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# Ashburnham Place
**Ashburnham Place** is an English country house, now used as a Christian conference and prayer centre, five miles west of Battle, East Sussex. It was one of the finest houses in the southeast of England in its heyday, but much of the structure was demolished in 1959, and only a drastically reduced part of the building now remains standing.
## Early history {#early_history}
The village of Ashburnham was the home of the Ashburnham family from the 12th century. The family became wealthy through their land holdings in Sussex and around Pembrey in Carmarthenshire, and later from their participation in the Wealden iron industry. Only the cellars remain from the earliest known house on the site, dating from the 15th century. This house was abandoned in the 16th century and confiscated by Queen Elizabeth I. The Ashburnham family recovered their estate under Charles I, and John Ashburnham was a loyal servant of the King. He was forced to sell the estate to the Relf family in the English Commonwealth, to pay fines levied for supporting the King. John Ashburnham recovered the estate again after the English Restoration. His grandson and namesake, John Ashburnham, was created first Baron Ashburnham in 1689. The house was largely rebuilt to designs of the neo-Palladian architect Stephen Wright and the local direction of the builder John Morris of Lewes, ca 1757--61.
## Design
The park, covering some 200 acre and including three large lakes around the house, was laid out by the landscape architect Capability Brown in the mid-18th century. Brown\'s orangery, c. 1767, houses the oldest camellia in England. Brick external additions were made to the house in Gothic Revival style in 1813--17, by a third John Ashburnham, the second earl of Ashburnham, to designs by George Dance the Younger. Robert Adam designed entrance lodges for the second Earl in 1785. George Ashburnham, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham, commissioned architectural drawings from John Soane, but it is not known if the suggested additions, including a porte-cochere, were built. The house was refaced in stone in the early 19th century, and then, when fashions changed, a second, red brick outer skin was added in 1853.
Internally, the house had a mix of styles, with a fine staircase by George Dance rising three floors in the central entrance hall. The drawing room was decorated with painted wall panels attributed to Athenian Stuart. The house held the family\'s fine collection of paintings and the extensive library, collected by the 3rd Earl and his son, Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham.
The gardens of Ashburnham Place are Grade II\* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
## Later history {#later_history}
By the late 19th century, the family was under financial pressure, and offered to sell the library, including its collection of illuminated manuscripts, to the nation in the 1890s for £160,000. The deal did not go ahead, and the books were sold piecemeal for a total of £228,000 over the next few years. Many were acquired by the British Library, but, for example, the sixth-to-seventh-century Ashburnham Pentateuch is in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris. The Earldom became extinct on the death of Thomas Ashburnham, 6th Earl of Ashburnham in 1924, and the house was inherited by his niece, Lady Catherine Ashburnham. The house was damaged when a fully loaded Marauder bomber crashed nearby during the Second World War, and dry rot set in.
Lady Catherine was the last of this line of the Ashburnham family and the estate was inherited by Reverend John David Bickersteth (1926-1991), a great-grandson of the 4th Earl, on her death in 1953. In addition to the prospect of huge repair bills, he was also saddled with crippling death duties of £427,000. The contents of the house were sold at auction at Sotheby\'s in June and July 1953, and half of the estate was sold in the next few years. The house was mostly demolished in 1959, reducing the central section to two floors and the wings to a single story.
The house is Grade II listed on the National Heritage List for England and they are a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
## Ashburnham today {#ashburnham_today}
Meanwhile, Bickersteth established a prayer centre in the stable block. He gave the remaining parts of the house, and 220 acre of parkland, to the Ashburnham Christian Trust in April 1960. It is operated as a Christian conference and prayer centre
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# Henry Fajemirokun
**Henry Oloyede Fajemirokun**, CON (26 July 1926 -- 15 February 1978) was a trade unionist who later became a prominent Nigerian industrialist and businessman and one of the country\'s dynamic indigenous entrepreneurs who had established and built one of the foremost indigenous private sector business concerns in his time. He was a strong believer in, and promoted West Africa\'s economic integration alongside Adebayo Adedeji which subsequently led to the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Fajemirokun saw the need for a well-organised private sector and was devoted to developing and strengthening the private sector, he expended considerable resources to advance the activities of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry Movement within Nigeria, West Africa and the Commonwealth.
Fajemirokun held various positions in the Chamber of Commerce and industry Movement. He was the [4th President](http://www.naccima.com/about-us/current-and-past-presidents.html) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109183258/https://www.naccima.com/about-us/current-and-past-presidents.html |date=9 January 2021 }}`{=mediawiki} of the [Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA)](http://www.naccima.com/index.php/about-us?profile=green), The [6th President](http://lagoschamber.com/past-presidents-and-achievements/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422154909/http://lagoschamber.com/past-presidents-and-achievements/ |date=22 April 2018 }}`{=mediawiki} of the [Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry](http://lagoschamber.com/), the 1st President of the [Federation of West African Chambers of Commerce](http://www.fewacci.com/) (1972--1978) and the co-founder and founding President of the [Nigerian-British Chamber of Commerce](http://nbcc.org.ng/who-we-are/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102235922/http://nbcc.org.ng/who-we-are/ |date=2 November 2017 }}`{=mediawiki} (NBCC) alongside [Sir Adam Thomson](https://web.archive.org/web/20151015002306/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1366820/Sir-Adam-Thomson.html), the Chairman of British Caledonian Airways now part of British Airways). He was a member of the Board of Governors of and former President of [Nigerian-American Chamber of Commerce](https://nigerianamericanchamber.org/) (NACC). He was also the vice-president, Federation of Commonwealth Chambers of Commerce.
## Early life {#early_life}
Fajemirokun was born in Ile Oluji, Ondo State to the family of Daniel Famakinwa Fajemirokun and Felicia Adebumi Fajemirokun (née Akinsuroju) (b.1891), daughter of High Chief Odofin Oganbule Akinsuroju and Madam Adesemi Akinsuroju, and granddaughter of Omoba Adebamigbei (whose father was the Jegun of Ile Oluji).
Fajemirokun was educated at St.Peter\'s School, Ile-Oluji and then at St Luke\'s School, Oke-igbo for his primary education. For his secondary education, he educated at CMS Grammar School, Lagos and then at Ondo Boys High School (1942--1944). After Ondo Boys school, he joined the Royal West African Frontier Force at the age of 18 and served in India during World War II. After the war, he joined the Post and Telegraph Department as a clerk and studied privately for his Cambridge School Certificate.
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# Henry Fajemirokun
## Career
After serving during World War II, he began his career at the Post and Telegraph Department. He was a member of the workers\' union in the department and rose to become President of the department\'s Ex-Servicemen\'s Union in 1948. In 1952, he became President of the Post and Telegraph\'s Clerical and Workers Allied Union.
Fajemirokun started private business in 1955 from a loan he received from a maternal relative. He entered the agricultural export sector, exporting cattle bones first then hides and skin, cocoa, rubber, coffee and shea nuts and imported primarily cement. He earned the trust of buyers who extended letters of credit to finance his business. He added other ventures into his business activities, in 1962, he started a maritime services firm. By 1960 he had become one of the largest importers of cement from Egypt and Poland. He received funding for this particular venture from a credit facility that had been provided to him by a British bank in London.
### Henry Stephens {#henry_stephens}
As the founder, chairman and largest shareholder of the Henry Stephens Group of companies, under his direction the company grew rapidly and diversified into several spheres such as cement and building materials, engineering, banking, insurance, shipping, ship broking and oil prospecting. He was a leading voice in industry and championed greater participation by Nigerians in the economy which was still dominated by foreign concerns primarily in industry. Following a decision to in 1972, an indigenisation decree was promulgated by the Federal government to effect greater indigenous participation in different sectors of the economy. Although a strong proponent of greater indigenous participation, Fajemirokun was also cognizant of the need for continued foreign investment in the country and was vocal on maintaining a balance of both. Barring his failed bid to purchase a significant stake in the Daily Times. Fajemirokun did not participate in taking over any foreign concerns as a result of the indigenisation decrees in 1972 and 1977. Before 1972, he had already pioneered industries and expanded his business interests and was able to form partnerships and joint ventures with foreign firms. Fajemirokun\'s hard work and masterful timing served him well and enabled him to expand organically into other industries. For more than a decade the Henry Stephens Group had managed to successfully build up a solid network trading with firms in foreign countries such as the United Kingdom, United States of America, Poland, Japan, Belgium, Egypt, Germany and Brazil; and had built up strong relationships and business partnerships, representing or acquiring stakes in foreign owned firms in Nigeria prior to the euphoria of the contemporary nationalism at the time in form of the indigenisation decrees by the government.
The Group was well positioned to expand into other industries and by 1977 was in the process of establishing hotels, truck assembly plants, breweries and other manufacturing concerns including the acquisition and development of mining quarries for cement.
Groups such as his served to counter the competition from the Federal Military Government and foreign firms. The crowding out of the organized private sector by the FMG was vocally criticized because the belief was that the organized private sector was better suited to both manage the relationships with the foreign firms ensuring a longer-term commitment to the country rather than triggering an exodus and to negotiate a fair price for the value of the equity being sold down rather than capitulating to the demands of the FMG the time.
Fajemirokun led the negotiations to establish the first private merchant bank in the country Nigerian-American Merchant Bank Limited (NAMBL) bringing in First Bank of Boston (later Bank of Boston) alongside other indigenous investors. The bank was setup after his sudden death with the technical assistance and shareholding of Bank of Boston and Boston Overseas Financial Corporation (subsequently merged with Bank of America).
Fajemirokun was a pioneer in the Nigerian maritime industry and was the first indigenous company to own an interest in a shipping line. He established Henry Stephens Shipping Company and the Nigeria Shipping Company with two lines: Nigeria-Far East Line and the Nigeria-South America Line and acquired three drybulk ships. The Nigeria- South America Line provided liner services between Brazil and the Nigerian Far East Line provided liner services to Japan and the Far East.
Fajemirokun also ventured into commodity brokerage and in 1969 he bought and held a seat on the London Stock Exchange.
Fajemirokun\'s company Henry Stephens was a pioneer in Nigerian Oil industry as the first indigenous private oil company to get an offshore exploration license in the country\'s first ever offshore licensing round of oil prospecting licenses (OPL) in 1970. Bidding was opened between 26 February and 18 March on about 7000 square miles of the continental shelf. Twenty seven blocks were offered composed of areas relinquished according to leasing regulations 30 November 1968 plus additional deeper water acreage up to the 200 fathom line on the outer shelf. A total of 106 bids from over 30 oil companies or groups were made for these continental shelf OPLs. In July, Newcomers to Nigeria were offered blocks. Only 15 blocks were offered covering only half of the open area. The remaining blocks said to be the most prospective, were reserved for the proposed national oil company Nigerian National Oil Corporation (NNOC) which was established officially in 1972 .Other winners of the licensing round were Deminex a German Consortium, Occidental Petroleum, Japan Petroleum Company and Monsanto.
The Group acquired the sole distributorship for Rank Xerox (now Xerox), forming a joint venture with the Anglo-American company Rank Xerox (itself a joint venture between Rank Organisation of the United Kingdom and the Xerox Corporation of the United States of America).
Fajemirokun was a co-founder and played a key role in developing and promoting ECOWAS Bank what was to become Ecobank Transnational (ETI), however he passed away before its launch was finalized.
As an active investor he became a major shareholder in leading companies in Nigeria and abroad. He was denied the opportunity to acquire the *Daily Times of Nigeria* from the British International Publishing Corporation, (**IPC**) known as the \"*Daily Mirror Group\"* who owned the title by the Obasanjo junta. Henry Stephens also was a core investor in Johnson Wax and acquired stakes Fan Milk and two notable construction companies.
Fajemirokun was also a director of First Bank Nigeria Limited, director Nigeria Krafts Bags Limited, non-executive director Nigerian Diversified Investments, director Nigeria Sewing Machine Manufacturing Company Limited. He was Chairman of the Lagos State Tourism Advisory Committee.
## Philanthropy and awards {#philanthropy_and_awards}
Fajemirokun was an active philanthropist in the community and church, giving to charitable causes both in Nigeria and abroad, particularly South Africa. During the Nigerian civil war he was active in supporting the Red Cross and led other initiatives to help those in need. He made several donations to educational and community institutions. He gave and donated generously to individuals, communities, the Red Cross Movement, Religious Organizations, Universities, State Development Funds, Students' Clubs, Youth Organizations and the Southern African Relief Fund to which he personally donated ₦110,000 (One Hundred and Ten Thousand Naira) in January 1977 .
Fajemirokun contributions were recognised and in 1968, Fajemirokun was awarded the chieftaincy title of **Yegbata** of Ile-Oluji by his traditional sovereign, the Jegun, thus making him a tribal aristocrat of the Yoruba people. He was later made the **Asiwaju** of Oke-Igbo (1971), the **Lijoka** of Ondo (1973), the **Orunta** of Ifewara (1974) and the **Obaloro** of Ado Ekiti (1977). In 1972, The University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife) also conferred on him the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science in Business Administration in recognition of his significant contributions to the academic and business communities.
For his contributions to the development of Commerce and Industry in the country, five years after his death in 1983 the Federal Government honoured him with a posthumous national award of the Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON).
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# Henry Fajemirokun
## Death
On 15 February 1978, whilst leading a trade mission he died in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
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# Steinhöring
**Steinhöring** is a community in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg.
## Geography
Steinhöring lies in the Munich Region. It lies in the south-east of the *Ebersberger Forst* (forest) which is one of the largest continuous area of woodlands in Germany.
It includes two traditional rural land units (*Gemarkungen* in German) named Sankt Christoph and Steinhöring.
Neighbouring communities are Ebersberg, Hohenlinden and Frauenneuharting.
### Subdivisions
Steinhöring is divided into many boroughs:
*Sankt Christoph* and *Tulling*; *Abersdorf, Berg, Endorf, Hintsberg, Schützen*und*Sensau;* the hamlets *Aschau, Au, Dichtlmühle, Dietmering, Elchering, Etzenberg, Graben, Höhenberg, Holzhäusln, Kraiß, Niederaltmannsberg, Oberseifsieden, Ötzmann, Rupertsdorf, Schechen, Sprinzenöd, Unterseifsieden, Wall, Welling, Winkl* and *Zaißing* as well as the housing-groups of *Blöckl, Buchschechen, Helletsgaden, Hofstett, Hub, Lehen, Lieging, Mayrhof, Meiletskirchen, Neuhardsberg, Oed, Oelmühle, Ranhartsberg, Salzburg, Schätzl, Schweig, Stinau, Thailing, Untermeierhof* and *Winkl b. Sankt Christoph.*
## History
The community's first documentary mention was in 824. By the 16th century, Steinhöring boasted a regionally important postal station. It belonged to the *Rentamt* of Munich and the Court of Swabia of the Electorate of Bavaria and was the seat of a captaincy (Hauptmannschaft).
In 1936, the Nazi racial organization Lebensborn's first "Mother-Child-Home" (*Mutter-Kind-Heim*) was opened in Steinhöring.
In the course of administrative reforms in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the community edict in 1818. In 1972, the former community of St. Christoph was amalgamated with Steinhöring.
### Population development {#population_development}
The community's land area was home to 2,395 inhabitants in 1970, 3,068 in 1987 and 3,540 in 2000.
## Politics
The mayor (*Bürgermeister*) is Martina Lietsch (FLS). The municipal council consists of 16 politicians.
The community's tax revenue for 2010 was €2,545,000, of which €392,000 was business taxes.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Steinhöring's arms might heraldically be described thus: Party per fess, above in argent a half ibex rampant sable, below in azure a horizontal postal horn argent
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# Remote graphics unit
A **remote graphics unit** (RGU) is a device that allows a computer to be separated from some input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, speakers, and display monitors. The key part being remoted is the graphics sub-system of the computer.
## History
RGUs may have their origin with experiments with graphics controllers on mainframe computers in the 1970s. RGUs have been mostly associated with high end workstations running Unix-like operating systems or Windows since the late 1990s. Generally RGUs are used for special applications like remote sensing, financial services commodity trading desks, computer-aided design, etc.
Depending on how one chooses to define RGUs, dedicated X terminals may also be included.
## Application
Usually the reasons that might lie behind the desire to separate the user interface of a computer from the actual computer itself would be: securing computers away from users for corporate or government security, to reduce heat and noise in rooms with many computer operators, or to facilitate computer maintenance by placing all computers in very close proximity to one another.
## KVM interoperability {#kvm_interoperability}
Unlike other technologies used to achieve this, such as KVM Extension (or Remote KVM) and DVI Extension for example, a remote graphics unit will effectively split a computer\'s PCI or PCI-Express bus and transmit only bus commands over to the user side.
With KVM Extension and DVI Extension, the graphics processing is done by a traditional graphics processing unit (GPU) on the computer side. Bus data is much smaller than rendered graphics data so the theory behind the remote graphics unit is that it is possible to achieve higher resolutions and better graphics performance when there is a large separation in distance between the user-side input/output devices and the computer side.
### Examples
An example of a product line that was commercialized using RGU as the description of the technology is the Matrox Extio series. Extio is a brand that is marketing shorthand for \"External I/O\".
## Related products {#related_products}
Other products supporting the concept behind the remote graphics unit include bus extension technologies where a standard graphics processing unit is plugged into a remote PCI slot via a standard graphics add-in card. Various types of bus extension technologies are available including the DeTwo System from Amulet Hotkey as well as products from Avocent
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# Colin Larkin (footballer)
**Colin Larkin** (born 27 April 1982) is an Irish professional footballer, who plays as a forward for Sunderland RCA.
He has previously played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Kidderminster Harriers, Mansfield Town, Chesterfield, Northampton Town, Lincoln City and Gateshead.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Larkin began his professional career with Wolverhampton Wanderers. He progressed through their youth ranks to make his first team debut on 24 August 1999 in a League Cup exit to Wycombe Wanderers, where he scored within eight minutes of coming off the bench.
Despite this bright start to his senior career, he was unable to gain any real first team action at Molineux and managed just three (goalless) appearances over three seasons for the club. To gain playing time, he was loaned out to the then League 2 side Kidderminster Harriers during the 2001--2002 season where Larkin made a big impact starting 33 games and scoring 7 goals.
However, with chances limited, Larkin, with two years left on his contract at Wolves, joined Mansfield Town for a £125,000 fee in July 2002. He scored 25 goals over a three-year stay at Field Mill, but an apparent fall-out with then manager Carlton Palmer led to his eventual release to join Chesterfield in 2005 on a two-year contract.
