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# List of geometrid genera: P
The very large moth family Geometridae contains genera beginning with A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, **P**, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z
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# Chowlahiriyur
**Chowlahiriyur** is a village and a hobli in Ajjampura taluk of Chikmagalur district, in the state of Karnataka, India.
## Demographics
Chowlahiriyur had a population of 4,236 in 2011. As per census of India 2011, its location code number is 609418.
### Religion
The population mainly consists of Hindus and a few Muslims. The Hindu caste are more in number than in other communities.
#### Religious activities and festivals {#religious_activities_and_festivals}
will be done. it is an important festival of the village people from different places will come to see the festival.
### Language
Kannada is the main spoken language. Urdu is also spoken by the Muslim community. A few families speak Tamil. Many people also can speak Hindi, English, Telugu, Marathi, etc.
## Administration
### Public facilities {#public_facilities}
Facilities include a government primary health centre, public library, APMC market, Samudaya bhavana and Grama panchayat. Karnataka bank has a branch in the village.
## Economy
Agriculture is the main occupation, which is mainly dependent on rainfall. Important crops are ragi, jowar, oil seeds, horse gram, green gram, onion and green chilly. Coconut is an important plantation crop.
Recently, a considerable amount of the population has moved to the cities of Bangalore, Davanagere and other cities.
Many people work in government offices and private sectors. Among all government jobs, teacher is the most sought after among students because of its short duration and less fees compared to other professional courses.
## Places of worship {#places_of_worship}
Shree Someshwara temple in the heart of the village which was renovated in 2000 and it is mainly worshiped by lingayath community. Every year Dasara Festival celebrated. JAMPA is the important festival celebrated once in 5 years.
There is a famous Shree Bhoga nanjundeshwara temple, situated in the heart of the city, is mainly worshipped by the Kuruba community. Yearly once karthika festival is done by the kurubas, it is the main important festival of this village and 12 yearly once 9 days *jathra mahothsava* is done by kurubas. It also a very important festival in this village.
There is an old temple that was built in the period of Hoysalas called as Chowdammana gudi or *horala(horagala) gudi*. Under the name of development, the whole interior walls have been changed to granite and the original walls of ancient time have been destroyed.
Also having \*Shree Banashankari Devi\* temple, situated in the centre of the village and it is mainly worshiped by Devanga community. Banada hunnime is the famous festival grand celebrated by Devanga community in every year and also celebrate *noolu hunnime* festival
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# Mad Girl's Love Song
\"**Mad Girl\'s Love Song**\" is a poem written by Sylvia Plath in villanelle form that was published in the August 1953 issue of *Mademoiselle,* a New York based magazine geared toward young women. The poem explores a young woman\'s struggle between memory and madness. She wrote this poem as a third-year undergraduate at Smith College and described it as being one of her favorite poems that she had written. However, the poem was never republished or found in any of Plath\'s later collections during her lifetime. After her suicide, \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\" appeared in the afterword of the reprint of *The Bell Jar*.
## Summary
"Mad Girl\'s Love Song" is a poem by Sylvia Plath that explores love, heartbreak, and delusion. It follows the thought process of the speaker reflecting on a lost love, and struggling to decide whether the memories and feelings associated with the love were real or imagined. The speaker balances imaginative imagery with more realistic seeming memories, she explains that she once knew her lover\'s name and that he\'d promised to return to her, but had not returned. At the end of the poem, the speaker compares her lover to a Thunderbird, which is a mythological bird that comes back every spring. The speaker says she wished her lover was a thunderbird, a final implication that he never returned to her.
## Form
The poem is written in the villanelle or villanesque form, which contains nineteen lines. These lines consist of five tercets and a quatrain at the end. Two lines of the opening tercet, the first and the third, are known as **refrains** and are repeated alternately throughout the poem as the final lines of the following tercets. In this poem, the refrains are the lines, \"I think I made you up inside my head\" and \"I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead\".
## Literary devices {#literary_devices}
Plath uses personification in \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\", giving the stars in the ability to \"waltz\" and darkness the ability to \"gallop\". Plath uses anaphora, repeating the pronoun \"I\" at the beginning of 13 of the 19 lines within the poem. The continued recurrent imagery of isolation and darkness juxtaposed with fiery and loud imagery also continues the theme of uncertainty as to the speaker\'s mental state and hold on reality.
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# Mad Girl's Love Song
## Interpretations
### Psychobiographical criticism {#psychobiographical_criticism}
According to psychobiographical critics Daghir and Al Masudi, \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\" uses the recurring themes of darkness, light, and dreams to consider the divides between three realities: life, death, and dreams. As the speaker closes her eyes and experiences darkness the world is said to \"drop dead\", while opening eyes is a rebirth. Psychobiographical criticism points to the explanation that this exploration between life and death that Plath writes about was influenced by the death of her father, whose loss was traumatic to Plath. She expressed in her journals that she chased after men whom reminded her of her father as well as had dissociative episodes remembering him.
The same psychobiographical schema notes that while writing \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\" Plath continued to struggle with nightmares and dissociative episodes that made her doubt her reality, possibly informing the writing of her poem where the speaker started in control of the three realities: day dreaming about a lover, shutting her eyes to welcome death, and opening them up in a form of rebirth, however at the end of the poem the speaker loses control of the three realities. It becomes impossible to know if the speaker\'s lover truly said he would return or not as stated in the fifth stanza, as the dream-reality blends with real life. The struggle to discern what is reality and what is not is also seen in the title, referencing a girl rather than a woman, implying that the boy the woman dreams of she knew as a girl, but is now considering if he was real at all.
### Feminist criticism {#feminist_criticism}
\"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\" was published in *Mademoiselle,* a New York based magazine geared toward young women, and much of Plath\'s writings reference feminism, including \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\", which inspired writings on the importance of daydreaming and whimsical thinking in young girls. Additionally, Plath\'s critics inspired many defenses for young girls who idealize men and relationships, as Plath\'s life was hugely affected by the men in her life, namely her father, husband, and sexual relationships she explored during her undergraduate years. \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\" served as a catalyst for authors Greenberg and Klaver to publish a feminist criticism of the attack on Sylvia Plath\'s legitimacy and prestige, which they cite as having occurred since the publication of \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\" and long after Plath\'s death. Klaver challenges the phenomena of \"aging-out\" of Plath\'s poetry, arguing that it is deeply rooted sexism that pushes Plath and her poetic works from fame. Greenberg echoes this sentiment, noting that Plath was not nuanced in referencing mental illness and heartbreak within her poetry, namely \"Mad Girl\'s Love Song\", but because she was a young woman she was labeled as mentally ill or crazed young girl rather than celebrated as an iconic poet
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# Henri Jaspar
**Henri Jaspar** (28 July 1870 -- 15 February 1939) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician who served as prime minister of Belgium from 1926 to 1931.
He was born in Schaerbeek and trained as a lawyer. Jaspar represented Liège as a Catholic in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives from 1919 until 1936. He served as a Belgian delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He helped create the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union in 1921. In 1924, he was made an honorary minister of State
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# Flemming (band)
**Flemming** is an Amsterdam-based band, founded in 1997 as **Lemming**.
## Debut
In April 1998 the band (as Lemming) released a self-financed debut *The Search EP*. It consists of five songs, recorded in a cheap and obscure studio in Amsterdam in two days. Mainstream pop critics were positive about the recordings, and Flemming was offered a spot on the main stage of the London Calling festival in Paradiso, Amsterdam in October 1998. Flemming then played at the annual Noorderslag Festival in Groningen. Warner Music offered Flemming a recording contract and preparations for the recording of the first full-length album, to be produced by label mate Tom Pintens of Flemish band Zita Swoon, were made.
## Name change {#name_change}
Because of legal problems concerning a reunion tour of 1970s horror rock act Lemming the band name was officially changed to \"Flemming\". In July 2000, Flemming\'s official self-titled debut was released. Dutch established pop watchers and critics were positive about the album. Pop magazine *LiveXS* chose the album as album of the month. The first single released from the album was the song \"Name?\". The promotional video in which the band performed the song next to the set of an adult movie was banned from the Dutch music channel *TMF* during day time. A censored version did reach day time television.
While promoting their debut album in Dutch live circuit Flemming also made numerous appearances on Dutch TV and radio during 2000/2001. Programs like *2-metersessies*, *TMF Café* and *De Plantage* featured TV performances of the band. On the radio Flemming performed on *Leidsekade live*, *BNN Live* and *Isabelle*. In 2001, Flemming played at the Noorderslag Festival once more, and in May 2001 \"Starry Night\" became the second single from the debut album. The song was orchestrated by Robert Kirby, well known for his work with English singer-songwriter Nick Drake (1948--1974).
## Second album {#second_album}
In 2002 Flemming recorded the second album *We love the Industry*. It was however not released until February 2004, because Warner Music dropped all artists signed to the Dutch branch of the company. *We love the Industry* was released by independent label Idol Media. The first single drawn from it was titled \"Old Boys\". The arrangement was by Robert Kirby, and also featured Dutch female singer Birgit Schuurman
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# Greg Ramsbottom
**Greg Ramsbottom** is a Gaelic football player from County Laois in Ireland.
He began his juvenile club career with Park/Ratheniska but he currently plays his club football for Stradbally and is also a member of the Laois senior team.
He was part of the Laois under-21 side that won the Leinster title and were eventual All-Ireland runners up in 1998 and was unfortunate to lose out on a Leinster Minor Football Championship medal in 1995 when it took three games to separate the O'Moore County and eventual All-Ireland Minor Football Championship winners Westmeath.
Greg made his Laois senior debut against Westmeath in 1998. He made his full championship start in 2000 against Westmeath.
With Stradbally, he won Laois Senior Football Championship medals in 1997 and 1998 before transferring to the Round Towers club in Dublin in 2005. He returned to play for Stradbally in 2007
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# Papilio antimachus
***Papilio antimachus***, the **African giant swallowtail**, is a butterfly in the family Papilionidae. With a wingspan between 18 and, it is the largest butterfly in Africa and among the largest butterflies in the world. The shape of the wings differ between the males and females.
The wings are long and narrow and the ground colour is orange brown with black markings. *P. antimachus* live in the tropical rainforests of west and central Africa. The distribution area (range) stretches from Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. It is much rarer in the west of its range (Guinea to Cameroon) than in the eastern parts of its range. It probably stays in forest canopy but males come down to mud-puddle. The male is larger than the female and can be seen in groups at nectar. The females show themselves less, continually flying high above the treetops. It has been seen hill-topping in Liberia. The butterfly may have no natural enemies because it is very toxic and advertises it with a resemblance of other similar butterflies including the much smaller *Acraea*. The larval foodplant is unknown and nothing is published on the early stages (egg, larva, pupa). Cardiac glycosides found in the Imago by Miriam Rothschild indicate that the so-far unidentified larva, most probably, sequesters foodplant toxins which persist through pupation into the imago as an aposematic protection against predation, and therefore that the larval foodplant is probably an asclepiad vine.
The type specimen was probably collected by Henry Smeathman from whose collections it was described by Dru Drury. The specimens were later bought by Alexander Macleay (1767--1848).
## Subspecies
- *Papilio antimachus antimachus* --- Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, western Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Sudan, northern Angola
- *Papilio antimachus parva* Jackson, 1956 --- eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda
DruryaAntimachus2Rippon, crop.jpg\|
Illustrated by Rippon (1894)
DruryaAntimachus1Rippon, crop
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# Play Murder for Me
***Play Murder for Me**\'\', also known as***Negra medianoche**\'\' (\"Midnight Black\" in English), is a 1990 Argentine-American crime drama film directed by Héctor Olivera and starring Jack Wagner, Tracy Scoggins, William Paul Burns, Rodolfo Ranni and Gerardo Romano. It was the last film in a series of 10 features that Roger Corman coproduced in Argentina in the mid-to-late 1980s. The screenplay was written by José Pablo Feinmann, with additional dialogue credited to Daryl Haney.
## Synopsis
Tricia Merritt is the seductress wife of the dangerous American gangster Fred Merritt. When the couple travel to Buenos Aires, she runs into an old flame, jazz musician Paul Slater, who left USA years ago and is now working at a nightclub. Tricia and Paul rekindle their romance in hiding, and she proposes a plan to murder her husband and run away together.
## Cast
- Jack Wagner \... Paul Slater
- Tracy Scoggins \... Tricia Merritt
- William Paul Burns \... Fred Merritt (como William Burns)
- Ivory Ocean \... Lou Venable
- Rodolfo Ranni \... Stanislav Gregorius
- Gerardo Romano \... Alejandro Molina
- Jorge Rivera López \... Victor Silberman
- Francisco Cocuzza \... A.J. Krieger
- Maurice Jouvet \... Patrick
- Manuel Vicente \... Phil Mendoza
- Marcos Woinsky \... Sound & Fury\'s Manager
- Selva Mayo \... Gregorius\' Mistress
- Norma Ibarra \... Concierge
- Alejandra Sylvain \... Dancer
- Ricardo Ibarlin \... Barman
- Araceli González \... Molina\'s Girlfriend
- Horacio Guisado \... Surgeon
- Diego Borgonovo \..
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# Naked Tango
***Naked Tango*** is a 1990 erotic drama film. An Argentine-international co-production, it was written and directed by Leonard Schrader, and stars Vincent D\'Onofrio, Mathilda May, Esai Morales and Fernando Rey. The choreography was created by Carlos Rivarola.
## Synopsis
Returning by ship to Buenos Aires in the 1920s, a young woman escapes her elderly husband by swapping places with a woman committing suicide. She believes her new life will be that of an arranged marriage but finds it is in fact a ruse to cause her to work in a brothel. The film plays on the association of tango with brothels and clearly alludes to the practices of the Zwi Migdal white-slavery and prostitution ring that was active in Buenos Aires early in the twentieth century and was dissolved thanks to Raquel Liberman.
## Cast
- Vincent D\'Onofrio \...Cholo
- Mathilda May \...Alba / Stephanie (Estefanía)
- Fernando Rey \...Juez Torres
- Tony Payne \...Waiter
- Henry Holmes \...Passenger
- Anthony Pratt \...Boat Captain
- Roberto Scheuer \...Inmmigration Officer
- Esai Morales \...Zico Borenstein
- Cipe Lincovsky \...Mother
- Josh Mostel \...Jewellery man Bertoni
- Sergio Lerer \...Fake Rabbi
- Patricio Bisso \...Gastón The Hairdresser
- Constance McCashin \...Flora
- Vando Villamil \...Cop
- Javier Portales \...Chief Inspector of Police
- Marcos Woinski
- Rubén Szuchmacher
- Néstor Zacco \...Cop
- Inés Yujnovsky \...Bebe
- Harry Havilio \...Doctor
- Kerry Warn
- Anne Henry \...Maid
- Bill James \...Butler
- Armando Capó \...Guard
- Claudio Garófalo \...Musician
- Héctor Arbelo
- Santos Maggi
- Jorge Sabaté
- Guillermina Quiroga \...Woman at the Cabaret
- Grecia Levy
## Awards
The film was nominated for the Critics\' Prize at the 1991 Deauville Film Festival
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# Harrison H. Wheeler
**Harrison H. Wheeler** (March 22, 1839 -- July 28, 1896) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
## Biography
Wheeler was born at Farmers Creek in Lapeer County, Michigan and attended the common schools. He taught school until 1861 and the outbreak of the Civil War. He enlisted in the Union Army, November 1, 1861, as a private in Company C, Tenth Regiment, Michigan Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted to second lieutenant in June 1862, then first lieutenant of Company E in the same regiment, in April 1863. He was captain of Company F in the same regiment in April 1865. At the close of the war, he settled in Bay City, Michigan.
Wheeler was elected clerk of Bay County in 1866. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1868, and commenced practice in Bay City. He was a member of the Michigan Senate (27th District) from 1871 to 1872. He moved to Ludington the following year and again served in the state Senate (24th District) from 1873 to 1874. He was appointed circuit judge in 1874 and later elected to the office only to resign in June 1878. He was appointed postmaster April 16, 1878, and served until his successor was appointed on April 26, 1882. He resumed the practice of law in Ludington.
In 1890, was elected as a Democrat from Michigan\'s 9th congressional district to the 52nd United States Congress, defeating incumbent Republican Byron M. Cutcheon. Wheeler served from March 4, 1891, to March 3, 1893. He was defeated in 1892 by Republican John W. Moon.
Harrison H. Wheeler was appointed United States pension agent at Detroit on February 8, 1894, and served until his death. He died at Farmers Creek, near Lapeer and is interred in Lakeview Cemetery of Ludington
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# Traubi
**Traubi** or **traubisoda** is a brand of soft drink flavored with grape juice. It is produced in Hungary, Austria and Croatia.
Before 1995, in Hungary, it was made by a factory called Traubi Hungaria located in the village of **Balatonvilágos**. The company produces the drink from a special type of Hungarian grapes, called **saszla**. The name Traubi derives from the German word Trauben that means **grape**. Visiting the factory in Balatonvilágos one can follow the steps of production from grapes harvest to bottling.
In Austria, it\'s produced by Waldquelle Kobersdorf GmbH from Kobersdorf. A Croatian company Trento sokovi licenses it from Waldquelle since 2006, and produces it in Brestovac.
## The History of Traubi {#the_history_of_traubi}
The aroma was originally invented by Lenz Moser of Austria in 1954. It was licensed to Traubi Hungaria in 1971. The new flavour became popular not only due to the successful advertisement but also as it appeared to be the first Hungarian fizzy drink. As a result of the growing interest, Traubi was also produced in Kunbaja, Csány and in Debrecen.
In response to the first fizzy drink success, in 1973 another product, called Márka, appeared on the Hungarian market. This drink proved to be popular that time just as well it is nowadays. Márka is liked for its special orange, grape, sour cherry and raspberry flavor.
In the 1980s, due to the spread of Coca-Cola, Traubi became less popular, the production decreased by 20%. In 1992, Traubi Hungaria bought the factory of the Traubi in Balatonvilágos. However, in 1995, the trademark itself of \"Traubi\" and the licence to produce this soft drink was bought by the Ráthonyi Ltd, after the bankruptcy of the Lenz Moser Ltd. Since 1995 both Traubi Hungaria and the Ráthonyi Ltd used the same trademark, which resulted in a two decades long criminal and civil trial between these two parties.
Salamon Berkowitz, the owner of the company Traubi Hungaria claimed that the original publicity campaign team, which had created the first campaign, was working on the company\'s advertisements and image. Despite these and the fact that Berkowitz used the former Traubi factory in Balatonvilágos and uses the same name as the original producer company had, several court rulings decided in favour of the Ráthonyi Ltd and condemned Berkowitz for fraud, tax evasion, and trademark infringement and imposed a fine on him and his accomplices.
## Popularity
The popularity of the drink was tested through a market research conducted by the producer. The findings clearly showed, that there was a strong nostalgia for the drink among Hungarians who were teenagers in the \'80s. Drinking Traubi evokes memories from Hungarian people\'s past, therefore a special importance belongs to this drink.
## Márka
Márka is another soft drink product of the Traubi Hungaria. Its production started in 1973 and it is still popular. The company currently makes a variety of soft drinks. Márka soft drinks as of 2022 consists of pear-sage, ginger-lime, grape, sour cherry, jaffa, cola, orange and raspberry.
Márka also makes lemonade, iced tea, and flavoured water
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# Fool Around With
***Fool Around With*** is a British reality TV show, where four women or men are locked up together with a single person, who tries to determine which of the four contestants is also single; the other three contestants have boyfriends or girlfriends. If the lone single person figures out which of the four contestants is also single, the person wins £10,000.
The series airs on Channel 4, and every episode has a unique name, such as \"Fool Around With the Cheeky Girls\", \"Fool Around With Fran\", \"Fool Around With Nadia\", "Fool Around with Bill Oddie", \"Fool Around with John Nettles\", \"Fool Around With Jean Mudge\", etc. One of the more memorable contestants on the show were The Cheeky Girls, who failed to find out who was the true single. TV presenter Charlie Webster was also on the show. The show has also been broadcast in Sweden on TV400.
Channel4 planned new episodes of *Fool Around With* during 2007 after the successful first season.
The show has also been shown on Hungarian CoolTV as Szinglicsapda, a French version called Jouer n\'est pas Tromper had two seasons in 2006/2007 and there was a short lived Spanish version on Telecinco entitled Engano. It has also aired on Japanese reality TV. The show is currently available to American viewers on Amazon Unbox and AOLvideo, it can also be seen on bittorrents official site
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# Robert T. Burton
**Robert Taylor Burton** (25 October 1821 -- 11 November 1907) was a member of the presiding bishopric of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1874 until his death. He was also one of the principal officers in the Nauvoo Legion during its Utah reconstitution (including during the Utah War) and led the territorial militia against the Morrisites during the 1862 Moriste War.
## Biography
Born in Amherstburg, Upper Canada, Burton was called by Presiding Bishop Edward Hunter to be his second counselor in 1874. Burton served in this capacity until Hunter\'s death in 1883. When William B. Preston was called to be the new Presiding Bishop in 1884, Burton was asked to serve as his first counselor. Burton served in this capacity until his death.
Burton joined the LDS Church in Upper Canada in 1838.
In 1856, Burton was part of the rescue party sent from Salt Lake City to assist the stranded Martin Handcart Company near the Sweetwater River. In 1870, Burton was tried and acquitted for the murder of Isabella Bowman, a person who had been killed by Utah militia while surrendering in the Morrisite War.
Burton practiced plural marriage and fathered 27 children. He married his first wife, Maria S. Haven (1826--1920) in 1845. He married his other two wives, Sarah A. Garr and Susan E. McBride in 1856. He is the great-great-grandfather of a former presiding bishop of the LDS Church, H. David Burton.
Burton died at his home in Salt Lake City on 11 November 1907, and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery
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# Kabompo Ferry
The **Kabompo Ferry** is a vehicle pontoon ferry at the Kabompo River near the village of Watopa, approx. 60 km east of the river mouth to Zambezi River. The Kabompo River is dividing the Western and North-Western Provinces of Zambia.
The ferry with a 25-tonne capacity serves the D557 road, a main north-south gravel road connection in western Zambia, from Lukulu, Kaoma and Mongu in Western Province to Kabompo, Zambezi town and Mwinilunga in North-Western Province.
It is a manually powered cable ferry, propelled by pulling on the steel cables which anchor it to each bank of the 100 m wide river
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# Electoral district of United Counties of Murray and St Vincent
**United Counties of Murray and St Vincent** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1856 to 1859. It was named after Murray and St Vincent counties, including Canberra and Braidwood, although Braidwood and Queanbeyan were exclaves of the electoral district and formed parts of Southern Boroughs. Coastal St Vincent county (Batemans Bay and the Jervis Bay area) were included in the electoral district of St Vincent. Its only member was William Forster. Murray and St Vincent was replaced by Queanbeyan and Braidwood
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# Alan Cowell
**Alan S. Cowell** (born 16 March 1947) is a British journalist and a former foreign correspondent for *The New York Times*.
