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# Erb of Gwent
**King Erb** (also, in Latin, **Urbanus**) (c.524 -- c.555) was the king of Gwent and Glywysing, kingdoms in the south of Wales in the Early Middle Ages.
## Life
According to later genealogies, Erb was the son of King Meurig ap Caradog\'s son, Erbig. Nothing is known of his life. After Erb\'s death in the mid-6th century, his kingdom was divided between his young sons. Nynnio became king of Gwent and Glywysing and Peibio became the ruler of Ergyng
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# Søren Christensen
**Søren Ejlersgård Christensen** (born 29 June 1986) is a retired Danish professional footballer.
Christensen has amassed a total 50 youth caps for Denmark under six different age groups. He retired from football in June 2021.
## International career {#international_career}
6 December 2011, Christensen was called up for Denmark\'s tour of Thailand in January
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# EX postcode area
The **EX postcode area**, also known as the **Exeter postcode area**, is a group of 33 postcode districts in South West England, within 30 post towns. These cover north and east Devon (including Exeter, Barnstaple, Axminster, Beaworthy, Bideford, Braunton, Budleigh Salterton, Chulmleigh, Colyton, Crediton, Cullompton, Dawlish, Exmouth, Holsworthy, Honiton, Ilfracombe, Lynmouth, Lynton, North Tawton, Okehampton, Ottery St Mary, Seaton, Sidmouth, Sidford, Sidbury, South Molton, Tiverton, Torrington, Umberleigh, Winkleigh and Woolacombe), plus the northernmost part of Cornwall (including Bude) and very small parts of Somerset and Dorset.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Coverage
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
\|- ! EX1 \| EXETER \| Exeter (east), Heavitree (north), Monkerton, Newtown, Pinhoe, West Clyst \| Exeter \|- ! EX2 \| EXETER \| Exeter (south), Heavitree (south), St. Thomas (south), Countess Wear, Wonford \| Exeter \|- ! EX3 \| EXETER \| Clyst St George, Ebford, Exton, Topsham \| East Devon, Exeter \|- ! EX4 \| EXETER \| Exeter (north), Exwick, St. Thomas (north), Beacon Heath, Redhills, Pennsylvania, St. James, Whitestone \| Exeter \|- ! EX5 \| EXETER \| Bradninch, Broadclyst, Cadbury, Clyst Honiton, Clyst St. Mary, Cranbrook, Newton St. Cyres, Silverton, Talaton, Whimple, Woodbury \| East Devon, Mid Devon \|- ! EX6 \| EXETER \| Christow, Cockwood, Dunsford, Kennford, Kenton, Mamhead, Exminster \| Teignbridge \|- ! EX7 \| DAWLISH \| Dawlish, Dawlish Warren, Holcombe, Ashcombe \| Teignbridge \|- ! EX8 \| EXMOUTH \| Exmouth, Lympstone \| East Devon \|- ! EX9 \| BUDLEIGH SALTERTON \| Budleigh Salterton, East Budleigh, Otterton \| East Devon \|- ! EX10 \| SIDMOUTH \| Sidmouth, Sidford, Sidbury \| East Devon \|- ! EX11 \| OTTERY ST. MARY \| Ottery St
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# Tommy Dowd (Gaelic footballer)
**Tommy Dowd** is a former Gaelic footballer who played for the Meath county team.
Wolfe Tones went from the Meath Junior Football Championship to Meath Senior Football Championship winners in the space of four seasons in the early 21st-century, with Dowd joining the club around this time.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Dowd enjoyed much success playing inter-county football in the 1990s on the Meath teams managed by Sean Boylan. For Meath he played in the half-forward line or the full-forward line. He played club football for Dunderry. He won 2 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship medals (1996 and 1999) as well as 4 Leinster Senior Football Championship medals and 2 National Football League Medals. He has won 4 GAA All-Stars Awards, three of which came before winning his first All Ireland medal. For the 1996 season Tommy was made captain of an unfancied Meath team. In his victory speech after the Leinster final Tommy told the crowd \'you ain\'t seen nothing yet\'. He was proved right as later on that season Tommy led Meath to the All Ireland earning the All Ireland Final RTÉ \'Man of the Match\' award and scoring the decisive goal in that final. Injuries meant Tommy played only a bit part in Meath\'s 1999 All Ireland win.
## After retirement {#after_retirement}
Following his retirement, Dowd moved into coaching and was a selector under Colm Coyle, who managed Meath from September 2006 to July 2008. He is married with two daughters and runs his own company, [Tommy Dowd Oil](https://www.tommydowdoil.ie)
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# Baku–Rostov highway bombing
The **Baku--Rostov highway bombing** was an incident which occurred near the village of Shaami-Yurt in Chechnya, on October 29, 1999. Two low-flying Russian aircraft carried out repeated rocket attacks on a large convoy of refugees trying to enter the Russian republic of Ingushetia through a supposed \"safe exit\" route. The attacks killed or injured scores of people.
## Incident
The incident took place after it was officially announced that the border between Chechnya and Ingushetia would re-open following a week\'s closure. However, the convoy of more than 1,000 vehicles heading to safety was not permitted to cross the border and ordered to turn back by an unidentified senior Russian military officer (the area was under responsibility of Gen. Vladimir Shamanov), and subsequently attacked on their way back to the besieged Chechen capital Grozny.
According to the Amnesty International report, \"at the time of the Russian attacks there were no legitimate military targets in the area. Eyewitness accounts of this incident would seem to indicate that the Russian forces had deliberately targeted civilians and civilian objects, despite some of them being marked with the Red Cross emblem, in violation of international humanitarian law.\"
The victims included local International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement workers, two killed Chechen journalists (including Ramzan Mezhidov), and numerous women and children, some of them reportedly burned alive while trapped in their vehicles. Russian authorities have at first officially denied responsibility, and the later military investigations were not meaningful.
## Similar incidents {#similar_incidents}
A similar aerial attack on a large column of refugees fleeing Grozny fighting took place in August 1996. A number of other attacks on \"humanitarian corridor\" refugee convoys and foot columns were also reported later in 1999-2000, including a December 3 incident in which about 40 people were shot to death at a Russian police checkpoint. In 2008 a suspected mass grave of some 300 persons was uncovered near Grozny, likely containing remains of victims of an artillery attack on a \"green corridor\" in October 1999
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# Athletics at the 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games
The **athletics competition in the 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games** were held in Havana, Cuba.
## Medal summary {#medal_summary}
### Men\'s events {#mens_events}
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 100 metres | Alberto Torriento\ | 11.1 | Gustavo Alfonso\ | | Reginald Bedford\ | |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 200 metres | Reginald Bedford\ | 22.2 | Eugenio Guerra\ | | Mario Gómez\ | |
| | `{{flag|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Puerto Rico|1912}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 400 metres | Reginald Bedford\ | 49.6 | José Moraila\ | | Luciano Iturbe\ | |
| | `{{flag|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 800 metres | Darío Álvarez\ | 2:00.6 | Luciano Iturbe\ | | Juan Gutsens\ | |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 1500 metres | Darío Álvarez\ | 4:18.2 | Pedro Lugo\ | | Enrique Velasco\ | |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 5000 metres | Felipe Jardines\ | 16:28.0 | Ascencio Galicia\ | | Delfino Campos\ | |
| | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 10,000 metres | Felipe Jardines\ | 35:21.6 | Francisco Morales\ | | Antonio Rodríguez\ | |
| | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Costa Rica}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 110 metres hurdles | Fernando Navarro\ | 15.6 | José Sorzano\ | | Carlos Molina\ | |
| | `{{flag|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 400 metres hurdles | Porfirio Franca\ | 58.4 | Francisco Montalvo\ | | José María Suárez\ | |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 4 × 100 metres relay | \ | 43.4 | \ | 44.0e | \ | 44.0e |
| | Alberto Torriente\ | | Francisco Robledo\ | | Rafael Arana\ | |
| | Conrado Rodríguez\ | | Mario García\ | | Antonio R. Jaén\ | |
| | Gustavo Alfonso\ | | José R. del Río\ | | Alberto Belisario\ | |
| | Julio Seino | | Mario Gómez | | Reginald Bedford | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 4 × 400 metres relay | \ | 3:26.6 | \ | 3:30.2e | \ | |
| | José M. Alvarez\ | | Mario González\ | | Gonzalo Palarea\ | |
| | Carlos de Anda\ | | Juan Gutsens\ | | Manuel Hernández\ | |
| | Lucílo Iturbe\ | | José Suárez\ | | Ricardo Dastin\ | |
| | Jesús Moraila | | Horacio Gómez | | Carlos Lara | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| High jump | Rafael Pérez\ | 1.75 | Joseph MacKenzie\ | 1.75 | Fernando Navarro\ | 1.70 |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Pole vault | Humberto Villa\ | 3.64 | Manuel Luciano\ | 3.64 | José Sanjurjo\ | 3.48 |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Puerto Rico|1912}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Long jump | Fernando Navarro\ | 6.72 | Carlos Zamarripa\ | 6.60 | José Torriente\ | 6.57 |
| | `{{flag|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Triple jump | Manuel Suárez\ | 13.71 | Manuel García\ | 13.14 | José Fernández\ | 13.04 |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Shot put | Juan Mendizabal\ | 12.25 | Armando Rodríguez\ | 12.10 | Ricardo Villar\ | 11.92 |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Honduras|1898}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Discus throw | Miguel Gutiérrez\ | 41.12 | René de la Torre\ | 34.35 | Rafael Martínez\ | 34.31 |
| | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Hammer throw | Francisco Robledo\ | 41.05 | Troadio Hernández\ | 40.98 | Oswaldo Duyos\ | 36.84 |
| | `{{flag|Mexico|1916}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flag|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------+---------+------------------------------------+-------+
| Javelin throw | Porfirio Espinosa\ | 50.57 | Cándido González\ | 50.30 | Mario Robau\ | 49
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# DT postcode area
The **DT postcode area**, also known as the **Dorchester postcode area**, is a group of eleven postcode districts in South West England, within nine post towns. These cover much of Dorset (including Dorchester, Weymouth, Beaminster, Blandford Forum, Bridport, Lyme Regis, Portland, Sherborne and Sturminster Newton), plus very small parts of Devon and Somerset
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# Police psychology
**Police psychology,** also referred to as \"police and public safety psychology,\" was formally recognized in 2013 by the American Psychological Association as a specialty in professional psychology. The goal of police psychology is to ensure law enforcement is able to perform their jobs safely, effectively, ethically, and lawfully.