Larkin netted 13 goals in total over a two-year spell at Chesterfield. When the club suffered relegation to League Two, Larkin remained in the third tier as he joined Northampton Town on a free transfer, on 28 June 2007 in a two-year deal.
On 7 August 2009, Larkin signed a contract with League One side Hartlepool United after impressing during a short trial period. In May 2011 he signed a new contract with the club. Larkin was released on 10 May 2012 and joined Lincoln City at the start of the 2012--13 season. He was released by Lincoln in March 2013 and subsequently signed for Harrogate Town and scored on his debut for Town in a 2--2 draw against Bishop\'s Stortford.
On 12 May 2013, Larkin signed for Gateshead. He made his debut on 10 August as a second-half substitute against Kidderminster Harriers. Larkin scored his first goal for Gateshead on 17 August 2013 in a 1--2 defeat against Barnet. At the end of the season, Larkin was released by Gateshead.
On 8 August 2014, Harrogate Town announced that Larkin had re-signed for the club. However, his second spell with the club would be short as they encountered an injury crisis amongst their forwards. As Larkin, who had recently had groin surgery was viewed as lacking the necessary match fitness to play games during the club\'s injury crisis, they took the decision to release him in order to be able to bring in new signings. He moved on to join West Auckland Town, reuniting him with his erstwhile Gateshead manager Anth Smith. However, Smith departed the club on 16 December 2014 and a month later Larkin was on the move again, joining Sunderland RCA.
Colin has linked up once again with David Rush and Anth Smith, this time in a coaching role for Sunderland College coaching the men\'s category 3 team. He is also head coach of Evolution Football Elite Academy.
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# Colin Larkin (footballer)
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
`{{Updated|9 August 2014}}`{=mediawiki}
Club Season League FA Cup
----------------------------------- ------------ -------------------- ------ ------- -------- -------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Wolverhampton Wanderers 1999--2000 Division One 1 0 0 0
2000--01 Division One 2 0 0 0
2001--02 Division One 0 0 0 0
Wolverhampton Wanderers Total 3 0 0 0
Kidderminster Harriers (loan) 2001--02 Division Three 33 6 0 0
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. Total 33 6 0 0
Mansfield Town 2002--03 Division Two 22 7 2 0
2003--04 Division Three 40 7 2 1
2004--05 League Two 33 11 2 0
Mansfield Town Total 95 25 6 1
Chesterfield 2005--06 League One 41 7 2 0
2006--07 League One 39 4 1 0
Chesterfield Total 80 11 3 0
Northampton Town 2007--08 League One 33 2 4 1
2008--09 League One 21 1 0 0
Northampton Town Total 54 3 4 1
Hartlepool United 2009--10 League One 22 1 1 0
2010--11 League One 30 3 2 0
2011--12 League One 2 0 0 0
Hartlepool United Total 54 4 3 0
Lincoln City 2012--13 Conference Premier 29 8 4 0
Lincoln City Total 29 8 4 0
Harrogate Town 2012--13 Conference North 13 1 0 0
Harrogate Town Total 13 1 0 0
Gateshead 2013--14 Conference Premier 28 8 3 0
Gateshead Total 28 8 3 0
Harrogate Town 2014--15 Conference North 1 0 0 0
Harrogate Town Total 1 0 0 0
Career totals 390 66 23 2
: A. `{{note|Other}}`{=mediawiki} The \"Other\" column constitutes appearances (including substitutes) and goals in the Football League Trophy, FA Trophy and play-offs
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# Scott Armstrong (rugby union)
**Scott Armstrong** (born 3 November 1986 in Lancaster, England) is a rugby union player for Fylde who formerly played for Northampton Saints and Moseley. His usual position is at full-back or wing.
Armstrong switched from Leeds Carnegie to Northampton in the 2010--2011 season, and joined Moseley for the 2013--14 season.
He also teaches at Morecambe Community High School.
In July 2015, he was appointed Strength and Conditioning Coach for Blackpool F.C.
For the 2016--17 season, Armstrong signed for local Lancashire side Fylde playing in National League 1.
For the 2017--18 season he joined Kirkby Lonsdale, who play in Northern Premier
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# 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF third round
In the **third round of CONCACAF**, the 12 winners of the second round were divided in 3 groups of 4 teams each. Teams in each group would play against each other home-and-away, and the two teams with most points in each group would advance to the fourth round.
There were 108 goals scored in 36 matches, for an average of 3 goals per match
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# Adelschlag
**Adelschlag** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
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# Haslem
Haslam}}
**Haslem** is a surname, a variant of Haslam, a surname originating in England. Notable people with the surname include:
- Graeme Haslem (b. 1940), Australian rules footballer
- John Haslem (politician) (born 1939), Australian politician
- John Haslem (artist) (1808--1884), English china and enamel painter, and writer
- Thomas Haslem (fl. 1871), plaintiff in Haslem v
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| 0 |
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# Plant Hill Arts College
**Plant Hill Arts College** (formally **Plant Hill High School**) was an 11-16 community school, serving boys and girls predominantly from the suburb of Blackley, Manchester. The school had approximately 820 pupils on roll before it was replaced by the Co-operative Academy of Manchester. The school was in close proximity to the M60 motorway affording it excellent links, by road, to a wide area. It was also well served by public transport.
## Plant Hill as a Specialist Arts College {#plant_hill_as_a_specialist_arts_college}
In September 2005 Plant Hill High School was awarded specialist status and became Plant Hill Arts College. This had a huge impact on student learning by enhancing the curriculum, with additional provision in
- *Performing Arts* -- music, drama, dance, media studies
- *Visual Art* -- fine art, 3D art, painting and drawing
- *Media Arts* -- ICT, E-media
## Plant Hill becomes Co-operative Academy of Manchester {#plant_hill_becomes_co_operative_academy_of_manchester}
Plant Hill Arts College, became the Co-operative Academy of Manchester as part of an overhaul of education in the city. Seven new academies in Manchester opened in September 2010 under the scheme. Plans for the Plant Hill site have been revealed as a 900-place high school and 120-place sixth form. The part-private academy, backed by the Co-operative Group, will specialise in finance and business studies. New facilities on the Plant Hill Road site will be made available to the public for sports and adult education outside school hours.
see\... The Co-operative Academy of Manchester
## Exam results {#exam_results}
The number of students achieving 5 or more A\* - C GCSE grades.
### Percentage of pupils achieving 5+ A\* - C {#percentage_of_pupils_achieving_5_a___c}
- 2002 18%
- 2003 28%
- 2004 31%
- 2005 35%
- 2006 23%
- 2007 24%
- 2008 32%
- 2009 17%
- 2010 42%
[Ofsted Report](https://web.archive.org/web/20071017202434/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/105/105559.pdf)
## Former School facilities {#former_school_facilities}
- A purpose built sports hall
- A music and drama suite
- A swimming pool
- 5 MFL rooms
- Learning support rooms for pupils with special needs
- 7 Science rooms
- 6 Technology rooms, including textile and food rooms
- 5 Humanities rooms
- 4 Computer rooms
- Library and study centre
- Careers base
- Pastoral base
- 2 Visual Arts Rooms
## Controversy
### Truancy
It was one of two schools to register more than one in four pupils in this category with 26.5 per cent, The figures were revealed in a school performance league tables published which list the percentage of pupils persistently truanting for the first time.
### Refusing to re-admit a former pupil {#refusing_to_re_admit_a_former_pupil}
Plant Hill refusing to re-admit a former pupil who they claimed was too far behind in his GCSE studies to catch up. Council education bosses looked urgently at finding alternative tuition for the schoolboy 15, who had been sat at home for five months, despite insisting he wants to return to school. The LEA had ordered Plant Hill Arts College to admit the schoolboy after he was refused entry, but the school appealed to the Secretary of State Alan Johnson, who decided against forcing them to comply.
### \"Happy Slapping\" attack {#happy_slapping_attack}
A schoolgirl of 16 years old was attacked in Blackley and was left unconscious in a vicious \"happy slapping\" attack on 9 May 2005. Footage of the attack was circulated on pupils\' mobile phones.
The child\'s angry mother contacted national and local journalists in response to her daughter\'s attack. The child\'s mother commented that Plant Hill High had not taken tough action, even though the attack was a series of bullying incidents she had reported to the school. A request for an assembly to confiscate the mobile phones had been refused. At the time of going to national and local press, Plant Hill High School had refused to comment.
## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils}
- Hasney Aljofree, professional footballer, Oldham Athletic A.F
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# FXYD6
**FXYD6** (pronounced fix-id six), or FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 6, is a gene which is located at the 11q23.3 (chromosome 11 locus 23.3). The FXYD6 protein contains 95 amino acids, and can be found in all human tissues except blood.
This gene belongs to the FXYD family of ion transport regulators
## Pathology
According to recent research, mutations in the FXYD6 gene, or in sequences close by this gene, can predispose to the schizophrenia which is known to be strongly heritable
| 84 |
FXYD6
| 0 |
10,089,024 |
# Altmannstein
**Altmannstein** (Central Bavarian: *Oidmannstoa*) is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 18 |
Altmannstein
| 0 |
10,089,028 |
# Michael Cusack (rugby union)
**Michael Cusack** (born 7 November 1984 in Doncaster, England) is a British former international rugby union player who last played for Yorkshire Carnegie. His usual position is at tighthead prop. He has previously played for the Glasgow Warriors, the Newcastle Falcons and the Doncaster Knights.
## Rugby Union career {#rugby_union_career}
### Professional career {#professional_career}
He started his professional career playing for the Leeds Tykes. From Leeds, he signed for the Doncaster Knights at the end of the 2007--08 season.
Cusack moved to Glasgow Warriors in the summer of 2011.
After 48 matches for the Warriors spanning five seasons, Cusack signed for Newcastle Falcons on 1 March 2016 He played 4 matches for the Falcons in the Aviva Premiership, making 2 starts and 2 sub appearances.
On the 10 June 2016 it was announced that Cusack signed with Yorkshire Carnegie on a 2-year deal. He made his final appearance against London Irish in the Championship play off final in May 2017. Cusack missed the 2017-18 season through a neck injury which led to him announcing his retirement from rugby in January 2018.
### International career {#international_career}
He played for England under-19s and under-21s.
After being resident in Scotland for over three-years he became eligible for Scotland internationally. He was called up as part of Scotland\'s extended training squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup by head coach Vern Cotter on 2 June 2015
Named on the bench for the Ireland versus Scotland match he replaced Jon Welsh at 46 minutes to earn his first full Scotland cap and thus confirm his Scottish nationality
He then made his first start for Scotland against Italy in Turin on the 22 August 2015
| 284 |
Michael Cusack (rugby union)
| 0 |
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# Greg McMurtry
**Gregory Wendell McMurtry** (born October 15, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1986 to 1989. He caught 111 passes for 2,163 yards and 15 touchdowns for Michigan. He played in the NFL for the New England Patriots from 1990 to 1993 and for the Chicago Bears in 1994. He caught 128 passes for 1,631 yards in 67 NFL games.
## Early life {#early_life}
McMurtry was born in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1967. He attended Brockton High School in Brockton, Massachusetts. McMurtry was an outstanding baseball and football player at Brockton High School. He was selected by the Boston Red Sox in the first round (14th overall pick) of the 1986 Major League Baseball Draft, but turned down a six-figure signing bonus to attend the University of Michigan on a football scholarship.
## University of Michigan {#university_of_michigan}
McMurtry enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1986 and played college football for head coach Bo Schembechler\'s Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1986 to 1989. He started five games at flanker in 1986 (22 catches for 508 yards), 12 games at split end in 1987 (21 catches for 474 yards and five touchdowns), 10 games at split end in 1988 (27 catches for 470 yards and three touchdowns), and 12 games at split end in 1989 (41 catches for 711 yards and seven touchdowns). He played on three Big Ten Conference championship teams and appeared in three Rose Bowl Games. He had his best game on November 18, 1989, with seven catches for 189 yards and three touchdowns against Minnesota. In four years at Michigan, he caught 111 passes for 2,163 yards and 15 touchdowns.
## Professional football {#professional_football}
McMurtry was selected by the Patriots in the third round (80th overall pick) of the 1990 NFL draft. As a rookie during the 1990 NFL season, McMurtry appeared in 13 games, five as a starter, and caught 22 passes for 240 yards. The following year, he enjoyed his best season in the NFL, catching 41 passes for 614 yards and two touchdowns. In Week 4 of the 1991 NFL season, he caught a game-winning touchdown pass from New England quarterback Hugh Millen in the final minute against the Houston Oilers. In June 1992, the Patriots re-signed McMurtry. During the 1992 NFL season, McMurtry appeared in all 16 games for the Patriots, 15 as a starter, and caught 35 passes for 424 yards and one touchdown. In 1993, McMurtry\'s final season with the Patriots, he appeared in 14 games, eight as a starter, and caught 22 passes for 241 yards and a touchdown.
McMurtry signed with the Los Angeles Rams in 1994 but was released prior to the start of the regular season. He was signed by the Chicago Bears in August 1994. McMurtry appeared in nine games for the Bears, four as a starter, during the 1994 NFL season. He caught eight passes for 112 yards and one touchdown.
During his five-year NFL career, McMurtry had 128 receptions for 1,631 yards and five touchdowns
| 525 |
Greg McMurtry
| 0 |
10,089,048 |
# Jon Dunbar
**Jonathon Peter Andrew Dunbar** (born 4 April 1980 in Wegberg, Germany) is a former rugby union international for Scotland. His usual position was at flanker.
## Rugby Union career {#rugby_union_career}
Dunbar was educated at Abingdon School where he was captain of the first XV and gained colours. In 1998 he was called up to the England Under 18 squad. He moved on to Durham University to read for a degree in European Studies and French at Queen\'s Campus Stockton, graduating in 2001.
He played for Grove RFC in the junior leagues in Oxfordshire before moving to play professionally for Newcastle Falcons RFC and then Leeds Carnegie. While at University he played for the England under-21 XV against Wales and France in the 2001 Six Nations Championship.
In April 2004 he played for Newcastle Falcons when they won the 2003--04 Powergen Cup defeating Sale Sharks 37--33. He joined Leeds Tykes from Newcastle and the following season was once again on the winning side when Leeds defeated Bath Rugby 20--12 in the 2004--05 Powergen Cup final.
In between the two finals he won two caps for Scotland in February 2005 in the 2005 Six Nations Championship, both as a replacement against France and Italy respectively. After his spell at Leeds he moved to Gran Parma in Italy for the 2009/10 season
| 222 |
Jon Dunbar
| 0 |
10,089,055 |
# Böhmfeld
**Böhmfeld** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany.
## History
- 1602: About 400 people lived in Böhmfeld in 63 houses.
- School houses were built in 1777, 1839, 1892 and 1962.
- In 1806 Böhmfeld came to the newly founded Kingdom of Bavaria.
- After 1945 refugees came to Böhmfeld
| 58 |
Böhmfeld
| 0 |
10,089,059 |
# Otha Bailey
**Otha William** **Bill** **Bailey** (June 30, 1931 -- September 17, 2013) was an American Negro league baseball player. He was a catcher for many teams. He played for the Birmingham Black Barons, Chattanooga Choo-Choos, Cleveland Buckeyes, Houston Eagles, and the New Orleans Eagles from 1949 to 1959. Throughout his career, his nickname was \"L\'il Catch\".
Bailey was born in Huntsville, Alabama, and died in Birmingham, Alabama
| 69 |
Otha Bailey
| 0 |
10,089,065 |
# Kinoshita Rigen
was the pen-name of Japanese author Viscount Kinoshita Toshiharu, noted for his *tanka* poetry, active in Meiji period and Taishō period Japan.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kinoshita was born in what is now part of Okayama city, Okayama Prefecture, and was a direct lineal descendant of a brother-in-law of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. His uncle, Kinoshita Toshiyasu, was the 13th and last *daimyō* of Ashimori *han* (25,000 *koku*). After the Meiji Restoration, he was given the title of viscount (*shishaku*) under the *kazoku* peerage system. When he died, his nephew Kinoshita Rigen, only 5 years old, succeeded to the main family as Viscount Kinoshita. Kinoshita would have thus been a *daimyō* if the Tokugawa shogunate had lasted only a few years longer. Kinoshita attended the Gakushūin Peers\' School, where he was a classmate of Mushanokōji Saneatsu. He subsequently graduated from the Literature Department of Tokyo Imperial University, where his classmates included Shiga Naoya, and he was a student of the poet Nobutsuna Sasaki.
## Literary career {#literary_career}
Kinoshita was a co-founder of the *Shirakabaha* (\"White Birch\") Society, along with Shiga Naoya and Mushanokōji Saneatsu in 1910. He contributed extensively to the society\'s literary magazine, with elegant *tanka* verses, written in an easy-to-understand colloquial language. Kinoshita married a fellow student in 1911, the same year that he graduated, and had a son the following year. However, his son soon died; Kinoshita would father two more sons and one daughter, but only the third son survived. From 1912-1916, Kinoshita taught at a junior high school in the Mejiro neighborhood of Tokyo.
Kinoshita published numerous anthologies of his verses, including *Kogyoku* (\"Red Ball\", 1919) and *Ichiro* (\"One Alley\", 1924). He joined the staff of the *Araragi* literary magazine in 1923.
Kinoshita moved to Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture in 1919, as the sea air had a reputation for being good for lung disorders, and which was a favorite residence for many of the *Shirakaba* authors. However, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1922 and died on February 15, 1925. His ashes were divided between the Kinoshita family temple of Daiko-ji in Okayama and Yanaka Cemetery in Tokyo
| 353 |
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| 0 |
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# John Scofield Live
***John Scofield Live*** is a live album by jazz guitarist John Scofield, featuring pianist Richie Beirach, bassist George Mraz and drummer Joe LaBarbera. It was recorded on November 4, 1977, in Munchen, Germany
| 37 |
John Scofield Live
| 0 |
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# Buxheim
**Buxheim** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Buxheim
| 0 |
10,089,078 |
# Darren Edwards
**Darren Edwards** (born 25 March 1974 in Maesteg, Wales) is a former rugby union player. A scrum-half, he was a member of the 2003 Wales national rugby union team and he played for Wales, Wales A, Sevens, Under-21, Students and Under-18 levels. Edwards also played for the Barbarians against `{{nrut|England}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{nrut|Scotland}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nrut|Wales}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Edwards began his senior playing career with Saracens in 1996 and joined Newport RFC in 2000, playing 21 times for the club. He also made more than 100 appearances for London Irish and played for Bedford and London Welsh before ending at Leeds Carnegie. He played in the 2002 Powergen Cup Final at Twickenham, as London Irish defeated the Northampton Saints.