## Career
Between 2008 and 2013 Cowell was a Senior Correspondent for NYTimes.com based in Paris. In March 2015, he left the staff of *The New York Times* but continued as a freelance contributor. He has also written for *The Times of London*.
Cowell began his journalism career as a reporter for British newspapers: *The Lancashire Evening Post* and *The Cambridge News* before becoming a news writer/reader at the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in Bern, Switzerland, in 1971. He joined Reuters in 1972 as a reporter based in Bonn and *The New York Times* in 1981. His reporting has covered primarily the Middle East, Africa and Europe. During a period of time based in Rome, he also covered the Vatican and was a member of the traveling press accompanying Pope John Paul II in Latin America, the United States, Australia and elsewhere. During a 43-year career as a foreign correspondent, Cowell worked from news bureaux in Germany, Turkey, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, South Africa, Greece, Egypt, Italy, France and the United Kingdom. At Reuters, during the days immediately preceding Zimbabwe\'s independence in 1980, he was the last reporter known to have filed stories by carrier pigeon. In 1985 he was awarded the George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting in recognition of his coverage of South Africa, whence he was expelled in 1987. He is currently based in London, where he has covered major stories including the 2006 killing of Alexander V. Litvinenko, a former K.G.B. officer poisoned with the rare radioactive isotope, Polonium 210, which is the subject of his book *The Terminal Spy*. His works of fiction have been set in locations including the English Lake District, Paris and South Africa
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# Steel Spider
**Steel Spider** (**Oliver \"Ollie\" Osnick**) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Oliver Osnnick started out as a teenager who idolized Doctor Octopus until Spider-Man saved him following a misunderstanding and he took up a path that led to him becoming Steel Spider and even started improving his appearance and gadgets that are associated with his Steel Spider alias.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Ollie Osnick first appeared in *The Spectacular Spider-Man* #72 as Kid Ock and was created by Bill Mantlo and Ed Hannigan. He first appeared as Spider-Kid in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #263, and as Steel Spider in *Spider-Man Unlimited* #5.
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Origin
Ollie Osnick is a teenager who idolized Doctor Octopus and built a set of mechanical tentacles to emulate him. As **Kid Ock**, he battles Spider-Man, who mistakes him for Doctor Octopus before learning the truth.
Impressed with Spider-Man, Ollie modifies his tentacles into spider-legs and dons a Spider-Man Halloween costume, calling himself the **Spider-Kid**. He joins a short-lived team called the Misfits alongside Frog-Man and Toad before being convinced to retire.
While in college, Ollie, now physically fit, becomes the Steel Spider to get revenge on a gangbanger who paralyzed his girlfriend Jane with a stray bullet during a confrontation with a rival gangster. However, he ultimately reconsiders his motives after beating the man to near-death and retires to spend time with Jane.
When Onslaught attacks New York City, Steel Spider works with Darkhawk and the New Warriors to retake the Brooklyn Bridge from the Sentinels.
During the \"Civil War\" storyline, the Thunderbolts attack Steel Spider due to him not being registered under the Superhero Registration Act. He loses his left arm to Venom and is imprisoned in Negative Zone Prison Alpha after Radioactive Man cauterizes the wound.
During the \"Heroic Age\" storyline, following Norman Osborn\'s defeat during the Siege of Asgard, Captain America researches Steel Spider and considers freeing him from prison.
## Powers and abilities {#powers_and_abilities}
Ollie Osnick has no superpowers, but he is a gifted inventor with a genius-level intellect. His suit has mechanical spider legs as well as gauntlets that contain a grappling hook launcher and pepper spray blasters.
## Other versions {#other_versions}
A possible future variant of Ollie Osnick / Steel Spider appears in the MC2 story *Spider-Girl* #32. Having retained the use of the Steel Spider identity, he modifies his suit into a powerful exoskeleton and becomes a highly respected superhero. However, his wife leaves him, leading to him taking out his frustrations on criminals. After helping Spider-Girl and American Dream defeat the Sons of the Serpent, Osnick reforms and sets about rebuilding his personal life.
## In other media {#in_other_media}
### Television
- Ollie Osnick / Steel Spider appears in *Ultimate Spider-Man*, voiced by Jason Marsden. This version is a teenage prodigy from Boston and a fan of Spider-Man who later becomes a student at the S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy.
- Steel Spider appears in *Spider-Man*, voiced by Josh Keaton. This version is a student at the Osborn Academy. After joining their Osborn Commandos, Doctor Octopus brainwashes them and Spider-Man to form the Sinister Six, only to be thwarted by Harry Osborn / Hobgoblin.
### Video games {#video_games}
Steel Spider appears as a playable character in *Spider-Man Unlimited*
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# Roger Mortimer of Wigmore
**Roger de Mortimer** (before 1153 -- before 8 July 1214) was a medieval marcher lord, residing at Wigmore Castle in the English county of Herefordshire.
## Early life {#early_life}
Roger was the son of Hugh de Mortimer (died 26 February 1181) and Matilda Le Meschin. He fought for King Henry II against the rebellion of the latter\'s son, Henry.
In 1179 Roger was instrumental in the killing of Cadwallon ap Madog, the prince of Maelienydd and Elfael, both of which he coveted, and was imprisoned until June 1182 at Winchester for this killing.
## Lord of Maelienydd {#lord_of_maelienydd}
In 1195 Roger, with the backing of troops sent by King Richard I, invaded Maelienydd and rebuilt Cymaron Castle. In 1196 he joined forces with Hugh de Say of Richards Castle and fought and lost the battle of New Radnor against Rhys ap Gruffydd, allegedly losing some forty knights and a large number of foot in the fight. By 1200 he had conquered Maelienydd and issued a new charter of rights to Cwmhir Abbey. In the summer of 1214 he became gravely ill and bought from King John the right for his son to inherit his lands while he still lived. He died before 8 July 1214.
## Marriage and issue {#marriage_and_issue}
Roger married Isabel (d. before 29 April 1252), the daughter of Walchelin de Ferriers of Oakham Castle in Rutland before 1196. They had:
- Hugh de Mortimer (d. 1227) -- married Annora (Eleanor) de Braose, daughter of William de Braose and his wife Maud
- Ralph de Mortimer (d. 1246)
- Philip Mortimer
- Joan Mortimer (d. 1225) -- married May 1212 to Walter II de Beauchamp (1192--1236)
Roger is often wrongly stated to have been the father of Robert Mortimer of Richards Castle (died 1219), who married Margary de Say, daughter of Hugh de Say. But this Robert was born before 1155 and therefore could not have been a son of Roger
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# Of Love and Shadows
***Of Love and Shadows**\'\', also known as***De amor y de sombra**\'\', is a 1994 Chilean-Argentine-American drama film written and directed by Betty Kaplan and starring Antonio Banderas, Jennifer Connelly, Stefania Sandrelli and Patricio Contreras. It is based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Isabel Allende.
## Plot
Irene is a magazine editor living under the shadow of the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile. Francisco is a handsome photographer and he comes to Irene for a job. As a sympathizer with the underground resistance movement, Francisco opens her eyes and her heart to the atrocities being committed by the state.
## Cast
- Antonio Banderas as Francisco
- Jennifer Connelly as Irene
- Stefania Sandrelli as Beatriz
- Diego Wallraff as José
- Camilo Gallardo as Gustavo
- Patricio Contreras as Mario
- Jorge Rivera López as Prof. Leal
- Jacques Arndt as The General
## Reception
The film had almost 300,000 admissions in Argentina during 1995
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# Galimzyan Khusainov
**Galimzyan Salikhovich Khusainov** (*Галимҗан Салих улы Хөсәенев*, *Галимзян Салихович Хусаинов*) (27 June 1937 -- 5 February 2010) was a Soviet footballer who played as a striker.
## International career {#international_career}
Khusainov played for the Soviet Union national team scoring 4 goals in 33 appearances. He was a participant at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, 1966 FIFA World Cup and at the 1964 European Nations\' Cup, where the Soviet Union squad won the silver medal and he scored a goal in the final
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# Opera Ebony
**Opera Ebony** is an African-American opera company that has performed in a wide variety of programs and venues, ranging from Mozart in Harlem to African-American Heritage concerts in Iceland to Gershwin in Moscow to Duke Ellington in the Caribbean.
African-American opera stars that were trained by Opera Ebony or have performed with the company include sopranos Marvis Martin, Jessye Norman and Kathleen Battle; baritone Lawrence Craig; and conductors Leslie Dunner, Everett Lee and Tania León
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# Niño envuelto
**Niños envueltos** (lit. \"wrapped up children\") are a characteristic dish of the cuisine of Chile, the Dominican Republic, Argentina and Uruguay. The dish consists of various thin slices of beef, which are wrapped with a filling (bread crumbs, cheese, etc.), kept closed with a toothpick and served with sauces (tomatoes, creme, etc.)
Due to its creation in the kitchens of Middle Eastern immigrants to Argentina, it is considered to be a \"commoner\'s dish\" that allowed a meal including beef to those with limited access to it.
Despite its appearance, the dish should not be confused with *Golabki*, a similar dish in Polish cuisine, which usually includes cabbage leaves and minced meat, although it can utilize grape leaves like Niños envueltos do. Another similar dish is the Ukrainian Holopchi, which wraps sausage and rice in cabbage.
## Origins
Argentina is considered to be the homeland of the dish, created by the Italian immigrant community in the beginning of the 20th Century, utilizing beef rolls wrapped in grape leaves along with tomatoes and spices from Lebanese, Arabic and Jewish cuisine, adopting influences from other Argentine immigrant communities.
## Preparation
There are many forms the dish can take. All types of Niños envueltos use thin slices of beef such as tenderloin or rump cuts. In some cases, the filling is wrapped within the meat before cooking into a form of a cylinder. There are a wide variety of fillings that can be used: cheese, mushrooms, rice, vegetables, bread crumbs, or condiments. The filling is wrapped with the strips of beef closed with toothpicks or tying them with thread.
Once wrapped, they are placed in a pot and cooked in a sauce that can contain onions, leeks, tomatoes, red wine and broth, with a final addition of Crema de Leche
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# Casas de fuego
***Casas de fuego*** is a 1995 Argentine biographical-drama historical film directed by Juan Bautista Stagnaro and starring Miguel Ángel Solá, Pastora Vega y Carola Reyna. It was released on August 31, 1995, and won seven awards, among them the \"Kikito de Oro\" for Best Film at the Gramado Film Festival and the Silver Condor Award for Best Film.
The film follows the life of Salvador Mazza, the Argentine physician who began investigating the Chagas disease in 1926 and over the years became the principal researcher in the country. Mazza produced the first scientific confirmation of the existence of *Trypanosoma cruzi* in Argentina in 1927, eventually leading to support from local and European medical schools and Argentine government policy makers. In Argentina and other countries the disease is known as *mal de Chagas-Mazza* (Chagas-Mazza disease)
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# Takashi Aoyagi
is a Japanese scholar of Japanese literature and college professor from Chiba, Chiba. He was the Japanese voice actor for the Disney character Mickey Mouse from 1991 until 2018.
## Biography
Aoyagi graduated from the Chiba Ritsu Senior High School and Chiba University. He also took a post-graduate course in the University of Tsukuba. He is a professor in Tokyo Seitoku University. He specializes in kanshi and waka. He formally provided the voice of Mickey Mouse as a side job from 1991 until November 2018, when the voice acting role was taken over by Takanori Hoshino
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# Video Content Protection System
The **Video Content Protection System** (**VCPS**) is a standard for digital rights management, intended to enforce protection or DVD+R/+RW content and related media. It was designed to protect video recordings broadcast terrestrially with the broadcast flag used for digital high-definition programming, but its use has been expanded to cover programming obtained in other ways, such as via cable and satellite delivery. This standard is promoted by Philips and is included in latest Scsi MMC-6 specification.
The system makes use of three different classes of encryption key, one type stored on the media in a \"Disc Key Block\", one stored in player software, and one in any hardware device that will be used to play (and hence decrypt) the media.
## HP and Phillips Proposal {#hp_and_phillips_proposal}
Hewlett-Packard and Philips have \"discussed how they are trying to develop a content-protection system for DVDs, designed to protect users from burning \'protected\' DTV broadcasts.\" Existing DVD players would not be able to read DVDs which incorporate the technology
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# Francesco Costanzo Catanio
**Francesco Costanzo Catanio**, (1602 -- 3 July 1665) was a painter of the Italian Baroque period, born and mainly active in Ferrara.`{{r|trecc}}`{=mediawiki} He was variously known as Catanio, Cattani, Cattaneo, or Cattanio, sometimes without the forename Francesco.`{{r|ben}}`{=mediawiki}
## Life
Catanio was born in 1602 in Ferrara, at that time in the Papal States, now in Emilia-Romagna, the son of Giulio Cesare Catanio.`{{r|trecc|gb}}`{=mediawiki} He initially trained under Ippolito Scarsellino in Ferrara, until -- because of his \"\...litigious and ill-tempered\...\" manner -- his father sent him to Bologna to study in the school of Guido Reni.`{{r|Dizi|trecc}}`{=mediawiki} On the death of his father in 1627, he returned to Ferrara, where he came under the influence of Carlo Bononi, and began to paint in a style less influenced by Ludovico Carracci and more by Caravaggio.`{{r|trecc|zeri}}`{=mediawiki}
Catanio was described as prone to carrying a sword, hunting, and brawls. He was so quarrelsome and had such a turbulent disposition that he passed the greater portion of his life in exile or in disgrace. After injuring a soldier, Catanio was forced to seek refuge in the monastery of San Francesco where he was employed in painting frescoes. He was able to travel with the Marchese Giraldi throughout Italy. In 1654, he traveled briefly to Rome in the patronage of Cardinal Carlo Pio di Savoia.
## Works
In his earliest works in Ferrara -- a *San Gregorio* originally painted soon after 1630 for the church of that saint, now in Santa Maria dei Teatini, and the *Coronazione di spine* and *Flagellazione* in the Duomo from before 1636 -- already show the influence of Caravaggio.`{{r|trecc}}`{=mediawiki} He also painted studio portraits.
His *Martirio di San Matteo* for the church of Santo Spirito, Ferrara was probably painted soon after 1636, when the building was enlarged.`{{r|trecc}}`{=mediawiki} During the Second World War two of his paintings were destroyed: a *S. Luigi Gonzaga che rinuncia alla signoria di Castiglione* in Santo Stefano (formerly in the Gesù); and an *Orazione nell\'Orto* in San Benedetto, Ferrara
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# Casanegra (film)
***Casanegra*** is a 2008 Moroccan drama film directed by Nour-Eddine Lakhmari. It was nominated by Morocco to compete for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 82nd Academy Awards.
## Plot
Two childhood friends, Karim and Adil, prowl the streets of Casablanca, their native city. They do not do much, in fact they hustle rather than work. They are also unashamed dreamers, Karim believing in his \"love story\" with Nabila, a rich girl, and Adil contemplating emigrating to Sweden but never taking action. One day, the two friends go onto top gear by getting themselves into a big caper
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# Inu-Yupiaq
**Inu-Yupiaq** is a dance group at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks that performs a fusion of Iñupiaq and Yup'ik Eskimo motion dance.
The Inu-Yupiaq Dance Group was formed in 1995. The songs and dances presented are forms of \"Eskimo motion dancing\" representing a number of different Alaska Native cultures. The group formed in response to the need for an Eskimo dancing group in Fairbanks.
Native dance is a part of the Inupiaq culture, And \"song duels\" were a traditional part of the cultures of the Inupiaq and the St. Lawrence Island Yupik People of north and northwestern Alaska.
## Eskimo Songs in brief {#eskimo_songs_in_brief}
Eskimo songs are sung with voices and circular drums. These drums can be made with wood, ivory, antler, a sea mammal\'s stomach or bladder, parachute material, or non-rip nylon. Iñupiaq and Yup'ik Eskimo songs and dancers are similar, but have their differences.
Iñupiaq Eskimo songs are usually consisted of two or three parts, usually song together. The first part is sung with a soft drum beat. The second part is sung same as the first, but with a harder drum beat. The third (if any), is the same as the second, but with no voices sung, just the drum beat.
All Eskimo songs tell stories with songs and dances. Some Yup\'ik songs are constructed with only the Mengluni, Akuli, and Pamyua. Also, shorter Yup\'ik songs are constructed with only the Mengluni and Pamyua.
Yup\'ik Eskimo songs are more complex and longer. Here is a diagram of a typical Yup\'ik Eskimo song.
` Mengluni [meng loony] or Ciuqlia [Jew q ła] (The Beginning)`\
` A - Voice and soft drum beat`\
` h - Very similar to A, but a harder drum beat`
` Apallum Ciuqlia [ab aa łoom Jew q ła] (The first verse)`\
` B - This is modernly called the verse. This is slightly different than A and h, but continues the story of the song.`\
` h - Same as 'h' above`
` Akuli (a goo lee] (In between)`\
` A - Same as 'A' above`\
` h - Same as 'h' above`
` Apallum Kinguqlia [ab aa łoom king oo q łia (The second verse)`\
` C - Similar to B, but continues the story after B.`\
` h - Same as 'h' above`
` Pamyua [bum yoa] (Ending, or its tail)`\
` C - Same as 'A' above
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# John G. and Minnie Gluek House and Carriage House
The **Gluek House** is a historic Colonial Revival house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The house was built by John and Minnie Gluek. John was the son of the founder of the Gluek Brewing Company, a regional brewery in the Minneapolis area. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 1990.
Architectural historian Paul Larson, who wrote the National Register nomination, cited it as a fine example of Victorian architecture with its Georgian Revival detail and ornamentation. The two-story carriage house in back is even more distinctive, with quarters for horses as well as storage for the hay that fed them. Larson said the carriage house \"has to have the fanciest hay storage doors in the Twin Cities.\" Many of the details inside the house are still intact, including the original icebox.
The house has recently been purchased by new owners, who plan to modernize the house while keeping its historical character
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# Una historia de tango
***Una historia de tango*** (\"A History of Tango\") is a 2000 short musical film from Argentina. The film was directed by Hernán Vieytes and stars Ulises Dumont as Rubén Raigal, a singer with a mysterious past. It is based on a story by Roberto Fontanarrosa.
## Synopsis
Daniel Miglioranza and Gregory Dayton appear as two friends who are whisked away to a secret nightclub where Rubén sings, reducing everyone to tears. Backstage, they meet him, and he tells a tragic story connected with Japan and the tango
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# Justice League Legends
***Justice League Legends*** was part of the UK \'Collector Edition\' line of DC Comics reprints published by Titan Magazines beginning June 2007. It reprinted Justice League of America related comics from DC Comics from the United States.
*Justice League Legends* accompanied *Batman Legends* and *Superman Legends* as the third DC Collector\'s Edition published for the UK, and follows from the *Marvel Collector\'s Editions* published by Panini Comics.
It was cancelled with issue 10, though the story *Justice* will be continued in *Superman Legends*.
Each issue was 76 pages long, similar to the Panini Comics Collectors\' Editions. It reprinted modern (less than 2 years old) stories and was sold once every 28 days through newsagents
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# ScrappleFace
**ScrappleFace** was a U.S. website run by Scott Ott that satirized the news from a conservative perspective.
## History
The name ScrappleFace was coined by Ott\'s grandmother, Jessica McMaster (1915--2006), who cared for Ott and his brothers from the age of five, for their dog. Ott chose the name knowing that the domain name would be available because no one else would know the word.
Ott, a former journalist, started Scrappleface in July 2002. Ott oversees \"the vast editorial staff\" at ScrappleFace, an unnamed group of non-existent journalists who \"cover the globe like a patina of dental plaque\" according to earlier items on the site. In reality, all the ScrappleFace stories (more than 2,500 as of 15 March 2007) on politics, the war on terror, business, science, theology and even sports were written by Ott. The website reported over 10,000,000 visitors as of May 2007.
As of December 2024, the website redirects to an unrelated sales page.
### Axis of weasels {#axis_of_weasels}
ScrappleFace is probably best known for originating the phrase \"Axis of weasels\" (parody of \"Axis of evil\"), in an item Ott wrote in January 2003 titled [\"Rumsfeld Sorry for Axis of Weasels Remark\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225414/http://www.scrappleface.com/?p=395). Glenn Reynolds linked to it at his widely read blog, Instapundit, noting that it was being circulated at the White House and Pentagon. Two days later, the *New York Post* carried the front-page headline \"AXIS OF WEASEL - GERMANY AND FRANCE WIMP OUT ON IRAQ; COLIN RAPS FRENCH, GERMAN WIMPS\". Ott later published a collection of ScrappleFace stories under the title \"Axis of Weasels\" (`{{ISBN|097614140X}}`{=mediawiki}; now out of print).
### Media coverage {#media_coverage}
Ott\'s work has been quoted in *The Washington Post*, *Sports Illustrated*, *The Kansas City Star*, *The Weekly Standard*, *Wired*, OpinionJournal.com and the BBC website. ScrappleFace stories have also been quoted on radio by Rush Limbaugh, Glenn Beck, Roger Hedgecock, Michael Medved, Bill Bennett, and dozens of regional radio hosts as well as on CNN and MSNBC. At least two ScrappleFace stories have been passed around via email enough to become an urban myth and be debunked by Snopes.com. ScrappleFace was popular amongst conservative political bloggers, who frequently linked to its items.
## SNN: ScrappleFace Network News {#snn_scrappleface_network_news}
Scott Ott began producing a video faux newscast on January 14, 2009 with the launch of SNN (ScrappleFace Network News). The first story was about the tax filing troubles of President Barack Obama\'s Treasury Secretary nominee Timothy Geithner
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# Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia
Anastasia of Russia}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia
| succession = [[Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Grand Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
| image = Grand Duchess Anastasia Mijailovna.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna in 1889
| reign = 15 April 1883 – 10 April 1897
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]<br>|24 January 1879|10 April 1897|end=d.}}
| issue = [[Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Alexandrine, Queen of Denmark]]<br>[[Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]<br>[[Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Cecilie, German Crown Princess]]<br>Alexis Louis de Wenden ''([[Illegitimate child|illegitimate]])''
| house = [[House of Romanov|Romanov]]
| father = [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia]]
| mother = [[Princess Cecilie of Baden]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1860|07|28}}
| birth_place = [[Peterhof Palace]], [[Petergof|Peterhof]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire|Empire of Russia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1922|03|11|1860|07|28}}
| death_place = [[Èze]], [[French Third Republic]]
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Russian Orthodox]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia** (*Анастасия Михайловна*; 28 July 1860 -- 11 March 1922) was by birth member of the House of Romanov and a Grand Duchess of Russia and by marriage Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
## Early life {#early_life}
Anastasia was born as the only daughter and second child of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and his wife, Princess Cecilie of Baden. Emperor Nicholas I of Russia was her paternal grandfather.