## Police psychologists {#police_psychologists}
Police and public safety psychologists have specialty knowledge about the nature of police work. This specialized knowledge consists of police working environments, the goals of the agencies, stressors and trauma that public safety personnel experience, their responses to these stressors, and the interventions used to treat symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, police psychologists are aware of confidentiality and testimonial privilege when serving this community. These psychologists then apply the science and profession of psychology in four primary domains of practice: assessment (primarily preemployment assessments of prospective candidates and fitness-for-duty evaluations of incumbent personnel), clinical intervention, operational support, and organizational consultation. Police and public safety psychology intervention strategies primarily include short-term cognitive behavioral treatments and approaches. Training also includes review of research regarding the relative efficacy as well as the limitations of post-crisis interventions unique to law enforcement personnel (e.g., post-shooting incidents, line-of-duty deaths, deep undercover stress reactions). In addition, various modalities of treatment and programs are typically integrated within the training (e.g. peer support teams, EMDR, suicide intervention training, wellness coaching). Preparation for practice in operational psychology includes review of research in: crisis intervention, hostage negotiation, criminal profiling, psychological autopsy, and epidemiological factors affecting outcomes of various tactical situations.
## Organizations
There are several police and law enforcement agencies in the world today that employ police and public safety psychologists and these are:
- The Los Angeles Police Department - At the Behavioral Science Services
- The Federal Bureau of Investigation - At the Behavioral Analysis Unit
- U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations - A military investigative agency
- The National Police Improvement Agency (UK) - Behavioural Investigative Advisors (BIA)
- The Hong Kong Police - Hong Kong Police Force - Psychological Services Group
- The Japanese Police - Japanese Nation Policy Agency - National Research Institute of Police Science at the Criminology and Behavioral Sciences Section
- Singapore Police Force - Police Psychological Services Department (PPSD), Police Headquarters.
- Home Team Behavioural Sciences Centre
, Singapore, at the Home Team Academy.
- Western Australia Police Academy - Occupational Psychology Unit.
## Professional organizations {#professional_organizations}
- American Board of Police & Public Safety Psychology
- American Psychological Association, Division 18 (Psychologists in Public Service), Police & Public Safety Section
- Consortium of Police Psychological Services (COPPS)
- International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), Police Psychological Services Section.
- Society for Police and Criminal Psychology
## Investigative psychology {#investigative_psychology}
Investigative psychology has gained its own following. This field was started in 1990 by Professor David Canter whilst at the University of Surrey, in the South of England (Canter and Youngs, (2009). It brings together issues relating to investigative information, the drawing of inferences and the ways in which law enforcement decision-making can be supported through scientific research. Investigative psychology grew directly out of empirical research. This field covers the full range of investigation related activities such as:
- detection of deception,
- investigative interviewing,
- statement analyses,
- behavioral analyses of crimes.
This sphere has been much abused worldwide with the spread of the use of originally Eastern methods, including gradual copying of the type of methods once associated to some areas of Asia, what characterizes the latter is the contacting of the suspect via mental means, \"thinking to\" techniques known already in Eastern Europe followed by repetition of the alleged offence continually mentally to make it start repeating itself in the mind and even begin to affect speech. Thus these types of investigations and any based on them, being most legally conducted in their areas of origin, are highly dubious.
## Universities
- Bond University (Australia)
- Griffith University (Australia). Masters of Science in Forensic Psychology.
- University of South Australia (Australia). Master of Forensic Psychology.
- Hong Kong University (while it doesn\'t specialise in police psychology, its faculty includes police psychologists.
- University of Indonesia (Professor Sarlitos Wirawan Sarwono)
- Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) (not a course itself --- but a module). The Forensic Psychology of Crime, Terrorism and Disasters
- National University of Singapore. Correctional Psychology (Singapore)
- Leicester University (UK). Masters of Science in Forensic Psychology.
- University of Liverpool (UK). Masters in Investigative and Forensic Psychology.
- Portsmouth University (UK). Masters of Science in Forensic Psychology.
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# Police psychology
## Police Psychology Blogs {#police_psychology_blogs}
- Dr. Gary S. Aumiller\'s *Inside Police Psychology*
- Dr
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# Bajram Fetai
**Bajram Fetai** (*Бајрам Фетаи*; born 7 September 1985) is a Macedonian football coach, former player, and actor. He is of Albanian ethnicity.
## Club career {#club_career}
He spent the early part of his career in Scotland, where he was a youth player at Rangers. At Rangers he made one first team appearance against Dunfermline in March 2004. The following season he had a loan spell at Inverness Caledonian Thistle before leaving Rangers for Silkeborg in 2005.
In 2010, he gained infamy after his \"violent goal celebration\" scoring for FC Nordsjælland against his old club Silkeborg, was widely distributed on the internet.
Fetai retired from football after his contract with FC Roskilde was terminated on 1 September 2016.
## International career {#international_career}
He made his senior debut for Macedonia in a November 2010 friendly match against Albania and has earned a total of four caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a June 2013 friendly against Sweden.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
In January 2017, Fetai was appointed coach in FC Nordsjælland\'s academy responsible for integration across levels. He held multiple positions in the Nordsjælland organisation, but left in January 2022 to focus on a café he owned in Copenhagen.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
Fetai made his acting debut in 2022, after being cast in the role as Flori in Nicolas Winding Refn\'s television series *Copenhagen Cowboy*
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# 2007 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
The **2007 Buffalo Funds - NAIA Men\'s Division I Basketball Tournament** was held from March 14 to 20 at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. This was the 70th annual NAIA basketball tournament and features 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. This tournament had the most total points scored for both teams in one game in the history of the NAIA tournament. Totaling 243pts when Concordia (CA) got 124pts and beat Robert Morris (IL) who has 119pts. That game went into 4 overtimes. (The longest game was a 5OT game back in 1978 when Grand Canyon beat Central State (OH) 88-82.) Concordia would go on to be the 2007 runner-up to Oklahoma City University. Oklahoma City University would beat Concordia 79 to 71.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- **Leading scorer**: *Eddie Smith*, of Illinois--Springfield scored 33.5 points in just two games.
- **Leading rebounder**: *Zach Allender* of Campbellsville in two games Zach had 31 rebounds.
- **Most Points, both teams, in tournament history**: *243*, done by Concordia (CA) (124) vs Robert Morris (IL) (119) (4OT)
- **Most consecutive tournament appearances**: *16th*, Georgetown (KY)
- **Most tournament appearances**: *Georgetown (KY)*, 26th of 30, appearances to the NAIA Tournament
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# WSYN
**WSYN** (103.1 FM, \"Sunny 103.1\") is a classic hits music formatted radio station licensed to Surfside Beach, South Carolina and serves the Grand Strand area. The Cumulus Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at 103.1 MHz with an ERP of 8 kW. Its current slogan is \"The Grand Strand\'s Greatest Hits\". Its studios are located on U.S. Highway 17 in Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, and its transmitter is located in Carolina Forest.
## History
103.1 signed on as **WYAK-FM** \"Big Yak\" with a country music format in 1977. In 1985 the name changed to Y-103 under new owners who wanted a different image. WYAK DJs at that time included John Dixon, Ralph Connor and Steve Mimms. WROQ FM personality Chris Lee began his radio career at WYAK in 1985
An AM frequency was added at 1270. WYAK (AM) became a separate station around 1990, first calling itself WXMB and playing southern gospel music. The AM station became WYAK again later, the first Myrtle Beach area station to air Rush Limbaugh, and broadcast the FM programming part-time. Later the AM station played R & B oldies as WCKN, using the WCIN classic oldies format, but signed off.