Edwards retired from playing at the end of the 2007--2008 season to take up Coaching at Harlequins.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
In June 2009 he joined Newport Gwent Dragons as attack coach, replacing Lyn Jones. During 2010 Edwards was head coach of the Wales Under 20 team. In April 2011 Edwards became Newport Gwent Dragons head coach after initially taking the role in a caretaker capacity following the departure of Paul Turner. Edwards left the Dragons in February 2014.
In June 2014 Edwards joined Bath as first team coach. Edwards departed Bath at the end of the 2018--19 Premiership season, taking up a position with Wales Sevens soon after.
Edwards was named as interim head coach of Wales Women in 2020, after the departure of previous head coach Rowland Phillips. His involvement with the team continued in late 2021, assuming the role of skills coach.
In 2022, Edwards joined the Ospreys as defence coach until the end of the season. Ahead of the 2022--23 United Rugby Championship season, this position was made permanent. Edwards had departed the club by the beginning of the 2023--24 season
| 306 |
Darren Edwards
| 0 |
10,089,082 |
# Elvin Bale
**Elvin Bale** (born 1945 in London, England) is a former circus performer and daredevil with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, among many other international circuses. He performed a single trapeze act which finished with a heel catch. Among his other acts were the \"wheel of death\", \"human space shuttle\", \"mechanical monster\", \"motorcycle on the high wire\" and human cannonball. His career as a performer ended on January 8, 1987, when, performing the human cannonball, he over-shot his landing cushion, breaking his legs and back and paralyzing him from the waist down.
Ringling Bros. billed him as the \"World\'s Greatest Daredevil.\"
## Early life {#early_life}
Elvin Trevor Bale was born to Irene and Edwin Trevor (Tommy) Bale. Bale was among the fourth generation of Bales in the circus industry, an entertainment dynasty who, in addition to the circus, performed in music hall (vaudeville) using various stage names. After an early childhood touring with European circuses, Bale and his family moved to the United States in the 1950s when his father took a job as a tiger trainer with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
As a youngster, Bale worked as a clown, a dancing boy, a cage boy for his father\'s tiger act, and an acrobat in the family's bicycle act. His twin sister, Dawnita; older sister, Gloria; and younger sister, Bonnie, also worked in a variety of family acts in various shows. In the 1960s Bale began working on what would become his signature act, the single trapeze with a "heel catch" finish. Bale\'s father appeared as a guest along with Ray Bolger on American game show \'\'What\'s My Line?\'\'
| 276 |
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# Elvin Bale
## Life as a daredevil {#life_as_a_daredevil}
In *The American Circus*, John Culhane calls Elvin Bale "the greatest circus daredevil of the second half of the twentieth century." After working with Art Concello's American Circus in Russia in 1968, Bale joined the Blue Unit of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1969. He would headline the Blue Unit in the 70s and early 80s, and his single trapeze act won him the Circus Oscar at the 1973 Circus World Festival in Madrid, Spain, as well as the 1976 Gold Clown, given out by the International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo for the best circus performance of the year. He ended his trapeze act by sitting on the trapeze, swinging it up to its highest point, then diving forward into space with a yell---with no net underneath---throwing his legs back just in time to catch the middle of the bar on the descent with his Achilles' heels and swing back, hanging by his Achilles' heels. Bale performed in the Vatican for Pope John Paul II, under helicopters in the French Alps, and at African soccer stadiums.
Bale was also known as \"The Phantom of Balance\" for his work on the \"wheel of death\". He mounted an 8-foot steel-mesh wheel on the end of a 38-foot steel arm suspended from the ceiling. As the arm spun around its axis, Bale would run around the outside of the wheel, sometimes blindfolded, sometimes with a man standing on his shoulders. He won the Silver Clown in 1979 for that act.
In addition, he performed a high-wire motorcycle act, standing on his hands as much as 150 feet above the floor of the arena while riding the motorcycle backwards down the wire. Besides circus arenas, he also performed the motorcycle act on a high wire strung over a 300-foot canyon at Black's Beach near San Diego, California.
Bale\'s human cannonball act began with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1978 as the \"Human Space Shuttle\". He left Ringling Bros. in 1983 and toured as the featured performer with several European circuses. On January 8, 1987, while performing with Chipperfield Circus in Hong Kong, a miscalculation sent him over the air bag at the other end of the arena. Bale broke both legs and permanently injured his thoracic vertebrae, resulting in paralysis from the waist down.
## Life in circus administration {#life_in_circus_administration}
After recovering from his accident, Bale became a theatrical booking agent, and since the mid-1990s, he traveled and worked in management roles with Cole Bros. Circus. He served as their vice president of operations as well as booking and directing the show. In 2001, Bale was inducted into the International Circus Hall of Fame
| 456 |
Elvin Bale
| 1 |
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# Alan O'Hare
**Alan Patrick James O\'Hare** (born 31 July 1982) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played for Bolton Wanderers, Chesterfield, Mansfield Town, York City, Gainsborough Trinity, Glapwell and Belper Town.
## Career
Born in Drogheda, County Louth, O\'Hare progressed through the Bolton Wanderers youth system, being promoted to the first team for the 2001--02 season. He joined Chesterfield on loan on 28 January 2002. He made his debut in a 0--0 draw with Tranmere Rovers and in March the loan was extended for a second month. He finished the loan spell with 19 appearances.
He rejoined Chesterfield on a month\'s loan on 26 September and he signed for the club permanently on a free transfer on 22 November.
O\'Hare was a regular for the Bolton reserve team but opted to the move to Chesterfield in search of regular first team football, on his last game in the reserves at Bolton before his initial loan spell with the Spireites, he was made captain versus Aston Villa Reserves. During his time at Bolton Wanderers FC O\'Hare regularly enjoyed a Zinger Tower burger from the KFC close to the Reebok (Macron) Stadium.
Naturally left footed, O\'Hare began his Chesterfield career at left back, where he played all his games whilst on loan. Since joining Chesterfield permanently he played centre back on occasion, with some success.
O\'Hare\'s career was derailed by ankle injury in the 2006--07 season, and since by a possible conflict of personality with new Chesterfield manager Lee Richardson. Following a team re-shuffle in early 2008 it seemed unlikely that he would be staying with the club. O\'Hare was amongst several players released at the end of the 2007--08 campaign. O\'Hare joined newly relegated Conference Premier team Mansfield Town on trial in July 2008 and signed for club on 1 August 2008. He scored his first goal for Mansfield against Cambridge United on 19 September. He joined York City on 30 June 2009. He signed for Gainsborough Trinity on a month\'s loan on 1 October, after being unable to play any games for York up to that point during the 2009--10 season.
He made his debut in a 2--2 draw with Fleetwood Town and had the loan extended for a second month in November. The loan was extended for a third month in December and he returned to York after making eight appearances.
Gainsborough manager Brian Little said he was interested in bringing O\'Hare back to the club on loan until the end of the season. He signed on loan until the end of the season on 28 January 2010. He made his first appearance since his return in a 0--0 draw with Ilkeston Town and subsequently scored in a 2--2 draw against AFC Telford United. He returned to York at the end of the season, having made three appearances during the second loan at Gainsborough. On his return to York, the club announced that he would be released when his contract expired on 30 June.
O\'Hare moved down to the Northern Premier League Division One South after signing for Glapwell during the summer of 2010, making his debut in a 3--1 victory over Market Drayton Town on 21 August.
He moved to Belper Town in summer 2011 where he remained until 2013 before retiring
| 551 |
Alan O'Hare
| 0 |
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# John Holtby
**John Norman Holtby** (born 27 March 1982 in Beverley) is a rugby union player currently playing wing for Birmingham & Solihull. He has played play premiership rugby for Leicester Tigers and Leeds (now Yorkshire Carnegie) and has participated in the Heineken Cup.
## Rugby career {#rugby_career}
Holtby started playing rugby at the age of ten for his local club in Beverley. He went on to play for Hull Ionians and Loughborough University before joining the academy at Leicester Tigers.
He played premiership rugby for Leicester Tigers in the 2002--03, 2003--04 and 2004--05 seasons, second tier rugby for Earth Titans (Rotherham) in the 2005--06 season and premiership rugby for Leeds in the 2006--07 and 2007--08 seasons.
After he left Leeds he played for Stourbridge before joining Birmingham & Solihull.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Holtby attended Hull Grammar School where he also took part in athletics and football and he has represented Great Britain in athletics.
He studied Engineering and Sports Technology at Loughborough University.
He was a fitness coach on the Gladiators TV show
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| 0 |
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# Denkendorf, Bavaria
**Denkendorf** (`{{IPA|de|ˈdɛŋkn̩ˌdɔʁf|-|LL-Q188 (deu)-Michael Schoenitzer (MichaelSchoenitzer)-Denkendorf.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 20 |
Denkendorf, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,089,132 |
# List of Herman's Head episodes
This is a list of episodes for the television series ***Herman\'s Head***
| 18 |
List of Herman's Head episodes
| 0 |
10,089,138 |
# James Isaacson
**James Isaacson** (born 7 January 1980 in Easington, County Durham) is an English former rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at club level for Newcastle Falcons and Leeds Carnegie, as a Prop, or Hooker. He was educated at Durham School, Northumbria University and Life University.
## Rugby career {#rugby_career}
Isaacson is an England Under 21 international, and in 1998 joined Newcastle Falcons. He remained at the club until 2005 when he was signed by Leeds Tykes, (Yorkshire Carnegie from 2014). He remained with Leeds for two seasons and was part of the squad that saw the club promoted to the Premiership. He left Leeds at the end of 2007. Isaacson was Head Coach of Life University from 2010 to 2013 predominantly in the US Super League. Whilst with Life they made the Super League Final (2011), Elite Cup Final (2012, 2013) and D1 Cup Final (2013) winning the latter. Dr. Isaacson graduated from Life University in March 2014 and currently practices in Randolph, New Jersey
| 174 |
James Isaacson
| 0 |
10,089,147 |
# Vickers F.B.19
The **Vickers F.B.19** was a British single-seat fighting scout of the First World War, developed from the Barnwell Bullet prototype, and sometimes known as the **Vickers Bullet**. It served with the Royal Flying Corps and the Imperial Russian Air Service, which subsequently led to the Red Air Force adopting it during the Russian Civil War.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
George Challenger designed the F.B.19, which first flew in August 1916. It was a single-engine, single-bay, equal-span biplane, slightly smaller than either the Sopwith Camel or Nieuport 17, with a proportionally large engine fairing and tall fuselage, which gave it a relatively stubby appearance. It was armed with one synchronised 7.7mm Vickers machine gun, mounted unusually on the left-hand side of the fuselage, to facilitate the installation of the Vickers-Challenger synchroniser gear.
The 100-hp Gnome Monosoupape engine gave a relatively slow speed, and the relatively low cockpit position, placed behind a wide rotary engine and between unstaggered wings, severely limited visibility for the pilot. The clearest view was sometimes said to be upwards, through a transparent section in the upper wing. Modifications were introduced, including a more powerful 110-hp (82-kW) Le Rhône or Clerget engine and staggered mainplanes, culminating in the Mk II design. The plane\'s relative success on the Eastern Front appears to have been due in part to it receiving a more powerful engine in Russia.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Around sixty-five F.B.19s were built. Six early production examples were sent to France in late 1916 for operational evaluation, where the RAF found them unsuitable for the fighting conditions then evolving. Twelve Mk IIs went to the Middle East, five to Palestine and seven to Macedonia; no squadron was fully equipped with the type. They were not popular - pilots found visibility poor. A few Mk IIs served as trainers and for air defense over London, but the type had effectively been retired before the end of 1917.
The F.B.19 found more favour in Russia, where it was known as the *Vikkers Bullit*. A single example was initially sent for evaluation in 1916. Leading pilots, including the ace Yevgraph Kruten, regarded it favourably. Russian sources indicate that it was fitted with a more powerful 130-hp Clerget engine that provided a maximum speed of around 200 km/h making the *Bullit* faster than both the SPAD S.VII and the Sikorsky S-20. The Russians procured around twenty or thirty of them and deployed at least four to front-line units, including one in which the ace Grigoriy Suk claimed two of his victories. A number of unarmed aircraft served as trainers.
After the October Revolution, a number of *Bullit*s found their way into Bolshevik hands. A force of six F.B.19s are said to have been employed in 1918 against the anti-Bolshevik People\'s Army, and the type remained in service until 1924. All examples of the F.B.19s in Russian service appear to have been Mk. Is with unstaggered wings. A number of additional examples are said to have remained in crates on the dockside at Archangelsk until the Royal Navy destroyed them during the evacuation of the allied expeditionary force in 1919.
## Variants
- **F.B.19 Mk I**: Single-seat fighter-scout biplane, powered by a 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape or a 110 hp Le Rhône 9J Rotary engine.
- **F.B.19 Mk II**: Single-seat fighter-scout biplane, powered by a 110 hp Clerget 9Z or a 110 hp Le Rhône 9J rotary engine.
## Operators
**`{{flag|Russian Empire|1914}}`{=mediawiki}**
- Imperial Russian Air Service
**`{{flag|Soviet Russia}}`{=mediawiki}**
- Soviet Air Forces
**`{{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}}`{=mediawiki}**
- Ukrainian People\'s Republic Air Fleet
**`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}**
- Royal Flying Corps
- No. 14 Squadron RFC
- No. 17 Squadron RAC
- No. 30 Squadron RFC
- No. 47 Squadron RFC
- No. 111 Squadron RFC
- No. 141 Squadron RFC
| 629 |
Vickers F.B.19
| 0 |
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# Vickers F.B.19
## Specifications (F.B.19) {#specifications_f.b
| 7 |
Vickers F.B.19
| 1 |
10,089,163 |
# Purnach
The **Purnach** is a right tributary to the river Ponoy on the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The Purnach runs to the south of and roughly parallel to the Ponoy. The confluence of the two rivers is 77 km upstream from where the Ponoy flows into the White Sea. It is 137 km long, and has a drainage basin of 1600 km2
| 62 |
Purnach
| 0 |
10,089,164 |
# Dollnstein
**Dollnstein** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany. The name **Dollnstein** has its origins in Middle High German *\"Tollunstein\"*.
## History
Dollnstein was first mentioned in 1007 as a tiny village named Tollenstein. The castle of Dollnstein was built probably in the mid of the 12th century from the counts *von Hirschberg*.
Since the 13th century the village was a market for the exchange of goods. From 1440 onwards the village was related to Eichstätt and an administration and judicial authority was located in Dollnstein.
Dollnstein - Burgzugang.jpg\|Entrance of the historic *Unterburg* 2017 Dollnstein Markttor.jpg\|Market view from south (2017) Blick in die Kirche von Dollnstein im Landkreis Eichstätt.jpg\|View into the church Kirche von Dollnstein im Landkreis Eichstätt, Fresko im Chorraum
| 127 |
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| 0 |
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# Egweil
**Egweil** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Egweil
| 0 |
10,089,233 |
# Großmehring
**Großmehring** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Großmehring
| 0 |
10,089,261 |
# Hepberg
**Hepberg** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Hepberg
| 0 |
10,089,266 |
# Miljonärerna
***Miljonärerna*** (The Millionaires) was a Swedish reality show that was broadcast on Kanal5 in 2006. The show was cancelled after half the series had aired due to low viewership. The rest of the episodes were to be aired sometime during 2007 on Kanal5.
The show\'s plot was that 20 contestants should be together, the twist being that it was good to be eliminated as soon as possible. There were 10 contestants who in the end would leave the show with one million Swedish krona each.
The host was Pontus Gårdinger
| 92 |
Miljonärerna
| 0 |
10,089,291 |
# Comparison of DVR software packages
This is a comparison of digital video recorder (DVR), also known as personal video recorder (PVR), software packages.