## Biography
She was raised in the Caucasus, where she lived between 1862 and 1878 with her family. In 1879, aged only eighteen, she married Friedrich Franz III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (her second cousin once removed, she great-granddaughter and he being the great-great-grandson of Paul I of Russia) who in 1883 became the reigning Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was described in her brother Sandro\'s memoirs: \"We worshipped that tall, dark-haired girl, who was the exclusive favourite of our father; but when talking to her, we liked to pose as faithful knights ready and willing to execute the orders of our \"dame sans merci\". We put at her feet all the love stored during months and years of dull military drills. We were extremely jealous of her and felt a terrific heartache when the young Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin came to Tiflis.\"
A strong-willed, independent and unconventional woman, she caused a royal scandal when in 1902 she had a child fathered by her personal secretary. In her widowhood, she lived most of the year in the South of France. During World War I, she decided to settle in neutral Switzerland, living in Lausanne.
On 11 March 1922, she died at her villa, Fantasio, at Fos-sur-Mer, near Cannes, aged 61 from a stroke.
## Issue
Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna and her husband, Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, had three children:
- Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (24 December 1879 -- 28 December 1952), who married King Christian X of Denmark on 26 April 1898. They had two sons.
- Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (9 April 1882 -- 17 November 1945), who married Princess Alexandra of Hanover on 7 June 1904. They had five children.
- Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (20 September 1886 -- 6 May 1954), who married Wilhelm, German Crown Prince on 6 June 1905. They have had six children.
Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna also had an illegitimate son with Vladimir Alexandrovich Paltov (1874 -- 1944):
- Alexis Louis de Wenden (23 December 1902 -- 7 July 1976), who married Paulette Seux on 25 January 1929. They had two daughters: Xénia Anastasie Germaine Louis de Wenden (1930 -- 2021), and Anastasie Alexandrine Paule Louis de Wenden (1935 -- 1995).
## Legacy
Her nephew-by-marriage, Felix Yusupov, described the Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna in his memoirs:
> \"Although well over forty, she had lost none of her high spirits; she was kind and affectionate, but her eccentric and despotic nature made her rather formidable. She was an early riser and she used to telephone me at eight in the morning. If I happened to be out, she sent her servants all over Paris to look for me and sometimes took part in the search herself. I had to lunch, dine, go to the theater and supper with her almost every day. She usually slept through the first act of a play, and then woke up with a start to declare that the performance was stupid and that she wished to go somewhere else. We often changed theaters two or three times in one evening.\"
Her daughter, Crown Princess Cecilie, also wrote about her in her memoirs:
> \"She was like an ivory statue, delicate and transparent, and at the same time tall and slender and stately in her bearing; she was possessed of great charm and was kind and friendly with everyone. \[\...\] My grandmother, after whom I was named, had brought up her only daughter with exceptional strictness and had accustomed her to submit unconditionally to the will of her mother and of her governess
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# Tomasz Kiełbowicz
**Tomasz Kiełbowicz** (`{{IPA|pl|ˈtɔmaʂ kʲɛwˈbɔvit͡ʂ}}`{=mediawiki}; born 21 February 1976) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a left-back or left midfielder.
## Career
He joined Legia Warsaw from their local rivals Polonia Warsaw.
Kiełbowicz has made nine appearances for the Poland national football team
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# Mikhail Makarenko
**Mikhail Yanovitch Makarenko** (1931 -- 15 March 2007), né **Moishe Hershkovich,** also **Gershkovich**, also spelled as **Michail Janovitch Makarenko**, was a human rights activist, born in Galați, Romania to Orthodox Jewish parents, Yankel Hershkovich and Malka Weisman. When he was eight years old he ran away from home to live in the Soviet Union, being settled in many orphanages in Soviet Moldova. During World War II, from age 10 to 13, he was a \"Son of the Regiment\", bringing water and food to the troops.
In 1954 he married Lyudmila Makarenko and took her family name. They had son Sergei and two daughters, Liza and Olga. He actually married and divorced Lyudmila twice.
He spent a total of eleven years in prison for what the Soviet government considered to be dissident activities. His longest imprisonment was a result of a 1970 arrest for exhibiting the work of Russian avant-garde artists. He moved (alone) to the United States of America in 1979 after being exiled by the Soviet government. When asked who were the victims of communism, Makarenko is quoted as saying \"Everyone who lived in the 20th century was a victim of communism.\"
In 1982, Makarenko\'s testimony was published by the Republican Conference of the U.S. Senate regarding the human cost of building a natural gas pipeline in the Soviet Union. His testimony largely concerned the treatment of the prisoners in Soviet labor camps.
## Murder
Makarenko was murdered at a New Jersey Turnpike rest stop on Thursday, 15 March 2007, by Brian Kuo White (born 1 December 1980). It was reported that White attacked Makarenko with a landscaping rock after Makarenko refused to buy a CD of White\'s Christian music from him. On 25 September 2007, White was indicted by a grand jury on counts of murder, possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, unlawful possession of a weapon, and eluding arrest. On 24 June 2008, he was found not guilty of these charges, by reason of legal insanity; he was committed for life plus 10 years to the state Department of Human Services for treatment
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# Hareca
`{{Unreferenced|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki}`{{nihongo|'''Hareca'''|ハレカ|Hareka}}`{=mediawiki} is a rechargeable contactless smart card ticketing system for public transport in Okayama, Japan, introduced by Okayama Electric Tramway (Okaden), Ryōbi Bus, and Shimotsui Dentetsu (Shimoden), from October 1, 2006. The name comes from *hare* (sunny weather) and *card*, meaning the card for Okayama, the sunny city. Just like JR East\'s Suica or JR West\'s ICOCA, the card uses RFID technology developed by Sony corporation known as FeliCa.
As of October 2006, the card is usable for all the tramway lines by Okayama Electric Tramway, as well as 55 bus lines by the three operators for Okayama, Kurashiki, and Tamano. Within autumn, 2007, the card will be usable for all the bus lines by the operators. There also is a plan to introduce the card to other bus operators in Okayama.
At the same time Hareca was introduced, the three operators also introduced PiTaPa, meaning the latter card is also usable in those lines. However, Hareca cannot be used in PiTaPa-accepting area, as the former has its unique function, such as *premium service* (discounts). As PiTaPa and ICOCA have integrated services, ICOCA is also usable in Hareca-accepting area. As of December 2006, however, ICOCA cannot be recharged in the area
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# IC e-card
`{{nihongo|'''IC e-card'''|ICい～カード|Ai shī ī-kādo}}`{=mediawiki} is a rechargeable contactless smart card ticketing system for public transport by Iyo Railway (Iyotetsu) in Matsuyama, Japan. The card was introduced from August 23, 2005, succeeding the previous **e-card**, a magnetic prepaid card. IC e-card was the first smart card system by Japanese transportation operators with Osaifu-Keitai mobile payment service (Mobile FeliCa), preceding that of Mobile Suica.
ICOCA was introduced on all Iyotetsu routes and services on March 18, 2025. IC e-card sales ended the same day, while recharging capabilities ended the following month. The card will remain usable on the Iyotetsu network until September 30, 2025, after which it will be fully supplanted by JR West\'s ICOCA and a digital ticketing system known as MICAN App.
## Types of cards {#types_of_cards}
- IC e-card
- IC e-card commuter pass
- Mobile e-card
- JAL Mileage Bank Iyotetsu e-card
- Ehime F.C. e-card
## Usable area {#usable_area}
- Iyotetsu Lines
- Heavy railways; Gunchū Line, Takahama Line, and Yokogawara Line.
- Tramways, all the lines.
- Iyotetsu Bus; all the regular bus lines, including limousine buses to Matsuyama Airport and Matsuyama Port, a railway-transfer bus between Takahama Station and Matsuyama Port, but excluding a service by Setouchi Bus.
- Iyotetsu Taxi; Matsuyama area only.
- Ishizuchisan SA and Iyonada SA at Matsuyama Expressway.
- *Whale Express*, a highway bus between Matsuyama and Kōchi.
- A few stores in Matsuyama, including Iyotetsu Takashimaya department store
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# IruCa
`{{Unreferenced|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki}`{{nihongo|'''IruCa'''|イルカ|Iruka}}`{=mediawiki} is a rechargeable contactless smart card ticketing system for public transport introduced by Takamatsu-Kotohira Electric Railroad (Kotoden) in Takamatsu, Japan from February 2, 2005. The name comes from *IC* and *iruka* (dolphin or need), the latter being the mascot character of the company. The Dolphin character made 2002 and to cautionary lesson to employees used to be disliked by the locals by bad behavior of them at that time. \"Iruka\" was from someone said \"Kotoden wa iruka, iranai ka?\" or \"Is the people need us, or not?\", an employee meeting when soon after fail the company. Just like JR East\'s Suica or JR West\'s ICOCA, the card uses RFID technology developed by Sony corporation known as FeliCa. As of July 2006, 77,000 cards are issued.
The card is usable in all the Kotoden railway lines, as well as Kotoden bus lines. The function as an electronic money is also experimented in the limited number of stores in Takamatsu, including Tenmaya Department Store.
## Types of cards {#types_of_cards}
- IruCa commuter pass: A rechargeable commuter pass.
- IruCa ticket:
- Free IruCa: Blue. A blank card that doesn\'t need a registration.
- School IruCa: Yellow. Students of some selected schools can use this.
- Senior IruCa: Purple. For 65 years old or above.
- Kids IruCa: Red. For elementary school students.
- Green IruCa: Green. For handicapped customers. Fares always become half priced
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# Augustyn Bloch
**Augustyn Bloch** (13 August 1929 in Grudziądz -- 6 April 2006 in Warsaw) was a Polish composer and organist, student of Feliks Rączkowski and Tadeusz Szeligowski. He was an active concert organist, conducted his own music, and wrote music for the Polish Radio Theater
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# John W. Moon
**John Wesley Moon** (January 18, 1836 -- April 5, 1898) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
Moon was born in Wayne County, Michigan, near Ypsilanti, and attended the common schools. As a youth, he worked on a farm and attended school during the winter. In 1852, he moved to Jackson County and left there in the fall of 1854 to work in lumber camps and saw mills on the Flat River in central Michigan. In the spring of 1856, he settled in Muskegon County, Michigan, and engaged in the manufacture of lumber and in banking. He was a partner in the firm of A.V. Mann & Co., which established a mill at Lakeside (now a part of the city of Muskegon). He held the offices of supervisor, township treasurer, and president of the then village of Muskegon.
He served in the Michigan Senate in 1885, from the 23rd district, and in 1887, from the 21st district. Also in 1887, he was elected president of the Muskegon Savings Bank. A few years later, in 1891, he became a member of the board of education of Muskegon.
In 1892, Moon was elected as a Republican from Michigan\'s 9th congressional district to the 53rd Congress, defeating incumbent Democrat Harrison H. Wheeler. Moon served from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895, and was not a candidate for re-nomination in 1894.
After leaving Congress, John W. Moon resumed his former business activities. He died in Muskegon and is interred there at Evergreen Cemetery
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# Camden station (South Carolina)
**Camden station** is an Amtrak train station in Camden, South Carolina, served by the daily `{{lnl|Amtrak|Floridian}}`{=mediawiki}.
The station was built by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in 1937. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as **Seaboard Air Line Railroad Depot**. A \$2.5 million restoration and accessibility renovation took place in 2015. On November 10, 2024, the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Silver Star}}`{=mediawiki} was merged with the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Capitol Limited}}`{=mediawiki} as the *Floridian*
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# John Crumplin
**John Leslie Crumplin** (born 26 May 1967) is an English former professional footballer who made more than 200 Football League appearances for Brighton & Hove Albion in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He played as a right back or on the right wing.
## Career
Crumplin was born in Bath, Somerset, in 1967, and spent his early childhood in Singapore, where his soldier father was stationed, before the family settled in Walberton, West Sussex. He was on the books of Southampton as a youngster, but his progress was interrupted by a broken leg, and he joined Bognor Regis Town. After playing for Bognor\'s first team at 16, he spent time on the books of Portsmouth, and returned to Bognor before signing for Brighton & Hove Albion in March 1987. making his debut in a 2--1 home defeat against Ipswich Town and supplied the cross from which Steve Gatting headed Brighton in front. He took a few years to establish himself in the side, and was released at the end of the 1992--93 season, before re-signing for one final campaign in which he took his totals to 245 appearances and 9 goals, of which 207 and 7 were in league competition.
After leaving Brighton, he played for Woking, contributing 3 goals from 48 Conference appearances as the team finished as runners-up in 1994--95 and 1995--96 as well as starting in the 1994--95 FA Trophy final. He later played for Crawley Town, Selsey, East Preston, Three Bridges, St Leonards, Lewes`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}where he also acted as physiotherapist`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}and Crawley Down.
He was player-manager of Selsey, Three Bridges, and Crawley Down, and then managed Ringmer, Crawley Down for a second spell, Redhill in October 2008, and Walton and Hersham from 2009 to 2010 when he resigned for work reasons
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# Company limited by guarantee
A **company limited by guarantee** (**CLG**) is a type of company where the liability of members in the event the company is wound up is limited to a (typically very small) amount listed in the company\'s articles or constitution. Most have no share capital, although rare exceptions exist.
The form originated in the United Kingdom, and now exists under the company law of the Australia, Bermuda, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Gambia, and Ireland, and in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Nova Scotia. It previously existed in New Zealand.
It is used primarily but not exclusively by non-profit organisations (including charities) that require legal personality. Other uses include mutual insurance companies and quasi-governmental bodies.
## Characteristics
In the UK, a company limited by guarantee can distribute its profits to its members, if allowed by its articles of association. However, in Australia this is not allowed.
In many countries, a company limited by guarantee must include the suffix *Limited* in its name; alongside private companies limited by shares.
Until 1981, it was possible in the United Kingdom to form a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, although the number of these companies remaining is very small.
## Not-for-profit uses {#not_for_profit_uses}
Some uses of companies limited by guarantee include clubs and membership organisations, including students\' unions, residential property management companies, sports associations, such as the PGA European Tour, co-operatives, other social enterprise, non-governmental organizations and charities (especially larger charities, such as Oxfam), and at least one political party (the UK Independence Party).
The form is also often used by organisations with some kind of national coordinating function. Examples in the UK include the domain name registry Nominet UK, England and Wales Cricket Board and IXPs LINX (London Internet Exchange) and LONAP (London Access Point). Examples elsewhere include Cricket Australia and the World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong.
In the UK, some quasi-governmental organisations are incorporated as companies limited by guarantee, a government department or minister having ultimate control. The Financial Conduct Authority and Network Rail (the railway infrastructure provider) are examples.
## Commercial enterprises {#commercial_enterprises}
One of the largest companies limited by guarantee is Bupa, the healthcare company, which has 32 million customers in more than 190 countries and which employs more than 84,000 people around the world.
A number of professional services providers are structured as private companies limited by guarantee in which the members that provide client-facing services are the individual constituent firms using a common brand. The company limited by guarantee typically does not itself provide client-facing services. The Big Four accountancy firms (Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG, and PriceWaterhouseCoopers) are each organized using this structure.
Some law firms also use this structure to establish an internationally branded presence. For example, the Anglo-Canadian law firm of Gowling WLG, formed in 2016, is structured as an English private company limited by guarantee (named Gowling WLG International Limited), in which the two limited liability partnerships of Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP and Gowling WLG (UK) LLP are members and provide legal services; the structure is similar to the Swiss Verein structure used by several other major international law firms. In another example, the Anglo-American law firm of Womble Bond Dickinson is similarly structured, with two limited liability partnerships of Womble Bond Dickinson (UK) LLP and Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP being the members and providing client-facing services
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# Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film)
***Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead*** is a 1990 period black comedy film written and directed by Tom Stoppard based on his 1966 play. Like the play, the film depicts two minor characters from William Shakespeare\'s play *Hamlet*, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who find themselves on the road to Elsinore Castle at the behest of the King of Denmark.
They encounter a band of players before arriving to find that they are needed to try to discern what troubles the prince Hamlet. Meanwhile, they ponder the meaning of their existence.
Filmed around Zagreb, Croatia, and in Brežice Castle, Slovenia, the movie won the Golden Lion at the 47th Venice International Film Festival.
The film stars Gary Oldman as Rosencrantz and Tim Roth as Guildenstern, although a running theme throughout has many characters, themselves included, uncertain as to which is which. It also features Richard Dreyfuss as the leading player, Iain Glen as Hamlet, Ian Richardson as Polonius, Joanna Miles as Gertrude, and Donald Sumpter as King Claudius. This was Stoppard\'s first and, to date, only film as a director.
## Plot
The film, like the play, focuses on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and their actions (or lack thereof) within the play of *Hamlet*. The film begins as they travel on horseback to Elsinore, contemplating fate, memory and language. Rosencrantz finds and continually flips a coin which always comes up heads, causing Guildenstern to conclude that something is wrong with reality.
They meet a travelling troupe of tragedians on the way, and during their conversation with the lead Player, they are mysteriously transported into the action of *Hamlet* at Elsinore. They wander around the castle, trying to catch up to the action and understand what is going on by listening to other parts of the play. They are asked by the Danish royal couple to stay awhile in order to help find out the cause of, and hopefully the cure for, Prince Hamlet\'s gloomy state. They spend their time outside the scenes in *Hamlet* trying to figure out what is wrong with the prince and what is required of them.
The remainder of the film follows the Shakespearean drama whenever the two characters are \"on stage\", while the title heroes remain largely occupied with the futile hazards of daily life whenever the \"main action\" is elsewhere. Soon the very same theatre troupe arrives to perform at court, as part of the Bard\'s tragedy.
The Player simultaneously castigates them for abandoning their real play on the road, which cannot exist without an audience, and explains some of the plot and logic of conventional rules of plot-staging and -writing.
Ultimately, they are sent to England and outside the action of the play again. The final part takes place on the ship to England, where they read the letter they are to deliver with Hamlet -- discovering that it is an order for his death. They decide to pretend they never saw it. Hamlet replaces the letter, and (as described in Shakespeare\'s play) escapes on an attacking pirate ship.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern worry about what they are to do now that Hamlet is gone, unaware that Hamlet has altered the letter so that it calls for their deaths rather than his own. The Player finishes the action by reading the letter that sentences them to death. Guildenstern, still trying to struggle against destiny, stabs The Player with the other man\'s dagger, only to find that the weapon is a theatrical prop.
Scenes of the deaths of Ophelia, Laertes, Gertrude, Claudius and Hamlet are shown, and both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, finally accepting their fate, are hanged. The film ends with the tragedians packing up their cart and continuing on their way.
## Cast
Daniel Day-Lewis was to be cast as Guildenstern, but abruptly halted his acting career due to stress. He was replaced by Roth, who had also been in contention for the role.
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# Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film)
## Reception
Critical reaction for the film tended towards the positive, with an overall rating of 61% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 31 reviews. The website\'s consensus reads, \"*Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead* struggles in its journey from stage to screen, but a well-chosen trio of veteran talents keep things consistently watchable.\" `{{Metacritic film prose|45|8|access-date=18 April 2025}}`{=mediawiki} A common criticism in negative reviews was that the material is more suited to the stage than to the screen; examples include Vincent Canby\'s review, in which he says, \"\[Stoppard\] delights in sounds and meanings, in puns, in flights of words that soar and swoop as if in visual display. On the stage, this sort of thing can be great fun \... In the more realistic medium of film, so many words can numb the eardrums and weigh upon the eyelids like old coins. This is the effect of \'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\'.\" Similarly, Roger Ebert states that \"the problem is that this material was never meant to be a film, and can hardly work as a film.\"
The film won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival as well as the Fantasporto Directors\' Week Award. For his work in the film, Oldman was nominated for the 1991 Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead.
## Home media {#home_media}
The film was released on DVD in the UK in 2003, and in the US in 2005, featuring interviews with Oldman, Roth, Dreyfuss, and Stoppard
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# Aloys Van de Vyvere
**Aloys (Alois) Jean Maria Joseph, Viscount Van de Vyvere** (8 June 1871 -- 22 October 1961) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician.
## Biography
Born in Tielt, Van de Vyvere studied law and philosophy and worked as a lawyer in Ghent, where he served as a local councillor between 1909 and 1911. In 1911 he was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives for Roeselare and Tielt with the strong support of the *Boerenbond* (farmers\' union). On 25 February 1920, he cofounded the oil company *Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles* (Petrofina), together with Fernand and Hector Carlier.
He held ministerial office regularly in the period from 1911 to 1926, beginning as Agriculture and Public works minister (1911--1912), then moving to Railways and Posts (1912--1914), Finance (1914--1918), Economic affairs (1920--1924), and returning to Agriculture (1925--1926). He was named an honorary minister of State in 1918.
Becoming the prime minister of Belgium in 1925, he presided over a party and cabinet in crisis, and his government fell after only a month.
He left politics in 1926, working in business. He died in Paris in 1961.
## Honours
- : Minister of State, By royal decree.
- : Grand cordon in the Order of Leopold
- by Royal Decree of 13.11.1919. Grand Officer in the Order of Leopold.
- 1923: Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, by request of cardinal Mercier
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# Nottingham Country, Texas
**Nottingham Country** is a master-planned community developed during the 1970s and 1980s in multiple phases by the Kickerillo Companies in Harris County, Texas, lying in unincorporated Harris County between the cities of Katy and Houston. `{{As of|2014}}`{=mediawiki} there were 2,400 residences.
Nottingham Country was built in the 1970s and 1980s. It is bordered by Interstate 10 at the north, Westgreen Boulevard to the west, Fry Road to the east, and Highland Knolls Drive to the south. The neighborhood is divided into 10 sections, with section 1 being the oldest. Although it does not fall within the city of Katy, the entire neighborhood lies within the Katy post office\'s jurisdiction (zip 77450) and is served by the Katy Independent School District.
The Nottingham Country Community Improvement Association (NCCIA) covers all sections except 10. The Nottingham Country Fund Inc. serves Section 10.
## History
The subdivision was built on a prairie, then without trees, beginning in the mid-1970s and throughout the 1980s.
In 2006 Harris County enacted a flood control program that involved dredging sediment from Mason Creek to avoid street flooding in Nottingham Country.
By 2015 area residents started the keepkidsalivedrive25 campaign to lower speed limits from 30 to 25 in Nottingham Country.
## Schools
Nottingham Country is served by Katy Independent School District. In 2007 Betty L. Martin of the *Houston Chronicle* stated that the schools attracted prospective homebuyers. Nottingham Country Elementary and James E. Taylor High School are in the community.
Elementary:
- Nottingham Country Elementary
- Hazel S. Pattison Elementary
Junior High:
- Garland McMeans Junior High
- Memorial Parkway Junior High
Senior High:
- James E
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# Kerri Chandler
**Kerri Camar Chandler** (born September 28, 1969) is an American DJ and record producer. He has been dubbed a pioneer within house music, a genre in which he has an \"eclectic brand\".
