id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
10,091,085 |
# Aleksandr Suvorov (ship)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 5, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 20 |
Aleksandr Suvorov (ship)
| 0 |
10,091,098 |
# Axion Estin
***Axion estin*** (Greek: *Ἄξιόν ἐστίν*, Slavonic: Достóйно éсть, *Dostóino yesť*), or **It is Truly Meet**, is a pair of hymns to the Virgin Mary used in the Divine Services of the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches, consisting of a magnification and a theotokion.
***Axion estin*** is also the name of type of icon of the Theotokos, also known as the *Eleousa* type, after the icon in front of which, according to tradition, the hymn was revealed in the late 10th century, an elder and his disciple lived in a cell on Mount Athos. The icon is currently kept in the Protaton in Karyes
| 107 |
Axion Estin
| 0 |
10,091,114 |
# 1984 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's combined
**Men\'s combined World Cup 1983/1984**
## Calendar
+-------+---------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Round | Race No | Discipline | Place | Country | Date | Winner | Second | Third |
+=======+=========+============+========================+=======================+====================+===================+===================+================+
| 1 | 5 | Donwhill\ | Val d\'Isère | | December 19, 1983\ | Franz Heinzer | Pirmin Zurbriggen | Leonhard Stock |
| | | Super G | | | December 10, 1983 | | | |
+-------+---------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| 2 | 11 | Super G\ | Madonna di Campiglio | | December 19, 1983\ | Andreas Wenzel | Thomas Bürgler | Alex Giorgi |
| | | Slalom | | | December 20, 1983 | | | |
+-------+---------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| 3 | 17 | Downhill\ | Wengen\ | \ | January 15, 1984\ | Andreas Wenzel | Anton Steiner | Peter Lüscher |
| | | Slalom | Parpan | `{{SUI}}`{=mediawiki} | January 17, 1984 | | | |
+-------+---------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| 4 | 20 | Downhill\ | Kitzbühel | | January 21, 1984\ | Anton Steiner | Pirmin Zurbriggen | Phil Mahre |
| | | Slalom | | | January 22, 1984 | | | |
+-------+---------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| 5 | 24 | Downhill\ | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | | January 28, 1984\ | Pirmin Zurbriggen | Andreas Wenzel | Peter Müller |
| | | Super G | | | January 29, 1984 | | | |
+-------+---------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------------+
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s combined World Cup 1983/84 all five results count.
Place Name Country Total Points 5`{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} 11`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} 17`{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} 20`{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} 24`{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki}
------- ------------------------ --------- -------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
1 Andreas Wenzel 90 10 25 25 10 20
2 Pirmin Zurbriggen 65 20 \- \- 20 25
3 Anton Steiner 54 \- 9 20 25 \-
4 Franz Heinzer 37 25 \- \- \- 12
5 Thomas Bürgler 28 \- 20 \- \- 8
6 Urs Räber 24 9 \- \- 11 4
7 Guido Hinterseer 21 \- \- \- 12 9
8 Silvano Meli 20 \- \- 11 9 \-
9 Bruno Kernen 19 12 \- \- 7 \-
10 Peter Šoltys 16 \- \- 10 6 \-
11 Leonhard Stock 15 15 \- \- \- \-
Alex Giorgi 15 \- 15 \- \- \-
Peter Lüscher 15 \- \- 15 \- \-
Phil Mahre 15 \- \- \- 15 \-
Peter Müller 15 \- \- \- \- 15
16 Franz Gruber 12 \- 12 \- \- \-
Miroslav Kolář 12 \- \- 12 \- \-
18 Ivano Marzola 11 11 \- \- \- \-
Günther Mader 11 \- 11 \- \- \-
Helmut Höflehner 11 \- \- \- \- 11
21 Martin Hangl 10 \- 10 \- \- \-
Stefan Niederseer 10 \- \- \- \- 10
23 Hubertus von Hohenlohe 9 \- \- 9 \- \-
24 Frédéric Ancey 8 8 \- \- \- \-
Robert Erlacher 8 \- 8 \- \- \-
Shinya Chiba 8 \- \- \- 8 \-
27 Philippe Verneret 7 7 \- \- \- \-
Jure Franko 7 \- 7 \- \- \-
Daniel Mahrer 7 \- \- \- \- 7
Klaus Gattermann 7 4 \- \- \- 3
31 Oskar Delago 6 6 \- \- \- \-
Bojan Križaj 6 \- 6 \- \- \-
Markus Wasmeier 6 \- \- \- \- 6
34 Marc Girardelli 5 5 \- \- \- \-
Petar Popangelov 5 \- 5 \- \- \-
András Völgyesi 5 \- \- \- 5 \-
Peter Roth 5 \- \- \- \- 5
38 Jože Kuralt 4 \- 4 \- \- \-
39 Peter Dürr 3 3 \- \- \- \-
Tomaž Cerkovnik 3 \- 3 \- \- \-
41 Chris Kent 2 2 \- \- \- \-
Mitko Khadzhiev 2 \- 2 \- \- \-
Mike Brown 2 \- \- \- \- 2
44 Bernd Felbinger 1 1 \- \- \- \-
Boris Strel 1 \- 1 \- \- \-
Herbert Renoth 1 \- \- \- \- 1
Note:
Race 3 and 4 not all points were awarded (not enough finishers)
| 676 |
1984 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's combined
| 0 |
10,091,118 |
# India Scandrick
**India Scandrick** is an American Broadway actress and one of two girls who landed the role as young Nala in the Broadway musical *The Lion King*. Her resume includes television acting roles in Tyler Perry\'s *House of Payne*, *Disney 365*, and Fox TV\'s Sleepy Hollow. She also has appeared in films such as *The Greening of Whitney Brown* and other musicals like "A Christmas Carol" and "The Wiz."
Scandrick was the first African-American girl to play Little Orphan Annie, and also had a supporting role in the telemovie, *Life Is Not a Fairy Tale*. She has recorded her first single \"Wrong Move\" produced by Producer Lil\' Ronnie
| 110 |
India Scandrick
| 0 |
10,091,142 |
# 1987 European Amateur Boxing Championships
The **Men\'s 1987 European Amateur Boxing Championships** were held in Torino, Italy from 28 May to 7 June. The 27th edition of the bi-annual competition was organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing, EABA. There were 178 fighters from 25 countries participating.
## Medal winners {#medal_winners}
+-----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Event | GOLD | SILVER | BRONZE |
+=======================+======================================+======================================+===============================================================================================+
| **Light Flyweight\ | Nshan Munchyan\ | Krasimir Cholakov\ | Adrian Amzer\ |
| (-- 48 kilograms)** | `{{small|Soviet Union}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Bulgaria}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Romania}}`{=mediawiki} `{{flagicon|SFR Yugoslavia}}`{=mediawiki} Dragan Zivadinović\ |
| | | | `{{small|Yugoslavia}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Flyweight\ | Andreas Tews\ | János Váradi\ | Andrea Mannai\ |
| (-- 51 kilograms)** | `{{small|East Germany}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Hungary}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} `{{flagicon|Denmark}}`{=mediawiki} Johnny Bredahl\ |
| | | | `{{small|Denmark}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Bantamweight\ | Aleksandar Khristov\ | Yuri Alexandrov\ | René Breitbarth\ |
| (-- 54 kilograms)** | `{{small|Bulgaria}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Soviet Union}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|East Germany}}`{=mediawiki} `{{flagicon|Sweden}}`{=mediawiki} Jimmy Majanya\ |
| | | | `{{small|Sweden}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Featherweight\ | Mikhail Kazaryan\ | László Szöke\ | Regilio Tuur\ |
| (-- 57 kilograms)** | `{{small|Soviet Union}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Hungary}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Netherlands}}`{=mediawiki} `{{flagicon|Finland}}`{=mediawiki} Jarmo Eskelinen\ |
| | | | `{{small|Finland}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Lightweight\ | Orzubek Nazarov\ | Emil Chuprenski\ | Daniel Maeran\ |
| (-- 60 kilograms)** | `{{small|Soviet Union}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Bulgaria}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|Romania}}`{=mediawiki} `{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Michele Caldarella\ |
| | | | `{{small|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Light Welterweight\ | Borislav Abadzhiev\ | Vyacheslav Yanovski\ | Søren Søndergaard\ |
| (-- 63
| 254 |
1987 European Amateur Boxing Championships
| 0 |
10,091,143 |
# Itsy Bitsy Spider (EliZe song)
\"**Itsy Bitsy Spider**\" is a pop song recorded by the Dutch singer EliZe. It features rapper Jay Colin. The song was released as the fifth single from EliZe\'s 2006 debut album *In Control*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**CD single**
1. \"Itsy Bitsy Spider\" (featuring Jay Colin) -- 3:13
2. \"Itsy Bitsy Spider\" \[album version\] -- 3:12
3. \"No Good to Me\" -- 3:35 ^1^
^1^ \"No Good to Me\" was written by EliZe, Peter Hartmann, Jan Langhoff and Linda Holmberg
| 86 |
Itsy Bitsy Spider (EliZe song)
| 0 |
10,091,144 |
# Tom Ryan (lacrosse)
**Tom Ryan** is a lacrosse coach and former professional player. He is currently an [assistant collegiate coach](https://saintsathletics.com/coaches.aspx?rc=798) at St. Lawrence University. Ryan is the former head coach of the Boston Blazers of the National Lacrosse League.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Ryan played his high school ball at Canton Central in NY. Ryan attended Bowdoin College where he was an All-American attackman. He amassed 97-points in his senior year to become the leading scorer in school history.
Ryan played in the National Lacrosse League where he was known as the \"Dude\" due to his long dreadlocked hair. He scored 202 total career points (82 goals and 120 assists) while playing for the Boston Blazers, Baltimore Thunder and the Philadelphia Wings. In addition, he played in the Heritage Cup for Team USA in 2002.
Ryan played in Major League Lacrosse\'s inaugural season in 2001 with the New Jersey Pride.
Ryan\'s playing career was cut short by a series of concussions.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Ryan was awarded [IMLCA Assistant Coach of the Year](https://www.insidelacrosse.com/article/carolina-s-breschi-named-2016-coach-of-the-year-full-honors-awards-from-imlca-nike-luncheon/36640) in DIII for his role in leading the St. Lawrence University team to a 18-3 record and NCAA Final Four appearance.
Ryan was Head Coach of the U.S. Indoor Lacrosse team for both the 2007 & 2011 World Indoor Lacrosse Championships.
Ryan has served as a coach for the women\'s lacrosse teams at Towson University and Loyola College. In addition, he has coached the men\'s lacrosse team at Connecticut College and Mount Ida College.
On May 9, 2007, the NLL announced that an expansion franchise had been granted to the city of Boston, and that Ryan had been named head coach. The team, which was named the Boston Blazers, was scheduled to begin play during the 2008 NLL season, but after a labour dispute that saw the season temporarily cancelled, the Blazers opted to sit out the 2008 season and begin play in 2009. Ryan was dismissed as the head coach of the Blazers on December 23, 2010
| 333 |
Tom Ryan (lacrosse)
| 0 |
10,091,154 |
# Memetracker
A **memetracker** is a tool for studying the migration of memes across a group of people. The term is typically used to describe websites that either:
1. analyze blog posts to determine what web pages are being discussed or cited most often on the World Wide Web, or
2. allow users to vote for links to web pages that they find of interest.
Sites in the latter group are often referred to as social media sites.
## Sample systems {#sample_systems}
The original publicly viewable memetracker was Blogdex, which is now defunct. However, many sites inspired by it exist today, such as:
- Digg.com (a popular social media site)
- Slashdot
- Reddit
- Technorati
- Techmeme
- Polymeme
- Wikio
Memetrackers are frequently characterized by purely automatic operation in determining the most popular links, though many modern sites incorporate some level of human editorial control in an effort to combat spam links and other efforts to exploit the services commercially.
The introduction of memetrackers was instrumental in the rise of blogs as a serious competitor to traditional printed news media. Through automating (or reducing to one click) the effort to spread ideas through word of mouth, it became possible for casual blog readers to focus on the best of the blogosphere rather than having to scan numerous individual blogs. The steady and frequent appearance of citations of or votes for the work of certain popular bloggers also helped create the so-called \"A List\" of bloggers
| 247 |
Memetracker
| 0 |
10,091,165 |
# Tear It Down
***Tear It Down*** is the first remix album from the American rock group My Brightest Diamond.
## Content
The thirteen-track album was released on compact disc and digital download with Asthmatic Kitty, on 6 March 2007. *Tear It Down* features remixed versions of songs from My Brightest Diamond\'s previous album, *Bring Me the Workhorse*. The remixes were made by obscure collaborators of Worden, and by MySpace friends. In an interview with *Brightest Young Things*, Worden says \"I had produced *Bring Me the Workhorse* myself, and felt interested in hearing how some electronically minded folks would deal with the songs, how that would affect the feelings in the lyrics, and how taking the songs out of a rock context would alter the impression of the material.\" The title, *Tear It Down* comes from a line in the song \"Freak Out.\"
## Reception
A review from AllMusic says the *Tear It Down* \"turns over *Bring Me the Workhorse*{{\'}}s tracks to sonic manipulators, most of whom go with a subtle, stripped-down approach that focuses on Worden\'s glorious voice and string arrangements, augmented by a few abstract beats,\" and closes with noting \"like most remix albums, *Tear It Down* is a little uneven, but it\'s more solidly entertaining than many similar projects \-- and at the very least, it offers My Brightest Diamond fans a fresh way to enjoy Worden\'s work.\" A mixed review by *PopMatters* notes that the album \"doesn\'t totally fail as a cohesive unit is a testament, primarily, to Shara Worden\'s distinctive voice; but it\'s also a measure of the invasiveness (or lack thereof) of the remixes themselves
| 271 |
Tear It Down
| 0 |
10,091,173 |
# Pendant light
A **pendant light**, sometimes called a drop or suspender, is a lone light fixture that hangs from the ceiling usually suspended by a cord, chain, or metal rod. Pendant lights are often used in multiples, hung in a straight line over kitchen countertops and dinette sets or sometimes in bathrooms. Pendants come in a huge variety of sizes and vary in materials from metal to glass or concrete and plastic. Many modern pendants are energy-saving low voltage models and some use halogen or fluorescent bulbs.
A billiard or island light is a longer pendant fixture, usually with long fluorescent or multiple incandescent bulbs, used over kitchen islands and billiard tables. They are sometimes considered a type of chandelier.
It is a key component to understanding architectural lighting design and sometimes associated with interior design.
## Sizing rules {#sizing_rules}
Since pendant lights are typically smaller and placed in sets, it is important to follow general lighting rules to avoid creating poor lighting. An odd number of pendants is preferable to an even amount. Pendants should be placed high enough to allow an unobstructed view while either sitting or standing. Pendants should be placed 72-96 cm (28-38 inches) above a counter top, or 180 cm (72 inches) above the floor.
## Positioning
A popular place to install pendant lights is over kitchen countertops. As a general rule of thumb, a pendant light should be positioned 75--80 cm apart and 75--80 cm above an island bench. This is a generally applied rule when symmetry is in place
| 257 |
Pendant light
| 0 |
10,091,189 |
# CalCOFI
**CalCOFI** (**California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations**) is a multi-agency partnership formed in 1949 to investigate the collapse of the sardine population off California. The organization\'s members are from NOAA Fisheries Service, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The scope of this research has evolved into the study of marine ecosystems off California and the management of its fisheries resources. In 2004, the CalCOFI survey area became one of 26 Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) research sites. This time-series of oceanographic and fisheries data allows scientists to assess the human impact and effects of climate change on the coastal ocean ecosystem. CalCOFI hydrographic and biological data, publications, and web information are distributed for use without restriction under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
## Origin
The Pacific Sardine Fishery was once the largest fishery by volume of the North American Pacific Coast. The fishery developed in the 1920s, peaking in the 1930s with sardine landings reaching over 700,000 tons in California, but was followed by a precipitous collapse in the 1940s. Recommendations and early warnings of a fishery collapse were given throughout the period with an emphasis of setting annual catch limits given by fishery scientists, for example Scofield and Frances Clark. Disregarding the early warnings, the Pacific Sardine fishery continued in part driven by the wartime requirement for cheap sources of protein; by the 1940s and 1950s, catches declined by an order of magnitude to 80,000 tons. In the decade that followed, sardine catches continued to decline to 20,000 tons.
The Sardine Fishery collapse was a major catalyst to the development of the California Cooperative Sardine Research Program, a precursor to the CalCOFI program. The consensus concern for the program was whether this collapse was due to increased fishing pressure or environmental change. The program was initially led by Oscar Elton Sette, who forged a collaboration between research institutions (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and government agencies (California Fish and Game Commission -- now the California Department of Fish and Wildlife -- and the United States Fish Commission -- now known as the NOAA Fisheries Service) with the goal of resource management and fisheries conservation of the Eastern Pacific.
The CalCOFI program was initially met with skepticism. The program was seen as a diversionary tactic initiating further picayune studies of sardine abundance to delay sardine catch regulations. Nevertheless, after the sardine fishery reached a low point in 1947, efforts were focused on the investigation of the underlying forces that govern sardine abundance.
| 421 |
CalCOFI
| 0 |
10,091,189 |
# CalCOFI
## Sampling pattern {#sampling_pattern}
The CalCOFI Station pattern was based on a centric-systematic-area design.
CalCOFI sampling lines were designed to be normal to the central California coast centered at Point Conception, designated as CalCOFI Line 80. The original sampling pattern extended from Line 10 at the US-Canada border to Line 120 off Point Eugenia, Baja California, Mexico, with a spacing of 120 miles between lines (i.e. distance between line 80 and 90 is 120 miles). Since its conception, additional lines were added within the domain, creating a 40-mile spacing between lines which are now numbered in fractions of 3\'s and 7\'s (80, 83, 87, 90, etc.).
Regular surveying began in 1951; however, CalCOFI data go back to 1949. Like all research and fishery surveys, there are many variables which play a role in the design of the survey pattern. The CalCOFI program has surveyed a wide variety of spatial ranges. Thus, CalCOFI surveys are generally grouped into sampling domains which are commonly covered over the duration of this ecological study
The largest sampling domain, which has been covered multiple times, is the area from the California--Oregon border to the tip of Baja California Sur, Mexico. This region was heavily surveyed in the 1950s (1951, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958-1960, and 1972). Another large domain runs from San Francisco to southern Baja California (surveyed in 1953, 1955, 1957, 1961--1966, 1968, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1980, and 1981).
The sampling domain extending from San Diego to Avila Beach is today called the \"core CalCOFI area\". These 66 stations have been covered over the entire time series, with exceptions only due to years where no cruises were conducted. A series of inshore South California Coastal Ocean Observing System (SCCOOS) stations (all at a water depth of approximately 20 m) were added to the core CalCOFI pattern in 2004, resulting in a 75-station pattern.
Less common sampling patterns of intermediate domain have also been conducted. This includes a survey region from San Francisco to San Diego, which has become increasingly sampled during the spring survey because the domain covers an expanded region of known sardine spawning grounds. The data from these spring cruise are heavily relied upon for sardine stock assessment and other related research.
Every line apart from the CalCOFI sampling scheme and its corresponding stations has experienced some degree of difference and variation in spatial and temporal sampling frequency. Furthermore, technological advances have allowed increasing amounts of new chemical, physical, and biological properties to be measured within the water column. Line 90, which is a part of the core CalCOFI station domain positioned across the mid-Southern California Bight, is the best-sampled and most visited line in the time series. The data from Line 90 is used in many transect figures and analyses.
There are a variety of similar survey programs collecting analogous data across the west coast. These programs range in temporal and spatial extent. One such program is the Investigaciones Mexicanas de la Corriente de California (IMECOCAL) program out of Mexico, which samples the Eastern Pacific around Baja California.
| 508 |
CalCOFI
| 1 |
10,091,189 |
# CalCOFI
## Gear used {#gear_used}
A variety of nets and related instrumentation have been deployed on CalCOFI cruises over the years. Many of these have been developed for use by the CalCOFI program. Oblique tows using a Bongo net are employed to sample for micronekton, mesozooplankton and ichthyoplankton. Vertical tows for icthyoplankton and mesozooplankton are conducted using a Pairovet and PRPOOS Net. Finally, surface tows with a Manta net are used to sample neuston. Supplementary sampling focuses on collection of juvenile and small fish via trawling techniques. This includes using a Modified Isaacs Kidd Net, a Matsuda Oozeki Hu trawl (MOHT), and the Nordic rope trawl.
### CalCOFI nets {#calcofi_nets}
Net Name Description
----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bongo Net Paired ringed nets towed obliquely from a depth of approx. 210 m to the surface with ship speed at approx. 1-2 knots. Water is filtered through the 505 micron nylon mesh nets with a mouth diameter of 0.71 m. The right side net is preserved in buffered 5% formalin and the left side in 90% ethanol. The Bongo Net is designed to collect mesozooplankton and its samples are critical in determining egg and larval mortality. The data are used in the Daily Egg Production Method for estimating the spawning stock biomass of sardine. The net functions more efficiently at night due to the decreased net avoidance by zooplankton. Tow depth, net configuration, mesh size and materials have evolved since the program began. Comparisons of different net methodology and potential ramifications have been published.
Pairovet The Pairovet is used to collect ichthyoplankton via vertical tows from 70 m to the sea-surface using paired 0.05 m^2^ 150 micron nylon mesh nets. The smaller nylon mesh is specially designed to retain fish eggs which are found in the upper 70 m. The net is employed specifically to collect anchovy eggs with 100% efficiency. The aim of the Pairovet is to sample a constant volume of water at each site, thus it is crucial to keep the net straight up and down. Ship pitch and roll, water currents, net clogs, wire angle, and dragging in the neuston layer all are possible sources of variance and error. These potential variables may force sample out of the mouth of the device, and/or sample loss due to destruction of eggs.
Manta Net The Manta Net was developed to sample the sea-surface over a range of oceanic conditions. The net is towed beside the vessel to avoid ship wake, and the mouth is unobstructed by a bridle that might cause avoidance by organisms. The net collects neuston, or the animals found on the sea-surface, via filtering water over a 505 micron net fixed with a 333 micron [cod-end](https://www.fao.org/3/a-as986e.pdf). A variety of fish species have a prolonged transformation between larval and juvenile stages of development during which time the organisms can be found in the surface layer.
: CalCOFI nets
| 479 |
CalCOFI
| 2 |
10,091,189 |
# CalCOFI
## Gear used {#gear_used}
### Supplementary nets {#supplementary_nets}
Net Name Description
---------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nordic Surface Trawl Trawl aimed to sample and collect pelagic fish. Samples the water using wide trawl doors with a 600 m^2^ mouth area filtering water with an 8 mm mesh. The net retains juveniles and certain large larval fish. Recently the net has been fastened with a marine mammal excluder device (MMEL) to decrease the amount of mammalian impact and mortality. Data retrieved by the net is used to better understand fishery species spawning stock biomass, in particular the data is important for the Daily Egg Production Method as it samples a wide distribution of species and size-classes. Additionally, size structure data is paramount in the use of acoustic biomass estimates.
Modified Isaacs Kidd Trawl Trawl designed to sample juvenile pelagic fish which can avoid other sampling nets by mid-water trawls. The primary target is mid-sized anchovy (15 -- 60 mm). The frame samples a large volume of water while minimizing avoidance by the target organisms. The net filters about 7,000 m^3^ or 100 times as much water per tow as a standard bongo net.
Matsuda-Oozeki-Hu (MOHT) Trawl Trawl designed to capture a multitude of mesopelagic organisms including: krill, late larval and juvenile fishes, and micronekton. Collects juvenile and small fish assemblages in conjunction with multifrequency acoustics to estimate the distribution and biomass of sampled species. The MOHT has a 5.5 m^2^ mouth opening, and filters the water at up to 4.5 knots in a variety of oceanic conditions. The MOHT is fixed with a range of cod-end filters to sample a variety of different size classes. It samples the mesopelagic community in a better manner then the bongo or the rope trawl and its data is highly valuable in the determination of health and abundance of important fisheries.
PRPOOS The name of the PRPOOS net is derived from its use during the Planktonic Rate Processes in Oligotrophic Ocean Systems program. It was formerly known as the Soutar-Hemmigway Animal Trap or "SHAT". The net was introduced to CalCOFI cruises by the CCE-LTER program and it is a net designed to sample zooplankton using a 202 micron mesh net with a 50 cm diameter. The net is towed vertically to a depth of 210 m.
Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) Developed in the mid-1990s to identify fish eggs using video/optical plankton counter. The sampler functions by constantly pumping water from about 3 m depth. The water passes through a variety of sampling collectors including an optical plankton counter. Conceived to automate the collection and sorting of fish species, but though it gave promising results, manual identification is still required of the samples to minimize error and misidentification. The problem is that many pelagic fish eggs share similar optical properties with copepods. Despite this hiccup, the CUFES is invaluable in the sampling of sardine and anchovy habitats. CUFES data from cruises are commonly used with surface temperature and salinity data to show water mass characteristics where sardine, anchovy, and other important fishery species spawn. The common use of the CUFES at sea is to inform where patches of high egg density are located which can be sampled via nets. The CUFES also impacts the relative confidence level of net sampling. A variety of research is conducted to determine the relationship between CUFES egg data and net (Pairvet, PRPOOS, etc.) sampled data. Confidence in relations determined is still in question. Thus, CUFES data alone cannot be used to determine estimates of stock biomass. Nevertheless, the CUFES is an important tool in describing surface patchiness, providing extra data by designating an area as high or low surface egg density.
: Supplementary nets
## Further Information {#further_information}
- [California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations](http://www.calcofi.org/)
- [CCE-LTER Long Term Ecological Research Network](http://www.lternet.edu/sites/cce/)
- [NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center](https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=FRD&ParentMenuId=658&id=19091)
- [Cal Fish & Wildlife Marine Resources](https://web.archive.org/web/20070329161842/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/index.html)
- [California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) Records](https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224923/http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findingaids/rss-s0050.html) RSS-S 50. [Special Collections & Archives](http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/), UC San Diego Library.
- [California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI): Acoustic and Trawl Data](http://library.ucsd
| 674 |
CalCOFI
| 3 |
10,091,194 |
# Grozny OMON friendly fire incident
The **Grozny OMON friendly fire incident** took place on March 2, 2000, when an OMON (Russian special-purpose police) unit from Podolsk, supported by paramilitary police from the Sverdlovsk Oblast in armored vehicles, opened friendly fire on a motorized column of OMON from Sergiyev Posad (Moscow Oblast), which had just arrived in Chechnya to replace them.
More than 20 were killed and more than 30 injured in friendly fire between the Russian units. Chechen rebels, allegedly helped by the local militia, were initially blamed for the attack, but independent journalists uncovered the facts, forcing the authorities to admit the truth.
## The ambush {#the_ambush}
The *Omonovtsy* (OMON officers) from Sergiyev Posad were travelling in a marked convoy of nine trucks, a bus, and a command car, with no protection by armored vehicles and no helicopter cover, to an Interior Ministry forces outpost in the Podgornoye area of the Staropromyslovsky city district of the Chechen capital, Grozny. Their approach had been reported, but they had not been identified, and they were suspected to be either Chechen guerrillas attempting to infiltrate the city or reinforcements for the pro-Moscow Chechen militia, which was also in conflict with the Sverdlovsk police. The Podolsk and Sverdlovsk policemen were waiting to ambush them, and when the column approached an improvised roadblock made with a wrecked bus, it suddenly and without warning came under shoot-to-kill fire, including from heavy machine guns and grenade launchers.
Of the 98 troops in the convoy, at least 22 were reported killed (including the unit\'s commander, Colonel Dimitry Markelov, killed in the first minutes of the attack) and 31 (or 38) were wounded. At least two members of the Podolsk unit were reported to have been killed by return fire. Moscow officials stated at first that only 12 men had been killed. A day later the chief-of-staff of the Russian military in the North Caucasus said that the death toll had risen to 37. The attack lasted for over an hour and was videotaped by a Russian officer.
## Official whitewash and reprisals in Chechnya {#official_whitewash_and_reprisals_in_chechnya}
Immediately after the incident, Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) officials reported that the convoy had been ambushed by Chechen rebels and that the other Russian forces were reinforcements. Baultdin Bakuyev, a Chechen field commander, also took responsibility, saying the attack was an act of revenge for the OMON\'s atrocities in Chechnya.
Dozens of local men were detained after the incident. Some were killed by Russian OMON troops during the course of the hunt for the alleged Chechen attackers; others were forcibly disappeared. One of the detainees, Shakhid Baysayev, was videotaped. His body has never been found, but he was declared legally dead by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007, presumed to have been killed by Russian forces while in custody.
Interior Minister Vladimir Rushailo attended the funeral of the dead troops and vowed that the rebels responsible for their deaths would be identified and \"retribution dealt out accordingly\". He added that any Interior Ministry superiors responsible would also be punished. It was soon announced that three suspected rebels alleged to have been involved in the attack had been charged with murder, and foreign journalists received supposed video footage of the attack on the convoy. However, the detained \"rebels\" were later discharged and the video was said to be footage of a different ambush.
## Criminal negligence trial {#criminal_negligence_trial}
In a closed trial in 2002, a court acquitted two senior Interior Ministry officers, Major-General Boris Fadeyev (former deputy head of the Moscow Oblast Interior Ministry department and head of the Moscow traffic police) and Colonel Mikhail Levchenko (former head of the command group of the Interior Ministry\'s force in Chechnya), of criminal negligence. The court instead laid blame posthumously on Colonel Markelov. Major Igor Tikhonov, ex-commander of Podolsk OMON, was excused from the proceedings on health grounds
| 648 |
Grozny OMON friendly fire incident
| 0 |
10,091,223 |
# Aunt Molly Jackson
**Aunt Molly Jackson** (1880 -- September 1, 1960) was an influential American folk singer and a union activist. Her full name was Mary Magdalene Garland Stewart Jackson Stamos.
## Biography
Jackson was one of fifteen children born in Clay County, Kentucky, as the daughter of Oliver Perry Garland and Deborah Robinson. Prior to 1883, her father worked as a sharecropper. However, due to the extensive subdivision of land in southeastern Kentucky over the course of the latter half of the nineteenth century, her father\'s profession grew to be inviable. The family moved to East Bernstadt, Kentucky in Laurel County where Oliver opened a general store selling groceries to miners on credit and became a pastor at the Missionary Baptist Church in town. When the miners failed to make their payments, he was forced to close the store two years later to go to work in the coal mines. Her mother died of tuberculosis when she was six years old. Her father later became a union organizer, which Jackson has said, particularly after her father\'s death, strongly influenced her work as an activist during her adulthood. After purposefully scaring a neighbor by applying blackface, Jackson was jailed at the age of ten. She began learning songs from her great-grandmother, Nancy MacMahan, at an early age.