During the mid-1990s WYAK-FM, owned by Multi-Market Radio Inc., was also heard on WVCO 94.9. On October 1, 1996, Pinnacle Broadcasting Co., owner of WYAV, announced its purchase of WYAK, WMYB, and WRNN-FM. Pinnacle intended to continue managing WVCO, though that station began separate programming in 1997.
WYAK returned to the Big Yak name in 1999 and moved Rick Roberts to mornings with Tab Allen for \"Big Yak Mornings with Rick and Tab\". Allen\'s previous partner Michale Jeffries moved to middays and program director Frankie B was afternoon host. After ten years, Allen was let go December 30, 1999, replaced by Holli Heart, formerly of WGTR. Dave Priest was program director for Pinnacle\'s stations. In 2000, it reverted to the K-103 name.
WSYN and WYAK switched frequencies and were reborn as Sunny 103.1 WSYN and The Coyote 106.5 (WLFF).
WSYN also switched to the \"True Oldies\" feed; many 1950s and 1960s Oldies were once again heard. Later, with some programming also being done locally, the playlist included many 1960s oldies and also some 1950s ones as well blended in with the mostly early 1970s oldies along with some Carolina beach music classics like \"Sixty Minute Man\" by Billy Ward (1949).
In January 2010, Craig Russ, the Operations Manager of the Cumulus Cluster, became Program Director of the station. Personalities included Kenzie (from 104.9 BOB-FM) and Craig Russ (also former Program Director of BOB-FM) in afternoon drive.
In April 2016, WSYN added \"Casey Kasem's American Top 40 -- The 80s\". The station promotes the Awesome \'80s Weekends
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# Henrik Bødker
**Henrik Bødker** (born 6 June 1983) is a Danish football midfielder, who currently plays for the Danish side KFUM Roskilde
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# Jules Renkin
**Jules Laurent Jean Louis Renkin** (3 December 1862 -- 15 July 1934) was a Belgian politician who served as Prime Minister from 1931 to 1932. He also served as the minister of colonies for the Belgian Congo from 30 October 1908 to 21 November 1918.
Born in Ixelles, Renkin studied and practised law, and helped found the journal *L\'Avenir Sociale*. In 1896 he was elected as a member of the Catholic Party to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives for Brussels, a seat he held until his death. Original on the Christian Democratic wing of the party, Renkin\'s views became more conservative with time.
He held several ministerial posts, Justice in 1907--1908, Colonies from 1908 to 1918, the Interior in 1918--1920, and Railway and Posts from 1918 to 1921. In 1920 he was named an honorary minister of State.
In 1931 he became the prime minister of Belgium, also holding the Interior, Finance, and Health portfolios. His government was unable to deal effectively with the economic crisis facing Belgium at the time and fell in 1932. His term coincided with the general strike of July-September 1932.
He was married to Emma van Hamme.
## Honours
- : Minister of State by Royal Decree.
- : Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold, RD 1932.
- : Grand Cross of the Order of the African Star, RD 1921.
- : Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
- : Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, 1932
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# G-ring
In commutative algebra, a **G-ring** or **Grothendieck ring** is a Noetherian ring such that the map of any of its local rings to the completion is regular (defined below). Almost all Noetherian rings that occur naturally in algebraic geometry or number theory are G-rings, and it is quite hard to construct examples of Noetherian rings that are not G-rings. The concept is named after Alexander Grothendieck.
A ring that is both a G-ring and a J-2 ring is called a quasi-excellent ring, and if in addition it is universally catenary it is called an excellent ring.
## Definitions
- A (Noetherian) ring *R* containing a field *k* is called **geometrically regular** over *k* if for any finite extension *K* of *k* the ring *R* ⊗~*k*~ *K* is a regular ring.
- A homomorphism of rings from *R* to *S* is called **regular** if it is flat and for every *p* ∈ Spec(*R*) the fiber *S* ⊗~*R*~ *k*(*p*) is geometrically regular over the residue field *k*(*p*) of *p*. (see also Popescu\'s theorem.)
- A ring is called a local G-ring if it is a Noetherian local ring and the map to its completion (with respect to its maximal ideal) is regular.
- A ring is called a G-ring if it is Noetherian and all its localizations at prime ideals are local G-rings. (It is enough to check this just for the maximal ideals, so in particular local G-rings are G-rings.)
## Examples
- Every field is a G-ring
- Every complete Noetherian local ring is a G-ring
- Every ring of convergent power series in a finite number of variables over **R** or **C** is a G-ring.
- Every Dedekind domain in characteristic 0, and in particular the ring of integers, is a G-ring, but in positive characteristic there are Dedekind domains (and even discrete valuation rings) that are not G-rings.
- Every localization of a G-ring is a G-ring
- Every finitely generated algebra over a G-ring is a G-ring. This is a theorem due to Grothendieck.
Here is an example of a discrete valuation ring *A* of characteristic *p*\>0 which is not a G-ring. If *k* is any field of characteristic *p* with \[*k* : *k*^*p*^\] = ∞ and *R* = *k*\[\[*x*\]\] and *A* is the subring of power series Σ*a~i~x^i^* such that \[*k*^*p*^(*a*~0~,*a*~1~,\...) : *k*^*p*^\] is finite then the formal fiber of *A* over the generic point is not geometrically regular so *A* is not a G-ring. Here *k*^*p*^ denotes the image of *k* under the Frobenius morphism *a*→*a*^*p*^
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# BH postcode area
The **BH postcode area**, also known as the **Bournemouth postcode area**, is a group of 26 postcode districts in southern England, within eleven post towns. These cover east Dorset (including Bournemouth, Poole, Broadstone, Christchurch, Ferndown, Swanage, Verwood, Wareham and Wimborne) and part of south-west Hampshire (including New Milton and Ringwood)
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# Kenni Olsen
**Kenni Olsen** (born 11 June 1985) is a Danish professional football midfielder, who currently plays for Danish 2nd Division East side Herlev IF. He is the twin brother of FC Midtjylland player Danny Olsen
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# Lee McRae
**Lee McRae** (born January 23, 1966) is a retired track and field athlete from the United States who won the gold medal in the men\'s 100 metres at the 1987 Pan American Games. Lee won three consecutive NCAA indoor national championships (1986--1988) in the 55 meters and the 1986 NCAA Outdoor National Championship in the 100 meters while at the University of Pittsburgh. As a sophomore at Pitt in 1986, he broke Carl Lewis\'s 55 meter indoor world record by finishing in 6.00 seconds.
A native of Pembroke, North Carolina, McRae attended West Robeson High School.
He was a very fast starter; this ability enabled him to win major titles indoors and as a first leg runner in the U.S 4 × 100 m relay team.
## Personal bests {#personal_bests}
- **60 yd** --- 5.99
- **55 m** --- 6.00 (Former World Record)
- **60 m** --- 6.50 (Former World Record)
- **100 m** --- 10.07 (Universiade record)
- **200 m** --- 20.50/20
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# Arthur Vanderpoorten
**Arthur Pieter Frans Vanderpoorten** (17 February 1884 -- 3 April 1945) was a Belgian liberal politician and minister. Vanderpoorten was the father of the later minister Herman Vanderpoorten and the grandfather of the later ministers Patrick Dewael and Marleen Vanderpoorten.
## Career
Vanderpoorten was executive-director of a company. He became president of the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond (E: Liberal Flemish League) and was liberal senator (1936--1944). Vanderpoorten was minister of public work and reduction of unemployment (1939) and of internal affairs (1940). At the invasion of the German troops in 1940, Vanderpoorten followed the government in exile to France, but did not follow along to London. Because Vichy France was occupied by German troops in November 1942 , Vanderpoorten\'s freedom was strongly restricted. He was apprehended in January 1943, on suspicion of assistance to an escape line for refugees to the United Kingdom. He was deported to Germany and died less than two weeks before the British troops liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
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# Thomas Lindrup
**Thomas Lindrup** (born 21 May 1976) is a former Danish professional football winger.
He previously played for Danish Superliga sides FC Nordsjælland, AGF, OB and Brøndby IF. He was capped twice for Denmark\'s U19 team
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# Bitstream Charter
**Bitstream Charter** is a serif typeface designed by Matthew Carter in 1987 for Bitstream Inc. Charter is based on Pierre-Simon Fournier's characters, originating from the 18th century. Classified by Bitstream as a transitional-serif typeface (Bitstream Transitional 801), it also has features of a slab-serif typeface and is often classified as such.
Charter was originally optimized for printing on the low-resolution 300 dpi laser printers of the 1980s, and remains suitable for printing on both modern high-resolution laser printers and inexpensive lower resolution inkjet printers due to its strong, legible design. Its structure was optimised for low-memory computers and printers. In a 2013 interview, Carter explained that it used \"a very simplified structure and a minimum number of curves, more straight-line segments\... very economical compared to, say, Times New Roman,\" but noted that rapid development of printers made this unnecessary even before he had finished the design. In its simplification of serif forms, it foreshadowed Carter\'s later landmark design, Georgia for Microsoft.