## Biography
Chandler\'s influences go back to New Jersey, growing up in a family of jazz musicians. His father, Joseph Chandler, was a DJ and provided him with a background in the origins of soul, disco, as well as the New York Underground Sound. Accompanying his father to gigs, he began playing records at the Rally Racquet Club in East Orange, New Jersey at the age of 13.
At 14, he began interning in studios and producing music. Since the release of his first single \"SuperLover/Get It Off\" on Atlantic Records in 1991, Chandler has released over 100 records. He was a resident DJ at Club Zanzibar in Newark, New Jersey in the 1980s as well, home to the New Jersey sound brand of deep house or garage house.
He is the founder of the house music label Madhouse Records (not to be confused with Dave Kelly\'s eponymous reggae label) in the United Kingdom, whose signings include Roy Ayers and Dennis Ferrer, but also more recently of MadTech Records, whose roster includes No Artificial Colours, Citizen, Kashii, Waze & Odyssey, as well as Waifs & Strays.
In 2016 he founded his third record label, Kaoz Theory, which has included releases from notable artists such as Jamie Jones, Satoshi Tomiie, Seth Troxler, in addition to The Martinez Brothers.
## Discography
**Studio albums**
- *Ionosphere EP* (1994)
- *Hemisphere* (1996)
- *Kaoz on King Street* (1997)
- *First Steps* (1999) `{{small|(with [[Dennis Ferrer]])}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Kerri\'s Jazz Cafe* (2000)
- *Saturday* (2001) `{{small|(with [[Jerome Sydenham]])}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Trionisphere* (2003)
- *Computer Games* (2008)
- *The Thing For Linda 2010*
- *Spaces and Places* (2022)
**Singles**
- *Super Lover* (1990)
- *Panic E.P.* (1992)
- *Mistery Love* (1993)
- *Atmosphere E.P. Vol
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# Impedance parameters
**Impedance parameters** or **Z-parameters** (the elements of an **impedance matrix** or **Z-matrix**) are properties used in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems engineering to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (linearized) response of non-linear networks. They are members of a family of similar parameters used in electronic engineering, other examples being: S-parameters, Y-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters.
Z-parameters are also known as *open-circuit impedance parameters* as they are calculated under open circuit conditions. i.e., I~x~=0, where x=1,2 refer to input and output currents flowing through the ports (of a two-port network in this case) respectively.
## The Z-parameter matrix {#the_z_parameter_matrix}
A Z-parameter matrix describes the behaviour of any linear electrical network that can be regarded as a black box with a number of ports. A *port* in this context is a pair of electrical terminals carrying equal and opposite currents into and out-of the network, and having a particular voltage between them. The Z-matrix gives no information about the behaviour of the network when the currents at any port are not balanced in this way (should this be possible), nor does it give any information about the voltage between terminals not belonging to the same port. Typically, it is intended that each external connection to the network is between the terminals of just one port, so that these limitations are appropriate.
For a generic multi-port network definition, it is assumed that each of the ports is allocated an integer *n* ranging from 1 to *N*, where *N* is the total number of ports. For port *n*, the associated Z-parameter definition is in terms of the port current and port voltage, $I_n\,$ and $V_n\,$ respectively.
For all ports the voltages may be defined in terms of the Z-parameter matrix and the currents by the following matrix equation:
$$V = Z I\,$$
where Z is an *N* × *N* matrix the elements of which can be indexed using conventional matrix notation. In general the elements of the Z-parameter matrix are complex numbers and functions of frequency. For a one-port network, the Z-matrix reduces to a single element, being the ordinary impedance measured between the two terminals. The Z-parameters are also known as the open circuit parameters because they are measured or calculated by applying current to one port and determining the resulting voltages at all the ports while the undriven ports are terminated into open circuits.
## Two-port networks {#two_port_networks}
The Z-parameter matrix for the two-port network is probably the most common. In this case the relationship between the port currents, port voltages and the Z-parameter matrix is given by:
$$\begin{pmatrix} V_1 \\ V_2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} Z_{11} & Z_{12} \\ Z_{21} & Z_{22} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}I_1 \\ I_2\end{pmatrix}$$.
where
$$Z_{11} = {V_1 \over I_1 } \bigg|_{I_2 = 0} \qquad Z_{12} = {V_1 \over I_2 } \bigg|_{I_1 = 0}$$
$$Z_{21} = {V_2 \over I_1 } \bigg|_{I_2 = 0} \qquad Z_{22} = {V_2 \over I_2 } \bigg|_{I_1 = 0}$$
For the general case of an *N*-port network,
$$Z_{nm} = {V_n \over I_m } \bigg|_{I_k = 0 \text{ for } k \ne m}$$
### Impedance relations {#impedance_relations}
The input impedance of a two-port network is given by:
$$Z_\text{in} = Z_{11} - \frac{Z_{12}Z_{21}}{Z_{22}+Z_L}$$
where Z~L~ is the impedance of the load connected to port two.
Similarly, the output impedance is given by:
$$Z_\text{out} = Z_{22} - \frac{Z_{12}Z_{21}}{Z_{11}+Z_S}$$
where Z~S~ is the impedance of the source connected to port one.
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# Impedance parameters
## Relation to S-parameters {#relation_to_s_parameters}
The Z-parameters of a network are related to its S-parameters by
$$\begin{align}
Z &= \sqrt{z} (1_{\!N} + S) (1_{\!N} - S)^{-1} \sqrt{z} \\
&= \sqrt{z} (1_{\!N} - S)^{-1} (1_{\!N} + S) \sqrt{z} \\
\end{align}$$
and
$$\begin{align}
S &= (\sqrt{y}Z\sqrt{y} \,- 1_{\!N}) (\sqrt{y}Z\sqrt{y} \,+ 1_{\!N})^{-1} \\
&= (\sqrt{y}Z\sqrt{y} \,+ 1_{\!N})^{-1} (\sqrt{y}Z\sqrt{y} \,- 1_{\!N}) \\
\end{align}$$
where $1_{\!N}$ is the identity matrix, $\sqrt{z}$ is a diagonal matrix having the square root of the characteristic impedance at each port as its non-zero elements,
$\sqrt{z} = \begin{pmatrix}
\sqrt{z_{01}} & \\
& \sqrt{z_{02}} \\
& & \ddots \\
& & & \sqrt{z_{0N}}
\end{pmatrix}$
and $\sqrt{y} = (\sqrt{z})^{-1}$ is the corresponding diagonal matrix of square roots of characteristic admittances. In these expressions the matrices represented by the bracketed factors commute and so, as shown above, may be written in either order.
### Two port {#two_port}
In the special case of a two-port network, with the same characteristic impedance $z_{01} = z_{02} = Z_0$ at each port, the above expressions reduce to
$$Z_{11} = {((1 + S_{11}) (1 - S_{22}) + S_{12} S_{21}) \over \Delta_S} Z_0 \,$$
$$Z_{12} = {2 S_{12} \over \Delta_S} Z_0 \,$$
$$Z_{21} = {2 S_{21} \over \Delta_S} Z_0 \,$$
$$Z_{22} = {((1 - S_{11}) (1 + S_{22}) + S_{12} S_{21}) \over \Delta_S} Z_0 \,$$
Where
$$\Delta_S = (1 - S_{11}) (1 - S_{22}) - S_{12} S_{21} \,$$
The two-port S-parameters may be obtained from the equivalent two-port Z-parameters by means of the following expressions
$$S_{11} = {(Z_{11} - Z_0) (Z_{22} + Z_0) - Z_{12} Z_{21} \over \Delta}$$
$$S_{12} = {2 Z_0 Z_{12} \over \Delta} \,$$
$$S_{21} = {2 Z_0 Z_{21} \over \Delta} \,$$
$$S_{22} = {(Z_{11} + Z_0) (Z_{22} - Z_0) - Z_{12} Z_{21} \over \Delta}$$
where
$$\Delta = (Z_{11} + Z_0) (Z_{22} + Z_0) - Z_{12} Z_{21} \,$$
The above expressions will generally use complex numbers for $S_{ij} \,$ and $Z_{ij} \,$. Note that the value of $\Delta\,$ can become 0 for specific values of $Z_{ij} \,$ so the division by $\Delta \,$ in the calculations of $S_{ij} \,$ may lead to a division by 0.
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# Impedance parameters
## Relation to Y-parameters {#relation_to_y_parameters}
Conversion from Y-parameters to Z-parameters is much simpler, as the Z-parameter matrix is just the inverse of the Y-parameter matrix. For a two-port:
$$Z_{11} = {Y_{22} \over \Delta_Y} \,$$
$$Z_{12} = {-Y_{12} \over \Delta_Y} \,$$
$$Z_{21} = {-Y_{21} \over \Delta_Y} \,$$
$$Z_{22} = {Y_{11} \over \Delta_Y} \,$$
where
$$\Delta_Y = Y_{11} Y_{22} - Y_{12} Y_{21} \,$$
is the determinant of the Y-parameter matrix
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# Annan Bryce
**John Annan Bryce** (1841 -- 25 June 1923) was a British businessman and Liberal Party politician.
## Background and family {#background_and_family}
He was the son of the politician and geologist James Bryce and his wife Margaret Young, daughter of James Young. His elder brother was the 1st Viscount Bryce. Bryce was educated at Balliol College, Oxford and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, winning the Brackenbury Scholarship. He studied first at the University of Edinburgh, then made his Master of Arts at the University of Glasgow. On 2 August 1888, he married Violet L\'Estrange, daughter of Captain Champagne L\'Estrange. They had two sons and two daughters. His two daughters Marjery (Marjorie/Margaret) and Rosalind (Tiny) were leading the Women\'s Coronation Procession of suffragettes and suffragists on 17 June 1911. Annan Bryce did not support women\'s suffrage, wrote to the press and voted against law changes.
## Career
Bryce worked as merchant in India and was chairman of the Rangoon Chamber of Commerce. He served in the Legislative Council of Burma and made several expeditions into unknown regions of Siam. After his return to England, Bryce became a director of the London and County Bank. He was the director of Naval Construction & Armaments Co in 1907 and became then the director of Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway until 1914. During the same time he was also director of British Westinghouse, Atlas Assurance Company and of Burma Railways. He was twice a council member of the Royal Geographical Society.
In 1906, Bryce entered the British House of Commons, sitting as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Inverness Burghs until 1918. Following his first election, he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Congestion in Ireland, in which he stayed for two years.
## Ilnacullin
In 1910, Bryce bought from the British War Office Garnish (Garinish) Island, also known as Ilnacullin, close to Glengarriff in County Cork. Assisted by landscape architect and horticulturist Harold Peto, he created, 1911 to 1914, the sub-tropical gardens which to this day (now maintained by the Irish government) remain a notable attraction.
## Grave
He is buried with his parents in the south-west section of Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh at the west end of the central east--west avenue, facing south
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# Michael Duffy (Australian politician)
**Michael John Duffy** `{{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZ}}`{=mediawiki} (born 2 March 1938) is a former Australian politician and lawyer. He was a senior minister in the Australian Labor Party (ALP) governments from 1983 to 1993, serving as Minister for Communications (1983--1987), Minister for Trade Negotiations (1987--1990), and Attorney (1990--1993). He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1980 to 1996, representing the Victorian seat of Holt.
## Early life {#early_life}
Duffy was born on 2 March 1938 in Mildura, Victoria. His father was born in Ireland and worked as a manager at an insurance company.
Duffy spent his early years in Mildura and in Albury, New South Wales, where he attended the Christian Brothers\' College. He went on to the University of Melbourne, graduating Bachelor of Laws. Prior to entering politics he worked as a solicitor in Dandenong.
## Politics
Duffy was first elected as a delegate to ALP state conference in 1971 and joined the state administrative committee at the 1973. After an initial unsuccessful attempt at the 1977 federal election, he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1980 election, winning the seat of Holt from the incumbent Liberal MP William Yates.
Duffy was described in 1977 as \"a leader of the party\'s right wing\". However, he was later identified as factionally unaligned but part of the informal \"Victorian Independents\" group within the ALP, along with John Button, Barry Jones and Jim Kennan.
### Communications minister, 1983--1987 {#communications_minister_19831987}
Duffy was appointed Minister for Communications following the ALP\'s victory at the 1983 federal election. In cabinet he opposed moves to privatise AUSSAT, the government-owned satellite company, and attempts to revoke the independence of statutory agencies Australia Post and Telecom Australia. He sought to maintain media diversity by preventing major television networks from securing licences in regional areas.
### Trade minister, 1987--1990 {#trade_minister_19871990}
Following the 1987 federal election, Duffy was appointed Minister for Trade Negotiations, Minister Assisting the Minister for Industry, Technology and Commerce; and Minister Assisting the Minister for Primary Industries and Energy. He was promoted to cabinet in January 1988.
On 6 February 1990, in recognition of work on the Closer Economic Relations agreement between Australia and New Zealand Duffy was the first Australian and fifteenth appointee to The Order of New Zealand. In 1990 he was also awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.
### Attorney-General, 1990--1993 {#attorney_general_19901993}
Duffy was appointed Attorney-General in a reshuffle of the Hawke ministry following the 1990 election. He introduced the legislation that became the *Corporate Law Act 1992*, which saw significant changes to financial reporting, insider trading laws, directors\' duties, related party transactions, and stock trade settlements. *The Australian Financial Review* wrote in the same year that \"Duffy in two years has brought more changes to the regulations governing business in Australia than others brought in as many decades\", although he stated that many of the changes to legislation had already been in the pipeline when he took office.
In 1992, Duffy played a key role in overturning the Australian Defence Force\'s ban on openly gay members. Although defence minister Robert Ray had initially announced the ban would continue, Duffy brought the matter before the cabinet as a whole, arguing that Australia was in breach of its obligations under international law. A majority of cabinet sided with his view and the ban was overturned in November 1992.
## Later activities {#later_activities}
Duffy later served as the chairman of the board of directors for Racing Victoria Limited
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# Château de Modave
thumb\|Front facade The **Château of Modave** (*Château de Modave*, `{{IPA|fr|ʃato də mɔdav|pron}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as the **Château des Comtes de Marchin** (`{{IPA|fr|ʃato de kɔ̃t də maʁʃɛ̃}}`{=mediawiki}, *Château of the Counts of Marchin*) is a château near the village of Modave in Liège Province, Wallonia, Belgium.
## History
The oldest part of the building, the donjon, was built on a strategic rock high above the valley of the river Hoyoux. The oldest parts still visible today date probably from the 13th century and were erected by the lords of Modave. In the 16th century the castle and the estate of Modave became the property of the Haultepenne and de Saint-Fontaine families.
In the next century Jean-Gaspard-Ferdinand de Marchin (1601--1673), a great military commander, acquired the castle and turned it from a medieval fortress into a luxury Baroque residence. His son Ferdinand de Marsin neglected the property and lived in France.
Later owners were successively:
- Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne and Prince-Bishop of Liège (1682--1684);
- Cardinal Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, and his heirs (1684--1706);
- Baron Arnold de Ville (1706--1772); and
- Anne-Léon, Duke of Montmorency, and his heirs (1772--1817).
In the 19th century it was owned by the non-noble families of Lamarche, Braconier and Van Hoegaerden. Finally, the *Compagnie Intercommunale Bruxelloise des Eaux* (\"Brussels Intercommunal Water Company\") bought the property in March 1941, in order to protect the important water catchments in the park. The company still owns the château today and has been restoring it with great care. It is open for visitors from April until October and it is also used as a prestigious venue for concerts and receptions.
## Architecture
The ancient fortified castle was rebuilt from 1659 to 1667 in a manner showing a remarkable affinity to the most modern ideas of European country house building of the time. It is particularly close to the buildings of François Mansart. The dignified symmetry with a triangular pediment accenting the main frontage, the geometrical articulation of the wall, the mansard roofs, and the spatial contrast between the corps de logis and the side wings have much in common with Mansart\'s country houses, such as the Château de Maisons-Laffitte. Modave is the most prominent preserved example of High Baroque country-house architecture in the Southern Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
The château is unique for its splendidly preserved historic interiors and furniture dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. The stucco ceilings date from the second half of the 17th century and were created by Jan-Christian Hansche
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# Neil Faulkner (archaeologist)
**Neil Faulkner** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|FSA|}}`{=mediawiki} (22 January 1958 -- 4 February 2022) was a British archaeologist, historian, writer, lecturer, broadcaster, and political activist.
## Biography
Faulkner was born on 22 January 1958. He was educated at the Skinners\' School in Tunbridge Wells, King\'s College, Cambridge and the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, Faulkner was a school teacher before becoming an archaeologist.
He was a Research Fellow at the University of Bristol, co-founder and contributing editor of *Archaeology Worldwide magazine*, editor of *Military History Matters*, a contributing editor of *Current Archaeology*, and co-director of the Great Arab Revolt Project (in Jordan) and the Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project (in Norfolk, England). On 22 May 2008, he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA).
Faulkner was diagnosed with a rare and aggressive form of blood lymphoma in mid-2021. He died from the cancer in February 2022, at the age of 64.
## Research
Originally trained as a Romanist, Faulkner excavated an Anglo-Saxon site at Sedgeford in Norfolk from 1996 with the Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project (SHARP). In 2016, he completed a ten-year field project looking at the military campaigns of Lawrence of Arabia in southern Jordan (the Great Arab Revolt Project).
The author of many articles and numerous academic papers, his ten books include *The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain*, *Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome*, *Rome: Empire of the Eagles*, *A Visitor\'s Guide to the Ancient Olympics*, *A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals*, and *Digging Sedgeford: A People\'s Archaeology*. His latest book is *Lawrence of Arabia\'s War* (Yale University Press).
## Media appearances {#media_appearances}
Faulkner appeared frequently on television, both at home and abroad. His TV work includes Channel Four\'s *Time Team*, BBC2\'s *Timewatch*, and Sky Atlantic\'s *The British*. He appeared as both academic specialist and political commentator. He made several short history documentaries for Tariq Ali\'s regular Telesur series *The World Today*.
In 2019, Faulkner appeared on BBC Radio 4\'s programme *In Our Time* to discuss Lawrence of Arabia.
## Politics
Faulkner was a Marxist and a revolutionary socialist activist. Having previously been a long-standing member of the Socialist Workers Party, from 1980 to 2010, and then a member of Counterfire, he left in order to set up Brick Lane Debates and the Left Book Club. In 2020 he was on the co-ordinating committee of Anti-Capitalist Resistance. His strongly-held beliefs were sometimes considered a detriment to his archaeological work, Gavin Speed wrote \"Faulkner unfortunately takes \[his negative views of the Roman Empire in Britain\] to an extreme to the detriment of his argument by approaching the study with preconceived ideas and opinions that seem to ignore or gloss over key archaeological evidence.\"
## Publications
- *The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain*. Tempus. (2000). `{{ISBN|978-0752419442}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome* (2002) Tempus, first edition; (2012) Amberley Publishing, second edition
- *Rome: Empire of the Eagles, 753 BC -- AD 476* (2009), Routledge
- *A Visitor\'s Guide to the Ancient Olympics*, Yale University Press, (1 May 2012)
- *A Marxist History of the World: From Neanderthals to Neoliberals* Pluto Press. (5 April 2013).
- *Digging Sedgeford: A People\'s Archaeology*. Poppyland Publishing. (2014). `{{ISBN|978-1909796089}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Lawrence of Arabia\'s War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI*. Yale University Press. (2016). `{{ISBN|978-0300196832}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Creeping Fascism: Brexit, Trump, and the Rise of the Far Right*. Public Reading Rooms. (2017). 235 pages. `{{ISBN|978-0995535237}}`{=mediawiki}
- *A People\'s History of the Russian Revolution*. Pluto Press. (15 April 2017). `{{ISBN|978-0745399034}}`{=mediawiki}
- *A Radical History of the World*. Pluto Press. (15 October 2018). 512 pages. `{{ISBN|978-0745338040}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Abandoned Places of World War I*, Amber Books (2021),
- *Empire and Jihad: The Anglo-Arab Wars of 1870-1920*. Yale University Press
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# List of Da Vinci's Inquest episodes
*Da Vinci\'s Inquest* is a Canadian undercover cop drama television series, contains seven seasons of thirteen episodes each, for a total of ninety-one episodes. The air dates are given for first airing on CBC Television in Canada
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# Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology
**Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology** (**BUEST**), formerly the **Institute of Engineering and Emerging Technology** (**IEET**), commonly referred to as **Baddi University**, is a private university located at Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India. It was recognized as a university in 2009.
## Campus
BUEST is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas in the industrial areas of Baddi, 40 km away from Chandigarh via Pinjore, 29 km from Chandigarh via siswan; 30 km from Panchkula and 20 km from Pinjore.
The institute campus is situated in the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh, India. In Baddi University there are hostels for both Boys & Girls. Girls Hostels are situated inside the campus which is adjacent to Pharmacy department while Boys Hostel of 1st-year students is just at a walking distance of 5 minutes from MBA Department and senior Boys Hostel is located outside of the campus.
## Institutes
The university incorporates four institutes:
### School of Engineering and Emerging Technologies (SEET) {#school_of_engineering_and_emerging_technologies_seet}
SEET was formerly known as IEET.
IEET was first institute established in year 2002. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate level studies and research in engineering. IEET has 8 academic departments.
### School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences (SPES) {#school_of_pharmacy_and_emerging_sciences_spes}
School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences (SPES) was established in year 2007. It is a well known college in India ranked no. 1 by AICTE.
### School of Management Studies (IMS) {#school_of_management_studies_ims}
School of Management Studies (IMS) was established in year 2008.
### School of Agriculture Sciences (SOAS) {#school_of_agriculture_sciences_soas}
SOAS offers degree in B.Sc.Agriculture.
## Student life {#student_life}
### Facilities
#### Library
In Baddi University there are Libraries for MBA, Engineering, Pharmacy departments.
#### Sports
Baddi University provides sports facilities for indoor and outdoor games. Sports facilities include cricket, football, volleyball, table tennis, badminton and athletics.
### Events
Cultural activities like dramatics, speaking, Literary Arts, Music and Fine Arts also mark an important feature in the life of a student of Baddi University. Speaking and Literary Arts have always been very popular in the student community with students actively participating in quizzing, writing and debating activities.
#### Sangam
Sangam is the annual fresher party held every year in the month of September--October.
#### Emanation
Emanation is an annual two-day function usually organized in the month of March/April. It consists of cultural nights, annual prize distribution, technical events and soft skill events along with fun events. Jay z B, Barbie Rajput, and The local Train were present for the 2014 Emanation.