In 1894, she married the miner Jim Stewart. She bore two children. For the next decade, she worked as a nurse in Clay County before moving to Harlan County in 1908 and a job as a midwife delivering 884 babies. Her husband was killed in a mine accident in 1917 and shortly afterwards, she married the miner Bill Jackson. Tragedies struck her family when her father and a brother were blinded in another mine accident. She became a member of the United Mine Workers and began writing protest songs such as \"I Am A Union Woman\", \"Kentucky Miner\'s Wife\", and \"Poor Miner\'s Farewell\". When Jackson was jailed because of her unionizing activities, her husband was forced to divorce her in order to keep his mining job.
She was discovered in November 1931 by the Dreiser Committee, investigating the Harlan County War and workers\' living conditions when she spoke and sang her song \"Ragged, Hungry Blues\" in front of the committee. In December 1931, Jackson traveled to New York City to support and raise money for striking Harlan coal miners, at one point appearing before an estimated crowd of 21,000 at the Bronx Coliseum. Jackson made her recording debut on December 10, 1931. For the next year, she performed in various cities in the north. She stayed in New York for much of that decade and was a part of the Greenwich Village folk revival, singing for Alan Lomax at the Library of Congress, and influencing folk singers from Woody Guthrie to Pete Seeger.
In the mid-1930s, she performed in New York City together with Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Earl Robinson, Will Geer, her half-brother Jim Garland, and her half-sister Sarah Ogan Gunning. After a bus accident in Ohio, leaving her badly crippled, Jackson became incapacitated and was confined to her New York apartment. She died in 1960 and was interred as Mary Stamos, next to her husband Gust Stamos, at the Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery in Sacramento, California.
The given dates of Aunt Molly Jackson\'s life are mostly uncertain since she was inconsistent when giving them. Folklorist Archie Green became very frustrated during interviews with her, due to her \"elastic responses\", inconsistent elaborations and \"flexible dates.\" It was not unusual for her to contradict her own prior accounts
| 596 |
Aunt Molly Jackson
| 0 |
10,091,244 |
# Pukar (1983 film)
***Pukar**\'\' (transl.***Call**\'\') is a 1983 Indian Hindi-language action film, directed by Ramesh Behl, starring Amitabh Bachchan, Randhir Kapoor, Zeenat Aman and Tina Munim. It is a film about freedom fighters trying to liberate Goa from the Portuguese.
## Plot
Purandare (Shreeram Lagoo), Narvekar (P. Jairaj), and Dinanath (Sudhir Dalvi) are part of a separatist group fighting to liberate Goa from Portuguese rule. During a shootout with Portuguese police, Purandare and Dinanath are gravely injured. Rather than be captured, Dinanath begs Purandare to end his life. Purandare reluctantly obliges, but their act is witnessed by Dinanath's young son, Ramdas, who misinterprets the scene and believes Purandare murdered his father.
Frightened and alone, Ramdas flees to the home of Mr. Dayanand (Om Shivpuri), who offers him shelter. However, when the Portuguese police raid the house demanding Ramdas' whereabouts, Dayanand and his wife are seemingly killed. In the next scene, Purandare arrives searching for Ramdas, but the boy, still traumatized, runs away at the mere sight of him. (There's some confusion here as Dayanand appears to have been killed but later only has minor bruises---perhaps an editing inconsistency.)
To escape his past, Ramdas changes his name to Ronnie and distances himself from the revolutionary cause. After an altercation with local kids, the story fast-forwards two decades, revealing Ronnie as a lean, street-smart career criminal, played by Amitabh Bachchan. He has a glamorous girlfriend, Julie (Zeenat Aman), and works for Hasmok (Sujit Kumar), a fellow outlaw. Ronnie earns the favor of Inspector Monteiro (Prem Chopra) by helping Hasmok evade capture.
Ronnie's past catches up with him when he crosses paths with Purandare once more. The aging revolutionary and his comrades are in desperate need of ammunition for their fight against the Portuguese. Ronnie, having long abandoned any patriotic cause, betrays them to the police---not once, but twice. In the second betrayal, Purandare is killed.
Enter Shekhar (Randhir Kapoor), a young rebel who quickly becomes a thorn in Ronnie's side. Shekhar steals Ronnie's gold, orchestrates the escape of a captured rebel (Viju Khote), assassinates the Portuguese police chief, and is ultimately sentenced to death. His heroism earns him widespread admiration, fueling Ronnie's resentment. Seeking revenge, Ronnie impulsively decides to kill Shekhar's parents---only to discover that they were the same people who once sheltered him as a child. This revelation shakes him to his core, forcing him to reconsider his past and understand Purandare's actions all those years ago.
Determined to make amends, Ronnie vows to save Shekhar from the gallows. In a climactic final battle, Ronnie and Shekhar join forces, leading the charge against the Portuguese. Their fight culminates in victory, bringing an end to the colonial rule they once sought to escape in very different ways.
## Cast
- Amitabh Bachchan as Ramdas/Ronnie
- Randhir Kapoor as Shekar Nagare
- Zeenat Aman as Julie
- Tina Munim as Usha
- Prem Chopra as Montero
- Sudhir Dalvi as Dinanath, Ramdas Father
- Shriram Lagoo as Purandare
- P. Jairaj as Narvekar
- Om Shivpuri as Dayanand, Father of Shekhar Nagare
- Chand Usmani as Saraswati, Mother of Shekhar Nagare
- Pinchoo Kapoor as Mr Kamat, father of Usha
- Sudha Chopra as Mrs Kamat, mother of Usha
- Sujit Kumar as Hasmukh
- Satyendra Kapoor as Gopal
- Viju Khote as Kiran Bhandare
- Shubha Khote as Young Julie\'s Mother
- Narendra Nath as Jaggu
- Sharat Saxena as Pablo
- Radha Bartake as Anjali, Gopal Daughter
- Shiva Rindani
- Gurbachan Singh as Godfre
- Gautam Sarin as Portuguese police Officer
- Azaad Irani as Latif
- Cezar D\'Mello as unnamed dancer
## Production
Scenes of the film were shot in Daman and Diu.
| 615 |
Pukar (1983 film)
| 0 |
10,091,244 |
# Pukar (1983 film)
## Soundtrack
Music Direction: R. D. Burman, Lyrics: Gulshan Bawra, Audio: Polydor now Universal Music Group
The music for all the songs were composed by Rahul Dev Burman and penned by Gulshan Bawra.
\# Title Singer(s) Duration
---- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------
1 \"Jane Jigar Duniya Main\" Kishore Kumar, R. D. Burman 06:13
2 \"Bachke Rehna Re Baba\" Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle, R. D. Burman 06:25
3 \"Samandar Mein Nahake\" R. D. Burman 04:48
4 \"Tu Maike Mat Jaiyo\" Amitabh Bachchan, R. D. Burman 06:12
5 \"Tu Mere Liye\" Asha Bhosle 04:17
6 \"Maarein Ge Ya Mar Jaayenge\" Asha Bhosle, R. D
| 105 |
Pukar (1983 film)
| 1 |
10,091,247 |
# Paul Oscar Blocq
`{{About|the 19th-century French pathologist|the Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc jockey|Paul Oscar}}`{=mediawiki} **Paul Oscar Blocq** (1860--1896) was a French pathologist who is remembered for his neuropathological work done with Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and Gheorghe Marinescu (1863-1938) at the Salpêtrière in Paris.
Blocq and Marinescu were the first physicians to describe extracellular neuritic plaque deposits in the grey matter of the brain. Also the two identified a case of Parkinsonian tremor caused by a tumor in the substantia nigra of the brain. With Marinescu and bacteriologist Victor Babeş (1854-1926), Blocq published an important work on the pathological histology of the nervous system titled *Atlas der pathologischen Histologie des Nervensystems*.
A disorder known as \"Blocq\'s disease\" is named after him. It is also known as astasia-abasia, and is characterized by the inability to stand or walk, despite the capability to move ones\' lower limbs when sitting or lying down.
## Written works {#written_works}
- *Sur une affection caractérisée par de l\'astasie et de l\'abasie*. (Incoordination motrice pour la station et pour la marche (Charcot et Richer); ataxie motrice hystérique (V. Mitchell); ataxie par défaut de coordination automatique (Jaccoud). Journal: Archives de Neurologie. Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical; vol. xv., 1888 (pp. 24--51 and 187--211). -- A condition characterized by astasia and abasia.
- *Atlas der pathologischen Histologie des Nervensystems* (with V. Babeş & G. Marinescu) -- Atlas on the pathological histology of the nervous system.
- *Anatomie pathologique de la moelle epiniere* (1891); (with Albert Londe 1858-1917) -- Pathological anatomy of the spinal cord.
- *Séméiologie et Diagnostic des Maladies Nerveuses*. 1892 (with J. Onanoff) -- Symptomatology and diagnostics of nervous disorders.
- *L\'État Mental dans l\'Hysterie*, Paris 1893. -- The mental state in hysteria
| 287 |
Paul Oscar Blocq
| 0 |
10,091,248 |
# Good and Bad at Games
***Good and Bad at Games*** is a UK television drama, first shown in the *Film on Four* strand on Channel 4 Television on 8 December 1983. The screenplay was written by William Boyd and the lead roles of Cox, Mount and Niles were played by Anton Lesser, Dominic Jephcott and Martyn Stanbridge. A young Rupert Graves also appears briefly as Guthrie. The film was directed by Jack Gold, and produced by Victor Glynn.
The story, told partly in flashback to 1968, concerns a clique of English public schoolboys who bully and humiliate an unpopular younger pupil (Cox) who is \'bad at games\'. Ten years later Cox uses the naive and equal outsider Niles, who is only included in the clique because he is \'good at games\', to find out more about the lead persecutor (Mount), in order to exact revenge.
## Cast
- Niles -- Martyn Stanbridge
- Cox -- Anton Lesser
- Mount -- Dominic Jephcott
- Frances -- Laura Davenport
- Joyce -- Frederick Alexander
- Harrop -- Graham Seed
- Colenso -- Ewan Stewart
- Guthrie -- Rupert Graves
- Tregear -- Philip Goodhew
- Girl -- Ceri Jackson
- Boy -- Tristram Wymark
## Music
- The songs \"Badge\" and \"Strange Brew\" by the rock group Cream are featured prominently
| 220 |
Good and Bad at Games
| 0 |
10,091,258 |
# The Blue Ridge Rangers
***The Blue Ridge Rangers*** is the first solo studio album by John Fogerty, the former lead singer and lead guitarist of Creedence Clearwater Revival.
Upon its initial release by Fantasy Records in 1973, the album was credited to \"The Blue Ridge Rangers\" with no mention of Fogerty on the cover. Fogerty chose to do this in order to distance himself from his `{{sic|hide=y|Cree|dence}}`{=mediawiki} legacy. The LP was later reissued and credited to John Fogerty with a different cover design. The CD reissue restores the original silhouette cover photo and credits the album to Fogerty. The album is made up entirely of traditional and country covers, and features Fogerty playing all the instruments.
The album peaked at #47 on the charts. Two singles from the album became hits: \"Jambalaya\" which peaked at #16 in the USA and #15 in Canada, and \"Hearts of Stone\" which peaked at #37 in the USA and #35 in Canada. A third non-album single \"You Don\'t Owe Me\" reached #79 in Canada.
In 2009, Fogerty released a sequel to this album, entitled *The Blue Ridge Rangers Rides Again*
| 187 |
The Blue Ridge Rangers
| 0 |
10,091,270 |
# Laurent Pokou
**Laurent N\'Dri Pokou** (10 August 1947 -- 13 November 2016) was an Ivorian footballer who played as a striker. He notably played for French club Stade Rennais F.C.
## International career {#international_career}
Pokou was a member of the Ivory Coast national team, who was twice the highest goalscorer of the Africa Cup of Nations, scoring six goals in the 1968 tournament in Ethiopia and eight in the 1970 edition in Sudan, including five in one match against Ethiopia, which Ivory Coast won 6--1. This performance gave him his nickname *L\'homme d\'Asmara* (the man of Asmara). With 14 total goals, he is also the tournament\'s second highest overall goalscorer, behind Cameroon\'s Samuel Eto\'o, who eclipsed Pokou\'s record in the 2008 ACN tournament.
On 23 October 2023, CAF and PUMA announced the official match ball for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations, named \"POKOU\" in honor of Laurent Pokou. The ball, which features the colors of the Cote d\'Ivoire flag and incorporates advanced technology, celebrates Pokou\'s legacy, including his record-breaking performance in the 1970 Africa Cup of Nations. Laurent Pokou\'s son, Erwan, presented the ball, expressing the family\'s honor and gratitude for this tribute to his late father\'s contributions to Ivorian football.
## Lauren Pokou Stadium {#lauren_pokou_stadium}
On 8 September 2023, the Laurent Pokou Stadium was officially inaugurated in San-Pédro. This new stadium was named in honor of Laurent Pokou. The inauguration ceremony was led by the Minister of Sport, Claude Paulin Danho, and was attended by the Chinese ambassador, representatives from the construction companies, members of the Laurent Pokou family, the organizing committee of the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations, and other senior officials.
On 9 September 2023, following its inauguration, the Laurent Pokou stadium hosted its first official game. This historic match was part of the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualification and witnessed the Ivory Coast national football team securing a 1--0 victory against Lesotho. This game was significant as it was the first national team match ever played in San-Pédro
| 335 |
Laurent Pokou
| 0 |
10,091,282 |
# Lambeth Articles
The **Lambeth Articles** of 1595 were nine doctrinal statements on the topic of predestination proposed by the bishops of the Church of England. At the time, there was controversy between Calvinists and non-Calvinists over predestination, and the Lambeth Articles were written to clarify the church\'s official teaching. William Whitaker, an eminent Reformed theologian, served as the primary author.
The Church of England\'s bishops endorsed the Lambeth Articles, but Queen Elizabeth I refused to authorise them. As a result, they never went into effect in England. However, the articles were adopted by the Church of Ireland in 1615.
## Predestination controversy {#predestination_controversy}
During the reign of Elizabeth I (1558--1603), a Calvinist consensus developed among the leading clergy within the Church of England, specifically in regards to the doctrine of predestination. The church\'s doctrinal statement, the Thirty-nine Articles, addressed predestination in Article 17 (\"Of Predestination and Election\"). While Calvinists believed in double predestination (that God predestined some people for salvation but others for reprobation), Article 17 only endorsed election to salvation.
The University of Cambridge was a Calvinist stronghold and notable Calvinist professors included Thomas Cartwright, William Perkins, and William Whitaker. There was an Arminian minority (notably William Barret, Peter Baro, John Overall and Antonio del Corro), influenced by the teachings of Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, which challenged the prevailing Calvinism.
Sermons preached by Barret and Baro against the Calvinist doctrine of predestination ignited controversy. On 29 April 1595, Barret\'s sermon addressed three points:
1. salvation depended on human effort
2. God condemns the wicked for their evil deeds rather than on an arbitrary basis
3. it was impossible to receive certainty of salvation
Following the sermon, a group led by Whitaker, Humphrey Tyndall, and Robert Some campaigned for Barret\'s expulsion from his Caius College fellowship.
## Development
To settle the controversy, the heads of Cambridge University sent Whitaker and Tyndall to meet with John Whitgift, the archbishop of Canterbury, and other clergy at Lambeth Palace in London. Besides Whitgift, the most senior clergy involved in the discussions were Richard Fletcher, the bishop of London, and Richard Vaughan, the bishop-elect of Bangor. According to historian Nicholas Tyacke, the clergy were acting in their capacity as the Court of High Commission.
The Articles were drafted by Whitaker and somewhat modified by the bishops to make them less objectionable to anti-Calvinists. The Articles were adopted at Lambeth on 20 November 1595. The Articles were sent to Matthew Hutton, the archbishop of York, who endorsed them.
Whitgift did not inform the Queen about the Articles, and he tried to keep them a secret. Elizabeth learned of them around December 5 and promptly ordered Whitgift to suspend the Articles. The Queen was furious they had been formulated without her knowledge or consent. She also disliked the theology endorsed by the document. Without royal authorisation, the Articles never gained official status within the Church of England.
## Content
The Lambeth Articles were not intended to replace the Thirty-nine Articles but were designed to officially align Article 17 (\"Of Predestination and Election\") to Calvinist theology, specifically sublapsarian Calvinism. The nine articles adopted at Lambeth can be summarised as follows:
1. The eternal election of some to life, and the reprobation of others to death.
2. The moving cause of predestination to life is not the foreknowledge of faith and good works, but only the good pleasure of God.
3. The number of the elect is unalterably fixed.
4. Those who are not predestinated to life shall necessarily be damned for their sins.
5. The true faith of the elect never fails finally nor totally.
6. A true believer, or one furnished with justifying faith, has a full assurance and certainty of remission and everlasting salvation in Christ.
7. Saving grace is not communicated to all men.
8. No man can come to the Son unless the Father shall draw him, but all men are not drawn by the Father.
9. It is not in every one\'s will and power to be saved.
## Church of Ireland {#church_of_ireland}
The Lambeth Articles were accepted at the 1615 Convocation of Dublin and consequently engrafted in the Irish Articles (written by James Ussher). One can find the basis of the Five Points of Calvinism contained in the Canons of Dort (1618--19) in the Lambeth Articles.
| 716 |
Lambeth Articles
| 0 |
10,091,282 |
# Lambeth Articles
## Historiography
In his 1958 work *Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge*, historian Harry Porter argued that the Lambeth Articles were a failed attempt by a Calvinist minority to force their views on the rest of the church. Porter argued Archbishop Whitgift only endorsed the Articles to keep the peace within the church, but he modified Whitaker\'s original draft to make the Articles acceptable to non-Calvinists as a compromise. Porter\'s thesis was endorsed by Peter White and Debora Shuger.
According to Peter Lake, the Lambeth Articles represent a compromise between the Cambridge theologians and Whitgift, both of whom shared common Calvinist assumptions. The Cambridge theologians were more rigid and scholastic in their theology, and Whitgift considered them to be intolerant. The Lambeth Articles illustrated Whitgift\'s belief that \"the opinions of every English divine of significance could be accommodated, without undue strain, within a framework of thought that was recognizably Calvinist\"
| 153 |
Lambeth Articles
| 1 |
10,091,315 |
# Lee Hunter (Hollyoaks)
**Lee Hunter** is a fictional character from the English soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by Alex Carter. The character made his first on-screen appearance on 4 July 2001. Lee was introduced as part of the show\'s new family, the Hunters. He is the youngest son of Les (John Graham Davies) and Sally Hunter (Katherine Dow Blyton). Lee is characterised as \"wayward\", a \"cheeky chap\" and a \"wheeler dealer\". Carter announced his decision to quit the serial in 2005 to have more free time, filming his departure scenes in October 2005 and departed on-screen 23 December 2005.
Carter returned to *Hollyoaks* as a full-time character in September 2010, reintroduced by series producer Paul Marquess, although his comeback scenes aired in internet spin-off *Hollyoaks: Freshers*. Upon his return, the character has been described as \"a tool\", \"confident\" and \"arrogant\". In May 2011 it was announced Carter had quit again, in order to pursue other projects.
## Development
Alex Carter successfully auditioned for the role of Lee Hunter in 2001 and joined the cast of *Hollyoaks* as the youngest son of Les (John Graham Davies) and Sally Hunter (Katherine Dow Blyton) and brother to Ellie (Sarah Baxendale), Dan (Andrew McNair) and Lisa (Gemma Atkinson). The character made his first on-screen appearance on 5 July 2001.
Lee\'s early stories were centric to his inclusion in a friendship group consisting of his sister Lisa, Abby Davies (Helen Noble), Steph Dean (Carley Stenson), Zara Morgan (Kelly Greenwood) and Brian Drake (Jonathan Le Billon). One storyline featuring the group was story involving a rumour club. The students are set a task of creating a rumour club to assess how quickly gossip can spread around a community. The assignment is supposed to be fun but Zara and Steph use the opportunity to create trouble for other characters. Stenson told an *Inside Soap* reporter that Steph\'s motivation is \"purely evil\" and Lee becomes uncomfortable with hurting other character\'s emotionally. Zara and Steph create a rumour about Mandy Richardson (Sarah Jayne Dunn) and Laura Burns (Lesley Johnston) being in a lesbian relationship. Writers portrayed Lee\'s reluctance to defy Steph to prevent her from causing trouble. Stenson added that Lee does not want \"anyone to get hurt\" and wants it to be a \"fun project\". Ultimately he allows the rumour to circulate because he cannot risk \"falling foul\" of Steph\'s nasty tactics.
Writers created a relationship storyline between Lee and fellow student, Abby Davies (Helen Noble). Their relationship is tested when Abby leaves Chester to study at Brighton University. Lee remains in Hollyoaks and decides to take a beautician college course at the local campus. The pair also become engaged to marry, but a long-distance relationship begins to cause problems. Carter told reporters from *All About Soap* that \"Lee is definitely missing Abby. Well, you would, they\'ve just got engaged.\" Abby does not reply to Lee\'s text messages and Carter explained that Lee assumes that Abby is cheating on him. Abby later makes contact with Lee but their friend Zara Morgan (Kelly Greenwood) asks Abby how many new men she has met, causing Lee to become upset. Zara tries to cheer Lee up by taking him out for the day, but he cannot stop thinking about Abby. Carter said that viewers would soon tire of his character\'s whining. He added \"people are going to get really sick of Lee soon -- all he does is whinge about her for the next 20 episodes!\"
In a comedic story, Lee fails his exams and decides to take beautician course despite wanting to do film studies. He is unhappy with his course and Carter explained that Lee\'s father Les does not approve. He wants Lee to do \"something a bit more manly\" but Carter enjoyed the storyline because he looked \"great dressed in a beautician\'s outfit.\"
In 2004, writers explored the effect that Lee\'s parents tempestuous marriage has on him. Lee struggles with the prospect of the Hunters being a broken family. Carter told an *Inside Soap* reporter that \"Lee is really struggling with the possibility that the Hunters may no longer be a real family.\" Lee decides to intervene in his parents\' marriage and convinces his father Les to make an emotional speech to his mother, Sally. Carter explained that \"seeing his parents split is the last straw\" and he wants to prevent his parents from divorcing. Carter added that Les blunders his speech and further annoys Sally, which was typical to Les\' characterisation. Carter assessed that it was actually \"the final nail in the coffin\" for the Hunter marriage. Les\' further attempts woo Sally are also unsuccessful. Carter revealed that Les dresses in an old leather biking outfit to woo Sally. This creates hysterical laughter from Sally, who berates Les for thinking an old outfit could save their broken marriage. Carter concluded that \"I think he\'ll just have to accept things will never be the same again.\" Writers used their problems to cause Lee turmoil. It coincided with Lee receiving his A level exam results. Carter wondered if his character would cope with the added stress but thought it made an \"interesting\" storyline. Lee struggles, to which he added that \"everything\'s changing in Lee\'s world yet again and he\'s not great at coping at the best of times.\"
In March 2004, a reporter from the *Sunday Mirror* reported that Lee and the majority of the Hunter family would be axed along with ten other cast members. However Lee and the Hunter family remained in the serial and only six of the fourteen cast members announced were axed. In 2005 it was announced that Carter had quit the serial and would be leaving at the end of his contract. After developing feelings for friend Zara, who was leaving the village to do charity work in Thailand, Lee decided to accompany her, making his exit in the episode that aired on 22 December 2005. Speaking of his decision to quit in 2006, Carter said, \"It\'d been five years, and it was long hours -- I was working weekends and things -- and realistically I\'d had five years out of my life, I just wanted my weekends back. I wanted a bit of a life as well as work.\" In an interview with *OK!* magazine in 2010, Carter discussed the reasons why he initially quit *Hollyoaks* commenting, \"When I left *Hollyoaks* originally, in 2005, I was quite tired and ready to go, because of the schedules.\"
In 2011, Paul Marquess was appointed as the new *Hollyoaks* producer. He planned to give *Hollyoaks* a \"shake up\", changing the productions team, writing characters out and replacing them with new ones. It was announced on 15 March 2010, that Marquess had decided to reintroduce Lee to the serial as part of his revamp. Carter signed an initial six-month contract with the soap after announcing his decision to leave his role as Jamie Hope in *Emmerdale*. In an interview with entertainment website *Digital Spy* about Lee\'s return, Marquess explained, \"He turns up with another character. He\'s been working as a Gareth Gates impersonator on a cruise ship and he won\'t just have light stories because Alex is great. He\'s one of our new students. The thing about our new students is the audience will recognise some of them.\" Carter revealed that he has previously been in talks with Marquess\'s predecessor Allan, whom he knew from previously working on the show.
In July 2010, it was announced that Carter would make his comeback scenes as Lee in new online spin-off *Hollyoaks: Freshers*. Speaking of his appearance in the spin-off, Carter said he was thrilled, commenting, \"I\'m thrilled to be back and it\'s really exciting that my first episodes are for the online spin-off.\" In the same month it was announced that Jessica Forrest had been cast as Lee\'s girlfriend Leanne Holiday. *Digital Spy* reported that Leanne would also appear in the spin-off before making her first appearance in *Hollyoaks* as a new student.
In May 2011 it was announced that Carter had decided to leave the serial in order to pursue other projects. Speaking of his departure, Carter stated: \"After ten years in soap, it feels like the right time to find out what else is out there.\"
| 1,371 |
Lee Hunter (Hollyoaks)
| 0 |
10,091,315 |
# Lee Hunter (Hollyoaks)
## Storylines
Lee first appears in May 2001 as a member of the village\'s new family: the Hunter family. His first appearance sees him brought home by the police. Lee gets into trouble at school, and starts to fail his exams. This causes him to develop depression, which is worsened by the fact that his oldest sister, Ellie, has been missing in Ibiza for over two years. She later arrives in Hollyoaks in 2002. Things get more problematic for Lee when his sister, Lisa is bullied by jealous classmate, Steph Dean (Carley Stenson), which causes her to self-harm. With the help of his family, Lee supports Lisa, and vows to for the entirety of his life. Lee gradually becomes close friends with Bombhead (Lee Otway). Lee\'s delighted when he starts to make money by schemes, but they often go wrong. Lee grows close to Abby and begins a relationship with her, which has various ups and downs. However, Lee has a fling with Abby\'s best friend, Zara.
Lee proposes to Abby and she accepts before leaving for the university in Brighton. Lee becomes miserable after her departure, which annoys his friends. He visits Abby and finds her in bed with another man, which leaves him devastated, especially when Abby breaks off their engagement. Abby tells him she made a mistake accepting his proposal. Subsequently, there was more bad news to face Lee when Ellie loses her memory, and accuses their brother Dan for killing her murderous husband, Toby Mills. Lee and the Hunter family turn against her for this. One year later, Dan died from car explosion. Lee accuses Ellie of mistreating Dan, and tells her, with the support of Lisa, that he no longer sees her as part of the family, causing Ellie to leave Hollyoaks.
Lee starts a beauty therapy course at Hollyoaks Community College, after he fails to enrol in film studies due to his poor grades. He becomes college president and alienates Bombhead. Lee\'s opponent Chris Fenwick (Chris Grierson) becomes vice president after Lee accepts him. Chris attempts to manipulate Lee into spending more than what the college fund has. Lee refuses to believe Bombhead when he tells him what Chris is doing. After the revelation, Lee doesn\'t speak to Bombhead because he thinks that he stole the missing money. Chris and Freddy Watson (Greg Kelly) frame Lee for the fire at the media lab, which Freddy actually caused. Zara saves Lee when she reveals Freddy\'s plot to the college council. Lee is angered by this and punches Chris, causing him to be expelled from college along with Zara, Chris and Freddy. Lee develops feelings for Zara and they become close. However, Zara decides to do voluntary work in Thailand. Later, Lee and Zara admit their feelings for each other. In 2005, Lee leaves the village with Zara.
Lee returns to the village in 2010 with his new girlfriend, Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest). Lee re-enrolls at Hollyoaks Community College as a mature drama student. He learns that Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson) has also enrolled. Darren tells Lee that Steph\'s cervical cancer is terminal, causing Lee to attempt to avoid her. Steph notices him and they later chat. Lee is shocked when Kevin Smith (Cameron Crighton) tells him that he witnessed Leanne kiss Doug Carter (PJ Brennan). However, he believes Leanne when the group turn against Kevin and accuses him of lying. Lee grows close to Amy Barnes (Ashley Slanina-Davies), after helping her with her college project. After Amy successfully performs her stand-up routine, Lee is shocked when Amy kisses him. Lee admits to Leanne that he kissed Amy, but she forgives him. Lee tells her that he wants to spend the rest of his life with her.
Lee finds a poster asking for directors to put on a production. He cunningly removes the poster and successfully applies for the position. He writes a script for a play named \'MasKara\' and casts Jem Costello (Helen Russell-Clark) and Jamil Fadel (Sikander Malik) in the lead roles. Lee also casts Texas Longford (Bianca Hendrickse-Spendlove) Lee tries to hang some decorations for the production and falls off the ladder, hurting his neck. Due to Lee\'s absence, Steph takes over the production, making drastic changes and hiring Carmel Valentine (Gemma Merna) as the makeup artist. Lee is keen to see what Steph has changed in the production, but is horrified when he sees the costumes and props. He storms off, but then returns to give the production another go; however begins another argument and eventually upsets Steph after cruelly mentioning her cancer. Due to Lee\'s actions, Jem quits and Lee decides to re-cast the leading part to Amy. On the day of the production, he is forced by the cast members to apologise to Steph and does so. Things however are not sorted, as Darren fails to remember his lines and quits last minute. Lee, with no other options, casts himself as the part that Darren was scheduled to play. The production receives positive feedback from the cheering audience, however Nancy Hayton (Jessica Fox) writes a review which harshly criticises Lee\'s dictating directing skills.
Lee and Amy remain good friends and eventually Lee admits to Amy he believes he should not be marrying Leanne because he isn\'t attracted to her anymore. They kiss and fall asleep next to each other, which Leanne witnesses. When she moves the wedding forwards, Lee promises Amy that he\'s going to dump Leanne for her. However, the situation changes when Amy is hospitalized after being injured in a fire at Il Gnosh restaurant caused by Dominic Reilly (John Pickard). Lee then tells Leanne the news, but she doesn\'t care and tells him that she wouldn\'t be upset if Amy dies. Lee then visits Steph\'s family to give them her farewell CD, as she died in the fire, whilst saving Amy and her children. Amy then makes a life-changing decision to leave Hollyoaks and ends her relationship with Lee. He is devastated, which Leanne exploits in order to grow closer to him in the hope that he will take her back. In January, Amy returns to the village and she and Lee reconcile, and get engaged. When Amy applies for a teaching job, Lee sees her talking to an older man and getting the wrong impression, and angrily confronts him. Lee also becomes jealous when she befriends Dodger Savage (Danny Mac). When Dodger gives her driving lessons and a false driver\'s licence, Lee reports him to the police but Amy is arrested and fined. After falling out with Lee over this, Amy has a one-night stand with Dodger, but guiltily confesses to Lee later. Lee angrily confronts Dodger and a fight breaks out between them which Amy witnesses. She dumps Lee for his embarrassing actions. After Lee apologizes and forgives her for sleeping with Dodger, he and Amy reconcile and set a date for their wedding.