In 1992 Bitstream donated a version of Charter, along with its version of Courier, to the X Consortium under terms that allowed the font to be modified and redistributed. This has resulted in open source derivatives of Bitstream Charter, including Charis SIL. Typographer Matthew Butterick considers Bitstream Charter to be one of the best free fonts available.
Because of its popularity, a new Charter Pro release of the typeface was released in 2004, with an expanded character set including additional symbols, ranging figures (old-style) and small capitals. This version was later added as a system font on OS X 10.13 High Sierra.
Carter was later asked by Monotype to consider releasing a sans-serif companion to Charter. Finding his attempts unsatisfying, he scrapped the idea for a more radical, less directly complementary design, Carter Sans.
## History
Charter is based on the characters of Pierre-Simon Fournier, a French 18th century punch-cutter, typefounder and typographic theoretician who invented the "point system", a standardized measurement system for font sizes
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# Eddie Avoth
**Eddie Avoth** (born 2 May 1945) is a Welsh former boxer and actor. He was British and Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Boxing Champion, with a record of 44 wins (20 by knockout) from 53 fights.
## History
Avoth was born in Cardiff, Wales. He was a product of the Eddie Thomas boxing gym based in Merthyr Tydfil, which spawned the boxing careers of such notables as Howard Winstone and Ken Buchanan . Avoth\'s professional boxing career spanned nine years and in this time he won the British and Commonwealth titles. Avoth retired from the ring in 1972. He was also an accomplished amateur boxer and represented his country internationally on many occasions.
Following retirement from boxing, Avoth settled in Puerto Banús, Costa del Sol, Spain where he part-owned a well-known celebrity restaurant. He now resides back in the UK.
Avoth\'s acting career began with a starring role for entertainment giant Warner Brothers in their 1986 blockbuster film \"Instant Justice\" where he starred alongside Michael Paré, Tawny Kitaen and Charles Napier. The film was directed by Hollywood producer Craig T Rumar. In 2010 he appeared in the Howard Winstone biopic *Risen* as boxing promoter Jack Solomons. Avoth himself was played in the film by Welsh boxer Enzo Maccarinelli.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
\|- \|align=\"center\" colspan=8\|**44 Wins** (20 knockouts, 24 decisions), **9 Losses** (4 knockouts, 5 decisions) [1](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=24234&cat=boxer) \|- \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Result** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Record** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Opponent** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Type** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Round** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Date** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Location** \| align=\"center\" style=\"border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3\"\|**Notes** \|-align=center \|`{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \|`{{small|25–6}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Jamaica}}`{=mediawiki} Bunny Johnson \|TKO \|3 \|15 March 1972 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Double Diamond Club, Caerphilly, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \|`{{small|13–3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|South Africa}}`{=mediawiki} Sarel Aucamp \|PTS \|10 \|30 October 1971 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|South Africa}}`{=mediawiki} Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|11–7}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|South Africa}}`{=mediawiki} Kosie Smith \|PTS \|10 \|12 June 1971 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|South Africa}}`{=mediawiki} Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|8–15–1}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Saint Helena}}`{=mediawiki} Guinea Roger \|PTS \|8 \|12 May 1971 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Double Diamond Club, Caerphilly, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \|`{{small|14–2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Chris Finnegan \|TKO \|15 \|24 January 1971 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[BBBofC]] British/Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Titles'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|13–1}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Australia}}`{=mediawiki} Trevor Thornberry \|TKO \|6 \|23 October 1970 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Australia}}`{=mediawiki} Brisbane Festival Hall, Brisbane, Australia \|align=left\|`{{small|'''Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Title'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \|`{{small|21–0}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Mike Quarry \|UD \|10 \|6 June 1970 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|California}}`{=mediawiki} Valley Music Theater, Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, United States \|align=left\|`{{small|3–5, 3–5, 2–4}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|33–7–1}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Ireland}}`{=mediawiki} John \"Young\" McCormack \|DQ \|8 \|6 April 1970 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Nottinghamshire}}`{=mediawiki} Nottingham Ice Stadium, Nottingham, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[BBBofC]] British Light Heavyweight Title'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|5–9}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} Emilio Okee \|PTS \|10 \|16 February 1970 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|15–3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Jamaica}}`{=mediawiki} Bunny Johnson \|PTS \|8 \|27 October 1969 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Nottinghamshire}}`{=mediawiki} Commodore Hotel, Nottingham, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \|`{{small|27–12–4}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Croatia}}`{=mediawiki} Ivan Prebeg \|PTS \|15 \|28 June 1969 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Croatia}}`{=mediawiki} Salata Stadium, Zagreb, Croatia \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[European Boxing Union|EBU]] Light Heavyweight Title'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|17–20–3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Jamaica}}`{=mediawiki} Lloyd Walford \|PTS \|8 \|17 March 1969 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|61–15–5}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Nicaragua}}`{=mediawiki} \"Boxing\" Luis Gutierrez \|KO \|4 \|6 February 1969 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Liverpool Stadium, Liverpool, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|30–4–1}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Ireland}}`{=mediawiki} John \"Young\" McCormack \|TKO \|11 \|13 January 1969 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Anglo-American Sporting Club, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[BBBofC]] British Light Heavyweight Title'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|28–22–1}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Curtis Bruce \|TKO \|6 \|18 November 1968 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|13–21}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Stanford Bulla \|PTS \|10 \|24 July 1968 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Coney Beach Arena, Porthcawl, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|50–47.5}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|12–11–3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Johnny Hendrickson \|PTS \|8 \|24 April 1968 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Sophia Gardens, Cardiff, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|39.5–39}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|12–10–3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Johnny Hendrickson \|PTS \|8 \|8 March 1968 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|39.5–39.25}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|3–4}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Saint Helena}}`{=mediawiki} Guinea Roger \|PTS \|10 \|28 November 1967 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}`{=mediawiki} Afan Lido, Aberavon, United Kingdom \|align=left\|`{{small|50–47
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# European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
The **European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare** (**EDQM**) is a Directorate and partial agreement of the Council of Europe that traces its origins and statutes to the *Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia* (an international treaty adopted by the `{{nat|Council of Europe}}`{=mediawiki} in 1964: ETS 50, Protocol).
The signatories to the convention, -- 39 member states and the European Union (EU) as of March 2020 -- are committed to the harmonisation of quality standards for safe medicines throughout the European continent and beyond. In addition to the member states there are currently 30 observers, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). The EDQM\'s quality standards for medicines are published in the European Pharmacopoeia (officially abbreviated to Ph. Eur.), which is recognised as a scientific benchmark worldwide and is legally binding in member states.
The EU pharmaceutical legislation refers directly to the Ph. Eur. and to other activities for which the EDQM is responsible (e.g. the Certification procedure or \"CEP\" and the OMCL Network -- see below), demonstrating the shared commitment of the European organisations to public health protection.
The EDQM is also involved in a number of international collaboration and harmonisation initiatives, such as the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group (PDG), the [International Pharmaceutical Regulators Programme](http://www.iprp.global/home) (IPRP), the [International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use](https://www.ich.org/) (ICH), the [International Meeting of World Pharmacopoeias](https://web.archive.org/web/20141009000711/http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/resources/qas_worldpharmmeeting/en/) (IMWP), the [Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme](https://picscheme.org/) (PIC/S) and the International API Inspection Programme (co-ordinated by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA).
In addition, the EDQM works closely with World Health Organization (WHO) on the establishment, monitoring and distribution of WHO International Standards for Antibiotics (ISA) and WHO International Chemical Reference Substances (ICRS) which are necessary to apply the tests described in the [WHO International Pharmacopoeia](https://archive.today/20121212002931/http://apps.who.int/phint/en/p/about/).
The EDQM therefore plays an essential role in the complex regulatory framework for medicines in Europe. Its primary purpose is to protect public health by enabling the development, supporting the implementation and monitoring the application of quality standards for safe medicines and their safe use.
## The EDQM's mission {#the_edqms_mission}
Within the Council of Europe, the EDQM\'s mission is to contribute to the basic human right of access to good quality medicines and healthcare, and to promote and protect human and animal health by:
- establishing and providing official standards for the manufacture and quality control of medicines in all the signatory states of the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia, and beyond;
- granting Certificates of suitability to manufacturers whose pharmaceutical substances comply with Ph. Eur. standards, and carrying out inspections of the manufacturing sites concerned;
- co-ordinating a network of Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to collaborate and share expertise between member states and optimise the use of available resources, with the aim of achieving effective independent quality control of medicines in Europe and beyond;
- proposing ethical, safety and quality standards for blood transfusions (collection, preparation, storage, distribution and appropriate use of blood components) and the transplantation of organs, tissues and cells;
- working with national, European and international organisations in the fight against falsification of medical products and similar crimes;
- providing policies and model approaches for the safe use of medicines in Europe, including guidelines on pharmaceutical care; and
- establishing standards for cosmetics and food contact materials and articles, and co-ordinating the independent control of cosmetics.