#### MasterMind
MasterMind was a himachal oriented mega competition which aimed to search for one young genius who has achieved high level of intelligence, creativity, talent, communication skills, technical capability, general knowledge
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# Zaręba, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
**Zaręba** `{{IPAc-pl|z|a|'|r|e|m|b|a}}`{=mediawiki} is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siekierczyn, within Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland
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# Amanita liquii
***Amanita liquii***, also known as the **dark-faced ringless amanita**, is a species of agaric that fruits from July to September.
This large and robust agaric (cap diameter up to 14 cm, stem length up to 17 cm) is distinguishable by its very dark, sometimes almost black, overall colour. The scientific name is taken from the Chinese hero Li Kui (sometimes spelled **Li Qui**), who had a dark face.
It is associated with firs and pines in south-western China up to an altitude of 4,000 metres
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# 1984 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's giant slalom and super-G
**Men\'s giant slalom and Super G World Cup 1983/1984**
## Calendar
Round Race No Discipline Place Country Date Winner Second Third
------- --------- ------------ ------------------------ --------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------
1 4 Super G Val d\'Isère December 10, 1983 Hans Enn Pirmin Zurbriggen Jure Franko
2 6 Giant Les Diablerets December 12, 1983 Max Julen Pirmin Zurbriggen Jure Franko
3 9 Super G Madonna di Campiglio December 19, 1983 Pirmin Zurbriggen Martin Hangl Leonhard Stock
4 13 Giant Adelboden January 10, 1984 Ingemar Stenmark Hubert Strolz Pirmin Zurbriggen
5 21 Giant Kirchberg in Tirol January 23, 1984 Ingemar Stenmark Marc Girardelli Jörgen Sundqvist
6 23 Super G Garmisch-Partenkirchen January 29, 1984 Andreas Wenzel Pirmin Zurbriggen Hans Enn
7 26 Giant Borovets February 4, 1984 Ingemar Stenmark Marc Girardelli Robert Erlacher
8 29 Giant Aspen March 5, 1984 Pirmin Zurbriggen Marc Girardelli Phil Mahre
9 31 Giant Vail March 7, 1984 Ingemar Stenmark Pirmin Zurbriggen Hans Enn
10 33 Giant Åre March 17, 1984 Hans Enn Hubert Strolz Ingemar Stenmark
11 35 Super G Oppdal March 20, 1984 Pirmin Zurbriggen Marc Girardelli Jure Franko
12 36 Giant Oslo March 23, 1984 Hans Enn Alex Giorgi Thomas Bürgler
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s giant slalom and Super G World Cup 1983/84 the best 5 results count. Deduction are given in ()
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# Where There's a Will (1936 film)
***Where There\'s a Will*** is a 1936 British comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring Will Hay, Graham Moffatt and Norma Varden. It features an incompetent solicitor who unwittingly becomes party to a bank robbery.
The film marked the first appearance of Graham Moffatt in a Will Hay film. Moffatt acted as a straight man to Hay, along with Moore Marriott, beginning in the film Windbag the Sailor.
## Plot
Will Hay plays the penniless, bungling solicitor Benjamin Stubbins, who arrives at his office to find his insolent office boy (Graham Moffatt) with his feet up on the desk, reading a wild west magazine, that Hay confiscates so that he can read it later.
Stubbins later takes a job from a group of Americans who claim they want him to track down some ancestors of theirs in Scotland. In reality, however, they want to use his office so they can rob a safe in the room immediately below his office. Stubbins takes the job (which is designed to keep him out of the office).
In the end Stubbins realises his mistake and at a Christmas Eve fancy dress party he informs a group of carol singing policeman about the Americans' nefarious activities.
## Cast
- Will Hay as Benjamin Stubbins
- Graham Moffatt as Willie the office boy
- Norma Varden as Lady Margaret Wimpleton
- Hartley Power as Duke Wilson
- Gina Malo as Goldie Kelly
- H. F. Maltby as Sir Roger Wimpleton
- Peggy Simpson as Barbara Stubbins
- Gibb McLaughlin as Martin
- Eddie Houghton as \'Slug\'
- Hal Waters as \'Nick\'
- John Turnbull as Detective Collins
- Sybil Brooke as the Landlady
- Davina Craig as \'Lucie\'
- Mickey Brantford as \'Jimmy\'
- Henry Adnes as the Pawnbroker
- Frederick Piper as a Fingerprint expert
## Production
It was an early film from producer Ted Black who would make many of Hay\'s classic films
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# Symmetry operation
In mathematics, a **symmetry operation** is a geometric transformation of an object that leaves the object looking the same after it has been carried out. For example, a `{{frac|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} turn rotation of a regular triangle about its center, a reflection of a square across its diagonal, a translation of the Euclidean plane, or a point reflection of a sphere through its center are all symmetry operations. Each symmetry operation is performed with respect to some symmetry element (a point, line or plane).
In the context of molecular symmetry, a **symmetry operation** is a permutation of atoms such that the molecule or crystal is transformed into a state indistinguishable from the starting state. Two basic facts follow from this definition, which emphasizes its usefulness.
1. Physical properties must be invariant with respect to symmetry operations.
2. Symmetry operations can be collected together in groups which are isomorphic to permutation groups.
In the context of molecular symmetry, quantum wavefunctions need not be invariant, because the operation can multiply them by a phase or mix states within a degenerate representation, without affecting any physical property.
## Molecules
### Identity Operation {#identity_operation}
The identity operation corresponds to doing nothing to the object. Because every molecule is indistinguishable from itself if nothing is done to it, every object possesses at least the identity operation. The identity operation is denoted by `{{mvar|E}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{mvar|I}}`{=mediawiki}. In the identity operation, no change can be observed for the molecule. Even the most asymmetric molecule possesses the identity operation. The need for such an identity operation arises from the mathematical requirements of group theory.
### Reflection through mirror planes {#reflection_through_mirror_planes}
The reflection operation is carried out with respect to symmetry elements known as planes of symmetry or mirror planes. Each such plane is denoted as `{{math|σ}}`{=mediawiki} (sigma). Its orientation relative to the principal axis of the molecule is indicated by a subscript. The plane must pass through the molecule and cannot be completely outside it.
- If the plane of symmetry contains the principal axis of the molecule (i.e., the molecular `{{mvar|z}}`{=mediawiki}-axis), it is designated as a vertical mirror plane, which is indicated by a subscript `{{mvar|v}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{math|σ<sub>''v''</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}).
- If the plane of symmetry is perpendicular to the principal axis, it is designated as a horizontal mirror plane, which is indicated by a subscript `{{mvar|h}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{math|σ<sub>''h''</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}).
- If the plane of symmetry bisects the angle between two 2-fold axes perpendicular to the principal axis, it is designated as a dihedral mirror plane, which is indicated by a subscript `{{mvar|d}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{math|σ<sub>''d''</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}).
Through the reflection of each mirror plane, the molecule must be able to produce an identical image of itself.
### Inversion operation {#inversion_operation}
In an inversion through a centre of symmetry, `{{mvar|i}}`{=mediawiki} (the element), we imagine taking each point in a molecule and then moving it out the same distance on the other side. In summary, the inversion operation projects each atom through the centre of inversion and out to the same distance on the opposite side. The inversion center is a point in space that lies in the geometric center of the molecule. As a result, all the cartesian coordinates of the atoms are inverted (i.e. `{{mvar|x,y,z}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{mvar|–x,–y,–z}}`{=mediawiki}). The symbol used to represent inversion center is `{{mvar|i}}`{=mediawiki}. When the inversion operation is carried out `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} times, it is denoted by `{{mvar|i<sup>n</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}, where $i^n=E$ when `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} is even and $i^n=-E$ when `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} is odd.
Examples of molecules that have an inversion center include certain molecules with octahedral geometry (general formula `{{chem2|AB6}}`{=mediawiki}), square planar geometry (general formula `{{chem2|AB4}}`{=mediawiki}), and ethylene (`{{chem2|H2C\dCH2}}`{=mediawiki}). Examples of molecules without inversion centers are cyclopentadienide (`{{chem2|C5H5-}}`{=mediawiki}) and molecules with trigonal pyramidal geometry (general formula `{{chem2|AB3}}`{=mediawiki}).
### Proper rotation operations or *n*-fold rotation {#proper_rotation_operations_or_n_fold_rotation}
A *proper rotation* refers to simple rotation about an axis. Such operations are denoted by `{{tmath|C_n^m,}}`{=mediawiki} where `{{mvar|C<sub>n</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is a rotation of `{{tmath|\tfrac{360^\circ}{n} }}`{=mediawiki} or `{{tmath|\tfrac{2\pi}{n},}}`{=mediawiki} performed `{{mvar|m}}`{=mediawiki} times. The superscript `{{mvar|m}}`{=mediawiki} is omitted if it is equal to one. `{{math|''C''<sub>1</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is a rotation through 360°, where `{{math|1=''n'' = 1}}`{=mediawiki}. It is equivalent to the Identity (`{{mvar|E}}`{=mediawiki}) operation. `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is a rotation of 180°, as `{{tmath|1=\tfrac{360^\circ}{2} = 180^\circ,}}`{=mediawiki} `{{math|''C''<sub>3</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is a rotation of 120°, as `{{tmath|1=\tfrac{360^\circ}{3} = 120^\circ,}}`{=mediawiki} and so on.
Here the molecule can be rotated into equivalent positions around an axis. An example of a molecule with `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} symmetry is the water (`{{chem2|H2O}}`{=mediawiki}) molecule. If the `{{chem2|H2O}}`{=mediawiki} molecule is rotated by 180° about an axis passing through the oxygen atom, no detectable difference before and after the `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} operation is observed.
Order `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} of an axis can be regarded as a number of times that, for the least rotation which gives an equivalent configuration, that rotation must be repeated to give a configuration identical to the original structure (i.e. a 360° or 2`{{pi}}`{=mediawiki} rotation). An example of this is `{{math|''C''<sub>3</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} proper rotation, which rotates by `{{tmath|\tfrac{2\pi}{3}.}}`{=mediawiki} `{{math|''C''<sub>3</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} represents the first rotation around the `{{math|''C''<sub>3</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} axis by `{{tmath|\tfrac{2\pi}{3},}}`{=mediawiki} `{{tmath|C_3^2}}`{=mediawiki} is the rotation by `{{tmath|2\times\tfrac{2\pi}{3},}}`{=mediawiki} while `{{tmath|C_3^3}}`{=mediawiki} is the rotation by `{{tmath|3\times\tfrac{2\pi}{3}.}}`{=mediawiki} `{{tmath|C_3^3}}`{=mediawiki} is the identical configuration because it gives the original structure, and it is called an *identity element* (`{{mvar|E}}`{=mediawiki}). Therefore, `{{math|''C''<sub>3</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is an order of three, and is often referred to as a *threefold* axis.
### Improper rotation operations {#improper_rotation_operations}
An improper rotation involves two operation steps: a proper rotation followed by reflection through a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. The improper rotation is represented by the symbol `{{mvar|S<sub>n</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} where `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} is the order. Since the improper rotation is the combination of a proper rotation and a reflection, `{{mvar|S<sub>n</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} will always exist whenever `{{mvar|C<sub>n</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} and a perpendicular plane exist separately. `{{math|''S''<sub>1</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is usually denoted as `{{math|σ}}`{=mediawiki}, a reflection operation about a mirror plane. `{{math|''S''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is usually denoted as `{{mvar|i}}`{=mediawiki}, an inversion operation about an inversion center. When `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} is an even number $S_n^n = E,$ but when `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} is odd $S_n^{2n} = E.$
Rotation axes, mirror planes and inversion centres are symmetry elements, not symmetry operations. The rotation axis of the highest order is known as the principal rotation axis. It is conventional to set the Cartesian `{{mvar|z}}`{=mediawiki}-axis of the molecule to contain the principal rotation axis.
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# Symmetry operation
## Molecules
### Examples
Dichloromethane, `{{chem2|CH2Cl2}}`{=mediawiki}. There is a `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} rotation axis which passes through the carbon atom and the midpoints between the two hydrogen atoms and the two chlorine atoms. Define the z axis as co-linear with the `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} axis, the `{{mvar|xz}}`{=mediawiki} plane as containing `{{chem2|CH2}}`{=mediawiki} and the `{{mvar|yz}}`{=mediawiki} plane as containing `{{chem2|CCl2}}`{=mediawiki}. A `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} rotation operation permutes the two hydrogen atoms and the two chlorine atoms. Reflection in the `{{mvar|yz}}`{=mediawiki} plane permutes the hydrogen atoms while reflection in the `{{mvar|xz}}`{=mediawiki} plane permutes the chlorine atoms. The four symmetry operations `{{mvar|E}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{math|''C''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{math|σ(''xz'')}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|σ(''yz'')}}`{=mediawiki} form the point group `{{math|''C''<sub>2''v''</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}. Note that if any two operations are carried out in succession the result is the same as if a single operation of the group had been performed.
Methane, `{{chem2|CH4}}`{=mediawiki}. In addition to the proper rotations of order 2 and 3 there are three mutually perpendicular `{{math|''S''<sub>4</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} axes which pass half-way between the C-H bonds and six mirror planes. Note that $S_4^2 = C_2.$
## Crystals
In crystals, screw rotations and/or glide reflections are additionally possible. These are rotations or reflections together with partial translation. These operations may change based on the dimensions of the crystal lattice.
The Bravais lattices may be considered as representing **translational** symmetry operations. Combinations of operations of the crystallographic point groups with the addition symmetry operations produce the 230 crystallographic space groups
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# Helen David
**Helen David** is a London-based visual artist, textile designer and founder of the design house English Eccentrics \[1983-2000\].
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in the City of Brighton and Hove in 1955, she moved to London to study fine artprintmaking, fashion and textiles at Camberwell College of Arts and Central Saint Martins. During this time she became involved with the London Underground culture of the \'80s and frequented places such as the Blitz Club, where the New Romantic styling that she is well known for was born.
## Career with English Eccentrics {#career_with_english_eccentrics}
In 1983, David founded the design label *English Eccentrics* along with her sister, Judy Purbeck, and fellow designer, Claire Angel. The label specialised in hand-printed and hand-embroidered evening wear and scarves. She participated in the \"London Goes to Tokyo\" event organized by Susanne Bartsch, a show intended to broaden the reach of British designers. Her clothes have been worn by several performers including Mick Jagger, Prince, Paul McCartney, Helen Mirren, Helena Bonham Carter and Toyah Willcox.
In 2001 she took time away from the business to concentrate on art. David\'s fashion and textile work is part of permanent collections in the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Museum of London and the Art Institute of Chicago.
## Exhibitions
2005 *Friends and Icons*, one-woman art exhibition curated by Laura Parker-Bowles.
2014 *Not Only When The Moon Shines* studio show, King's Cross
2014 *They Had No Choice* embroideries and photography at the Time Bleeds group show for Folkestone Triennial Fringe.
2016 *Not A Good Girl Yet* embroidery from the *Moments: Why I feel How I Feel* series at Face Value, Collier Bristol, London. curator Kathleen Soriano.
2018 *Bollywood Gangstas Pincushion*, Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. curator Grayson Perry.
2018 *This Moment Film*, \[1 minute\], at *Alive* in the Universe-Venice Biennale. curator Caroline Wiseman.
2019 *Selected embroideries* in a Group Show at the Assembly Point Gallery, *Peckham*, London.
2020 *Hold my Hand* pincushion for Cure 3 at Bonhams, curators, Susie Allen-Huxley and Laura Culpan for Artwise Curators.
2021 *Together We are Strong* Pincushion, and *Head, Heart, Fortune, Life* rug-painting, both at Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. curator Yinka Shonibare.
2023 *You Make Me Smile* pincushion for Cure 3 at Bonhams, curators, Susie Allen-Huxley and Laura Culpan for Artwise Curators.
2024 *English Eccentrics* three outfits in *Outlaws:Fashion Renegades of 1980s* at the Fashion and Textile Museum, London, curators Martin Green and N.J.Stevenson.
2025 *With Love From The Past* pincushion for Cure 3 at Bonhams, curators, Susie Allen-Huxley and Laura Culpan for Artwise Curators.
2025 *We Can Be Heroes* pincushion at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition curated by Farshid Moussavi.
## Film
*Helen David's 37 Seasons*, documentary directed by Oliver David, Winner of the Sarajevo Fashion Film Festival 2024 Documentary Award
## Books
- McDermott, Catherine & David, Helen, (1994), \"English Eccentrics The Textile Designs of Helen Littman\", Phaidon, `{{ISBN|1-85454-205-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ed. by Breward, Christopher and Wood, Ghislaine, (2012) \"British Design from 1948: Innovation in the Modern Age\", V and A books, `{{ISBN|978-1-85177-674-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- Marnie Fogg, (2009), \"1980s Fashion Print\", Batsford, `{{ISBN|978-1-906388-41-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- John Sorrell, (2009) \"Creative Island 2\", Laurence King Publishing Ltd, `{{ISBN|978-1-85669-626-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- Richard Martin, (1989), \"Fashion and Surrealism\", Thames and Hudson, `{{ISBN|0-500-27550-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ed
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# Kvarken Bridge
**Kvarken Bridge** (*Merenkurkun silta*, *Kvarkenbron*) is a proposed bridge between Sweden and Finland across the strait of Kvarken as a part of the European route E12. The cost of the bridge has been estimated to about 1.5 to 2 billion euros. There are islands in the strait, and the sum of the lengths of the probably three bridge parts would be about 40 km. The Swedish minister of finance has said it is an interesting idea, but the idea is still decades from being brought to fruition. There is a debate in the coastal cities on both sides, like Umeå in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland.
The working group for the bridge has proposed a three-step programme:
1. To ensure that there is a ferry connection across the Kvarken. The current connection operated by RG Line is unprofitable.
2. To build a ferry harbour on Replot, Korsholm, to shorten the current travel time of 6 hours to about 5.
3. To build a bridge across the Kvarken.
In 2007, the Swedish Västerbotten business owners\' association planned to commission a report into the significance of a bridge for the development of the region.
In 2024, Finland announced that it would spend 200,000 euros on preliminary studies for a future bridge.
A part of the area examined for a future bridge is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. If a future bridge were to avoid this area completely, the cost of a future bridge would rise considerably
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# Muzharul Islam
**Muzharul Islam** (25 December 1923 -- 15 July 2012) was a Bangladeshi architect, urban planner, educator and activist. He is considered as the Grand Master of regional modernism in South Asia.`{{by whom|date=July 2019}}`{=mediawiki} Islam is the pioneer of modern architecture in Bangladesh and the father of Bangali modernism. Islam\'s style and influence dominated the architectural scene in the country during the 1960s and 70s, along with major US architects he brought to work in Dhaka.
As a teacher`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki}, architect, social and political activist, Islam set the course of architectural practice in the country not only through his own many varied works but also through being instrumental in inviting architects like Louis Kahn`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki}, Richard Neutra, Stanley Tigerman, Paul Rudolph, Robert Boughey and Konstantinos Doxiadis to work in Bangladesh.
## Early life {#early_life}
Muzharul Islam was born on 25 December 1923 in Murshidabad. He went to the United States in 1950 where he received his bachelor\'s degree in architecture from the University of Oregon. In 1956, he received a scholarship to study tropical architecture at the AA School of Architecture, London. In 1961, he completed his post-graduation under Paul Rudolph from Yale University. At Yale Stanley Tigerman was one of his classmates, and there he came in touch with Louis I Kahn. Muzharul Islam began his career by designing two buildings in the Shahbag area in 1955 -- Dhaka University Library and College of Arts and Crafts. Between 1958 and 1964, Islam was an architect in C&B Dept of the Government of East Pakistan.
## Career
His most important work was born when the Governor\'s Conference of Pakistan decided in 1959, under the leadership of President Ayub Khan, that Dhaka will be *second capital* of Pakistan. The government decided to build a capital complex at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. Muzharul Islam was given to design Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} (National Assembly Building of Bangladesh). But, he brought his teacher Louis Kahn`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} into the project to do a significant work for future generation. Islam worked closely with him from 1965 to Kahn\'s death in 1973.`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
Along with Kahn,`{{by whom|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} he also brought Paul Rudolph and Stanley Tigerman to work in Bangladesh, and three of them came to be known as the *American Trio*. Apart from the *Trio*, it was Islam\'s monumental style that dominated Bangladesh architecture from the 1950s onwards.
His major works include -- Jahangirnagar University, Chittagong University, Central Public Library, Charukala Institute, the Azimpur Estate, Rangmati township, and a number of Polytechnic Institutes. Islam designed the master plan of Dhaka City.
## Awards
- Institute of Architects, Bangladesh Gold Medal, 1993
- He was awarded the Honorable Fellowship, American Institute of Architects at the National convention of the Institute at Dallas, Texas in 1999.
- He was an honourable member of the Master Jury of the First Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Geneva, 1980.
- Islam has been a jury member for several national and international design competitions and awards including:
- The Aga Khan Award for Architecture
- design contest for Faisal Mosque competition in Islamabad
- design contests for the headquarters building of the Islamic Development Bank in Jeddah
- Headquarters building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building at Riyadh, which won Aga Khan Award for Architecture
- He was awarded Independence Day Award in 1999, the highest state award of Bangladesh.
A documentary film on Mazharul Islam named *Tini (The Architect)* was released by Institute of Architects Bangladesh in 2000, which was directed by Enamul Karim Nirjhar.
## Notable works {#notable_works}
Year Project Image Location Comments
---------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1953--54 College of Arts and Crafts Shahbag, Dhaka
Dhaka University Library University of Dhaka
Bangladesh National Archives and Library Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka
1962 Housing for class IV Employees Azimpur Estate, Dhaka
1963--64 Railway Rehabilitation Zone Khilgaon, Dhaka Plan for the project
Rangamati Town Rangamati, CHT Plan for the project
1963--65 BCSIR Laboratory Buildings Dhanmondi, Dhaka
1964 National Institute of Public Administration Building Shahbag, Dhaka
1965--71 Headquarters Building, Agricultural Development Corporation Motijheel, Dhaka 14 storied
5 polytechnic institutes Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, Sylhet and Barisal In collaboration with Arch. Stanley Tigerman
EFU Building (Jiban Bima Bhaban) Project Motijheel, Dhaka 27 storied
Road Research Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh
1968--71 Chittagong University master plan and designs Chittagong University, Chittagong Designs for students\' hostel, humanities building, science building, administrative building, readers\' quarters, VC\'s quarters, professors\' quarters, storage and godowns
Housing for Ruppur Atomic Energy Complex Savar, Dhaka
Jahangirnagar University Master Plan and designs Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka Designs for students\' hostel, readers quarters and class IV employees\' quarters
1980--84 Jaipurhat Limestone and cement Project Jaipurhat, Bangladesh Master plan, housing for 200 officers, housing for 1700 employees, clinic and hospital, clinic and hospital, bazaar and mosque
National Library Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka
1987 Office Building for the World Bank Dhaka, Bangladesh
1995 Garden City Project Dhaka, Bangladesh 20 storied
2008 Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam Dhaka, Bangladesh
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# Muzharul Islam
## Death
Muzharul Islam died on 15 July 2012 at 12.06 am in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was aged 88.