Lee is offered a job in New York City, which he accepts. He and Amy plan to move there with her children, but Amy\'s ex-boyfriend Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson), who is the father of her son Lucas (William Hall), finds out about this, he tells them he won\'t let them take the children. Lee and Amy then invite him to join them in New York, and he accepts their offer, but cannot get a visa due to his criminal record. Consequently, Ste then tells them he doesn\'t want his children to go, so Lee reluctantly turns down the job offer, much to the shock of Amy and Ste. Amy then buys Lee tickets to New York, so he is able to go. She tells him that she won\'t be going with him, so Lee leaves on his own in a taxi for the airport.
| 1,298 |
Lee Hunter (Hollyoaks)
| 1 |
10,091,315 |
# Lee Hunter (Hollyoaks)
## Reception
In May 2004, Carter won the \"Best Comedy Performance\" award at the 2004 British Soap Awards for his portrayal of Lee. Carter won the Best Comedic Performance in Soap accolade at the 2004 North West Comedy Awards. He won the award again at the 2005 North West Comedy Awards ceremony. Jon Horsley of Yahoo! said that he would miss Lee after he leaves and said \"he's genuinely funny. His miming of a moustache to mean \"must dash\" was one of the few things that has made us laugh out loud in soaps
| 98 |
Lee Hunter (Hollyoaks)
| 2 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
thumb\|upright=1.3\|*The Annunciation* by Guido Reni (1621)
**Miraculous births** are a common theme in mythological, religious and legendary narratives and traditions. They often include conceptions by miraculous circumstances and features such as intervention by a deity, supernatural elements, astronomical signs, hardship or, in the case of some mythologies, complex plots related to creation.
## Ancient Mesopotamia {#ancient_mesopotamia}
The Assyrian and Babylonian concept of origins expressed procreation first in \"relationships between gods and goddesses resulting in other gods and goddesses\",`{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki} such as Ea and Damkina assisted by Apsu giving birth to Marduk. The Akkadian *Enûma Eliš* describes the birth of Marduk as follows: \"Ea, having overheard the plan of the primordial deities to destroy the other gods, deceived Apsu and Mummu and put them to death. \'Ea, his triumph over his enemies secured, in his sacred chamber in profound peace he rested.\' (ANET, p. 61, lines 74--75.) Then he took over the place which Apsu had used for his cult and dwelt there with his spouse, Damkina.\"`{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki} It was here that Marduk, the \"most potent and wisest of gods\" was created in the heart of Apsu and \"He who begot him was Ea, his father, she who conceived him was Damkina, his mother\".
According to Norman Lockyer, Ea, Ia, or Oannes was the primal god of Babylon. He was a 'Great God, Maker of Men, Potter, Artist and Workman.' He formed a Triad with Anu and Bil---the two poles of heaven and the equator. Oannes first appeared from the sea to teach the Babylonians the art of writing, sciences and crafts, the building of cities, the surveying of land, the observation of the stars, and the sowing and harvesting of all kinds of grains and plants. He was believed to have been reincarnated several times. Berossos, priest of the Temple of Bel, in Babylon, knew of as many as six such reincarnations.
In addition, \"procreative deities, either male or female, played a part in the birth of other deities or great personages, such as the Ugaritic tradition of Lady Asherah, \'the Progenitress of the gods\'; Mami, \'the Mother-womb, the one who creates mankind\'; Father Nanna, the \'begetter of gods and men\'; the Assyrian traditions that Tukulti-Urta was created by the gods in the womb of his mother and that Sennacherib\'s birth was assisted by Ea, who provided a \'spacious womb\', and Assur, \'the god, my begetter\'; and the North Arabian myth of the mother goddess who was responsible for Dusares.\"`{{page needed|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
In Hittite mythology, the god Anu was overthrown by his cupbearer Kumarbi; Anu attempted to flee, but Kumarbi bit off Anu\'s genitals and swallowed them, and banished him to the underworld. As a consequence of swallowing Anu\'s genitals, Kumarbi became impregnated with Anu\'s son Teshub and four other offspring. Teshub overthrew his father Kumarbi, thus avenging his other father Anu\'s overthrow and mutilation. This account later became the basis for the Greek story of Uranus\'s castration by his son Cronus, resulting in the birth of Aphrodite, described in Hesiod\'s *Theogony*.
| 507 |
Miraculous births
| 0 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Ancient Egypt {#ancient_egypt}
### Gods
The belief in the conception of Horus by Isis is traced to the beginning of Egyptian history. Horus\' conception and birth were understood in terms of the Egyptian doctrine of parthenogenesis, which was connected with the goddess Neith of Sais. (page 220) In Upper Egypt, Net was worshipped at Seni and represented with the head of a lioness painted green, with the titles: \"Father of fathers and Mother of mothers,\" and \"net-Menhit, the great lady, lady of the south, the great cow who gave birth to the sun, who made the germ of gods and men, the mother of Ra, who raised up Tem in primeval time, who existed when nothing else had being, and who created that which exists after she had come into being.\"
Egyptian texts mention numerous forms of Horus. In one he is \"Heru-sa Ast, sa-Asar, or Horus, son of Isis, son of Osiris.\" Isis is described in the Hymn to Osiris, as finding and restoring the body of her dead husband, and using magical words given her by Thoth to restore him to life. Then, by uniting with Osiris she conceives Horus. Horus represented the rising sun and in this respect was comparable to the Greek Apollo.
There were at least fifteen other Horuses in the Egyptian pantheon, so in the story of Isis and Osiris Horus is \"sometimes known as Harsiesis, to distinguish him from the others. He is depicted as a falcon, or with a falcon\'s head. He eventually avenged Osiris\' death and reclaimed the throne, ruling peacefully\...Herakhty, or \'Horus of the Horizon\', was a sun god who rose each morning on the eastern horizon. He was often identified with the sun god, Ra, and was eventually absorbed by him, forming Ra-Herakhty.\"
Lineal descent from Ra, whether by birth or by marriage, was claimed by all kings of Egypt at least since User-ka-f, first king of the V Dynasty, who was high priest of Ra at Heliopolis. An important part of this tradition was the legend of the God Re generating with the wife of a priest. \"The newborn child was regarded as a god incarnate, and later with appropriate ceremonies he was presented to Re or Amen-Re, in his temple, where the god accepted it and acknowledged it to be his child.\" This tradition was later inscribed in a stereotyped form in temple reliefs.
Many texts mention different attributes of Isis. These were combined into a single narrative by Plutarch in the 1st century AD. In her aspect of protector of Egypt and its people, Isis is depicted with huge outspread wings. She taught women to grind corn, to spin and to weave, and she taught the people how to cure illnesses. She instituted the rite of marriage. When her consort, Osiris, left Egypt to travel the world, Isis ruled the country in his absence. \"The hieroglyph for her name is the image of a throne, and her lap came to be seen as the throne of Egypt. Because of her fame Isis eventually absorbed the qualities of almost all the other goddesses; \"she was a great mother goddess, a bird goddess, a goddess of the underworld who brought life to the dead, and a goddess of the primeval waters\...Her following spread beyond Egypt to Greece and throughout the Roman Empire\...(lasting) from before 3000 BC until well into Christian times.
### Pharaohs
There is a myth on the birth of Hatshepsut. In this myth, Amun goes to Queen Ahmose in the form of the Pharaoh Thutmose I and awakens her with pleasant odors. At this point Amun places the *ankh*, a symbol of life, to Ahmose\'s nose, and Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Another myth on divine birth concerns Amenhotep III: he is conceived by Amun which has gone to queen Mutemwiya in form of Thutmosis IV.
| 644 |
Miraculous births
| 1 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Judaism
In the Hebrew Bible, and in later Jewish tradition there are stories of matriarchs giving birth where the God of Israel miraculously intervenes. For example, within the Rabbinic literature expansions were made on the birth of the matriarch Sarah on the earlier Old Testament traditions.
### Isaac
Due to her old age, Sarai was infertile, but a miracle was vouchsafed to her (Genesis Rabbah xlvii. 3) after her name was changed from \"Sarai\" to \"Sarah\" (R. H. 16b). When her youth had been restored and she had given birth to Isaac the people would not believe in the miracle, saying that the patriarch and his wife had adopted a foundling and pretended that it was their own son. Abraham thereupon invited all the notables to a banquet on the day when Isaac was to be weaned. Sarah invited the women, who brought their infants with them, and on this occasion she gave milk from her breasts to all the children, thus convincing the guests of the miracle (B. M. 87a; comp. Gen. R. liii. 13).
### Immanuel
According to Isaiah 7:14, around 735 BC King Ahaz of Judah received a message from the prophet Isaiah during the Syro-Ephraimite War with Aram (Syria) and Israel, \"Therefore, the Lord, of His own, shall give you a sign; behold, the young woman is with child, and she shall bear a son, and she shall call his name Immanuel.\" This is generally taken by Judaic commentators to be a reference to the non-miraculous birth of Hezekiah or another contemporary child, as indicated in Isaiah\'s following indication of the timing.
The Greek Septuagint and some later Christian translations, following the application of Isaiah 7 in Matthew 1, use the word \"virgin\". The Hebrew word *alma* actually translates as a young woman of childbearing age who had not yet given birth and who might or might not be a virgin, whereas the Hebrew *betulah*, used elsewhere in Isaiah, is the word that means \"virgin.\" If the reference is to Ahaz\'s betrothed, Abi, daughter of the High Priest, no miraculous birth is implied, merely chastity. The Christian world believes that the verse is a messianic prediction of the miraculous birth of Jesus, as described in various gospels of the New Testament of the Bible.
### Melchizedek
The Second Book of Enoch contains a section, called *Exaltation of Melchizedek*, which says that Melchizedek was born of a virgin, Sofonim (or Sopanima), the wife of Nir, a brother of Noah. The child came out from his mother after she had died and sat on the bed beside her corpse, already physically developed, clothed, speaking and blessing the Lord, and marked with the badge of priesthood. Forty days later, Melchizedek was taken by the archangel Gabriel (Michael in some manuscripts) to the Garden of Eden and was thus preserved from the Deluge without having to be in Noah\'s Ark.
| 484 |
Miraculous births
| 2 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Zoroaster
Zoroaster\'s name has been adopted from the Greek and Latin Zoroastres. The ancient form of his name in the Avesta is Zarathustra. His native country was probably Media in Western Iran (possibly in modern Azerbaijan), but his ministry took place in eastern Iran, especially in the region of Bactria, about 1200 BC. Zoroaster was originally a Magian priest, and under the reforms he instituted, Mithra became one of the Yazatas (Worshipful Ones), the angels or lesser divine beings.
\"It was said that (Zoroaster\'s) birth was foretold from the beginning of time, and that the moment he was born, he burst out laughing and the whole universe rejoiced with him.\"`{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki} After his birth evil demons tried to destroy him, but with Ahura Mazda\'s protection, he survived all attempts on his life. The Zoroastrian tradition differs from the Christian one because the divine only assists in the preservation of Zoroaster's seed. \"The central scripture, the Avesta and also the Pahlavi texts include the tradition that the \'kingly glory\' is handed onward from ruler to ruler and from saint to saint for the purpose of illuminating ultimately the soul of the Zarathushtra.\" Also the scriptures clearly allude to conjugal relations between his parents, during which evil spirits try to prevent his conception. But according to later tradition, Zoroaster\'s mother, Dughdova, was a virgin when she conceived Zoroaster by a shaft of light.
## Greco-Roman and Hellenistic literature {#greco_roman_and_hellenistic_literature}
### Gods {#gods_1}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|*The Birth of Minerva* by René-Antoine Houasse (before 1688)
Greco-Roman and Hellenistic literature is rich in the tradition of birth among the gods. In his poem *Theogony*, the Greek poet Hesiod tells a story that Zeus had once lain with the goddess Metis, impregnating her, but, fearing that she might bear a child mightier than he himself, he swallowed her. Their daughter Athena was born fully grown from Zeus\'s forehead, fully armed and clad in armor. Hesiod also relates that the goddess Aphrodite was born from the foam of the sea after Ouranos\'s castrated testicles were thrown into it.
Helios was a child of Zeus by Euryphaessa. He was also called \"the son of Earth and starry Heaven,\" and the son of Hyperion. Dionysus was dithyrambus, \"he who entered life by a double door.\" His first birth took place prematurely. His mother, Semele, died when Zeus appeared to her in a flash of lightning, and so Zeus opened his own flesh and enclosed the infant. In time, Dionysus was born \"perfect\" from Zeus\' thigh. Dionysus Zagreus was important in Orphic theology. In Protrepticus ii. 14 ff. by Clement of Alexandria, this child had the form of a bull. Zeus intended to make him the ruler of the universe but the jealous Titans lured the child away, tore him to pieces, cooked him and ate him. Athena preserved his heart, however, which Zeus swallowed. According to Boslooper, Clement omitted one part of the myth that forms a connection between his account and the Theban legend of Dionysus. Because Zeus swallowed the heart of Dionysus Zagreus, when Semele bore Dionysus the new god was Zagreus reborn.
### Mithra and Mithras {#mithra_and_mithras}
In Indian mythology, Mithra is known as Mitra. He was originally a god of contracts and friendship and was a forerunner of the Graeco-Roman god Mithras. In Iran, he developed into the protector of truth. Before the time of Zoroaster, he was associated with Ahura Mazda, the principle of good. As a consequence of Zoroaster\'s reforms to Iranian religion, Mithra was ousted from power and Ahura Mazda became supreme. In the more ancient Indian Vedas Mithra was the god of light, invoked under the name of Varuna, and was called \"the Light of the World.\" He was the mediator between heaven and Earth.
\"The light bursting from the heavens, which were conceived as a solid vault, became, in the mythology of the Magi, Mithra born from the rock.\"
Mithraism absorbed astrology from the Chaldeans after the Chaldean conquest, and continued as an astronomical religion. In the Hellenistic period it took on its final form. Mithra was assimilated into Graeco-Roman beliefs in the 1st century BC as Mithras. He was an ancient and highly honored god of Roman Paganism, where he was worshipped for more than 300 years as \"the soldier\'s god.\"
| 715 |
Miraculous births
| 3 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Greco-Roman and Hellenistic literature {#greco_roman_and_hellenistic_literature}
### Mythological heroes {#mythological_heroes}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Ancient Boeotian bell-krater showing Zeus impregnating Danaë in the form of a shower of gold, circa 450--425 BC
The love of a god for a mortal, resulting in the birth of a hero, is one notable deviation from the tradition of the origin of gods. The legend of Perseus, whose mother conceived him when Jupiter came to her in the form of a shower of gold, is one example of this type (cf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book IV). The *Greek Anthology* has the following: Zeus, turned to gold, piercing the brazen chamber of Danae, cut the knot of intact virginity.
Heroes created by generation of a god with a mortal include Ion by Apollo and Creusa, Romulus by Mars and Aemila, Asclepius by Apollo and Coronis, and Helen by Zeus and Leda. Plutarch records how Theseus and Romulus were both born out of wedlock and of uncertain parentage and at the same time had the reputation of being sprung from the gods. He said that Theseus\' grandfather Pittheus invented the story that Theseus was the child of Neptune to conceal Theseus\' lineage as the son of Pittheus\' daughter Aethra and Aegeus (\"Lives\", Vol. 1, p. 2; pp. 3 ff.). But there were other stories about the birth of Romulus and his brother Remus. The story of Romulus\' divine origin says that his mother was the mortal daughter of Aeneas and Lavinia, and his father was Mars.
According to the *Bibliotheca*, Athena visited the smith-god Hephaestus to request some weapons, but Hephaestus was so overcome by desire that he tried to rape her. Athena fought him off. During the struggle, his semen fell on her thigh, and Athena, in disgust, wiped it away with a scrap of wool (ἔριον, *erion*) and flung it to the earth (χθών, *chthôn*). As she fled, Erichthonius was born from the semen that fell to the earth.
In his \"Hymn to Asclepius\", Homer attributes his origin to the god Apollo and the daughter of a renowned soldier, King Phlegyas. As the divine patron of the healing art, Asclepius became the most popular of the hero gods of Greece. The belief that religion was concerned with sickness and disease was central to his cult. His sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman world became so famous there was a movement to make him a god of the first rank and identify him with Zeus himself. Asclepius was \"the one who leads and controls all things, the savior of the whole world, and the guardian of mortals.\"
Helen of Troy was worshiped as a heroine in several parts of the ancient world during the early historical epoch. Euripides\' play \"Helen\" depends on a tradition begun in the early 6th century B.C. by the Greek poet Stesichorus that Helen was the daughter of Zeus (who took the form of a swan) and Leda. But this might simply be a poetic way of saying that she was hatched from an egg.
There are two versions of the birth of Oedipus. He was given a semidivine status in Sophocles\' \"Oedipus the King,\" where he was said to be the son of either Pan, Loxias, \"or the Bacchants\' god, dweller on the hilltops \...\" and one of the nymphs of Helicon. But in Euripides\' \"Phoenissae,\" his mother, Jocasta, says Oedupus is the son of Laius, a mortal, who was warned by the god Phoebus not to have children.
> King of Thebes for horses famed! seek not to beget children against the will of heaven; for if thou beget a son, that child will slay thee, and all thy house shall wade in blood.`{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Laius ignored the warning, but after the child was born he gave him to shepherds to expose on Mount Cithaeron. The child was found and raised among the keepers of the horses of Polybus. As a grown man, Oedipus did indeed kill his father, not realizing who he was, and then married his mother. When he discovered the truth he blinded himself. In this story, he is clearly considered to be the son of Laius and Jocasta. This is also obvious in Sophocles\' \"Oedipus the King\". According to Boslooper, \"The two passages indicate that in the Greek mind the thoughts of divine and human paternal participation in conception were not mutually exclusive.\" (p. 178)
thumb\|upright=1.3\|*The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing Romulus and Remus to His Wife* by Nicolas Mignard (1654)
Romulus and Remus, the legendary twin founders of the city of Rome, were said to have been born to a Vestal Virgin, Rhea Silvia. Rhea Silvia had been forced to become a Vestal Virgin against her will and claimed to have been impregnated through divine intervention. Livy attests that she was instead raped by an unknown man. In any case King Amulius ordered the twins to be drowned as death through the elements would not trigger divine punishment.
| 819 |
Miraculous births
| 4 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Greco-Roman and Hellenistic literature {#greco_roman_and_hellenistic_literature}
### Historical figures {#historical_figures}
Alexander, the Ptolemies, and the Caesars were said by some scholars to have been \"virgin-born.\" Alexander the Great, \" journeyed to the Oasis of Amon in order that he might be recognized as the god's son and thus become a legitimate and recognized king of Egypt. Inscriptions show that he and the Ptolemies after him had the incidents of their birth regularly depicted in temple reliefs." (As cited by Boslooper) Norden calls this the Hellenistic virgin motif. However, evidence shows that Alexander must have had a double tradition of origin. It is recorded that \"Alexander the Great and Augustus are deemed to have been conceived of a serpent god, and they claimed between them Phoebus and Jupiter as their progenitors.\"
"The Emperor Augustus was praised as the Savior of the world ...\[but\] the idea of Savior was not unique or original with Augustus himself. Before him the same title was given to Seleucid and other Hellenistic kings. Throughout this period there were frequent longings for a savior from the present troubles."`{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Augustus was said to have had a miraculous birth and a childhood filled with many portents and signs. A few months before he was born a portent was observed at Rome which gave warning that nature was pregnant with a king for the Roman People. \"Thereupon the Senate in consternation decreed that no male child born that year should be reared; but those whose wives were with child saw to it that the decree was not filed in the treasury, since each one appropriated the prediction to his own family.\" Boslooper relates several additional stories. In one, Suetonius narrates what he learned from Asclepias of Mendes:
> When Atia had come in the middle of the night to the solemn service of Apollo, she had her litter set down in the temple and fell asleep, while the rest of the matrons also slept. On a sudden a serpent glided up to her and shortly went away. When she awoke, she purified herself, as if after the embraces of her husband, and at once there appeared on her body a mark in colors like a serpent, and she could never get rid of it; so that presently she ceased ever to go to the public baths. In the tenth month after that Augustus was born and was therefore regarded as the son of Apollo. Atia too, before she gave him birth, dreamed that her vitals were borne up to the stars and spread over the whole extent of land and sea, while Octavius dreamed that the sun rose from Atia\'s womb.
The hope for a savior was expressed in Virgil's "Fourth Eclogue\". The Church fathers later claimed this was a reference to Jesus Christ, however, the poem was dedicated to Pollio, one of the great influential men at the time of the civil wars and Virgil\'s patron and friend. The hero of the poem is a child born or to be born in 40 B.C., at the time of Pollio\'s consulate. A new era was expected, in fulfillment of an older oracle.
| 527 |
Miraculous births
| 5 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Hinduism
In the story of Krishna the deity is the agent of conception and also the offspring. Because of his sympathy for the earth, the divine Vishnu himself descended into the womb of Devaki and was born as her son, Krishna. The Hindu Vishnu Purana relates: \"Devaki bore in her womb the lotus-eyed deity\...before the birth of Krishna, no one "could bear to gaze upon Devaki, from the light that invested her, and those who contemplated her radiance felt their minds disturbed." This reference to light is reminiscent of the Vedic hymn \"To an Unknown God,\" which refers to a Golden Child. According to F. M. Müller this term means \"the golden germ of child\" and is an attempt at naming the sun.
This is occasionally brought up as evidence for the hypothesis that \"virgin birth\" tales are a fairly common phenomenon in non-Christian religions around the world. However, there is nothing in Hindu scriptures to suggest that it was a \"virgin\" birth. By the time of conception and birth of Krishna, Devaki was married to Vasudeva and had already borne seven children.
In the *Ramayana*, Vishnu incarnates himself as a man, Rama, in the womb of Kausalya, one of the wives of the king Dasharatha. In the *Mahabharata* epic, Surya, the god of the sun, impregnates Queen Kunti before her marriage to King Pandu, causing her to give birth to their son Karna. Surya restores her virginity afterwards, thereby allowing her to marry Pandu, despite having already given birth. Also in the *Mahabharata*, Bharadwaja řshi goes with his companions to the Ganga River to perform his ablutions. There, he spots a beautiful apsara named Ghritachi, who has come to bathe. The sage is overcome by desire, causing him to involuntarily ejaculate out of excitement. Bharadwaja Muni captures the semen in a vessel called a Đroņa, and Đroņācharya himself springs forth from it.
However, some Hindus believe that when the emanations of the Supreme Being are pratyaksha, or obvious to the sight, they become sacara, or embodied. Krishna was such an embodiment and usually bore a human form. In that mode of appearance the deities are generally supposed to be born of a woman, but without any carnal intercourse. This belief is not adhered to by those who follow the Purva Mimansa, or the philosophy of Jaimini. They insist that the Devas were mere mortals whom the Supreme Being endowed with qualities similar to his own. In general, the Hindus perform acts of worship to some of their ancient monarchs and sages, who were deified on account of their eminent virtues.
| 435 |
Miraculous births
| 6 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Buddhism
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Māyā miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. Sanskrit, palm-leaf manuscript. Nālandā, Bihar, India. Pāla period
The stories of Buddha\'s unusual birth developed through the centuries. Two accounts cited by Boslooper tell of the descent of the future Bodhisattva from the \"Tusita Body\" into the mother\'s womb, the appearance of the Buddha in the mother as a shining gem, and the accompanying wonders in the natural world. These are the Majjhima-Nikāya, 123 Acchariyabbhutadhammasuta III. 119--124; (I. B. Horner, 1959, pp. 164--169); and Māhapadānasutta, Dīgha ii. 12. In the Mahapadana-sutra, Digha ii. 12, is the description of the incarnation of the Vipassī Buddha.
> Now Vipassi, brethren, when, as Bodhisat, he ceased to belong to the hosts of the heaven of Delight, descended into his mother's womb mindful and self-possessed.`{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
According to this text, the Vipassī Buddha was the first of six incarnations to precede Gautama. The others listed are Sikhī, Vessabhū, Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana, and Kassapa. The most popular legendary account of the birth of Buddha is in the Nidanakatha Jataka (see, Jataka tales) which accounted for the lives of Buddha in previous incarnations. In this account, the "Great Being" chose the time and place of his birth, the tribe into which he would be born, and who his mother would be. In the time chosen by him, Maya, his mother, fell asleep and dreamed that four archangels carried her to the Himalayan Mountains where their queens bathed and dressed her. In her dream the Great Being soon entered her womb from her side, in the form of a white elephant. When she woke, she told her dream to the Raja, who summoned sixty-four eminent Brahmans to interpret it.
\"Then is described how at his birth he took seven great steps and at the seventh he shouted, \'I am the chief of the world,\' how he at birth held in his hand some medicine that became for him the drug by which he later healed the sick and blind and deaf, how at birth he wished to give a gift but was presented one himself by his mother, and how lastly he sang the song of victory.\'
In addition to the historical Buddha, the Vajrayana tradition of Buddhism includes many accounts of miraculous births. For example, Guru Padmasambava (Guru Rinpoche) is considered a second Buddha by Tibetan Buddhists and in some accounts is described as having been born from a lotus.
### Tibetan Buddhism {#tibetan_buddhism}
The Nyingma school asserts the birth of Garab Dorje to have been a miraculous birth by a virgin daughter of the king of Odiyana (Uddiyana), and that he recited Dzogchen tantras at his birth.
A detailed interpretation of the hagiographic nativity of Garab Dorje briefly contextualizes his mother, a bhikṣuṇī whose sadhana was Yoga tantra, and her parents. The bhiksuni daughter has a dream in which a man holds the vase of the Astamangala, the \'threefold world\', with the syllables \'oṃ ā hūṃ\' and svāhā:
## China
### Yellow Emperor {#yellow_emperor}
The Yellow Emperor is sometimes said to have been the fruit of extraordinary birth, as his mother Fubao conceived him as she was aroused, while walking in the country, by a lightning bolt from the Big Dipper.
### The Abandoned One {#the_abandoned_one}
Qi, the Abandoned One, who later became known as Houji `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} a culture hero or god of agriculture `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} was held in some accounts to have been miraculously conceived when his mother, the consort Jiang Yuan, stepped into a footprint left by the supreme god Shangdi.
### Laozi
Some Taoist schools held that Laozi was conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star. He was born while his mother was leaning against a plum tree. Laozi was said to have emerged as an old man with a full grey beard. This may be because his name `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} \"Old Master\" (*老子*) `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} can also be read as \"Old Child\".
### Abaoji
There are some legends about the birth of Abaoji (also known as Yi), the Emperor Taizu of Liao. According to the legends, his mother dreamed that the sun fell from the sky and into her bosom, from which pregnancy followed. When she gave birth, the room is said to have become filled with a mysterious light and extraordinary fragrance. As a newborn, his body was that of a three-year-old, and the legends go on to say that he was walking at the age of three months.
| 739 |
Miraculous births
| 7 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Christianity
Mainstream Christian scholars agree that the nativity of Jesus, if not taken as historically accurate, should be interpreted within the context of first-century Judaism, not in the context of foreign mythologies, which contain only remote similarities.
### John the Baptist {#john_the_baptist}
According to the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke, John the Baptist was born to Zechariah and Elizabeth, who were both very old and had been unable to have a child. An angel appeared to Zechariah and told him that Elizabeth would bear a son named John. Zechariah doubted the angel\'s words and was struck mute until the child\'s birth. Despite her advanced age, Elizabeth became pregnant and gave birth to John, and Zechariah\'s speech was restored after he wrote on a tablet that the child\'s name was to be John, as the angel had commanded.
### Mary
The modern Biblical canon does not record Mary\'s birth. The earliest known account of Mary\'s birth is found in the Gospel of James (5:2), an apocryphal text from the late second century, with her parents known as Saint Anne and Saint Joachim. According to tradition of the Catholic church, they were childless when an angel came to them and told them they would give birth to a daughter. During the conception of Mary, she was preserved from the stain of original sin.
### Jesus
The Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of Matthew describe the nativity of Jesus. In the account in the Gospel of Luke, Mary learns from the angel Gabriel that she will conceive and bear a child. She asks \"How this can be, since I am a virgin?\". He tells her \"The Holy Spirit will come upon you ... nothing is impossible with God.' She responds: \"Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word\".
At the time that Mary is due to give birth, she and her husband Joseph travel from their home in Nazareth to Joseph\'s ancestral home in Bethlehem to register in the Census of Quirinius. Finding no place for themselves in the inn, Mary gives birth to Jesus and she places him in a manger (feeding trough). An angel of the Lord visits the shepherds guarding their flocks in nearby fields and brings them \"good news of great joy\": \"to you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, who is the Messiah, the Lord.\" The angel tells them they will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger.
In the Gospel of Matthew, the impending birth is announced to Joseph in a dream, in which he is instructed to name the child Jesus. A star reveals the birth of Jesus to a number (traditionally three) of *magi*, Greek *μάγος*, commonly translated as \"wise man\" but in this context probably meaning \"astronomer\" or \"astrologer\", who travel to Jerusalem from an unspecified country \"in the east\".
After the 1st century, traditions flourished that represented the thinking of that time, and also preserved source material for many of the ideas in the \"theological writings of the church fathers.\" In their present form the pseudepigraphal writings contained in the Sibylline Oracles include literature written from the 2nd century BC through the 6th century of the Christian era. They contain some material relevant to the birth and infancy of Jesus. But this passage in the Oracles, Book III, probably represents the hopes of pre-Christian Alexandrian Jews.
Later, the church fathers refer to subsequent books in the Oracles that are clear allusions to Christ, and probably dated from the close of the second or beginning of the 3rd century AD. The first Christian theologians demonstrated in their writings their knowledge of such non-canonical sources.