**Note:** this is may be considered a comparison of DVB software, not all listed packages have *recording* capabilities.
## General information {#general_information}
Basic general information for popular DVR software packages - not all actually record. `{{sort-under}}`{=mediawiki}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Name</p></th>
<th><p>Windows</p></th>
<th><p>MacOSX</p></th>
<th><p>Linux</p></th>
<th><p>BSD</p></th>
<th><p>Android</p></th>
<th><p>Price</p></th>
<th><p>License</p></th>
<th><p>Latest stable release</p></th>
<th><p>Notes</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Beyond TV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>4.9.3 (Build 6535)<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Not compatible with DVB tuners. While Snapstream is providing minor fixes for Beyond TV, they are no longer actively updating and developing the software as they are focusing on commercial applications. Despite the lack of a new version, their fanbase (in the forums) remains active and the program is still available.Further information: List of digital television deployments by country</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>DVB Dream</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>3.7.1<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Focused on DVB and live TV</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>DVBViewer</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>6.1.5<br />
</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Emby<br />
(formerly <em>Media Browser</em>)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><br />
(client only)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>4.6.7.0<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Compatible with SiliconDust HDHomeRun tuners.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>EyeTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>3.6.9 (build 7521)<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Bundled for no extra charge with all Elgato USB tuners, but also sold separately for use with other tuners.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Hauppauge WinTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>8.5 (build 37122)<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Bundled for no extra charge, only works with Hauppauge TV cards and peripherals.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>InterVideo WinDVR</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>5.2<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Discontinued. Used to be bundled for no extra charge with various TV tuner devices.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Jellyfin</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><br />
(unofficially)</p></td>
<td><p><br />
(client only)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>10.8.13<br />
</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>JRiver Media Center</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>29.0.22<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>DirectShow video player, madVR, LAV filters, HD audio, images, 10 foot GUI, Remote control, DLNA, Android/iPhone interface, automatic meta-data lookup for Audio, TV and Movies, fully customizable database</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Kodi<br />
(formerly <em>XBMC</em>)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>21.0 "Omega"<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Cross-platform free and open-source software media center application, able to watch live or recorded TV, music, photos and has one of the most expansive collection of plugins/addons, enabling the system to do anything from browsing the web or downloading movies, to dimming the lights in the sitting room.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>MediaPortal</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MP1: 1.23<br />
<br />
MP2: 2.2.2<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>built on the .NET 2.0 Framework</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>MythTV</p></td>
<td><p>Limited</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>33.1<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Under heavy development since 2002, and now contains most features one would expect from a good DVR.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>NextPVR</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><br />
(client only)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Personal video recorder application for Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac and Docker. Supports a wide variety of devices, and a good set of features. Free for personal use. Commercial use requires a license.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>SageTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><br />
(client only)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>9.2.2<br />
May 16, 2020</p></td>
<td><p>Java based. SageTV was purchased by Google on June 20, 2011, and on August 10, 2015, it was announced that the project was converting to open-source development.{{Cite web|title=SageTV is Open Source</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Showshifter</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>3.12.2945<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Supports some older TechnoTrend/Hauppauge boxes which are not BDA compliant, such as the Dec 2000-t/3000-s and first generation Nova-t USB boxes, which are unsupported by other PVR software.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>tvtime</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>1.0.2<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>High quality television application for use with video capture cards on Linux systems. tvtime processes the input from a capture card and displays it on a computer monitor or projector</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Video Disk Recorder</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2.4.1<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>TV Done Right, VDR can use one to eight video cards and support DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T. Record and read any DVB flux with a lot of plugins.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Windows Media Center</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>6.3.9600.16384<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Included with Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate editions and Windows 7 Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate editions. Was available for Windows 8 Pro and Windows 8.1 Pro as part of the Media Center Pack add-on, until it was discontinued on October 30, 2015. Available for Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 unofficially through a windows command script installer. Not available for Windows RT.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>V@Home</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2.59<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Bundled for no extra charge with VBox Home TV Gateway - Network TV Tuner, Manage and schedule recordings from any web browser, local or over the internet</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Name</p></td>
<td><p>Windows</p></td>
<td><p>MacOSX</p></td>
<td><p>Linux</p></td>
<td><p>BSD</p></td>
<td><p>Android</p></td>
<td><p>Price</p></td>
<td><p>License</p></td>
<td><p>Latest stable release</p></td>
<td><p>Notes</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
| 876 |
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10,089,291 |
# Comparison of DVR software packages
## Features
Information about what common and prominent DVR features are implemented natively (without third-party add-ons unless stated otherwise): `{{sort-under}}`{=mediawiki}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>DVR</p></th>
<th><p>Subscription free<br />
electronic program guide (EPG)</p></th>
<th><p>Power management</p></th>
<th><p>Multiple TV tuner cards support</p></th>
<th><p>CableCARD support</p></th>
<th><p>CAM support</p></th>
<th><p>ATSC tuner support</p></th>
<th><p>Automated commercial skipping</p></th>
<th><p>Teletext</p></th>
<th><p>Schedule timed recordings</p></th>
<th><p>Personalized intelligent recording and scheduling</p></th>
<th><p>DRM support</p></th>
<th><p>DVB (T/T2, S/S2, C) tuner support</p></th>
<th><p>Smartphone<br />
/tablet<br />
playback</p></th>
<th><p>Smartphone<br />
/tablet<br />
syncing</p></th>
<th><p>Smartphone<br />
/tablet<br />
remote control</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| Beyond TV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| EyeTV</p></td>
<td><p>}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>External add-on</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| WinTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| Kodi<br />
(formerly <em>XBMC</em>)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| NextPVR</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| MediaPortal</p></td>
<td><p>/XMLTV}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>{{#tag:ref|Version 1.5.0 or higher required - only 'Copy Freely' support - No Encrypted 'Copy Once' support|group="f"|name="CableCardInfo"}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Using Plugin</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>{{#tag:ref|via aMPdroid app; requires WifiRemote and MpExtended plugins|group="f"|name="aMPDriodDesc"}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| MediaPhoenix<br />
/ShowShifter</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| MythTV</p></td>
<td><p>}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>{{#tag:ref|The official MythTV plugin MythWeb allows users to browse the programme guide, schedule recordings, manage media and playback video via a Flash-based player, which works on Android phones and tablets.|group="f"|name="MythTVTabletPhone"}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| SageTV</p></td>
<td><p>(with former purchased license)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| Video Disk Recorder</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| Windows Media Center</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>{{#tag:ref|Windows Media Center supports two NTSC (Analog) tuners and two ATSC (Digital) tuners out of the box. Using additional tuners requires registry modifications. Windows 7 Media Center supports up to 4 tuners of each type out of the box, DVB-T, DVB-S, NTSC/PAL.|group="f"}}</p></td>
<td><p>{{#tag:ref|Windows Media Center supports CableCard when used on CableLabs certified OEM Hardware. Windows 7 Media Center supports CableCard on any hardware that passes the Digital Cable Advisor tool in MCE.|group="f"}}</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>{{#tag:ref|Vista Media Center can do partial intelligent recordings based on keywords, actor(s) name(s), or genre.|group="f"}}</p></td>
<td><p>; also respects "do not record" flag</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| VBox@TV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
| 508 |
Comparison of DVR software packages
| 1 |
10,089,291 |
# Comparison of DVR software packages
## Video format support {#video_format_support}
Information about what video codecs are implemented natively (without third-party add-ons) in the PVRs. `{{sort-under}}`{=mediawiki}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>DVR</p></th>
<th><p>MPEG-1</p></th>
<th><p>MPEG-2</p></th>
<th><p>MPEG-4 ASP<br />
<br />
i.e. DivX, XviD</p></th>
<th><p>H.264/MPEG-4 AVC<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>HEVC (H.265)</p></th>
<th><p>VP8</p></th>
<th><p>VP9</p></th>
<th><p>WMV</p></th>
<th><p>AVI</p></th>
<th><p>ASF</p></th>
<th><p>QuickTime</p></th>
<th><p>MP4</p></th>
<th><p>RealVideo</p></th>
<th><p>MKV</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| Beyond TV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| EyeTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| WinTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| NextPVR</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| Kodi<br />
(formerly <em>XBMC</em>)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| MediaPortal</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| MediaPhoenix<br />
/ShowShifter</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| MythTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| SageTV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| Arcsoft TotalMedia Theatre</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| Windows Media Center</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>| VBox@TV</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Network support {#network_support}
Each features is in context of computer-to-computer interaction. All features must be available after the default install otherwise the feature needs a footnote.
DVR Tuner Sharing Hard Disk Pooling Shared Media Database Home Automation Media Extenders Placeshifting/Spaceshifting Two-way Remote Control Second Screen
------------------------------- --------------- ------------------- ----------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------
\| Beyond TV
\| EyeTV
\| NextPVR
\| Kodi (formerly *XBMC*) ^4^ ^3^
\| MediaPortal ^4^
\| MediaPhoenix/ShowShifter
\| MythTV ^3^
\| SageTV
\| Arcsoft TotalMedia Theatre
\| Windows Media Center ^6^ ^7^ ^2^ ^5^ ^2^
\| VBox@TV
^1^ Yes with registry change\
^2^ Yes with retail third-party plugin\
^3^ Yes with free supported third-party plugin\
^4^ Yes with free unsupported third-party plugin\
^5^ Yes with free third-party software Web Guide 4\
^6^ Yes with add-on software called DVBLink Server\
^7^ Yes with using symlinks, or just adding folders in settings
## TV tuner hardware {#tv_tuner_hardware}
\
TV gateway network tuner TV servers\
DVRs require TV tuner cards to receive signals. Many DVRs, as seen above, can use multiple tuners.
[HdHomerun](https://www.silicondust.com/) has [CableCARD Models (HDHomeRun Prime)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160409193057/http://www.silicondust.com/products/hdhomerun/prime/) and [OTA Models (HDHomeRun Connect)](https://web.archive.org/web/20150927094847/http://www.silicondust
| 503 |
Comparison of DVR software packages
| 2 |
10,089,292 |
# Mike MacDonald (rugby union)
**Mike MacDonald** (born November 27, 1980, in Berkeley, California, United States) is a retired rugby union footballer who previously played for Leeds Carnegie in the RFU Championship and English Premiership. He represented the United States national team and predominantly played at the prop position.
## Youth and college {#youth_and_college}
MacDonald started playing rugby during his sophomore year of high school in 1997. He graduated from Miramonte High School in 1999 and followed in the footsteps of his brother, who was also a rugby player. In addition to rugby, MacDonald showcased his talents in wrestling and football, achieving a remarkable 3rd place finish in state wrestling during his senior year of high school.
MacDonald went on to win four rugby National Championships with the University of California, Berkeley. During his time there, he received the honor of being named an All-American five times between 2000 and 2004. Following the 2004 national championship, he was recognized as the tournament MVP.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
MacDonald had a professional career in England from 2005 to 2012, initially playing for the Worcester Warriors from 2005 to 2006. He then joined Leeds Carnegie from 2007 to 2012. MacDonald played a pivotal role for Leeds during the 2006-07 season, contributing to their success in winning National League 1 and securing promotion to the Premiership. Remarkably, he scored 10 tries that season, which is quite impressive for a front row player. Following the 2007-08 Premiership season, MacDonald was honored with the title of Leeds\' Player of the Season, and he was appointed captain for the 2008-09 season. In June 2011, MacDonald extended his contract with Leeds Carnegie for an additional two years. However, in April 2012, he was released from Leeds.
## International career {#international_career}
MacDonald\'s debut for the United States was against Fiji on June 30, 2000. MacDonald has represented the USA in three Rugby World Cups -- 2003, 2007 and 2011. At the 2011 Rugby World Cup, MacDonald broke two US records: he tallied his 63rd cap, surpassing Luke Gross as the United States\' most-capped player, and made his 11th appearance in a Rugby World Cup match, breaking the record held by Alec Parker. MacDonald was named Man of the Match in the United States\' win over Russia at the 2011 Rugby World Cup; MacDonald was key as the US scrum made Russia wilt under pressure and MacDonald was outstanding at the breakdown.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
MacDonald was signed on as an assistant coach of the California Golden Bears rugby team in 2011. Since his joining of the team as the forwards coach in the 2011--12 season, Cal Rugby has made seven 15\'s national championship appearances, including two victories in 2016 and 2017
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# Mișu Popp
**Mișu Popp** (March 19, 1827 -- March 6, 1892) was a Romanian painter and muralist.
## Biography
Born in Brassó, Kingdom of Hungary (now Brașov, Romania), he was the eighth child of Ioan Popp Moldovan de Galați (1774--1869) and Elena (1783--1867), born Ivan, a family from the Fogaras region. His father was a church muralist, painter, and sculptor.
Popp finished his art studies in 1848, at the Academy of Fine Arts from Vienna, where he developed a serious academic style.
He carried on the work of his father by painting several churches from Bucharest, Brașov (Tocile, Saint Nicholas Church), Araci, Râșnov, Satulung, Târgu-Jiu, Câmpulung, Urlați, etc. Between 1847 and 1853, he painted with Constantin Lecca the church of Curtea Veche from Bucharest.
But his main art legacy resides in creating many portraits of the personalities of his time (Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Andrei Mureșanu, Vasile Alecsandri, etc.) and of some famous historical figures, such as Michael the Brave, inspired from a contemporary engraving of the voivode.
His paintings are displayed in Bucharest at the Romanian Literature Museum and the National Art Museum, as well as in museums in Arad, Brașov, Ploiești, and Sibiu. A street in Râșnov bears his name. He is buried in Brașov\'s Groaveri cemetery.
## Gallery
*Click on an image to view it enlarged.*
Image: Ion Heliade Radulescu Popp.jpg \|*Portrait of Ion Heliade Rădulescu* Image: Misu Popp - Mihai Viteazul.jpg \|*Portrait of Michael the Brave* Image: Misu Popp - Portretul lui Andrei Muresanu.jpg \|*Portrait of Andrei Mureșanu* Image: Misu Popp - Tatal pictorului citind.jpg\|*Portrait of the painter\'s father* Image: Misu Popp - Portretul Sevastiei Panovici.jpg \|*Portrait of Sevastia Panovici* Image: Misu Popp - Femeia in albastru.jpg \|*Lady in blue* Image: Misu Popp - Taranca italiana (Rugaciunea).jpg \|*Italian peasant woman praying* Image: Misu Popp - Portretul mamei pictorului
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# European Urban Renaissance
The **European Urban Renaissance** is an architectural movement aiming at developing European cities according to traditional urban design principles and architectural styles. The movement is contemporaneous with the American New Urbanism movement.
## Typology of intervention {#typology_of_intervention}
The first exhibition dedicated to the movement was opened in March 1996 by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales at the "A Vision of Europe" Bologna Triennale II. The exhibition has been curated by Gabriele Tagliaventi and assembling more than 150 projects and built works in 24 countries. Both the exhibition and the accompanying English/French/Italian catalogue were organized by using an order of typology of intervention:
1. Reconstructing the area of the former Putterie/Putterij quarter that was destroyed for the construction of Brussels-Central railway station, 1985--95
2. Continuity of the classical tradition in the construction of the American capital city Washington, D.C., 1905--95
3. Continuing the construction of a bourgeois city , 1985--95
4. Urbanizing the suburbs
5. Extending the city with new urban quarters
6. Founding new traditional cities
7. Re-qualifying the urban space through the demolition of obsolete modernist buildings
8. Constructing new traditional public buildings
9. Reconquering the centre of the city
10. Reconquering the sacred space
11. Revitalizing the garden city
12. Healing the city
## Works and main figures {#works_and_main_figures}
The catalogue, published by Grafis, Bologna, contains a foreword by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales and essays by Gabriele Tagliaventi, Leon Krier, Maurice Culot, Dawid Watkin, Carroll William Westfall and featured for the first time the largest operation of Urban Renaissance in Europe: the new mixed-use urban block of Rue de Laeken (1989--1995) designed by Tagliaventi & Associates, Atelier 55, Sylvie Assassin, Barthelemy Dumons, Philippe Gisclard, Nathalie Prat, Jean Philippe Garric, Valerie Negre, Javier Cenicacelaya, Iñigo Saloña, Liam O'Connor, John Robins, Joseph Altuna, Marie Laure Petit.
Since 1996, the movement for the Urban Renaissance spread all over Europe, from the new town of Poundbury in England (1988--2007) master-planned by Leon Krier to the new Medina of Hammamet (2000--2005) designed by Tarak Ben Miled, from the new town of Potsdam Kirchsteigfeld (1993--2002) in Germany designed by Rob Krier and Christoph Kohl to the new urban neighborhood in Lisbon Bairro Alto (2000--2007) designed by José Baganha, from the Borgo Città Nuova new urban neighborhood in Alessandria (1995--2002) designed by Leon Krier and Gabriele Tagliaventi to the new town of Val d\'Europe (1995--2007) built near Paris according to the master-plan by Cooper-Robertson to the new village of Pitious at Spetses (1992--96) designed by Demetri Porphyrios, from the Richmond Riverside neighborhood (1987--1992) in London by Quinlan Terry to the new urban neighborhood of Sankt Eriksgaten in Stockholm (1995--2004) designed by Alexander Wolodarski.
Due to the success of these operations of re-urbanization of both suburban and central areas, many new interventions are actually under construction all around Europe, including the Quartier am Tacheles in Berlin-Mitte (2000--2007) master-planned by Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk with buildings by Demetri Porphyrios, Piotr Choynowski, Tagliaventi & Associates, Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Robert A. M. Stern, Calvin TsaO, the reconstruction of the historical centre of Palermo (1996--2007), the new Beguinage at Valenciennes (2002--2007) by Styles Architectes, the new urban centre of Plessis-Robinson, France, (1992--2007) designed by Jean François Spoerry, Xavier Bohl, Marc and Nada Breitman, the new urban centre of the Via della Pietra Neighborhood in Bologna by Tagliaventi & Associates (2002--2007)
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# Hitzhofen
**Hitzhofen** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
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# United Nations Security Council Resolution 67
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 67**, adopted on January 28, 1949, satisfied that both parties in the Indonesian Conflict continued to adhere to the principles of the Renville Agreement, the Council called upon the Netherlands to immediately discontinue all military operations and upon the Indonesian Republic to order its armed adherents to cease guerrilla warfare and for both parties to cooperate in the restoration of peace and the maintenance of law and order throughout the area. The Council further called upon the Netherlands to release all political prisoners arrested since December 17, 1948 and to facilitate the immediate return of officials of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to Jogjakarta and afford to them such facilities as may reasonably be required by that Government for its effective functioning in that area.
The Resolution then called for the creation of a federal \'United States of Indonesia\' in which elections for constituents to a constituent assembly would be completed by October 1949 and to whom the Netherlands would transfer sovereignty of Indonesia to by July 1950. To that end the Council renamed the Committee of Good Offices to the United Nations Commission for Indonesia and charged it with all the duties of the old Committee as well as the observation of elections and guaranteeing freedom of assembly, speech and publication along with supervising the transfer of parts of Indonesia to the Republican Government and issuing periodic reports to the Council.
The resolution was voted on in parts; no vote was taken on the text as a whole.
## United Nations Commissions {#united_nations_commissions}
### United Nations Good Offices Commission (1947) {#united_nations_good_offices_commission_1947}
**Good Offices Commission** (Indonesian: *Komisi Tiga Negara*) was a United Nations commission established in August 25, 1947 on the basis of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 31 as a mediator for the conflict between the newly established Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Committee of Good Offices consisted of three countries, each countries were chosen by both Indonesia and the Netherlands as a representatives and mediator for a ceasefire and peace agreement. The countries were The United States, chosen by both sides as a mediator, Belgium, chosen by the Dutch side, and Australia, chosen by Indonesian side. The United States was represented by Frank Porter Graham, Belgium was represented by Paul Van Zeeland, and Australia was represented by Richard C. Kirby.
The UN Good Offices Commission was the first UN peacekeeping mission for Australia.
### United Nations Commission for Indonesia {#united_nations_commission_for_indonesia}
The **United Nations Commission for Indonesia** (Abbreviated: **UNCI**; Indonesian: *Komisi PBB untuk Indonesia*) was a United Nations commission formed to replace the Good Offices Commission. The purpose of UNCI was to continue the duties of the previous commission, while at the same time overseeing the handover of the Indonesian territory to the republican government and reporting regularly to the United Nations Security Council. UNCI was formed after the Good Offices Commission was deemed to have failed to reconcile the conflict. UNCI played an important role in the Dutch--Indonesian Round Table Conference
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# Tommy McGee
**Tommy McGee** (born 9 July 1979 in Thurso, Scotland) is a Scottish former rugby union footballer for Leeds Tykes. His usual position is at prop. McGee was released by Leeds in 2010 and later that year was appointed head coach of Wharfedale. He has previously represented Scotland and Great Britain students at rugby league
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# Flushing Avenue
**Flushing Avenue** is a street running through northern Brooklyn and western Queens, beginning at Nassau Street in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, and ending at Grand Avenue in Maspeth. It divides the neighborhood of Williamsburg from Clinton Hill and East Williamsburg from Bushwick. After crossing the Queens border, the avenue serves as the dividing line between Ridgewood, Queens and West Maspeth. Flushing Avenue then terminates in Maspeth. Despite its name, however, the avenue does not extend to Flushing.