## Publications
Some publication featured Muzharul Islam:
- Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 22, 15th Editions 1986, page- 99.
- Architectural Review, London, April 1960, Page-155.
- Environments, Volume 19, Number 2, 1988, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Page-55 to 60.
- Architecture + Design, New Delhi, India, May--June 1988, page- 26 to 32 & 36.
\+ Mimar magazine, 1989, Page 55-63.
- The Sangbad, Dhaka, 23 December 1993, Page-12.
- Daily Bhorer Kagoj, Dhaka, 24 December 1993, Page-9.
- Daily Bhorer Kagoj, Dhaka, 7 March 1994, Page-12.
- Weekly Holiday, Dhaka, 31 December 1993, Page-6.
- Daily Star, Dhaka, August 2000.
- Exhibition, \"An Architecture of Independence: The Making of Modern South Asia,\" on the Works of Four Architects of the Indian Sub-Continent; New York, Philadelphia, 1997, Curated by Kazi Khaleed Ashraf and James Bellurado.
- Exhibition of Architecture in Bangladesh, "Pundranagar" to Sher-e-Bangla Nagar (350 B.C. to present time), 1997. Edited by Raziul Ahsan, Kazi Khaleed Ashraf and Saif Ul Haque.
- An Architecture of Independence : The Making of Modern South Asia, 1997, University of Pennsylvania, Edited by Kazi Khaleed Ashraf and James Belluardo.
- The India International Centre Quarterly: Monsoon 1997, Volume- 24, Number 2--3.
- Architect Muzharul Islam and Chicago Architect Stanly Tigerman did the elaborate study on typology and tectonics, ecology, climate and materials. Their study resulted in a major report, which was featured in the September 1968 issue of "Architectural Record\".
- Vastukatha: Selected Sayings of Architect Muzharul Islam \| বাস্তুকথা: স্থপতি মাজহারুল ইসলামের নির্বাচিত উক্তি, Edited by Kazi Khaleed Ashraf and Saif Ul Haque, Published by BI Books -Bengal Publications
- Muzharul Islam Architect, Edited by Fuad H Mallick, Zainab Faruqui Ali
- স্থপতি মাজহারুল ইসলাম, সম্পাদনা - আবুল হাসনাত
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# Muzharul Islam
## Quotes
- \"Symbol for what? Symbol of what? Symbol of whom?\... The hesitation in my mind has deep roots. I feel that human society has been kept in darkness for thousands of years by the use of symbols. I revolt against it. By raising the issue of symbols, in the name of symbols, my perspective has been kept limited.\"
- \"Cities should provide the environment for civilized life within the context of our own culture\... The city can develop only as a part of the physical environment of the country- with the ultimate aim of abolishing all differences between the city and the rural areas. The traditional relationship with nature (still existing to a certain extent in the village of Bangladesh) should be continued in the cities.\"
- \"The artistic qualities are essence of architecture. The practical aspects of architecture are measurable -- such as, the practical requirements, climatic judgements, the advantages and limitations of the site etc. -- but the humanistic aspects are not measurable. This depends on the talent, sensitivity and creativity of the architect. Only some bookish knowledge is not a sufficient tool in this regard. One has to be creative. One has to love his own land, its people and its culture and think profoundly about these. The love of one\'s own land is the eternal source of creative power, which in turn, makes a proper architect.\"
- \"You have to be a world man and a Bengali. It\'s impossible otherwise\... When I mention standing on one\'s own soil\... it is to find oneself, but not to find oneself and become stagnant. What I am seeking is to stand on one\'s own feet and then to proceed forward. If for that reason I have to take two steps backward to go one step forward. I have no problem with that. I think that there is no other way of moving forward
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# Gift (Curve album)
***Gift*** is the fourth studio album to be released by the British alternative rock band Curve.
Following two years of legal wrangles between the group and their then record company, Universal Records, the online success of Curve\'s self-released album *Open Day at the Hate Fest* convinced Universal - who had been threatening to shelve the album completely - to market it in the United States in 2001 under the Hip-O Records brand. The UK version was released a year later by FatLip Recordings in collaboration with Artful Records. A year after that, the album was released in Australia by Hoop Culture Records.
The album was co-produced by Ben Grosse and Curve. Apart from Curve mainstays Dean Garcia and Toni Halliday, additional musicians who contributed to the album were Kevin Shields, Steve Monti, Alan Moulder, Flood, Rob Holliday, Geno Lenardo, Ben Grosse and Alan Wilder.
Of the songs on the record, \"Hell Above Water\" has gained the highest public profile as a result of its use in the trailer for the 2002 film *Spider-Man*, within the 2003 film *Bookies* and the 2004 film *Mindhunters*, the trailer for the 2008 film *Iron Man*, and within the 2008 film *Lakeview Terrace*. It is also featured in the PlayStation 2 game *Gran Turismo 4*, the PlayStation 3 game *MotorStorm* and an episode for the popular crime drama *CSI* (Episode 207, \"Caged\")
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# Varley
**Varley** is a surname. The surname is either an English surname of Norman origin or an Irish surname of native Irish (Gaelic) origin. In Irish the surname is *Mac an Bhearshúiligh* (for a man) and *Nic an Bhearshúiligh* (for a woman) (but also sometimes in Irish it is written as *Uí Bhearshúiligh* (O\'Varley) or *Mac / Ní / Uí a Bhearsula or Mac / Ní / Uí an Bhearlaigh.*
## Origins
As a northern English surname, it originates in Normandy and Picardy in France as an habitational name from Verly in Aisne, Picardy, France (or from Vesly (La Manche) or Vesly (Eure), or Vrély (Somme), all in Normandy or Picardy (modern day Hauts-de-France) in France), so named from the Gallo-Roman personal name *Virilius* + the locative suffix *-acum*. Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, over the centuries the original Norman French *de Verli* or *de Verley,* came to be written as Varley.[1](https://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Varley) It is said that the *Magni Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniae* records that Robert de Verlie, Normandy 1180-95 and Robert de Verli held land in Norfolk in 1086. Hugh and William de Verli held lands in Essex and York and later, Torald`{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} de Verli gave lands to Salop Abbey, c. 1100. This originally Norman version of the name is overwhelmingly found in West Yorkshire and Lancashire in northern England.
As an Irish surname, it is a Connacht name, found particularly in the counties of Mayo and Galway, with a concentration in the 1901 and 1911 censuses of Ireland around the Mayo-Galway border at Cong, The Neale, *An Fháirthí* (or Clonbur in the Connemara Gaeltacht), and at Belclare (near Tuam) Foxhall (near Loughrea), Ballinrobe, Kilmaine, Houndswood, Burriscarra, Kilcommon etc. The Irish surname Varley is from the Irish *Mac / Ní / Uí an Bhearshúiligh*, *Mac Giolla Bhearshúiligh,* Mac a *Bhearsula, or* *Mac an Bhearlaigh* (literally \"son / daughter / descendent of the sharp eyed man\"). The name was Anglicised variously as Varely, Varily, Varley, Varrilly, Varrelly, Varly, Farley etc. In County Armagh, *Mac Giolla Bhearshúiligh* was Anglicised as Vallelly and MacIlvallelly. The censuses for England and Wales from 1841 to 1921 show many Varley families were born in Ireland among the majority who were born in England. E.g. in the 1911 census for England and Wales there is a Varley family of 10 all born in County Mayo, Ireland and recorded living in Morley, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Almost all people recorded with the surname Varley in the 1901 and 1911 censuses of Ireland were recorded as being able to speak Irish (and more often than not also English).
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# Varley
## Notable people with the surname Varley {#notable_people_with_the_surname_varley}
- Adrian Varley (Irish: *Adrian Mac an Bhearlaigh*) Irish Gaelic footballer for New York GAA, and formerly for Galway GAA and Cortoon Shamrocks GAA in County Galway
- Dr. Anthony (Tony) Varley, Irish academic, Political Science & Sociology, National University of Ireland, Galway.
- Aoife and Niamh Varley (sometimes McDonnell) (born 1997), Irish conjoined twins born (in Manchester, England) to Joan Varley of Castlebar, Co Mayo.
- Beatrice Varley (1896--1964), British actress
- C. F. Varley (1828--1883), British electrical engineer
- Cornelius Varley (1781--1873), English artist
- Damien Varley (b. 1983), former Irish rugby union player who represented Munster and Ireland.
- Darren Varley (1973--1999), Canadian manslaughter victim
- Declan Varley (born 1965, Ballinrobe, County Mayo) Irish journalist and author, Editor of the *Galway Advertiser* in County Galway.
- Enda Varley (Irish: *Éanna Mac an Bhearlaigh)*, Irish Gaelic footballer for Mayo GAA, St Vincent\'s GAA in Dublin and Garrymore GAA in County Mayo.
- Eric Varley (1932--2008), English politician
- Fleetwood Varley (1862--1936), British sport shooter
- Frank Bradley Varley (1885--1929), English politician
- Frederick Horsman Varley (1881--1969), Canadian artist
- Gez Varley, British Techno musician and DJ
- H. Paul Varley (1931-2015), American academic
- Harry Varley (1867--1915), English rugby union footballer
- Isobel Varley (1937-2015), British Guinness Book of World Records recognised tattooed senior
- Dr Jarlath Varley, Irish academic and medical practitioner, a Director at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland\'s School of Nursing & Midwifery in Dublin, Ireland.
- Jarlath Varley, former Irish Gaelic footballer and senior team captain (in 2012 and 2013) for Garrymore GAA in Killeenrevagh, County Mayo, Ireland and current club officer with Garrymore GAA.
- John Varley (disambiguation), several people of that name
- Julia Varley (1871--1952), Bradford, West Yorkshire, English trade unionist and suffragette.
- Kate Varley, Irish journalist with RTE. Formerly of ITV and BBC in the United Kingdom.
- Liam Varley (Irish: *Liam Mac an Bhearlaigh*), Irish Hurler for Westmeath GAA
- Luke Varley (Irish: *Lúcás Mac an Bhearshúiligh*), Member of the South Mayo Brigade of the Irish Republican Army (I.R.A) during the Irish War of Independence.
- Lynn Varley, American comic colourist
- Martin Varley, Secretary General of the Irish Hospital Consultants Association (IHCA)[2](https://www.ihca.ie/profile/secretariat)
- Natalya Varley (b. 1947), Russian film and theatre actress
- Patrick Varley (Irish: *Padraig* *Mac an Bhearshúiligh*), Member of the South Mayo Brigade of the Irish Republican Army (I.R.A) during the Irish War of Independence. He took part in the Battle (or Ambush) of Toormakeady on 3 May 1921, where a small IRA group ambushed R.I.C and Black and Tans forces.
- Paul Varley (Irish: *Pól Mac an Bhearlaigh*) Irish Gaelic footballer for Galway GAA and Cortoon Shamrocks GAA in County Galway
- Paul Varley (1949-2008), English musician
- Susan Varley (b. 1961), British children\'s book illustrator
- William Varley (1880--1968), American Olympic rower
- Will Varley (b. 1987), English musician
## Places
- Ballyvarley (Irish: *Baile Uí Mhearlaigh*), a townland in Aghaderg civil parish, County Down, Northern Ireland.
- Varley, Western Australia
- Varley\'s Bridge (Irish: *Droichead Uí Bhearshúiligh*), Pollacorragune, Tuam, County Galway, Ireland. Limestone railway bridge, built c.1894, over Athenry, Co Galway to Claremorris, Co Mayo railway line.
- Varley\'s Island (Irish: *Oileán an Bhearshúiligh*), Cloonbrone, Cong, County Galway, Ireland.
- Varley\'s field, Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England.
- Varley Road, Slaithwaite, West Yorkshire, England.
- Varley Street, Colne, Borough of Pendle, Lancashire, England.
- Varley Street, Miles Platting, Manchester, England.
- Varley Street, Stanningley, Pudsey, West Yorkshire, England.
## Other
- Aghaderg Gaelic Athletics Club & Ballyvarley Hurling Club, County Down, Northern Ireland.
- T.F. Varley public house, Headford, County Galway, Ireland.
- Varley Transport Limited, Haulage Contractors, *An Fhairche /* Clonbur, County Galway, Ireland
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# Australian Postgraduate Awards
The **Australian Postgraduate Awards** (APA) was a scholarship program, founded by the Australian Federal Government, designed to support postgraduate research training, which was awarded to students of \"exceptional research potential\". The allocation each tertiary institution received was based in part on its overall research performance.
The grant of the award was very competitive and based on the student achieving a minimum of first class honours or equivalent.
In 2013 a full-time APA recipient received a stipend of A\$24,653, and a part-time student A\$12,326. The scholarship was tax-free, and indexed annually. The stipend was provided for two years for a masters student, and three years for a PhD student, with a possibility of a six-month extension.
From 1 January 2017, the Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) ceased and, along with the International Postgraduate Research Scholarship (IPRS), and the Research Training Scheme (RTS), was replaced by the Research Training Program (RTP). The Australian Government funded scholarships for domestic and international students undertaking research doctorate and research master\'s degrees at eligible Australian universities through the RTP.
All APA students transitioned to RTP scholarships from 1 January 2017
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# Beau James
***Beau James*** is a 1957 American drama film directed by Melville Shavelson and starring Bob Hope, Vera Miles, Paul Douglas and Alexis Smith. It is based on a non-fiction book of the same name by Gene Fowler. The film features Hope in a rare dramatic role as Jimmy Walker, the colorful but controversial Mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932.
## Plot
In 1925, New York\'s governor, Al Smith, persuades state senator James J. \"Jimmy\" Walker that the Democratic Party needs him to run for mayor of New York City. A concern on Jimmy\'s part is his estrangement from wife Allie, but he discovers that she is willing to go along with his political aims.
Under the guidance of Chris Nolan, his political mentor, Jimmy wins the election in a landslide. He later learns, though, that Allie has no intention of renewing their relationship. She is simply satisfied to be the great city\'s first lady.
A drunken Jimmy is found on a park bench by Betty Compton, who takes him home, not knowing who he is. She scolds him for his behavior upon learning Jimmy is the mayor, and a mutual attraction develops. He uses his political connections to help find her a job.
Such favors and graft become a focal point in 1929\'s reelection campaign, when opponent Fiorello LaGuardia mocks the mayor publicly and questions the current administration\'s integrity. Jimmy also goes bankrupt as a result of the stock market crash, and Betty grows despondent over his inability or unwillingness to get Allie to consent to a divorce.
Still popular with the public, Jimmy is reelected. He tries to bring Betty to his victory party, but it is against his colleagues\' wishes. Tired of being hidden, Betty attempts suicide. She is hustled out of the country by Chris and impulsively marries a man who has been courting her.
The charges against Jimmy lead fellow Democrats to believe he could hurt Franklin D. Roosevelt\'s presidential hopes for 1932. Jimmy admits to having accepted bribes and favors, claiming all successful politicians do. His popularity erodes. Spectators at a Yankee Stadium baseball game boo him for the first time. Jimmy offers his resignation as mayor in a speech from the field. He decides to leave New York, whereupon Betty, after a quick divorce, intends to join him, married or not.
## Cast
- Bob Hope as James J. Walker
- Vera Miles as Betty Compton
- Paul Douglas as Chris Nolan
- Alexis Smith as Allie Walker
- Darren McGavin as Charley Hand
- Joe Mantell as Bernie Williams
- Horace McMahon as Prosecutor
- Richard Shannon as Dick Jackson
- Willis Bouchey as Arthur Julian
- Sid Melton as Sid Nash
- George Jessel as himself
- Walter Catlett as Al Smith
- Jack Benny as himself (uncredited)
- Jimmy Durante as himself (uncredited)
- Dick Nelson as Franklin D. Roosevelt (uncredited)
- Joe Turkel as Reporter (uncredited)
## Production
*Beau James* was the second of two major dramatic roles Hope ever attempted in his long film career, the first being *The Seven Little Foys* released two years earlier. *Beau James* also marked his final film for Paramount Pictures, ending a 20-year association with the studio that began with Hope\'s breakthrough role in *The Big Broadcast of 1938* (1938). American prints of this film are narrated by Walter Winchell; in Britain, the film was narrated by Alistair Cooke.
One of the more memorable lines is when Walker is asked at a baseball game about a personal conduct scandal and replies: \"My comment, and you can quote me, is I hope the Yankees win.\" Although Walker was actually the 97th mayor of New York, in a scene with reporters after his election, Hope claims he was the 100th.
The film includes cameo musical appearances by Jimmy Durante and Jack Benny as themselves. This was the final film of veteran comic actor Walter Catlett. Stock music from composers Elmer Bernstein, Nelson Riddle, David Rose and Victor Young is used throughout
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# Harry W. Musselwhite
**Harry Webster Musselwhite** (May 23, 1868 -- December 14, 1955) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
Musselwhite was born on a farm near Coldwater, Michigan and attended the district school and the high school there. He apprenticed, and was later employed, as a printer in Coldwater from 1886 to 1888. He then moved to Detroit and was employed as a newspaper reporter from 1888 to 1905. He then served as city editor and sports writer of the *Grand Rapids Herald* in Grand Rapids from 1905 to 1914,
Musselwhite moved to Manistee and became owner, editor, and publisher of the *Manistee Daily News-Advocate* from 1915 to 1928. He was supervisor of census for Michigan\'s 9th congressional district in 1920 and for the fourth district in 1930. He was also a member and vice chairman of the Michigan Hospital Commission from 1927 to 1932.
In 1932, running as a Democratic candidate, Musselwhite defeated incumbent Republican U.S. Representative James C. McLaughlin to be elected from Michigan\'s 9th congressional district to the 73rd Congress, serving from March 4, 1933 to January 3, 1935. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1934 to the 74th Congress, losing to Republican Albert J. Engel.
After leaving Congress, Musselwhite engaged in the management of newspaper properties until his retirement. He was a Congregationalist and a member of Freemasons, Shriners, Eagles, and Elks. He died in San Lorenzo, California and is interred at Cypress Lawn Cemetery of Coloma
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# Half-time (music)
*Doubletime*\|other uses \|Double Time (disambiguation){{!}}Double Time}}
In popular music, **half-time** is a type of meter and tempo that alters the rhythmic feel by essentially *doubling the tempo resolution* or metric division/level in comparison to common-time. Thus, two measures of `{{music|time|4|4}}`{=mediawiki} approximate a single measure of `{{music|time|8|8}}`{=mediawiki}, while a single measure of 4/4 emulates 2/2. Half-time is not to be confused with *alla breve* or odd time. Though notes usually get the same value relative to the tempo, the way the beats are divided is altered. While much music typically has a backbeat on quarter note (crotchet) beats two and four, half time would increase the interval between backbeats to double, thus making it hit on beats three and seven, or the third beat of each measure (count out of an 8 beat measure (bar), common practice in half time):
`1 `**`2`**` 3 `**`4`**` 1 `**`2`**` 3 `**`4`**\
`1 `**`2`**` 3 `**`4`**` 5 `**`6`**` 7 `**`8`**\
`1 `**`2`**` 3 `**`4`**
Essentially, a half time \'groove\' is one that expands one measure over the course of two. The *length* of each note is doubled while its *frequency* is halved.
## Common-time {#common_time}
Time signatures are defined by how they divide the measure. In \"common\" time, often considered `{{music|time|4|4}}`{=mediawiki}, each level is divided in two. In a common-time rock drum pattern each measure (a whole note) is divided in two by the bass drum (half note), each half is divided in two by the snare drum (quarter note, collectively the bass and snare divide the measure into four), and each quarter note is divided in two by a ride pattern (eighth note). \"Half\"-time refers to halving this division (divide each measure into quarter notes with the ride pattern), while \"double\"-time refers to doubling this division (divide each measure into sixteenth notes with the ride pattern).
## Half-time {#half_time}
\>\> \\layout {indent=0}
\\midi { \\tempo 4 = 100 }
}\|width=320\|align=center\|caption=Half time: notice the snare moves to beats 3 of measures (bars) one and two (beats 3 & 7) while the hi-hat plays only on the quarter notes (quavers). Note also, for example, that the quarter notes \'sound like\' eighth notes in one giant measure.\|max-width=400}} A classic example is the **half-time shuffle**, a variation of a shuffle rhythm, which is used extensively in hip-hop and some blues music. Some of the variations of the basic groove are notoriously difficult to play on drum set. It is also a favorite in some pop and rock tunes. Some classic examples are the Purdie Shuffle by Bernard Purdie which appears in \"Home At Last\" and \"Babylon Sisters\", both of which are Steely Dan songs. \"Fool in the Rain\" by Led Zeppelin uses a derivation of the Purdie Shuffle, and Jeff Porcaro of Toto created a hybridization of the Zeppelin and Purdie shuffles called the Rosanna shuffle for the track \"Rosanna\".
In half time, the *feel* of notes are chopped in half, but the actual time *value* remains the same. For example, at the same tempo, 8th notes (quavers) would sound like 16ths (semiquavers). In the case of the half time shuffle, triplets sound like 16th note (semiquaver) triplets, etc. By preserving the tempo, the beat is stretched by a factor of 2.
## Double-time {#double_time}
*Alla breve*}} `{{Other uses|Double Time (disambiguation){{!}}`{=mediawiki}Double Time}}
In music and dance, **double-time** is a type of meter and tempo or rhythmic feel by essentially *halving the tempo resolution* or metric division/level. It is also associated with specific time signatures such as `{{music|time|2|2}}`{=mediawiki}. Contrast with half time.
In jazz the term means using note values twice as fast as previously but without changing the pace of the chord progressions. It is often used during improvised solos.
\"Double time \[is\] doubling a rhythm pattern within its original bar structure
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# S4!Sash!
***S4!Sash!*** is the fourth studio album by the German producer team Sash!. The album was a two-disc set, released in 2002. Three singles were also released from the record. The most successful single was \"Ganbareh!\", which reached No.43 in the German and Australian charts. \"Ganbareh\" featured vocalist Mikio and was released on June 24, 2002.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Overture\" (featuring T.J. Davis)
2. \"Ganbareh\" (featuring Mikio)
3. \"I Believe\" (featuring T.J. Davis)
4. \"The Sunset\" (featuring Georgina Collins)
5. \"The Secret\" (featuring Sarah Brightman)
6. \"Run\" (featuring Boy George)
7. \"Rainforest\"
8. \"Nessun Dorma\"
9. \"Luna Llena\" (featuring La Isla)
10. \"Habibi\" (featuring DJ Sammy Sam)
11. \"Peace of Mind\" (featuring Kirstin)
12. \"Baila Loca\"
13. \"Stop Pushin\'\" (featuring Marvin Broadie)
14. \"S4! Sash!\"
15. \"The Walk\"
16
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| 0 |
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# Des Connolly
**Des Connolly** was a footballer from County Laois.
Connolly was a native of Ballyfoyle in the Ballylinan parish but played all his club football with the Carlow border club, Graiguecullen.