## Leadership
Directors:
- Petra Dörr (as of 1 October 2021)
- Susanne Keitel (1 October 2007 -- 30 September 2021)
- Agnès Artiges (1994 -- 31 July 2007)
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# European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
## Activities related to the quality of medicines {#activities_related_to_the_quality_of_medicines}
### The European Pharmacopoeia: setting quality standards for Europe and beyond and supplying pharmaceutical reference standards {#the_european_pharmacopoeia_setting_quality_standards_for_europe_and_beyond_and_supplying_pharmaceutical_reference_standards}
Published and regularly updated by the EDQM/Council of Europe in English and French, the two official languages of the `{{nat|Council of Europe}}`{=mediawiki}, the Ph. Eur. is a compendium of official quality standards for medicines and their ingredients. It thus helps define the requirements to be met by manufacturers seeking to obtain Marketing Authorisation (MA) for a (human or veterinary) medicinal product in Europe, but its standards are also recognised and used worldwide as a scientific benchmark in the field of quality control for human and veterinary medicines.
These common harmonised quality standards -- known as monographs -- describe strict specifications for medicines and the substances used in their manufacture, that apply throughout the product\'s entire life cycle. When adopted, they are legally binding and become mandatory on the same date in the 39 European countries that are signatories to the Ph. Eur. convention, applying to all medicines on their markets.
The contents of the Ph. Eur. are elaborated and updated by the Ph. Eur. Commission, which is responsible for overseeing the practical work of more than 800 experts in every field of the pharmaceutical sciences -- all volunteers -- who participate in currently 61 groups of experts and working parties. The Ph. Eur. Commission decides on the work programme, appoints the experts and adopts the monographs and other texts that comprise the Ph. Eur. (Articles 6 and 7, Ph. Eur. convention. It meets three times a year in Strasbourg (France) and takes all technical decisions by a unanimous vote. The EDQM provides the scientific secretariat and logistical support for the work of the Ph. Eur. Commission, and facilitates the activities of its groups of experts and working parties.
The texts of the Ph. Eur. cover all therapeutic areas and comprise:
- individual monographs describing legally binding quality standards for medicines and the ingredients used in their manufacture (active ingredients, excipients, herbals, etc.);
- individual monographs describing legally binding quality standards for medicinal products;
- general monographs describing legally binding quality standards for classes of substances (such as fermentation products or substances for pharmaceutical use) or for the different dosage forms that medicines can take (tablets, capsules, injections, etc.); and,
- general methods of analysis for substances used in the manufacture of medicines, which are not legally binding and may also be used for substances and medicines not described in the Ph. Eur.
All the analytical methods described in the monographs are experimentally verified. In addition, the EDQM is responsible for establishing and supplying the official reference standards without which it would be impossible to carry out many of the mandatory quality control tests described in the Ph. Eur. These physical standards are used by manufacturers located both in Europe and around the world, and national and European authorities involved in the quality control of medicines, to name but a few. The EDQM publishes a new edition of the Ph. Eur. every three years.
The current chair of the commission is professor Salvador Cañigueral, who was elected in March 2022.
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# European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
## Activities related to the quality of medicines {#activities_related_to_the_quality_of_medicines}
### The Certification procedure: evaluating the quality of active ingredients and excipients and inspecting manufacturing sites {#the_certification_procedure_evaluating_the_quality_of_active_ingredients_and_excipients_and_inspecting_manufacturing_sites}
Source:
The EDQM runs a quality evaluation programme for active ingredients and excipients used in the manufacture of medicines. The Certification of Suitability to the Monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia procedure was initially set up in 1992 as a pilot programme but went on to become routine for chemical substances in 1994; it was expanded in 2003 to include herbal drugs (active substances obtained from plants). Granted after an assessment of the documentation submitted by the applicant, a Certificate of Suitability (CEP) provides proof that the methods used by a manufacturer or distributor result in an product whose quality complies with the requirements laid down in the corresponding Ph. Eur. monograph(s). The EDQM also runs an inspection programme for CEP-holders, targeting their manufacturing and/or distribution sites.
The Certification procedure is not compulsory: it is a service that is offered to manufacturers who can submit their CEP in the quality section of a new marketing authorisation (MA) application or a variation of an existing MA. It serves to centralise the evaluation of data for the benefit of both regulatory authorities and industry, thus saving time and resources.
A further advantage of the Certification procedure is that it provides the Ph. Eur. Commission with up-to-date information on the quality of substances on the European market, highlighting where Ph. Eur. texts and quality requirements might require revision and helping to ensure that the pharmacopoeia remains state-of-the-art.
CEPs -- which are referred to in EU pharmaceutical legislation -- are accepted by the Ph. Eur. member states and by a number of other countries and regions, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan and Tunisia. An increasing number of licensing authorities worldwide accept CEPs to support (fully or partially) the data related to the quality of active ingredients used in medicinal products.
As previously stated, a CEP is granted after members of the EDQM\'s panel of assessors (drawn from national medicines agencies throughout Europe) have reviewed a detailed dossier submitted by the manufacturer. This dossier describes the manufacturing process and the tests performed on the raw materials and on the substance produced, as well as the necessary in-process controls. The manufacturer must demonstrate that the article complies with the quality standards laid down in Ph. Eur. and the EU legislation and that the monograph can be used to control impurities, unwanted chemicals that can be present in a substance for a variety of reasons. The applicant must also agree to comply with the relevant EU Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines (GMP guide) as defined in Part II of the GMP Guide, and to accept an on site inspection at any time at the request of the EDQM.
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# European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
## Activities related to the quality of medicines {#activities_related_to_the_quality_of_medicines}
### The OMCL Network: quality control of medicines on the market {#the_omcl_network_quality_control_of_medicines_on_the_market}
Source:
On 26 May 1994, the European Commission and the Council of Europe decided to launch a new, jointly funded, co-operative venture targeting the quality control of medicines for human and veterinary use on the market, called the European Network of Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs). Open to both member states and observers of the Ph. Eur. convention, this network is made up of independent public laboratories that have been appointed by their respective national authorities. Their primary mission is to ensure, through random sample testing, that medicines supplied to patients -- wherever they are in Europe -- comply with the applicable quality standards and the terms and conditions of their MA.
The laboratories that form the network share resources, expertise and workloads: this not only contributes to reducing public health expenditure, a broader coverage of medicines on the market and to the development of future harmonised common standards, but means that laboratories across Europe have access to state-of-the-art technology and selective analytical procedures.
Nowadays many laboratories within the network have seen a significant shift from medicines on the market testing to the analysis of falsified and illegal medicines on behalf of other authorities such as customs, police, enforcement/food inspectors and courts.
The EDQM is responsible for co-ordinating the network\'s technical activities and ensuring the smooth running of its various joint programmes.
The OMCL Network performs studies on medicinal products already on the market (market surveillance studies). The EDQM organises inter-laboratory testing activities for OMCLs to improve their analytical performance (proficiency testing scheme \[PTS\] studies and promotes common quality management systems in all OMCLs to enable work-sharing and mutual recognition of test results.
The EDQM also provides the technical secretariat for the Official Control Authority Batch Release (OCABR) procedures for human and veterinary immunological medicinal products (e.g. vaccines) and human blood-derived medicinal products (e.g. clotting factor, immunoglobulin, albumin. For example, the OCABR procedure guarantees that for the vast majority of the vaccines used in the EU, no batch of vaccine is released to the market in member states without first undergoing an independent quality control by a laboratory of the OMCL Network in addition to the release test conducted by the manufacturer.
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# European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
## Activities related to the quality of medicines {#activities_related_to_the_quality_of_medicines}
### Pharmaceutical care and combating falsified medical products {#pharmaceutical_care_and_combating_falsified_medical_products}
According to WHO, it is estimated that half of all medicines worldwide are inappropriately prescribed, dispensed or sold, and that half of all patients fail to take their medicines properly. Errors related to medication use, lack of documentation on how medicines are prescribed, used and dispensed, as well as insufficient communication have a considerable impact on national mortality and morbidity rates. Therefore, the safe and appropriate use of medicines, which depends on the right information being available to those that need it, is as important as product quality.
In order to face this challenge while taking into account current constraints on public health budgets and social inequality in access to healthcare, the European Committee on Pharmaceuticals and Pharmaceutical Care (CD-P-PH), which is co-ordinated by the EDQM, oversees the work of experts in three main areas:
- The classification of medicines authorised in Europe into prescription and non-prescription medicines: although the responsibility for classifying medicines lies with the individual member state, the CD-P-PH issues classification recommendations. These recommendations may also cover medicines that are not licensed for use in the EU, since the EDQM has a broader membership and CD-P-PH members include representatives of member states that are not part of the EU. The recommendations are updated annually and published on the EDQM\'s website. The EDQM also hosts the publicly available Melclass database, which presents the classification status of medicines in Ph. Eur. member states.