The non-canonical gospels contain much that is pertinent. The apocryphal literature departs from the Christian canon and its legends have many elements similar to pagan stories representing popular beliefs of the church from the second Christian century on through the Middle Ages.
| 669 |
Miraculous births
| 8 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Islam
### Jesus in Islam {#jesus_in_islam}
The Quran and other Islamic literature contain reports of a number of miraculous births of biblical characters. The Quran describes virginal conception of Jesus by Mary (*Maryam*), which is recounted throughout several passages in the Quran. The narrative goes that Mary was visited by the angel Gabriel that she will give birth to a holy son, named Isa\' (Jesus), the Messiah and that he will be a great prophet, to whom God will give the Injil (Gospel) and he will speak in infancy and maturity and will be a companion to the most righteous. When this news was given to Mary, she asked the angel how she can have a baby as she was a virgin. To this, the angel replied \"Even though when God wants to create a matter, he merely wills (Kun-fa-yakun) it and the things come into being\".
After giving birth, while resting near the trunk of a palm tree Jesus spoke to Mary from the cradle instructing her to shake the tree and obtain its fruits. After showing Jesus as a newborn to her family Jesus again spoke \"Lo, I am God\'s servant; God has given me the Book, and made me a Prophet. Blessed he has made me, wherever I may be; and He has enjoined me to pray, and to give alms, so long as I live and likewise to cherish my mother\" in order to dispel rumours of conception. This birth narrative draws strong parallels to the apocryphal tradition of Jesus\' birth within the *Infancy Gospel of Thomas* and *Arabic Infancy Gospel*.
#### Kabir
In 1440, the poet Kabir was also said to have been born of a virgin widow (a Hindu), through the palm of her hand. Like Karna, Kabir was sent down the river in a basket; he was found and adopted by a family of Muslim weavers, downstream.
| 318 |
Miraculous births
| 9 |
10,091,322 |
# Miraculous births
## Other traditions {#other_traditions}
### Aztec
#### Huitzilopochtli
The myth of Huitzilopochtli is uniquely Aztec. Huitzilopochtli is therefore considered to be the cult god or the patron god of the Aztecs. As a solar deity, Huitzilopochtli is closely related to and overlaps with Tonatiuh. Huitzilopochtli\'s mother was Coatlicue, or She of the Serpent Skirt. Coatlicue, known for her devout nature and virtuous qualities, was at Mount Coatepec or Coatepetl (\"Serpent Hill\"; near Tula, Hidalgo) one day, sweeping and tending to her penance, when she discovered a bundle of feathers on the ground. She decided to save them and placed them in her bosom. Without her realizing, the feathers impregnated her.
#### Quetzalcoatl
There are several stories about the birth of Quetzalcoatl. In the first story, Quetzalcoatl was born by a virgin named Chimalman, to whom the god Ometeotl appeared in a dream. In another story, the virgin Chimalman conceived Quetzalcoatl by swallowing an emerald. A third story narrates that Quetzalcoatl was born from Coatlicue, who already had four hundred children who formed the stars of the Milky Way.
### British
In the Matter of Britain, the wizard Merlin is said to have been born to a royal nun fathered by an incubus, according to the story as presented by Geoffrey of Monmouth.
### Mongolian
According to a legend narrated by *The Secret History of the Mongols*, a Mongol woman named Alan Gua had a son, named Bodonchar, some years after her husband has died. She claimed a radiant yellow person visited her at night and impregnated her. She believed the visitor was the god Tengri. Bodonchar became the founder of the Borjigin tribe and a direct ancestor of Genghis Khan.
### Japanese
Miraculous births are common in Japanese folklore, and include Momotarō the Peach Boy (who was found inside a giant peach floating on a river), Kintarō (about whom several origin myths are told), and Kaguya-hime (who was born inside the stalk of a glowing bamboo plant).
### Native American {#native_american}
The Great Peacemaker, sometimes referred to as Deganawida or Dekanawida (Iroquois) was born a Huron, and by some accounts, his mother was a virgin, so the birth was miraculous.
### Yoruba
The Yoruba deity (orisha) known as Ẹ̀là, is said to have been born to a virgin, Òyígí, and thus his birth was miraculous. This story is narrated in the Odu Ifa Èjì Ogbè. Other stories imply that the father may have been Orunmila
| 408 |
Miraculous births
| 10 |
10,091,324 |
# Lobley Hill
**Lobley Hill** is located in the west of the old County Borough of Gateshead within the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, North East England having been previously part of the parish of Whickham.
In its Demographic Profile for the Lobley Hill Plan Area produced in 2008 the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead quoted the 2001 census showing Lobley Hill had a population of around 6,199 of which 48% were males and 52% were females.
Later at the 2011 Census, the ward was called Lobley Hill and Bensham. The population of this Gateshead MBC ward was 10,698.
## Development of the community {#development_of_the_community}
The current Lobley Hill is defined by its boundaries as it has grown to fill the hillside while development along its eastern edge has encroached significantly since the first of the present housing was built in 1930s. The River Team lies just beyond what would have been considered a part of Lobley Hill separating it from the Teams, Bensham and Saltwell, Tyne and Wear areas of Gateshead but the development of the Team Valley Trading Estate hardened that boundary while the eventual building and upgrading of the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has ensured a definite edge.
The southern neighbours are long enclosed farmland and estates which include Ravensworth Castle (Tyne and Wear).
The western boundary is part of an industrial history of coal mining, railways and shipping. The waggonway forming that boundary links the collieries at Tanfield and Marley Hill to the River Tyne which have been developed over preceding centuries with the Causey Arch at its southern end and the iconic Dunston Staiths at the northern terminus. The distinction between Lobley Hill and Dunston, Tyne and Wear that the waggonway provided has eroded as housing developed to the west of the waggonway filling the area between the two communities.
The Lobley Hill built within the pre-1974 boundaries of the old County Borough used three distinctive sets of street names in the areas of domestic housing, in addition to the longstanding Lobley Hill Road, Consett Road and Coach Road. The initial housing took the names of trees, or more specifically their wood, on the south side of Lobley Hill Road while the south west has location names from Northumberland. The north side takes the names of ranges of British hills. Oakfield Road seems not quite to belong to any of these groups.
As the first census to identify residents shows, the original location and population was a single farm in the parish of Whickham and some distance from the boundary with the town of Gateshead.
Lobley Hill served as the location of heavy anti-aircraft battery \"Tyne F\" during World War II. It included a command post, four 4.5-inch gun emplacements and two magazines. It was manned by 296 Battery of the 66th Royal Artillery Regiment in May 1940, and by 176 Battery of the 63rd Royal Artillery Regiment in December 1940. Some parts of the battery\'s structure were still on the site in the 1960s, although it was later demolished to make way for building development. The area was known for some time as the Gun Site long after the military withdrew. Some of the Army Huts were put into immediate post-war use as Council housing prior to extensive building works while other parts remained in use as the first primary school until Rothbury Gardens site was developed and continued as classrooms as a part of the primary school for several years after that building was opened.
One hut was the branch library on the main road until replaced by the new building and for several years the site was used for part of the pedestrian foot bridge.
## Education
The first primary school for Lobley Hill was a section of the Gun Site installation behind the west end of Oakfield Road at its highest point of the hill. The second was subsequently built on Rothbury Gardens and opened around 1952 but has been replaced at the same location.
Secondary education arrived in 1960 with a school built to the west of the waggonway on Whickham Highway. Housing has been built on that site since it closed in 1990.
There are two schools in Lobley Hill. Emmanuel College is a City Technology College and offers schooling for 11--18 years old from a wide area of Western Gateshead and the West End of Newcastle. Lobley Hill primary school offers schooling for 4--11 years old and includes a nursery school.
There is also Hillside Pre-school nursery run in the All Saints Church building. And there are local courses run at the Lobley Hill Youth and Community Centre.
| 773 |
Lobley Hill
| 0 |
10,091,324 |
# Lobley Hill
## Churches
There are two churches in Lobley Hill. All Saints' Church is Anglican, the older of the two. The Immaculate Heart Of Mary Church is a Roman Catholic church. There used to be a Methodist chapel on Beechwood Gdns but this building now no longer exists.
## Emmanuel House {#emmanuel_house}
On a street in Lobley Hill lies the Hospice Emmanuel House, fronted by long-time devout Catholic, Christine Deponio. The hospice itself is operated within her house, along with Husband Raymond, and sons Ryan and Lee Deponio, often performing fund-raising activities for clients and visitors to the house. Emmanuel House deals with local people who have been touched by cancer. As well as being a trained holistic therapist and a black belt in karate, Christine Deponio is also completely blind, as is her husband Raymond. Obviously all she has achieved with Emmanuel house and also being very musically talented is a massive achievement considering this disability.
## Recreation and local events {#recreation_and_local_events}
It has a recently constructed park, called Watergate Forest Park, built on reclaimed land on the site of the former Watergate Colliery which may have been among some of the first places where industrial coal mining methods were used.
Lobley Hill hosted the annual Gateshead Flower Show.
In July 2008, the first Lobley Hill Festival was held, this is to be an annual event.
There is a 9-hole pitch and putt golf course and driving range facility located at Beggars Wood.
Lobley Hill is the home of youth football club Rutherford United with football facilities including full sized and 5 or 6 a side football pitches.
## Famous residents {#famous_residents}
- Gateshead footballer, coach and manager Tom Callender
- Liberty X band member, Michelle Heaton, attended Emmanuel College.
- Footballer and football manager Ian Branfoot was a pupil at the Primary School.
- Bob Fuller CEO Hutchison 3G UK Limited, was a pupil at the Primary School
| 322 |
Lobley Hill
| 1 |
10,091,324 |
# Lobley Hill
## History
Lobley Hill has been shown on maps over a period of time.
The Ordnance Survey taken in 1857 for the map published in 1862 shows Lobley Hill marked at a junction just to the east of the signal box on the Tanfield Branch of the North Eastern Railway against a small group of buildings. These appear to be the buildings occupied according to the 1939 Register, and still standing in 1950s before clearance to make way for the branch library.
Also high on the actual hill to the south is **Green\'s Farm** on the lane going to Streetgate.
Further down the hill to the east at a crossroads that may be familiar as the Coach Road there are a group of buildings on the south east corner which may have been standing into 1960s or 1970s being a bookmakers and Bushells greengrocery. On the north west corner is a wooded area. The wood is marked **Nor Wood** and the buildings opposite **Norwood**. The general area within which these appear is shown as **Farnacres**.
Both Norwood and Farnacres have been used for names of local collieries just to the north in Low Teams.
The **Team Colliery** waggonway further to the east is also shown roughly where access to and from the eventual Norwood Coke Works could be seen. This area running north through Low Teams to Dunston Staiths was the site for the Gateshead Garden Festival in 1990 which was the fourth in a series of five National Garden Festival redevelopment projects in various parts of England, Scotland and Wales to reclaim industrial land with this held to have kick started a process which resulted in the Baltic centre, Sage Gateshead and the Millennium Bridge.
The 1857 survey is close to the decennial 1861 Census in the United Kingdom and confirms the name of Lobley Hill arises from that group of buildings. The name written both as Lobly Hill and Lobley Hill is in schedules for the parish of Whickham comprising Dunston, Farnacres, Norwood and large areas of the Teams.
It shows a farmer with agricultural labourers and the location of the house of a brakesman for the nearby top of the waggonway incline. A total of 29 people.
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Resident | Relationship\ | Marital Status | Gender | Age | Birth Year Implied | Occupation | Birthplace |
| | in Household | | | | | | |
+=======================+===============+================+========+=====+====================+========================================+=============================+
| **Samuel Blenkinsop** | Head | Married | Male | 29 | 1832 | Farmer 144 Acres Employing 3 Labourers | So Shields, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Sarah Blenkinsop | Wife | Married | Female | 29 | 1832 | \- | Lamesley, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Isabella Blenkinsop | Daughter | \- | Female | 7 | 1854 | \- | Pelton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Mary Blenkinsop | Daughter | \- | Female | 6 | 1855 | \- | Pelton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| John Blenkinsop | Son | \- | Male | 4 | 1857 | \- | Pelton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Sarah Blenkinsop | Daughter | \- | Female | 2 | 1859 | \- | Pelton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| George Blenkinsop | Son | \- | Male | 1 | 1860 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Ann Kenedy | Servant | \- | Female | 19 | 1842 | House Servant | Scotland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Jane Rutherford | Servant | \- | Female | 19 | 1842 | Nurse | Lamesley, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Thomas Crozier** | Head | Married | Male | 44 | 1817 | Agricultural Labourer | Felton, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Margaret Crozier | Wife | Married | Female | 50 | 1811 | \- | Whittingham, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Ann Crozier | Daughter | \- | Female | 19 | 1842 | \- | Earsdon, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Jane Crozier | Daughter | \- | Female | 16 | 1845 | \- | Earsdon, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Margaret Crozier | Daughter | \- | Female | 13 | 1848 | \- | Stannington, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Francis Turnbull** | Head | Married | Male | 23 | 1838 | Agricultural Labourer | Denton, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Mary A Turnbull | Wife | Married | Female | 25 | 1836 | \- | Ryton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Matthew Turnbull | Son | \- | Male | 1 | 1860 | \- | Ryton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Isabella Greener | N K | \- | Female | 10 | 1851 | \- | Ryton, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Elizabeth Greener | N K | \- | Female | 45 | 1816 | \- | Unthank, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **John Robson** | Head | Married | Male | 57 | 1804 | Agricultural Labourer | Ayton Banks, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Isabella Robson | Wife | Married | Female | 56 | 1805 | \- | Lumley, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Elizabeth Robson | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 23 | 1838 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Margaret Robson | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 21 | 1840 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Henry Liddle | Boarder | Married | Male | 25 | 1836 | Game Keeper | Lamesley, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Jane Liddle | Wife | Married | Female | 26 | 1835 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **John Brunton** | Head | Married | Male | 61 | 1800 | Brakesman | Tanfield, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Mary Brunton | Wife | Married | Female | 64 | 1797 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Martha Brunton | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 20 | 1841 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Thomas Robson | Grandson | \- | Male | 5 | 1856 | \- | Newcastle, Northumberland |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
The United Kingdom census, 1841 also shows a farm and several agricultural labourers.
Names of Residents Age of Male Residents Age of Females Residents Birth Year Implied Occupation Indicates Durham Birth
----------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------- -------------------- -------------- ------------------------
**John Ord** 30 1811 Ag Lab No
Isabella Ord 35 1806 Durham
**John Robson** 35 1806 Ag Lab Durham
Isabella Robson 25 1816 Durham
Barbara Robson 13 1828 Durham
Esther Robson 8 1833 Durham
Jane Robson 6 1835 Durham
Elizabeth Robson 3 1838 Durham
Margaret Robson 1 1840 Durham
George Robson 1 day 1840 Durham
**Francis Armstrong** 65 1776 Ag Lab No
Margaret Armstrong 60 1781 No
Francis Armstrong 20 1821 J Blacksmith Durham
**Mary Taylor** 80 1761 Farmer No
John Taylor 55 1786 Ag Lab Durham
Hannah Taylor 50 1791 Durham
**Thomas Jobson** 30 1811 Ag Lab No
Isabella Jobson 30 1811 No
Jane Jobson 5 1836 No
Thomas Jobson 3 1838 No
Robert Jobson 9 months 1840 \- Durham
| 1,208 |
Lobley Hill
| 2 |
10,091,324 |
# Lobley Hill
## History
In the intermediate United Kingdom census, 1851 the schedules for Whickham parish do not identify locations of individual farms and houses. However, the agricultural labourer John Robson appears in all three while the railway brakesman John Brunton is in the same job in 1851 and 1861.
The Brunton family were still there in United Kingdom census, 1871 while he appears to be working on the waggonway while the Blenkinsop farm had increased in size but was in the same hands.
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Resident | Relationship\ | Marital Status | Gender | Age | Birth Year Implied | Occupation | Birthplace |
| | in Household | | | | | | |
+=========================+===============+================+========+=====+====================+=====================+======================================+
| **Samuel Blenkinsop** | Head | Married | Male | 39 | 1832 | Farmer 314 Acres | Simonside, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Sarah Blenkinsop | Wife | Married | Female | 39 | 1832 | Farmer\'s Wife | Lamesley, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Isabella Blenkinsop | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 17 | 1854 | Scholar | Pockerley, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Mary Blenkinsop | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 16 | 1855 | Scholar | Pockerley, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| John N Blenkinsop | Son | Unmarried | Male | 14 | 1857 | Scholar | Pockerley, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Sarah Blenkinsop | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 12 | 1859 | Scholar | Pockerley, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| George Blenkinsop | Son | \- | Male | 10 | 1861 | Scholar | Lobley Hill, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Lydia J Blenkinsop | Daughter | \- | Female | 9 | 1862 | Scholar | Lobley Hill, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Samuel H Blenkinsop | Son | \- | Male | 7 | 1864 | Scholar | Lobley Hill, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Jonathan M P Blenkinsop | Son | \- | Male | 1 | 1870 | \- | Lobley Hill, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Margaret Allen | Servant | \- | Female | 37 | 1834 | Farm Servant Indoor | Aberdeen, Scotland |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| **William Potts** | Head | Married | Male | 35 | 1816 | Ag Lab | Pontland, Northumberland, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Ann Potts | Wife | Married | Female | 51 | 1820 | \- | Stamfordham, Northumberland, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| William Potts | Son | Unmarried | Male | 14 | 1857 | Ag Lab | Gateshead, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Joseph Potts | Son | Unmarried | Male | 8 | 1863 | Scholar | Newburn, Northumberland, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Isaac Bell | Lodger | Unmarried | Male | 26 | 1845 | Waggon Man | Shields, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| **John Walls** | Head | Married | Male | 37 | 1834 | Ag Lab | Hallgarth, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Margaret Walls | Wife | Married | Female | 40 | 1831 | \- | Bp Wearmouth, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| John W Walls | Son | Unmarried | Male | 12 | 1859 | Scholar | Whickham, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| William Walls | Son | Unmarried | Male | 7 | 1864 | Scholar | Whickham, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| **Mathew W Graham** | Head | Married | Male | 26 | 1845 | Ag Lab | Mickley, Northumberland, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Frances Graham | Wife | Married | Female | 25 | 1846 | \- | Hexham, Northumberland, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Mary J Graham | Daughter | \- | Female | 6 | 1865 | \- | So Shields, Durham, England |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| **John Brunton** | Head | Married | Male | 68 | 1803 | Brakesman | Tanfield, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Mary Brunton | Wife | Married | Female | 72 | 1799 | \- | Gateshead, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Martha Brunton | Daughter | Unmarried | Female | 27 | 1844 | \- | Whickham, Durham |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-------------------------+---------------+----------------+--------+-----+--------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------------+
The 1857 map was revised about 1894/1895 and republished a few years later.
The area is still showing as entirely rural and there have been no further developments beyond the farms at **Lobley Hill**, **Green\'s Farm** and **Norwood** although there is an area near the waggonway cottage shown as a coal depot. This is how the area remained for another 30 years.
## Housing development {#housing_development}
The progress of development can be seen in a photograph (Reference No: GL011742) on Gateshead Libraries Local Studies of the Team Valley and Lobley Hill in 1935. This shows the properties from the 1862 map on **Norwood** Farm with newer housing on Lobley Hill Road, Coach Road, Elmwood Gardens, and Beechwood Gardens where year of construction is shown on the property once used as a local clinic. There is still a semblance of woodland in the area seen then as **Nor Wood**.
The 1939 Register shows that further development had added housing to the north side of Lobley Hill Road which appears complete starting with number 404, the newsagents and shop that was subsequently lost to demolition when the A1 road was first built through the Team Valley. Oakfield Road is partially developed at this time.
On the south side the Waggon Team Inn is shown in this Register although not seen in the 1935 photograph. Lobley Hill Road is only built as far as number 439 running east to west. In addition to extending both Elmwood and Beechwood housing had been added in Thornwood, Elderwood, Oakwood and Pinewood.
The south west area shows housing developed along Rothbury, Mitford, Meldon, Alwinton, Cragside, Belsay, Belford and the road to Streetgate shown as Sunniside Road as well as the only pre-war building on Lobley Hill Road west of Rothbury Gardens.
The Lobley Hill Farmhouse is still occupied as are the nearby properties seen in previous census
| 1,044 |
Lobley Hill
| 3 |
10,091,345 |
# Niro Shimada
was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan.
Born in Tokyo, he attended the University of Tokyo, graduating with an LL.B. and passing the bar examination in 1962. He was appointed as an assistant judge in 1964 and rotated through the criminal divisions of the Tokyo and Nagoya District Courts and of the Supreme Court. He obtained an MPhil from the University of London in 1968.
He served on the Osaka District Court (1974--77), as a lecturer at the Legal Research and Training Institute (1977--81), on the Tokyo District Court (1981--82; 1986--89), in the criminal division of the Supreme Court (1983--86; 1989--94), as chief judge of the Utsunomiya District Court (1994--96), as chief judge of the Urawa District Court (1996--98), as head of the Legal Research and Training Institute (1999--2001), as chief judge of the Sendai High Court (2001--02) and as chief judge of the Osaka High Court (2002). He was appointed to the Supreme Court on November 7, 2002, and became Chief Justice on October 16, 2006.
Hironobu Takesaki replaced Niro Shimada when November 21, 2008, the date of Shimada\'s mandatory retirement, came
| 189 |
Niro Shimada
| 0 |
10,091,363 |
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 68
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 68**, adopted on February 10, 1949, resolved that the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 192 be transmitted to the Commission for Conventional Armaments for action according to its terms.
The resolution was passed with nine votes, while the Ukrainian SSR and Soviet Union abstained
| 56 |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 68
| 0 |
10,091,367 |
# Dimitris Psathas
**Dimitris Psathas** (*Δημήτρης Ψαθάς*; 1907 -- 13 November 1979) was a modern Greek satirist and playwright. He was born in Trabzon of Pontos, then part of the Ottoman Empire, in 1907.
He went to Athens in 1923 and finished his studies whereby he devoted himself to both journalism and the theatre. In 1937, his first book was published *Justice is in a good mood*, followed the next year by *Justice is in a bad mood*. He became known with his book *Madam Sousou*. He wrote many successful theatrical plays. Christos Alexiou describes his theatrical work as \"polite comedies\" which supplied \"relief during the occupation and civil wars\". He also wrote a 500-page historical chronicle about the resistance of his compatriots entitled *Land of Pontos*. As a journalist, he has been described as one of the country\'s principal columnists during the mid-1970s.
He died in Athens in 1979
| 150 |
Dimitris Psathas
| 0 |
10,091,369 |
# Lula (football manager)
**Luís Alonso Pérez**, also known as **Lula** (1 March 1922 -- 15 June 1972), was a Brazilian football manager, notably managing Santos from 1954 to 1966.
Lula is known as one of the most successful Brazilian football managers.
## Career
Born in Santos, São Paulo, Lula worked as a taxicab, a baker and a milkman. He started to work as a manager with amateur clubs in his hometown, Palmeirinha and Americana. He subsequently joined Portuguesa Santista, in charge of the club\'s youth setup.
In January 1949, Lula signed his first contract with Santos FC, being the subdirector of the club\'s amateur sides. On 13 May 1952, he was named in charge of the club\'s youth teams.
Lula acted as an interim manager for two matches in 1952, as Aymoré Moreira was in charge of the São Paulo official team. He later became Moreira\'s assistant while he was also in charge of the club\'s amateur sides, and on 2 June 1954, he replaced Italian Giuseppe Ottina as the first team manager.
Lula\'s first match in charge occurred three days later, a 3--2 win against Botafogo at the Maracanã Stadium. He led the club to the following year\'s Campeonato Paulista title, after a 20-year drought.
Lula was often described as the responsible for bringing together the team who was known as *Os Santásticos*; he made Pelé a regular starter from 1957, promoted Pagão and Pepe from the youth setup, brought Coutinho from lowly XV de Piracicaba and approved Dorval on a trial, after the latter was rejected by a number of clubs. In the 1960s, the club signed Calvet, Lima, Mengálvio and Zito, all recommended by the manager.
Lula left *Peixe* in the end of the 1966 season; although it is mainly attributed to the club\'s second place in the Taça Brasil, some reported altercations with Pelé are also attributed to the manager\'s departure. He left the club after 945 matches in charge, with 619 wins, 144 draws and 182 defeats.
In 1967, Lula took over Portuguesa Santista before being appointed manager of Corinthians in November of that year. In charge for only 35 matches with the latter club, he helped the side to defeat former club Santos on 6 March 1968, ending an 11-year hoodoo.
Lula later worked for Portuguesa and Santo André in the early 1970s.
## Death
Lula died on 15 June 1972, having a generalized infection due to a kidney transplant, worsened due to his hypertension
| 412 |
Lula (football manager)
| 0 |
10,091,372 |
# Trolla (mountain)
**Trolla** is a mountain in the Trollheimen mountain range in Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located about 10 km east of the village of Sunndalsøra and about 3.5 km north of the village of Grøa. The mountain is made up of several peaks along the ridge of the mountain:
- *Store Trolla*, at an elevation of 1850 m, the highest peak in all of the Trollheimen mountain range
- *Nordre Trolla*, at an elevation 1800 m, located about 600 m northwest of Store Trolla
- *Søndre Trolla*, at an elevation 1740 m, located about 800 m southeast of Store Trolla
The ridge continues northwards to the peak Skarfjellet (1790 m)
| 118 |
Trolla (mountain)
| 0 |
10,091,381 |
# Glenn Price
**Dr. Glenn D. Price** is a Canadian conductor who is the Director of Performing and Visual Arts at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he currently conducts the Symphony Orchestra and Wind Orchestra. He was formerly the Director of Wind Studies at the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music.
## Career
Dr. Price holds a B.Mus. from the University of Toronto and an M.Mus. and D.M.A. from the Eastman School of Music at University of Rochester, with post-doctoral studies at the Toho Gakuen School of Music in Japan and the Tanglewood Music Center in the U.S., as well as in Europe and Russia. Active on the international scene, he has conducted professional and student orchestras and wind ensembles in over 30 countries.
Professor of Music (Emeritus) at the University of Calgary, and conductor of the Los Angeles-based contemporary chamber ensemble TEMPO since 2016, Dr. Price serves extensively as a prominent music educator, clinician, guest lecturer and speaker for a variety of professional organizations around the world.
Recent conducting engagements have included the Mozarteum Wind Orchestra (Austria), National Youth Wind Orchestra and Royal Northern College of Music (England), The Osakan Philharmonic Winds (Japan), People's Liberation Army Band (China), Hungarian Railways Band (Hungary), Orquesta Latino America de Vientos (Colombia), Banda Nacional de San José (Costa Rica), Brazil Wind Orchestra (Brazil), Banda La Armónica de Buñol (Spain), and at international conferences such as WASBE, CBDNA, Midwest Clinic, MENC, BASBWE and the American Bandmasters Association.
Additionally, he has recorded for the Albany, Mark, Pro Percussio, Unical and Arktos labels, and conducted numerous notable soloists including Dame Evelyn Glennie, Christian Lindberg, Ney Rosauro, Jens Lindemann, Alain Trudel, Roger Webster, Kenneth Tse, Adam Frey, Simone Rebello, David Campbell, John Marcellus, Michael Burritt, David Rejano Cantero and Wayne Bergeron.
Dr. Price served as President of the World Association for Symphonic Band and Ensembles (WASBE), is also a composer, and author of the conducting text *The Eloquent Conductor* (GIA, 2016)
| 324 |
Glenn Price
| 0 |
10,091,398 |
# Tom Dowse
**Thomas Joseph Dowse** (August 12, 1866 -- December 14, 1946) was a catcher/outfielder who played in Major League Baseball from `{{by|1890}}`{=mediawiki} through `{{by|1892}}`{=mediawiki}. Listed at 5\' 11\", 175 lb, Dowse batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Mohill, Ireland.
In a three-season career, Dowse was a .197 hitter (116-for-590) with 46 RBI without home runs in 160 games played. Despite his modest numbers, he entered the record books by playing for four different teams in a single season, matching a very uncommon feat set by Harry Wheeler in `{{by|1884}}`{=mediawiki}.
Basically a catcher, Dowse also played every position but third baseman and shortstop during his major-league tenure. He started his career in 1890 with the Cleveland Spiders of the National League, appearing in 40 games for them while hitting a .208 average. That season, he also served as an emergency umpire in three games. In 1891 he played for the Columbus Solons of the American Association and posted career-numbers in average (.224), RBI (22), runs (24), and doubles (7). Dowse returned to the National League in 1892 with the Louisville Colonels, appearing in 41 games for them before moving to the Cincinnati Reds (one), Philadelphia Phillies (16) and Washington Senators (7), hitting .165 in a career-high 65 games. He never appeared in a major league game again.
Dowse died in Riverside, California, at the age of 80
| 230 |
Tom Dowse
| 0 |
10,091,402 |
# Ken Sansom
**Frank Kenneth Sansom** (April 2, 1927 -- October 8, 2012) was an American actor. Among his best known roles, Sansom voiced Rabbit in animated television series, television specials, and films for Disney\'s *Winnie the Pooh* franchise from 1988 to 2010.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sansom was born on April 2, 1927, in Salt Lake City, Utah. He enlisted in the United States Navy soon after graduating from East High School in Salt Lake City in 1944.
Sansom enrolled at the University of Utah following World War II, but did not complete his studies there. He transferred to Brigham Young University, where he received a bachelor\'s degree in radio broadcasting in 1949.
He was recalled by the U.S. Navy for service during the Korean War. He served as a member of the United Service Organizations, providing entertainment to American troops while in Korea.
## Career
Sansom started his career in 1957 with a radio show in Los Angeles called *Sansom and Then Some*. He began acting in early 1968 when he moved to Los Angeles. His first role was in an episode of *Mayberry R.F.D.*, a continuation of *The Andy Griffith Show*. He was best known for his role as Rabbit in the television series *The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh*. He also voiced Stan, the Woozle in the series. He also voiced Rabbit in a number of TV specials and films, replacing Rabbit's original voice actor Junius Matthews following his death in 1978.
In an interview with ABC 4, when asked about voicing Rabbit in the upcoming *Winnie the Pooh* film, he stated, \"I\'m not sure.\" Tom Kenny voiced Rabbit in the film, although Sansom claimed he was still under contract. Sansom was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sansom married Carla Sansom in 1961, they remained married until Sansom\'s death. Together they have three children.