## Route description {#route_description}
The avenue is primarily an industrial thoroughfare. On its extreme western end, it serves the Brooklyn Navy Yard, a former naval shipyard turned industrial park. Part of the Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway bike path runs alongside Flushing Avenue in this area. In this district, the south side of Flushing Avenue contains many abandoned business that were supported by sailors and ship workers before the government closed the yard.
Continuing eastward, Flushing Avenue crosses the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway. This section of Flushing Avenue, between the expressway and Broadway, has seen considerable redevelopment over recent years by Williamsburg\'s Hasidic population, as young urban professionals have moved into the northern end of Williamsburg. The north side of Flushing Avenue in this section is a primarily residential area, whereas the south side is primarily industrial, the most notable exception being the Marcy Houses housing project. The Flushing Avenue subway station is at Flushing and Marcy Avenues.
Flushing Avenue forms the south side of the so-called \"Broadway Triangle\", bounded on the northeast by Broadway and on the west by Union Avenue, whose factories were largely abandoned shortly after the turn of the 21st century. The Triangle was rezoned as \"residential\" in December 2009.
The commercial heart of Flushing Avenue is the intersection with Broadway and Graham Avenue, in the extreme southern end of Williamsburg. This business improvement district is serviced by the `{{NYCS Jamaica west local}}`{=mediawiki} trains\' Flushing Avenue stop. In this area are cheap retail shopping, food shops and fast-food chains. This primarily Puerto Rican and Hasidic area is becoming increasingly populated with students and young professionals.
Near the intersection with Bushwick Avenue, residential Bushwick borders Flushing Avenue to the south, and the massive Bushwick Houses to the north. At Morgan and at Wyckoff Avenue, a community of artists and young professionals have moved into the low-rise lofts that were once abandoned. An effect of this gentrification was the opening of two bar-restaurants, Life Cafe and the Wreck Room, on an adjacent section of Flushing Avenue.
Continuing past Wyckoff Avenue, the avenue crosses into Queens, passes the historic Vander Ende-Onderdonk House Site (formerly in Brooklyn, now Queens), and becomes actively industrial on both sides. Upon entering Maspeth, it is a residential street.
## History
In 1951, eighteen traffic signals at the western end of Flushing Avenue, as well as along Park Avenue in Fort Greene, were re-timed to increase the flow of traffic heading west to the Manhattan Bridge.
Flushing Avenue has seen considerable decline since its heyday in the early and mid-20th century. Some sections began to gentrify, to varying degrees, at the turn of the 21st century. In 2004, the city began a project to upgrade the water and sewer infrastructure on the western part of the road, and to repave it; the project was completed in 2008.
## Transportation
Flushing Avenue is served by the following bus routes:
- The B57 serves the entire length of the avenue, except between 61st Street and Grand Avenue. Westbound buses run out of service from 64th Street to 61st Street before changing its destination from Maspeth to Red Hook.
- The `{{NYC bus link|B69}}`{=mediawiki} runs on the avenue between its western end and Vanderbilt Avenue.
- From Throop Avenue, southbound `{{NYC bus link|B43}}`{=mediawiki} buses head west to Tompkins Avenue, while northbound buses head east to Broadway.
- The `{{NYC bus link|Q58}}`{=mediawiki} runs between the avenue's eastern end and Fresh Pond Road.
- All northbound `{{NYC bus link|B44}}`{=mediawiki} buses that terminate at Flushing Avenue run east on it from Bedford Avenue to Nostrand Avenue, changing its destination to Sheepshead Bay.
The following subway stations are located at or near the corridor:
- The New York City Subway's IND Crosstown Line has a station on Union Avenue served by the `{{NYCS trains|Crosstown}}`{=mediawiki}.
- The BMT Jamaica Line has a station on Broadway served by the `{{NYCS trains|Jamaica west local}}`{=mediawiki}.
- The BMT Canarsie Line has a nearby stop at the Jefferson Street station served by the `{{NYCS trains|Canarsie}}`{=mediawiki}
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# List of Canadian monarchs
Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over Canada, starting with the French colony of Canada, which subsequently became a British colony, followed by the British Dominion of Canada, and, finally, the present-day sovereign state of Canada.`{{refn|<ref>{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=2| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2|url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140303/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2012-11-10| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1331826436671/1335290506351| title=Crown in Canada – The Monarch| date=1 June 2012| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=20 October 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209092009/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1331826436671/1335290506351| archive-date=9 February 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/index-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=14 May 2009| archive-date=25 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825002610/https://www.canada.ca/home.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Kenney>{{Cite book| last=Kenney| first=Jason| author-link=Jason Kenney| date=23 April 2007| contribution=Speech to the Lieutenant Governors Meeting| contribution-url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/minstr/arc_disc-spch/kenney/2007/20070423-eng.cfm| editor-last=Department of Canadian Heritage| editor-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Speeches > The Honourable Jason Kenney| place=Regina| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=27 January 2010| archive-date=11 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611163321/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/minstr/arc_disc-spch/kenney/2007/20070423-eng.cfm| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Valpy1109>{{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Valpy| title=The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=13 November 2009|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/the-monarchy-offshore-but-built-in/article4292569/?page=all| accessdate=14 November 2009| location=Toronto}}</ref><ref name=MacLeod6>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last=Monet| first=Jacques| website=The Canadian Encyclopedia| title=Governor General| editor-last=Marsh| editor-first=James Harley| place=Toronto| publisher=Historica Canada|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350| accessdate=5 March 2010| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211042131/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350| archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=5 March 2010| archive-date=27 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070332/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Coyne| first=Andrew| author-link=Andrew Coyne| title=Defending the royals| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Roger's Communications| location=Toronto| date=13 November 2009|url=http://www.macleans.ca/2009/11/13/defending-the-royals/| issn=0024-9262| accessdate=18 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/1193941--celebrating-the-diamond-jubilee-of-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-canada| last=Editorial| title=Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada| date=26 May 2012| newspaper=Toronto Star| accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) and claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII.`{{refn|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396018229970/| title=The Royal Family| publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada| date=24 September 2014| accessdate=9 December 2015| author=Government of Canada| archive-date=11 December 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211000813/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396018229970/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/discover/section-06.asp| title=Discover Canada – Canada's History| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| date=1 July 2012| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-cabot| title=John Cabot| publisher=Historica Canada| date=1 July 2008| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| title=The First Voyages of the Europeans| publisher=University of Ottawa| accessdate=20 January 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203094354/http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| archive-date=2014-02-03| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents/explorers/John%20Cabot.html| title=The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography| publisher=Canada History| year=1990| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Croxton, Derek| archive-date=5 December 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233539/http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents/explorers/John%20Cabot.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html| title=John Cabot's Voyage of 1497| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage| year=1997| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Memorial University of Newfoundland}}</ref><ref name=Harper>{{Cite book| last=Harper| first=Stephen| author-link=Stephen Harper| year=2008| publication-date=2012| contribution=Letter| contribution-url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| editor-last=MacLeod| editor-first=Kevin S.| editor-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=vii| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012| archive-date=10 November 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140303/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=5 March 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213024/http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| archive-date=4 October 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} However, some sources, instead, put this date at 1535, when the word *Canada* was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada, which was founded in the name of King Francis I. Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns.`{{refn|<ref name=Kenney/><ref name=Valpy1109/><ref name=Harper /><ref name=Senate /><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| pp=2–3, 39}}</ref><ref name=Monet>{{cite journal| last=Monet| first=Jacques| title=Crown and Country| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2007| issue=26| page=8| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2007|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| accessdate=15 June 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625225416/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| title=Queen and Canada| publisher=The British Monarchy| accessdate=12 November 2015| archive-date=27 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070332/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Since the first claim by Henry VII, there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.`{{refn|<ref name=CRHT>{{cite web|url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=30 September 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213024/http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| archive-date=4 October 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=crown>{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereign/| title=Sovereigns Who have Reigned Over Canada| publisher=Historica Canada| work=The Canadian Encyclodpdia| accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| title=Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| date=22 August 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013649/http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| title=The Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| year=2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Heritage Canada| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727185830/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2013-07-27| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Dundurn| author=Tidridge, Nathan| year=2011| location=Toronto| pages=233–236}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| title=Canada's Monarchy throughout History| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| accessdate=12 November 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103031222/http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| archive-date=3 January 2011}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
While Canada became a Dominion within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867, the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention, and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Since then, the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch.{{#tag:ref\|The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while \"there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth\... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada.\"\|group=N\|name=ECApp}} Although the term *king of Canada* was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI, it was not until 1953 that the monarch\'s title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.
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# List of Canadian monarchs
## Sovereigns of Canada {#sovereigns_of_canada}
### The French Crown (1534--1763) {#the_french_crown_15341763}
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Portrait | Regnal name | Reign | | Full name |
+==================+=================+===================================================================================+==================+====================+
| House of Valois | | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Francis I**\ | 24 July 1534 | 31 March 1547 | Francis |
| | (1494--1547) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | | Territorial claim: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1534: in Francis\' name, Jacques Cartier laid claim to New France and Acadia. | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Henry II**\ | 31 March 1547 | 10 July 1559 | Henry |
| | (1519--1559) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Francis II**\ | 10 July 1559 | 5 December 1560 | Francis |
| | (1544--1560) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Charles IX**\ | 5 December 1560 | 30 May 1574 | Charles Maximilian |
| | (1550--1574) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Henry III**\ | 30 May 1574 | 2 August 1589 | Alexandre Édouard |
| | (1551--1589) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| House of Bourbon | | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Henry IV**\ | 2 August 1589 | 14 May 1610 | Henri de Bourbon |
| | (1553--1610) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Louis XIII**\ | 14 May 1610 | 14 May 1643 | Louis |
| | (1601--1643) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Louis XIV**\ | 14 May 1643 | 1 September 1715 | Louis-Dieudonné |
| | (1638--1715) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1655: acquired concrete claim to Placentia. | | |
| | | - 1713: ceded Acadia, Placentia, and Hudson Bay to Anne. | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | **Louis XV**\ | 1 September 1715 | 10 February 1763 | Louis |
| | (1710--1774) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1763: ceded New France to George III. | | |
+------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
| 369 |
List of Canadian monarchs
| 1 |
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# List of Canadian monarchs
## Sovereigns of Canada {#sovereigns_of_canada}
### The English and British Crowns (1497--1931) {#the_english_and_british_crowns_14971931}
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Portrait | Regnal name | Reign | | Full name |
+================================+====================+======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+==========================================================================+==========================================================================+
| House of Tudor | | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Henry VII**\ | 24 June 1497 | 21 April 1509 | Henry |
| | (1457--1509) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1497: in Henry\'s name, John Cabot laid claim to lands that soon came to be called \"Canada\".{{#tag:ref\|From 1763 to 1791 the colony of Canada was known as \"Quebec\" prior to returning to the name \"Canada\" (Upper and Lower) which were unified in 1841.\|group=N}} The English Crown did not concretely exercise this claim until the reign of King George III, when the colony of Canada was officially ceded from France to Great Britain. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Henry VIII**\ | 21 April 1509 | 28 January 1547 | Henry |
| | (1491--1547) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Edward VI**\ | 28 January 1547 | 6 July 1553 | Edward |
| | (1537--1553) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | **Mary I**\ | 19 July 1553 (Mary I) | 17 November 1558 | Mary |
| | (1516--1558)\ | | | |
| | & **Philip II**\ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| | (1527--1598)\ | | | |
| | as co-sovereigns | 25 July 1554 (Philip II) | | Felipe |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Elizabeth I**\ | 17 November 1558 | 24 March 1603 | Elizabeth |
| | (1533--1603) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1583: in Elizabeth\'s name, Sir Humphrey Gilbert laid claim to the island of Newfoundland. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| House of Stuart | | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **James I**\ | 24 March 1603 | 27 March 1625 | Charles James |
| | (1566--1625) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Charles I**\ | 27 March 1625 | 30 January 1649 | Charles |
| | (1600--1649) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ***Interregnum*** | | 30 January 1649 | 29 May 1660 | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Charles II**\ | 29 May 1660 | 6 February 1685 | Charles |
| | (1630--1685) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1670: created Rupert\'s Land. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **James II**\ | 6 February 1685 | 1 December 1688 | James |
| | (1633--1701) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ***Vacant*** | | 1 December 1688 | 13 February 1689 | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | **Mary II**\ | 13 February 1689 | 28 December 1694 | Mary |
| | (1662--1694)\ | | | |
| | & **William III**\ | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| | (1650--1702)\ | | | |
| | as co-sovereigns | | 8 March 1702 | William |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Anne**\ | 8 March 1702 | 1 August 1714 | Anne |
| | (1665--1714) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1713: acquired Acadia, Placentia, and Hudson Bay from Louis XIV of France. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| House of Hanover | | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **George I**\ | 1 August 1714 | 11 June 1727 | George Louis |
| | (1660--1727) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **George II**\ | 11 June 1727\ | 25 October 1760\ | George Augustus |
| | (1683--1760) | old calendar | new calendar | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **George III**\ | 25 October 1760 | 29 January 1820 | George William Frederick |
| | (1738--1820) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors General of British North America: The Lord Dorchester, Robert Prescott, Robert Milnes, Thomas Dunn, James Henry Craig, George Prevost, Gordon Drummond, John Coape Sherbrooke, The Duke of Richmond | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1763: acquired Canada from Louis XV of France; changed its name to Province of Quebec. | | |
| | | - 1778: in George\'s name, James Cook laid claim to lands that later came to be called Vancouver Island. | | |
| | | - 1791: created the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada out of the Province of Quebec. | | |
| | | - 1818: ceded Rupert\'s Land south of the 49th parallel to the United States; acquired the Louisiana Purchase north of the 49th parallel from the United States. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **George IV**\ | 29 January 1820 | 26 June 1830 | George Augustus Frederick |
| | (1762--1830) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Dalhousie, James Kempt | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **William IV**\ | 26 June 1830 | 20 June 1837 | William Henry |
| | (1765--1837) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors General of British North America: The Lord Aylmer, The Earl of Gosford | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Victoria**\ | 20 June 1837 | 22 January 1901 | Alexandrina Victoria |
| | (1819--1901) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Gosford, John Colborne, The Earl of Durham, The Lord Sydenham, Charles Bagot, The Lord Metcalfe, The Earl Cathcart, The Earl of Elgin, Edmund Walker Head, The Viscount Monck; Governors General of Canada: The Viscount Monck, the Lord Lisgar, the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lorne, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Lord Stanley of Preston, the Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Minto | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime Ministers of Canada: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, John Abbott, John Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, Charles Tupper, Wilfrid Laurier | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1840: united Lower and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada. | | |
| | | - 1846: acquired concrete claim to the Columbia District north of the 49th parallel and Vancouver Island. | | |
| | | - 1867: united the Province of Canada (and created out of it Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into the federal Dominion of Canada.{{#tag:ref\|In 1867, the separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Subsequently, each of the other colonies in British North America eventually joined the union as provinces. Other provinces were created by the Dominion from its territories. Over time, Canada gradually gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom due to continued evolution in constitutional practice. However, it remained under the British Crown until 1931, when the Canadian Crown is generally accepted as having been created due to the enactment of the Statute of Westminster. The Dominion of Newfoundland continued as a separate British colony under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.\|group=N}} | | |
| | | - 1870: created the province of Manitoba. | | |
| | | - Joined Rupert\'s Land, the North-Western Territory (1870), British Columbia (1871), Prince Edward Island (1873), and the British Arctic Territories (1880) into the union. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Edward VII**\ | 22 January 1901 | 6 May 1910 | Albert Edward |
| | (1841--1910) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors General of Canada: The Earl of Minto, the Earl Grey | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime Minister of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1905: created the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan from part of the Northwest Territories. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| House of Windsor | | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **George V**\ | 6 May 1910 | 11 December 1931 | George Frederick Ernest Albert |
| | (1865--1936) | | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors General of Canada: The Earl Grey, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, the Duke of Devonshire, the Lord Byng of Vimy, the Marquess of Willingdon, the Earl of Bessborough | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime Ministers of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier, Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Richard B. Bennett | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial changes: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1931: granted Royal Assent to the Statute of Westminster 1931, thereby creating the Canadian Crown and leaving Newfoundland as the only part of Canada\'s current territory left under the British Crown. | | |
+--------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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# List of Canadian monarchs
## Sovereigns of Canada {#sovereigns_of_canada}
### The Canadian Crown (1931--present) {#the_canadian_crown_1931present}
In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the Statute of Westminster 1931.
The Dominion of Newfoundland had the same status as Canada in 1931. However, its parliament never adopted the statute to create a separate position of king of Newfoundland and would remain under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Portrait | Regnal name | Reign | | Full name |
+==================+=======================+============================================================================================================================================================================================================================+==================+=====================================================+
| House of Windsor | | | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | **George V**\ | 11 December 1931 | 20 January 1936 | George Frederick Ernest Albert |
| | (1865--1936) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors general: The Earl of Bessborough, the Lord Tweedsmuir | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime ministers: Richard B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | **Edward VIII**\ | 20 January 1936 | 11 December 1936 | Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David |
| | (1894--1972) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governor general: The Lord Tweedsmuir | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | **George VI**\ | 11 December 1936 | 6 February 1952 | Albert Frederick Arthur George |
| | (1895--1952) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors general: The Lord Tweedsmuir, the Earl of Athlone, the Viscount Alexander of Tunis | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime ministers: William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Territorial change: | | |
| | | | | |
| | | - 1949: merged Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) into Canada, thereby putting all of Canada\'s current territory under the Canadian Crown. | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | **Elizabeth II**\ | 6 February 1952 | 8 September 2022 | Elizabeth Alexandra Mary |
| | (1926--2022) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governors general: Vincent Massey, Georges Vanier, Roland Michener, Jules Léger, Edward Schreyer, Jeanne Sauvé, Ray Hnatyshyn, Roméo LeBlanc, Adrienne Clarkson, Michaëlle Jean, David Johnston, Julie Payette, Mary Simon | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime ministers: Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, Joe Clark, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, Stephen Harper, Justin Trudeau | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | **Charles III**\ | 8 September 2022 | *present* | Charles Philip Arthur George |
| | (b. 1948) | | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Governor general: Mary Simon | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | Prime ministers: Justin Trudeau, Mark Carney | | |
+------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
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# List of Canadian monarchs
## Consorts
The Canadian monarch\'s consort---his or her spouse---has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the Canadian royal family. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of *queen consort*; as Canada does not have laws or letters patent under the Great Seal of Canada laying out the styles of any royal family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are, as a courtesy, addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that the Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Elizabeth II, would not be granted the title of *prince consort*.
Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, Albert, died before Confederation, and Edward VIII, who married Wallis Simpson after his abdication.
