erythrocytapheresis filters red blood cells from the blood. Chelation therapy removes iron from the blood. This involves delivering iron chelating agents such as deferoxamine, deferiprone or deferasirox. If iron overload has caused damage to end-organs, this is generally irreversible and may require transplantation.`{{cfn|date=March 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
## Prognosis
Transfusion hemosiderosis can cause permanent damage to tissues that may lead to death. Tissue damage can remain even after chelation therapy. Outcomes are usually worse in patients who require blood transfusions compared to those who can have alternative therapies. Cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmia are often a cause of death.
## Society
Ted DeVita died of transfusional iron overload from too many blood transfusions
| 417 |
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# Lincoln Jean-Marie
**Lincoln Jean-Marie** is a British singer, born in London, England.
Jean-Marie has over fifteen years of working experience as a singer, songwriter, and arranger of both lead and backing vocals. He was also a member of the four-piece a cappella group Peace by Piece who were signed to Warner Bros., released two UK singles and won Best Newcomers at the MOBO Awards. Lincoln Jean-Marie is the father of songwriter/producer Tre Jean-Marie
| 74 |
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| 0 |
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# Paul Güssfeldt
Dr **Paul Güssfeldt** (spelled Güßfeldt in German) (14 October 1840 -- 18 January 1920) was a German geologist, mountaineer and explorer.
## Biography
Güssfeldt was born in Berlin, where he also died almost 80 years later. After attending the Collège Français in his home city, he studied natural sciences and mathematics in Heidelberg (where he joined the Vandalia student corps), from 1859 to 1865, and then in Berlin, Gießen and Bonn.
When the first expedition was sent out by the German African Society (*Afrikanischen Gesellschaft*) in 1872, he was chosen its leader. The expedition sailed to the coast of the Kingdom of Loango, but was shipwrecked near Freetown on 14 January 1873 and lost all its stores and equipment. Although Güssfeldt succeeded in establishing a station on the coast, he was unable to penetrate into the interior, and returned to Germany in the summer of 1875. In 1876 he visited Egypt and the Arabian Desert (with Georg August Schweinfurth).
He made several first ascents in the Alps, including Piz Scerscen with Hans Grass and Caspar Capat on 13 September 1877 via the north-west spur (the *Eisnase* route). On 12 August 1878, Hans Grass, Johann Gross and he first climbed the *Biancograt* north ridge of Piz Bernina. He made winter ascents of the Grandes Jorasses and the Gran Paradiso, as well as putting up several new routes on Mont Blanc, including the Peuterey ridge on 15--19 August 1893 (with Emile Rey, Christian Klucker and César Ollier). *Pointe Güssfeldt* (4,112 m), the highest summit on the Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey is named after him, as is the *Güssfeldtsattel*, the col between Piz Scerscen and Piz Roseg also known as the *Porta da Roseg*. This steep ice slope was first climbed by Güssfeldt with guides Hans Grass, Peter Jenny and Caspar Capat on 13 September 1872.
Güssfeldt explored a portion of the Andes, where he discovered a number of glaciers in latitude 34° 30\' S. He also ascended to the top of the volcano of Maipo. In 1883 he made the first attempt on Aconcagua by a European. Bribing porters with the story that there was treasure on the mountain, he approached Aconcagua via the Rio Volcan, making two attempts on the peak by the north-west ridge and reaching an altitude of 6,500 metres. The route that he prospected is now the normal route up the mountain.
Between 1889 until 1914 Güssfeldt was invited by the German Emperor Wilhelm II to join him for his annual summer cruise in the North Sea, which Güssfeldt was given the responsibility of planning as well. The emperor was fond of Güssfeldt and wrote about him in his memoirs.
## Works
- *In den Hochalpen. Erlebnisse aus den Jahren 1859-85* (3d ed. 1893)
- *Kaiser Wilhelms II. Reisen nach Norwegen in den Jahren 1889-92* (1892)
- *Die Loangoexpedition*, jointly with Julius Falkenstein and Eduard Pechuël-Loesche (1879 et seq
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# Grenada School District
The **Grenada School District** is a public school district based in Grenada, Mississippi (US). The district\'s boundaries parallel that of Grenada County.
## Schools
- Grenada High School (Grades 9-12)
- Grenada Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Grenada Elementary School --- Green Top (Grades 4-5)
- Grenada Elementary School --- Red Top (Grades PreK-3)
- Tie Plant School (alternative)
- Grenada Adult Education Center (Adult Literacy, Adult Basic Education, English-as-a-Second Language, GED Testing)
### Historical schools {#historical_schools}
Before racial integration, GSD operated a second set of schools for African-American students to attend. Those schools included:
- Rebecca Reed School
- Tie Plant School
- Willie Wilson Elementary School
- Carrie Dotson High School
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 4,753 students enrolled in the Grenada School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 50% female and 50% male. The racial makeup of the district was 50.94% African American, 48.33% White, 0.17% Hispanic, 0.36% Asian, and 0.21% Native American. 55.2% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 185 |
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# Fields (band)
**Fields** were an Anglo-Icelandic electronic/indie band formed in London in 2006. After playing their first live shows they signed a deal with Atlantic Records, which allowed them to release through their own Black Lab Records their 2007 debut album *Everything Last Winter*, recorded with producer Michael Beinhorn at Sun Studios in Dublin.
Vocalist Nick Peill instigated most of Fields\' songs. Alongside Peill, the line-up was vocalist and keyboard player Thórunn Antonía, lead guitarist Jamie Putnam, drummer Henry Spencer, and bassist Matty Derham, who later joined Does It Offend You, Yeah?.
Fields played on tour with Wolfmother and Bloc Party, and on their own tour in 2007.
Although recording work commenced on a follow-up album to be entitled *Hollow Mountain*, which was intended to include the songs \"Sun In Your Eyes\", \"Constantly\", \"Are You Ready Yet?\", \"Worst Love\" and \"Call The Captain\", the album remains unreleased.
The band split up in 2009 after they lost their recording contract
| 160 |
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# Ilias Atmatsidis
**Ilias Atmatsidis** (*Ηλίας Ατματσίδης*; born 24 April 1969) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the director of Football at AEK Athens B.
## Club career {#club_career}
Atmatsidis started playing football regularly in his village team at the age of 13 competing as a winger. In a match against Foufa Ptolemaidas where the team\'s goalkeeper could not compete, Atmatsidis was called to play as goalkeeper. His performance established him in the position under the team\'s goalposts. He was then transferred to the team of the neighboring village of Agios Dimitrios, with which he was crowned champion of the local second division. He was then transferred to Pontioi Kozani where he played in the fourth national division. In July of 1989 he joined Pontioi Veria, where he played for 3 years contributing to the promotion of the team to the second division. In the summer of 1992 he was signed by AEK Athens.
In his first year in the team he was the substitute of Antonis Minou, but from the following season he established himself as a starter for many years, while he was among the captains of the club. A remarkable performance of Atmatsidis was when he made a double save on a penalty by Anastasiou and then on a shot by Tsiantakis in a championship match with OFI. For the seasons 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 he was voted for the PSAP awards as the best goalkeeper of the league. He scored once with a penalty in a crucial championship match against Skoda Xanthi in 1999. He had another outstanding performance in the league derby against Olympiacos in 1997, where he kept the clean seat and AEK won by 0--1. From 2000 onwards he began to lose his position to Dionysis Chiotis. He won in his 10-year presence at AEK 2 championships, 4 Greek cups and 1 Super Cup. In January 2003 the Atmatsidis asked to be released to get more playing time and his contract was terminated by mutual consent.
After leaving AEK, Atmatsidis signed for PAOK for three years, where he ended his career in 2005. In the club of Thessaloniki, he won another cup in 2003. In January 2014 he came out of retirement to play for local Herakleion based club Omonia NOVA Apolimantiki.
## International career {#international_career}
Atmatsidis debuted for Greece on 23 March 1994. He played 47 matches, and was included in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, playing as starting goalkeeper in the 0--4 loss against Bulgaria. At November 1999, he decided to retire from the national team, as a sign of protest against refereeing in Greek football.
## After football {#after_football}
In October 2014, Atmatsidis has been in the technical department of the infrastructure departments of AEK until 2019, when he was for a short period an assistant manager to Nikos Kostenoglou. In July 2021 he was appointed as a Director of Football at AEK Athens B
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# List of de Havilland Mosquito operators
The following are operators of the de Havilland Mosquito:
## Military operators {#military_operators}
### Australia
Royal Australian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron RAAF
- No. 87 Squadron RAAF
- No. 94 Squadron RAAF
- No. 456 Squadron RAAF
- No. 464 Squadron RAAF
- No. 1 Photo Reconnaissance Unit RAAF
- No. 5 Operational Training Unit RAAF
### Belgium
Belgian Air Force 11 Squadron, 1 Wing
### Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force
- No. 400 Squadron RCAF
- No. 404 Squadron RCAF
- No. 406 Squadron RCAF
- No. 409 Squadron RCAF
- No. 410 Squadron RCAF
- No. 418 Squadron RCAF
### China
Republic of China Air Force
- 1st BG RoCAF flew 200 Canadian built Mosquitos 1948--1949
### People\'s Republic of China {#peoples_republic_of_china}
People\'s Liberation Army Air Force
- Five ex-Nationalist Mosquitos operated by PLAAF in all version.
- Took part in the flight demonstration of the foundation celebration of People\'s Republic of China on October 1, 1949.
### Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak Air Force
### Dominican Republic {#dominican_republic}
Dominican Air Force
### France
French Air Force
### Haiti
Haitian Air Force
### Israel
Israeli Air Force
### New Zealand {#new_zealand}
Royal New Zealand Air Force
- 14 Squadron (replacing Vought Corsairs 1948--1952)
- 75 Squadron (replacing Avro Lincolns 1945--1951)
- 487 Squadron (replacing Lockheed Venturas 1943--1945)
- 488 Squadron (replacing Bristol Beaufighters 1943--1945)
- 489 Squadron (replacing Bristol Beaufighters 1945)
### Norway
Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service\
Royal Norwegian Air Force
- 333 Squadron
- 334 Squadron
### Poland
Polish Air Forces on exile in Great Britain
- No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron, \"Ziemi Wielkopolskiej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego\"
- No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron, \"Lwowskich Puchaczy\"
### South Africa {#south_africa}
South African Air Force
- No 60 Squadron (PR) SAAF, (North Africa, San Severo (Italy), Bloemfontein (South Africa): February 1943 -- June 1947)
### Soviet Union {#soviet_union}
Soviet Air Force
### Sweden
Royal Swedish Air Force
- Västmanland Wing (F 1)
### Switzerland
Swiss Air Force
### Turkey
Turkish Air Force
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
Royal Air Force
- No. 4 Squadron RAF
- No. 8 Squadron RAF
- No. 11 Squadron RAF
- No. 13 Squadron RAF
- No. 14 Squadron RAF
- No. 16 Squadron RAF
- No. 18 Squadron RAF
- No. 21 Squadron RAF
- No. 22 Squadron RAF
- No. 23 Squadron RAF
- No. 25 Squadron RAF
- No. 27 Squadron RAF
- No. 29 Squadron RAF
- No. 36 Squadron RAF
- No. 39 Squadron RAF
- No. 45 Squadron RAF
- No. 46 Squadron RAF
- No. 47 Squadron RAF
- No. 55 Squadron RAF
- No. 58 Squadron RAF
- No. 68 Squadron RAF
- No. 69 Squadron RAF
- No. 81 Squadron RAF
- No. 82 Squadron RAF
- No. 84 Squadron RAF
- No. 85 Squadron RAF
- No. 89 Squadron RAF
- No. 96 Squadron RAF
- No. 98 Squadron RAF
- No. 105 Squadron RAF
- No. 107 Squadron RAF
- No. 108 Squadron RAF
- No. 109 Squadron RAF
- No. 110 Squadron RAF
- No. 114 Squadron RAF
- No. 125 Squadron RAF
- No. 128 Squadron RAF
- No. 139 Squadron RAF
- No. 140 Squadron RAF
- No. 141 Squadron RAF
- No. 142 Squadron RAF
- No. 143 Squadron RAF
- No. 151 Squadron RAF
- No. 157 Squadron RAF
- No. 162 Squadron RAF
- No. 163 Squadron RAF
- No. 169 Squadron RAF
- No. 176 Squadron RAF
- No. 180 Squadron RAF
- No. 192 Squadron RAF
- No. 199 Squadron RAF
- No. 211 Squadron RAF
- No. 219 Squadron RAF
- No. 235 Squadron RAF
- No. 239 Squadron RAF
- No. 248 Squadron RAF
- No. 249 Squadron RAF
- No. 254 Squadron RAF
- No. 255 Squadron RAF
- No. 256 Squadron RAF
- No. 264 Squadron RAF
- No. 268 Squadron RAF
- No. 333 Squadron RAF
- No. 334 Squadron RAF
- No. 500 Squadron RAF
- No. 502 Squadron RAF
- No. 504 Squadron RAF
- No. 515 Squadron RAF
- No. 521 Squadron RAF
- No. 527 Squadron RAF
- No. 540 Squadron RAF
- No. 544 Squadron RAF
- No. 571 Squadron RAF
- No. 600 Squadron RAF
- No. 604 Squadron RAF
- No. 605 Squadron RAF
- No. 608 Squadron RAF
- No. 609 Squadron RAF
- No. 613 Squadron RAF
- No. 614 Squadron RAF
- No. 616 Squadron RAF
- No. 617 Squadron RAF
- No. 618 Squadron RAF
- No. 627 Squadron RAF
- No. 680 Squadron RAF
- No. 681 Squadron RAF
- No. 683 Squadron RAF
- No. 684 Squadron RAF
- No. 692 Squadron RAF
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm
- 703 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.R.33, T.T.39, T.R.37
- 704 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.3, B.25
- 728 Naval Air Squadron T.3, T.T.39, B.25
- 733 Naval Air Squadron B.25
- 739 Naval Air Squadron T.R.33
- 751 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.R.33
- 762 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.3, T.R.33, B.25
- 770 Naval Air Squadron B.25
- 771 Naval Air Squadron T.R.33, T.T.39, T.R37, B.25
- 772 Naval Air Squadron B.25
- 773 Naval Air Squadron VI
- 777 Naval Air Squadron B.25
- 778 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.R.33, B.25
- 780 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.3
- 787 Naval Air Squadron VI
- 790 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.R.33, B.25
- 797 Naval Air Squadron B.25
- 811 Naval Air Squadron VI, T.3
### United States {#united_states}
United States Army Air Forces
- - 416th Night Fighter Squadron
- 425th Night Fighter Squadron
- 25th Bombardment Group
- 653rd Bomb Squadron
- 654th Bomb Squadron
- 492nd Bombardment Group
- 802nd Reconnaissance Group
- 8th Reconnaissance Squadron Special
- 8th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
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# List of de Havilland Mosquito operators
## Military operators {#military_operators}
### Venezuela
Venezuelan Air Force
### Yugoslavia
SFR Yugoslav Air Force
- 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (1951--1956)
- 88th Bomber Aviation Regiment (1952--1957)
- 16th Reconnaissance Squadron of Anti-Aircraft Artillery (1958--1962)
## Civil operators {#civil_operators}
### Canada {#canada_1}
Spartan Air Services
### Mexico
Coculum Aeronautica SA de CV
### Switzerland {#switzerland_1}
Swissair briefly operated a single interned reconnaissance Mosquito in 1944, but the aircraft was handed back to the Swiss Air Force, who used it as a test bed in 1945
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# Allan Boardman
**Allan Dawson Boardman** (1937 -- 24 November 2018) was a British physicist, known for his work on surface plasmons and guided wave optics, especially nonlinear waves, solitons, magneto-optics and negative refracting metamaterials. He was a theorist and numerical analyst in these areas, especially magneto-optics and metamaterials. In 2006 he was made a fellow of the Optical Society of America for his contributions in these fields and for \"exemplary leadership and service to the optics community\".