## Death
Sansom died on October 8, 2012, in Holladay, Utah due to complications of a stroke at the age of 85. He resided in Sandy, Utah. His remains are buried in Wasatch Lawn Memorial Park in Millcreek, Utah, alongside his widow Carla.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- -----------------
1970 *Shinbone Alley* Rosie (voice)
1973 *The Long Goodbye* Colony Guard
*The Sting* Western Union Executive
1974 *Airport 1975* Gary
1975 *Funny Lady* Frederick Martin
1978 *The Small One* Baker (voice) Uncredited
1979 *Nutcracker Fantasy* Chamberlain, Wise Man (voice) English dub
*Banjo the Woodpile Cat* Banjo\'s Father, Farmer (voice)
1983 *The Invisible Woman* Lionel Gilbert Television film
1984 *Gallavants* Thunk (voice)
1985 *Starchaser: The Legend of Orin* Magreb (voice)
1987 *The Chipmunk Adventure* Inspector Jamal (voice)
1997 *Pooh\'s Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin* Rabbit (voice) Direct-to-video
2000 *The Tigger Movie*
2001 *The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart* Direct-to-video
2002 *A Very Merry Pooh Year* Direct-to-video
2003 *Piglet\'s Big Movie*
2004 *Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo* Direct-to-video
2005 *Pooh\'s Heffalump Movie*
*Pooh\'s Heffalump Halloween Movie* Direct-to-video
2007 *Super Sleuth Christmas Movie*
2009 *Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too*
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
---------- --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------
1970 *Tales of Washington Irving* Narrator (voice) Television film
1970--71 *Mayberry R.F.D.* Clarence, Ferguson 3 episodes
1971 *The Brady Bunch* Stan Jacobsen Episode: \"The Liberation of Marcia Brady\"
1974 *Herbie Rides Again* Lawyer
*Where Have All the People Gone?* Jack McFadden
*Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus* Papa (voice) Television film
1976 *Charlie\'s Angels* Clerk Television film (pilot)
1976--86 *Days of Our Lives* Frederick Powell Recurring role (49 episodes)
1983--85 *The Littles* Dr
| 601 |
Ken Sansom
| 0 |
10,091,423 |
# John Fogerty (album)
***John Fogerty*** is the second solo studio album by former Creedence Clearwater Revival vocalist/guitarist John Fogerty, released in 1975. It was released by Asylum Records in the United States and Fantasy Records internationally. As with the Creedence Clearwater Revival records, the album consists of a mix of originals and cover songs. Although the album is eponymously titled, Fogerty himself refers to it as \"Old Shep\"; Shep was the name of his dog, who appears on the cover with him.
The song \"Rockin\' All Over the World\" was covered by the band Status Quo in 1977, becoming one of their most recognizable songs, while Dave Edmunds recorded his cover of \"Almost Saturday Night\" one of his staple songs.
The album was reissued on CD and streaming through BMG in 2021, the first time it has been available in North America since the late 1970s.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks written and composed by John Fogerty, except where noted.
Side 1
1. \"Rockin\' All Over the World\" -- 2:56
2. \"You Rascal You\" (Sam Theard) -- 2:42
3. \"The Wall\" -- 2:59
4. \"Travelin\' High\" -- 3:20
5. \"Lonely Teardrops\" (Tyran Carlo, Gwen Fuqua, Berry Gordy, Jr.) -- 4:30
Side 2
1. \"Almost Saturday Night\" -- 2:32
2. \"Where the River Flows\" -- 2:34
3. \"Sea Cruise\" (Huey \"Piano\" Smith) -- 3:18
4. \"Dream/Song\" -- 3:13
5
| 230 |
John Fogerty (album)
| 0 |
10,091,424 |
# Music of Final Fantasy VIII
The music of the video game *Final Fantasy VIII* was composed by regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu. The *Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack*, a compilation of all music in the game, was released on four Compact Discs by DigiCube in Japan, and by Square EA in North America. A special orchestral arrangement of selected tracks from the game---arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi---was released under the title *Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII*, and a collection of piano arrangements---performed by Shinko Ogata---was released under the title *Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII*.
The game\'s soundtrack is best known for two tracks: \"Liberi Fatali\", a Latin choral piece that is played during the introduction to the game, and \"Eyes on Me\", a pop ballad serving as the game\'s theme, performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong. The song\'s lyrics, written in English by Kako Someya, unveil the hopes of a night club singer for romance with a member of her audience. Reviewers were generally pleased with the music, although several cited issues while comparing the score to previous games or looking at individual tracks.
## Creation and influence {#creation_and_influence}
Nobuo Uematsu\'s usual influences include Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Simon and Garfunkel, and Elton John. In regard to *Final Fantasy VIII*, Uematsu did not prefer to use multiple sources to find MIDI instruments---\"I could be coming up with a great melody in the very moment\"---instead using a Roland SC-88 synthesizer for the entire score. Uematsu wrote notes based on character designs and screenplays, creating a general picture of the pieces\' moods. He could not express a character\'s emotions solely with plot, instead using images of appearance and attire: \"It\'s important to know when their emotions are at their height, but it usually takes until a month before release for them to finish the ending dialog\...!\" In response to a question by IGN music stating that the music of *Final Fantasy VIII* was very dark and perhaps influenced by the plot of the game, Uematsu said that \"the atmosphere of music varies depending on story line, of course, but it\'s also my intention to put various types of music into one game\".
Uematsu enjoys writing lyrical pieces, but tries not to be genre-specific. He asserts that expressing the emotions he desires is more important than improving skills: \"I think it will be a shame if we won\'t be able to cry as we play our own game\". The absence of character themes was due to him finding those of *Final Fantasy VI* and *VII* ineffective. Uematsu considers it reasonable to have character themes if each character has a \"highlight\" in the game, but he found *Final Fantasy VIII* only focused on Squall Leonhart and Rinoa Heartilly as a couple, resulting in the \"Eyes on Me\" theme. The soundtrack features a Latin choral track \"Liberi Fatali\", which translates to \"Fated Children\"; its melody forms a musical theme heard in several other pieces in the soundtrack, such as \"SeeD\" and \"The Landing\", while the name of \"Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec\" is the recurring lyrics in \"Liberi Fatali\".
Near the end of the production of *Final Fantasy VII*, the developers suggested to use a singer, but abandoned the idea due to a lack of reasoning based on the game\'s theme and storyline. However, Nobuo Uematsu thought a ballad would closely relate to the theme and characters of *Final Fantasy VIII*. This resulted in the game\'s developers sharing \"countless\" artists, eventually deciding on Faye Wong, a Chinese vocalist. Uematsu claims \"her voice and mood seem to match my image of the song exactly\", and that her ethnicity \"fits the international image of Final Fantasy\". After negotiations were made, \"Eyes on Me\" was recorded in Hong Kong with an orchestra.
| 625 |
Music of Final Fantasy VIII
| 0 |
10,091,424 |
# Music of Final Fantasy VIII
## Albums
### *Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack* {#final_fantasy_viii_original_soundtrack}
*Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack* is a soundtrack of the music from *Final Fantasy VIII*, composed and produced by Nobuo Uematsu. The soundtrack spans four discs and 74 tracks, covering a duration of 4 hours and 9 minutes. It was first published by DigiCube on March 10, 1999 with the catalog number SSCX-10028, and subsequently published by Square Enix on May 10, 2004 with the catalog numbers SQEX-10005\~8. Unlike most other *Final Fantasy* soundtracks, *Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack* is composed completely of English track names. The album was also released in North America under the title *Final Fantasy VIII Music Collection: Music From The Final Fantasy VIII Video Game*. It features changes such as packaging design, translation, and additional images. In addition, a limited edition was produced, which has a beige background instead of a full motion video montage.
The soundtrack reached #4 on the Japan Oricon charts, selling over 300,000 copies. It received generally positive reviews from critics; *New Zealand PlayStation* magazine claimed *Final Fantasy VIII* has \"one of the most memorable scores you will ever hear\". Reviewers from multimedia news website *IGN* stated that much of the game\'s impact is owed to its \"terrific\" musical score, but were disappointed by \"yet another\" variation of the traditional battle theme. *IGN* later named the *FFVIII* soundtrack as fourth best in its *Final Fantasy* Soundtrack Countdown feature. *GameSpot* considered the game\'s sound its weakest point, but still commended it, claiming it has \"more \'quality\' songs than *VII*\". Lastly, *Game Revolution* wrote that \"there are only a few tracks that really stand out\", including \"Eyes on Me\", which it deemed a \"clichéd, but beautiful love song\".
*Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack* has sold \"more than 300,000 copies\" in Japan according to Square, or 259,000 physical copies according to the independent chart company Oricon. Adam Corn of SoundtrackCentral.com claimed the album shows similarities to previous *Final Fantasy* games, but asserted he was \"not overly impressed with this one\". A reviewer from Square Enix Music Online claimed the soundtrack is \"unique and very special\" due to its contrasts, as \"when signs of age of the *Final Fantasy* franchise are shown\", Uematsu counterbalances this by creating something \"weird and wonderful\[\...\] when the soundtrack becomes too serious, a light-hearted number is inserted to liven up the mood\". Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan said in his review of the album that \"the main flavor of Uematsu\'s compositions, his melodic style, remains consistent, and more importantly, consistently good\". He criticized, however, the more minimalist pieces, which in his opinion were bland.
**Track listing** `{{track listing
| headline = Disc one
| title1 = Liberi Fatali
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Balamb GARDEN
| length2 = 3:29
| title3 = Blue Fields
| length3 = 2:54
| title4 = Don't Be Afraid
| length4 = 2:52
| title5 = The Winner
| length5 = 1:07
| title6 = Find Your Way
| length6 = 3:47
| title7 = SeeD
| length7 = 4:16
| title8 = The Landing
| length8 = 4:36
| title9 = Starting Up
| length9 = 1:19
| title10 = Force Your Way
| length10 = 3:53
| title11 = The Loser
| length11 = 1:26
| title12 = Never Look Back
| length12 = 3:23
| title13 = Dead End
| length13 = 1:11
| title14 = Breezy
| length14 = 2:43
| title15 = Shuffle or Boogie
| length15 = 2:04
| title16 = Waltz for the Moon
| length16 = 3:00
| title17 = Tell Me
| length17 = 3:24
| title18 = Fear
| length18 = 2:24
| title19 = The Man with the Machine Gun
| length19 = 2:49
| title20 = Julia
| length20 = 1:23
| title21 = Roses and Wine
| length21 = 2:18
| title22 = Junction
| length22 = 1:37
| title23 = Timber Owls
| length23 = 2:51
}}`{=mediawiki}
\| length3 = 5:18
\| title4 = Blue Sky \| length4 = 0:44
\| title5 = Drifting \| length5 = 2:56
\| title6 = Heresy \| length6 = 4:10
\| title7 = Fisherman\'s Horizon \| length7 = 3:35
\| title8 = ODEKA ke Chocobo \| length8 = 1:16
\| title9 = Where I Belong \| length9 = 3:40
\| title10 = The Oath \| length10 = 3:25
\| title11 = Slide Show Part 1 \| length11 = 1:23
\| title12 = Slide Show Part 2 \| length12 = 1:47
\| title13 = Love Grows \| length13 = 4:28
\| title14 = The Salt Flats \| length14 = 3:36
\| title15 = Trust Me \| length15 = 3:13
\| title16 = Silence and Motion \| length16 = 5:47
\| title17 = Dance with the Balamb-Fish \| length17 = 3:39
\| title18 = Tears of the Moon \| length18 = 1:12
\| title19 = Residents \| length19 = 3:06
\| title20 = Eyes on Me \| length20 = 5:38 }}
### *Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII* {#fithos_lusec_wecos_vinosec_final_fantasy_viii}
*Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec Final Fantasy VIII* is a collection of orchestrated pieces originally from *Final Fantasy VIII*, arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi. It also includes three unchanged tracks from *Final Fantasy VIII Original Soundtrack*; \"Liberi Fatali\", \"Eyes on Me\", and \"Ending Theme\". The album spans 13 tracks, totaling 1:04:12. It was first published on November 19, 1999 by DigiCube with the catalog number SSCX-10037, and subsequently published on July 22, 2004 by Square Enix with the catalog number SQEX-10025.
The album reached #59 on the Japan Oricon charts, selling 7,540 copies. Adam Corn of SoundtrackCentral.com claimed \"the superior instrumental quality, well-done arrangements, and tasteful selection of themes boost the \[*Original Soundtrack*{{\'}}s\] qualities while hiding its flaws\", elaborating that \"even people such as myself who are not fans of the original will be impressed by its prowess, and fans will simply be enamored\". Neal Chandran of RPGFan was similarly impressed, saying that it was \"a very good soundtrack\" and that its tracks sounded \"more beautiful than the original version\". His primary complaint was that he would have liked for the album to include more pieces.
| 1,023 |
Music of Final Fantasy VIII
| 1 |
10,091,424 |
# Music of Final Fantasy VIII
## Albums
### *Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII* {#piano_collections_final_fantasy_viii}
*Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII* is an album of piano arrangements from *Final Fantasy VIII*, arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi and performed by Shinko Ogata. Its 13 tracks span a duration of 48:03. It was published by DigiCube on January 21, 2000 with the catalog number SSCX-10041 and subsequently re-published by Square Enix on July 22, 2004 with the catalog number SQEX-10026.
Robert Steen of SoundtrackCentral.com commended the performance, claiming \"Shinko Ogata seems to be a very capable player\" and noted that although the arrangements are similar to the original pieces, they \"breathe new life into the songs\". Ryan Bradley of RPGFan also appreciated the album, saying that \"the piano really brings out the emotion in some of the songs\" and that the pieces transitioned smoothly to piano. Patrick Gann agreed, saying that it was one of his favorite albums and that Hamaguchi\'s arrangements were \"wonderful\".
| 160 |
Music of Final Fantasy VIII
| 2 |
10,091,424 |
# Music of Final Fantasy VIII
## Eyes on Me {#eyes_on_me}
\"Eyes on Me\" is the ballad that serves as the theme of the game *Final Fantasy VIII*. It was performed by Chinese singer Faye Wong and composed, like the rest of the game music, by Nobuo Uematsu. Within the game, the song is written by Julia Heartilly, a pianist who is the love interest of Laguna Loire. The lyrics, written in imperfect English, unveil the hopes of a night club singer for romance with a member of her audience. It is heard repeatedly throughout the game in various incarnations, including as an instrumental piece entitled \"Julia\", as well as in \"Waltz for the Moon\" and \"Love Grows\" for the \"love\" scenes between Squall Leonheart and Rinoa Heartlily.
Near the end of the production of *Final Fantasy VII*, the developers suggested to use a song with lyrics, but abandoned the idea when they could not connect the idea to the game\'s themes and story. Uematsu, however, thought a ballad would work. This resulted in the game\'s developers sharing \"countless\" artists, eventually deciding on Faye Wong, a Chinese vocalist. Uematsu claimed \"her voice and mood seem to match my image of the song exactly\", and that her ethnicity \"fits the international image of *Final Fantasy*\". After negotiations were made, \"Eyes on Me\" was recorded in Hong Kong with an orchestra. *IGN* claimed that she was reportedly paid \$1 million US dollars for her work. It was the first *Final Fantasy* pop ballad.
It was released as a CD single in Japan, including an instrumental version and Wong\'s ballad \"Red Beans\" (`{{zh|t={{linktext|紅|豆}}|s={{linktext|红|豆}}|p=hóng dòu}}`{=mediawiki}), composed by Jim Lau with Mandarin lyrics by Lin Xi. The Japanese title for that song was `{{nihongo|"Akashia no Mi"|アカシアの実|"[[Acacia]] Seeds"}}`{=mediawiki}. It had been included in Faye Wong\'s 1998 album *Sing and Play*, along with a Cantonese version \"Repayment\" (`{{zh|t={{linktext|償|還}}|s={{linktext|偿|还}}|j=seung<sup>4</sup> waan<sup>4</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}), and was popular in its own right. The single sold more than 500,000 copies, making it the highest-selling video game music disc ever released up until 2002, with the release of \"Hikari\" by Hikaru Utada for *Kingdom Hearts*. \"Eyes on Me\" was the first video game song to win an award at the Japan Gold Disc Awards, winning \"Song of the Year (Western Music)\" at the 14th Annual awards in 1999. The single reached #9 on the Oricon charts, and stayed on the charts for 20 weeks. The song also charted in the US on the Billboard Hot 100, debuted at 88 and peaked at 67 staying on the chart for 2 weeks.
The song was popular among the video game community in the Western world, and brought Faye Wong to the attention of many who were not previously familiar with her music. In 2017, Brian Ashcraft from *Kotaku* described \"Eyes on Me\" as one of the most iconic songs of the *Final Fantasy* franchise, as well as one of the most commercially successful singles associated with the video game industry.
A happy hardcore remix was recorded for the 2000 *Dancemania* compilation *Speed 4*, and on the *Dancemania Speed Best 2001* of the *Dancemania Speed* series. There is another dance remix of the song made by Almighty, later included on the Japanese release of Wong\'s 2000 album *Fable*, Dancemania X5, and Dancemania Diamond Complete Edition (Millennium Hits Collection). In 2004, a Japanese-language version entitled `{{nihongo|"Summer Album"|夏のアルバム|"Natsu no Arubamu"}}`{=mediawiki} with lyrics by Kazushige Nojima was included on *Final Fantasy Song Book: Mahoroba*.
\"Eyes on Me\" was re-released on a 18 cm vinyl record on November 3, 2017.
The original song was also covered by Angela Aki for release on her 2006 single \"Kokoro no Senshi\", with minor grammatical changes. In an Excite Japan interview, Aki said that her version \'shed light on \"Eyes on Me\"\'.
### Charts
#### Weekly charts {#weekly_charts}
+----------------------+----------+
| Chart (1999) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+======================+==========+
| Billboard Hot 100 | 67 |
+----------------------+----------+
| Oricon Singles Chart | 9 |
+----------------------+----------+
#### Year-end charts {#year_end_charts}
+----------------------+----------+
| Chart (1999) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+======================+==========+
| Oricon Singles Chart | 62 |
+----------------------+----------+
### Certifications
| 686 |
Music of Final Fantasy VIII
| 3 |
10,091,424 |
# Music of Final Fantasy VIII
## Legacy
The music of *Final Fantasy VIII* has appeared in various official *Final Fantasy* concerts. These include 2002\'s *20020220 Music from FINAL FANTASY*, in which the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra played \"Liberi Fatali\", \"Don\'t Be Afraid\", \"Love Grows\", and \"The Man with the Machine Gun\", the 2004 *Tour de Japon* series, which featured \"The Oath\", the *Dear Friends* series that began that same year and included \"Liberi Fatali\" and \"Love Grows\", and the 2005 *More Friends* concert, which included \"Maybe I\'m a Lion\". More recent concerts include the *Voices - Music from Final Fantasy* 2006 concert showcasing \"Liberi Fatali\", \"Fisherman\'s Horizon\", and \"Eyes on Me\" and the international *Distant Worlds* concert tour that continues to date, which includes \"Liberi Fatali\", \"Fisherman\'s Horizon\", \"Man with the Machine Gun\", and \"Love Grows\". Several of these concerts have produced live albums as well. Music from the game has also been played in non *Final Fantasy*-specific concerts such as the *Play! A Video Game Symphony* world tour from 2006 onwards, for which Nobuo Uematsu composed the opening fanfare that accompanies each performance.
\"Eyes on Me\" was popular among gamers in the West, and brought Faye Wong to the attention of many who were not previously familiar with her music. It was covered by Angela Aki for release on her 2006 single \"*Kokoro no Senshi*\". Covers by Kanon and Susan Calloway were also made; these singers also collaborated with Nobuo Uematsu on *The Last Story* and *Final Fantasy XIV* respectively, with Calloway chosen due to her *Final Fantasy* covers. The singer MayBee covered a Korean language version of the song. The song was played at the *Fantasy Comes Alive* concert in Singapore on April 30, 2010.
Music from the original soundtrack has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing. All of the pieces in the book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate-level piano solos, though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible. \"Best of\" collections from the series including *Final Fantasy VIII* and arrangements for guitar solos and piano duets are also available. Additionally, the actual piano sheet music from the *Piano Collections Final Fantasy VIII* album has been published as a corresponding music book by Yamaha Music Media. The book contains the original music, exactly as arranged and performed on the albums. Unlike the Original Score arrangements, these pieces are intended only for advanced players as they are generally more difficult.
The Black Mages, a band that arranges music from *Final Fantasy* video games into a rock music style, has arranged five pieces from *Final Fantasy VIII*. These are \"Force Your Way\" from *The Black Mages*, published in 2003, \"The Man with the Machine Gun\" and \"Maybe I\'m a Lion\", from *The Black Mages II: The Skies Above*, published in 2004, and \"The Extreme\" and \"Premonition\" from *The Black Mages III: Darkness and Starlight*. The Black Mages performed \"Maybe I\'m a Lion\" at the *Extra: Hyper Game Music Event 2007* concert in Tokyo on July 7, 2007. In the 2004 Summer Olympics, the American synchronized swimming duo consisting of Alison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova were awarded the bronze medal for their performance to the pieces \"Fithos Lusec Wecos Vinosec\" and \"Liberi Fatali\"
| 547 |
Music of Final Fantasy VIII
| 4 |
10,091,427 |
# The Green Hornet (serial)
***The Green Hornet*** is a 1940 black-and-white 13-chapter movie serial from Universal Pictures, produced by Henry MacRae, directed by Ford Beebe and Ray Taylor, starring Gordon Jones, Wade Boteler, Keye Luke, and Anne Nagel. The serial is based on *The Green Hornet* radio series by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker.
## Plot
Britt Reid, the new publisher of *The Sentinel* newspaper, secretly becomes the vigilante crime fighter The Green Hornet. Backing him up is his Korean valet and inventor Kato. Together, they investigate and expose several separate underworld rackets. During the course of 13 serial chapters, these high-profile events lead the Hornet and Kato into continued conflict with the henchmen of \"The Chief\", the hidden mastermind behind a 12-person criminal syndicate controlling those rackets.
## Cast
- Gordon Jones as Britt Reid and The Green Hornet
- Al Hodge as the (uncredited) voice of the Green Hornet
- Wade Boteler as Michael Axford
- Keye Luke as Kato. Kato is Korean in the serial rather than being the original Japanese character of the radio series, due to rising anti-Japanese sentiment around the world. This was two years prior to Japan\'s December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States\' entry into World War II. The radio show dropped Kato\'s nationality from the introductory sequence, included passing references in dialogue to his character being Filipino, and years later, after the war, returned to the standard show introduction.
- Anne Nagel as Leonore Case
- Phillip Trent as Jasper Jenks
- Cy Kendall as Curtis Monroe aka \'The Chief\'
- Stanley Andrews as Police Commissioner \[Chs.1,5,8,9,13\]
- Selmer Jackson as District Attorney \[Chs.4,10\]
- Joseph Crehan as Judge Stanton \[Chs.1,9,10,13\]
- Walter McGrail as Dean
- Gene Rizzi as Corey
- John Kelly as Pete Hawks
- Eddie Dunn as D.H. Sligby \[Ch.7\]
- Edward Earle as Felix Grant \[Ch.1\]
- Ben Taggart as Phil Bartlett \[Chs.3-4\]
- Clyde Dilson as Meadows \[Ch.5\]
- Jerry Marlowe as Bob Stafford \[Chs.7,11\]
- Frederick Vogeding as Max Gregory \[Ch.11\] (as *Fredrik* Vogeding)
- Raymond Bailey as Mr. West
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
Source:
1. The Tunnel of Terror
2. The Thundering Terror
3. Flying Coffins
4. Pillar of Flame
5. The Time Bomb
6. Highways of Peril
7. Bridge of Disaster
8. Dead or alive
9. The Hornet Trapped
10. Bullets and Ballots
11. Disaster Rides the Rails
12. Panic in the Zoo
13. Doom of the Underworld
## Alternative versions {#alternative_versions}
In 1990, under the same title, GoodTimes Home Video released a feature-length version of the serial on VHS tape, re-edited from the footage in the last six chapters.
Under the title *The Green Hornet: Movie Edition*, VCI Entertainment released its version of the serial on DVD, January 11, 2011, which includes the first and last chapter and selected other chapters.
## Influence
The 1960s *Batman* television series was created because of the popularity of a re-release of Columbia\'s *Batman* serial. The success of both led to the production of a *Green Hornet* TV series, which was played as a straight action crime series, \"in the tradition of its former presentations\", rather than the campy *Batman* series. It was cancelled after only one season
| 539 |
The Green Hornet (serial)
| 0 |
10,091,451 |
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 69
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 69** was adopted on 4 March 1949. Having received and considered Israel\'s application for membership in the United Nations, the Security Council decided that in its judgement Israel was a peace-loving state and was able and willing to carry out the obligations contained in the Charter and it therefore recommended to the General Assembly that it grant membership to Israel.
The resolution was adopted by nine votes to one (Egypt), and one abstention from the United Kingdom. Those in favour were China (ROC), France, United States, Soviet Union, Argentina, Canada, Cuba, Norway, and Ukrainian SSR.
On 11 May 1949, meeting the requisite two-thirds majority with a vote of 37 in favour to 12 against, with 9 abstentions, the General Assembly approved Israel\'s admission to the UN by means of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273
| 147 |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 69
| 0 |
10,091,454 |
# Reclusione Militare
**Reclusione Militare** is a term for time served in a military jail by members of the Italian Armed Forces.
The term of the sentences that may be served by inmates ranges from a minimum of 1 month to a maximum of 30 years. All service members sentenced must do hard labor while incarcerated. Anyone sentenced to more than 5 years is discharged from the armed forces and may not return.
Officers who are sentenced and have not been given a reduction in rank from officer have the right to serve their time in a special section of the military jail.
Article number 26 of the Italian military penal code discusses this penalty
| 115 |
Reclusione Militare
| 0 |
10,091,481 |
# Wildstrubel
The **Wildstrubel** (3244 m) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the border between the Swiss cantons of Bern and Valais. It forms a large glaciated massif, about 15 km wide, extending between the Rawil Pass and the Gemmi Pass. Along with the Muverans, the Diablerets and the Wildhorn, the Wildstrubel is one of the four distinct mountain massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie west of the Gemmi Pass. The massif of the Wildstrubel is at the centre between the valleys of Simmental (BE), Engstligental (BE) and the Rhone (VS), the exact location of the tripoint being the summit of the Schneehorn. It comprises several distinct summits, including (from west to east) the Wetzsteinhorn, the Rohrbachstein, the Weisshorn, the Pointe de la Plaine Morte, Mont Bonvin, the Trubelstock and the Schneehorn. The main crest with the almost equally high summits of the Mittelgipfel (3,243 m) and the Grossstrubel (3,243 m) forms an amphitheatre oriented eastward which ends at the Steghorn and the Daubenhorn. This area encloses the Wildstrubel Glacier. To the southwest, the Wildstrubel overlooks the high plateau of the Plaine Morte Glacier, which also includes an unnamed lake below the Schneehorn.
The Wildstrubel lies approximately halfway between Lenk (BE; 9 km), Sierre (VS; 12 km) and Adelboden (BE; 10 km), its summit being in the municipalities of Lenk and Leukerbad. The nearest settlement is the Oberried section of Lenk, at the head of the Simmental. Other notable towns and resorts around the massif are Crans-Montana, Aminona, Leukerbad and Inden. The highest place that can be reached without effort is the Pointe de la Plaine Morte station (2,882 m), which is connected to Cran-Montana and within 5 km from the summit.
As for the other mountains on the crest of the Bernese Alps, the slopes of the Wildstrubel experience different types of climate depending on their location: the northern slopes are cooler and wetter while the southern slopes are drier and warmer. Forests are found up to 1,900 metres on the north side and up to 2,100 metres on the south side. Glaciers also reach lower locations on the north side. Vineyards are also very common on the Valais side, especially below 1000 metres, but completely absent on the Bernese side, where alpine pastures dominate the landscape, as in many other areas of the Bernese Oberland.
Although not a technical climb, the ascent of the Wildstrubel involves either long ascents or glacier crossings. The shortest access is from the Pointe de la Plaine Morte station, but before the 500 metre-scramble to the top, nearly all the Plaine Morte Glacier must be crossed. Another access is from the Gemmi Pass (aerial tramway from Leukerbad), via the Lämmeren Hut (SAC), from where the ascent is made on the slopes of the much more crevassed Wildstrubel Glacier. The only glacier-free path is from Lenk, but it is also the longest ascent as the end of the paved road lies at 1,105 metres, or 2,139 metres below the summit. The mountain has three summits, all of similar height and located on the cantonal border, although within the Rhine basin. These three summits, strung out along a 3.5-km ridge, make a convenient traverse.
- The western summit (the *Lenkerstrubel*, named *Wildstrubel* on Swiss maps) (3,244 or m)
- The central summit (named *Mittelgipfel* on Swiss maps) (3,243 m)
- The eastern summit (the *Adelbodnerstrubel* or *Grossstrubel*) (3,243 m)
The third or fourth recorded ascent was by Leslie Stephen and Thomas W. Hinchliff with guide Melchior Anderegg on 11 September 1858
| 588 |
Wildstrubel
| 0 |
10,091,517 |
# Henry Pedris
**Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris** (*හෙන්රි පේද්රිස්*; 16 August 1888 -- 7 July 1915) was a Ceylonese militia officer and a prominent socialite. Pedris was executed for treason by the 17th Punjab Regiment of the British Indian Army under martial law during the 1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots. Convicted in a three day Field General Court Martial under the terms of the Army Act, bypassing the local legal system, his execution was viewed as unjust by the local population and a warning to local leaders. It hastened the movement toward independence, providing motivation and a martyr for those who pioneered the movement.
On 12 September 2024, the President of Sri Lanka posthumously pardoned Henry Pedris.
## Early life {#early_life}
Henry Pedris was born in Galle in the southern part of Ceylon, as the youngest of five children and the only son of Duenuge Disan Pedris and Mallino Fernando Pedris, daughter of Peace Officer Margris Fernando of Karandeniya. Both his father and uncle N. S. Fernando Wijesekara were leading businessmen of the time, and his family was among the wealthiest with ownership of graphite mines, plantations, real-estate and trading interests.
Pedris first attended Royal College situated in the Pettah. From there he joined St. Thomas\' College where he excelled in sports and shone as a good cricketer, playing for the school\'s first eleven cricket team. After some time he returned to Royal College where he again played cricket and engaged in other sporting activities.
Pedris was a teetotaler and was an active member in the Colombo society. Joining the family business, his father hoped that Pedris take over his business enterprises and become a leader in the commercial sector.
## Colombo Town Guard {#colombo_town_guard}
With the outbreak of World War I, the British government mobilized the Ceylon Defence Force and raised the Colombo Town Guard, a militia unit of volunteers to defend Colombo from potential German raids. Pedris opted to join the Colombo Town Guard as a private and was the first Sinhalese to be enlisted to the new regiment. He soon became an excellent marksman and due to his excellent horsemanship was made a commissioned officer in the administrative (mounted) section. Within a year, he was promoted to the rank of captain. This, along with his immense wealth, resulted in Pedris being much envied by many.