## Timeline of monarchs {#timeline_of_monarchs}
{{#tag:timeline\| ImageSize = width:1400 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = top:30 bottom:90 right:130 left:3 AlignBars = late
Define \$today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}
DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1480 till:`{{CURRENTYEAR}}`{=mediawiki} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
Colors =
`id:French value:rgb(0,0.5,1) legend: French_Crown`\
`id:English value:rgb(0.9,0.4,0.4) legend: English/British_Crown`\
`id:Canada value:rgb(1,0,0) legend: Canadian_Crown`\
`id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)`\
`id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)`\
`id:grid value:gray(0
| 211 |
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# Kinding
**Kinding** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
| 15 |
Kinding
| 0 |
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# Bicton College
**Bicton College** is a college with around 1,000 full-time and 3,500 part-time pupils, located near Budleigh Salterton, Devon, England. It is part of the Cornwall College group. The college specialises in agriculture and currently offers courses in such topics as animal care, countryside management, horticulture, veterinary nursing, and agricultural engineering, aboriculture and floristry. The college\'s courses range from level 1 all the way to foundation degrees. For the level-4 courses the college works in partnership with the University of Plymouth.
The college was founded under the name Bicton Farm Institute in 1947, when the Devon County Council leased Bicton House and part of the Bicton Park estate from Lord Clinton. The name was changed in 1967 to Bicton College of Agriculture and in 2002 to Bicton College.
For the years 2007-2008 Bicton College was recognised as a Centre of Excellence in Teacher Training for its training of teachers in the Post Compulsory (Post 16) sector
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Bicton College
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10,089,373 |
# List of microphone manufacturers
## Current microphone manufacturers {#current_microphone_manufacturers}
The following is a list of current **microphone manufacturers**. `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Akai
- AKG
- Astatic
- AEA Ribbon Mics
- Audio-Technica
- Behringer
- Beyerdynamic
- Blue Microphones
- Brauner
- Brüel & Kjær
- CAD Audio
- Core Sound LLC
- DJI
- DPA
- Earthworks
- Electro-Voice
- Fostex
- Gauge Precision Instruments
- Gentex Corp
- Grundig
- Heil Sound
- JZ Microphones
- Lauten Audio
- Line 6
- Manley Laboratories
- M-Audio
- Microtech Gefell
- Milab
- MIPRO
- Nady Systems, Inc.
- Georg Neumann GmbH
- Nevaton
- NTi Audio
- Oktava
- PCB Piezotronics
- Peavey Electronics
- Philips
- Røde Microphones
- Royer Labs
- Schoeps
- Sennheiser
- Shure
- Sony
- TASCAM/TEAC Corporation
- TOA Corp.
- Zoom Corporation
## Defunct microphone manufacturers {#defunct_microphone_manufacturers}
The following is a list of defunct **microphone manufacturers** with articles
| 158 |
List of microphone manufacturers
| 0 |
10,089,375 |
# Bar Talk
***Bar Talk*** is an album by jazz guitarist John Scofield. It was recorded in August 1980 at Celebration Studios in New York City and produced by Mark Bingham and John Scofield. It was the first release featuring Scofield's trio with bass guitarist Steve Swallow and drummer Adam Nussbaum.
The John Scofield Trio, established here, went on to release two live albums which were recorded sixteen months later in Munich and released on the German Enja label: *Out Like a Light* and *Shinola*. *Bar Talk* is stylistically very close to the later live recordings and features four Scofield compositions (\"New Strings Attached\", \"How to Marry a Millionaire\", \"Fat Dancer\", and \"Nature Calls\") along with \"Never\" by Swallow and \"Beckon Call\" written by Gary Campbell.
The album was released on the Arista subsidiary Novus label. Four of the tracks were added as bonus material on the 1990 digital re-release of the preceding album *Who\'s Who?*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All compositions written by John Scofield except where noted.
**Side A**
1. \"Beckon Call\" (Gary Campbell) -- 7:05
2. \"New Strings Attached\" -- 6:12
3. \"Never\" (Steve Swallow) -- 6:47
**Side B**
1. \"How to Marry a Millionaire\" -- 6:35
2. \"Fat Dancer\" -- 6:55
3
| 206 |
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| 0 |
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# Kipfenberg
**Kipfenberg** is a town and municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria, Germany. It is known for its hillside castle and fortress, and for being the geographical centre of Bavaria. The river Altmühl flows through the municipality and its market town of Kipfenberg.
Franz Widnmann (1846--1910), painter, graphic artist, and professor at the Royal School of Applied Arts in Munich, was born at Kipfenberg. Konrad Schumann (1942--1998), a former soldier for East Berlin hung himself in an orchard in Kipfenberg
| 83 |
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10,089,398 |
# 5D (Fifth Dimension)
\"**5D (Fifth Dimension)**\" is a song by the American rock band the Byrds, written by band member Jim McGuinn. It was released as a single in June 1966, and also included as the title track on the Byrds\' third album, *Fifth Dimension*.
## Lyrical content {#lyrical_content}
McGuinn has described the song\'s lyrics as an attempt to explain Albert Einstein\'s theory of relativity, and as having been directly inspired by the book *1-2-3-4, More, More, More, More* by Don Landis. In a 1966 interview with *Hit Parader* magazine, McGuinn stated, \"It\'s sort of weird but\...what I\'m talking about is the whole universe, the fifth dimension, which is height, width, depth, time and something else. But there definitely are more dimensions than five. It\'s infinite. The fifth dimension is the threshold of scientific knowledge.\" Talking to Michael Ross of *Creem* magazine in 1970, McGuinn further explained the song\'s meaning: \"\'5D\' was an ethereal trip into metaphysics, into an almost Moslem submission to an Allah, an almighty spirit, free-floating, the fifth dimension being the \'mesh\' which Einstein theorized about. He proved theoretically - but I choose to believe it.\"
According to the Byrds\' biographer Johnny Rogan, the song\'s abstract lyrics were largely interpreted by the band\'s audience as being about an LSD trip, much to McGuinn\'s dismay. The notion that the song was about psychedelic drugs was given further credence when it was singled out, within a month of its release, by *Variety* magazine as one of a recent spate of pop songs containing references to illegal drug use. As a result of these allegations, the song was banned by some radio stations in the U.S.
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# 5D (Fifth Dimension)
## Recording and release {#recording_and_release}
The master recording of \"5D (Fifth Dimension)\" was taped on May 24 and 25, 1966, during sessions for the *Fifth Dimension* album, with Allen Stanton serving as record producer. The song features the Bach-influenced organ and electric piano playing of Los Angeles composer, arranger, producer, and session musician, Van Dyke Parks.
The song was issued as a single on June 13, 1966, and reached number 44 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, but failed to chart in the United Kingdom. The song was also included on the band\'s third album, *Fifth Dimension*, which was released on July 18, 1966.
*Billboard* magazine described the single as an \"off-beat lyric rocker with chart-topping potential\". *Cash Box* described the song as a \"rhythmic, medium-paced, blues-soaked tale of rejection about a somewhat disoriented young man.\" Critic Bruce Eder, writing for the AllMusic website, called the song, \"the most improbable single ever issued by the Byrds\", and \"the most daring opening track ever on any Byrds album.\" He went on to note that it followed the release of the band\'s influential \"Eight Miles High\" single, although, in his opinion, \"5D (Fifth Dimension)\" was more challenging and arguably took the Byrds\' psychedelic experimentation to further extremes.\" \"5D (Fifth Dimension)\" was a favorite of the Byrds\' bass player, Chris Hillman, who described it as \"one of the greatest songs McGuinn has ever written.\"
Following its release, \"5D (Fifth Dimension)\" was performed sporadically during the Byrds\' 1966 live concerts, but was abandoned for most of the rest of the group\'s lifespan. However, the song is frequently performed by McGuinn during his solo concerts and consequently appears on his 2007 live album, *Live From Spain*.
In addition to its appearance on the *Fifth Dimension* album, \"5D (Fifth Dimension)\" also appears on several Byrds\' compilations, including *The Byrds\' Greatest Hits*, *History of The Byrds*, *The Original Singles: 1965--1967, Volume 1*, *The Byrds*, *The Very Best of The Byrds*, *The Essential Byrds*, and *There Is a Season*
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# John Farry
**John Farry** (born 1958, Enniskillen) is an Irish singer/songwriter from Garrison, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. He played in Irish Country bands *Toledo, Amarillo, Tennessee Sunshine* as a vocalist and guitarist before launching solo and songwriting careers.
He is best known for writing the Irish entry for the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest - a song entitled \"Mysterious Woman\" which achieved second place. He is one of Irelands most prolific songwriters.
He continues to write songs and to perform throughout Ireland as a singer-songwriter He has also had a very successful career in music management, managing Country and Irish star Nathan Carter from January 2010 until January 2024
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# Kearnan Myall
**Kearnan Myall** (born 15 December 1986, in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire) is a retired rugby union player who last played for Wasps RFC. He previously played for Sale Sharks and Leeds Carnegie.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire and raised in the Holmfirth area, he played junior rugby for both Huddersfield RUFC and YMCA and was at Leeds at the same time as fellow Huddersfield born England player Luther Burrell. He is a former student of Holmfirth High School and Greenhead College.
He joined the Leeds Academy at the age of 15 and has fulfilled the initial promise he showed when helping the club to win the National Colts Cup in 2004, the year he represented England U18 Clubs in the Home Nations tournament in Belfast.
Two seasons later, he made his first team debut off the bench against Sale in the Powergen Cup, a significant step up from his earlier appearances for Holmfirth and Huddersfield YMCA. He appeared 127 times for Leeds and scored 12 tries before crossing the Pennines along with Carnegie club mates Luther Burrell, Hendre Fourie and Scott Mathie to join the Sharks. In his final campaign for Leeds, he made 28 appearances and played the full 80 minutes in all except seven of those games.
He has since joined Wasps, starting in the 2013-2014 campaign.
## International career {#international_career}
Myall has been capped by England at both England U18 and England Saxons level and was included in head coach Stuart Lancaster\'s team for the 2013 tour of South America. His first appearance for England came as a replacement for England against the Barbarians in an uncapped match
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# Kösching
**Kösching** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
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# Piz Morteratsch
**Piz Morteratsch** (3,751 m) is a mountain in the Bernina Range in Switzerland. It is bordered on the east by the Morteratsch Glacier and on the south-west by the Tschierva Glacier.
One of the easier of the higher mountains in the range to climb, the normal route follows that taken by the first ascentionists C. Brügger and P. Gensler with guides Karl Emmermann and Angelo Klaingutti on 11 September 1858. Three of its ridges present greater difficulties and are highly regarded:
:\*South-south-east ridge (D/D+), first ascent P. J. H. Unna with guides, 1903
:\*East-north-east ridge (AD), first ascent of complete ridge, Paul Schucan and A. Pfister, 10 October 1908 (the upper section had been climbed by Max Schintz with guides Alois Pollinger and his son Josef Pollinger of St. Niklaus in the canton Valais in August 1892)
:\*South-west ridge, (AD), first ascent by T. H. Philpott and Mrs Philpott with guides Peter Jenny and Alexander Fleury in September 1868
The mountain is served by the Boval hut (2,495 m, open 15 March--15 May and 15 June--15 October) and the Tschierva Hut (2,573 m, open end of March--15 May and 15 June--15 October)
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# Phil Nilsen
**Phil Nilsen** (born `{{birth date and age|df=y|1985|2|26}}`{=mediawiki} in Sale, Greater Manchester, England) is a rugby union footballer for Coventry having previous played for Leeds Carnegie. Having originally played Blindside flanker, Phil moved to Hooker under the direct advice from the now RFU coach Stuart Lancaster. Lancaster recruited Nilsen into the academy at just 17 years of age, having watched him play for the Yorkshire under-18 team. Nilsen originally hails from Sale.
When he began his career at the club he originally played at Back row, but he switched to the Front row and has not looked back since. In 2004 he was part of the National Colts Final winning team and in 2005 he helped Leeds Carnegie pick up the Yorkshire Senior Cup.
During the 2007--08 Guinness Premiership he spent time on loan at Otley, but returned to Leeds to make 5 appearances before an arm injury ruled him out of action
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# Nelson City Council
**Nelson City Council** is the unitary local authority for Nelson in New Zealand.
## History
Local governance of Nelson began with Nelson Province in 1853, which covered the entire upper South Island. The town of Nelson was managed by the Nelson Board of Works, constituted by the provincial council under the Nelson Improvement Act 1856. Nelson became a borough and the board of works became Nelson City Council on 30 March 1874.
In the 1989 local government reforms, Nelson City Council was constituted a territorial authority within the Nelson-Marlborough Region. Under the Local Government Amendment Act 1992, the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council was disestablished on 1 July 1992 and its functions taken over by Nelson City Council, Marlborough District Council and Tasman District Council, which all became unitary authorities. Nelson became constituted as \"\'The Nelson Region\', which shall comprise the area of Nelson City\".
On 12 October 2013, Rachel Reese was elected as Nelson\'s first woman mayor after receiving 1,500 votes more than incumbent mayor Aldo Miccio.
## Scope
Nelson City Council\'s area covers the entire local government region of Nelson of 424 km^2^. Its population was 53,082 in 2018. It borders the Tasman and Marlborough Districts.
## Elections
As a unitary authority, the Nelson City Council has the combined responsibilities and functions of both a territorial (local) and regional council. This is different from most other local authorities in New Zealand. More often, a regional council is a separate organisation with several territorial authorities (city or district councils) within its borders. Other unitary authorities are the Auckland Council, Gisborne District Council, Marlborough District Council, Tasman District Council and the Chatham Islands Council.
The mayor of Nelson and 12 councillors are elected every three years. The elections are held under the first-past-the-post electoral system, as part of nationwide local elections. They are conducted by post over a three-week period to make it as convenient as possible for people to vote.
The other option permitted under the Local Electoral Act 2001, but not currently used in Nelson, is the single transferable vote system. Multiple-member districts are used. Electors vote by ranking candidates in order of preference by placing a number beside candidates\' names. The elector can mark a preference for one or up to the total number of candidates on the paper. The number of votes required for a candidate to be elected, the quota, depends on the number of positions to be filled and the number of valid votes. (Election of mayor may be held using the Instant-runoff vote method.)
Under the Local Electoral Act 2002, the Nelson City Council can resolve to change the electoral system to be used for the next two elections, and it must review this decision every six years. A referendum was held in 2003 to decide which electoral system would be used for the 2004 and 2007 Nelson City Council elections, with the outcome that the first-past-the-post system was retained. The 2008 review retained that system for the 2010 and 2013 elections.
## Current councillors {#current_councillors}
The current mayor of Nelson is Nick Smith.
Nelson City councillors for the 2022--2025 term are:
- Matty Anderson
- Matthew Benge
- Trudie Brand
- Mel Courtney
- James Hodgson
- Rohan O\'Neill-Stevens
- Kahu Paki Paki
- Pete Rainey
- Campbell Rollo
- Rachel Sanson
- Tim Skinner
- Aaron Stallard
## Work
Environmental programmes undertaken by the council include Nelson Nature and Project Maitai. In 2019, the Council declared climate change an emergency situation
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# Lenting
**Lenting** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
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# Colin Noon
**Colin Noon** (born 24 October 1975 in Bridgend) is a rugby union footballer for Leeds Tykes. His usual position is at prop
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# Flassavatnet
**Flassavatnet** is a lake in Rogaland county, Norway. The lake lies on the border of the municipalities of Gjesdal and Sandnes. The 0.9243 km2 lake sits about 1 km north of the large village of Ålgård, not far north of the lakes Edlandsvatnet and Limavatnet. The lake is a reservoir with a small dam on the southern edge of the lake. The water level is kept at about 177 m above sea level. The reservoir holds about 900000 m3
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# Mindelstetten
**Mindelstetten** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany.
It is a center of veneration for Saint Anna Schäffer.
## Mayors
- since 2014: Alfred Paulus (CWG)
- 2002-2014: Josef Kunder (CSU)
## Notable people {#notable_people}
left\|thumb\|upright=0
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# James Parkes (rugby union)
James Parkes}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox rugby biography
| name = James Parkes
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chelmsford]], [[Essex]]
| height = {{convert|1.78|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|98|kg|stlb|abbr=on}}
| occupation =
| school =
| university =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| ru_currentposition =
| ru_currentteam =
| ru_position = [[Hooker (rugby union)|Hooker]]
| ru_amateuryears =
| ru_amateurclubs =
| ru_clubyears = 2001–2004<br />2004–2006<br />2006–2010
| ru_proclubs = [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]]<br />{{nowrap|[[Gloucester Rugby]]}}<br />[[Leeds Carnegie]]
| ru_clubcaps = <br /><br />40
| ru_clubpoints = <br /><br />(0)
| ru_clubupdate =
| ru_nationalyears =
| ru_nationalteam =
| ru_nationalcaps =
| ru_nationalpoints =
| ru_ntupdate =
| ru_sevensnationalyears =
| ru_sevensnationalteam =
| ru_sevensnationalcomp =
| website =
}}`{=mediawiki} **James Parkes** (born 30 November 1980 in Chelmsford, Essex, England) is a former English professional Rugby union football player for Leeds Tykes. His usual position is at hooker. He retired then in 2007. But in November 2010 he was brought out of retirement to be on the bench to play Sale Sharks after an injury to Andy Titterrell. He formerly played for Gloucester Rugby and Saracens F.C
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# Danny Paul
**Danny Paul** (born 15 December 1986) is a former professional rugby union footballer for Leeds Carnegie. His regular position was at prop, later moving to play in the back row and number 8. Through an injury-ridden career Danny amassed 25 appearances for the club, from 2006 - 2011, including three starting XV places
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# Jingle dress
**Jingle dress** is a First Nations and Native American women\'s pow wow regalia and dance. North Central College associate professor Matthew Krystal notes, in his book, *Indigenous Dance and Dancing Indian: Contested Representation in the Global Era*, that \"Whereas men\'s styles offer Grass Dance as a healing themed dance, women may select Jingle Dress Dance.\" The regalia worn for the dance is a jingle dress, which includes ornamentation with multiple rows of metal, such as cones, that create a jingling sound as the dancer moves.