Boardman made substantial contributions to his university, leading the School of Sciences. Latterly, he was a Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Salford. He held a Doctor of Science degree from the University of Durham. He was a Fellow of the UK Institute of Physics and a Fellow of the UK Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. He was the conference chair for the major UK photonics meeting called Photon10. He was a Fellow of the SPIE and co-chair of the SPIE Photonic Metamaterials conference series to be held in San Diego in 2014. He had also organized other conferences, including being a director of a number of pivotal NATO Advanced Study Institutes.
He was the chair of the Optics and Photonics Division of the UK Institute of Physics and the vice-president of the United Kingdom Consortium for Optics and Photonics (UKCPO). He had served as a board member of the Quantum Electronics and Optics Division of the European Physical Society. He was the UK voice on the new European strategy program called OPERA \[Optics and Photonics in the European Research Area\] 2015.
Boardman was honoured with a special session in his name at the 3rd International Conference on Metamaterials, Photonic Crystals and Plasmonics (Meta \'12) in Paris in 2012. He presented nearly 300 conference papers and had been editor for several books, such as \'Soliton-driven Photonics\' <https://www.amazon.com/Soliton-driven-Photonics-Nato-Science-II/dp/0792371313/> .
Boardman died on 24 November 2018, at the age of 81. He was survived by his three children and seven grandhcildren.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- A. D. Boardman (editor and contributor on surface plasmons), \"**Electromagnetic Surface Modes**\", John Wiley (1982)
| 349 |
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# Hotel Métropole, Brussels
The **Hotel Métropole** is a currently closed five-star luxury hotel in central Brussels, Belgium. It was built in 1872--1874 in an eclectic style with neo-Renaissance and Louis XVI influences. The hotel opened in 1895 and was the only 19th-century hotel still in operation in Brussels, until it closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020, after 125 years of continuous operation. The hotel had 251 rooms and 22 spacious suites. It was sold in 2022 and the new owners announced plans to restore it and reopen it in 2026.
The hotel is located at 31, place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein, next to the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan and the Northern Gallery glazed shopping arcade, as well as Brussels\' busiest shopping street, the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat. This area is served by the metro and *premetro* (underground tram) station De Brouckère on lines 1, 4, 5 and 10.
## History
### Origins and early history {#origins_and_early_history}
Under the reign of King Leopold II, following the covering of the river Senne (1867--1871), Brussels was remodelled with large boulevards and green avenues. The then-mayor of the City of Brussels, Jules Anspach, contributed to the transformation of the urban landscape of the capital by the realisation of thoroughfares from the North Station to the South Station, including from south to north and from west to east: the Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier/Maurice Lemonnierlaan, the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan, the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan, and the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan.
In 1890, Prosper and Edouard Wielemans, two brothers with a brewing company, opened the *Café Métropole* on the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein---a major square on the new boulevards---as a place to sell their beer. The café was a huge success, and in 1891, the Wielemans-Ceuppens family purchased the next-door building, a former property of the *Caisse générale d\'épargne et de retraite* (ASLK/CGER), and turned it into the Hotel Métropole, inaugurated in 1895. This main building had been built in 1872--1874 by the architect Antoine Trappeniers. The hotel\'s former reception desk is still easily recognisable today as the former bank\'s desk.
Following their purchase, the Wielemans brothers commissioned the French architect Alban Chambon, who was already responsible for the decoration of the *Café Métropole*, to design a luxurious hotel of international class. Cambon called upon the best artists and craftsmen of the time to assist him in his work. Nowadays, Chambon\'s design is still a prominent feature of the heritage hotel, which is considered an important historical landmark in the city. Not only was the Hotel Métropole one of the first luxury hotels, it was also the first to have electricity and central heating, and was until 2020 the only surviving 19th-century hotel in Brussels.
### 20th century {#th_century}
In the 20th century, the hotel was enlarged by successive annexations of neighbouring buildings to occupy almost the entire block between the Place de Brouckère, the *italic=no*/*italic=no*, the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, and the Northern Gallery glazed shopping arcade, and split by the *italic=no*/*italic=no*. The most remarkable extension was that of the 3000-seater *Métropole Cinema*, carried out in Art Deco style by the architect Adrien Blomme and inaugurated in 1932, which included a projection room, a tavern, shops, a disco *La Frégate* and two floors of supplementary hotel rooms with a patio above the cinema.
The Hotel Métropole is famous for having hosted numerous national and international events, including the first Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry in 1911, which brought together personalities such as Einstein, Marie Curie and Henri Poincaré. Moreover, it is the birthplace of the Black Russian cocktail, which was created in 1949 by the barman Gustave Tops for the U.S. ambassador to Luxembourg, Perle Mesta.
During the Second World War\'s occupation of Belgium, the Hotel Métropole was requisitioned by the Germans forces, then for a year by the Allied Forces. After the war, the hotel experienced another golden era. Great statesmen, artists and entertainers visiting Brussels all stayed at the hotel: Eisenhower, the General De Gaulle, the Shah, Jacques Brel, Maurice Chevalier, to name a few. Toots Thielemans made his debut in the jazz orchestra that played in the *Café Métropole*. Annie Cordy also had her own suite in the hotel.
In the second half of the 20th century, the hotel underwent more renovation works. In 1985, *Le Bar 19ème* and the restaurant *L\'Alban Chambon* were opened. Ten years later, the hotel celebrated its centenary.
<File:1911> Solvay conference.jpg\|The 1911 Solvay Conference in Brussels was the first world physics conference. <File:Hotel> Metropole Brussels 1920s.jpg\|The Hotel Métropole in the 1920s <File:1981-04> Hotel Metropole, place de Brouckere, Bruxelles (11607518603).jpg\|The *Café Métropole* in the 1980s
| 765 |
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| 0 |
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# Hotel Métropole, Brussels
## History
### 21st century {#st_century}
On 28 February 2002, the hotel\'s façade and ground floor, as well as the *Belle Époque* lift and ironwork, were protected by the Monuments and Sites Directorate of the Brussels-Capital Region. That same year, the restaurant was completely renovated giving it an Italian Baroque décor.
Since 29 June 2015, the hotel stands at the edge of a large pedestrian zone in central Brussels (*link=no*). It however remains directly accessible by car via the Rue Fossé aux Loups and the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain. It is also served by the metro and *premetro* (underground tram) station De Brouckère on lines 1, 4, 5 and 10.
The hotel faced severe financial difficulties after the drop in tourism due to the 2016 Brussels bombings. It closed in April 2020, following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, it was announced that the closure would be permanent. `{{As of|2021|6}}`{=mediawiki}, its former brasserie, the *Café Métropole*, located next door, temporarily reopened under a pop-up lease, before it finally closed as well in February 2022. In November 2022, the Métropole\'s owners, the Bervoets family, sold it to the American private equity firm Lone Star Funds for €100 million (€400,000 per room). The new owners announced that the hotel would be thoroughly renovated. Lone Star secured a €41m loan for the renovation in March 2025, and it was reported that the hotel is expected to reopen in late 2026.
## Building
The hotel\'s façade, in eclectic style with an Italian neo-Renaissance dominance, has three levels and nine bays, crowned by an attic balustrade that was maintained during the 19th-century transformation into the hotel, but was raised by two levels under a mansard roof, as today. The current modern awning, originally in iron and glass, spans the entire width of the façade and is rounded in a barrel above the entrance.
The hotel\'s reception, lobby, and lounge are overtly ornate in an eclectic style of French Renaissance character, with Corinthian columns, rich furnishings, gilded details, and chandeliers, largely preserved in the state made by Chambon. Similarly, the hotel\'s eleven meetings and conference rooms are decorated in a neo-Renaissance style. The lobby is lit by a skylight, and still conserves its original lift and main iron staircase.
The hotel offers eating possibilities in the *Café Métropole* brasserie and *Le Jardin Indien* breakfast room. It also has a bar, *Le 31*, with a late 19-century style décor, as well as a fitness room.
<File:Hotel> Métropole (2).jpg\|The Hotel Métropole\'s main façade <File:Bruxelles> - Café Métropole - 01.JPG\|*Café Métropole* <File:Bruxelles> - Hôtel Métropole.jpg\|Closeup of the café\'s façade <File:Reception> 1 HD.jpg\|The hotel lobby <File:Hotel> Métropole Brussels corridor
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# Kosciusko School District
The **Kosciusko School District** is a public school district based in Kosciusko, Mississippi. `{{Infobox school
|name = Kosciusko Senior High School
|image =
|streetaddress = 415 Veterans Memorial Drive
|city = [[Kosciusko, Mississippi|Kosciusko]]
|state = [[Mississippi]]
|county = ([[Attala County, Mississippi|Attala County]])
|zipcode = 39090
|country = USA
|coordinates = {{Coord|33.053502|-89.568383|type:edu_region:US-MS|display=inline,title}}
|headmaster =
|principal = Henry Coats
|district =
|motto =
|fightsong =
|staff = 39.60 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
|ratio = 14.85<ref name=NCES/>
|established =
|type = Public high school
|enrollment = 588<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&InstName=Kosciusko&State=28&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1&ID=280234000460|title=Kosciusko Senior High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=January 5, 2025}}</ref>
|enrollment_as_of = 2023-24
<!--|campus= (Urban/Country)-->
|colors = Maroon and white<ref name=colors>{{Cite web|title=Kosciusko Senior High School|url=https://www.maxpreps.com/ms/kosciusko/kosciusko-whippets/|access-date=2025-01-05|website=MaxPreps.com|language=en-US}}</ref><br>{{color box|maroon}} {{color box|white}}
|mascot =
|nickname = Whippets<ref name=colors/>
|yearbook =
|conference =
|website = {{url|https://khs.kosciuskoschools.com/|Kosciusko Senior High School}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Schools
- **Kosciusko Senior High School** (Grades 9--12). Football player Marc Woodard went on to Mississippi State University and became a player on the Philadelphia Eagles team. Whippets are the school mascot. Maroon and white are the school colors.
- Kosciusko Junior High School (Grades 6--8) [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20080828183731/http://www.kosciuskojrhigh.com/)
- Kosciusko Upper Elementary School (Grades 4--5)
- Kosciusko Middle Elementary School (Grades 2--3)
- Kosciusko Lower Elementary School (Grades K-1)
- Kosciusko PreSchool School (Grades Preschool)
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 2,169 students enrolled in the Kosciusko School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 47.26% African American, 50.62% White, 1.57% Hispanic, 0.51% Asian, and 0.05% Native American. 50.9% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
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# Rural Clinical School of Western Australia
The **Rural Clinical School of Western Australia** (RCSWA) is a Commonwealth-funded program intended to increase the number of medical graduates interested in rural careers. The school is part of the network of rural clinical schools across Australia funded by the same federal Department of Health and Ageing workforce program. It places medical students in their penultimate clinical year for an entire academic year in rural towns throughout Western Australia. Certain Rural Clinical Schools also allow students to continue on to complete their final year.
In 2007, it became the first of Australian RCSs to enter a public-private university partnership. It is a collaboration between its founder, the University of Western Australia, and the University of Notre Dame Australia.
The students represent 25% of third year UWA and third year UNDA medical undergraduates.
## Locations
The Rural Clinical School operates in most of the large country towns in Western Australia. It has its head office in Kalgoorlie, and students in Kalgoorlie, Esperance, Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Carnarvon, Narrogin, Geraldton, Karratha, Port Hedland, Broome and Derby. These towns range in population from 5,000 to 50,000.
The students\' clinical placements occur in general practices, local hospitals, community and remote clinics, Aboriginal medical services and other health facilities.
## Achievements
In 2007 the RCSWA programme was awarded a Carrick Award predominantly for curriculum innovation. The content of the curriculum is identical to the urban curriculum but is delivered in a significantly different way. The students are taught and assessed (examined) to the same standard as the urban students and the results are entirely comparable to the urban programme.