## Sinhalese Muslim Riots {#sinhalese_muslim_riots}
The Sinhalese Muslim Riots (known as the 1915 riots), which began in Kandy when a group of Muslims belonging to the Indian community attacked a Buddhist pageant with stones, soon spread across the island. The British Governor of Ceylon, Sir Robert Chalmers, feared he might lose control of the colony and, on the advice of Brigadier General Malcolm, utilized a heavy-handed response towards the riot. Chalmers declared martial law on 2 June 1915, and ordered the police and the army to shoot without trial anyone who they deemed a rioter. With the escalation of the violence, looting broke out within Colombo. Pedris, who was responsible for the defense of the city, successfully managed to disband several rioting groups after peaceful discussions.
The jealousy felt towards Pedris and his family by both the British administration and their Sinhalese agents, led by Solomon Dias Bandaranike the Maha Mudaliyar (chief native interpreter and adviser to the Governor), culminated in false charges being drawn up against Pedris which eventually led to his court-martial. The charges were that Pedris shot at a group of Muslims and had incited people to march to the city of Colombo from Peliyagoda. Based on these accusations, he was swiftly arrested.`{{failed verification|date=July 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
Following his arrest the British, fearing open rebellion, imprisoned more than 80 prominent Sinhalese leaders. Among those imprisoned were D. S. Senanayake, D. R. Wijewardena, Edwin Wijeyeratne, Dr. Cassius Pereira, E. T. De Silva, F. R. Dias Bandaranaike, H. W. Amarasuriya, A. H. Molamure and several others.
| 641 |
Henry Pedris
| 0 |
10,091,517 |
# Henry Pedris
## Death
### Field General Court Martial {#field_general_court_martial}
Following his arrest, Pedris brought before a Field General Court Martial at the Headquarters of the General Officer Commanding, Ceylon in Malay Street, Slave Island on 1 July 1915. The Court Martial Board was made up of British officers of 17th Panjab Regiment and Pedris was defended by Advocate L. H. de Alwis. He was accused of \"treason by levying war against Our Lord, the King\" by means of \"levying war by firing two revolver rounds into the air!\". The Field General Court Martial quickly found Pedris guilty of the charge of treason and sentenced to death. The date of the execution was set for 7 July 1915 without any form of appeal.
### Attempts to stay the execution {#attempts_to_stay_the_execution}
Having been sentenced to death under the terms of the Army Act, the death sentence had to be ratified by the Governor. The case of Pedris was not referred to the Governor by Brigadier General Leigh Malcolm. An omission that was protested by the Governor, and later cases were dully forwarded. Following his conviction his family, filed an application for \"writs of certiorari and prohibition\" in the Supreme Court of Ceylon, to which relief was denied by a bench comprising Chief Justice Sir Alexander Wood--Renton, Justice Shaw and Justice Thomas de Sampayo. The judgement was never published in the New Law Report. The only person who was able to intervene in this case was Sir Hector Van Cuylenberg, who was the elected representative in the legislature, but his representations were not taken seriously by the military. Many prominent citizens and educationists, both British and Ceylonese alike, appealed against the judgment without any impact. An appeal was made to King George V.
### Execution
On 7 July 1915, Pedris was stripped of his rank and executed by firing squad made up of Punjabi soldiers from the 17th Panjab Regiment. His body was buried in an unmarked grave, in keeping with military tradition of a burial of a traitor, against the wishes of his family. However, D. D. Pedris had people spy on the transport and burial of the body, and the British had actually chosen a cemetery where the Pedris family owned several plots. One of those plots was chosen for the interment, and only one or two members of the Pedris family knew the exact location. In 1987, Pedris's suspected grave was unearthed, and the remains were verified as his and reburied.
### Pedris Vs Manufacture's Life Insurance {#pedris_vs_manufactures_life_insurance}
D. D. Pedris had gained a life insurance for his son at the amount of Rs 25,000, a substantial sum in 1915. The insurance company, Manufacture's Life Insurance Co., refused payment on the grounds that Pedris was lawfully executed. The administrator of Pedris estate filled action on the District Court of Colombo and District Judge Wadsworth dismissed the action, uploading the contention of the insurance company. An appeal was made by Benjamin Bawa, and Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene to the Supreme Court and it was taken up before, Chief Justice Sir Alexander Wood--Renton C.J. and Justice Shaw. The decree of the District Judge was set aside the case was sent back for further inquiries, the plaintiff having to proved although convicted, Pedris did not commit treason. Back in the District Court, Manufacture's Life Insurance settled the matter with a full payment, presumably under pressure from the colonial government.
| 567 |
Henry Pedris
| 1 |
10,091,517 |
# Henry Pedris
## Presidential pardon {#presidential_pardon}
On 11 December 2023, the Cabinet of Ministers approved a proposal by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to re-open the investigation into the killing of Henry Pedris, 108 years ago, by a decision of the colonial government. A three-member committee was established to examine the details of his court-martial, execution, study the relevant matters, and submit a report with recommendations.
On 12 September 2024, President Ranil Wickremesinghe issued a presidential pardon posthumously to Henry Pedris, 109 years after his execution, through a Gazette extraordinary notification.
## Legacy
Pedris's death was also meant as a warning for other Ceylonese leaders who were leading the independence movement. After the execution the blood-soaked chair Pedris was sitting on during the execution was taken to the prison cells that contained many Sinhalese leaders including D. S. Senanayake and shown to them with the warning that they would be next.
Many`{{who|date=July 2017}}`{=mediawiki} claim the execution of Pedris by the colonial government marked the beginning of the Sri Lankan independence movement with many people specially from the educated middle class taking an active role in it. Their action resulted in Ceylon gaining independence in 1948.
Governor Chalmers was removed from the post and made Under-Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lord Wimborne. The powers of the Mudaliyars were abolished when the Native Department was closed down in 1938.
In 1916, D. D. Pedris built the Isipathanaramaya Temple in Havelock Town, Colombo in memory of his late son. Two statues of Pedris have been erected in Havelock Town and in his hometown Galle. The statue in Havelock was commissioned to the well-known sculptor Henry Dharmasena of Panadura. On the occasion of unveiling ceremony of the statue in Havelock Town, then Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa stated that the adjacent sports grounds should be renamed in his memory. On 7 July 1987 the Edward Henry Pedris Stadium was declared open by Prime Minister Premadasa. D. D. Pedris built a pilgrims\' rest in Polonnaruwa and named it the \"Edward Henry Pedris Rest\" which was maintained from income gained from lands owned by Pedris in Anuradhapura known as the Kuttampokunakele and the Basuwakkulamakele. Pedris\'s mother, Mallino Pedris gifted the land for the Mallikarama Temple in Dematagoda in 1920 in her son\'s memory
| 377 |
Henry Pedris
| 2 |
10,091,554 |
# Mars general circulation model
The **Mars general circulation model** is the result of a research project by NASA to understand the nature of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Mars, how that circulation is driven and how it affects the climate of Mars in the long term.
## How it works {#how_it_works}
This Mars climate model is a complex 3-dimensional (height, latitude, longitude) model, which represents the processes of atmospheric heating by gases and ground-air heat transfer, as well as large-scale atmospheric motions. The model also uses geophysical boundaries which are taken from spacecraft observation. These boundaries can include Martian topography, albedo, or thermal inertia. By solving the dynamics and physics of the model an overall understanding of the planets processes can be estimated.
The current model has not been modified for use with distributed computing systems like BOINC.
## History
A first attempt at a Mars general circulation model was created by Leovy and Mintz who used an Earth model and adapted it to Martian conditions. This preliminary model had the capability to predict atmospheric condensation of carbon dioxide and the presence of transient baroclinic waves in the winter mod-latitudes. After this NASA Ames Research Center started adding more data to improve the model and gain more insight into Martian weather and climate. Mars climate simulation models date as far back as the Viking missions to Mars. Most Mars climate simulation models were written by individual researchers that were never reused or open-sourced. By the 1990s the need for a unified model codebase came into being, due to the general impact of the internet on climate modelling and research. This current Mars climate simulation model has its origins with the internet era. In 2007, Jeff Hollingsworth took leadership of the Ames Mars GCM group. With the aid of NASA HQ a Mars Climate Modeling Center (MCMC) was created in order to provide more services to the community. Since 2019, Melinda Kahre spearheads the leadership of MCMC and has aided in developing a new cubed-sphere finite volume (FV3-based) Mars general circulation model to provide higher resolution modeling. The new FV3-based model replaced the older latitude-longitude dynamical core (Legacy Mars GCM). Other improvements has been made in order to allow public access to older and newer models of Mars\' general circulation. MCMC has recently presented a community analysis pipeline (CAP) which is an open-source tool for analyzing and visualizing the Mars general circulation model. The project hopes to streamline and increase access to Mars data. This goal of increasing accessibility is to provide scientist and researcher more opportunity to contribute to data from Mars missions.
| 436 |
Mars general circulation model
| 0 |
10,091,554 |
# Mars general circulation model
## Research using the Mars general circulation model {#research_using_the_mars_general_circulation_model}
The Mars general circulation model has been a tool used by researchers to better understand the planet. The model includes various Martian cycles including active carbon dioxide, pressure, dust, and water cycles. These elements combined provide insight into the planet\'s atmospheric chemistry. The model is used as an aid in interpreting as well as analyzing the data received from spacecraft and applies to numerous disciplines that have lingering questions about the planet. Some of the recent research using the model is determining the processes that caused an abundance of high-altitude water vapor during the 2018 global dust storm, interpreting Martian thermospheric waves, effects of any orbital changes to the planets circulator and climate system, and much more. In 2016 the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter was launched with hopes of looking for evidence of methane and other trace elements that could be signature of biological and/or geological processes. The NOMAD spectrometer instrument onboard ExoMars will rely on the Mars general circulation model for much of the data interpretation and analysis. Other spacecraft instruments have been compared to the circulation model such as water-ice and dust results from Maven\'s Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS). With the continuous additions of new spacecraft being sent the Mars, the data is rapidly updating making the Martian model highly advanced. `{{multiple images |total_width=300 |direction=vertical
| align = left
| header =Methane on Mars
| image1 = Martian Methane Map.jpg
| caption1 = The source of Mars methane is unknown; its detection is shown here
| image2 = PIA22328-MarsCuriosityRover-Methane-SeasonalCycle-20180607.jpg
| caption2 = ''Curiosity'' rover detected a cyclical seasonal variation in [[atmospheric methane]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Methane on Mars {#methane_on_mars}
The Martian atmosphere contains 10 nmol/mol methane (CH~4~). In 2014, NASA reported that the *Curiosity* rover detected a tenfold increase (\'spike\') in methane in the atmosphere around it in late 2013 and early 2014. Four measurements taken over two months in this period averaged 7.2 ppb, implying that Mars is episodically producing or releasing methane from an unknown source. Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level. On 7 June 2018, NASA announced a cyclical seasonal variation in the background level of atmospheric methane.
The principal candidates for the origin of Mars\' methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H~2~ that could then generate methane and other hydrocarbons via Fischer--Tropsch synthesis with CO and CO~2~. It has also been shown that methane could be produced by a process involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.
Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has been found on Mars.
## Other planets {#other_planets}
There are global climate simulation models that have been written for Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Venus
| 484 |
Mars general circulation model
| 1 |
10,091,576 |
# China Railways DF4
The **DF4** (`{{zh|c=东风4}}`{=mediawiki}) is a type of diesel--electric locomotive used in the People\'s Republic of China. It has been in production since 1969 and is still produced as of 2007 by several local companies. It is the most common locomotive in China and is used for both passenger and freight services.
## Models
### DF4
The first DF4 was built in 1969 in Dalian. The first 108 locomotives that were built here are the original DF4s using the 16V240ZJ engine. It took seven years to build all 108 locomotives of this type. Due to unstable technique in the production of early-built DF4 locomotives, malfunctions of mechanic and electric parts occurred frequently during the operation, especially the diesel engine. Thus, most DF4 locomotives were taken out of service for maintenance, and railroad engineers from Fengtai Locomotive Depot sarcastically joked that the DF4 \"can\'t make it from Dongdan to Xisi\", two neighborhoods of Beijing. Therefore, Dalian Locomotive Works introduced 16V240ZJA, an improved diesel engine.
Few of the early series DF4 are still in operation. The first DF4 of the class is currently in permanent exhibition at the Beijing Railway Museum.
### DF4A
The DF4A distinguishes itself from first series DF4s with an improved engine, the 16V240ZJA. Production started in 1976 (the first model being DF4-0109) and lasted until 1984. The DF4A designation is unofficial.
### DF4B
Nicknamed \"Watermelon\", \"Armed Police\", or \"Orange\". Generally speaking, \"Watermelons\" and \"Armed Police\" versions are used for freight, while \"Oranges\" (DF4 2000 Series) are manufactured with alternated gear ratio for the allowance of increased operation speed, intended for passenger services. DF4B are very similar to standard DF4, apart from an improved engine (16V240ZJB) and modified engine inlet filters in certain instances. Production started in Dalian in 1984.
### DF4C
The DF4C was supposed to replace the DF4B as the main diesel locomotive in China and comes with several improvements, including a new engine revision (16240ZJC). The first DF4C was produced in 1985 and batch production started four years later, in 1989, and lasted until roughly the end of the 20th century. The first two DF4C (4001 and 4002) produced in 1985 continued the use of the DF4B hull. A new hull design is applied for the batch-produced configuration.
The DF4C comes in a different color scheme than the previous DF4s, namely dark blue and later light blue and beige. The passenger version, informally called DF4CK, has an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement.
### Gearing variations {#gearing_variations}
The DF4, DF4B and DF4C were each produced with two different gear ratios, \"passenger\" (up to 120 km/h or 170 km/h for DF4C) and \"freight\" (up to 100 km/h). The passenger variant was often painted orange.
### DF4D
The DF4D, the most recent DF4 revision, has been produced since 1996 with the 16V240ZJD engine. The passenger versions increased top speed to 145 km/h or 170 km/h. The freight version comes in a different color scheme than the previous DF4Ds, namely green (7000 Series) and later light blue (4000 Series) and yellow. The green version sat on radial bogies but later converted to standard bogies. Their top speed to 100 km/h (62 mph). DF4D-7000 series are configured with shorter hull compared to standard DF4D series.
#### DF4DJ
The DF4DJ, originally DF4DAC, of which only 2 were built had AC drive technology supplied by Siemens. They were China\'s first AC drive diesel locomotive.
#### DF4DD
A road switcher version of the DF4 with side walkways and a full-body cab similar to modern American locomotives. The type was the most powerful road switcher class in China until the introduction of the HXN3B and HXN5B classes.
### DF4E
The DF4E is a 2 unit locomotive of total power 4.86MW (2x2.43MW)
## Manufacturers
DF4s have been manufactured by several companies:
- CSR Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co., Ltd.
- CSR Ziyang Locomotive Works (DF4B, DF4C & DF4C (A1A))
- Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works
- Datong locomotive factory
| 656 |
China Railways DF4
| 0 |
10,091,576 |
# China Railways DF4
## North Korea {#north_korea}
In 2001, the Korean State Railway bought two locomotives of type CKD4A (DF4D) new from CNR Dalian; these were delivered in July 2002. These are powered by the same 16V240ZJD as the Chinese DF4D, producing 2,940 kW and have a maximum speed of 100 km/h. They are painted in the standard light blue over dark green, but their numbers are not known.
Between 2006 and 2008, three batches of refurbished second-hand DF4 (\"DF4A\") and DF4B were delivered to North Korea. These are numbered in the 내연200 series (내연 = *Naeyŏn*, \"internal combustion\") and are in service for passenger and freight trains all over North Korea; many are assigned to the Hamhŭng area. The total number delivered is not known, but the number is at least 36 units, numbered 내연201 to 내연225 and 내연261 to 내연271. Many are still in their former Chinese paint, but some have been repainted into the standard light blue over dark green, and two have received the dark green/yellow scheme applied to many M62-type diesels obtained second hand from Germany and Slovakia. There is at least one DF4D, in standard blue over green livery.
Number Model Livery Original number
--------- ------- -------------- -----------------
내연201 DF4B standard
내연203 DF4B standard CR DF4 1552
내연204 DF4B CR green
내연206 DF4B CR green
내연208 DF4B standard
내연209 DF4A CR green
내연211 DF4B CR green
내연212 DF4B standard
내연215 DF4B CR green
내연217 DF4B CR green
내연222 DF4B standard
내연223 DF4B standard
내연225 DF4B standard CR DF4 1349
내연226 DF4B CR green
내연261 DF4B standard
내연262 DF4B green/yellow
내연264 DF4B standard
내연266 DF4B green/yellow
내연271 DF4B CR green
## Indonesia
During the construction of Jakarta--Bandung high speed railway line, the Chinese construction company PowerChina brought and used several DF4 locomotives. The first unit, DF4B-1295, arrived at the Port of Tanjung Priok on 22 November 2021. It was transported to Tegalluar depot in Bandung on 21 January 2022. The second batch arrived on 28 January, consisted of DF4B-7552, 7553, 9129 and 7549. The third batch arrived in Tanjung Priok in December 2022, with the DF4B-6385 on 16 December and the DF4C-4151 on 31 December.
During the construction of the line, one of the DF4 was involved in an accident. The DF4B-7553 was derailed on 18 December 2022 while hauling a track-laying machine. The derailment occurred in Padalarang District, West Bandung Regency. The derailed train was evacuated on 20 December.
At the conclusion of the line construction, the PowerChina\'s DF4s were moved out of the country for use elsewhere. For maintenance and backup purpose, the Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC) operated a single DF4D, numbered CC207 23 01. Under the Indonesian railway nomenclature, the DF4 operated by KCIC was classified as CC207 class.
## Gallery
<File:东风4型2001号内燃机车.jpg%7CThe> first DF~4~ locomotive in 1969 <File:DF4-0001> at CRM.jpg\|DF~4~ 0001 at the Beijing Railway Museum <File:DF4-0707> (Datong).jpg\|DF~4~ locomotive <File:DF4B> 9221 in Beijing North Railway Station 20110322.jpg\|DF~4~B locomotive <File:China> Railways DF4C 5127, Liuzhou Locomotive and Rolling Stock Plant, 20141019.jpg\|DF~4~C locomotive <File:DF4D> 0379 20101110.jpg\|DF~4~D(0000 Series) locomotive <File:China> Railways DF4D 3174 & China Railways DF4D 3265 20150725.jpg\|DF~4~D(3000 Series) locomotive <File:China> Railways DF4D 4019 20150725.jpg\|DF~4~D(4000 Series) locomotive <File:China> Railways DF4D 7007 20161217.jpg\|DF~4~D(7000 Series) locomotive <File:China> Railways DF4DD 0289 20171124 01.jpg\|DF~4~DD locomotive <File:China> Railways DF4DF 4035 20150709 02.jpg\|DF~4~DF locomotive which supports head-end power <File:China> Railways DF4DJ 0001 20191003.jpg\|DF~4~DJ locomotive <File:Chinese> Locomotive DF4E 0002 in 2001, Nanxiang Station, Shanghai (34564169946).jpg\|DF~4~E locomotive <File:Three> China Railways DF-4 Locomotives in Padalarang Station.jpg\|Two DF~4~B and one DF~4~C locomotives passing Padalarang Station, Indonesia <File:DF4D-0560> Train passing K16+960 Junction on Xi\'an-Huyi Railway, Mar 26 2023.jpg\|DF~4~D-0560 on Xi\'an--Huyi railway
## Preservation
### DF4/DF4A
- DF4-0001: is preserved at the China Railway Museum
- DF4-0002: is preserved at Fengtai Locomotive Depot, Beijing Railway Bureau
- DF4-0084: is preserved at Baoji Railway Technicion College
- DF4-0187: is preserved at Shandong Polytechnic
- DF4-0212: is preserved at Hebei Vocational College Of Rail Transportation
- DF4-2002: is preserved at Zhejiang Normal University
- DF4-2012: is preserved at Jinan Railway Advanced Technical School
### DF4B {#df4b_1}
- DF4B-1029: is preserved at the Shengyang Railway Museum
- DF4B-1442: is preserved at Taiyuan Locomotive Depot, Taiyuan Railway Bureau
- DF4B-1718: is preserved at Anhui Communications Vocational & Technical College
- DF4B-1781: is preserved at Heilongjiang Communications Polytechnic
- DF4B-1787: is preserved at Liuzhou Industrial Museum
- DF4B-1884: is preserved at Heilongjiang Communications Polytechnic
- DF4B-1893: is preserved at Fengtai Locomotive Depot, Beijing Railway Bureau
- DF4B-1983: is preserved at Central South University
- DF4B-2127: is preserved at Qiqihar Technician College
- DF4B-2244: is preserved at Nanjing Railway Vacational Technical College
- DF4B-2298: is preserved at Qiqihar Railway Engineering School
- DF4B-2480: is preserved at Liuzhou Railway Vacational Technical College
| 780 |
China Railways DF4
| 1 |
10,091,655 |
# Maria Schrader
**Maria Schrader** (born 27 September 1965) is a German actress, screenwriter, and director. She directed the award-winning 2007 film *Love Life* and the 2020 Netflix miniseries *Unorthodox*, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series. She also starred in the German international hit TV series *Deutschland 83* (2015), known for being the first German-language series broadcast on US television.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Schrader was born in Hanover and studied at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna, Austria.
She is especially well known from the film *Aimée & Jaguar*, as well as the acclaimed *Liebesleben* (\"Love life\") that she wrote, produced, and in which she acted. She has also written other films: *RobbyKallePaul*; *I Was on Mars*; *Stille Nacht* and *Meschugge*. She co-directed *I Was on Mars* with Dani Levy, whom she dated until 1999.
Schrader was part of the jury at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2000 and is again in the 2025 jury.
Schrader played the part of Martin Rauch\'s aunt in *Deutschland 83* (2015), an 8 episode TV series, which was the first German-language TV series to be broadcast on US television. It also became popular in the UK, airing in early 2016 on Channel 4.
In 2020 Schrader directed the Netflix miniseries *Unorthodox*, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series. She directed the 2022 film *She Said*, starring Carey Mulligan and Zoe Kazan.
Though Schrader\'s most popular roles as an actor are of the Jewish faith, and many of her films as a screenwriter and director include Jewish characters and revolve around Jewish struggles, Schrader herself is not Jewish.
## Awards
- 1992 Max Ophüls Festival, Best Young Actress for *I Was on Mars*
- 1995 Mystfest, Best Actress for *Burning Life*
- 1995 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Actress for *Nobody Loves Me, Burning Life*
- 1995 German Film Awards, Best Leading Actress for *Nobody Loves Me, Burning Life, Einer meiner altesten Freunde*
- 1999 49th Berlin International Film Festival, Silver Bear for Best Actress (shared with Juliane Köhler) for *Aimée & Jaguar*
- 1999 German Film Awards, Best Leading Actress for *Aimée & Jaguar, The Giraffe*
- 1999 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Actress for *Aimée & Jaguar*
- 2020 Primetime Emmy Award, Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special for *Unorthodox*
## Nominations
- 2016 German Film Awards, Best Director for *Stefan Zweig: Farewell to Europe* (Original title in German: *Vor der Morgenröte*)
| 422 |
Maria Schrader
| 0 |
10,091,655 |
# Maria Schrader
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
Year Title Role Director Notes
------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1992 *I Was on Mars* Silva Dani Levy with Dani Levy
1994 *Nobody Loves Me* Fanny Fink Doris Dörrie with Pierre Sanoussi-Bliss, Elisabeth Trissenaar
*Burning Life* Anna with Anna Thalbach, Max Tidof
1995 *One of My Oldest Friends* Marion Rainer Kaufmann with Richy Müller, Peter Lohmeyer
*Silent Night* Julia Dani Levy with Jürgen Vogel
1997 *The Unfish* Sophie Moor Robert Dornhelm with `{{Interlanguage link multi|Eva Herzig|de}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Andreas Lust|de}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Georges Kern (actor)|de|Georges Kern|lt=Georges Kern}}`{=mediawiki}, August Schmölzer, Karl Merkatz, Bibiana Zeller, Rudolf Wessely, Erwin Leder
*Child Murder (film)* Katrin Menzel Bernd Böhlich TV film, with Jürgen Vogel, Christian Redl, Francis Fulton-Smith
1998 *Meschugge* Lena Katz Dani Levy with Dani Levy
*Am I Beautiful?* Elke Doris Dörrie with Senta Berger, Gottfried John, Iris Berben, Uwe Ochsenknecht, Franka Potente, Dietmar Schönherr, Heike Makatsch, Otto Sander, Joachim Król
1999 *Aimée & Jaguar* Felice Schragenheim (Jaguar) Max Färberböck with Juliane Köhler, Heike Makatsch, Johanna Wokalek
2001 *Viktor Vogel - Commercial Man* Johanna von Schulenberg Lars Kraume with Götz George, Alexander Scheer, Chulpan Khamatova, Vadim Glowna
*Emil and the Detectives* Pastorin Hummel Franziska Buch with Jürgen Vogel
*Josephine* Al Rajko Grlić with Miroslav Vladyka, Giancarlo Esposito
2002 *Operation Rubikon (film)* Sophie Wolf TV film, with Hilmar Thate
*`{{Interlanguage link multi|I'm the Father|de|Väter (2002)}}`{=mediawiki}* Melanie Krieger Dani Levy with Sebastian Blomberg, Christiane Paul
2003 *Rosenstrasse* Hannah Weinstein Margarethe von Trotta with Katja Riemann
2005 *Schneeland* Elisabeth Hans W. Geißendörfer with Julia Jentsch, Ulrich Mühe, Thomas Kretschmann, Joachim Król, Susanne Lothar
2008 *Patchwork (2008 film)* Xenia Napolitano-Freitag Franziska Buch TV film, with Gabriela Maria Schmeide, Fritz Karl
2011 *In Darkness* Paulina Chiger Agnieszka Holland with Robert Więckiewicz
2013 *Sisters (2013 film)* Saskia Kerkhoff with Ursula Werner, Jesper Christensen
2014 *Lose My Self* Lena Ferben with Johannes Krisch, Ronald Zehrfeld, Sandra Hüller
2015 *Deutschland 83* Lenora Rauch Edward Berger, Samira Radsi TV series, with Jonas Nay, Ulrich Noethen, Sylvester Groth, Sonja Gerhardt, Ludwig Trepte, Alexander Beyer, Lisa Tomaschewsky
2018 *The City and The City* Sen
| 346 |
Maria Schrader
| 1 |
10,091,660 |
# George Lopez Why You Crying?
***George Lopez Why You Crying?*** is a 2004 stand-up comedy film starring George Lopez
| 20 |
George Lopez Why You Crying?
| 0 |
10,091,668 |
# 1740 in Ireland
Events from the year **1740 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George II
## Events
- January--February: the \'Great Frost\' continues: unusually harsh winter followed by a Spring drought.
- April -- citizens of Drogheda prevent food being exported from their town to Scotland.
- 31 May -- 2 June: bread riots in Dublin.
- June--December -- exceptionally cold weather, leading to the Great Irish Famine (1740--1741).
- First steam engine installed in Ireland, for pumping at Doonane Colliery, Shrule.
- A Dublin--Belfast stage coach service runs.
- Conolly\'s Folly in the grounds of Castletown House, County Kildare, commissioned by Katherine Conolly from architect Richard Cassels, is erected to provide employment for hundreds of the poor of Celbridge during the Famine.
- Susanna Drury shows her gouache drawings of the Giant\'s Causeway at the Dublin Society\'s first exhibition, bringing the site to wider attention.
- The original Ballymena Castle burns down.
## Births
- 7 April -- Armar Lowry-Corry, 1st Earl Belmore, politician and High Sheriff (d. 1802)
- 25 September -- Hercules Mulligan, tailor and spy during the American Revolution (d. 1825 in New York)
- 22 October -- Philip Francis, politician and pamphleteer (d. 1818)
\*;Full date unknown
\*:\*Richard Barrett, poet and United Irishman (d. 1818)
\*:\*John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel, politician and Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1828)
\*:\*Edmund Garvey, painter (d. 1813)
\*:\*Nathaniel Grogan, painter (d. 1807)
\*:\*James Napper Tandy, rebel leader (d. 1803 in Bordeaux)
## Deaths
- 13 May -- Thomas Milles, Church of Ireland Bishop of Waterford and Lismore since 1708 (b. 1671 in England)
- c\. June -- Bernard O\'Gara, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam
- 1 December -- John Abernethy, Presbyterian minister (b
| 287 |
1740 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,091,703 |
# Asahi Ryokuken International Championship
The **Asahi Ryokuken International Championship** was a golf tournament for professional female golfers that was part of the LPGA Tour from 2001 through 2004. It was played at the Mount Vintage Plantation Golf Club in North Augusta, South Carolina.
The first major professional golf tournament owned by African Americans Larry and John Fridie. The brothers partnered with Japanese-American Cappy Harada. They selected Mount Vintage Golf course in North Augusta, South Carolina as the official home of the tournament. In partnership with Bettis Rainsford the owner of Mt. Vintage they partnered and conducted the first tournament just days after 9/11 2001. Cappy Harada introduced Asahi Ryokuken of Japan as the official sponsor of the 1.2 million dollar prize for the winner. The tournament was broadcast on ESPN. The last tournament was held in October 2004. Tina Fischer of Germany was the first winner
## Winners
+------+-------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| Year | Champion | Country | Score | Purse | Winner\'s\ |
| | | | | | Share |
+======+===================+=========+===========+=============+============+
| 2004 | Liselotte Neumann | | 273 (-15) | \$1,000,000 | \$150,000 |
+------+-------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| 2003 | Rosie Jones | | 273 (-15) | \$1,300,000 | \$195,000 |
+------+-------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| 2002 | Janice Moodie | | 273 (-15) | \$1,250,000 | \$187,500 |
+------+-------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| 2001 | Tina Fischer | | 206 (-10) | \$1,200,000 | \$180,000 |
+------+-------------------+---------+-----------+-------------+------------+
The 2001 tournament was shortened to 54 holes due to rain
| 243 |
Asahi Ryokuken International Championship
| 0 |
10,091,759 |
# Trollhøtta
**Trollhøtta** is a mountain on the border of Rindal Municipality in Trøndelag county and Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal counties in Norway. The 1616 m tall mountain is part of the Trollheimen mountain range, just east of the lake Gråsjøen and the mountains Snota and Neådalssnota. To the south, across the valley *Svartådalen*, you see the mountains *Geithetta* and *Svarthetta*.
The mountain has three peaks: the eastern peak is 1522 m tall, the north one is 1596 m and the south one is 1616 m. You can access all three peaks during the summer, but a sharp and steep ridge between the eastern and northern peak is problematic in the winter for access from the east. The Norwegian Mountain Touring Association has a cabin, *Trollheimshytta*, near the foot of the northern peak. In the east, there is the cabin *Jøldalshytta*
| 143 |
Trollhøtta
| 0 |
10,091,765 |
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 70
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 70**, adopted on March 7, 1949, requested that the Secretary-General inform the Council of all reports and petitions received from or relating to strategic areas under trusteeship and requested that the Trusteeship Council submit to the Council its reports and recommendations for political, economic, social and educational matters affecting strategic areas under trusteeship.