## Origins
Origin of the jingle dress is attributed to three different Ojibwa communities: the Mille Lacs, Red Lake Band of Chippewa and the Whitefish Bay Ojibwe. In both the Mille Lacs and Whitefish Bay versions, the dress and the dance appeared in a recurring vivid dream that was realized about the year 1900. In both versions, the dream came to a *Midewinini* (sometimes translated \'medicine man\'). In both dreams, there were four women, each wearing a jingle dress and dancing. Each dream also gave instructions on how to make the dresses, what types of songs went with them and how the dance was to be performed. In the Mille Lacs\' version, the *Midewinini* upon awakening, with his wife made four dresses. He showed his wife how to dance in the dress, which he showed to the four women he had dreamed about, by calling the four women who in his dream wore them, dressed them in the dresses, brought them forth at a dance, told the people about the dream, and how the way the *Midewikweg* were to dress and dance.
The Mille Lacs\' version of the story continues that the reason for this recurring dream was because the daughter of the **Midewinini** was gravely ill. When it came time for the drum ceremony, the man and his wife brought their little girl. They sat at the ceremony, and the girl lay on the floor because she was quite ill. After the ceremony, the **Midewinini** got up and told the people about his dream. Then he brought out the four women and said they were going to dance in the style he had dreamed about. The drum started, the people began to sing, and the women danced. As the evening went on, the daughter was sitting up and watching. Before the night was over, the girl was so moved by the dancers that she was following the women and dancing around.
Whitefish Bay\'s version is nearly identical, but with the ill child being the granddaughter of the **Midewinini**. One night he had a vision of a spirit in a dress and the spirit told him that if he made this dress and put it on his grand daughter that she would become well. The medicine man made the dress and brought his grand daughter to the dance circle. The first round around the circle the girl could not walk so she was carried. The second time around the girl could walk but still needed help from some of the woman in the community. The next time around the circle the girl was able to walk by herself.
Due to both versions of the story, some women adopted the jingle dress as a healing dress. People often give jingle dress dancers tobacco to have them pray for themselves or people they care for that are not well.
Due to the strong family connections between the Removable and Non-Removable Mille Lacs Indians of the Mille Lacs and White Earth Indian Reservations, the Mille Lacs Indians\' version spread to White Earth and to other Ojibwe Reservations. In the late 1920s, the White Earth people gave the jingle dress to the Lakota and it spread westward into the Dakotas and Montana.
## Description
### Footwork
The traditional jingle dance is characterized by the jingle dress and light footwork danced close to ground. The dancer dances in a pattern, her feet do not cross, they do not dance backward or turn a complete circle. Compared to the original dance, the contemporary dance can be fancier, with intricate footwork and the dress design is often cut to accommodate these footwork maneuvers. Contemporary dancers do often cross their feet, turn full circles and dance backwards. Such moves exemplify the differences between contemporary and traditional jingle dress dancing.
### Regalia
Jingle dresses were originally made of fabric in solid, \"healthy\" colors -- red, green/yellow, black and blue. Each dress was adorned with jingles on the sleeves, the top, and one, two, or three rows of jingles on the bottom. The jingles were made from chewing tobacco can lids, rolled into cones.
Contemporary jingle dresses, introduced in the 1980s, are made from multi-colored fabric decorated with jingles made of tin or other metals. The jingle count on a child\'s dress is about 100 to 130 or 140, and for a woman\'s size the amount varies depending on the design of the dress. The contemporary dancer carries a feather fan, often wearing eagle plumes or feathers in her hair
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# Mörnsheim
**Mörnsheim**, or **Moernsheim**, is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the river Gailach and the surrounding rocks date back to the Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
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# Anitelea Tuilagi
**Anitelea \"Andy\" Tuilagi** (born 5 June 1986) is a Samoan international rugby union player. His position is either centre or wing. He is part of the famous Tuilagi rugby family, with his older brothers Henry, Freddie, Alesana, and younger brothers Vavae and Manu all also having played international rugby.
He has played club rugby for Leicester Tigers, in the Aviva Premiership, and a season loan at Leeds Tykes, now Yorkshire Carnegie, in National Division One. Tuilagi made his Leicester début at Welford Road against Gloucester as a replacement.
Following a loan period at Leeds, Tuilagi ended his contract with Leicester Tigers to join Yorkshire Carnegie full-time.
On 19 August 2008 Tuilagi was confirmed as the last signing that would be joining Guinness Premiership side Sale Sharks on a four-year contract.
On 13 June 2011 Sale Sharks announced that Tuilagi had been released from his contract after three years and on 29 November 2011 he joined Newport Gwent Dragons. He made his debut against Glasgow Warriors on 4 December 2011. He left Newport Gwent Dragons at the end of the 2012-13 season after turning down a new contract. On 8 May 2014, Antielea returned to England as signed for Newcastle Falcons in the Aviva Premiership on a two-year contract from the 2014-15 season, where he will join with his brother, Alesana Tuilagi.
## International career {#international_career}
Tuilagi became the youngest player to play for Samoa at aged 19 years and 27 days when he made his debut in July 2005 against Tonga, where he scored a try to also become the youngest player ever to score for Samoa.
He was named in the 2007 Rugby World Cup squad, but was forced out of the tournament through injury. Since then he has been dropped out of favour in international rugby, his last call up coming in 2014 after 5 years out of the side
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# Jacob Rauluni
**Jacob Rauluni** (born 25 June 1972) is a former International Rugby Union player who comes from a family of international halfbacks. His father, Taito, played halfback for Fiji, as did his brother Mosese and his first cousin Waisale Serevi, who also started his career at halfback. Rauluni played for the Queensland Reds from 1995 to 2002 and he played for Fiji from 1995 to 2006. He had an extended spell playing rugby in the UK, and is best known for helping Rotherham Titans win promotion to the Premiership. In 2006 he played three tests for The Barbarians. He retired from international rugby in 2007, having played 52 tests. He played his last test against Japan as Captain of the Fiji national team.
## Test career {#test_career}
Rauluni has been capped 52 times by his country including Captaining them in the 2003 season. He has played in three World Cups in 1995, 1999 and 2003.
Rauluni had a very good combination with Fijian first five eighth Nicky Little throughout his career.
Rauluni\'s first test was against South Africa and he played his first Telecom Fiji Cup game in July 2000, turning out alongside Marika Vunibaka to help Suva defeat Tailevu.
## Club career {#club_career}
Rauluni grew up in Brisbane and played for Easts Rugby Union from the age of eight. He played for Australian Schoolboys and Australian Under 19s and Under 21s before choosing to play for Fiji. At school he used to play flanker, but the Aussie Schoolboys team needed a halfback for the tour of the UK in 1991, and Rauluni says he was handed the No. 9 jersey because of his family\'s tradition.
Rauluni played for Queensland from 1995 to 2002 and played over 55 Super 12 games. He was part of 2000 and 2002 semifinals. Rauluni chose to play for Fiji like his father Taito.
Rauluni kept the starting spot in the Fiji team for over a decade, and also played for the Queensland Reds in Super 12 from 1995 to 2002, playing in the semi-finals in 2000 and 2002. Leeds Tykes signed Rauluni on a one-year contract from Guinness Premiership side Bristol ahead of the 2006--07 season. An experienced scrum half at the time, Rauluni played a role in helping the club achieve promotion. He made his debut in the third game of the season, away against Pertemps Bees. He spent three successful seasons playing for Rotherham, making 51 appearances for Rotherham between 2002 and 2005. He was a key member of the promotion winning side and featured in their Premiership campaign in 2003-04.
Rauluni played rugby for the Capella Cattledogs and in 2009 played for Queensland Country. He debuted for the Capricorn Coast Crocs in 2014. Jacob was instrumental in the early success of the crocs in the Rockhampton and districts A grade competition. Jacob unfortunately succumbed to an injury which ended his session. He now plays for the Cap Coast Crocs Rugby Club and coaches Junior Rugby
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# South African cricket team in India in 1991–92
The South African cricket team toured India in the 1991--92 season. The tour was significant in that it was South Africa\'s first official international cricket series since their suspension from the sport in 1970 due to the apartheid policy.
The tour consisted of a series of three One Day International (ODI) matches against the Indian national team and were the first-ever official ODIs played by South Africa. India won the series 2--1, and the Men of the Series were Sanjay Manjrekar of India and Kepler Wessels of South Africa.
## Squads
+------------------------------+
| Squads |
+==============================+
| -------------------------- |
| Mohammad Azharuddin (c) |
| Pravin Amre |
| Kapil Dev |
| Sanjay Manjrekar |
| Kiran More (wk) |
| Chandrakant Pandit (wk) |
| Manoj Prabhakar |
| Venkatapathy Raju |
| Ravi Shastri |
| Navjot Singh Sidhu |
| Krishnamachari Srikkanth |
| Javagal Srinath |
| Sachin Tendulkar |
| Dilip Vengsarkar |
| -------------------------- |
+------------------------------+
| |
+------------------------------+
## Match details {#match_details}
### 1st ODI {#st_odi}
The first match was South Africa\'s first-ever ODI and their first cricket match of any sort against India. The attendance was reported to be over 90,000.
The match was reduced to 47 overs per side. India won the toss and chose to field. South Africa scored 177/8 in their 47 overs with notable contributions from Wessels (50) and Adrian Kuiper (43). In their reply, India started badly with Allan Donald grabbing the first 3 wickets to leave India at 20/3. Sachin Tendulkar (62) and debutant Pravin Amre (55) guided India close to victory and despite Donald dismissing both of them to complete a 5-wicket haul, the lower order finished the game for India to give them a 1--0 lead in the series.
### 2nd ODI {#nd_odi}
The second match of the series was reduced to 45 overs per side. South Africa won the toss and inserted India. Half-centuries from Kris Srikkanth (68), Navjot Sidhu (61) and Sanjay Manjrekar (52\*) helped India to a total of 223/6. In reply, South Africa could only score 185/8 leaving India with a 2--0 lead in the series. Kepler Wessels again top-scored for South Africa with 71.
### 3rd ODI {#rd_odi}
In the third match, India won the toss and Ravi Shastri, the stand-in captain for the absent Mohammad Azharuddin, chose to bat. Shastri (109), Kris Srikkanth (53) and Sanjay Manjrekar (105) again scored the bulk of the runs with India finishing on 287/4. South Africa reached their target with more than 3 overs to spare thanks to half-centuries from Kepler Wessels (90), Peter Kirsten (86\*) and Adrian Kuiper (63\*). This was South Africa\'s first-ever ODI victory
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# Andy Rock
**Andrew David Rock** (born `{{birth date and age|df=y|1985|11|11}}`{=mediawiki} in Keighley, West Yorkshire) is an English former rugby union player for Leeds Tykes. His usual position was at centre\...
Rock made his first appearance for Leeds Tykes in the English Premiership in 2006, staying with the club until 2008 having made ten club appearances.
Following his playing career, he went on to become a coach at the same club, and had developed a track record of developing a number of very good young players from across Yorkshire within the Leeds Carnegie Academy. When Leeds Carnegie changed names and became Yorkshire Carnegie in 2014 he changed roles within the club and became the Academy Director at the club.
Whilst studying at Leeds Metropolitan University, he was presented with an award for Outstanding Academic Achievement by the prestigious Carnegie Faculty.
Rock became the Academy Director at Bath Rugby Club in August 2016
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# Debbie Gravitte
**Debbie Gravitte** is an American actress and singer.
## Career
Gravitte made her Broadway debut in the chorus of *They\'re Playing Our Song* in 1979. She performed on Broadway in *Blues in the Night* in 1982; *Zorba* in 1983; *Les Misérables* as Fantine replacement, 1994; and *Chicago* as Matron \"Mama\" Morton replacement in 2003.
In 1989 she appeared in *Jerome Robbins\' Broadway*, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. She was nominated for the 1981 Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical, for the Frank Loesser revue *Perfectly Frank* (1990).
She has appeared in several Encores! staged concerts at New York City Center, including *Carnival* (2002), *The Boys from Syracuse* (1997) and *Tenderloin* (2000).
Her solo album *Part of Your World* celebrates the songs of Alan Menken, and she is featured on the recording *Unsung Sondheim*.
She was a member of the regular cast of the short-lived 1988 television situation comedy *Trial and Error*. Her only other screen credit is the 2000 Jacqueline Susann biopic *Isn\'t She Great*, in which she portrayed singer Eydie Gormé.
On October 27, 2012, Gravitte starred in the Broadway-style musical *Loving the Silent Tears*, which premiered in Los Angeles, California.
On November 11, 2019, Gravitte starred as the narrator in the Off-Broadway revival of *Over Here!* at The Triad Theatre in New York City with direction by Will Nunziata and music direction by Blake Allen. The production also starred Haley Swindal as Pauline, Jessica Hendy as Paulette, and Nikka Graff Lanzarone as Mitzi the Nazi.
She performs in concerts, including with the National Symphony with Marvin Hamlisch, the Boston Pops, the Atlanta Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Utah Symphony, St. Lous, Houston, and San Diego Symphonies.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She is married to actor/singer Beau Gravitte; the couple has three children. *The Bay Area Reporter* noted: \"Being at home to rear her three children with actor husband Beau Gravitte was a big reason she turned to the life of a traveling concert performer, with big at-home gaps built into the schedule
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# Nassenfels
**Nassenfels** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
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# Tata Elegante
`{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}`{=mediawiki} The **Tata Elegante** is a concept car that was displayed by Tata Motors during the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. It is rumoured to contain many design cues which will be found on the next generation Tata Indigo. The Elegante is designed to use a 4-cylinder engine between 1.4 and 2 litres and a compact v6 petrol engine.
Common rail direct injection turbo diesel engines with variable valve timing and capabilities to comply with Euro V emissions norms will also be available. Power varies from 90 PS to 200 PS with torque of up to 280 Nm. Transmission options include 6-speed manual and automatic gearboxes.
Besides meeting all European safety, crashworthiness and emission standards, the Tata Elegant features include satellite navigation system, cruise control, integrated blue tooth compatibility, heated mirrors, rain sensor, front and rear parking sensors, and many other contemporary features
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# Martín Schusterman
**Martin Schusterman** (born 13 September 1975) is an Argentine retired rugby union footballer. His last club was San Isidro Club. His usual position was at flanker.
Schusterman started his career in 1997 with San Isidro Club in Argentina. In 2003 he made his debut for the Argentina national rugby union team and in 2003 he joined Plymouth Albion. In 2006 he joined Leeds Carnegie, then known as Leeds Tykes, and helped the club to secure promotion to the Guinness Premiership. In 2008 he returned to amateur rugby to his home club San Isidro Club.
At the time in Plymouth, he made an instant impression at the club, with a try on his debut against Coventry, after coming on from the substitutes bench. Just two games later he had forced his way into the starting line up and then retained his place for the remainder of the season.
He ended the campaign as the club\'s second highest try scorer with a total of 10 tries. The following season he continued to make his mark on the Albion side and notched up a further 7 tries to help Plymouth to a third-place finish.
In his final season at the club he made 21 appearances and once again proved his try scoring abilities with a further 9 tries. That year Plymouth finished fifth and Martin was named in the Rugby Times National Division One Team of the Year.
During his first season with Plymouth, Martin received his first call up to the Argentina squad and that year he made his debut for the Pumas in the South American Rugby Championship.
He has since won 19 caps for his country. In 2006 he came on as a replacement in Argentina\'s record breaking 45-27 victory over Wales, which was their first ever Test series victory and was also on the bench for their game against the All Blacks
Martin followed this up with a place in the Argentina squad who handed a shock 25-18 defeat to England that same year. Having played in two of the World Cup qualifying games Martin was selected to represent Argentina in the 2007 World Cup.
Schusterman started on the historic draw against the British and Irish Lions in the Millennium Stadium in 2005. He was selected to join the Argentina squad for the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Hong Kong and the 2007 Rugby World Cup held in France, where they finished on the 3rd place, the best position ever for Argentina.
Following his playing time, he\'s started a career as a coach. Martin has coached the Brazilian National Sevens side since October 2010 after a short period as a Consultant until mid-2012. From February 2013 he is supervising the Youth Divisions of Asociacion Deportiva Francesa, rugby club from the north area of Buenos Aires. He is also coaching the URBA U18 Representative team alongside Agustin Ezcurra.
Since 2017 he is coaching the First team at San Isidro Club with Santiago Gonzalez Bonorino and Federico Gallo
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# Gary Howlett
**Gary Howlett** (born 2 April 1963) is an Irish former international footballer and member of Brighton & Hove Albion\'s 1983 FA Cup final team. Howlett joined Brighton in the early 1980s from Coventry City. Before that he played for Home Farm. The highlight of his Brighton career came in the 1983 final against Manchester United, where he crossed for Gordon Smith to head the first goal in a match that ended 2--2. Manchester United won the replay 4--0.
He won one cap for the Republic of Ireland, against China in 1984. Howlett, whose playing career was hampered by injuries, later joined AFC Bournemouth (1984--88) and York City (1988--91), and played on loan for Aldershot (1987) and Chester City (1987--88).
Also scored once in four appearances for the Republic of Ireland U21 scoring once.
He later returned to Ireland to play for Shelbourne, making his League of Ireland debut on 1 March 1991. He later had a spell on the coaching staff with Bohemian FC under Stephen Kenny and Gareth Farrelly and was caretaker manager of the club between Kenny\'s departure and Farrelly\'s arrival. He later played in the Irish League for Crusaders.
Howlett currently manages Killester United in the Leinster Senior League
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# Pierella
***Pierella*** is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico through Central America to South America. The species of *Pierella* have larger hindwings than forewings, unique among butterflies. The oval green flash on the forewing is also unique. It is caused by diffraction, the wing scales forming a diffraction grating.
Their caterpillars have been found on the host plants *Heliconia* and *Calathea*.