Year Kalgoorlie Albany Broome Bunbury Derby Esperance Geraldton Karratha Narrogin Port Hedland Total
------ ------------------ ----------------- ----------------- ------------------ ----------- ----------- ----------------- ----------- ----------------- -------------- -------
2006 10 6 7 \- \- 3 4 3 \- 3 36
2007 10 (6 UWA, 4 ND) 9 (3 UWA, 5 ND) 8 (6 UWA, 2 ND) 10 (6 UWA, 4 ND) 3 (3 UWA) 3 (3 UWA) 9 (6 UWA, 3 ND) 3 (3 UWA) 4 (1 UWA, 3 ND) 3 (3 UWA) 62
2008 10 10 8 10 3 4 10 3 4 5 67
: The number of students at each RCSWA site by year
| 374 |
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# List of animal classes
The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 107 classes of animals in 33 phyla in this list. However, different sources give different numbers of classes and phyla. For example, Protura, Diplura, and Collembola are often considered to be the three orders in the class Entognatha. This list should by no means be considered complete and authoritative and should be used carefully. `{{TOC right}}`{=mediawiki}
## Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms) {#acanthocephala_thorny_headed_worms}
- Archiacanthocephala
- Eoacanthocephala
- Palaeacanthocephala (ancient thornheads)
- Polyacanthocephala
## Acoelomorpha (simple soft-bodied flatworms) {#acoelomorpha_simple_soft_bodied_flatworms}
- Acoela
- Nemertodermatida
## Annelida (segmented worms) {#annelida_segmented_worms}
- Clitellata (earthworms, leeches)
- Polychaeta (bristle worms)
- Sipuncula (peanut worms)
## Arthropoda (arthropods: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and millipedes) {#arthropoda_arthropods_insects_crustaceans_arachnids_centipedes_and_millipedes}
### Chelicerata
Source:
- Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, and kin)
- Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
- Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
### Crustacea
Source:
- Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas, and clam shrimp)
- Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp)
- Pentastomida (tongue worms)
- Branchiura (fish lice)
- Mystacocarida
- Copepoda
- Ostracoda (seed shrimp)
- Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, krill, various shrimp, woodlice, and kin)
- Thecostraca (barnacles)
- Remipedia
### Hexapoda
Source:
- Entognatha (coneheads, two-pronged bristletails and springtails)
- Insecta (insects)
### Myriapoda
Source:
- Chilopoda (centipedes)
- Diplopoda (millipedes)
- Pauropoda
- Symphyla (pseudocentipedes)
## Brachiopoda (\"lamp shells\") {#brachiopoda_lamp_shells}
- Lingulata
- Craniata
- Rhynchonellata
## Bryozoa (moss animals) {#bryozoa_moss_animals}
- Gymnolaemata
- Phylactolaemata
- Stenolaemata
## Chaetognatha (arrow worms) {#chaetognatha_arrow_worms}
- Sagittoidea
## Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets) {#chordata_vertebrates_tunicates_and_lancelets}
### Cephalochordata
- Leptocardii (lancelet)
### Tunicata
- Appendicularia (larvaceans)
- Ascidiacea (sea squirts, paraphyletic with respect to Thaliacea)
- Thaliacea (salps, pyrosomes, and doliolids)
### Vertebrata
#### Agnatha
##### Cyclostomata
- Myxini (hagfish)
- Petromyzontida (lamprey)
#### Gnathostomata
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: chimeras, sharks and rays)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Osteichthyes
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish, which includes most familiar bony fish)
- Sarcopterygii
- Actinistia (coelacanths)
- Dipnoi (lungfish)
- Tetrapoda
- Amphibia (amphibians)
- Amniota
- Mammalia (mammals)
- Aves (birds)
- Reptilia (reptiles, paraphyletic with respect to Aves)
## Cnidaria (marine stinging animals) {#cnidaria_marine_stinging_animals}
- Octocorallia
- Hexacorallia
- Ceriantharia
- Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
- Hydrozoa (hydroids)
- Myxozoa (marine parasites)
- Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
- Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish)
- Polypodiozoa (marine parasites)
## Cycliophora (tiny marine animals) {#cycliophora_tiny_marine_animals}
- Eucycliophora
## Dicyemida (rhombozoa) {#dicyemida_rhombozoa}
- Dicyemida
## Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others) {#echinodermata_starfish_sea_urchins_sand_dollars_sea_lilies_and_others}
### Crinozoa
- Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
### Asterozoa
- Asteroidea (star fish)
- Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
### Echinozoa
- Echinoidea (sea urchins)
- Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
## Entoprocta
- Entoprocta
## Gastrotricha (hairybacks) {#gastrotricha_hairybacks}
- Gastrotricha
## Gnathostomulida (jaw worms) {#gnathostomulida_jaw_worms}
- Gnathostomulida
## Hemichordata
- Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
- Pterobranchia
## Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) {#kinorhyncha_mud_dragons}
- Allomalorhagida
- Cyclorhagida
## Loricifera
- Loricifera
## Mollusca (mollusks) {#mollusca_mollusks}
- Aplacophora
- Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, and kin)
- Cephalopoda (octopuses, squids and cuttlefish)
- Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
- Monoplacophora
- Polyplacophora (chitons, or sea cradles)
- Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
## Micrognathozoa
- Micrognathozoa
## Nematoda (roundworms) {#nematoda_roundworms}
- Chromadorea
- Enoplea
- Secernentea
## Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) {#nematomorpha_horsehair_worms}
- Gordioidea
- Nectonematoida
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# List of animal classes
## Nemertea (ribbon worms) {#nemertea_ribbon_worms}
- Hoplonemertea
- Palaeonemertea
- Pilidiophora
## Onychophora (velvet worms) {#onychophora_velvet_worms}
- Onychophora
## Orthonectida
- Orthonectida
## Placozoa
- Polyplacotomia
- Uniplacotomia
## Platyhelminthes (flatworms) {#platyhelminthes_flatworms}
- Cestoda (tapeworms and relatives)
- Monogenea
- Trematoda (flukes)
- Turbellaria (e.g
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# Lappmarken
**Lappmarken**, or **Lapland** (*Lappland*), was the northern part of the old Kingdom of Sweden inhabited by the Sami people. In addition to the present-day Swedish Lapland, it also covered Västerbotten, Jämtland and Härjedalen, as well as the Finnish Lapland. As a name, it is related to Finnmark, an old Norwegian name for the Sami area. *Finn* and *Lapp* are mutually exchangeable old names for the Sami people, but both are now considered offensive.
Already in the Middle Ages, Lappmarken consisted of \"lappmarks\" whose Sami people were loosely governed either by the crown or birkarls. The purpose of lappmarks was largely colonial in nature. Originally, each consisted of a river valley with its surrounding areas from the Gulf of Bothnia up to the fjelds. The first lappmarks were:
- Lycksele lappmark (Ume River valley)
- Åsele lappmark (Ångerman River valley)
- Tornio lappmark (Tornio River valley)
- Piteå lappmark (Pite River valley)
- Luleå lappmark (Lule River valley)
- Kemi lappmark (Kemi River valley, separated from Tornio lappmark in 1633)
The state tightened control over Lappmarken in the 17th century with the downfall of the birkarl system and establishment of the state controlled towns. The county of Norrland was established in 1634 for the state administration on the region while the parallel concept of Lappmarken continued to regulate the Sami people and their relations with the settlers.
The *Lappmark Proclamation* in 1673 stipulated that anybody who settled in the Sami region would be granted tax exemption for 15 years and would not have to serve as a soldier in any war. Since the Sami people contributed significantly to the public treasury, the settlers were allowed only to colonise land that was considered \"unused\".
The proclamation was renewed in 1695. Sami people heavily protested against it, but in vain. Sami people were *de facto* forced to leave large areas and retreat northwards. Individual taxes were also removed from the Sami people, and their taxes were put on the Sami villages. This system was in place until 1928.
The *Lappmark Regulation* in 1749 ordered settlers to stay away from hunting and devote themselves to farming and the keeping of livestock. The colonial rights were now also opened up to the Sami people. Two years later, Västerbotten was separated from Lappmarken and its inhabitants were forbidden to hunt or fish in the Sami area. By now the then Lappmarken was also known as Lappland.
In 1809, Sweden ceded the eastern part, along with Finland, to the Russian Empire, which in effect created a Swedish Lapland and Finnish Lapland. With the loss of Kemi and Tornio lappmarks and further retreat of the Sami people, Lappmarken in Sweden gradually lost its purpose. The remaining area was incorporated to the general state administration in the early 20th century. However, the name \"lappmark\" still bears a legal meaning and is widely used in the Sami-related legislation in Sweden.
Today, the Swedish part is no longer an administrative subdivision in Sweden (rather, it is part of Västerbotten and Norrbotten counties). On the Finnish side, there was a Province of Lapland (much larger to the south, especially by population, and where there were no Sami for many centuries) from 1938 until 2010, when Finnish provinces were discontinued, and the province was replaced by the Region of Lapland
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# Arno Babajanian
**Arno Harutyuni Babajanian** (January 22, 1921`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}November 11, 1983) was a Soviet and Armenian composer and pianist. He was made a People\'s Artist of the USSR in 1971.
## Biography
Babajanian was born in Yerevan on January 22, 1921. By age 5, his musical talent was apparent, and the composer Aram Khachaturian suggested that the boy be given proper music training. Two years later, in 1928, Babajanian entered the Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan. In 1938, he continued his studies in Moscow with Vissarion Shebalin.
He later returned to Yerevan, where from 1950 to 1956 he taught at the conservatory. In 1952, he wrote the Piano Trio in F-sharp minor. It received immediate acclaim and was regarded as a masterpiece from the time of its premiere. Subsequently, he undertook concert tours throughout the Soviet Union and Europe. In 1971, he was named the People\'s Artist of the USSR.
Babajanian wrote in various musical genres, including many popular songs in collaboration with leading poets such as Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Robert Rozhdestvensky. Much of his music is rooted in Armenian folk music and folklore, which he generally uses in the virtuosic style of Rachmaninoff and Khachaturian. His later works were influenced by Prokofiev and Bartók. Praised by Dmitri Shostakovich as a \"brilliant piano teacher\", Babajanian was also a noted pianist and often performed his own works in concerts.
## List of principal works {#list_of_principal_works}
### Piano works {#piano_works}
#### for piano solo {#for_piano_solo}
- Prelude (1939)
- Vagharshapat dance (1943)
- Impromptu (1944)
- Polyphonic sonata (1946, rev. 1956)
- Capriccio (1952)
- Six pictures (1963--64)
- Poem (1965)
- Meditation (1969)
- Melody and Humoresque (1970)
- Elegy (1978)
#### for two pianos {#for_two_pianos}
- Dance (1942)
- Armenian Rhapsody (1950, *co-composed by Alexander Arutiunian*)
- Festive (1960, includes percussive instruments. Co-composed by Alexander Arutiunian)
### Works for solo instrument and piano {#works_for_solo_instrument_and_piano}
- Violin sonata (1958)
- Air and Dance for Cello (1961)
### Chamber works {#chamber_works}
- String quartet No. 1 (1938-43)
- String quartet No. 2 (1947-48, incomplete)
- Piano Trio in F sharp minor (1952)
- String quartet No. 3 (1975-76)
### Orchestral works {#orchestral_works}
- Poem-rhapsody (1954, rev. 1960 and 1980)
- March of the Soviet Police (1977)
#### Concerto
- Piano concerto (1944)
- Violin concerto (1948-49)
- \"Heroic ballade\" for piano and orchestra (1950)
- Cello concerto (1959-62)
#### Ballet pieces {#ballet_pieces}
- \"Parvana\" (Парвана) (1954--56; incomplete, probably lost)
- \"Stellar symphony\" (Звездная симфония) (1960)
- \"Umbrellas\" (Зонтики)
- \"Sensation\" (Сенсация)
- \"Dance Suite\" (Танцевальная сюита) (1971)
#### Pieces for stage orchestra {#pieces_for_stage_orchestra}
- In Karlovy Vary (1959)
- Armenian Lipsi (1960)
- Rhythmic dance (1961)
- Come to Yerevan (1961)
- Festive Yerevan (1977)
- Dvin (1979)
- Nocturne (Concert piece for piano and orchestra) (1980)
- Dreams (Concert piece for piano and orchestra) (1982)
### Film scores {#film_scores}
- Looking for the addressee (В поисках адресата) (1955)
- Path of thunder (Тропою грома) (1956)
- Personally known (Лично известен) (1957)
- *The Song of First Love* (Песня первой любви) (1958)
- *A Groom from the Other World* (Жених с того света) (1958)
- Bride from the North (Невеста с севера) (1975)
- My heart is in the Highlands (В горах мое сердце) (1975)
- Baghdasar\'s divorce (Багдасар разводится с женой) (1976)
- Chef contest (Приехали на конкурс повара) (1977)
- The flight starts from the Earth (Полет начинается с земли) (1980)
- The mechanics of happiness (Механика счастья) (1982)
### Songs (over 200 in total; selection) {#songs_over_200_in_total_selection}
- \"Nocturne\" (\"Ноктюрн\", originally for piano and orchestra)
- \"Bring me back the music\" (\"\"Верни мне музыку\")
- \"Beauty queen\" (\"Королева красоты\")
- \"Wedding\" (\"Свадьба\")
- \"Best city in the world\" (\"Лучший город Земли\"), originally performed by Jean Tatlian and made a classic by Muslim Magomayev
- \"Grateful to you\" (\"Благодарю тебя\")
- \"Ferris wheel\" (\"Чертово колесо\")
- \"Heart on snow\" (\"Сердце на снегу\")
- \"The blue taiga\" (\"Голубая тайга\")
- \"Dum spiro, spero\" (Пока я помню, я живу)
- \"Aria-vocalise\" (Ария-вокализ)
## Honors, prizes and medals {#honors_prizes_and_medals}
- 1935 - First two prizes for two songs dedicated to the 15th anniversary of Soviet Armenia
- 1937 - First prize for the best performance of Alexander Glazunov\'s Piano Variations at Yerevan Conservatoire
- 1939 - First prize for the best performance of works by Soviet composers
- 1945 - Medal \"for defence of the Caucasus\"
- 1945 - Medal \"for valiant labour\"
- 1947 - Second prize for three piano pieces (or the Piano Concerto) at the 1st World Festival of Youth and Students in Prague
- 1951 - Stalin Prize, third degree, for the \"Heroic Ballade\" for piano and orchestra
- 1953 - Second prize for the song \"Fly Aloft the Friendship Banner\" at the 2nd World Festival of Youth and Students in Bucharest
- 1956 - Order of the Red Banner of Labour
- 1956 - Meritorious Artist of the Armenian SSR
- 1962 - People\'s Artist of the Armenian SSR
- 1967 - Armenian SSR State prize for \"6 pictures\" for piano solo
- 1971 - People\'s Artist of the USSR
- 1973 - Best composer\'s award at the 2nd Tokyo Music Festival for the song \"Ferris wheel\"
- 1973 - Honorable citizen of two cities in Texas
- 1981 - Order of Lenin
- 1983 (posthumously) - Armenian SSR State prize for the OST for the film \"Mechanics of happiness\"
A minor planet, 9017 Babadzhanyan, was named after him.
A Boeing 777-300ER of the Russian airline Aeroflot, was named after him.
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# Arno Babajanian
## Legacy
Babajanian is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Soviet era.
<File:Arno> Babajanian 2021 stamp of Armenia.jpg\|Babajanian on an Armenian stamp <File:Arno> Babajanian 2021 stamp of Artsakh.jpg <File:ArmenianStamps-116.jpg> <File:Առնո> Բաբաջանյանի անվ. համերգասրահ 3.jpg\|Arno Babajanian Concert Hall, Abovyan Street, Yerevan <File:Arno> Babajanian, Yerevan, June 2016.jpg\|Babajanian\'s statue in Yerevan Arno Babjanyan\'s plaque, Yerevan.JPG\|Arno Babajanian\'s plaque on Mashtots Avenue, Yerevan
## External link {#external_link}
- [Arno Babajanian Piano Trio in f# minor sound-bites and short bio](http://www.editionsilvertrust.com/babajanian-piano-trio
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# Alexis Alexandris
**Alexis Alexandris** (*Αλέξης Αλεξανδρής*, sometimes wrongly called *Alekos Alexandris* born 21 October 1968) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a striker. He has won 10 Greek championships from 1992 until 2003 and is also one of the youngest players to score a hat-trick in Greek football.
## Club career {#club_career}
Alexandris began his career where he was born and raised, in Pelopas Kiato and in 1986 played for Veria. In the summer of 1991 he moved to AEK Athens where he won 3 consecutive championships. In 1994 Alexandris decided not to renew his contract with the club and moved to Olympiacos where he also had a very successful career winning 7 Greek championships and 1 Greek cup. At the dawn of his career he was also both player and manager for APOP Kinyras during the team\'s first participation in the Cypriot First Division.
## International career {#international_career}
Alexandris made 42 appearances and scored 10 goals for Greece, making his debut on 27 March 1991. He was a member of the squad that participated in the 1994 FIFA World Cup group stage in the United States.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
Alexandris started his managerial career on 12 February 2008, taking over Kerkyra in second division. He left Kerkyra after a disagreement with the club\'s owner and then moved to Olympiacos as the manager of the under-21 squad
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# Rate contract
A **Rate Contract** or a **Rate Agreement** (RC in short) is an agreement between a buyer and a supplier to obtain products for a fixed unit price or price variation over a specified period of time, as a procurement cost reduction strategy.