The resolution was approved with eight votes to none, with Egypt, the Ukrainian SSR and Soviet Union abstaining
| 83 |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 70
| 0 |
10,091,794 |
# War of the Supremes
The **War of the Supremes** (*Guerra de los Supremos*, also called the *Guerra de los Conventos*, \'war of the convents\') was a civil conflict in Republic of the New Granada (present-day Colombia) from 1839 to 1842 caused by the ambitions of various regional leaders (*gamonales*) to seize power and depose President José Ignacio de Márquez. It was called the War of the Supremes because of the participation of General José María Obando and other revolutionary *gamonales* who called themselves *jefes supremos* (\'supreme chiefs\').
## Causes of the war {#causes_of_the_war}
The war began in Pasto, Colombia, after the suppression there of the smaller monasteries. In May 1839 Congress voted to close the monasteries in Pasto and dedicate their income to public education in the province. This was opposed by Ecuador, because the monks there were Ecuadoran.
The population of Pasto was devotedly Catholic. On June 30, 1839, the opponents of the closures revolted, raising the banner of federalism in opposition to the unitary central government. The uprising was supported by General Juan José Flores, president of Ecuador, and by the Catholic Society of Bogotá, formed a year earlier for the political expression of the most conservative sectors of the country.
The opposition Santanderista Party condemned the revolt and offered its services to President Márquez to fight it. They wanted Márquez to name José María Obando to pacify Pasto. They hoped that Obando would gain prestige in the fighting that would aid him in the presidential elections scheduled for the following year.
Nevertheless, the defense of the government was given principally to Generals Pedro Alcántara Herrán and Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, members of the governing party (*Partido Ministerial*, or *Partido de la Casaca Negra*). This party was later renamed the Conservative Party of Colombia. Obando, who was friends with the leaders of the revolt but did not support their actions, then went to Bogotá with the object, it was said, of placing himself under government surveillance to establish his non-complicity.
On August 31, 1839, General Alcántara Herrán defeated the rebels from Pasto at Buesaco. José Eraso, formerly a guerrilla in the service of Obando, was captured. He was famous because Marshal Antonio José de Sucre spent the night before his assassination in Eraso\'s house. Eraso was now supporting the government forces, but at the same time he was informing the Pasto guerrillas of their movements. According to the official account, when he was exposed as a double agent he thought that his arrest was for his participation in the assassination of Sucre nine years before. He immediately confessed to that crime.
Still according to the official account, Eraso denounced Antonio M. Alvárez, military head of the Pasto forces just defeated by Alcántara Herrán at Buesaco, and General José María Obando in the assassination of Sucre. On the basis of Eraso\'s declaration, a judge in Pasto ordered the arrest of Obando, the most likely candidate of the opposition party in the upcoming presidential elections.
Obando left Bogotá for Pasto, with the declared intention to face the charges against him. Nevertheless, when he arrived at Popayán he headed a short rebellion against the government. This was ended after a few days by an agreement with Alcántara Herrán, and Obando continued his journey to Pasto.
## The revolt of Obando and Ecuadoran intervention {#the_revolt_of_obando_and_ecuadoran_intervention}
It is impossible to say whether the charges were cooked up by the government, or whether they were true. Obando decided to escape from Pasto in July 1840 and to enter into open rebellion.
Fearing a nationwide revolution, Márquez asked Ecuadoran President Juan José Flores for military aid in suppressing the revolt of Obando. Flores agreed, because he wanted to see Obando punished for the assassination of Sucre (Flores had been implicated in the plot himself), because Alcántara Herrán offered the transfer of some Colombian territory to Ecuador, and because Obando by now was calling for the reestablishment of Gran Colombia, including Ecuador, as a federation. Obando also was calling for a revolution in Ecuador against Flores.
The combined forces of Alcántara Herrán and Flores defeated Obando at Huilquipamba. This was a Pyrrhic victory for the government, however, because the opposition now used the Ecuadoran intervention and the promises made to Ecuador as a call for a general uprising against Márquez. They also accused the government of trying to rig the upcoming elections.
| 727 |
War of the Supremes
| 0 |
10,091,794 |
# War of the Supremes
## The conflict becomes national {#the_conflict_becomes_national}
One after another the Santanderista leaders in the provinces revolted: Manuel González in Socorro, José María Vezga in Mariquita, Juan José Reyes Patria in Sogamoso and Tunja, Padre Rafael María Vásquez in Vélez, Francisco Farfán in Casanare, Salvador Córdova in Antioquia, Francisco Carmena in Ciénaga and Santa Marta, Juan Antonio Gutiérrez de Piñeres in Cartagena, Lorenzo Hernández in Mompós and Tomás Herrera in Panama. The rebel leaders declared their provinces sovereign states separated from Nueva Granada. They assumed the title of *jefes supremos* (supreme heads) of their provinces. The revolt had now changed from a religious uprising in a single province to a national conflict over federalism.
The Supremes swore that they would not return to Nueva Granada until the country was organized as a federation. Of the 20 provinces in the country, twelve were now totally controlled by the rebels, and four others were partially occupied by them. Bogotá was firmly in government hands, but was largely unguarded because most of the army was engaged in the Pasto conflict. On September 29, 1840, the same day Obando was defeated at the Battle of Huilquipamba, Reyes Patria and Manuel González, Supremo of El Socorro, defeated the only regular government troops in the central part of the country at La Polonia, near Socorro. This victory increased the prestige of the revolutionary forces, whose ranks swelled. González proclaimed himself the supreme head of the independent state formed by the ex-provinces of Socorro, Tunja, Pamplona, Vélez and Casanare, and went with his army to take Bogotá.
President Márquez left Bogotá to join with Generals Alcántara Herrán and Mosquera, leaving the vice president, General Domingo Caycedo, in charge of the government from October 5, 1840, to November 19, 1840.
González rejected all proposals of compromise. He would have seized the unguarded Bogotá if General Juan José Neira, distinguished in the war of independence, had not rallied the citizens and government forces and defeated González in the Battle of Buenavista (or La Culebrera) in October. Neira was gravely wounded in the battle, and died of his wounds a few months later.
This unexpected victory allowed the return of Márquez, with Alcántara Herrán and Mosquera not far behind. During the week from November 22 to November 28, 1840, called *la Gran Semana* (\'The Great Week\') rebel forces again threatened the capital. They advanced as far as Cajicá. Governor Lino de Pombo declared a state of siege and General Francisco Urdaneta, military chief of the garrison, mobilized the entire population for defense.
To raise the spirits of the defenders, a procession was held with the statue of Jesus of Nazareth of San Agustín, the same that had led the forces of Antonio Nariño in the War of Independence. General Neira was carried on the shoulders of distinguished gentlemen and crowned with laurel in the Plaza Mayor, in the middle of an uproarious ovation. Meanwhile, the government\'s Division of the South approached, under the command of General Alcántara Herrán, and the rebel army retired to the north.
After the defeat of Obando, the only national figure among them, the rebels were unable to unite under a single leader. After their initial successes, this was a major element in their defeat
| 543 |
War of the Supremes
| 1 |
10,091,809 |
# 1722 in Ireland
Events from the year **1722 in Ireland**
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George I
## Events
- William Wood commences the minting (in London) of copper halfpence and farthings for circulation in Ireland.
## Births
- May 29 -- James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, politician (d. 1773)
- Sir John Blackwood, 2nd Baronet, politician (d. 1799)
## Deaths
- March 11 -- John Toland, philosopher (b
| 70 |
1722 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,091,848 |
# 1799 in Ireland
Events from the year **1799 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 24 January -- A motion to debate an Act of Union is defeated in the Irish House of Commons, though it is later approved in the House of Lords
- 9 February -- In the worst ever loss-of-life incident on Irish inland waterways (as of `{{CURRENTYEAR}}`{=mediawiki}), around 91 people die when a barge crashes against a cutwater at Carrick Bridge and capsizes in Carrick-on-Suir.
- 15 February -- the rebel guerilla leader Michael Dwyer escapes from a gun battle with British troops at Miley Connell\'s cottage, Dernamuck, in the Glen of Imaal, County Wicklow. (today called the Dwyer--McAllister Cottage)
- River Shannon made navigable from Limerick to Killaloe.
## Births
- 28 February -- William Dargan, engineer and railway builder (died 1867).
- 9 August -- Henry Maxwell, 7th Baron Farnham, politician and peer (died 1868).
- 12 August -- Patrick MacDowell, sculptor (died 1870).
- 22 December -- Nicholas Callan, priest and scientist (died 1864).
- 26 December -- William Kennedy, Scottish poet, journalist and diplomat (died 1871 in France).
Full date unknown
:\*Henry Archer, barrister and entrepreneur in north Wales (died 1863 in France).
:\*Joseph M. Hawkins, Alamo defender (died 1836 in the United States).
## Deaths
- 11 January -- Thomas Bermingham, 1st Earl of Louth (born 1717)
- 27 February -- Sir John Blackwood, 2nd Baronet, politician (born 1722).
- 29 March -- Charles Bingham, 1st Earl of Lucan, High Sheriff of Mayo in 1756 (born 1735)
- 4 June -- Philip Woodroffe, surgeon
- 4 August -- James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont, politician, first President of the Royal Irish Academy, president of the volunteer convention in Dublin, 1783 (born 1728).
- 6 December -- John Moore, participant in Irish Rebellion of 1798, proclaimed President of the Government of the Province of Connaught (born 1767).
- 11 December -- \"Brave\" Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine, soldier in France (born 1751; died in France)
| 338 |
1799 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,091,857 |
# Union Hill, New Jersey
**Union Hill** was a town that existed in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, from 1864 to June 1, 1925, when it merged with West Hoboken to form Union City.
## History
### Civic boundaries {#civic_boundaries}
The area that became West Hoboken was originally inhabited by the Munsee-speaking branch of Lenape Native Americans, who wandered in the vast woodland area encountered by Henry Hudson during the voyages he conducted from 1609 to 1610 for the Dutch. Hudson later claimed the area (which included the future New York City) and named it New Netherland. The portion of that land that included the future Hudson County was purchased from members of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenni-Lenape in 1658 by New Netherland colony Director-General Peter Stuyvesant, and became part of Pavonia, New Netherland. The boundaries of the purchase are described in the deed preserved in the New York State Archives, as well as the medium of exchange: \"80 fathoms of wampum, 20 fathoms of cloth, 12 brass kettles, 6 guns, one double brass kettle, 2 blankets, and one half barrel of strong beer.\"
The relationship between the early Dutch settlers and Native Americans was marked by frequent armed conflict over land claims. In 1660, Peter Stuyvesant ordered the building of a fortified village called Bergen to protect the area. It was the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey, located in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street. In 1664, the British captured New Netherland from the Dutch, at which point the boundaries of Bergen Township encompassed what is now known as Hudson County. North of this was the unpopulated Bergen Woods, which would later be claimed by settlers, after whom a number of streets were named, such as Brown Street and Golden Lane, which still exist in Union City today.
The area that became Union Hill, however, was sparsely populated until the early 19th century. The British granted Bergen a new town charter in 1668. In 1682 they created Bergen County, which was named to honor their Dutch predecessors. That county comprised all of present-day Hudson, Bergen and Passaic counties. Sparsely inhabited during the 17th and 18th centuries, the southeast section of Bergen County had grown by the early 19th century to the point where it was deemed necessary to designate it a separate county. The New Jersey legislature created Hudson County in 1840, and in 1843, it was divided into two townships: Old Bergen Township (which eventually became Jersey City) and North Bergen Township, which was gradually separated into Hudson County\'s municipalities of Hoboken (1849), Weehawken and Guttenberg (1859), and Union Township (or simply Union,) (1864), though it was colloquially known as Union Hill. Union Hill was formed through the merger of a number of villages, such as Dalleytown, Buck\'s Corners and Cox\'s Corners. The largest of these villages, Union Hill, became the colloquial name for the merged town of Union itself. Union Hill was incorporated as a town by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 29, 1864, from part of Union Township. In 1866, part of North Bergen was added to it. The town was reincorporated on March 27, 1874. The northern section of Union Township was later incorporated as West New York in 1898.
Union Hill merged with West Hoboken to form Union City, which was incorporated on June 1, 1925.
One of Union City\'s schools, Union Hill Middle School recalls the name of the former town.
### Commerce
The town\'s commercial district was Bergen Turnpike, at the border with West Hoboken. Intersecting Bergen Turnpike was Bergenline Avenue, a former cowpath that became another commercial venue after plans to lay street car tracks on Palisade Avenue, two blocks to the east, were changed due to the objections of an influential citizen named Henry Kohlmeier. Kohlmeier opposed the noise that such traffic would bring, and suggested moving the tracks to Bergenline Avenue. Bergenline continues as Union City\'s main commercial thoroughfare, today, and is the longest commercial avenue in New Jersey.
## Mayors
- John Corky (1857--1936).
| 681 |
Union Hill, New Jersey
| 0 |
10,091,857 |
# Union Hill, New Jersey
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Paul Jappe (1898--1989), NFL player
- Eugene Jolas (1894--1952), writer, translator and literary critic
- Anne Ceridwen Rees (1874--1905), Welsh medical doctor, practiced in Union Hill
- Jules Couche (1847-1915), French inventor, U.S. patent holder, machinist and foreman of Simon Silk Mill in Union Hill
| 55 |
Union Hill, New Jersey
| 1 |
10,091,913 |
# Colony of Birchmen
\"**Colony of Birchmen**\" is a single by American heavy metal band Mastodon. It was featured on the group\'s third album, *Blood Mountain*. The song features backing vocals from Josh Homme, lead singer of the alternative rock band Queens of the Stone Age and former guitarist of Kyuss.
It is Mastodon\'s first single to reach the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, reaching #33, and was performed live on *Late Night with Conan O\'Brien* on November 1, 2006. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance, but lost to Slayer\'s \"Eyes of the Insane\".
The song\'s title is a homage to the Genesis song \"The Colony of Slippermen.\" Drummer Brann Dailor has said that *The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway*, on which \"Slippermen\" appears, is his all-time favorite album.
The song is part of the *Rock Band 2* main setlist and also in *Saints Row 2* as a radio song.
A music video was created for the song which features the band performing in a cavern, Ruby Falls, while strange phenomena occur above on the surface in a forest along with people that are associated with the events.
A live XFM version was featured on the *Oblivion EP*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Colony of Birchmen\"
2. \"Iron Tusk\" (Live)
3
| 217 |
Colony of Birchmen
| 0 |
10,091,917 |
# 6235 Burney
\
`{{mp|1984 YM|5}}`{=mediawiki}{{·}}`{{mp|1984 YO|6}}`{=mediawiki}
`| pronounced = `\
`| named_after = ``Venetia Burney`\
`{{small|(Proposed {{dp|Pluto}}'s name)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| mp_category = ``main-belt``{{·}}``{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|inner]])}}`{=mediawiki}\
`Flora``}}`\
`| orbit_ref = `\
`| epoch = 23 March 2018 (``JD`` 2458200.5)`\
`| uncertainty = 0`\
`| observation_arc = 67.29 ``yr`` (24,578 d)`\
`| aphelion = 2.5616 ``AU`\
`| perihelion = 1.9231 AU`\
`| semimajor = 2.2423 AU`\
`| eccentricity = 0.1424`\
`| period = 3.36 yr (1,226 d)`\
`| mean_anomaly = 0.6662``°`\
`| mean_motion = ``{{Deg2DMS|0.2935|sup=ms}}`{=mediawiki}` / day`\
`| inclination = 2.9152°`\
`| asc_node = 283.50°`\
`| arg_peri = 129.57°`\
`| mean_diameter = ``{{val|3.64|0.68|ul=km}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|4.05|0.73|u=km}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|4.083|0.156|u=km}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|4.50|u=km}}`{=mediawiki}` ``{{small|(calculated)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| rotation = ``{{val|15.515|0.002|ul=h}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| albedo = ``{{val|0.24}}`{=mediawiki}` ``{{small|(assumed)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|0.29|0.11}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|0.3509|0.0509}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|0.351|0.051}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|0.36|0.17}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| spectral_type = ``L`` ``{{small|([[Pan-STARRS]])}}`{=mediawiki}\
`L`` ``{{small|([[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]]-MOC)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`S`` ``{{small|(assumed)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| abs_magnitude = 13.7`\
`13.80`\
`{{val|13.88|0.23}}`{=mediawiki}\
`13.9`\
`14.28`
}}
**6235 Burney**, provisional designation `{{mp|1987 VB}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Florian or background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 km in diameter. It was discovered on 14 November 1987, by Japanese astronomers Seiji Ueda and Hiroshi Kaneda at the Kushiro Observatory on Hokkaido, Japan. The likely elongated L-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.5 hours. It was named for Venetia Burney, who first proposed `{{Dp|Pluto}}`{=mediawiki}\'s name.
## Orbit and classification {#orbit_and_classification}
*Burney* is a non-family asteroid of the main belt\'s background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. In the HCM assessment by Zappala and based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (`{{small|[[FIN tbl#402|402]]}}`{=mediawiki}), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9--2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,226 days; semi-major axis of 2.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body\'s observation arc begins with its first observation as `{{mp|1950 TX|2}}`{=mediawiki} at Goethe Link Observatory in October 1950, more than 37 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kushiro.
## Physical characteristics {#physical_characteristics}
*Burney* has been characterized as an L-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS{{\'}} survey and in the SDSS-based taxonomy. It is also an assumed S-type.
### Rotation period {#rotation_period}
In December 2004, a rotational lightcurve of *Burney* was obtained from photometric observations by Donald Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory `{{Obscode|912}}`{=mediawiki}. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 15.515 hours with a brightness variation of 0.60 magnitude (`{{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}`{=mediawiki}). The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) also measured a high amplitude 0.71 and 0.95 magnitude, which indicates that asteroid has an elongated shape.
### Diameter and albedo {#diameter_and_albedo}
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA\'s WISE telescope, *Burney* measures between 3.64 and 4.083 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.29 and 0.36.
The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes an albedo of 0.24 -- derived from 8 Flora, the parent body of the Flora family -- and calculates a diameter of 4.50 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.9.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after Venetia Burney (1918--2009) who, as a girl of eleven, first suggested the mythological name Pluto -- the Roman God of the Underworld who was able to make himself invisible -- for the dwarf planet `{{Dp|Pluto}}`{=mediawiki}, then considered the ninth planet in the Solar System. The naming of the asteroid \"Burney\" was not suggested by the asteroid discoverers. It was designated by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (SBN) of Division III (Planetary Systems Sciences) of the International Astronomical Union. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (`{{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 55720}}`{=mediawiki})
| 630 |
6235 Burney
| 0 |
10,091,919 |
# 1694 in Ireland
Events from the year **1694 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: William III and Mary II (until 28 December)
## Events
- French Huguenot refugees settle in Portarlington.
- 28 December -- with the death of Queen Mary II, William III becomes sole monarch.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- 9 January -- Henry Purcell\'s ode *Great Parent, Hail!* and John Blow\'s anthem *I Beheld, and Lo!* are performed in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, at a concert to mark the centenary of Trinity College.
- c\. 25 October -- Jonathan Swift is appointed to the Church of Ireland prebend of Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim (until 1696).
## Births
- 16 July -- Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone, politician (d. 1763)
- 8 August -- Francis Hutcheson, theologian and philosopher (d. 1746)
- 5 November -- Sir Robert Blackwood, 1st Baronet (d. 1774)
- Michael Cuffe, politician (d. 1744)
- Andrew Donlevy, Roman Catholic priest.
- William FitzMaurice, 2nd Earl of Kerry, peer and military officer (d. 1747)
- Warden Flood, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (d. 1764)
- Robert Parkinson, lawyer and politician (d. 1761)
## Deaths
- July 1 -- Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel, Jacobite general.
- 28 December -- Mary II of England, Queen regnant (b. 1662)
- c\. December -- Patrick Adair, Ulster Scots Presbyterian minister (b. c. 1625)
- Valentine Browne, 1st Viscount Kenmare, peer (b. 1638)
- Probable date -- Sir Brian O\'Neill, 2nd Baronet, judge and landowner
| 250 |
1694 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,091,934 |
# Perry Moore
**William Perry Moore IV** (November 4, 1971 -- February 17, 2011), widely known as **Perry Moore**, was an American author, screenwriter, and film director. He was an executive producer of *The Chronicles of Narnia* film series and the author of *Hero*, an award-winning novel about a gay teenage superhero.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born on November 4, 1971, in Richmond, Virginia, to Nancy Norris Moore and William, Vietnam War veteran and Bronze Star recipient. Moore grew up in Virginia Beach, Virginia, with two sisters, Jane and Elizabeth, and graduated high school from Norfolk Academy in 1990, where he was a student leader and athlete. Perry won several academic awards including recognition for excellence in public speaking. His classmates universally recognized Perry as a very popular student who always made everyone feel included, especially those who seemed to feel outcast. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1994, and while in college interned at the Virginia Film Festival. He also served as an intern in the White House and at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios in New York City.
He worked on the production team for *The Rosie O\'Donnell Show*, then joined Walden Media (a media production company created by conservative billionaire Phillip Anschutz to produce family-friendly movies, documentaries, and television programs). He was the executive in charge of production for the film *I Am David,* an adaptation the Anne Holm novel *North to Freedom.*
## Film career {#film_career}
Moore was an executive producer of *The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.* Moore spent several years seeking the movie rights to the seven novels by C. S. Lewis which comprise the Narnia books. His persistence proved critical for Walden Media in winning the rights; an obituary in *Variety* called his role \"instrumental\". As the *New York Times* reported in 2005: \"At the beginning of 2001, Perry Moore embarked on a forbidding quest. Mr. Moore, an executive with an untested movie company called Walden Media, dispatched an impassioned letter to the chief executive of the C. S. Lewis Company, seeking movie rights to the much-loved *Chronicles of Narnia* fantasy novels.\" After a meeting of executives, a handshake sealed the deal for the rights. Moore continued his role as executive producer with *Prince Caspian* (2008) and *The Voyage of the Dawn Treader* (2010).
He co-wrote and co-directed (with life partner Hunter Hill) the 2008 film *Lake City*, a drama that tells the story of a mother (Sissy Spacek) and son (Troy Garity) who reunite under desperate circumstances years after a family tragedy drove them apart. He also co-produced (again with Hill) a Spike Jonze-directed 2010 documentary (*Tell Them Anything You Want: A Portrait of Maurice Sendak*) about children\'s book author and illustrator Maurice Sendak.
In early 2010, Moore said he and Hill were planning to co-direct a feature film to star actress Julianne Moore. The night before he died, Moore told his father that he had just secured financing for a fourth Narnia movie based on the book *The Magician\'s Nephew*.
## Writing career {#writing_career}
In addition to his work in production and development, Moore wrote *The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe: The Official Illustrated Movie Companion*. The book was on the *New York Times* bestseller list in December 2005 and January 2006.
A longtime fan of children\'s literature and comic books, Moore\'s novel *Hero* was first published by Hyperion Books in August 2007. The young adult novel tells the story of a closeted gay teenager who becomes a superhero. In May 2008, *Hero* won a Lambda Literary Award as the best LGBT Children\'s/Young Adult novel of the past year. In 2008, Moore was in talks with veteran comic book writer Stan Lee about producing a television series based on the book. Moore began writing a sequel to *Hero* in 2009. Moore\'s father said that in early 2011 his son was working on turning *Hero* into a movie on the Starz cable television channel.
In February 2010, Moore said he was also at work on a new novel, *Way of the Wolf, Book One: Fire*, about triplets who inherit super powers and have to stop a villain from taking over the Earth.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Moore was openly gay. He lived in New York City with life partner Hunter Hill, a writer for *Paper* magazine. Moore was also a Christian and spoke publicly about his faith. According to family members, Moore had suffered knee and back problems before his death, which required pain medication and corrective surgery, but which he had put off to continue working.
Moore died on February 17, 2011, at age 39 of a drug overdose, his body discovered by Hill in their SoHo apartment. While an initial autopsy proved inconclusive, his death was subsequently attributed to a lethal combination of benzodiazepine, methadone, and morphine.
Having died unmarried and intestate, Moore\'s parents inherited his estate, including his share of a Manhattan residence, co-purchased with partner Hunter Hill in 2008. In 2012, Moore\'s parents asked the court of jurisdiction to require Hill, who remained in possession of the home, to either pay the estate\'s share of the estimated value or liquidate the asset
| 864 |
Perry Moore
| 0 |
10,091,953 |
# 1774 in Ireland
Events from the year **1774 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 17 September -- Clifton House, Belfast, the Belfast Charitable Society\'s poorhouse, is opened.
- New buildings in Armagh provided by Archbishop Richard Robinson are completed for the County Infirmary, Royal School and Military Barracks.
## Births
- 7 May -- Francis Beaufort, hydrographer and officer in the British Royal Navy, creator of the Beaufort scale (died 1857).
- 11 July -- Somerset Lowry-Corry, 2nd Earl Belmore, politician and statesman (died 1841).
- 29 December -- Maurice FitzGerald, 18th Knight of Kerry, Whig politician (died 1849).
Full date unknown
:\*Máire Bhuí Ní Laoghaire, poet (d.c1849).
:\*Bartholomew Teeling, a leader of the Irish forces during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 (died 1798).
## Deaths
- 4 April -- Oliver Goldsmith, novelist and playwright (born 1728 or 1730).
- 11 July -- Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, pioneer and army officer in colonial New York (born 1715).
- 14 July -- Field Marshal James O\'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley, officer in the British Army (born 1682).
- 27 December -- Henry Mossop, actor (born 1729).
- Sir Robert Blackwood, 1st Baronet (born 1694)
| 199 |
1774 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,091,969 |
# Mabry Hood House
The **Mabry Hood House**, also known as the **Mabry Hood Mansion**, and the **Upland South Plantation**, was a former cotton plantation and historic antebellum style plantation home once located on the south side of Kingston Pike at the intersection of Mabry Hood Road in Knox County, Tennessee. The vacant home sat in the path of Pellissippi Parkway and was demolished in 1983 after falling into disrepair.
## History
Mabry Hood was a two-story, Greek Revival style home with a columned, two-story high front portico. Although primarily brick, wood siding was located on the front face of the home behind the portico.
The productive, 3000 acre plantation was occupied from c. 1830 through the early 20th Century by the George Mabry family. George Washington Mabry (21 July 1823 -- 23 July 1912) married Jeanette Hume in 1846, and built the mansion c. 1851, five years after the marriage. The mansion was constructed by slaves. Mabry was recorded as having 18 slaves in the 1850 census, but only 8 slaves in the 1860 census.
## The Mabry family {#the_mabry_family}
By 1860, George Mabry and his wife Jeanette had at least five children. However, they also had a residence in what is now downtown Knoxville. Robert Tracy McKenzie noted that George Mabry declined to take the Confederate loyalty oath, which complicated his ability to travel to his west Knox County farm while the region was under the control of the Confederacy. His relationship did not improve when Union forces took control of East Tennessee, since he admitted that one reason he did not actively support the C.S.A. was his expectation that they would lose the war.
His brother, Joseph Alexander Mabry II (c. 1825 - October 19, 1882) and nephew Joseph Alexander Mabry III (May 23, 1855 -- October 19, 1882), both immortalized in Mark Twain\'s *Life on the Mississippi*, are also associated with this estate. However, Joseph Alexander Mabry II built a home in east Knoxville in 1858, the Mabry-Hazen House, Knoxville, which is now a historic house museum.
The family\'s wealth, prominence and political connections are illustrated by how Jeanette Mabry avoided harm during the U.S. Civil War. Although George Mabry was officially \"neutral\", his Scottish-born wife was an outspoken opponent of secession. Robert Tracy McKenzie reports that Mrs. Mabry threatened to return to Scotland if the South was successful, and informed her husband that she would not live in the C.S.A. even if \"Washington and Jefferson were both raised from the dead\". Her wealth, prominence and being female, as well as having Joseph Mabry - an early secessionist leader - as a brother-in-law, are cited as reasons she was not harmed. Their neighbors, the James Harvey Baker family, did not share her views.
## Demolition
The house was last occupied in the late 1960s, when it was sold. It was sold again to an engineering firm in 1974. During its abandonment, the house fell into a state of disrepair and was burglarized and vandalized on multiple occasions. It was finally demolished in early March 1983.
Archaeological investigations were conducted in the early 1990s in preparation for the extension of Pellissippi Parkway. The Mabry estate was classified by this investigation as an Upland South plantation, only a limited amount of cotton was found to have been grown on the estate. In addition to the mansion, two slaves quarters were identified and artifacts recovered. The site was considered significant for the insights it provided on the lives of the slaves and their relationship with their masters.
The Mabry Hood House was one of several antebellum plantation homes located along Kingston Pike in the western Knox County. (The nearby Baker Peters House and Statesview, located near the intersection of Kingston Pike and Peters Road, still stand.) Unlike Knollwood, which was located on the top of Bearden Hill, the Mabry Hood House sat close to modern-day Kingston Pike, and near grade
| 651 |
Mabry Hood House
| 0 |
10,092,032 |
# 1701 in Ireland
Events from the year **1701 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: William III
## Events
- March 14 -- all illegal cargoes of grain brought from Ireland to the west of Scotland are ordered to be sunk.
- June 24 -- the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, becomes law. Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant descendants are next in line to the throne following Anne, the heir apparent to her brother-in-law King William III, ensuring that no Catholic will inherit the throne.
- July 1 -- an equestrian statue of King William III by Grinling Gibbons is unveiled by Dublin Corporation on College Green on the 11th anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne.
- September 18 -- Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, sworn as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (appointed 1700).
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Marsh\'s Library in Dublin is established by Narcissus Marsh (Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)) as the first public library in Ireland (architect: Sir William Robinson) with refugee French Huguenot scholar Élie Bouhéreau as its first librarian.
- Upper gallery of the Smock Alley Theatre in Dublin collapses for the second time.
## Births
- March 11 -- Mark Kenton Sr., frontiersman, father of Simon Kenton (died near the Monongahela River in the United States 1783)
- March 11 -- Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown (d. 1783)
- Unknown
- Matthew Concanen, wit, poet, playwright and lawyer (d. 1749)
- Matthew Pilkington, art historian and satirist (died 1774)
## Deaths
- June -- Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Abercorn, peer
| 268 |
1701 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,092,052 |
# 1783 in Ireland
Events from the year **1783 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 5 March -- the *Count de Belgioioso*, bound from Liverpool to China, founders on the Kish Bank in Dublin Bay in a storm. On 2 June, Scottish diver Charles Spalding and his nephew Ebenezer Watson die in attempting to salvage the £150,000-worth of cargo from the ship using a diving bell of Spalding\'s design.