- Setting quality and safety standards in pharmaceutical practices and pharmaceutical care: public authorities and the pharmaceutical industry devote much of their resources to ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. However, the best treatment outcomes are only achieved when medicines are used safely and appropriately. The CD-P-PH develops scientific indicators to measure the quality of pharmaceutical care in Europe, a concept defined as \"the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life\". The indicators developed by the EDQM provide practical information that is of use to policymakers and professional associations on a daily basis, helping to make healthcare systems more responsible and cost-effective.
- Preventing and managing risks posed by falsified medical products: falsified medical products pose a growing and real threat to public health in Europe and world-wide. Falsified medicines and medical devices may contain poor quality ingredients, the wrong dosage of an active substance, a different active substance or even a poisonous substance, they may be deliberately mislabelled or have fake packaging or ingredients. To combat this problem, the `{{nat|Council of Europe}}`{=mediawiki} established the MEDICRIME Convention (CETS No. 211), the first international treaty to criminalise the falsification of medical products and similar crimes with a view to protecting public health. The convention entered into force on 1 January 2016.
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# European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare
## Activities related to patient and consumer protection {#activities_related_to_patient_and_consumer_protection}
### Blood transfusion {#blood_transfusion}
The work of the EDQM in the area of blood transfusion is co-ordinated by the European Committee on Blood Transfusion (CD-P-TS), which consists of representatives from authorities working in the field of blood transfusion or at national blood establishments (BEs) from member states of the council of Europe and observers such as the European Commission, WHO, the USFDA and the `{{nat|Council of Europe's}}`{=mediawiki} Committee on Bioethics (DH-BIO). These experts work together on the ethical, legal and organisational aspects of blood transfusion with a view to ensuring quality, increasing availability, avoiding wastage, ensuring optimal use of blood supplies and analysing the possible ethical and organisational impact of new scientific developments. One outcome of this work, the \"Guide to the preparation, use and quality assurance of blood components\", provides recommendations on blood collection, blood components, technical procedures, transfusion practices and quality systems for BEs.
Through its Blood Proficiency Testing Scheme and Blood Quality Management Programme the committee helps Council of Europe member states improve their blood transfusion services, ensuring the transfer of knowledge and expertise through training and networking and the monitoring of practices in Europe. They also assess epidemiological risks, in particular those related to the emergence of new infectious agents transmissible by blood transfusion.
### Organ, tissue and cell transplantation {#organ_tissue_and_cell_transplantation}
The work of the `{{nat|Council of Europe}}`{=mediawiki} in the area of organ, tissue and cell transplantation began in 1987. The guiding principles for the EDQM\'s activities in this area are ensuring human dignity, maintaining and fulfilling human rights and fundamental freedoms, non-commercialisation of substances of human origin and protecting donors and recipients of organs, tissues and cells. This latter principle is fulfilled by improving and promoting strict standards for quality and safety in order to protect not only the donor and recipient, but also the precious donated organ/tissue itself.
The European Committee on Organ Transplantation (CD-P-TO) is the steering committee in charge of transplantation activities). This committee consists of representatives from member states of the `{{nat|Council of Europe}}`{=mediawiki}, and observers including the European Commission, WHO, the DH-BIO, Eurotransplant, Scandiatransplant, the European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), The Transplantation Society (TTS), the European Association of Tissue and Cells Banks (EATCB), the European Eye Bank Association (EEBA), the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA). It actively promotes the non-commercialisation of donation, the fight against organ/tissue and cell trafficking and the development of ethical, quality and safety standards in the field of organ, tissue and cell transplantation. An important part of the CD-P-TO\'s work is the development and publication of two major guides: the \"Guide to the quality and safety of organs for transplantation\" and the \"Guide to the quality and safety of tissues and cells for human application\".
The EDQM organises a European Donation Day (EDD) together with a different member state every year, to raise awareness of the importance of organ donation and transplantation in its member states and to encourage public debate and reflection on this life-saving therapy.
### Cosmetics and food contact materials {#cosmetics_and_food_contact_materials}
Since 1 January 2009, the EDQM has worked on strengthening consumer health protection in Europe, with a focus on the safe use and quality of cosmetics and materials and articles in contact with foodstuffs.
The European Committee on Cosmetics and Consumer Health (CD-P-COS) is tasked with responding to emerging risks for health arising from the use of cosmetics. By promoting the principles laid down in Council of Europe Resolution ResAP(2008)1 on requirements and criteria for the safety of tattoos and permanent make-up, the committee also works to ensure the safety of these products. Activities on the work programme focus on fostering collaboration between member states and observers.
The CD-P-COS oversees the European Network of Official Cosmetics Control Laboratories (OCCLs). This network was established in 2010 to maximise the efficiency of cosmetics surveillance by strengthening cross-border collaboration and pooling resources to perform Europe-wide market surveillance studies. Several control laboratories in Asia also take part.
In addition to market surveillance studies, network activities include analytical development, PTS studies and the implementation of harmonised quality management systems. Priority is given to testing products that may present a health risk for consumers, either linked to the presence of prohibited or restricted substances (according to EU legislation) or trace metals. The network also publishes test methods after performing inter-laboratory trials to confirm that these methods are fit for purpose.
The European Committee for Food Contact Materials and Articles (CD-P-MCA) is tasked with developing and strengthening harmonised measures that supplement EU and national legislation to ensure the safety of packaging, containers, utensils and other materials and articles for food contact. It is supported by two subordinate bodies: the working group on food contact materials made from paper and board and the working group on printed food contact materials. The technical guides published by the CD-P-MCA are used as reference documents by manufacturers and other business operators, safety evaluators and control laboratories
| 843 |
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| 5 |
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# Ein Stern (...der deinen Namen trägt)
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# Griefshire
***Griefshire*** is the third album by the gothic metal band Elis. It\'s their first concept album, and the last before Sabine Dünser\'s death. Because Sabine Dünser was the creator of the concept of *Griefshire* and the main songwriter of the songs on it, the other members decided, after her death, to release *Griefshire* in her memory.
## Concept
The story of the album features the following characters: **The Narrator\'s Mother** (a wise and benevolent witch-style woman that dedicated her entire life to guide people in their ways to redemption), **The Narrator** (the younger brother, permanently handicapped since birth, a very intelligent man that constantly deals with his inner doubts), **The Narrator\'s Brother** (the older brother, with an impressive skill to be a leader, but he corrupts all the villagers to make them follow him as a sect leader), **The Narrator\'s Daughter** (a young girl that inherited the wisdom and skills from her grandmother and was raised by her father to use her powers for good), **The Brother\'s Wife** (the wife of the older brother and the secret love for the younger, she discovers the truth about her husband but refuses to leave his side) and **The Sect** (the villagers, corrupted by the older brother who wanted to lead them to redemption although he could not do that).
The first track of the album, \"Tales from Heaven or Hell\", talks about the narrator\'s daughter, who, after her father\'s death, decides to fulfill his last will: to read his secret diary to \"discover the truth about her origin\", and to shed his ashes over a small unknown town. However, she is afraid that her father lied to her about everything.
The second track, \"Die Stadt\", describes the town as it looks like now, and then it starts talking a little about how the town used to be according to the narrator\'s memories.
\"Show Me the Way\" talks about the narrator\'s mother and her theory about the *3x3 notion*, that, according to her, can save everyone from illnesses. Also, it tells how seekers of the truth look for her wisdom.
The fourth track, \"Brothers\", is the first track about the two brothers\' relationship. The song says that, although the younger brother (the narrator) was physically handicapped since he was born, his older brother does not abandon him, even after their mother\'s premature death. The song describes the older brother as a man that \"everyone follows and listens to\" due to his leadership skills. Finally, it talks about an \"eternal vow\" that both brothers made in front of their mother\'s tomb, swearing that they would be together forever, and that they would follow her steps no matter what happened then.
The next part of the story includes a non-album track, featured only on the \"Show Me the Way\" MCD: \"Salvation\". It narrates how the younger brother discovered that all he always feared had already happened: his older brother had become a sect leader, and all the people in the town blindly followed him, because he promised them redemption. He wants to stop his older brother before something terrible happens, and he starts planning how to do that, and to remind him the promise they both made to her mother; this part is told in \"Seit dem Anbeginn der Zeit\".
The next two tracks, \"Remember the Promise\" and \"Phoenix from the Ashes\", are involved with the big discussion between the two brothers. The first, \"Remember the Promise\", talks about what the narrator told his brother to make him stop before it\'s too late, and why he could not take anyone safely to salvation; and \"Phoenix from the Ashes\" is the answer of the older brother, his frustration and his negative reaction to his younger brother\'s words.
Meanwhile, the older brother\'s wife discovers the truth about her husband\'s mistakes and what could happen if he does not stop pretending to save everyone. She wonders how long she\'ll be able to stand without being hurt, and all her thoughts can be listened in the next track, \"How Long\". When she finally has decided to leave her husband, her fears stop her, and chooses to stay with him to try to save him. But it\'s obviously clear that the older brother somehow influenced her final decision (maybe because they had a little daughter). *Innocent Hearts* talks about this decision. However, she still doubts about what she chose, and she hopes that her husband remembers how their lives together used to be before the turned into a sect leader, when everything was beauty and pureness. The track \"These Days Are Gone\" (the second non-album track, featured on the MCD) narrates her faith on returning to those wonderful times.