## Timing
A rate contract is usually attempted when a global sourcing effort is not feasible, due to financial or operational constraints. A rate contract is also typically established in inputs where the number of suppliers is large (where it is not a monopoly or an oligopoly).
## Level
Rate contracts can be arranged at various levels by a large firm - in specific geography markets or at a national level or at a global level (if suppliers exist at differing scales) and in specific sub-categories, or in a range of sub-categories, or for a category, or for a related categories. The rate contract can also be established for a year or for multiple-years. The level of the rate contract agreed depends on:
1. The level of standardization of the input
2. The predictability of procurement spend
3. The nature of the supplier market
4. The pricing power of the procurer as against the supplier.
## Process of setup {#process_of_setup}
The process of setting up a rate contract in a category follows a set of standard steps:-
1. Procurement spend analysis: Identification of cumulative spend, identification of key suppliers and their share of business, identification of average price of procurement, spend growth projections
2. Market analysis: Study of the nature of the market, exhaustive identification of suppliers and their capabilities, study of supplier cost structures. One of the primary objectives of this step is the identification and introduction of new suppliers
3. *Supplier Interactions*: Selection of a fit-list of suppliers, invitation to suppliers for discussions, supplier discussions and interactions, RFQ to selected suppliers
4. *Receipt of Quotes* from suppliers
5. *Selection of a fit list* of suppliers
6. Agreement on the points of the rate contract and *finalization of the rate contract*
Post the setup of a rate contract, a definitive *monitoring mechanism* must be set up. Such a monitoring mechanism needs to be done centrally by the organization and involves - monitoring of offtake by supplier, monitoring of non-RC offtake and monitoring of supplies and periodic quality audits. Without the setup of a monitoring mechanism, much of the effectiveness and purpose for a setup might be lost.
## Special Types {#special_types}
A *frame agreement* is a special type of rate agreement entered with a set of suppliers, with a specific subset (may be just one) chosen as preferred. Frame agreements possess similar clauses as standard rate agreements with a few additional (optional) points such as
- decreasing prices over time
- quality control obligations for the supplier
- minimum or maximum offtakes during the validity period
- provisions for vendor-managed inventory
The UNHCR procures a large percentage of its requirements under frame agreements
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# List of All Blacks tours and series
This article displays a **list of All Blacks tours and series**. The list includes all tours and series involving a rugby union team that represented the whole of New Zealand and was officially sanctioned by the body now known as New Zealand Rugby (NZR). Unofficial teams, such as the 1986 New Zealand Cavaliers, and teams from before the formation of NZR (in 1892) are not included
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# Qil
**Qil** (*قيل*, also Romanized as **Qīl**; also known as **Ghail**, **Gheyl**, **Ghīl**, **Gīl**, and **Kheyl**) is a village in Hengam Rural District, Shahab District, Qeshm County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 5 families
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# Attala County School District
The **Attala County School District** is a public school district based in Attala County, Mississippi (USA).
The district serves the towns of Ethel, Sallis, McCool, and the community of McAdams.
## Schools
- Ethel High School (Ethel; Grades 7-12)
- McAdams High School (McAdams; Grades 7-12)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Greenlee Elementary (McCool; Grades PK-6)
- Long Creek Elementary (Sallis; Grades PK-6)
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 1,287 students enrolled in the Attala County School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was about 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 64.49% African American, 35.28% White, and 0.23% Hispanic. 65.9% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
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# Magnus Johansson (ice hockey)
**Magnus \"Mange\" Johansson** (born 4 September 1973), is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player. He was a defenceman and captain for Linköpings HC in the highest Swedish league, Elitserien, and is a former member of the Chicago Blackhawks and Florida Panthers of the NHL and Atlant Moscow Oblast of the KHL
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Johansson started his senior playing career in his hometown team Linköpings HC in 1990. The club was then playing in Division 1 Södra, at the time one of Sweden\'s 2nd tier leagues, and Johansson who was appointed captain at an age of 18 would spend his first seven seasons there. In the 1996-97 season Linköpings HC was coached by Tommy Boustedt, and when his contract ended and he signed with the Elitserien team Västra Frölunda HC, he brought Johansson with him. Despite his relatively small stature Johansson adapted well to professional hockey, and over the following six seasons he developed into one of the league\'s most productive defencemen. After winning the Swedish championship with Västra Frölunda in 2003, Johansson signed a one-year contract with SCL Tigers of the Swiss Nationalliga A.
In March 2004, Linköpings HC, now in Elitserien, announced that Johansson had signed a 4-year contract and would make his, by the fans, long-awaited return to the club. Once again wearing the captain\'s C, he led his team to results never accomplished before in the club\'s history in the following three seasons; a second spot in the league in 2004-05, to the playoff semifinals in 2006 and to the finals in 2007.
In June 2007 Johansson agreed a one-year contract with NHL side, the Chicago Blackhawks. He played half the season with the Hawks that year before being traded to the Florida Panthers for a draft pick.
On 24 July 2008, he signed a contract with Atlant Mytishchi of the Kontinental Hockey League. In April 2009, Johansson returned to Linköpings HC and was again chosen as the team\'s captain.
On 17 September 2011, Johansson scored his 394th point in Elitserien. This made him the highest scoring defenceman in Elitserien history. He had already made the most assists as a defenceman in Elitserien history during the previous 2010--11 season.
Following the 2014-15 season, Johansson announced his retirement after 25 professional seasons.
## International play {#international_play}
From 5--21 May 2006, Johansson was an alternate captain on the Swedish team that won the gold medals at the 2006 World Championships and on 13 May 2007 in the bronze medal game of the 2007 World Championships, which Sweden lost to Russia.
## Records
- Frölunda HC club record for points in a regular season, defenceman (**35**), 2001--02, 50-game schedule
- Linköpings HC club record for points in a regular season, defenceman (**49**), 2009--10, 55-game schedule
- Linköpings HC club record for goals in a regular season, defenceman (**11**), 2005--06, 50-game schedule
- Linköpings HC club record for assists in a regular season, defenceman (**41**), 2009--10, 55-game schedule
- Linköpings HC club record for goals in a playoff season, defenceman (**6**), 2009--10
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
---------------- ---------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1990--91 Linköping HC SWE.2 14 1
1991--92 Linköping HC SWE.3 36 9
1992--93 Linköping HC SWE.3 29 6
1993--94 Linköping HC SWE.2 32 7
1994--95 Linköping HC SWE.2 32 7
1995--96 Linköping HC SWE.2 32 3
1996--97 Linköping HC SWE.2 32 2
1997--98 Västra Frölunda HC SEL 46 5
1998--99 Västra Frölunda HC SEL 48 10
1999--2000 Västra Frölunda HC SEL 49 12
2000--01 Västra Frölunda HC SEL 50 6
2001--02 Västra Frölunda HC SEL 48 14
2002--03 Västra Frölunda HC SEL 50 11
2003--04 SC Langnau NLA 48 4
2004--05 Linköping HC SEL 47 9
2005--06 Linköping HC SEL 50 11
2006--07 Linköping HC SEL 52 8
2007--08 Chicago Blackhawks NHL 18 0
2007--08 Florida Panthers NHL 27 0
2008--09 Atlant Moscow Oblast KHL 53 7
2009--10 Linköping HC SEL 52 8
2010--11 Linköping HC SEL 55 7
2011--12 Linköping HC SEL 55 6
2012--13 Linköping HC SEL 55 3
2013--14 Linköping HC SHL 49 7
2014--15 Linköping HC SHL 48 4
SWE
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# Alexis Alexoudis
**Alexis Alexoudis** (*Αλέξης Αλεξούδης*; born 20 June 1972) is a Greek former footballer. Alexoudis played most of his career for OFI and Panathinaikos.
He played for Greece national team (4 matches/one goal), and was a participant at the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
From 22 November 1995 to 1 October 1997 he was at the top of the list for the fastest goals in UEFA Champions League history, thanks to a goal he scored after just 28.46 seconds into Panathinaikos\' home match against Aalborg BK
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# Vaios Karagiannis
**Vaios Karagiannis** (*Βάιος Καραγιάννης*; born 25 June 1968) is a former Greek professional footballer who played as a defender and current manager.
## Club career {#club_career}
Karagiannis started from Enippea Iteas Karditsa and then went to A.O. Karditsa in 1986, where he played until the summer of 1990. That summer, AEK Athens acquired him as a completely unknown young footballer at the time. However, Dušan Bajević immediately gave opportunities to the young defender, placing him mainly on the left side of the defense. Finally he managed to establish himself in the team\'s starting eleven and slowly impressed from time to time, mainly with his defensive style, his fast pace, his very good jump and with \"acrobatic\" moves. He was a very reliable solution in all positions of the defense. He did very well against the Romário in the European Cup matches against Eindhoven in 1993. The most memorable moment of his career was the tackle on the head of the Brazilian striker for a contest for the ball in the air, in the second match. He was a regular at AEK until 1994, when Michalis Kasapis was established as a left back-half in the team, but even then he made many appearances either as a started or as a substitution. With AEK he won 3 championships, 4 cups and a Greek Super Cup. After AEK, he played for Poseidon Neon Poron in 2002 and then ended his career in 2006 by returning to Anagennisi Karditsa.
## International career {#international_career}
He played for Greece national team, and was a participant at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where he played in two matches.
## After football {#after_football}
He then followed a coaching career, first at Anagennisi Karditsa, of which he was coach from 2006 to 2008. In December 2008, he took over as coach of AO Trikala, until March 2009. He briefly returned to A.O. Karditsa, while in the period 2010--11 again in the Anagennisi Karditsa, collaboration which ended on November 22, 2011, while continuing the 2012--13 season as a coach at A.O. Karditsa. The continuation of his cooperation was announced, but it was terminated in September 2013, due to the exclusion from the Cup and the bad image in the preparatory games. In the summer of 2014 he coached Atromitos Palamas for one and a half season. He also managed Apollon Makrychori, from July 2017 until November 2018, when he resigned.
In 2010 he participated in the elections in 2010 as a candidate councilor of the Municipality of Palamas with the combination of (then elected mayor 2010--2014) Konstantinos Patsialis \"Unified Municipal Movement of Palamas\", was elected to the Municipal Council 6th with 760 votes, while in January 2013 he was appointed Deputy Mayor
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# Genki Jirushi no Ōmori Song / Okashi Tsukutte Okkasi!
is the sixth single of the Morning Musume subgroup Minimoni, jointly credited to `{{Nihongo|Minimoni to [[Ai Takahashi|Takahashi Ai]] + 4Kids|ミニモニ。と高橋愛+4KIDS}}`{=mediawiki}. It was released on November 27, 2002 and sold 53,681 copies. It peaked at number nine on the Oricon Charts in Japan.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written and composed by Tsunku.
1. - Performed by Minimoni to Takahashi Ai + 4Kids.
2. - Performed by Minimoni.
3. \"Genki Jirushi no Ōmori Song (Original Karaoke)\"
4
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# Johann Joseph Abert
**Johann Joseph Abert** (20 September 1832 -- 1 April 1915 in Stuttgart) was a German composer. An ethnic German from the Sudetenland, he is also known in Czech as **Jan Josef Abert**.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Abert was born in Kochowitz near Gastorf, Bohemia, now Kochovice, Hoštka, Czech Republic. He studied double bass at the Prague Conservatory with Josef Hrabě and also received lessons in theory from Johann Friedrich Kittl and August Wilhelm Ambros. In 1853, Peter Josef von Lindpaintner selected him as a double bassist for the Court Orchestra at Stuttgart, the royal capital of Württemberg. He became the Court Kapellmeister in 1867 and remained in this office, previously occupied by Lindpainter, Friedrich Wilhelm Kücken, and Karl Anton Eckerts, until 1888.
Abert composed chamber music and *lieder,* as well as several successful operas. Of his seven symphonies, the *Frühlingssinfonie* (*Spring Symphony*, No. 7) in C, the program symphony *Columbus* (No. 4), and the *Symphony in C minor* (No. 2) are generally considered to be the best. The Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart and the Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach currently share responsibility for the preservation of his manuscripts and other personal papers.
Abert\'s son, Hermann, became a noted music historian.
## Recordings
Little of Abert\'s *oeuvre* has so far been recorded. However, there are recordings available of the String Quartet in A (together with a collection of songs), the opera *Ekkehard*, the 4th Symphony (*Columbus*), and the concertante works for double bass and orchestra. The opera *Ekkehard* was recorded with a young Jonas Kaufmann in the title role.
## Selected list of works {#selected_list_of_works}
- Symphonies
- Symphony No.1 in B minor (1852)
- Symphony No.2 in C minor (1854)
- Symphony No.3 in A major (1856)
- Symphony No.4 in D major, Op. 31 (1865), *\"Columbus (Musikalisches Seegemälde in Form einer Sinfonie)\"*
- Symphony No.5 in C minor (1870)
- Symphony No.6 in D minor (1890), *\"Lyrische Sinfonie\"*
- Symphony No.7 in C major (1894), *\"Frühlingssinfonie\"*
- Other works for orchestra
- Overture in E major for large orchestra (1850)
- Overture in D minor for large orchestra (1851)
- Jubilation Overture for large orchestra, dedicated to Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria (1855)
- Festive Overture in D major, composed at the occasion of the Württemberg royal wedding (1874)
- Concert Overture
- Tragic March, dedicated to the soldiers fallen in 1866 war (1866)
- Celebration March, for the 25-year anniversary of the reign of King Karl I (1889)
- Festive March for Harmony Band for the anniversary of the Ulanen Regiment of Queen Olga of Württemberg (1883)
- Concertos
- Polonaise and Introduction in D major for double bass and orchestra (1848)
-
- Variations and Rondo in C major for double bass and orchestra (1849)
- Introduction and Polonaise in C major for double bass and orchestra (1849)
- Concertino in F major for double bass and orchestra (1851)
- Concerto for double bass and orchestra in D major (1851)
- Rondeau for double bass and orchestra in C major (1852)
- Chamber Music
- String Quartet in A, dedicated to Karl Eckert (1862)
- Operas
- *Anna von Landskron*, libretto by Christian Gottfried Nehrlich, premiered 1858, Stuttgart
- *König Enzio*, libretto by Albert Friedrich Benno Dulk, premiered 1862, Stuttgart
- *Astorga*, libretto by Ernst Pasqué, premiered 1866, Stuttgart
- *Enzio von Hohenstaufen*, premiered 1875, Stuttgart
- *Ekkehard*, based on the novel by Joseph Viktor von Scheffel about Ekkehard von St. Gallen, premiered 1878, Hofoper Berlin
- *Die Almohaden*, based on the play *The Clock of Almudaina* by Don Juan Palou y Coll, libretto by A. Kröner
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# Teka Mona!