Considered to be one of Laois\'s greatest ever players, he was however only a substitute when the county won the Leinster Senior Football Championship final against Kildare in 1946.
Laois didn\'t win the Leinster Senior Football Championship again until 2003 when Mick O\'Dwyer led them to victory
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| 0 |
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# Encore Une Fois – The Greatest Hits
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unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Denmark|8|artist=Sash!|album=Encore Une Fois - Best of Sash!|rowheader=true|accessdate=15 February 2021}}
^
``
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# Kalasa
**Kalasa** is a taluk located in Chikmagalur district in Karnataka. Kalasa is home to the Kalaseshwara Temple dedicated to Shiva. Kalasa lies 92 Kilometres West of Chickmagalur and is located on the banks of the Bhadra River. Kannada language is spoken here.
## Santara dynasty {#santara_dynasty}
The history of this region is also associated with the Santara dynasty, a medieval ruling dynasty located in present-day Karnataka, India.
Edgar Thurston mentions that the Santaras were among the powerful Bunt chiefs who seem to have exercised control over a greater part of the Tulu Nadu before the rise of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Santaras were Jains and had matrimonial relations with the Saivite Alupa royal family of the canara region. The Santaras built a number of Jain monuments and were responsible for the spread of Jainism in the Tulu Nadu and Malenadu region of Karnataka. During this period, the Santara ruler Veera Pandya Bhairarasa erected the monolith of Bahubali in Karkala.
## Religious and tourist places {#religious_and_tourist_places}
**Temples**
- kalaseshwara Temple
- Girijamba Temple
- Sri Subramanya temple, Haluvalli
- Sri Chennakeshava temple, Balehole
- Annapoorneshwari Temple, Horanadu
**Other places**
- Kyatanamakki hill station
- Meruthi gudda
- Samse tea estate
- Kudremukh
## Culture and Tradition {#culture_and_tradition}
Due to the proximity of Kalasa to the coastal districts, cultural appropriation has taken place. Many cultures, including Deity worship, Bhutakola, Yakshagana, and coastal arts have been part of the native culture. Along with this, the use of Tulu language is also prevalent.
## Transport
Kalasa lies amidst Malenadu at a distance of 119 km from Mangalore, 310 km from Bengaluru and 85 km from district headquarters Chikmagalur. Horanadu is at a distance of 9 km and Kudremukha National park is at a distance of 23 km from Kalasa.Kalasa can be reached by KSRTC and private buses. Nearest railway station is Chikmagalur railway station. The nearest airport is Mangalore International Airport previously known as Bajpe airport situated in Mangalore
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# 1984 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's slalom
This is a list of statistics for the **Men\'s slalom** in the **World Cup 1983/1984**.
## Calendar
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Round | Race No | Place | Country | Date | Winner | Second | Third |
+=======+=========+======================+=========+===================+==================+==================+======================================================+
| 1 | 1 | Kranjska Gora | | December 2, 1983 | Andreas Wenzel | Petar Popangelov | Paul Frommelt |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | 7 | Courmayeur | | December 13, 1983 | Ingemar Stenmark | Bojan Križaj | Steve Mahre |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | 10 | Madonna di Campiglio | | December 20, 1983 | Ingemar Stenmark | Robert Zoller | Petar Popangelov |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | 15 | Parpan | | January 16, 1984 | Marc Girardelli | Paolo De Chiesa | Andreas Wenzel |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | 16 | Parpan | | January 17, 1984 | Ingemar Stenmark | Marc Girardelli | Franz Gruber |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | 19 | Kitzbühel | | January 22, 1984 | Marc Girardelli | Franz Gruber | Bojan Križaj |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | 27 | Borovets | | February 5, 1984 | Marc Girardelli | Ingemar Stenmark | Franz Gruber |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 8 | 30 | Vail | | March 6, 1984 | Robert Zoller | Petar Popangelov | Phil Mahre\ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Lars-Göran Halvarsson |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | 34 | Åre | | March 18, 1984 | Marc Girardelli | Franz Gruber | Lars-Göran Halvarsson |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | 37 | Oslo | | March 24, 1984 | Marc Girardelli | Ingemar Stenmark | Paolo De Chiesa |
+-------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s slalom World Cup 1983/84 the best 5 results count. Deduction are given in ()
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# Jeff Wrightson
**Jeffrey George \"Jeff\" Wrightson** (born 18 May 1968) is an English former footballer who made 170 appearances in the Football League playing as a defender for Newcastle United and Preston North End. He went on to play for a number of non-League clubs, in particular Gateshead where he made more than 200 appearances and where from 2007 to 2010 he was assistant manager.
## Career
Wrightson was born in Newcastle upon Tyne. He began his football career as a member of Wallsend Boys Club, then signed apprentice forms with his hometown club Newcastle United when he left school in 1984. He played alongside future England international Paul Gascoigne in the Newcastle youth team that won the 1985 FA Youth Cup. Wrightson played four games in the Football League First Division before being released at the end of the 1986--87 season.
Wrightson joined Preston North End, newly promoted to the Third Division and managed by former Newcastle United defender John McGrath. Used mainly as a substitute in his first few months with the club, he played more regularly later in the season and helped the club to a mid-table position. The following season, Preston adopted a three-man defensive line, with Wrightson playing alongside Bob Atkins and Adrian Hughes; they reached the end-of-season playoffs only to lose to eventual winners Port Vale.
Wrightson won the club\'s Player of the Year award in the 1990--91 season, but was released at the end of the next season after turning down the offer of a new two-year contract. He had scored five goals from nearly 200 games in all competitions. After an unsuccessful trial with Blackpool he returned to his native north-east, where he signed for non-league Gateshead. In five seasons with the club he made a total of 226 appearances, before enjoying spells with Yeovil Town, Spennymoor United and Blyth Spartans.
He coached juniors at Walker Central BC for three years, before returning to Gateshead in May 2007 as assistant to former Newcastle and Preston teammate Ian Bogie, newly appointed as first team manager. In 2008 they led the club to promotion to the Conference North, and promotion to the Conference National the following season. Wrightson left Gateshead after the 2009--10 season, as he was unable to commit to a full-time role for the following season.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His son Kieran played youth and reserve football for Newcastle United and currently plays Non-League football for North Shields F.C
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# Lists of languages
This page is a list of **lists of languages**.
## Published lists {#published_lists}
- SIL International\'s *Ethnologue: Languages of the World* lists over `{{formatnum:7100}}`{=mediawiki} spoken and signed languages.
- The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns codes for most languages; see ISO 639
- List of ISO 639-1 codes -- two-letter codes (184 major languages)
- List of ISO 639-2 codes -- three-letter codes
- ISO 639 macrolanguage -- ISO 639-2 codes used as ISO 639-3 codes
- **List of ISO 639-3 codes** -- three-letter codes, intended to \"cover all known natural languages\"
- List of ISO 639-5 codes -- three-letter codes for language families and groups
- IETF language tag -- depends on ISO 639, but provides various expansion mechanisms
- Glottolog
- Linguasphere Observatory (LS-2010, totaling over 32,800 coded entries and over 70,900 linguistic names)
## English Wikipedia list articles {#english_wikipedia_list_articles}
- Index of language articles
### Comprehensive lists {#comprehensive_lists}
Lists which are global in scope (all living natural languages would classify for inclusion):
- by country:
- List of official languages by country and territory
- Number of languages by country
- by name: List of language names (native names)
- by phylogenetic relation: List of language families (phylogenetic)
- by primary language family: List of Afro-Asiatic languages, List of Austronesian languages, List of Indo-European languages, List of Mayan languages, List of Mongolic languages, List of Oto-Manguean languages, List of Tungusic languages, List of Turkic languages, List of Uralic languages
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# Firetips
**Firetips** or **firetail skippers** are skipper butterflies in the subfamily **Pyrrhopyginae** (family Hesperiidae). The roughly 150 species are found only in the Neotropics, with the exception of one species which just reaches into the United States. Their common names refer to the red tuft at the end of the abdomen of many Pyrrhopyginae
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# Joe Daly (comics)
**Joe Daly** (born 23 March 1979) is an English-born South African comics artist and writer. His first American work titled *Scrublands* was described as an \"introverted dreamlike stream-of-consciousness\" and \"over-the-top postmodern vaudevillian\". His other works include the *Red Monkey Double Happiness Book*, the *Dungeon Quest* book series, and Highbone Theatre. His work has also appeared in Bitterkomix, Mome, and Kramers Ergot comic anthologies. Joe Daly\'s books are predominantly published by Fantagraphics Books, in Seattle, U.S.A, and L\'Association, in Paris, France.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in London, United Kingdom, Daly studied animation for two years at Cape Town\'s City Varsity
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# 1732 in Ireland
Events from the year **1732 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George II
## Events
- 8 March -- report of a House of Lords committee on the \'state of popery\'.
- 10 March -- act reduces the interest rate on loans to 6%.
- Conor Begley and Hugh MacCartin\'s English-Irish dictionary is published in Paris.
- Trinity College Library in Dublin, designed by Thomas Burgh, is completed.
## Births
- 15 May -- John Blaquiere, 1st Baron de Blaquiere, soldier and politician (d. 1812)
- 25 November -- Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim, politician (d. 1804)
- Full date unknown -- Henry Flood, statesman (d. 1791)
## Deaths
- 3 July *(buried)* -- Mary Davys, novelist, poet and playwright (b. 1674)
- 7 July -- John Sale, lawyer and MP (b. circa 1675)
- 2 December -- Constantia Grierson, editor, poet and classical scholar (b
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# J. D. Brookhart
**Joseph Daniel Brookhart** (born October 17, 1964) is an American football coach and former player. He is the wide receivers coach for the University of Akron, a position he has held since 2024. He was formerly an assistant coach at the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he was hired as passing game coordinator, tight ends coach, and special teams coordinator on Jon Embree\'s staff in December 2010. Brookhart was the head coach at the University of Akron from 2004 to 2009, compiling a record of 30--42. His Akron Zips won the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in 2005, and he was honored as the MAC Coach of the Year the previous season. Brookhart played college football at Brigham Young University as a freshman walk-on before transferring to Colorado State University. He has also served as an assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh and with the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL).
## Playing career {#playing_career}
As a three-year starter at wide receiver for the Colorado State Rams, Brookhart finished his career sixth on the program\'s list of all-time receptions with 111. As of 2006 he was still ranked tenth and with 1,873 career receiving yards is ranked seventh. He was selected an GTE Academic All-American his senior year. After graduation with a bachelor\'s degree, he signed with the Los Angeles Rams in 1988 but was released the same year.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Early years {#early_years}
Brookhart worked for The International golf tournament in Denver, managing the event\'s corporate hospitality tents for one year. He then worked for Xerox Corporation. Within three years of selling copiers he was awarded the President\'s Club Award, an honor given to those who meet a sales quota among the company\'s top-15 percent. He then worked for two other companies in the Denver and Salt Lake City area. He had been managing a speed camp on the side of his career for high school and collegiate football players.
Brookhart decided to forgo his business career and accepted an unpaid position with the Denver Broncos in 1995. Two years later, he became the assistant coach of tight ends for the Pittsburgh Panthers. He moved on to the wide receivers assistant coach position in 1999 and added offensive coordinator duties in 2000. He coached Larry Fitzgerald.
## Akron
Brookhart became the 25th head coach of Akron on December 15, 2003, the program\'s third head coach since gaining NCAA Division I-A status in 1987. In his second season, he led the Zips to their first Mid-American Conference (MAC) championship and their first bowl game in school history, the 2005 Motor City Bowl, which they lost, 38--31, to the Memphis. He was fired after the 2009 season when the Zips went 3-9.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Brookhart is married to Jami Brookhart, and they have four children: Joey, JT, John, and Jake
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# 1804 in Ireland
Events from the year **1804 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 14 January -- Richard Lovell Edgeworth\'s semaphore line between Dublin and Galway is operational, but is out of use by the end of the year.
- 11 February -- the last armed rebel group of the Society of United Irishmen, led by James Corcoran, is betrayed and killed or captured by yeomen near Enniscorthy.
- 4--5 March -- Castle Hill convict rebellion in New South Wales led by Irish convicts in Australia.
- April -- first boat passes through the Grand Canal throughout between the River Liffey in Dublin and the River Shannon.
- 14 May -- Cork Street Fever Hospital, Dublin, opens in Cork Street, Dublin.
- First Martello Tower erected in Ireland, at Sutton, Dublin.
## Births
- Early February -- James Bronterre O\'Brien, Chartist leader, reformer and journalist (died 1864).
- 4 April -- Andrew Nicholl, painter (died 1886).
- 7 April -- James Emerson Tennent, politician and traveller (died 1869).
- 18 November -- John George, politician, judge and in 1859 Solicitor-General for Ireland (died 1871).
- 25 December -- Frederic Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown, peer (died 1880).
- 26 December -- Sir Joseph Napier, 1st Baronet, Conservative Party MP and Lord Chancellor of Ireland (died 1882).
- 31 December -- Francis Sylvester Mahony, humorist and poet (a.k.a. Father Prout) (died 1866).
## Deaths
- February -- James Corcoran, rebel leader (born c.1770).
- 27 July -- Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim, politician (born 1732)
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# Collepino
**Collepino** is a village in Umbria, central Italy. It is a *frazione* of the *comune* of Spello.
## Geography
Collepino is situated on a hill 600m.a.s. at the flank of Monte Subasio on a panoramic road from Spello to Assisi
## History
Collepino can be traced back to the 13th century. The inhabitants were shepherds and woodworkers at the nearby Abbey S. Silvestro.
## Historic sites {#historic_sites}
- Castello di Collepino
- San Silvestro Abbey (founded in 1025 a.c.), in Romantic style
- Fonte di S
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| 0 |
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# Amanita orientifulva
***Amanita orientifulva***, also known as the **Asian orange-brown ringless amanita**, is a species of agaric fungus that fruits singly or scattered from June to September.
This medium to large agaric has a cap with a diameter measuring 5 -- and a stipe length of up to 15 cm and a thickness of 0.5 --. Gills on the cap underside are free from attachment to the stipe, crowded closely together, and white to cream in colour with brownish edges. The fruit body has a sac-like volva and lacks a ring on the stipe. The overall colour of the fruit body is brownish with a yellowish to orange cap centre. Its spores are spherical or nearly so, measuring 10--14 by 9.5--13 μm. Names for its similarity to the widespread *A. fulva* (a species with which it was previously confused), it can be distinguished by microscopic features of the volva.
It is found at altitudes ranging from 1300 -- in south-western China. It is associated with trees, especially *Abies*, *Quercus*, *Salix*, and occasionally *Castanopsis*
| 174 |
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| 0 |
10,088,043 |
# Zahra Kamalfar
**Zahra Kamalfar** is an Iranian refugee living in Canada. She was originally from the Muslim Dervish sect and her husband was executed in Iranian custody. After her husband\'s death, she fled the country with her son Davood and daughter Anna. From Turkey, they fled into Russia. From Russia, the family planned to go to Germany and then seek political asylum in Canada. When Kamalfar went to Germany, the German authorities sent her back to Russia. Russia planned to deport her back to Iran but they did not. Instead, she lived in the Sheremetyevo International Airport for ten months, and finally went to Canada where she has been residing since March 15, 2007
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| 0 |
10,088,047 |
# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1 – Abduction
**Volume 1** of *The X-Files Mythology* collection is a DVD release containing selected episodes from the first to the third seasons of the American science fiction television series *The X-Files*. The episodes collected in the release form the beginning of the series\' mythology, and are centred on alien abduction at the hands of \"colonists\". Several of the elements introduced in the collected episodes arose through necessity during production, as working around the pregnancy of lead actress Gillian Anderson led to both the creation of unifying plot thread and the introduction of several recurring characters.
The episodes in the collection follow the investigations of paranormal-related cases, or X-Files, by FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Anderson). Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. Events covered in the episodes include the meeting of Mulder and Scully, the introduction and assassination of a secretive informant, the apparent return of Mulder\'s lost sister, and the abduction and return of Scully.
The collection contains the first episodes in the series\' mythology, or fictional story arcs. When the series began, Chris Carter did not think of creating a \"mythology\" for the episodes focusing on extraterrestrial life, because he felt that \"they were just stories we wanted to tell\". Eventually, however, the writers saw that the most \"personal\" episodes were those based on the government conspiracy, and, as such, developed more stories based around the conceit. Jerry Hardin, William B. Davis, Mitch Pileggi, Tom Braidwood, Dean Haglund and Bruce Harwood all play supporting roles in the collection. Released on June 7, 2005, the collection received generally positive reviews from critics.
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| 0 |
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1 – Abduction
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) has made a name for himself working on X-Files---unexplained cases which may be paranormal in origin. He is appointed a partner in these investigations---Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson)---with his superiors hoping that she will be able to debunk and discredit his work. Their first case together is the investigation of possible abductions in Oregon, which falters when their evidence is destroyed in a fire. A later case, involving the disappearance of a United States Air Force test pilot, sees the introduction of secretive informant Deep Throat (Jerry Hardin), who continues to provide the agents sensitive information. This help is supplemented by conspiracy theorist group The Lone Gunmen, who are contacted for help in a further abduction case. Deep Throat is soon killed, however, when he helps the agents uncover details of a government human cloning program, and the X-Files unit is closed shortly thereafter.
Unable to continue his work with Scully, Mulder obtains information about possible extraterrestrial contact in Puerto Rico, finding that the SETI program at the Arecibo Observatory is being forcibly closed. Although the pair are later allowed to resume their work, Scully is later kidnapped by an unhinged multiple alien abductee, Duane Barry. Barry takes Scully to a hilltop where she is then abducted, presumably by aliens. She is found comatose at a later date, having mysteriously arrived at a hospital, and recovers several days later.
Mulder receives a call from his father, finding out that his sister Samantha (Megan Leitch), who had been abducted as a child, has returned. Samantha is being pursued by a shapeshifting bounty hunter, who is assassinating human clones. Samantha is killed, although it is revealed that she was simply one of a number of clones, produced using alien tissue to create an alien-human hybrid.
The Lone Gunmen contact Mulder and Scully about a successful attempt by a friend of theirs to hack the United States Department of Defense computer system. The hacker, Kenneth Soona (Bernie Coulson), is able to give Mulder the downloaded information on a digital cassette. However, Soona is later assassinated, and the downloaded files are found to be written in Navajo. Contacting Albert Hosteen (Floyd Red Crow Westerman)---a Navajo man capable of translating the files---Mulder is shown a box-car full of what appear to be alien corpses. He is trapped in the box-car by the series\' antagonist, The Smoking Man (William B. Davis), and left for dead after it is destroyed. He is later found and nursed back to health by Hosteen. Meanwhile, Scully investigates the possible involvement of the smallpox eradication program in human genetic experimentation, discovering that a Nazi scientist who defected during Operation Paperclip has been conducting human experimentation to create alien-human hybrids. Her sister Melissa (Melinda McGraw), however, is shot by assassins who mistake her for Dana, and dies in hospital that night.
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1 – Abduction
## Background
When the series began, Chris Carter did not think of creating a \"mythology\" for the episodes focusing on extraterrestrial life, because he felt that \"they were just stories we wanted to tell\". Eventually, however, the writers saw that the most \"personal\" episodes were those based on the government conspiracy. Another reason for the development of an ongoing mythology was that the producers were afraid of not creating a thread between the episodes centering on the conspiracy, feeling that it would be pretentious not to do so.
According to Carter, the mythology \"sprung from\" the series\' pilot and its follow up, \"Deep Throat\", which set up the idea that aliens had been on Earth for many years. Carter sees the final scene of \"Deep Throat\" as the \"launching moment for the entire mythology\". The main theme for the series, stemming from these episodes, is Fox Mulder\'s quest to find \"the truth\" about his sister, Samantha Mulder, who had been abducted as a child. This quest drove the character to investigate the paranormal, setting the framework for the series.
After several stand-alone episodes featuring UFOs and extraterrestrials early in the first season, the show\'s mythology developed largely based on the pregnancy of actress Gillian Anderson, who became pregnant midway through production of the first season. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz described it as \"the best thing that ever happened to the series\", noting that the mythology \"really ended up running through the life of the series, all because Gillian Anderson became pregnant\". Although there were initially thoughts about Anderson\'s character Scully giving birth to an alien child, ultimately the writers decided to work around Anderson\'s pregnancy. The writers decided on closing the X-Files at the end of the season to separate Mulder and Scully from one another, and have Scully abducted, reappearing comatose several episodes later. In addition to the creation of the storyline concerning Scully\'s abduction, Anderson\'s reduced role in the first half of the second season permitted the writers to develop some of the other characters in the show including Assistant Director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), The Smoking Man (William B. Davis) and X (Steven Williams), and resulted in the introduction of the character Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea). Krycek, who was initially created by writer Howard Gordon to temporarily replace Scully as Mulder\'s partner for three episodes eventually grew into a character that lasted seven seasons on the show.
Prior to the second season episode \"One Breath\", The Smoking Man mostly \"lurked around in the shadows\", providing a \"forbidding\" presence. The Smoking Man uttered only four audible words in the entire first season of the show, all of them being in \"Tooms\". Producer and director R.W. Goodwin did not have faith in William B. Davis\' ability to take on the role of the series\' chief antagonist. It was later revealed to the producers that Davis was running an acting school, and teaching such actors as ninth season guest star Lucy Lawless.
In the two-part story of \"Colony\" and \"End Game\", Carter and Spotnitz, along with Duchovny, created what would become a recurring character in the alien bounty hunter. According to Carter, Duchovny came to him and said \"it be great if we had like an alien bounty hunter\", an idea of which Carter approved. Spotnitz has noted that the actor cast for the role, Brian Thompson, was chosen because he had a very \"distinctive look\" about him, most notably his face and mouth.
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1 – Abduction
## Reception
Released on June 7, 2005, the collection has received generally positive reviews from critics. Slant Magazine\'s Keith Uhlich rated it three stars out of five, praising the quality of the episodes included in the set, but ultimately finding that they were best viewed in the context of the \"standalone\" episodes which were omitted---singling out \"Conduit\" and \"The Jersey Devil\" as episodes which would aid the series\' \"dual character study\". Writing for IGN, Dan Iverson rated the collection eight out of ten, finding that the mythology-based episodes formed the basis of the relationship between the characters of Mulder and Scully. Making reference to the first-season episode \"Squeeze\", not included in the collection, he added that \"even though people watched the series to see little green men and liver-eating elastic monsters, it was the relationship between the two which made the series a total success\". However, he found that the set\'s extra features material was sparse, describing it as being just enough \"to keep us from complaining\". Writing for DVD Talk, Jeffrey Robinson was impressed with the collection, finding that the featured episodes worked well together without losing cohesion, and stating that \"whether you are a casual viewer or a fan who already owns the season sets, owning *The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1: Abduction* is a must\". *Exclaim!*{{\'s}} Monica S. Kuebler felt negatively about the collection, noting that anyone who would be interested in it would be likely to already own the collected episodes through other releases, and asking \"should you buy Abduction? It all depends on how much five commentaries and a doc are worth to you, because chances are, if you love the X-Files \... you\'ve probably already bought the episodes included here at least once\".