The next track\'s story, \"Forgotten Love\", takes place one year after that crucial decision. Now, the younger brother has withdrawn himself from his brother and the entire community. He spends his time at his favorite place on the hills, while he thinks about his lost love, and wondering how the situation is on the town. He recalls his lost hopes, dreams and good times; but there\'s nothing he can do.
\"The Burning\" is the climax of the story. It tells about what happened when, one day in the afternoon, while spending his time thinking at the hills, the younger brother looked at the town and discovered that the city hall (where the meetings of his brother\'s sect took place) was on fire. He ran as fast as he could to the city hall to try to save everyone he could, but it was too late: his brother provoked somehow a big fire, and only then the people understood that he was not a redeemer after all, and that nobody could be their redeemer. The only person that the younger brother managed to save from the flames was his brother\'s little daughter, whom he decided to raise as his own daughter to teach her not to make the same mistakes her father made. Everyone else (including the older brother and his wife) died, and the whole town was reduced to ashes.
Now, ten years later, after reading the entire tale on her father\'s diary, that young girl realized why her father showed her to use her skills only for good. Also, she understood why that dark and ruined town was a special place for her father. \'Ashes to Ashes\', she read, interpreting that as some kind of calling the lost souls that died on the town back then were sending to her father and, someday, they would send her, too. However, that would not be the end of the story\... and the track \"A New Decade\" tells it clearly.
And the final track (the third non-album track featured on the MCD), *In Einem Verlassenen Zimmer*, talks about the place where that young woman discovered all the truth about her origin, and especially what was about to happen after that. The song is taken from a poem of the same name by Georg Trakl.
The bonus track \"Heaven and Hell\" has little or nothing to do with the concept. It is simply a cover of a Black Sabbath song.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
(Translations to English from German titles in brackets)
1. \"Tales from Heaven or Hell\" - 4:17
2. \"Die Stadt\" (*The City*) - 4:19
3. \"Show Me the Way\" - 4:06
4. \"Brothers\" - 4:23
5. \"Seit dem Anbeginn der Zeit\" (*Since the Beginning of Time*) - 5:40
6. \"Remember the Promise\" - 3:24
7. \"Phoenix from the Ashes\" - 4:19
8. \"How Long\" \[another version on Digipack\] - 4:03
9. \"Innocent Hearts\" - 5:11
10. \"Forgotten Love\" - 4:23
11. \"The Burning\" - 4:43
12. \"A New Decade\" - 3:46
13. \"Heaven and Hell\" (Black Sabbath cover) \[Bonus on Digipack\] - 4:53
| 1,294 |
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| 0 |
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# Griefshire
## Singles
- \"Show Me the Way\" (2007)
## Personnel
- Sabine Dünser - vocals
- Pete Streit - guitars
- Chris Gruber - guitars
- Tom Saxer - bass, death growls
- Max Naescher - drums
- Violin on \"Forgotten Love\" by Judith Biedermann (Nevertheless)
Concept created by Sabine Dünser. All songs written by Sabine Dünser, except \"Heaven and Hell\" by Ronnie James Dio. All arrangements by Elis
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| 1 |
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# L. Francis Herreshoff
**L.** (**Lewis**) **Francis Herreshoff** (November 11, 1890 -- December 1972), was a boat designer, naval architect, editor, and author of books and magazine articles.
## Biography
Herreshoff was born on November 11, 1890, in Bristol, Rhode Island, to Clara Anna DeWolf (1853--1905) and Nathanael Greene Herreshoff (1848--1938).
During his early career, Herreshoff worked for the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, founded by his father and uncle, where he gained valuable experience and knowledge in boat design and construction. The Herreshoff Manufacturing Company was known for producing high-quality yachts and racing sailboats. Later on, Herreshoff also worked for the naval architect Starling Burgess, further honing his skills in the field of naval architecture. In 1926, he went into business for himself in Marblehead, Massachusetts, as a designer of racing and pleasure yachts, canoes, kayaks and other small craft. Herreshoff died December 1972.
In addition to his practical work in boat design, L. Francis Herreshoff also made significant contributions as an editor and author. He wrote numerous books and articles on boat design, sailing, and yacht racing, sharing his expertise and insights with the wider boating community. His writings often incorporated his own design philosophies and ideas.
Herreshoff\'s designs were characterized by their elegance, practicality, and attention to detail. He had a deep understanding of yacht design principles and a keen eye for aesthetics. Many of his designs are considered classics and are still revered today.
Herreshoff was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2014.
## Notable designs {#notable_designs}
Herreshoff\'s designs included:
- A series of graceful clipper-bowed ketches: *Ticonderoga* 72 ft, *Tioga/Bounty* 57 ft, *Mobjack* 45 Ft and *Nereia* 36
- A shoal-draft leeboarder: *Meadowlark*
- Arguably the original \"passagemaker\"; the inspiration for Beebe\'s book, and an indirect inspiration for Perry\'s \"container boat\": *Marco Polo*.
- His answer to Hanna\'s ideas about the ideal homebuilt boat: *H-28*
- The 73 ft *Merlin*, sunk on July 7, 1999, by a humpback whale in Whale Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska.
- Buzzards Bay 14
- Herreshoff Prudence
- Herreshoff Rozinante
- Stuart Knockabout
## Publications
His books include *The Common Sense of Yacht Design*, *The Compleat Cruiser*, *Capt. Nat Herreshoff: The Wizard of Bristol*, *The Writings of L. Francis Herreshoff*, *Sensible Cruising Designs* and *An L. Francis Herreshoff Reader*. *The Common Sense of Yacht Design*, published in 1947, became a seminal work in yacht design literature and continues to be highly regarded by both designers and enthusiasts.
He published numerous magazine articles, notably the \'How To Build\' series in the magazine *The Rudder*. Herreshoff\'s success as an author is especially impressive in one sense; his dyslexia had led his father to shunt him into agricultural school
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# Hardy–Littlewood maximal function
In mathematics, the **Hardy--Littlewood maximal operator** *M* is a significant non-linear operator used in real analysis and harmonic analysis.
## Definition
The operator takes a locally integrable function $f: \R^d \to \mathbb C$ and returns another function $Mf : \R^d \to [0, \infty]$, where $Mf (x)$ is the supremum of the average of $f$ among all possible balls centered on $x$. Formally,
$$Mf(x)=\sup_{r>0} \frac{1}{|B(x, r)|}\int_{B(x, r)} |f(y)|\, dy$$,
where \|*E*\| denotes the *d*-dimensional Lebesgue measure of a subset *E* ⊂ **R**^*d*^, and $B(x,\,r)$ is the ball of radius, $r>0$, centered at the point $x\in\mathbb{R}^d$.
Since $f$ is locally integrable, the averages are jointly continuous in *x* and *r*, so the maximal function *Mf*, being the supremum over *r* \> 0, is measurable.
A nontrivial corollary of the **Hardy--Littlewood maximal inequality** states that $Mf$ is finite almost everywhere for functions in $L^1$.
## Hardy--Littlewood maximal inequality {#hardylittlewood_maximal_inequality}
This theorem of G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood states that *M* is bounded as a sublinear operator from *L^p^*(**R**^*d*^) to itself for *p* \> 1. That is, if *f* ∈ *L^p^*(**R**^*d*^) then the maximal function *Mf* is weak *L*^1^-bounded and *Mf* ∈ *L^p^*(**R**^*d*^). Before stating the theorem more precisely, for simplicity, let {*f* \> *t*} denote the set {*x* \| *f*(*x*) \> *t*}. Now we have:
> **Theorem (Weak Type Estimate).** For *d* ≥ 1, there is a constant *C~d~* \> 0 such that for all λ \> 0 and *f* ∈ *L*^1^(**R**^*d*^), we have:
>
> $$\left |\{Mf > \lambda\} \right |< \frac{C_d}{\lambda} \Vert f\Vert_{L^1 (\mathbf{R}^d)}.$$
With the Hardy--Littlewood maximal inequality in hand, the following *strong-type* estimate is an immediate consequence of the Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem:
> **Theorem (Strong Type Estimate).** For *d* ≥ 1, 1 \< *p* ≤ ∞, and *f* ∈ *L^p^*(**R**^*d*^), there is a constant *C~p,d~* \> 0 such that
>
> $$\Vert Mf\Vert_{L^p (\mathbf{R}^d)}\leq C_{p,d}\Vert f\Vert_{L^p(\mathbf{R}^d)}.$$
In the strong type estimate the best bounds for *C~p,d~* are unknown. However subsequently Elias M. Stein used the Calderón-Zygmund method of rotations to prove the following:
> **Theorem (Dimension Independence).** For 1 \< *p* ≤ ∞ one can pick *C~p,d~* = *C~p~* independent of *d*.