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# Pókaszepetk
**Pókaszepetk** is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
The village known as Pokaszepetk was formed by the union of the two settlements of Pokafa and Zepetkh in 1943. The population is approximately 1000. The village lies on the left side of Zala River, 15 km from Zalaegerszeg. The village church is a monument with frescos and curved pews from the beginning of last century in the nave. There is a newly established bell cage greeting the visitors arriving from the direction of Zalaegerszeg. We can bow before the memorial tablet of Elemer Kelemen teacher at the wall of the school. There is an archery club operating in the village aimed at preserving local traditions. There is an annual (in August) \"horse-riding day\" where competitors can participate in show-jumping and the driving teams of horses. The village has its own horse-riding team, and national traditions are also reflected by handiwork and wood-carving clubs. The area is famous for apples and Pokaszepetk is part of the Zalaian Apple Route
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# Mini-Hams no Kekkon Song
is the seventh single of the subgroup Minimoni, their second under the alias Minihams, and their last single with Mari Yaguchi. It was released on December 4, 2002, and sold 60,001 copies, reaching number ten on the Oricon Charts.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written and composed by Tsunku.
1.
2.
3
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# Geographical centre of Scotland
There is some debate as to the location of the **geographical centre of Scotland**. This is due to different methods of calculating the centre, and whether surrounding islands are included.
## Centre of gravity method {#centre_of_gravity_method}
In 2002, the Ordnance Survey calculated the centre using a mathematical *centre of gravity* method. This is the mathematical equivalent of calculating the point at which a cardboard cut-out of Scotland could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a pin. It becomes complicated when the islands are included so one simplification is just to ignore them.
The Ordnance Survey calculated that the centre of Mainland Scotland is at `{{gbmappingsmall|NN7673153751}}`{=mediawiki} (56 39 33.86 N 4 0 40.37 W type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NN7673153751) name=Centre of mainland Scotland). The point is 5 km east of the mountain of Schiehallion, which is sometimes claimed to be at the centre of Scotland.
## Including islands {#including_islands}
The centre point including islands was found to be at `{{gbmapping|NN6678471599}}`{=mediawiki} (56 49.0153 N 4 10.959 W type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NN6678471599) name=Geographic centre of Scotland display=inline,title). This is on a hillside in Glen Garry, near the Pass of Drumochter.
Nearby, it is claimed that the centre lies a few miles from the village of Newtonmore, Badenoch. It is marked by a stone set into a wall.
## Latitude and longitude {#latitude_and_longitude}
Another cruder method is to take the intersection between the line of latitude midway between the most northerly and southerly points on the Scottish mainland, and the line of longitude midway between the most easterly and westerly points. In the days when Corrachadh Mòr in Ardnamurchan was undisputedly the most westerly point, this also produced 56 degrees 39 minutes N, 4 degrees 0 minutes W, very near the summit of Schiehallion.
However the construction of the Skye Bridge, arguably turning Skye into part of the Scottish mainland, may have upset some of these calculations.
## Megalithic centre {#megalithic_centre}
Less credible candidates for the centre of Scotland also exist. The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1908 suggested the megalithic Faskally Cottages Standing Stones. The Society were aware of other contenders of the centre of Scotland: \"Various spots have been so designated: a site at Struan, several miles to the N.W. of Faskally; also a house on the Killiecrankie road, being the most talked of besides a house in the Fair City of Perth itself.\"
## Historic centre {#historic_centre}
Matthew Paris\'s map of 1247 shows a clear north--south divide to Scotland. Proverbially Stirling is the strategically important \"Gateway to the Highlands\". It has been said that \"Stirling, like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together\". There is also and east--west divide as told in the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella. They united their Northumberian Anglian forces with the Lowland Strathclyde Britons in order to defeat the Highland Pictish Scots. Having secured Stirling castle, they built the first stone bridge over the Forth. On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription: \"Anglos, a Scotis separat, crux ista remotis; Arma hic stant Bruti; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti.\" It may be the stone cross was a tripoint for the three kingdom\'s borders or marches. In this way the stone cross in the centre of Stirling Bridge was the heart of Scotland.
## Central Belt and Watershed {#central_belt_and_watershed}
The centre of the Central Belt may also be a point of interest. The Heart of Scotland services known as Harthill is close to the centre of the M8 motorway, Scotland\'s main road linking East with West. Cumbernauld, also in the Central Belt, is a watershed with one of its rivers (from which its name is derived) flowing to the east and the other flowing west. This watershed test could also apply to other sites like the summit of Ben Lomond being on the line of the Scottish watershed but Cumbernauld arguably has this property in its very name. A map of Scotland\'s watershed has been produced for walkers.
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# Geographical centre of Scotland
## Furthest from the sea {#furthest_from_the_sea}
There have been other centres suggested, such as the furthest point from salt water including sea lochs. The point furthest from the Mean High Water mark is in Glen Quoich, near Braemar, in Aberdeenshire which is 67.6 km from the sea.
As with other topics like defining the location of the North Pole the answer largely depends on which criteria you choose.
## Other contenders {#other_contenders}
Some have also claimed Gartincaber Tower for the title. Even some Stirlingshire residents consider it ahead of Stirling Bridge
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# On a Tightrope
***On a Tightrope*** (2007) is a documentary film by Petr Lom, co-produced by Piraya Film and Lom Films, in cooperation with the Rafto Foundation for Human Rights.
## Synopsis
The film revolves around four children living in an orphanage in Xinjiang province, China. The children are Uyghurs, members of China\'s largest Muslim minority. Their dream is to become tightrope walkers, an ancient Uyghur tradition.
The children start learning to tightrope walk, but within a few months, they are judged inadequate by their coach. Now some of their dreams change: one wants to become a teacher, another a professional singer. One of them however, feels he is simply too small to be good at anything. Eventually, even the one judged most talented at tightrope walking, and the one who dreams of a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for tightrope walking, is let go by the unscrupulous coach who seems only interested in money.
One year later, a different coach comes to the orphanage. Through love and kindness, he turns the children\'s initial failure at tightrope walking into success. The film culminates with their performance on a high wire -- without a safety net -- in front of their entire home town.
Tightrope walking is in this movie a metaphor for how the Uyghurs try to balance between their Muslim faith and living in a communist state, where they are severely restricted in practicing their religion. This is the first film to ever document Chinese policy on religion in Xinjiang.
## Awards
- Won -- Warsaw International Film Festival 2006, Watch Doc Award
- Won -- Chicago International Documentary Festival 2007, Grand Prix, Short.
- Nominated -- One World Media Awards, London2007
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# Christopher Dye
**Christopher Dye** FRS, FMedSci is a biologist, epidemiologist and public health specialist. He is Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Oxford and formerly Director of Strategy at the World Health Organization.
## Career
Chris Dye trained as a biologist and ecologist (BA University of York) but postgraduate research on mosquitoes (DPhil University of Oxford) led towards epidemiology and public health. Based at Imperial College and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine from 1982 to 1996, he studied bloodsucking insects as vectors of leishmaniasis, malaria and onchocerciasis in Africa, Asia and South America, and domestic and wild animals as reservoirs of human infection and disease.
Joining the World Health Organization in 1996, he developed ways of analyzing the vast quantities of routine surveillance data (big data) collected by government health departments worldwide─extracting signal from noise to devise better methods for understanding and controlling tuberculosis, malaria, and Ebola and Zika viruses. From 2006 to 2009, he was also Gresham Professor of Physic (and other biological sciences), 35th in a lineage of professors that have given public lectures in the City of London since 1597.
As WHO Director of Strategy 2014--2018, he served as science advisor to the Director General, oversaw the production and dissemination of health information by WHO press and libraries, and coordinated WHO's work on health and the Sustainable Development Goals. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Oxford, where his research focuses on how choices and decisions are made for public and personal health. He has been Epidemiology Advisor to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (as 戴诗磊), Gresham Professor of Physic, a member (trustee) of Council of The Royal Society and the University of York, a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford and the Oxford Martin School, and a long-time member of the Board of Reviewing Editors for the journal *Science*.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
Dye is a Fellow of The Royal Society, the Royal Society of Biology and the UK Academy of Medical Sciences. He delivered the Inaugural George W. Comstock Tuberculosis Lecture at Johns Hopkins, the Inaugural Gilbert Omenn '61 Lecture in Science Policy at Princeton, the Southwood Memorial Lecture at Oxford and the last ever Snell Memorial Lecture at the British Thoracic Society.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
-
- World Health Organization (2013). Research for Universal Health Coverage. The World Health Report 2013.
-
- Dye, C (2015). The Population Biology of Tuberculosis. Princeton University Press `{{ISBN|978-0-691-15462-6}}`{=mediawiki}. Chinese edition 结核病种群生物学 published in 2017.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dye, C (2024). Investing in Health and Wellbeing: When Prevention is Better than Cure. Oxford University Press, 2nd ed `{{ISBN|9780198887133}}`{=mediawiki}
- Dye, C (2024). Snapshots of Science. My Take on Health, 1974-2024.
Further articles are listed by PubMed and Google Scholar. Science discussions and lectures have been broadcast by the BBC, Gresham College, YouTube, the British Academy, The Royal Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Academy of Medicine
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# Yona Bogale
**Yona Bogale** (*יונה בוגלה*; 1908--1987) was an Ethiopian Jewish educator and public figure, who served as the director of the Beta Israel education network in Ethiopia and worked vigorously for the immigration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel. He led the efforts to improve the living conditions of the Beta Israel in Ethiopia by expanding education, providing medical facilities, increasing agricultural production and promoting religious freedom. His persistence in the face of opposition enabled many thousands of his people to fulfill their lifelong dream of *Aliyah,* or return to the homeland of Israel.
## Biography
Yona Bogale was born in 1908 in the rural village of Wolleqa, near Gondar in Northern Ethiopia, The eldest of five children of Bogale Birru and Beletu Reda, he was raised in a family of farmers and goat and cattle herders, but showed an early aptitude for language and education. With the help of Dr. Jacob (Jacques) Faitlovitch and Professor Tamrat Emmanuel, he completed his primary studies, and at the age of 12, and was one of several young people selected to study abroad. After attending elementary school in Jerusalem for four years, he spent two years in high school in Frankfurt, Germany. He attended the University of Heidelberg in Germany for two years and completed his international studies at the Asher Institute for Jewish Education in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the Alliance Francaise Universelle in Paris, France. After returning to Addis Ababa in 1932, he taught in the teacher training and boarding school opened there by Faitlovitch, eventually becoming its principal. From 1935, Bogale served as a translator for the Ethiopian Red Cross at the time of the Italian invasion and occupation of Ethiopia. Afterwards, he returned to work in several private businesses, before being appointed in 1941 to a position in the Ethiopian government by King Hailie Selassie I. In 1945, he married Tayitu Kelkele and began a union that spanned 45 years and produced eight children. After Ethiopia gained its independence, Bogale worked as head of the translation department in the Ethiopian Ministry of Education for twelve years. Then, with the cooperation of the Jewish Agency, Sochnut Hayhudit, Bogale opened and supervised more than 20 Jewish schools in Ethiopia. In the wake of Faitlovitch\'s death. in 1955, Bogale and Tamrat Emmanuel became the lead advocates for the Beta Israel community. For the next two decades, he was the driving force in opening new schools, medical facilities, prayer houses and agricultural stations in the northwestern part of Ethiopia. His work drew the attention of religious leaders and government officials in Israel, as well as Jewish organizations worldwide, particularly with regard to his goal of *aliyah* for all Ethiopian Jews.
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# Yona Bogale
## Quest for *Aliyah* {#quest_for_aliyah}
In 1979, increasingly pressured by the Derg, the military coalition that had replaced the King, Bogale emigrated to Israel with help from the American Association for Ethiopian Jews and his own relatives. Later that same year, Bogale, his son, Zecarias Yona, Rahamim Elazar and Baruch Tegegne traveled to Montreal, Canada, at the invitation of the Council of the Jewish Federations, to address that organization\'s General Assembly. On November 19, Bogale spoke during the plenary session to the 2,500 North American Jewish leaders in attendance. Following his presentation, delegates passed a pro-Beta Israel resolution, becoming the first major Jewish organization to support saving the Ethiopian Jewish community.
Upon his return to Israel, with the assistance of Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Bogale began consolidating support for Beta Israelis to return to their homeland. During the next few years, many Jews fled Ethiopia, stopping at refugee camps in Sudan, before arriving in Israel, although thousands died along the way. Finally, in 1984, with the cooperation of the Israel Defense Forces, the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States embassy in Khartoum, mercenaries, and Sudanese state security forces., a covert initiative named Operation Moses airlifted some 8,000 Beta Israelis to Israel. Bogale\'s son, Zecarias, played a key role in both Operations Moses and Solomon. The latter was an airlift by the Israeli military in 1991 that brought more than 14,000 Ethiopian Jews from Addis Ababa to Jerusalem.
Yona Bogale died in 1987 at his home in Petah Tikva. His funeral was attended by over 4,000 mourners, including the Speaker of the Knesset, Shlomo Hillel. He was buried in Har Hamenuchot, Jerusalem, near the grave of his teacher, Professor Tamrat Emmanuel .
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# Yona Bogale
## Legacy
Because of his devotion to his people and his persistence in freeing them from oppression, Bogale has often been compared to Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr. and Theodor Herzl. In addition to his life\'s work of returning the Beta Israelis to their homeland in Israel, he was a prolific author, editor and translator. Among other works, he published *A* \"*Falasha\" Book of Jewish Festivals*, an Amharic translation of portions of *Pirke Avot* and other prayer books, a Hebrew-Amharic dictionary, and translations of two 16th Century history books---all intended to give those Ethiopian Jews who were not proficient in Hebrew access to books in their native tongue, as well as the means to learn the language of their religion. Fluent in Hebrew, Yiddish, English, French, Italian, German, Tigrinya, Oromia, Geez and Amharic languages, he introduced the Beta Israel community to the first Hebrew-English-Amharic calendar, published every year from 1954 to 1978. Bogale was an early proponent of Ethiopian Jews praying in Hebrew instead of the ancient Semitic language, Ge\'ez, as he felt that it was no longer appropriate for those seeking to be a part of the broader Jewish community. However, he did think that Hebrew prayers could be set to Ethiopian Jewish melodies to preserve some liturgical traditions of the Beta Israel community. Examples of Bogale\'s work and one of his awards appear below: `{{gallery
|File:Portoguese 1.png
|<small>Translation by Yona of a 16th Century [[Portuguese history]], ''Be Atse Libne Dinguel Zemene Mengest'' (''The Government in the Era of Emperor [[Lebna Dengel]]'')</small>
|File:Amharic-Hebrew Dictionary.jpg
|'''<small>Pages from the first Amharic-Hebrew Dictionary, compiled by Yona Bogale to aid his fellow Beta Israelis with their literacy in the Hebrew language</small>'''
}}`{=mediawiki}
Bogale\'s life and work are depicted in a 2009 Israeli documentary *I had a Dream - The Story of Yona Bogale* by Tizita Germany. He is the subject of many articles, essays and other publications, including two biographies by his son, Zecarias Yona: *Yona Bogale and the Case of the Beta Israelis (*Amharic*),* and *Yona Bogale: Hero and Savior of the Ethiopian Jews* (English)
- 1985 recipient of the Oat Hanegid, the Israeli Knesset\'s highest award, for service to Beta Israel, presented by Shlomo Hilel, Knesset president. (As Minister of the Interior in 1977, Hilel was instrumental in passing the resolution that Ethiopian Jews can emigrate to Israel under the Law of Return.