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1 – Abduction
## Episodes
`{{Episode table |background=#4B5F37 |overall= |overallT=No. in set |season= |seasonT=No. in series |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|EpisodeNumber2=1
|Title=[[Pilot (The X-Files)|Pilot]]
|WrittenBy=[[Chris Carter (screenwriter)|Chris Carter]]
|DirectedBy=[[Robert Mandel]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|9|10}}
|ProdCode= 1X79
|ShortSummary=Agent Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) is assigned to work with Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) on the X-Files in an attempt to debunk his work on the paranormal. Their first case has them investigating apparent alien abductions. A near comatose man, Billy Miles ([[Zachary Ansley]]), is taking his classmates, including Theresa Nemman (Sarah Koskoff), into the woods, where they are killed in a flash of bright light. Also guest stars [[Cliff DeYoung]], [[Leon Russom]], and [[Alexandra Stewart]].
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|EpisodeNumber2=2
|Title=[[Deep Throat (The X-Files episode)|Deep Throat]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=[[Daniel Sackheim]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|9|17}}
|ProdCode= 1X02
|ShortSummary=Mulder and Scully travel to Idaho in order to investigate the disappearance of a military test pilot. They observe unusual aircraft activity, prompting Mulder to proclaim the existence of a government conspiracy. Mulder sneaks onto the military base and is spotlighted by one of the craft, but is captured by soldiers and has his memory erased before he is released. Guest stars [[Jerry Hardin]], Andrew Johnston, [[Gabrielle Rose (actress)|Gabrielle Rose]], [[Michael Bryan French]], [[Seth Green]], Lalainia Lindbjerg, and John Cuthbert.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|EpisodeNumber2=10
|Title=[[Fallen Angel (The X-Files)|Fallen Angel]]
|WrittenBy=[[Howard Gordon]] & [[Alex Gansa]]
|DirectedBy=[[Larry Shaw (director)|Larry Shaw]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|11|19}}
|ProdCode= 1X10
|ShortSummary=Mulder puts the future of the X-Files in jeopardy when he heads to a UFO crash site being rapidly covered up by the military. He is arrested and while in jail he meets Max Fenig ([[Scott Bellis]]), a UFO fanatic whose NICAP group has followed Mulder's work on the X-Files. When Mulder is released, Scully urges him to return to Washington to face his superiors and try to save his job, but Mulder finds out that Fenig is more than meets the eye and ignores Scully to try to save him instead. Guest-starring [[Marshall Bell]] and [[Frederick Coffin]].
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|EpisodeNumber2=17
|Title=[[E.B.E. (The X-Files)|E.B.E.]]
|WrittenBy=[[Glen Morgan]] & [[James Wong (producer)|James Wong]]
|DirectedBy=[[William A. Graham (director)|William Graham]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|2|18}}
|ProdCode= 1X17
|ShortSummary=Mulder and Scully receive information from Deep Throat about a UFO that was shot down over [[Iraq]] and has been secretly transported to the US. However, Deep Throat then intentionally misleads the agents to prevent them from discovering the truth. Guest starring [[Bruce Harwood]], [[Dean Haglund]] and [[Tom Braidwood]].
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|EpisodeNumber2=24
|Title=[[The Erlenmeyer Flask]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=[[R. W. Goodwin]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|5|13}}
|ProdCode= 1X24
|ShortSummary=A seemingly unrelated car chase leads Mulder and Scully to a scientific lab encompassing a secret which could provide proof of a government conspiracy. Guest starring Jerry Hardin and William B. Davis.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|EpisodeNumber2=25
|Title=[[Little Green Men (The X-Files)|Little Green Men]]
|WrittenBy=Glen Morgan & James Wong
|DirectedBy=[[David Nutter]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|9|16}}
|ProdCode= 2X01
|ShortSummary=With the X-Files shut down, FBI agent Fox Mulder finds his own belief in the truth waning. When an old political ally ([[Raymond J. Barry]]) gives him a new reason to believe, he goes alone to an abandoned SETI program site—Arecibo Observatory—in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Concerned for his safety, fellow FBI agent Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) has to track down his whereabouts before someone or something else does.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|EpisodeNumber2=29
|Title=[[Duane Barry]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Chris Carter
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|10|14}}
|ProdCode= 2X05
|ShortSummary=An ex-FBI agent ([[Steve Railsback]]) escapes from a mental hospital and holds several people hostage in a travel agency. Mulder and [[Alex Krycek]] ([[Nicholas Lea]]) are sent in to help with the negotiations since the man claims to have been a UFO abductee.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|EpisodeNumber2=30
|Title=[[Ascension (The X-Files)|Ascension]]
|WrittenBy=Paul Brown
|DirectedBy=[[Michael Lange]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|10|21}}
|ProdCode= 2X06
|ShortSummary=Continuing from the previous episode, Mulder races to Scully's house after listening to the recording of her attack on his answering machine. Duane Barry (Steve Railsback) has kidnapped Scully, determined to offer her to the aliens in his place.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|EpisodeNumber2=32
|Title=[[One Breath (The X-Files)|One Breath]]
|WrittenBy=Glen Morgan & James Wong
|DirectedBy=R. W. Goodwin
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|11|11}}
|ProdCode= 2X08
|ShortSummary=When Scully mysteriously re-appears comatose in a hospital, Mulder drives himself crazy trying to find the people responsible, tracking down and threatening The Smoking Man, and finding himself at odds with his seeming ally X.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|EpisodeNumber2=34
|Title=[[Red Museum]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Win Phelps
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1994|12|9}}
|ProdCode= 2X10
|ShortSummary=Several Wisconsin teens are found wandering in the woods in their underwear with "He Is One" scrawled on their backs. Mulder and Scully travel to investigate this aberrant behavior, though the strangest thing in this meat-producing area is a cult of vegetarian "walk-ins." Deep Throat's assassin, the Crew Cut Man ([[Lindsey Ginter]]) returns—this time working alone.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|EpisodeNumber2=40
|Title=[[Colony (The X-Files)|Colony]]
|WrittenBy={{StoryTeleplay|s=[[David Duchovny]] & Chris Carter|t=Chris Carter}}
|DirectedBy=[[Nick Marck]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1995|2|10}}
|ProdCode= 2X16
|ShortSummary=At the beginning, a frozen Mulder is brought to a hospital. The episode flashes back to a scene two weeks before, where the crew of a research vessel find the wreckage of a UFO in the Beaufort Sea. The pilot who survives this crash walks out of the hospital and kills identical-looking doctors in various abortion clinics. Guest starring [[Peter Donat]], [[Brian Thompson (actor)|Brian Thompson]], [[Megan Leitch]] and Dana Gladstone.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|EpisodeNumber2=41
|Title=[[End Game (The X-Files)|End Game]]
|WrittenBy=[[Frank Spotnitz]]
|DirectedBy=[[Rob Bowman (filmmaker)|Rob Bowman]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1995|2|17}}
|ProdCode= 2X17
|ShortSummary=An alien bounty hunter kidnaps Scully and wants to trade her for Mulder's sister, Samantha Mulder (Megan Leitch). Mulder asks for Skinner's help in making the trade, and has the FBI Director set up a sniper to take down the bounty hunter. Guest starring Peter Donat, Brian Thompson and Megan Leitch.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|EpisodeNumber2=49
|Title=[[Anasazi (The X-Files)|Anasazi]]
|WrittenBy={{StoryTeleplay|s=David Duchovny & Chris Carter|t=Chris Carter}}
|DirectedBy=R. W. Goodwin
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1995|5|19}}
|ProdCode= 2X25
|ShortSummary=The trust that Mulder and Scully have is sorely tested when Mulder begins acting strangely. His aberrant behavior is compounded when the Lone Gunmen direct him to a hacker who managed to break into some very closely guarded files. The files are encoded in Navajo and need to be decoded by a former Navajo code talker.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=14
|EpisodeNumber2=50
|Title=[[The Blessing Way (The X-Files)|The Blessing Way]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=R. W. Goodwin
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1995|9|22}}
|ProdCode= 3X01
|ShortSummary=The Cigarette Smoking Man works quickly to recover the stolen computer files, but finds himself thwarted by a man who he hoped was dead. Meanwhile, Scully finds herself at a loss for her next step and turns to her family for support, since Mulder is otherwise engaged fighting for survival.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=15
|EpisodeNumber2=51
|Title=[[Paper Clip]]
|WrittenBy=Chris Carter
|DirectedBy=Rob Bowman
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1995|9|29}}
|ProdCode= 3X02
|ShortSummary=After Mulder and Scully are reunited, they investigate a photograph that seems to connect Mulder's father to experiments that were conducted after World War II but used scientific knowledge from [[Nazi Germany]]. Their search takes them to the abandoned Strughold Mining Facility where they uncover a dangerous secret.
|LineColor= 4B5F37
}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Special features {#special_features}
+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***The X-Files Mythology, Volume 1 -- Abduction*** |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| **Set Details** |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| - 15 Episodes |
| - 4-Disc Set |
| - 1.78:1 Aspect Ratio |
| - Subtitles: English |
| - English (Dolby Digital 5
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# Kat Cressida
**Kat Cressida** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɛ|s|ɪ|d|ə}}`{=mediawiki}) is an American actress whose credits include voicing the character Dee Dee on the animated television series *Dexter\'s Laboratory*, as well as playing the Bride in The Haunted Mansion at the Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort. She also voiced Bloody Mary in the video game *The Wolf Among Us*.
## Early career {#early_career}
Cressida guest-starred in several television shows and theatre productions, such as *Loco Motives* and made her feature film debut in *The Long Way Home*, before starting her voice acting career in 2000.
## Voice acting {#voice_acting}
Cressida has voiced Jessie from *Toy Story* in various Disney projects, serving as a voice double for Joan Cusack. She is best known for voicing Dee Dee in seasons 2 and 4 of the Cartoon Network series *Dexter\'s Laboratory*, Uta in the F/X series *Archer* and the Bride in Disneyland and Disney World\'s The Haunted Mansion theme parks. She is also noted for being the first woman to do live announcing for ESPN\'s coverage of the 2010 NFL draft, as well as announcing for several other shows for ESPN, NBC Sports, and Versus. She can also be heard in other attractions throughout the Disney Parks, including The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, Toy Story Midway Mania!, and Epcot *Character Spot*. She was the first voice actress to narrate for WatchMojo.com and has also made appearances in video games, including *Marvel Heroes*, *Guild Wars 2*, *Fallout 4*, *Mirror\'s Edge*, *Master of Orion*, *The Elder Scrolls*, *Star Trek Online*, *EverQuest*, *Titan Quest*, *Dragon Age*, and *World of Warcraft*, among others. She is represented by Cool Water Productions and Talent for Cons, a booking agent for fan conventions such as San Diego Comic-Con*.*
## Public speaking {#public_speaking}
Cressida is also a public speaker. She shared her story about being diagnosed with Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in 2012 and the subsequent two years of life-threatening surgeries and specialized treatment she went through in order to re-learn how to speak so she could continue her career. She has since spoken to audiences who are amidst their own recoveries from cancer, healing from PTSD and overcoming speech disabilities.
## Education
Cressida graduated from the University of California, Berkeley.
## Filmography
### Animation
- *Archer* -- Uta
- *Dexter\'s Laboratory* -- Dee Dee (seasons 2 and 4)
- *Jackie Chan Adventures* -- Portia, Various
- *Jellystone!* -- Dee Dee
- *Phineas and Ferb* -- Additional Voices
- *The Powerpuff Girls* -- Additional voices
### Anime
- *Initial D* -- Natsuki \"Natalie\" Mogi (English dub)
- *Tales from Earthsea* -- Additional Voices
- *The Cat Returns* -- Additional Voices
### Film
- *Dexter\'s Laboratory: Ego Trip* -- Dee Dee
- *Khumba* -- Cheerleader Zebra #2
- *Piper Penguin and his Fantastic Flying Machines* -- Penny
- *Tarzan* -- Kala (Gorilla Vocal Effects)
- *Tinker Bell* -- Mrs. Darling
- *Whispers: An Elephant\'s Tale* -- Princess
### Live-action {#live_action}
- *Babylon 5* -- Kat the Bartender
- *Diagnosis: Murder* -- Iris, Production Coordinator, Louisa Romero
- *Judging Amy* -- Additional Voices
- *M.A.N.T.I.S
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# 1821 in Ireland
Events from the year **1821 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 12 August -- 3 September: the newly crowned King George IV of the United Kingdom lands at Howth to become the first monarch to pay a state visit to Ireland since the 14th century. He stays at the Viceregal Lodge in Dublin; with his mistress Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham, at Slane Castle; and with Viscount Powerscourt at Powerscourt House. He departs from Dunleary which is renamed Kingstown in his honour.
- September--November -- potato crop fails.
- 28 December -- Sandycove lifeboat disaster -- four lifeboatmen drown attempting to rescue *Ellen of Liverpool*.
- Metal Man seamark erected at Rosses Point.
- Loreto Abbey established by Sisters of Loreto at Rathfarnham.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- 18 January -- the Albany New Theatre opens in Dublin. In August, King George IV attends a performance, following which it becomes Dublin\'s second Theatre Royal.
- John Banim\'s poem *The Celt\'s Paradise* is published, and his play *Damon and Pythias* is first performed (at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden) on 28 May.
- Whitely Stokes publishes a critique of Thomas Malthus\'s reflections on Ireland: *[Observations on the population and resources of Ireland](https://books.google.com/books?id=fyBcAAAAcAAJ),* Dublin, Joshua Porter
## Births
- 20 January -- Dennis Mahony, co-founder of the *Herald* newspaper in Dubuque, Iowa (died 1879 in the United States).
- February (possible date) -- Robert O\'Hara Burke, explorer of Australia (died 1861 in Australia).
- 17 February -- Lola Montez, born Eliza Rosanna Gilbert, \"Spanish dancer\" and royal mistress (died 1861 in the United States).
- 20 February -- Miles Gerard Keon, journalist, novelist, colonial secretary and lecturer (died 1875).
- 21 February -- \"Roaring\" Hugh Hanna, Evangelical preacher (died 1892).
- 8 March -- James Sheridan Muspratt, research chemist and teacher (died 1871).
- 28 March -- William Howard Russell, journalist (died 1907).
- 6 May -- Robert O\'Hara Burke, explorer of Australia (died 1861 in Australia).
- 20 July -- Michael Hannan, Archbishop in Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halifax, Nova Scotia (died 1882 in Canada).
- 22 September -- John Conness, United States Senator from California, 1863--1869 (died 1909 in the United States).
- 18 December -- William Connor Magee, Anglican clergyman, Archbishop of York (died 1891).
- 21 December -- Samuel Haughton, scientific writer (died 1897).
- 27 December -- Jane Francesca Elgee, *later* Lady Wilde, poet (\"Esperanza\"; died 1896).
- Date unknown -- Joseph Robinson Kirk, sculptor (died 1894).
## Deaths
- 6 April -- Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry, politician (born 1739).
- 15 June -- James Cuffe, 1st Baron Tyrawley, peer (born 1747).
- 4 October -- Edward Hudson, dentist (born 1743).
- 15 November -- John Barrett, clergyman and Hebrew scholar (born 1753)
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization
***The X-Files Mythology -- Volume 3*** collection is the third DVD release containing selected episodes from the fifth to the eighth seasons of the American science fiction television series *The X-Files*. The episodes collected in the release form the middle of the series\' mythology, and are centered on alien colonization efforts, the fall of the Syndicate, and Fox Mulder\'s (David Duchovny) abduction.
The collection contains three episodes from the fifth season, five from the sixth, six from the seventh, and two from the eighth. The episodes follow the investigations of paranormal-related cases, or X-Files, by FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson). Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. Events covered in the episodes include the discovery of alien-human hybrid Cassandra Spender (Veronica Cartwright), the destruction of the Syndicate; the discovery of the remains of a spaceship in Africa; the fate of Mulder\'s sister, Samantha; and the abduction of the former, as well as the subsequent hunt for him under the direction of John Doggett (Robert Patrick).
The collection features the closure of several long-running arcs, as well as new introductions to the series\' mythology. Series creator Chris Carter felt that the series\' ongoing storylines were becoming too confusing, so he scrapped them and started over. Released on September 27, 2005, the collection generally received mixed to positive reviews from critics. William B. Davis, Mitch Pileggi, Nicholas Lea and Laurie Holden all play supporting roles in the collection.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a former believer in the paranormal---having lost his belief in the fifth season opener \"Redux\", while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. As a rebel alien race secretly attacks several groups of former alien abductees, the agents meet Cassandra Spender (Veronica Cartwright), a woman who claims to be a multiple abductee and wants to deliver a positive message about aliens. Eventually, Mulder has Scully put under hypnosis to learn the truth about her abduction after Cassandra goes missing and her son, Jeffrey Spender (Chris Owens), angrily attempts to push his way up in the FBI. The Syndicate, meanwhile, quicken their tests for the black oil vaccine, sacrificing their own to do so. Later, the assassination of a chess grandmaster leads Mulder and Scully into an investigation that they soon discover strikes at the heart of the X-Files; they learn that the real target was a telepathic boy named Gibson Praise (Jeff Gulka).
In Washington, D.C., Mulder appears before an FBI panel regarding his experiences in Antarctica, but is later denied reassignment to the X-Files division: Mulder and Scully have been replaced by Spender and Diana Fowley (Mimi Rogers). Later, Skinner is mysteriously poisoned by a nanorobot infection. The culprit is revealed to be Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea), a rogue FBI agent who formerly worked for the Syndicate, who continues to control the potentially debilitating nanotechnology in Skinner\'s system in order to achieve his goals. Mulder and Scully later learn of reports of rebel aliens burning doctors who were working on Cassandra. After finding her, she informs Mulder and Scully that the aliens are here to destroy all life on Earth and that she is a successful alien-human hybrid. The Smoking Man (William B. Davis) reveals everything to Diana Fowley, who agrees to help him and betray Mulder. Fowley forcibly takes Mulder, Cassandra, and Scully to a Centers for Disease Control facility at Fort Marlene. Meanwhile, the Syndicate rendezvous at a check point, preparing to be taken away by the Colonists, who are prepping for invasion. However, they are met by the alien rebels, who incinerate them all, including Cassandra---save The Smoking Man and Fowley, who escape. Jeffrey Spender is then purportedly killed by The Smoking Man.
Several months later, a metallic artifact with inscriptions is discovered on the beach of Côte d\'Ivoire in Africa. After Mulder examines rubbings of the object, he falls into a dangerous coma. Hoping to find a cure for her partner, Scully rushes to Africa and discovers a massive wreck of a large spacecraft partially buried in the ocean. Skinner and Michael Kritschgau (John Finn) desperately attempt to find the truth behind the alien object. Unsuccessful, Scully returns from Africa to revisit Mulder, but instead she finds out that he has disappeared. She contacts Kritschgau and Skinner to find her partner. The Smoking Man has taken Mulder away to transplant the telepathic part of Mulder\'s brain into his own cranium, but the surgery is a failure.
While investigating a bizarre disappearance of a young girl from her home, Mulder soon discovers the truth about his sister\'s disappearance. It is revealed that his sister was taken by \"walk-ins\", benevolent spirit who save the souls of children doomed to live unhappy lives. Together, Mulder and Scully locate evidence that proves that Samantha was abducted by The Smoking Man, and was forced to live in a now-abandoned US Army base. Mulder eventually is reunited with the spirit of his sister, allowing him to finally let go. Mulder and Scully investigate a case of alien abduction which leads them back to Oregon, the site of their first case together. While investigating, Mulder is taken by a UFO. Scully soon meets Special Agent John Doggett (Robert Patrick), the leader of an FBI taskforce organized to conduct a search for Fox Mulder. Although the search ultimately proves unsuccessful, Doggett is assigned to the X-Files and works with Scully to look for explanations to several cases.
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# The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization
## Background
From the third season to the sixth season, the mysterious Syndicate was explored in detail. In the two part episode \"Two Fathers\"/\"One Son\", the Syndicate was destroyed. The plan to eliminate the Syndicate and relaunch the series\' mythology in a new direction was originally conceived in September 1998. Director Kim Manners stated \"I\'ve said for years that the show really resolved itself, if you will, by accident. The whole storyline of the Syndicate and the bees and the aliens and the chips in the neck, they all seemed to just accidentally fall into place and create an intriguing, mysterious storyline that eventually got so mysterious and so intriguing that Chris had to blow it up, because he couldn\'t deal with it anymore.\"
The \"Biogenesis\"/\"The Sixth Extinction\"/\"Amor Fati\" trio of episodes started a new mythology for the series, questioning the origin of human life. Series creator Chris Carter claimed to be interested in the subject for a while, citing the possibility of extraterrestrial involvement in great extinctions that had happened millions of years ago. Carter claimed that early in the show he had met with a man who was one of the people responsible for leading the project of mapping the human genome and that he was interested enough in the subject to tie it into the show\'s alien mythology. The scientific basis for extraterrestrials pursued the writers to help Mulder an Scully\'s beliefs come together, which was furthered in the later seasons of the show. Frank Spotnitz claimed that the ideas used in this episode had been discussed between him and Carter for a few years, and had become easier to bring up after clearing away elements of the conspiracy in the episodes \"Two Fathers\" and \"One Son\".
\"Closure\" was written to create an end to Mulder\'s quest for his sister, Samantha, who had been abducted when he was a child. The idea to close the story arc received mixed reactions from various production and crew members. However, many of the show\'s producers realized that the time had come to answer one of the show\'s biggest questions. Spotnitz explained that, \"I think \[series star, David Duchovny\] grew tired of playing the man who is missing his sister. \[\...\] I told him, \'This is going to be the last time you\'re going to have to play \[that part\].\'\" Paul Rabwin noted that, \"It\'s been seven years. I don\'t think any of us are going to miss Samantha Mulder. That device and motivation were very strong in the early years of the show. But as the years have gone by, the speculation kind of melted away.\"
\"Requiem\" was written as a way to potentially end the series. While filming was underway for the seventh season, many members of the crew felt that the show had entered into its final season. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later explained, \"There was a pretty strong sentiment inside and outside the show that it was time to call it a day.\" Eventually, it was decided that Mulder would be abducted at the end of the seventh season, leaving things open for the actor\'s return in 11 episodes the following year. They eventually replaced Duchovny\'s Mulder with Robert Patrick\'s John Doggett.
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The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization
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