## Species and subspecies {#species_and_subspecies}
- *Pierella amalia* Weymer, 1885 (= *P. lena* ab. *leucospila* )
- *Pierella astyoche* (Erichson, \[1849\]) -- Astyoche satyr
- *Pierella astyoche astyoche* (= *Haetera larymna* , *Hetaera* \[*sic*\] *astyoche* )
- *Pierella astyoche bernhardina* Bryk, 1953 (= *P. astyoche* f. *obscura* (*nomen nudum*) )
- *Pierella astyoche stollei* Ribeiro, 1931
- *Pierella helvina* (Hewitson, 1859)
- *Pierella helvina helvina* (= *Haetera helvina* ) -- red-washed satyr
- *Pierella helvina hymettia* Staudinger, \[1886\] (= *P. incanescens werneri* )
- *Pierella helvina incanescens* Godman & Salvin, 1877 (= *P. incanescens costaricana* )
- *Pierella helvina ocreata* Salvin & Godman, 1868`{{Verify source|date=February 2009}}`{=mediawiki} (= *P. ocreata* (*nomen nudum*) )
- *Pierella helvina pacifica* Niepelt, 1924 (= *Pierello* `{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} *ocreata johnsoni* )
- *Pierella hortona* (Hewitson, 1854) -- white-barred lady slipper
- *Pierella hortona hortona* (= *Haetera hortensia* , *Haetera hortona* , *P. hortona* f. *albopunctata* , *P. hortona* f. *ocellata* )
- *Pierella hortona albofasciata* Rosenberg & Talbot, 1914 (= *P. albofaciata* `{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} *decepta* )
- *Pierella hyalinus* (Gmelin, \[1790\]) -- glassy pierella
- *Pierella hyalinus hyalinus* (= *Papilio hyalinus* , *Pierella hyalinus fusimaculata* , *Pieris dracontis* )
- *Pierella hyalinus extincta* Weymer, 1910
- *Pierella hyalinus schmidti* Constantino, 1995
- *Pierella hyalinus velezi* Constantino, 1995
- *Pierella hyceta* (Hewitson, 1859) -- golden lady slipper
- *Pierella hyceta hyceta* (= *Haetera hyceta* )
- *Pierella hyceta ceryce* (Hewitson, 1874) (= *Haetera ceryce* )
- *Pierella hyceta latona* (C.Felder & R.Felder, 1867) (= *Haetera latona* )
- *Pierella incanescens* (Godman & Salvin, 1877)
- *Pierella lamia* (Sulzer, 1776) -- Sulzer\'s lady slipper
- *Pierella lamia lamia* (= *Papilio dyndimene* , *Papilio lamia* , *Papilio rhea* , *Pierella lamia* f. *fabriciana* , *Pierella luna* ab. *albina* )
- *Pierella lamia boliviana* F.M.Brown, 1948
- *Pierella lamia chalybaea* Godman, 1905 (= *Haetera lamia* f. *columbina* )
- *Pierella lena* (Linnaeus, 1767) -- Lena pierella
- *Pierella lena lena* (= *Papilio lena* , *Papilio sectator* )
- *Pierella lena brasiliensis* (C.Felder & R.Felder, 1862) (= *Haetera brasiliensis* , *P. lena browni* , *P. lena glaucolena* , *P. lena* f. *melanosa* (*nomen nudum*) , *P. lena* f. *obsoleta* )
- *Pierella lucia* Weymer, 1885 (= *P. astyoche* var. *albomaculata* ) -- Lucia pierella
- *Pierella luna* (Fabricius, 1793) -- Moon Satyr
- *Pierella luna luna* (= *Papilio luna* , *Pierella luna* f
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# List of St Trinian's films cast members
A list of actors who have appeared in the St Trinian\'s School films
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# Prince Anwar Shah Road
**Prince Anwar Shah Road** is a 4 laned major road in Southern parts of Kolkata, India. It is named after Prince Ghulam Mohammed Anwar Ali Shah, one of Tipu Sultan\'s 12 sons.
## Route
The road is one of major east-west connector of the city. It starts from the Raja SC Mullick Road where the Jadavpur Police Station is located and connected Tollygunge on the west. It runs neighborhoods like Jodhpur Park, Lake Gardens and finally reaches Tollygunge.
The continuation Kalikapur Road to the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass was opened to the public on 1 March, 2007. Prince Anwar Shah Road is connected to Kalikapur Road with Jibanananda Setu (Selimpur Rail Overbridge).
The four laned road is a parallel to the Rashbehari Avenue connector. This has improved access to the EM Bypass for the residents of Shahidnagar, Viveknagar, Selimpur etc.
## Localities
The South City Mall on Prince Anwar Shah Road, Calcutta's first \"destination mall\", opened its shop floor in early July 2007.
The South City mini-township is located on a 31.14 acre site on Prince Anwar Shah Road in the heart of South Kolkata, just opposite Jodhpur Park. It is minutes away from top city clubs like RCGC and Tollygunge Club, hospitals such as AMRI and EEDF and a stone's throw from the Metro stations at Tollygunge and Rabindra Sarobar.
Starting from Tollygunge and moving towards Jadavpur PS Crossing, the following landmarks are visible on Prince Anwar Shah Road
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# Oberdolling
**Oberdolling** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany.
left\|thumb\|upright=1
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# Let the Praises Ring
***Let the Praises Ring: The Best of Lincoln Brewster*** is a Christian worship music album by Lincoln Brewster released on November 7, 2006 by Integrity Music. This album compiles songs off Brewster\'s prior albums and includes two previously unreleased songs
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# Jan-Christian Hansche
**Jan-Christian Hansche** or **Hanssche** was a Flemish artist, possibly of German origin, who worked as a stuccoist in the Southern Netherlands, and also in Germany and Holland, in the second half of the 17th century.
In 1672 he made the stucco decoration of the library of Park Abbey near Leuven in Belgium. The stucco relief represents the church fathers and the evangelists as well as scenes from the life of Saint Norbert. In the refectory of the same abbey he decorated the ceiling with seven biblical scenes (1679), signing his work \"jan christiaen hansche\".
He also worked in several houses and monasteries in Ghent, in Beaulieu Castle (Belgium) in Machelen and in Château de Modave.
A magnificent example of his work are the decorations for Modave Castle. The grand vestibule of this castle is decorated with a genealogical tree of the house of the Counts of Marchin, including the coats of arms of the members of the family but also reliefs depicting some ancestors as knights in full armour on their horses. A series of rooms on the ground floor is decorated with scenes from the life of Hercules, while the apartment on the first floor follows the theme of the four seasons
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# Pförring
**Pförring** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany
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# Pollenfeld
**Pollenfeld** is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany.
## Division of Pollenfeld {#division_of_pollenfeld}
Districts: Pollenfeld with Wörmersdorf, Seuversholz with Ziegelhütte, Sornhüll with Götzelshard, Wachenzell with Ziegelhütte, Weigersdorf and Preith.
## Geography
Pollenfeld lies in the Ingolstadt region, 8 km (approx. 5 miles) north of the district seat (*Kreisstadt*) of Eichstätt in the Franconian Jura mountains.
## History
left\|thumb\|upright=0.7\|Church in Seuversholz Pollenfeld had long been part the Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt. The place has been a part of Bavaria since the Peace of Pressburg in 1805. In 1818, through the Bavarian Municipality Edict (\"*Bayerische Gemeindeedikt*\"), the municipality of Pollenfeld was created. The incorporation of the municipalities of Seuversholz, Sornhüll, Wachenzell, Weigersdorf (all of the foregoing in 1972) and in part, also, in 1978, of Preith, followed thereafter in connection with district or regional reform in Bavaria
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# Belknap Mountain
**Belknap Mountain** is a mountain located in Belknap County, New Hampshire, United States, south of Lake Winnipesaukee. Like the county, the mountain and the associated surrounding Belknap Mountains are named after Jeremy Belknap (1744--1798), a renowned preacher, historian, and author of *The History of New Hampshire*. The mountain is within Belknap Mountain State Forest.
The peak of Belknap Mountain is the highest point in the county. Although of only modest elevation, the isolation of the Belknap Mountains gives Belknap Mountain 1850 ft of relative height above the low ground separating it from the White Mountains, making it one of the fifty most topographically prominent peaks in New England. Belknap Mountain is flanked to the northwest by Gunstock Mountain, the site of the Gunstock Mountain Resort ski area. The summit of Belknap Mountain features an active fire tower.
Belknap Mountain stands within the watershed of the Merrimack River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts. The east and northeast sides of Belknap Mountain drain into Poorfarm Brook, thence into Lake Winnipesaukee, the Winnipesaukee River, and the Merrimack. The west side drains into Gunstock River, thence into Lake Winnipesaukee. The south side drains into Manning Lake, thence into Crystal Lake, the source of the Suncook River, and thence into the Merrimack River.
## Geology
Belknap Mountain, and the mountains with which it is closely associated in the Belknap Mountain range, are part of the White Mountain Magma Series, as described by Long. This series of mountains of igneous origin represents volcanic activity that occurred during the Jurassic period, about 200-150 mya. The White Mountain Magma series is thought to have formed above an aborted transform fault in the crust. Volcanic activity facilitated by this fault more than 160 mya resulted in a flood of moat volcanics that covered much of New Hampshire. The Belknap Mountains as observed today are the remnants of erosion of those volcanics and the metamorphic rocks underneath them, together representing about 4 mi in depth. As described in detail by Long, contemporary features of the Belknap Mountains include the former magma chamber, and inner and outer ring dike formations that surround collapsed blocks of Devonian rocks and moat volcanics. Mineral and rock assemblages of the Belknap Mountains reveal a complex geological history, as recorded in the greatest variety of igneous rock in the White Mountains region
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# John Lyman Book Awards
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# Addison Creek (Salt Creek tributary)
**Addison Creek** is a 10.7 mi stream in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a tributary of Salt Creek. Addison Creek originates in Bensenville and runs south and east through Northlake, Stone Park, Maywood, Bellwood, and Westchester. Water from the creek flows via Salt Creek, the Des Plaines River, and the Illinois River to the Mississippi River and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico
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# International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
The **International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis** (**ICVP**), also known as the **Carte Jaune** or **Yellow Card**, is an official vaccination report created by the World Health Organization (WHO). As a travel document, it is a kind of *medical passport* that is recognised internationally and may be required for entry to certain countries where there are increased health risks for travellers.
The ICVP is not an immunity passport; the primary difference is that vaccination certificates such as the ICVP incentivise individuals to obtain vaccination against a disease, while immunity passports incentivise individuals to get infected with and recover from a disease.
Various schemes for **health passports** or **vaccination certificates** have been proposed for people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19.
## Name
The ICVP\'s nickname *Yellow Card* or its French equivalent *Carte Jaune* derives from the yellow colour of the document. The fact that yellow fever is a commonly required vaccination for travel has contributed to the document\'s association with the colour yellow, even though the ICVP can cover a wide range of vaccinations and booster shots, not just yellow fever.
## History
### International Sanitary Conventions (1933--1951) {#international_sanitary_conventions_19331951}
`{{Further information|International Sanitary Conferences}}`{=mediawiki} The International Certificate of Inoculation and Vaccination was established by the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1933) in The Hague, which came into force on 1 August 1935 and was amended in 1944. After the 1944 amendment, in addition to Personal, Aircraft and Maritime Declarations of Health, the Convention covered five certificates:
1. International Certificate of Inoculation Against Cholera.
2. International Certificate of Inoculation Against Yellow Fever.
3. International Certificate of Immunity Against Yellow Fever.
4. International Certificate of Inoculation Against Typhus Fever.
5. International Certificate of Vaccination Against Smallpox.
### International Sanitary Regulations (1951--1969) {#international_sanitary_regulations_19511969}
The World Health Organization (WHO) was formed by its constitution on 22 July 1946, effective on 7 April 1948. The WHO Constitution included stipulations *to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases* (Article 2.g) and that the World Health Assembly would *have authority to adopt regulations concerning sanitary and quarantine requirements and other procedures designed to prevent the international spread of disease* (Article 21.a). The Fourth World Health Assembly adopted the International Sanitary Regulations (alias WHO Regulations No. 2) on 25 May 1951, *replacing and completing* the earlier International Sanitary Conventions. It confirmed the validity and use of international certificates of vaccination (Article 115), and updated the old model with a new version (Appendices 2, 3, 4). The certificates mentioned were used for proof of vaccination against diseases such as cholera, yellow fever and smallpox; the term *inoculation* was no longer used. The old International Certificates of Inoculation and Vaccination remained valid until they expired, after which they were replaced by the new ICV. On 23 May 1956, the Ninth World Health Assembly amended the form of the International Certificate of Vaccination or Revaccination against Smallpox per 1 October 1956.
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# International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
## History
### International Health Regulations (1969--present) {#international_health_regulations_1969present}
The WHO\'s World Health Assembly adopted the International Health Regulations (IHR) in 1969, succeeding the previous International Sanitary Conventions/Regulations. IHR Article 79 introduced a model International Certificate of Vaccination, and Appendix 2 and Annex VI stipulated a number of conditions that had to be fulfilled in order for it to be considered valid, such as being printed and filled out in English and French (a third language, relevant to the territory in which it is issued, could be added). The 1969 IHR focused on four diseases: cholera, plague, smallpox, and yellow fever; however, Article 51 specified that vaccination against plague would *not be required as a condition of admission of any person to a territory.* The World Health Assembly determined in 1973 that vaccination against cholera was unable to prevent the introduction of cholera from one country to another, and removed this requirement from the 1973 revision of the IHR; it was also removed from the ICV.
The ICV was most successful in the case of smallpox. The mandatory possession of vaccination certificates significantly increased the number of travellers who were vaccinated, and thus contributed to preventing the spread of smallpox, especially when the rapid expansion of air travel in the 1960s and 1970s reduced the travelling time from endemic countries to all other countries to just a few hours. After smallpox was successfully eradicated in 1980, the International Certificate of Vaccination against Smallpox was cancelled in 1981, and the new 1983 form lacked any provision for smallpox vaccination. Thus, only yellow fever remained as vaccination requirement for international travel for which the ICV was used.
By 1994, Saudi Arabia legally required pilgrims going to Mecca for the annual Hajj to vaccinate against meningococcal meningitis, while the Center for Disease Control also advised Americans travelling to the African meningitis belt or Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi to take the vaccine, especially when visiting during the dry season (November--April).
The 2002--2004 SARS outbreak was the driving force behind the 23 May 2005 revision of the International Health Regulations, which entered into force on 15 June 2007. On that day, the model International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis contained in Annex 6 of the International Health Regulations (as amended in 2005) replaced the International Certificate of Vaccination or Revaccination against Yellow Fever contained in appendix 2 of the International Health Regulations (1969).
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# International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
## Contents
### Required components {#required_components}
The main portion of the ICVP is a form for physicians to fill out when administering a vaccine. This section is mandated by the WHO\'s 2005 International Health Regulations, in which they provide a model of the document. It includes places for the traveller\'s name, date of birth, sex, nationality, national identification document, and signature. Below that is a row for each vaccine administered, in which the physician must include the prophylaxis or vaccine administered, date, signature, manufacturer and batch number, dates valid, and an official stamp from the administering centre.
Below this, the document outlines requirements for validity. The ICVP is only valid for vaccines approved by the WHO. The form must be fully completed in English or French by a medical practitioner or authorized health worker and must include the official stamp of the administering centre. The certificate is valid for as long as the vaccines included are valid.
### Additional sections {#additional_sections}
The form may include additional information. In 2007, the WHO prepared a booklet that included the following additional sections.
#### Notes
The notes section includes information about yellow fever, since it is the only disease included in the International Health Regulations. It also specifies that the same certificate can be used if any future regulations require vaccination for another disease.
#### Information for travellers {#information_for_travellers}
The information for travellers section recommends that travellers consult their physicians to determine appropriate vaccinations before international travel and inform their physician of international travel if they fall ill after their trip.
#### Protection against malaria {#protection_against_malaria}
Malaria is a serious disease with no vaccine available. The ICVP recommends that travellers protect against mosquitos through mosquito nets or repellent, as mosquitos can transmit malaria. Travellers can also consult their physician for antimalarial medication, which must be taken regularly for the full duration of the prescription.
#### Information for physicians {#information_for_physicians}
The ICVP gives instructions for filling out the certificate. It also gives physicians guidelines for documenting contraindications in cases where a traveller has a medical reason that prevents them from getting a particular vaccine. This section also reminds physicians to consider travel-associated illnesses when treating a patient who has fallen ill after traveling.
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# International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
## Additional information {#additional_information}
### Yellow fever {#yellow_fever}
`{{Further information|Vaccination requirements for international travel}}`{=mediawiki} Yellow fever is the most common vaccine required for international travel. Many countries require the vaccine for all travellers or only for travellers coming from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Exceptions are typically made for newborns until 9 months or one year of age, depending on the country. The ICVP form is valid for yellow fever starting 10 days after vaccination. As of 2016, the vaccine is valid for the life of the traveller. No changes need to be made for those who received their vaccine or ICVP prior to 2016.
### Exceptions
In the event that a traveller cannot be vaccinated for a particular disease for medical reasons, their physician can provide them with documentation indicating their condition. They may be subject to additional requirements, such as isolation, quarantine, or observation. A traveller who refuses a vaccine or prophylaxis that is required may be subject to similar requirements or denied entry. In some cases, equivalent military-issued forms are accepted in place of the ICVP, provided the forms include the same information.
### Digital versions {#digital_versions}
Due to the prevalence of counterfeit certificates in some places, several countries, including Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Nigeria, are developing digital certificates that can authenticate an ICVP. As of July 2019, Nigeria requires its citizens to have its digital \"e-Yellow Card\" for travel outside the country. The card has a QR code that can be scanned to verify its validity. This requirement does not affect travellers from other countries with valid ICVPs, but those arriving in Nigeria who haven\'t been vaccinated for yellow fever may receive the vaccine and the e-Yellow Card upon arrival. As of September 2023, Ecuador started handing out digital certificates too and is no longer going to issue yellow booklets after they are out of stock.
### COVID-19 vaccination {#covid_19_vaccination}
Further information: Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation#Digital vaccination certificates Similar schemes have been proposed for travellers who have been vaccinated against COVID-19.
Multiple agencies and countries were creating different forms of documentation for people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. Agencies attempting this include non-profit organisations such as World Economic Forum and the Commons Project Foundation, technology companies such as IBM, travel companies such as VeriFly, and the International Air Transport Association. `{{As of|2021|March}}`{=mediawiki}, standards for digital documentation, such as an app on a smartphone, had not been established. On 12 March 2021, Ecma International announced its intention to create international standards which guard against counterfeiting and protects private data as much as possible in a \"Call for Participation on Vaccine Passports International Standardization\".
With COVID-19 vaccines showing promising results, several industry organizations including global airline lobby IATA and the World Economic Forum have announced pilots. IATA\'s solution, \"Travel Pass\", is a mobile app that can display test results, proof of inoculation and will be integrated with the existing TIMATIC system.
Israel employed a digital \"green pass\" to allow individuals fully vaccinated against COVID-19 to dine out, attend concerts, and travel to other nations. It has been the subject of several privacy and data security concerns. Shortly after the scheme was rolled out, the Knesset passed a law allowing local authorities to compile data on citizens who have refused to get vaccinated.
Work has been started to established and standardize at Ecma International, allow for an open interoperability ecosystem so that multiple COVID-19 immunity verification systems can work together and effectively across borders
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# First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The **First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union** was the position of highest authority in the city of Moscow, roughly equating to that of mayor. The position was created on November 10, 1917, following the October Revolution, and abolished on August 24, 1991. The First Secretary was a *de facto* appointed position, usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself. Until the abolition of the CPSU monopoly on power on March 14, 1990, he had actual power in Moscow
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