- 2020 proclamation, dedicating streets named for Yona Bogale in Rishon LeZion, Israel.
- 2007, the Rehovot City Council voted to name a local school after Bogale.
- During the celebration of Israel\'s 60th Anniversary in 2008, a special tribute paid by Prime Minister Ehud Olmert to Yona Bogale and the Ethiopian community
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# Thomas Long (Ontario politician)
**Thomas Long** (August 7, 1836 -- October 9, 1920) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Simcoe West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative from 1875 to 1883.
He was born in County Limerick, Ireland in 1836, began his education there and went to Simcoe County in Canada West in 1850, where he apprenticed with a merchant. He finished his schooling in Buffalo, New York. Long moved to Collingwood in 1857, where he managed a store for merchants before going into business for himself the following year. He married Ann Patton in 1861. In 1868, his brother joined him in the business, which include the sale of dry goods, clothing and groceries, a flour mill and steamboats. He served on the town council from 1864 to 1870. Long was a director of the Lake Superior Navigation Company and of the Georgian Bay Transportation Company. He died at Toronto in 1920
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# Rock 'n' Roll Kenchōshozaichi
is a rockabilly song by Japanese singer/songwriter Chisato Moritaka, from her 1992 studio album *Pepperland*. Written by Moritaka, the song was released as the B-side of her 1993 single \"Watashi no Natsu\".
## Background
The song\'s lyrics consist of Japan\'s prefectures and their capitals, as well as their respective dishes. It popularized the dishes shimotsukare and shiroshita karei, which were not well-known nationwide prior to the release of the song.
At the time of the song\'s recording, Urawa was the capital of Saitama Prefecture; in 2001, Urawa, Ōmiya, and Yono merged into the new capital of Saitama City. Moritaka\'s live performances and cover versions of the song have since corrected the line from \"Urawa\" to \"Saitama\" to reflect the capital change.
The song has been used by some junior high schools to educate students on their Japanese geography.
On live shows, Moritaka occasionally performs the song on guitar or drums.
## Other versions {#other_versions}
A remix of the song, titled \"Rock \'n\' Roll Kenchōshozaichi \'95\", is included in Moritaka\'s 1995 greatest hits album *Do the Best*.
Moritaka re-recorded the song on vocals and drums and uploaded the video on her YouTube channel on December 28, 2012. This version is also included in Moritaka\'s 2013 self-covers DVD album *Love Vol. 3*. She recorded a second self-cover of the song and uploaded it on July 18, 2015. The 2015 version is also included in Moritaka\'s self-covers DVD album *Love Vol. 9*.
## Mini-Moni version {#mini_moni_version}
is a cover version by the Morning Musume subgroup Mini-Moni as their eighth single and their first single with Ai Takahashi as a member of the group. It was released on April 9, 2003 by zetima. This was the first version of the song to reflect the change of Saitama Prefecture\'s capital from Urawa to Saitama.
The music video features the quartet locked in a classroom when they are told by the school principal via intercom that they must recite all of Japan\'s prefectures and capitals before going home. After performing the song, they are congratulated by the principal, who attempts to give them another task before they sneak out of the classroom. A second music video, known as the \"Lesson Video\", features the quartet teaching Japan\'s prefectures with an animated map. A third video, known as the \"Character Version\", features the quartet as 3D animated characters with a map of Japan and its prefectures in the background.
The single peaked at No. 7 on Oricon\'s singles chart, selling 58,084 copies.
### Track listing {#track_listing}
### Charts
+-------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (2003) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+===============================+==========+
| Japanese Oricon Singles Chart | 7 |
+-------------------------------+----------+
## Other cover versions {#other_cover_versions}
- A cover of the song, along with a karaoke version, was included in Osamu Nishimoto\'s 2008 picture book `{{nihongo4|''The First Japan Map Picture Book ~ 47 Prefectures to Sing and Remember''|はじめての日本地図絵本 歌って覚える47都道府県|Hajimete no Nihonchizu Ehon Utatte Oboeru 47 Todōfuken}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Mariko Takase covered the song in the 2011 children\'s CD/DVD `{{nihongo4|''Let's Learn Utatte! ~ Kuku no Uta, Prefectural Capitals''|うたって覚えよう!〜九九のうた、県庁所在地|Utatte Oboeyoō!〜 Kuku no Uta, Kenchōsozaichi}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Dream5 covered the song as the B-side of their 2012 single `{{nihongo4|"Shekimeki!"|シェキメキ！||lit. "Shake It!"}}`{=mediawiki}
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# H. David Burton
**Harold David Burton** (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012 and has been the chairman of the University of Utah (U of U) board of trustees since 2016.
Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the U of U with a bachelor\'s degree in economics and completed an MBA from the University of Michigan. Early in his career, Burton worked for the Utah Tax Commission and for Kennecott Copper.
## LDS Church service {#lds_church_service}
Burton was hired by the LDS Church as the assistant budget officer in 1977. Burton later accepted a position as the executive secretary to the church\'s presiding bishopric. In October 1992, Burton was called by Robert D. Hales as first counselor in the presiding bishopric. In 1994, he was again called as first counselor to the new presiding bishop, Merrill J. Bateman. On December 27, 1995, when Bateman became the president of Brigham Young University, Burton became the church\'s Presiding Bishop\--a post roughly equivalent to chief operating officer. Burton called Richard C. Edgley as his first counselor and Keith B. McMullin as his second counselor.
Burton was a prominent voice from the LDS Church on the issue of Utah immigration legislation in 2011. Burton oversaw the LDS Church\'s \$1.5 billion mixed-use development project called City Creek Center in downtown Salt Lake City. Burton and his counselors were released on 31 March 2012 and designated as emeritus general authorities.
## Civic service {#civic_service}
In 2014, Burton was elected chairman of the board of the Utah Transit Authority. He has been on the U of U\'s board of trustees since 2013 and was selected as chairman in 2016. While chair, the U of U joined the prestigious Association of American Universities prompting Burton to remark, \"We already knew that the U was one of the jewels of Utah and of the Intermountain West, this invitation shows that we are one of the jewels of the entire nation\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Burton married Barbara Matheson in September 1960, and they are the parents of five children.
## Selected BYU Speeches {#selected_byu_speeches}
H. David Burton delivered several devotional addresses at Brigham Young University, covering topics on discipleship, character, and faith:
- [\"Living Water and the Atoning Blood of Jesus Christ\"](https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/h-david-burton/living-water-jesus-christ/) -- January 9, 2000
- [\"What Manner of Men and Women Ought Ye to Be?\"](https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/h-david-burton/what-manner-of-men-women-ought-ye/) -- November 2, 2008
- [\"These Are the Times\"](https://speeches.byu
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# Laffly
**Laffly** was a French manufacturer of trucks and utility vehicles. Founded in 1849, the Laffly company began manufacturing utility vehicles in Billancourt in 1912. From the mid-1930s until World War II, the company also manufactured a range of offroad military vehicles such as the Laffly S15, Laffly V15, and Laffly S20.
Probably best remembered today for its firetrucks, the Laffly company closed shop during the early 1950s
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# Delany College
**Delany College** is an independent Roman Catholic comprehensive co-educational secondary day school, located in Granville, a western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; in the tradition of the Patrician Brothers. Founded in 1942 as the **Patrician Brothers\' High School**, the College is administratively overseen by the Catholic Education Office of the Diocese of Parramatta.
Delany College has enrolment of approximately 550 students from Year 7 to Year 12. Students are drawn from a number of local catholic schools including Holy Trinity Primary, Granville; Holy Family Primary, Granville East; St Patrick\'s Primary, Guildford and St Margaret Mary\'s Primary, Merrylands.
## History
Delany College was established in 1942 as Patrician Brothers\' High School, a Catholic, all-boys school catering for students in Years 5 to 10.
Patrician Brothers\' High School became a Years 7 to 12, co-educational college in 1997, reformed by Quentin Evans, in order to meet the changing needs of the local community. The school was later renamed \"Delany College\" after the Patrician Brothers\' founder, Bishop Daniel Delany. In 1996 Evans founded the Catholic Terra Sancta College.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Pat Farmer `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}}`{=mediawiki} -- an ultra-marathon athlete, motivational speaker, and former Australian politician, who served as a Member of the House of Representatives (Lib
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# Megalibgwilia
***Megalibgwilia*** is a genus of echidna known only from Australian fossils that incorporates the oldest-known echidna species. The genus ranged from the Pliocene until the late Pleistocene, becoming extinct about 50,000 years ago. *Megalibgwilia* species were more widespread in warmer and moist climates. Their extinction can be attributed to increasing aridification in Southern Australia.
*Megalibgwilia* was first described from a broken left humerus by Gerard Krefft in 1868 as *\"Echidna\" owenii*. In the past, many researchers didn\'t recognize that *\"Echidna\" ramsayi* named by Richard Owen in 1884 represents a junior synonym, though recent studies have reevaluated this. Complete skulls and postcranial fossils have since been described. A second species, *M. robusta*, was described in 1895 by Australian paleontologist William Sutherland Dun. *Megalibgwilia* comes from Greek *mégas* (μέγᾰς) and Wemba Wemba *libgwil* (plus the Latin suffix *-ia*), meaning echidna.
Although they are sometimes commonly referred to as giant echidnas, *Megalibgwilia* species are thought to have been similar in size to the contemporary western long-beaked echidna, but with slightly longer forearms. They were smaller than a large species known from fossils in Australia, *Murrayglossus*. *M. ramsayi* fossils have been found in deposits across mainland Australia and on Tasmania. *M. robusta* has only been found in New South Wales. *Megalibgwilia* was probably an insect-eater, like the short-beaked echidna, rather than a worm-eater like members of *Zaglossus*.
*M. robusta*, once thought to be a species of *Zaglossus*, is the oldest-known echidna and the only known Pliocene species. It has been suggested that the supposed fossil platypus *Ornithorhynchus maximus* was based on a humerus of this species
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# Mini-Moni Kazoe Uta (Ofuro Version) / Mini-Moni Kazoe Uta (Date Version)
is the ninth single of the Morning Musume subgroup Minimoni. It was released on May 14, 2003 and sold 29,088 copies, reaching number nine on the Oricon Charts.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written and composed by Tsunku.
1.
2.
3.
4
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# Gülhane Park
**Gülhane Park** (*Gülhane Parkı*, \"Rosehouse Park\") is a historical urban park in the Fatih district of Istanbul, Turkey; it covers an area of 9.7 ha, is adjacent to and on the grounds of the Topkapı Palace. The south entrance of the park sports one of the larger gates of the palace. It is the oldest and one of the most expansive public parks in Istanbul.
## History
The namesake of the park, the Gülhane (English: *Rosehouse*) present on the grounds, was the place where the 1839 Edict of Gülhane (*Tanzimât Fermanı* or *Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif-î*) was proclaimed. The edict launched the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which modernized the empire and included changes such as the equalization of all Ottoman citizens, regardless of religion, before the law. The proclamation was made by Grand Vizier Mustafa Reşid Pasha, a leading statesman, diplomat, and reformer in the Empire.
Gülhane Park was once part of the outer garden of Topkapı Palace, and mainly consisted of a grove. A section of the outer garden was planned as a park by the municipality and opened to the public in 1912. The park previously contained recreation areas, coffee houses, playgrounds etc. Later, a small zoo was opened within the park.
During the bombing of Istanbul, the area was affected by the British bombs in 1918.
The park underwent a major renovation in recent years; the removal of the zoo, fun fair and picnic grounds effecting an increase in open space. The excursion routes were re-arranged and the big pool was renovated in a modern style. With concrete structures removed, the park regained the natural landscape of the 1950s, revealing trees dating from the 1800s.
The Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam is located in the former stables of Topkapı Palace, on the western edge of the park. It was opened in May 2008 by the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The museum features 140 replicas of inventions of the 8th to 16th centuries, from astronomy, geography, chemistry, surveying, optics, medicine, architecture, physics and warfare.
The Procession Kiosk (Turkish: *Alay Köşkü*) sits on the outer wall of the park overlooking the tramway and is accessible from inside the park. It contains the Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum Library.
## Future
The old barracks within the area of Gülhane is expected to be converted to a cultural center in due course; the center will host a library and exhibition hall together with a workshop on kilim and handicrafts. The park is so important for Istanbul because it has a dust holding capacity of 422.88 ton/year, and its carbon sink reaches up to 2738.9 ton. It can also produce 33.4 tons of oxygen per year.
## Literature
-
- Fanny Davis. *Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul*. 1970
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# Gaġġa
***Gaġġa*** (Cage) is a 1971 film adaptation of the 1971 novel *Il-Gagga* written by Frans Sammut. The adaptation was written and directed by Mario Azzopardi, who was a film student at the time. The film was originally made as a thesis, but was released in 2007 due to its cultural importance, being the first feature film made with a script entirely in Maltese
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# Richard C. Edgley
**Richard Crockett Edgley** (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was the first counselor in the church\'s presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and was the second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012.
Born in Preston, Idaho he obtained a bachelor\'s degree in political science from Brigham Young University and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University School of Business. Edgley was a vice president of General Mills and became affectionately known as the \"company Mormon\" while working there as an executive.
## LDS Church service {#lds_church_service}
As a young man, Edgley served as a missionary in the eastern United States and later served in the church as a stake president and bishop. Prior to his call as a general authority, he was the managing director of the church\'s Finance and Records Department. Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley was retained as second counselor. When former first counselor, H. David Burton, became presiding bishop in 1995, Edgley was called as first counselor. Edgley also participated in unveiling the first solar powered meetinghouse of the LDS Church in North America and a prototype eco-friendly meeting house.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Edgley is married to Pauline Nielson and they are the parents of six children
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# Philip James Barraud
**Philip James Barraud** (1879 -- 9 August 1948) was an English entomologist who specialised in mosquitoes. He wrote the Fauna of British India volume on the mosquitoes (family Culicidae).
Barraud joined the RAMC where he was commissioned as a captain during World War I in Mesopotamia, serving in Salonica and Palestine after which he worked in Basra Iraq. He was chosen to join as entomologist to the Kala-azar commission in India. He later worked in India at the Central Malaria Bureau, which was established at Kasauli, Punjab Province, British India in 1909. Here he invented the Barraud cage (a box of made of muslin or organdie suspended on a wire frame placed inside insulators containing wet towels) for the transport and study of live mosquitoes. Barraud described many new genera and species of Culicidae. His collection, which included Palearctic Lepidoptera is in the Natural History Museum. The genus *Barraudius* Edwards, F.W., 1921 is named for him. He died at a nursing home in Bournemouth following a long illness.