- 17 March -- Installation dinner for the founding of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick by King George III of the United Kingdom takes place in Dublin Castle.
- 17 April -- the Renunciation Act, is passed by Westminster. It acknowledges the exclusive right of the Parliament of Ireland to legislate for Ireland.
- 25 June -- the Bank of Ireland opens for business in a former private residence at Mary\'s Abbey off Capel Street in Dublin and begins to issue notes.
- The first balloon ascent takes place on Leinster House grounds in Dublin
- 3 October -- first Waterford Crystal glassmaking business begins production in Waterford.
## Births
- 26 April -- Peter Boyle de Blaquière, politician in Canada and first chancellor of the University of Toronto (died 1860).
- 28 April -- Sir Eyre Coote, KB, soldier (born 1726).
- 24 July -- William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey, politician and statesman (died 1843).
## Deaths
- 2 October -- Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown (born 1701).
- 10 October -- Henry Brooke, writer (born 1703).
- 2 December -- Thomas Burke, physician, lawyer and Governor of North Carolina (b. c1747).
Full date unknown
:\*James Adair, trader with Native Americans and historian (b. c1709).
:\*Robert Barber, quartermaster on HMS *Adventure* during Captain Cook\'s Second Voyage (born 1749)
| 298 |
1783 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,092,074 |
# EP C
***EP C*** is the first EP from the American math rock band Battles. It was released on Monitor Records
| 22 |
EP C
| 0 |
10,092,076 |
# West Hoboken, New Jersey
**West Hoboken** was a municipality that existed in Hudson County, New Jersey, from 1861 to 1925. It merged with Union Hill to form Union City on June 1, 1925.
The town is notable for being the first city in which Mallomars were sold.
## History
### Early history and civic boundaries {#early_history_and_civic_boundaries}
The area that became West Hoboken was originally inhabited by the Munsee-speaking branch of Lenape Native Americans, who wandered into the vast woodland area encountered by Henry Hudson during the voyages he conducted from 1609 to 1610 for the Dutch, who later claimed the area (which included the future New York City) and named it New Netherland. The portion of that land that included the future Hudson County was purchased from members of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenni-Lenape in 1658 by New Netherland colony Director-General Peter Stuyvesant, and became part of Pavonia, New Netherland. The boundaries of the purchase are described in the deed preserved in the New York State Archives, as well as the medium of exchange: \"80 fathoms of wampum, 20 fathoms of cloth, 12 brass kettles, 6 guns, one double brass kettle, 2 blankets, and one half barrel of strong beer.\"
The relationship between the early Dutch settlers and Native Americans was marked by frequent armed conflict over land claims. In 1660, Peter Stuyvesant ordered the building of a fortified village called Bergen to protect the area. It was the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey, located in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street. In 1664, the British captured New Netherland from the Dutch, at which point the boundaries of Bergen Township encompassed what is now known as Hudson County. North of this was the unpopulated Bergen Woods, which would later be claimed by settlers, after whom a number of Union City streets today are named, including Sip Street, Tournade Lane and Kerrigan Avenue, which is named after J. Kerrigan, the owner of Kerrigan Farm, who donated the land for Saint Michael\'s Monastery.
The area that became West Hoboken, however, was sparsely populated until the early 19th century. The British granted Bergen a new town charter in 1668. In 1682 they created Bergen County, which was named to honor their Dutch predecessors. That county comprised all of present-day Hudson, Bergen and Passaic counties. Sparsely inhabited during the 17th and 18th centuries, the southeast section of Bergen County had grown by the early 19th century to the point where it was deemed necessary to designate it a separate county. The New Jersey legislature created Hudson County in 1840, and in 1843, it was divided into two townships: Old Bergen Township (which eventually became Jersey City) and North Bergen Township, which was gradually separated into Hudson County\'s municipalities of Hoboken (1849), Weehawken and Guttenberg (1859), and Union City Township in 1861, though it was colloquially known as Union Hill. West Hoboken was incorporated as a township by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 28, 1861, from portions of North Bergen Township. The township was reincorporated on April 6, 1871, and again on March 27, 1874. Portions of the township were ceded to Weehawken in 1879. On June 28, 1884, West Hoboken was reincorporated as a town, based on an ordinance passed nine days earlier. The town was reincorporated on April 24, 1888, based on the results of a referendum passed 12 days earlier. Union City was incorporated on June 1, 1925, by merging the two towns of West Hoboken and Union Hill.
### Business
Mallomars were first sold in a grocery in West Hoboken. The town had two commercial districts. Transfer Station at Paterson Plank Road and Summit Avenue, in the southern part of town, and Bergen Turnpike, at the border with Union Hill.
| 634 |
West Hoboken, New Jersey
| 0 |
10,092,076 |
# West Hoboken, New Jersey
## Notable people {#notable_people}
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with West Hoboken include: **(B)** denotes that the person was born there.
- Charles Avedisian (1917--1983), football player who played in the NFL for the New York Giants **(B)**
- Pietro Botto (1864--1945), owner of the Pietro and Maria Botto House in Haledon, New Jersey, which was a central location of the 1913 Paterson Silk Strike, and the first Italian American site to be designated a national landmark. Botto emigrated from Biella, Italy in 1892, first settling in West Hoboken.
- James E. Buttersworth (1817--1894), British maritime artist
- Rene Paul Chambellan (1893--1955), sculptor who specialized in architectural sculpture, and one of the foremost practitioners of what was then called the \"French Modern Style\", or Art Deco **(B)**
- Pietro di Donato (1911--1992), writer known for his novel, *Christ in Concrete* **(B)**
- Antonio Jacobsen (1850--1921), maritime artist known as the \"Audubon of Steam Vessels\"
- Joe Jeanette (1879--1958), considered one of the best African American heavyweight boxers of the early 20th Century **(B)**
- Ada Lunardoni (1911--2003), artistic gymnast who competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics and placed fifth with the team **(B)**
- Otto Messmer (1892--1983), the creator of *Felix the Cat* **(B)**
- Ioan Missir (1890--1945), Romanian lawyer, politician and novelist
- William Musto (1917--2006), Mayor of Union City from 1962 to 1970 and from 1974 to 1982
- Arthur Pinajian (1914--1999), Armenian American artist and comic book creator, known as the creator of the characters Madame Fatal and Invisible Hood
- William Ranney (1813--1857), painter best known for his depictions of Western life, sporting scenery, historical subjects and portraiture
- Alvin Sella (c. 1920--2013), painter and educator **(B)**
- Walter Walsh (1907--2014), FBI agent, USMC shooting instructor and Olympic shooter
- Gene Wettstone (1913--2013), gymnastics coach, known for leading Pennsylvania State University to a record nine N.C.A.A. championships in the sport, and for coaching the U.S
| 330 |
West Hoboken, New Jersey
| 1 |
10,092,108 |
# Sânandrei
**Sânandrei** (formerly **Sântandraș**; *St. Andreas*; *Szentandrás*; *Svetandraš*) is a commune in Timiș County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Carani, Covaci and Sânandrei (commune seat).
## Name
Romanian Hungarian German Serbian
-------------------------- ---------------- --------------- -------------------------
Carani \[Merțișoara\] *Mercyfalva* *Mercydorf*
Covaci *Temeskovácsi* *Kowatsch*
Sânandrei \[Sântandraș\] *Szentandrás* *St. Andreas* Светандраш/*Svetandraš*
## Geography
Sânandrei is located in western Romania, in the south of the Western Plain, also known as the Tisa Plain, 12 km from Timișoara. The total area of Sânandrei commune, composed of the three villages of Sânandrei, Carani and Covaci, is 9,684.25 ha, of which 444.25 ha is in the built-up area and 9,240 ha is outside the built-up area.
## History
### Sânandrei
Sânandrei is one of the oldest settlements in Banat, whose first recorded mention dates from 1230, when it was owned by the chapter of Arad. In the medieval period it was a Romanian locality. In 1717 it had 23 houses and was called *St. André*. The first colonization of the village with Germans took place in 1748--1749. The second wave of colonization took place in 1766, when French people were brought in, and in 1772 the third wave of colonists settled, consisting of 42 German families. Thus, until the end of the 18th century, Sânandrei became a German locality, but the Romanians also remained an important community. In 1811 the Germans built the Roman Catholic church, and the Romanians built the Orthodox church in 1834.
In the interwar period it was part of Plasa Chișoda, Timiș-Torontal County and was a prosperous locality. After World War II, the number of Germans began to decline, and in the 1970s Romanians became the majority. After 1990, they left the village en masse to settle in Germany.
### Carani
Carani was built in 1735 by Italian colonists brought by the Habsburg monarchy as part of a massive effort to populate Banat with Western Europeans. It was one of the first villages for colonists, founded and inhabited exclusively by Italians, being the only majority-Italian settlement in the entire Banat. The inhabitants grew silkworms, having been brought there in order to start silkworm production in Banat.
The village was founded under the name of *Mercydorf* (\"Mercy\'s village\"), in honour of General Claude Florimond de Mercy, who was charged with administering Banat. Later, new waves of colonists arrived -- French people and Germans from Alsace-Lorraine. The first came around 1752, then in 1763, so that by 1770 the village was substantially French in character. Religious services were held in three languages: Italian, French and German. However, with time, the village grew more German, in line with the rest of Banat. By the end of the 18th century, Carani was already a Banat Swabian village.
### Covaci
Covaci was founded in 1843 when German and a few Hungarian settlers were brought to an estate there. By 1890 it was a commune seat with 955 inhabitants and was part of Temes County, Timișoara District. The Catholic church was built between 1895 and 1898 and was blessed on 30 November 1898. Until the latter half of the 20th century, the village had a strong German majority. This changed dramatically due to emigration, so that by 2002, of 751 inhabitants, only 19 were Germans.
## Demographics
Sânandrei had a population of 5,717 inhabitants at the 2011 census, up 6% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (87.7%), larger minorities being represented by Hungarians (1.64%) and Germans (1.12%). For 8.2% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (78.05%), but there are also minorities of Roman Catholics (3.78%), Greek Catholics (2.99%), Pentecostals (2.78%) and Baptists (1.01%). For 8.26% of the population, religious affiliation is unknown
| 614 |
Sânandrei
| 0 |
10,092,141 |
# Van Vorst Township, New Jersey
**Van Vorst** was a township that existed in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, from 1841 to 1851, that is now a neighborhood in Jersey City. The township was located on the Hudson River, to the west and north of the original territory of Jersey City and across from Manhattan.
Van Vorst was incorporated as a township by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 12, 1841, from portions of Bergen Township.
As of the 1850 United States census, the township had a total population of 4,617.
On March 18, 1851, Van Vorst Township was annexed by Jersey City
| 107 |
Van Vorst Township, New Jersey
| 0 |
10,092,186 |
# Nagata ring
In commutative algebra, an **N-1 ring** is an integral domain $A$ whose integral closure in its quotient field is a finitely generated $A$-module. It is called a **Japanese ring** (or an **N-2 ring**) if for every finite extension $L$ of its quotient field $K$, the integral closure of $A$ in $L$ is a finitely generated $A$-module (or equivalently a finite $A$-algebra). A ring is called **universally Japanese** if every finitely generated integral domain over it is Japanese, and is called a **Nagata ring**, named for Masayoshi Nagata, or a **pseudo-geometric ring** if it is Noetherian and universally Japanese (or, which turns out to be the same, if it is Noetherian and all of its quotients by a prime ideal are N-2 rings). A ring is called **geometric** if it is the local ring of an algebraic variety or a completion of such a local ring, but this concept is not used much.
## Examples
Fields and rings of polynomials or power series in finitely many indeterminates over fields are examples of Japanese rings. Another important example is a Noetherian integrally closed domain (e.g. a Dedekind domain) having a perfect field of fractions. On the other hand, a principal ideal domain or even a discrete valuation ring is not necessarily Japanese.
Any quasi-excellent ring is a Nagata ring, so in particular almost all Noetherian rings that occur in algebraic geometry are Nagata rings. The first example of a Noetherian domain that is not a Nagata ring was given by `{{harvtxt|Akizuki|1935}}`{=mediawiki}.
Here is an example of a discrete valuation ring that is not a Japanese ring. Choose a prime $p$ and an infinite degree field extension $K$ of a characteristic $p$ field $k$, such that $K^p\subseteq k$. Let the discrete valuation ring $R$ be the ring of formal power series over $K$ whose coefficients generate a finite extension of $k$. If $y$ is any formal power series not in $R$ then the ring $R[y]$ is not an N-1 ring (its integral closure is not a finitely generated module) so $R$ is not a Japanese ring.
If $R$ is the subring of the polynomial ring $k[x_1, x_2, ...]$ in infinitely many generators generated by the squares and cubes of all generators, and $S$ is obtained from $R$ by adjoining inverses to all elements not in any of the ideals generated by some $x_n$, then $S$ is a `{{nowrap|1-dimensional}}`{=mediawiki} Noetherian domain that is not an N-1 ring, in other words its integral closure in its quotient field is not a finitely generated $S$-module. Also $S$ has a cusp singularity at every closed point, so the set of singular points is not closed
| 441 |
Nagata ring
| 0 |
10,092,198 |
# Gary Stadler
**Gary Stadler** is an American new-age pianist, composer, songwriter and producer, specializing in contemporary Celtic-influenced themes and atmospheres. Stadler\'s six albums generally focus on imaginative concepts loosely based in Celtic mythology, especially stories of fairy realm. His music combines melodic elements of rare world instruments, mastery of synthesizer orchestrations and studio techniques. He has collaborated with vocalists Singh Kaur and Wendy Rule.
Stadler\'s third album, *Fairy Heartmagic* was listed on Billboard\'s New Age Top 25 chart for four weeks in year 2000. Several of his songs have been featured on compilations on multiple record labels in the US and Europe.
Stadler is the brother of professional golfer Craig Stadler.
## Background and artistic development {#background_and_artistic_development}
Stadler grew up in San Diego. In school, he learned to play the piano and most common orchestral instruments. Becoming an orchestra conductor was a childhood aspiration of his.
In 1993 he wrote the songs \"Dream Spell\" and \"Awakening\" for a local play *The Goblin\'s Bride*, based on Celtic fairy-realm myths. Those songs were the genesis of his first album, *Fairy of the Woods*, released by Sequoia Records in 1996, and well received by the alternative market of independent New Age bookstores.
As he garnered a loyal audience, Stadler added vocals and moved into a more acoustic direction on his second album released in 1998, *Fairy NightSongs*, featuring the voice of Singh Kaur, known to New Age listeners for her *Crimson Series* of recordings with harpist Kim Robertson.
Stadler\'s third record was *Fairy HeartMagic* in 2000, a collaboration with Celtic harpist Lisa Lynne, and vocalist \"Stephannie\" the sister of a friend filling in for Singh Kaur after her death. Stephannie composed lyrics recalled from dreams in a form of glossolalia she referred to as a new language of Celtic fantasy. It was released on Sequoia Records in October 2000 and recognized on Billboard\'s New Age Top 25. The song \"Fairy NightSongs\" from this album was awarded JPF Best New Age/World song of 2004 following its appearance on a compilation.
Stadler\'s fourth album, *Reflections of Faerie*, in 2003 returned to instrumental pieces reminiscent of his first release, mostly on solo piano, and once again the harp of Lisa Lynne. In 2004, for his fifth release *Deep Within a Faerie Forest*, Stadler collaborated with singer and composer Wendy Rule of Australia. His sixth album, *Faerie Lullabies* was a retrospective produced in 2006 in which he chose the most peaceful and comforting pieces from his earlier releases and re-recorded them in the form of instrumental lullabies, intended for both children and their parents.
Stadler\'s song \"Fairy of the Woods\" was featured on the soundtrack of *A Magickal Life: Jeff McBride*, produced and broadcast by Canada\'s VisionTV, a one-hour episode of their series *Enigma True-Life Stories* in January 2006. His former wife Tamara contributed lyrics to his albums as well as the albums of fellow Vegas Vortex musical group Zingaia.
## Album artwork {#album_artwork}
The artwork on the first two of Stadler\'s six albums was created by San Diego artist Scott Thom, known for his original airbrush paintings and New Age greeting cards. Las Vegas artist Katlyn Breene of Zingaia (who also wrote some of the lyrics on *Fairy NightSongs* and *Fairy HeartMagic*) created the artwork for Stadler\'s remaining albums.
## Other interests {#other_interests}
Stadler has worked in stage lighting and laser art (one of his first careers), producing \"wet\" light shows`{{clarify|date=April 2025}}`{=mediawiki} and laser light shows in the 1970s and 1980s, owning and operating an electronic design/manufacturing company from the mid-1970s through the late 1990s, and winning a Technical Achievement Oscar in 1994 for innovations in the film lighting industry. He has used these skills for events produced by the Vegas Vortex, and stage magic productions of Jeff McBride, as well as the creation of temporary art installations at the Burning Man festivals.
Stadler has also specialized in technical and historical glassblowing, particularly the manufacture of distillation equipment for essential oils
| 656 |
Gary Stadler
| 0 |
10,092,212 |
# Baker Peters House
The **Baker Peters House** is an antebellum house located on the south side of Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, near the intersection of Peters Road and Kingston Pike. The house is a two-story Greek Revival structure. It has a porte-cochere on the east side for carriages, and a rear wing that projects out on the southwest side of the house. It also has a columned, two-story front porch. The main body of the house is brick, but the rear wing was originally finished in wood siding.
It was constructed in 1840 by Dr. James Harvey Baker, a local physician. He continued to own the house until his death during the Civil War. Harvey Baker was a Confederate supporter and his son Abner was a Confederate soldier. Dr. Baker was killed at the home by Union troops who traveled along Kingston Pike during a raid of Knoxville in June 1863. A marker in front of the home incorrectly claims he was killed while treating wounded Confederate soldiers in the house in 1864. There is no evidence he ever used the home as a hospital for wounded troops. In fact, Dr. Baker is likely one of the first people killed by Union forces in Knox County according to historian Joan Markel at the McClung Museum.
The Union troops fired through a barricaded door in the home, and hit Dr. Baker. His son Abner was away at war at the time of the incident, but became a historical figure upon his return in 1865 when he shot and killed a man named William Hall in downtown Knoxville. Hall worked for the clerk of court and fought for the Union during the Civil War. Early accounts of the shooting make no mention of it being an act of vengeance. Instead, newspapers claim the fight was between two people with an \"old grudge\" who were on opposite sides of the war, with partisan papers mostly disagreeing on whether the shooting was self-defense. A book published in 1976 claims Abner believed the man he shot was somehow involved in his father\'s death. Whatever the motivation, Abner was immediately captured and jailed when the shooting occurred. That night, an angry mob of Unionists overran the jail, took Abner outside, and hanged him from a tree in Downtown Knoxville.
The Baker house was sold in the late 19th century to George Peters.
The Baker Peters House was one of several antebellum plantation homes on Kingston Pike. Mabry Hood House, located to the west on Kingston Pike, was demolished in the late 20th century to make way for Pellissippi Parkway. The Baker Peters House avoided a similar fate, but the site has been compromised/saved by commercial uses. The building itself now houses a restaurant/nightclub, while the land around it is occupied by parking lots and businesses. Crescent Bend (The Armstrong-Lockett House), Bleak House, and Knollwood, all located farther to the east on Kingston Pike, remain in good condition.
The upstairs of the Baker Peters house is currently in a renovation process and plans to re-open as a restaurant and piano bar in early-2016. The downstairs of the house is a dental office and has been since 1989
| 532 |
Baker Peters House
| 0 |
10,092,216 |
# Lars Winde
**Lars Winde** (born 3 December 1975) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Danish Superliga clubs Esbjerg fB and Aalborg BK (AaB) as well as Austrian Bundesliga side SW Bregenz. Winde played seven games for the Denmark U21 national team.
## Career
Lars Winde is the son of former 1960s Aalborg BK (AaB) goalkeeper Kurt Winde. As a child, he played football as an outfield player, but ultimately chose the goalkeeper position due to asthma. In January 1994, at the age of 18, Winde became the understudy of Norway international goalkeeper Thomas Gill. He signed a one-year professional contract with AaB in the Summer 1994, and was an unused substitute as AaB won the 1994--95 Danish Superliga championship. In June 1995, he extended his contract by an additional year.
Winde got his senior breakthrough with AaB during the 1995--96 Danish Superliga season. He was handed his Superliga debut in August 1995 by manager Sepp Piontek, replacing the injured Gill. When Gill suffered another injury in November 1995, Winde was praised for his displays for AaB. Even though Gill was ready for action in December 1995, Winde was preferred for the 1995--96 UEFA Champions League group stage game against Portuguese team FC Porto, which ended a 2--2 draw. As Gill left AaB in January 1996, Winde consolidated himself as AaB\'s first choice goalkeeper. He signed a two-year contract extension in May 1996.
In April 1997, Winde suffered a shoulder injury which forced him out of the team. In his place, reserve \'keeper Jimmy Nielsen impressed enough, that Winde was demoted to the role of reserve once he had regained his fitness later that month. He and Nielsen were seen by AaB manager Hans Backe to be very much on par, and Winde opted to sign a contract until the Summer 1999, eventually extending it until 2004. He spent the entire season on the bench once more, as AaB won the 1998--99 Danish Superliga championship.
By February 2000, Winde made public his desire to leave AaB on a loan contract. He was loaned out to Austrian Bundesliga club SW Bregenz in January 2001, brought in by manager Ove Flindt Bjerg, a former AaB player. He stayed with Bregenz for one-and-a-half years as the starting goalkeeper, before returning to AaB in May 2002.
Having played no Superliga games for AaB since April 1997, Winde agreed a January 2003 move to Superliga rivals Esbjerg fB. Winde forced Martin S. Jensen out of the team, and only missed a single Superliga game until September 2005, at which time he incurred a knee injury. He regained the starting position from understudy Jan Hoffmann in April 2006, and was part of the Esbjerg team which reached the 2006 Danish Cup Final, losing to Randers FC. He and Esbjerg also reached the 2008 Danish Cup Final, which was lost to Brøndby IF. Winde made the starting position his until the beginning of the 2010--11 Danish Superliga season. Following four straight Superliga defeats, Esbjerg manager Ove Pedersen decided to make Lukáš Hrádecký the starting goalkeeper in August 2010. Winde eventually reclaimed his position and Ove Pedersen made him Esbjerg team captain in March 2011
| 533 |
Lars Winde
| 0 |
10,092,225 |
# Red Nose Day 2007
***Red Nose Day 2007*** was a fund raising event in England organized by Comic Relief, broadcast live on BBC One and BBC Two from the evening of 16 March 2007 to early the following morning. It was part of \"The Big One\" campaign. Presenters introduced the show in two-halves, one titled \'The funny\' and the other titled \'The money\'.
## Presenters
+-------------+------------------+
| Time | Presenters |
+=============+==================+
| 19.00-20.00 | Lenny Henry\ |
| | Fearne Cotton |
+-------------+------------------+
| 20.00-21.00 | Kate Thornton\ |
| | Paul O\'Grady |
+-------------+------------------+
| 21.00-22.00 | Chris Evans\ |
| | Davina McCall |
+-------------+------------------+
| 22.00-22.30 | Jeremy Clarkson\ |
| | Richard Hammond\ |
| | James May |
+-------------+------------------+
| 22.30-00.00 | Jonathan Ross\ |
| | Fearne Cotton |
+-------------+------------------+
| 00.00-01.35 | Graham Norton\ |
| | Davina McCall |
+-------------+------------------+
| 01.35-03.05 | Russell Brand |
+-------------+------------------+
| 03.05-04.30 | Simon Pegg\ |
| | Nick Frost |
+-------------+------------------+
## Donation progress {#donation_progress}
### 16 March 2007 {#march_2007}
- 7:25 pm - £2,256,037
- 8:19 pm - £7,430,542 (£2,000,136 raised by TK Maxx selling Red Nose Day T-shirts in store)
- 9:09 pm - £15,139,826 (£1,001,219 raised by Walkers WalkEars)
- 9:48 pm - £22,148,068 (£7,008,242 raised by Sainsbury\'s)
- 9:54 pm - £26,820,554
- 11:30 pm - £27,420,554 (£600,000 raised by BBC Radio 1)
- 11:31 pm - £27,771,803 (£351,249 raised by Müller)
- 11:52 pm - £34,269,843
### 17 March 2007 {#march_2007_1}
- 12:39 am - £34,346,177 (£76,334 from Andrex)
- 1:35 am - £38,157,240
- 3:03 am - £40,236,142
| 272 |
Red Nose Day 2007
| 0 |
10,092,225 |
# Red Nose Day 2007
## Appeals
Title Appeal by Location Problem Solution
----------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\'Nothing can Prepare You\' Ant & Dec Kenya Poor hygiene and waste disposal £90 builds a toilet cubicle that reduces the spread of disease.
\'Net Danger\' Ewan McGregor UK Internet child grooming £20 can keep a child safe.
\'14 in One Room\' Ant & Dec Kenya Malnutrition £60 gives a Kenyan child food for a month.
\'Care for the Carers\' ? UK 11-year-old girl cares full-time for both of her disabled parents £15 can give her a day out
\'Preventable and Curable\' Davina McCall Tanzania Malaria is killing children due to lack of medication and trained nurses 60p pays for medication to save a life.
\'Safety Net\' Davina McCall Tanzania Disease spreading by parasites £2.50 buys a mosquito net which can prevent fatal infections
\'Families Reunited\' Fearne Cotton UK Teenagers who have run away from home getting into trouble Comic Relief can keep them safe.
\'A Kind of Miracle\' Billy Connolly Somaliland Comic Relief has helped provide medical supplies and an ambulance.
\'Why?\' Annie Lennox Africa Report about those who have been saved and those less fortunate.
\'Life Line\' Davina McCall UK Victims of Domestic violence With money, Comic Relief can help.
\'Child in Danger\' ? Tanzania Child malnutrition £38 can buy six months food for a child.
\'Darfur\' Michael Palin Darfur, Western Sudan Genocide and victims of rape £15 helps rape victims.
\'Lifesaving Care\' Billy Connolly Kibera AIDS sufferers deny illness and treatment to save face Money supports community hospitals who take away the social stigmata.
\'Child by Child\' ? Tanzania A child named Grey is suffering from Malaria Comic Relief has halved the death rate of people suffering from the same condition.
\'Slavery in the UK\' Emma Thompson UK A girl who left her own country in search of a new life, ended up a sex slave in a UK brothel Comic Relief gave the girl a new life.
| 329 |
Red Nose Day 2007
| 1 |
10,092,225 |
# Red Nose Day 2007
## Sketches
Title Brief Description\|- Starring
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mr. Bean\'s Wedding A brand-new Mr. Bean sketch centering on Bean sabotaging a couple\'s wedding. Rowan Atkinson, Matthew Macfadyen, Michelle Ryan, Selina Cadell and David Haig
Harry Hill\'s TV Burp A special version of the show. Harry Hill, Mr. Blobby
Comic Relief Does Little Britain Live Several extracts from the live show of Little Britain performed at the Hammersmith Apollo on 22 November 2006 Matt Lucas, David Walliams, Russell Brand, David Baddiel, Dennis Waterman, Kate Moss, Dawn French, Anthony Head, Paul Putner and Jonathan Ross
The Catherine Tate Show Lauren Cooper has a new teacher who looks like the Doctor from *Doctor Who* David Tennant
Elaine Figgis dates Daniel Craig Daniel Craig
Geordie Georgie has a bone to pick with Lenny Henry Lenny Henry
Lauren Cooper is on work experience at No.10 Tony Blair
Joanie \"Nan\" Taylor goes on *Deal Or No Deal* Noel Edmonds
*One Love: Ricky Gervais in Kenya* Satirical appeal video featuring Gervais and a number of celebrities. Ricky Gervais, Stephen Merchant, Jamie Oliver, Bob Geldof, Andi Peters and Bono.
Mitchell and Webb Numberwang Carol Vorderman, Johnny Ball and Bill Turnbull.
Table of Reds, a special rendition of Lady in Red. Chris De Burgh and Hazel Irvine
Aardman Animations Creature Comforts Preview of new American version made for CBS
EastEnders\' Wellard the dog in claymation form Marc Wootton (voice)
The Vicar of Dibley A spoof of Celebrity Wife Swap Dawn French, Sting, Trudie Styler, Emma Chambers, Gary Waldhorn, James Fleet, Roger Lloyd-Pack, Trevor Peacock, John Bluthal and Richard Armitage
*Sawing A Lady in Half* A sketch featuring a magic trick. Paul O\'Grady
The Mighty Boosh A live sketch on stage. Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding
*The Impressionists* Movie based satire Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens, Phil Cornwell and Ronni Ancona.
*The Greatest Worst Bits of Comic Relief* Special version of Time Trumpet, exposing Comic Relief\'s goofs, including the truth behind the Dawn French - Hugh Grant kiss. Armando Iannucci, Emma Thompson, Mark Watson, Joanna Neary, Richard Ayoade, David Sant, Andy Zaltzman, Adam Buxton, Matthew Holness, Paul Whitehouse, Rob Brydon and Rowan Atkinson
## Musical performances {#musical_performances}
### The show {#the_show}
Artist(s) Song Notes
----------------------------------------------- --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Girls Aloud vs. Sugababes Walk This Way This song reached number 1 in the UK Singles chart on 2007-03-18 as the official single.
Brian Potter, Andy Pipkin and The Proclaimers I\'m Gonna Be (500 Miles) This song reached number 1 in the UK Singles chart on 2007-03-25 However, the previous week 2007-03-18 It reached number 3, based on downloads alone.
Take That Patience
The Killers Read My Mind
When You Were Young
Chris Moyles, Patrick Kielty and Jimmy Carr My Way
### Top Gear of the Pops {#top_gear_of_the_pops}
Artist(s) Song Notes
--------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lethal Bizzle Mr. Deliberately cut short by Jeremy Clarkson who labelled it as \'just noise\' and referred to him as \"Jizzy Tissue\" throughout the rest of the show.
Travis Closer The only song that was taken seriously.
Supergrass and Adrian Edmondson Richard III Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May \'glammed\' up the song using excessive dry ice, a wind machine and \'Bonnie Tyler doves\' (chickens).
McFly Top Gear Blues (a.k.a. Sofa, Administration, Hyundai) Written by McFly during the production of the programme using the words \'Sofa\', \'Administration\' and \'Hyundai\' but without \'Love\', \'Baby\' and \'Heart\'.
Justin Hawkins Red Light Spells Danger With James May (keyboard), Richard Hammond (bass), Jeremy Clarkson (drums)
| 578 |
Red Nose Day 2007
| 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.