## Works
Partial list:
- Two new species of Culex (Diptera, Culicidae) from Assam. *Indian J. Med. Res*. 11: 507-509 (1923).
- Two new species of *Culex* (Diptera, Culicidae) from Assam. *Indian Journal of Medical Research* 11: 507-509.(1923)
- A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part XIII. The Indian species of the subgenus *Lophoceraomyia* (Theo.) Edw., including one new species. Indian Journal of Medical Research 12(1): 39-46.(1924)
- A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part XII. Some Indian species of *Culex* L. *Indian Journal of Medical Research* 11(4): 979-998.(1924).
- with Christophers, S.R. and Shortt, H.E The anatomy of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes, Ann. & Brun. (Diptera). *Mem. Indian Journal of Medical Research* 4: 177-204, 10 pls (1926)
- A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part I. The genera *Stegomyia*, Theo. and *Christophersiomyia*, gen. n. adult stage. *Indian Journal of Medical Research* 10: 772-788. (1928)
- A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India, Part XXIII. The genus Aedes (sens. lat.) and the classification of the subgenus. Descriptions of the Indian species of *Aedes*(*Aedimorphus*), *Aedes* (*Ochlerotatus*), and *Aedes* (*Banksinella*), with notes on *Aedes* (*Stegomyia*) *variegatus*. *Indian J. Med.Res*. 15: 653-69. (1928)
- A review of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Part XXIV. The Indian species of the subgenera *Skusea* and *Aedes*, with descriptions of eight new species, and remarks on a method for identifying the females of the genus *Aedes*. *Indian J. Med. Res*. 16: 357-75. (1928).
- with Christophers, S.R. The eggs of Indian *Anopheles*, with descriptions of the hitherto undescribed eggs of a number of species. *Rec. Malar. Surv. India.* 2: 161-192. (1931)
- Descriptions of eight new species of Indian culicine mosquitoes. *Indian Journal of Medical Research* 19(2): 609-616.
- *The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma*. Diptera V, family Culicidae, tribes Megarhinini and Culicini.Taylor and Francis, London. 463 p
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# Borgartún
**Borgartún** (`{{IPA|is|ˈpɔrkarˌtʰuːn}}`{=mediawiki}) is a street in Reykjavík, Iceland, that in years leading up to the country\'s economic crisis became the centre of the city\'s financial district. Borgartún runs east to west, its westernmost point being at the intersection with Snorrabraut and its easternmost point being at the intersection with Laugarnesvegur and Sundlaugavegur.
A 19-story skyscraper, part of the Höfðatorg development, is located at Borgartún. As of 2012, the skyscraper is completed but the rest of the development remains unfinished. The location of the skyscraper has been controversial because it is located opposite a low-density residential street.
Also located in Borgartún is Höfði, a house built in 1909. Initially, it was the house of the French consul in Iceland. It was the place of the Iceland Summit when Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev met there in 1986. It is now mainly used for ceremonies for the Reykjavík City municipality.
The western end of Borgartún houses a complex of buildings where the offices of many departments of the Reykjavík city government, including a centralised service centre, are housed. The service centre is home to the Icelandic national registry, Þjóðskrá Íslands. The national statistical office Statistics Iceland is also situated at Borgartún.
## Notable companies {#notable_companies}
Notable companies housed on Borgartún and its surrounding streets include, but are not limited to;
- The Embassy of China
- Gildi
- Efling
- The Embassy of Poland
- Reykjavíkurborg
- Advania
- Skatturinn
- Origo
- Þjóðskrá
- Statistics Iceland
- Kvika Banki
- Arion Banki
- Vörður
- TM
- Landsvirkjun
- Motus
- Directorate of Health
## Transport
For the time being, Borgartún is a main artery in Iceland\'s main transport system, Strætó. The main bus station of Reykjavík, Hlemmur, has been closed for renovations as of 2024, rerouting most bus traffic that used to drive Laugavegur, down Borgartún. The bus stops Rúgbrauðsgerðin and Höfðatorg act as temporary link stations for routes 2, 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 104 and 105. Bus stops along Borgartún include [Rúgbrauðsgerðin](https://www.straeto.is/skipuleggja-ferd/stoppistodvar/90000878), [Höfðatorg](https://s.is/0911), Borgartún and Sóltún
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# Jacques Faitlovitch
**Jacques Faitlovitch** (*\'יעקב פייטלוביץ*; born February 15, 1881, Łódź, Congress Poland -- died October 15, 1955, Tel Aviv) was a Jewish orientalist and activist. Following his studies with Joseph Halévy in Paris, he dedicated himself to supporting the Beta Israel. Between 1904 and 1946, Faitlovitch embarked on eleven journeys to Ethiopia, founding schools and raising funds to foster Jewish identity among them. His efforts significantly contributed to the Beta Israel's shift from their indigenous religious practices and their integration into the global Jewish community, paving the way for their eventual migration to Israel.
## Biography
### Origins and Academic Background {#origins_and_academic_background}
Born Yaacov Noah Faitlovitch in Łódź, he was the son of Moshe Faitlovitch and Rosalie Nussel. At 18, he briefly joined the Polish military before turning to academia, initially studying in Berlin and later moving to Paris to study Oriental languages at the École des Hautes Études. There, he became known as Jacques and studied under the prominent orientalist Joseph Halévy, whose research on the so-called Ethiopian Jews (Falascha or Beta Israel) sparked Faitlovitch's lifelong dedication to this community. After earning his master's in Oriental languages, he completed his doctorate at the University of Lausanne.
### Early Efforts for the Beta Israel {#early_efforts_for_the_beta_israel}
From 1904 to 1946, Faitlovitch conducted eleven expeditions to Ethiopia, the first of which (1904--1905), sponsored by Baron Edmond Rothschild, was especially influential. During his 18-month stay, he immersed himself in the religious practices of the Beta Israel, publishing his findings in *Notes d'un voyage chez les Falachas* (1905). Convinced that the Beta Israel were Jews facing existential threats from Christian missionary activities, he committed himself to mobilizing global Jewish support for their preservation.
A key element of his "Jewish counter-mission" involved bringing members of the Beta Israel to Europe for comprehensive Jewish education, with the aim of training community leaders who could later serve in Ethiopia. The first two Ethiopians he brought to Europe were Tä ͗ammərat Amanu ͗el and Gette Erməyas. Lacking support from the influential Alliance Israélite Universelle, Faitlovitch established his own "Pro-Falasha" committees in Italy and Germany to raise funds for his mission.
One notable journey (1908--1909) brought him back to Ethiopia, where he was received by Emperor Menelik II. Faitlovitch used this opportunity to advocate for fair treatment of the Beta Israel. His experiences from this trip were published in German as *Quer durch Abessinien* (1910) and later in Hebrew as *Massa el ha-Falashim* (1959).
### Activities from 1913 Onward {#activities_from_1913_onward}
In 1913, during his third trip to Ethiopia, Faitlovitch founded a school in Dembiya to provide a Jewish education for the children of Beta Israel. After the First World War, he increasingly focussed on the United States. He lectured at the University of Geneva (1915-1919) and founded a boarding school in Addis Ababa in 1923. Although he settled in Tel Aviv in 1927, he continued to travel frequently, especially to the USA, where he gave lectures and collected donations. The Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935-1936) and the Second World War finally brought his work to a halt. After the founding of Israel in 1948, however, he managed to persuade the Jewish Agency to fund educational initiatives for Beta Israel. He was a tireless advocate of their integration into the Jewish world, as he firmly believed that the Beta Israel were ethnically and religiously connected to the Jewish people.
## Legacy
Faitlovitch, driven by a profound sense of religious duty, dedicated his efforts to studying Beta Israel and facilitating its reintegration into the broader Jewish community. Over his lifetime, he organized the education of 25 young members of Beta Israel, bringing them to Europe, Egypt, and Palestine for training. Upon their return, these individuals played a dual role within their communities, intensifying existing tensions while also promoting the adoption of normative Jewish practices.
In addition to his work with Beta Israel, Faitlovitch was also involved in the search for other 'nidhei Israel' (the 'scattered Israelis') and proselytism, founding several committees. His best-known publications include *Mota Mus* (1906), *Proverbes Abyssins* (1907), *Nouveaux Proverbes Abyssins* (1909), *Les Falachas d\'après les Explorateurs* (1907), *Versi Abissini* (1910) and *Falasha Letters* (1913). His only English publication, *Falashas*, appeared in the *American Jewish Year Book* in 1920.
Faitlovitch left behind a valuable library, which he bequeathed to the Tel Aviv city council. Today, this collection is housed at Tel Aviv University, a lasting testimony to his devotion to Beta Israel and his endeavour to bring it into the Jewish fold.
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# Jacques Faitlovitch
## Literature
- Steven Kaplan. "Faitlovitch, Jacques." In *Encyclopaedia Aethiopica* (EA), vol. 2, ed. Siegbert Uhlig, Wiesbaden, 2005, pp. 243f.
- Max Wurmband & Emanuela Trevisan Semi. "Faïtlovitch, Jacques." In *Encyclopaedia Judaica*, vol. 6, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Berenbaum & Fred Skolnik, Detroit, 2007, pp. 677f.
- Emanuela Trevisan Semi & Todor Parfitt. *Jacques Faitlovitch and the Jews of Ethiopia*, London/Portland OR, 2007
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# Crazy About You (Mini-Moni song)
\"**Crazy About You**\" is the tenth single of the Morning Musume subgroup Minimoni. It was released on October 16, 2003 and sold 36,473 copies. It peaked at number five on the Oricon Charts in Japan.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks are written and composed by Tsunku.
1. \"Crazy About You\"
2.
3
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# Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet
**Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet** (c. 1575 -- c. 1623) was a member of an ancient and influential Northumbrian family. He was descended from a long line of Governors of Bamburgh Castle, and was granted ownership of Bamburgh Castle and estates by the Crown in 1609.
He was knighted by James I in 1603 and created a Baronet in the Baronetage of England on 7 March 1620.
He was the son of Nicholas Forster ( High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1602) and Jane Radclyffe of Blanchland and inherited the Blanchland Abbey estate from his mother.
Forster followed his father as High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1612.
He married Elizabeth Fenwick but they had no children and the estates passed to his brother John.
His memorial is in St Aidan\'s Church, Bamburgh
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Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet
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# Marine Corps Institute
The **Marine Corps Institute**, commonly referred to as **MCI**, developed and maintained a curriculum of Marine Corps education. Subjects included infantry strategy/tactics, leadership skills, MOS qualifications, personal finance, and mathematics. Completion of MCI courses was generally required for promotion to the next Marine enlisted rank.
## History
Founded in part by then-Col. John A. Lejeune, since February 1920, the Marine Corps Institute facilitated the training and education of individual Marines. MCI ensured access to products and provided opportunities to improve performance, to enhance Professional Military Education, and to provide promotion opportunity, together with sponsors of Marine Corps education and training programs.
As a tenant company of the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., MCI also coordinated and executed the Hosting and Parade Escort plan for the Evening and Sunset Parades. It provided ceremonial Officers and NCOs for the Parade Staffs and other assigned ceremonies in order to promote the Marine Corps heritage and to enhance the Marine Corps image to the general public.
MCI company also maintained individual MOS and Battle Skills proficiency both in garrison and field environments to prepare the individual Marine for combat.
The Marine Corps Institute was located at the historic Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., S.E.
On 1 September 2015, the Marine Corps Institute Distance Learning mission transitioned to the College of Distance Education and Training (CDET) at Marine Corps University (MCU), Marine Base Quantico (VA). Marine Corps Institute was deactivated at Marine Barracks Washington, DC on 1 October 2015.
## Accreditation
The Marine Corps Institute was accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (formerly the Distance Education and Training Council) since 1977
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# Scollard Formation
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Error at (line 74, column 2):
unexpected '-'
|-
^
``
| 17 |
Scollard Formation
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10,085,489 |
# Keith B. McMullin
**Keith Brigham McMullin** (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012.
McMullin is a prominent leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and has been a general authority since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church.
McMullin was born in St. George, Utah and is a banking and finance graduate of the University of Utah. He worked for the Ford Motor Company as an investment and financial analyst and also managed several small businesses. In 2016 McMullin was elected chairman of the board of governors for the Salt Lake Chamber.
## LDS Church service {#lds_church_service}
Prior to his call as a general authority, McMullin served as a mission president in Germany, where he also served as an LDS Church missionary as a young man. McMullin has also served in the church as a bishop and stake president. Prior to his call to the Presiding Bishopric, he served as managing director of the church\'s Welfare Services Department for ten years.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs McMullin and they are the parents of eight children
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# Hill of Ben
**Hill of Ben** is a rising hill situated in the Westmeath Hills, Ireland. The Hill of Ben dominates the valley where Fore Abbey resides. It rises sharply among the other surrounding hills that interlace with the many loughs of Westmeath to an elevation of 627\'. Local legend has it that Saint Patrick\'s successor, named Benigne, is said to have preached from the hill to bring the gospel to local communities
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# Those Were the Days (1934 film)
***Those Were the Days*** is a 1934 British comedy film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Will Hay, Iris Hoey, and John Mills. It was based on Arthur Wing Pinero\'s 1885 farce *The Magistrate* and was the first of two Hay movies based on Pinero\'s plays, the other being *Dandy Dick*. The film also features music hall acts of the time -- acts of a type rarely committed to film. It is primarily remembered as Will Hay\'s first major screen role.
The film was produced and released by British International Pictures and was shot at the company\'s Elstree Studios. The film\'s sets were designed by the art director Duncan Sutherland.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The strait-laced magistrate Brutus Poskett (Will Hay) is concerned that his wife (Iris Hoey) may be older than he believes her to be, especially since his young stepson (John Mills) seems very precocious for an apparently fifteen-year-old boy.
Mrs Poskett tries to stop an impending visit from her first husband\'s friend (Claud Allister), who knows her true age, by confronting him at a local music hall. However, unbeknown to her, Poskett has also been persuaded to go to the music hall with his \"adolescent\" stepson and, in an ensuing melée Poskett\'s wife and her sister are arrested.
The following day, Poskett sentences both to seven days imprisonment, failing to recognise them as they are heavily veiled.
## Cast
- Will Hay as Magistrate Brutus Poskett
- Iris Hoey as Agatha Poskett
- Angela Baddeley as Charlotte
- Claud Allister as Capt. Horace Vale
- George Graves as Col. Alexander Lukyn
- John Mills as Bobby
- Jane Carr as Minnie Taylor
- Marguerite Allan as Eve Douglas
- H. F. Maltby as Mr. Bullamy
- Laurence Hanray as Wormington
- Syd Crossley as Wyke
- Wally Patch as Insp
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# Mirakururun Grand Purin! / Pīhyara Kouta
is the eleventh single of the Morning Musume subgroup Minimoni. It was released on November 19, 2003 and sold 16,410 copies, reaching number 22 on the Oricon Charts.
This was Minimoni\'s third single under the alias Minihams, a shared double A-side with Natsumi Abe, who performs the second track as Purin-chan. Like the Minihams, Purin-chan is a hamster character in the anime *Hamtaro*\'s third movie.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written and composed by Tsunku.
1.
2. - Performed by Natsumi Abe as Purin-chan.
3. \"Mirakururun Grand Purin! (Original Karaoke)\"
4
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# Education in Himachal Pradesh
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has gained a unique distinction not only in the nation but also in whole of Asia for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. All india institute of medical sciences is established in bilaspur district in hp Indra Gandhi medical College shimla is one is most premium institute in medical sciences in North India
The government is working constantly to prepare various plans to strengthen the education system of Himachal. The state government has decided to start up with 3 major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.
Himachal has one of the highest literacy rates in India. Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy. Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.\
Himachal Pradesh is home to many educational institutions offering a wide variety of courses. There are five universities, eight medical colleges, five dental colleges and two engineering colleges in the state. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.
In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has now become the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child in the state. Himachal Pradesh government is also very keen to transform this state into an education hub. In March 2008, Government of India made an announcement stating that as part of the 11th five-year plan, an Indian Institute of Technology will be established in this state. Further, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Engineering and Technology Institute has been started at Pragatinagar, in Shimla district. This college will have engineering related courses such as ITI, Diploma and Degree all in same campus.
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# Education in Himachal Pradesh
## History
The history of education in Himachal Pradesh, a northern state in India, is marked by a gradual evolution and development over the centuries. The educational landscape has been shaped by historical, cultural, and geographical factors. Here is an overview of the history of education in Himachal Pradesh
### Ancient Period {#ancient_period}
In ancient Himachal Pradesh, education thrived through the Gurukul system, where students resided with their gurus, receiving comprehensive education across various disciplines. However, the challenging hilly terrain and remote locations posed impediments to establishing formal educational institutions during this era.
### Medieval Period {#medieval_period}
The medieval period witnessed the influence of Buddhist monasteries and Hindu temples as pivotal educational centers in Himachal Pradesh. Notably, religious hubs like Rewalsar, associated with Guru Padmasambhava\'s meditation, became significant centers of learning, contributing to the educational landscape.
### Colonial Period {#colonial_period}
With the advent of the colonial era, Western-style education was introduced, leaving an indelible mark on Himachal Pradesh. Missionary schools were pioneers in providing modern education, while the British establishment of schools and colleges in major towns aimed to disseminate education widely across the region.
### Post-Independence Period {#post_independence_period}
Following India\'s independence in 1947, concerted efforts were made to enhance and expand the education system in Himachal Pradesh. The state government took proactive measures, establishing schools and colleges, especially in rural and remote areas, to ensure accessibility to education for all segments of the population.
### Establishment of Himachal Pradesh University {#establishment_of_himachal_pradesh_university}
A significant milestone in the state\'s educational history was the establishment of Himachal Pradesh University (HPU) in 1970, headquartered in Shimla. HPU quickly evolved into a major hub for higher education, contributing significantly to the academic landscape of the state.
### Focus on Primary Education {#focus_on_primary_education}
In a bid to promote primary education and narrow the literacy gap, the state government initiated various schemes and programs. These efforts were directed towards enhancing the quality of primary education, ensuring a strong foundational base for learners.
### Technical and Vocational Education {#technical_and_vocational_education}
Recent decades have seen a notable emphasis on technical and vocational education in response to evolving job market demands. Himachal Pradesh has witnessed the establishment of technical institutes and polytechnics, aligning education with the changing needs of industries and fostering practical skills among students.
## Educational Institutes {#educational_institutes}
- Solan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan district
- Career Point University, Hamirpur
- Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur
- Alakh Prakash Goyal University
- Indian Institute of Information Technology Una
- Himachal Pradesh National Law University
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry
- Green Hills Engineering College
- Himachal Pradesh University
- IITT college of Engineering
- Indian Institute of Advanced Study
- Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology
- Maharaja Agrasen University, Himachal Pradesh
- National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh
- University Institute of Information Technology (UIIT)
## Engineering institutions {#engineering_institutions}
The state of Himachal Pradesh is a late starter in establishing engineering institutes as compared to other states of India. National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (then *Regional Engineering College, Hamirpur*) was the first institute established in 1986. IITT college of Engineering, Kala Amb was the second institute established in the 20th century. The remaining institutes were established in the 21st century. A Government engineering school namely, Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College in Sundernagar, was established by state govt in 2006. Needless to say that none of these institutions have achieved academic maturity as yet. Though some institutions (notably National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur) are striving hard to be centers of excellence, however the results are not encouraging. People of Himachal Pradesh nurture a desire to make this state a Switzerland of India because both share similar topography, however Himachal Pradesh lacks Swiss industrial prowess at present. It is hoped that manpower trained at these institutions shall support the industries in the region and some budding entrepreneurs will emerge to transform the industrial landscape of the state.
--------------------------------------
**Facts and Figures**
Type
Primary schools
Middle schools
Secondary / Higher secondary schools
General colleges
Medical colleges
Homoeopathic medical colleges
Engineering
Universities
S.S.I. Units
--------------------------------------
## Educational institutions (non-governmental) {#educational_institutions_non_governmental}
Himachal Pradesh is home to several non-governmental organisations (NGO) operating educational institutes in the state.
- Deer Park Institute offers educational courses and seminars in classical Indian wisdom traditions.
- TQM World Institution of Quality Excellence (TQM-WIQE), It provides training & consulting for the Quality and Productivity Improvement of MSMEs and MNCs.Also provide training for Schools, Educational Institutions and Universities.
- Dharmalaya Institute provides education and vocational training in vernacular earthen architecture in the traditional Kangra style, as well as service-learning courses in sustainable living and immersive ecotourism programs.
- NISHTHA is a charitable trust working for the benefit and development of society as a whole by improving the welfare of families with particular focus on women and children, through activities in the fields of health, education and environment.
- Shantideva Homeopathic Research Institute (SHRI) runs educational programs to increase awareness of healthy lifestyles, offering free clinics and seminars for the rural population of Himachal Pradesh
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# Pippa Saunders
**Pippa Saunders** is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera *Home and Away*. She made her screen debut in the episode broadcast on 4 June 2004. The character was played by twelve young actors, including Chloe Marshall who took over the role in 2007. Pippa made her last regular appearance on 2 April 2008, with the character departing town off screen in the following day\'s episode, but returned on 15 July 2013 with Piper Morrissey now playing the role. Pippa is Flynn Saunders (Joel McIlroy) and Sally Fletcher\'s (Kate Ritchie) daughter.
## Casting
Pippa was played by twelve different child actors from her introduction in 2004 to her departure in 2008: Riley Stevens, Anouk Povaly, Noah Fraser, Isabelle Bell-Dickson, Jessica Taylor Lorenxo, Mia Szczenpanik, Leila Szczenpanik, Bojanna Main, Tameka Main, Phoebe Falconer, India Falconer and Chloe Marshall.
Pippa returned along with her mother, Sally Fletcher (Kate Ritchie), on 15 July 2013. Piper Morrissey was cast in the role. Morrissey auditioned twice for the role of Pippa. She was initially told the character she was reading for was called Poppy. Morrissey was not a regular viewer of *Home and Away* prior to landing the role of Pippa and she was not aware of who Ritchie was. However, they became close during filming and Morrissey commented \"She was so nice. I just loved working with Kate, We kind of did act like mother and daughter.\"
## Storylines
### 2004--08
Pippa is conceived using eggs that her mother Sally had frozen before her undergoing a hysterectomy for cancer some years earlier, after her friend Leah Patterson offers to be a surrogate for Sally and her husband Flynn Saunders (Joel McIlroy). When Leah goes into labour, her ex-boyfriend Jesse has to drive her to the hospital and Sally and Flynn are initially nowhere to be found. Leah gives birth to a girl, who Sally and Flynn name Philippa or \"Pippa\" after Pippa Ross (Debra Lawrance).
Flynn dies of cancer a couple of years later, leaving Pippa without a father figure until Sally begins dating Brad Armstrong (Chris Sadrinna). The family move into the Caravan Park, along with Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher). Pippa is upset and shocked when Brad leaves Summer Bay and she starts talking to him, seemingly as if he is still around. Sally becomes concerned, but then remembers her own childhood imaginary friend and leaves Pippa to it. While minding Pippa, Alf goes to move his ute and is unaware that she has followed him outside. When Pippa drops her teddy bear, she goes to pick it up, just as Alf starts reversing. Alf hits Pippa and she is rushed to hospital where she has to undergo surgery. Sally decides to leave the Bay to travel around the world and she, Pippa and Cassie Turner (Sharni Vinson) depart together, eventually ending up in Thailand.
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# Pippa Saunders
## Storylines
### 2013 {#section_1}
Five years later, Sally and Pippa return to the Bay. Sally decides to show Pippa some of her favourite places like the beach, the high school and the house they lived in together. Pippa befriends Darcy Callahan (Alea O\'Shea), after they meet on the beach. Sally worries that Pippa is becoming tired, but Pippa assures her that she is fine. She later forgets Darcy\'s name and when she drops a plate, Sally berates her for not taking a nap. Sally then reveals to Alf that Pippa has Mitochondrial disease and is dying.
Pippa convinces Sally to let her attend Summer Bay High. Leah\'s son VJ Patterson (Felix Dean) and his friend Jett James (Will McDonald) learn of Pippa\'s condition when they look at her school records. They tell Pippa they will be there for her but Sally has kept the truth from Pippa, leaving her upset. The boys feel guilty and support her. Pippa is hospitalised after having a seizure at school and Sally wants to take her to a clinic in the United States that offers an experimental treatment but has insufficient money. Pippa, who has been planning her own funeral, is upset that Sally keeps hiding the truth from her and refuses to speak to her until she agrees to be honest.
Pippa returns to school but plays truant with Jett. After Pippa\'s headteacher Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley) and her fiancé Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) set up a fund for Pippa and Darryl Braxton (Stephen Peacocke) makes a large anonymous donation, there is enough money for Sally to take her to the States. Alf\'s daughter Roo (Georgie Parker) arranges a farewell party at the surf club but Alf, aware he might not see Pippa again and upset when Pippa asks him to witness her will, refuses to attend. At the last minute, he changes his mind and says goodbye to Pippa and Sally on the beach.
## Reception
For her portrayal of Pippa, Chloe Marshall received a nomination for Best Young Actor at the 2008 *Inside Soap* Awards. James Joyce from the *Newcastle Herald* called Pippa a \"medical miracle\". A *Daily Record* reporter quipped \"Pippa is one of Summer Bay\'s popular characters -- although we hardly see her. Sally\'s daughter invariably pops up now and then to remind us the long-standing resident is actually a working mum and not just a dedicated headmistress.\" They added that \"the poor lass\" had been through a lot with Brad\'s departure and that it was only a matter of time before attention turned to her, following Sally\'s time in the spotlight. *NowToLove.com* placed Pippa\'s birth on their list of the \"biggest, gut-wrenchingly memorable moments\" in *Home and Away*.
Commenting on the storyline in which Alf hits Pippa with his ute, another *Daily Record* reporter said \"The tyke appears in the odd scene or two with her mum, who only seems to either put her to bed, make her some toast or pat her on the head. It\'s a shame then the poor lass has to be unconscious for her biggest storyline to date. She ends up critically injured after Alf backs over her, while Sally is beside herself with anguish.\" The episode which dealt with the aftermath of the accident and Pippa\'s subsequent hospitalisation earned Sam Meikle a nomination for an Australian Writers\' Guild Award in 2008
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# Lucky Cha Cha Cha!
is the twelfth and last single of the Morning Musume subgroup Minimoni. It was released on April 21, 2004 and sold 34,398 copies. It peaked at number six on the Oricon Charts. Its title track was used as the theme song to the miniseries *Minimoni de Bremen Ongakutai*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written and composed by Tsunku.
1.
2.
3
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# Joseph Contreras
**Joseph Contreras** (c. 1710 -- c. 1780), was a Spanish violin maker.
Contreras was born around 1710, in Granada, Spain(hence his commonly used nickname \'el Granadino\'). He probably lived in Italy during his early life, his style being Italian. He worked in Madrid from about 1745, as violin maker and repairer to the Spanish Court. This brought him into contact with some of the best violins of his day, including examples by Stradivarius and Guarnerius. He is famous for the copies of these instruments which he made, using fine materials and exceptional skill.
Only a few of his instruments have survived today, and are highly prized. Famous players of Contreras violins have included Shlomo Mintz, Nigel Kennedy and members of the Endellion Quartet. He died in approximately 1780, leaving a son (called Joseph-Meliton Contreras qv) to continue the family business. His violins contain the label \'Matriti per Granadensem Josephum Contreras, anno \....\'
**Joseph-Meliton Contreras (1741-1791)** was the son of Joseph Contreras (see above). Born in Madrid, on March 10, 1741, died in this same capital on October 15, 1791. He had his workshop in El Olmo Street, near that of his father and teacher, and like him, he had the opportunity to be a repairer of the instruments of the musicians of the Royal Capital. Very few instruments of his are known. They are also copies of Stradivari, according to the canons of the best works of this Cremonese school, with little pronounced vaults, embossed edges and excellent workmanship, especially in the scroll, which is of a beautiful Design and perfectly sculptured. The varnish in red on a yellow background matches those of the best Italian masters. Their sound is very powerful and velvety, making them real concert instruments.
The instruments contain the label \'Matriti per Filium Granadensis Jph ^m^ de Contreras Anno 17\..
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# Manchester University Press
**Manchester University Press** is the university press of the University of Manchester, England, and a publisher of academic books and journals. Manchester University Press has developed into an international publisher. It maintains its links with the University.
## Publishing
Manchester University Press publishes monographs and textbooks for academic teaching in higher education. In 2012 it was producing about 145 new books annually and managed a number of journals.`{{update needed|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Areas of expertise are history, politics and international law, literature and theatre studies, and visual culture.
MUP books are marketed and distributed by Oxford University Press in the United States and Canada, and in Australia by Footprint Books; all other global territories are covered from Manchester itself. Some of the press\'s books were formerly published in the US by Barnes & Noble, Inc., New York. Later the press established an American office in Dover, New Hampshire.
### Open access {#open_access}
Manchester University Press has been actively involved in open access. It is one of thirteen publishers to participate in the Knowledge Unlatched pilot, a global library consortium approach to funding open access books.
## History
MUP was founded in 1904 (as the Publications Committee of the University), initially to publish academic research being undertaken at the Victoria University of Manchester. The office was accommodated in a house in Lime Grove. Distribution was then in the hands of Sherratt & Hughes of Manchester; from 1913 the distributors were Longmans, Green & Co. though this arrangement came to an end in the 1930s. (Only 17 publications had been issued under its imprint in the first year.)
MUP was founded by James Tait. His successor was Thomas Tout and between them they were in charge for the first 20 years of the Press\'s existence. H. M. McKechnie was secretary to the press from 1912 to 1949.
The MUP offices moved several times to make way for other developments within the university. Since 1951 these have been Grove House, Oxford Road, then the former University Dental Hospital of Manchester (*illustrated*) and until the present time the Manchester Medical School in Coupland Street
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