## Proof
While there are several proofs of this theorem, a common one is given below, that uses the following version of the Vitali covering lemma to prove the weak-type estimate. (See the article for the proof of the lemma.)
B \\subset \\bigcup\_{B \\in \\mathcal{F\'}} 5B where 5*B* is *B* with 5 times radius.}}
\|f(x)\|dx. Then
$$\|Mf\|_p^p = \int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \vert M f (x)\vert^p dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \int_0^{Mf(x)} pt^{p-1} dt dx = p \int_0^\infty t^{p-1} |\{ Mf > t \}| dt$$ By the estimate above we have:
$$\|Mf\|_p^p \leq p \int_0^\infty t^{p-1} \left ({2\cdot 5^d \over t} \int_{|f(x)| > \frac{t}{2}} |f(x)|dx \right ) dt = 2\cdot 5^d p \int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \int_{0}^{2|f(x)|} t^{p-2} dt |f(x)| dx = \frac{2^p \cdot 5^d p}{p - 1} \|f\|_p^p.$$ }}
Note that the constant $C=5^d$ in the proof can be improved to $3^d$ by using the inner regularity of the Lebesgue measure, and the finite version of the Vitali covering lemma. See the Discussion section below for more about optimizing the constant.
## Applications
Some applications of the Hardy--Littlewood Maximal Inequality include proving the following results:
- Lebesgue differentiation theorem
- Rademacher differentiation theorem
- Fatou\'s theorem on nontangential convergence.
- Fractional integration theorem
Here we use a standard trick involving the maximal function to give a quick proof of Lebesgue differentiation theorem. (But remember that in the proof of the maximal theorem, we used the Vitali covering lemma.) Let *f* ∈ *L*^1^(**R**^*n*^) and
$$\Omega f (x) = \limsup_{r \to 0} f_r(x) - \liminf_{r \to 0} f_r(x)$$
where
$$f_r(x) = \frac{1}{|B(x, r)|} \int_{B(x, r)} f(y) dy.$$
We write *f* = *h* + *g* where *h* is continuous and has compact support and *g* ∈ *L*^1^(**R**^*n*^) with norm that can be made arbitrary small. Then
$$\Omega f \le \Omega g + \Omega h = \Omega g$$
by continuity. Now, Ω*g* ≤ 2*Mg* and so, by the theorem, we have:
$$\left | \{ \Omega g > \varepsilon \} \right | \le \frac{2\,M}{\varepsilon} \|g\|_1$$
Now, we can let $\|g\|_1 \to 0$ and conclude Ω*f* = 0 almost everywhere; that is, $\lim_{r \to 0} f_r(x)$ exists for almost all *x*. It remains to show the limit actually equals *f*(*x*). But this is easy: it is known that $\|f_r - f\|_1 \to 0$ (approximation of the identity) and thus there is a subsequence $f_{r_k} \to f$ almost everywhere. By the uniqueness of limit, *f~r~* → *f* almost everywhere then.
## Discussion
It is still unknown what the smallest constants *C~p,d~* and *C~d~* are in the above inequalities. However, a result of Elias Stein about spherical maximal functions can be used to show that, for 1 \< *p* \< ∞, we can remove the dependence of *C~p,d~* on the dimension, that is, *C~p,d~* = *C~p~* for some constant *C~p~* \> 0 only depending on *p*. It is unknown whether there is a weak bound that is independent of dimension.
There are several common variants of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator which replace the averages over centered balls with averages over different families of sets. For instance, one can define the *uncentered* HL maximal operator (using the notation of Stein-Shakarchi)
$$f^*(x) = \sup_{x \in B_x} \frac{1}{|B_x|} \int_{B_x} |f(y)| dy$$
where the balls *B~x~* are required to merely contain x, rather than be centered at x. There is also the *dyadic* HL maximal operator
$$M_\Delta f(x) = \sup_{x \in Q_x} \frac{1}{|Q_x|} \int_{Q_x} |f(y)| dy$$
where *Q~x~* ranges over all dyadic cubes containing the point *x*. Both of these operators satisfy the HL maximal inequality
| 936 |
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# Bleak House (Knoxville, Tennessee)
**Bleak House** is an antebellum Classical Revival style house in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is on the National Register of Historic Places.
## History
The house was first occupied by Robert Houston Armstrong and his wife, Louisa Franklin. It was built in 1858 for the couple as a wedding gift by the bride\'s father, Major Lawson D. Franklin. Robert Armstrong\'s father, Drury Armstrong, gave them the land. The Armstrongs named the house after Charles Dickens\' \"Bleak House\" novel of the same name. The bricks in the house were molded on-site using slave labor.
The home was used by Confederate Generals James Longstreet and Lafayette McLaws as their headquarters from November 17 to December 4 of 1863 during the Battle of Knoxville. Three Confederate sharpshooters who were stationed in the house\'s tower were killed by Union cannonballs. Two of the cannonballs are still embedded in the walls, and Civil War-era sketches of the slain soldiers are displayed on the walls of the tower.
The home now belongs to local Chapter 89 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and is commonly called **Confederate Memorial Hall**.
Crescent Bend, built by Robert Armstrong\'s father, Drury, and Westwood, built by Robert\'s daughter, Adelia Armstrong Lutz, still stand a few blocks from the Bleak House on Kingston Pike
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10,094,216 |
# List of aircraft (B–Be)
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ This is a list of aircraft in alphabetical order beginning with \'B\' as far as \'Be\'.
## B--Be
### B&F
(B&F Technik Vertriebs gmbh, Germany)
- B&F Fk9
- B&F Fk12
- B&F Fk14 Polaris
- B&F Fk131 Bücker Jungmann
- FK-Lightplanes SW51 Mustang
### BA
see: British Aircraft Manufacturing
### Baade
(Dr. Brunholf Baade, East Germany, see: OKB-1 and VEB)
- Baade 152
### BAaer
(BA-Aeroplanos, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
- BAaer Guri
### Babcock
- Babcock 1905 Wright Flyer copy
- Babcock 1909 Wright Flyer copy
- Babcock 1910 Monoplane
- Babcock 1913 Curtiss Pusher Copy
- Babcock 1916 Biplane
- Babcock LC-7
- Babcock LC-11 Cadet
- Babcock LC-13
- Babcock-Vlchek X Airmaster
- Babcock Ranger
- Babcock Series 1
- Babcock Teal
### BAC
see:British Aircraft Company
### BAC {#bac_1}
see:British Aircraft Corporation
### Back Bone {#back_bone}
(Tallard, France)
- Back Bone Seraph
- Back Bone Shadow
- Back Bone Silver
### Bach
(Bach Aircraft Co, Clover Field, Santa Monica, CA / Morton L. Bach)
- Bach 3-CT Air Yacht
- Bach Air Yacht
- Bach CS-1
- Bach CS-4
- Bach Polar Bear
- Bach Super Transport
- Bach T-11-P
### Bachem
(Erich Bachem / *Bachem-Werke*)
- Bachem Lerche
- Bachem Ba 349 Natter
- Ba BP 20 - (Manned Flak Rocket) First versions of Ba-349, some Non-VTO fitted with fixed landing gear and solid nose for flight testing
### Backcountry Super Cubs {#backcountry_super_cubs}
(Backcountry Super Cubs, LLC, Douglas, WY)
- Backcountry Super Cubs Mackey SQ2
- Backcountry Super Cubs Supercruiser
- Backcountry Super Cubs Super Cub
### Backstrom
(Al Backstrom, Fort Worth, TX)
- Backstrom WPB-1
- Backstrom EPB-1 Flying Plank
- Backstrom Flying Plank II
### Bacon
(Erle L. Bacon Corporation)
- Bacon Super T-6
### Badez-Giraud-Mercier {#badez_giraud_mercier}
- Badez-Giraud-Mercier Bagimer
### BAe
see:British Aerospace
### BAE Systems {#bae_systems}
- BAE Systems HERTI
- BAE Systems Fury
- BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4
- BAE Systems Hawk
- BAE Systems Ampersand
- BAE Systems Mantis
- BAE Systems Taranis
- BAE Systems Demon
- BAE Systems PHASA-35
### Baco
(Bethlehem Aircraft Corp, Bethlehem, PA)
- Baco Skylark
### BAG
(Bahnbedarf AG, Darmstadt)
- BAG D.I (Akaflieg Darmstadt D-8)
- BAG D.II
- BAG E.I
- BAG E.II
### Bagg
(Roy Raymond Bagg, Mooreton, ND)
- Bagg Model 1
### Bagalini
(Marino Bagalini)
- Bagalini Baga 68
- Bagalini Bagaliante
- Bagalini Bagalini
- Bagalini Baganfibio
- Bagalini Colombo
### Bahl
((Brooks B) Harding, (A D) Zook & (Errold G) Bahl, Lincoln, NE)
- Bahl Lark Monoplane
### Bailey
(Charles Bailey, Madison, NC)
- Bailey The Thing
### Bailey {#bailey_1}
(Dick Bailey)
- Bailey Model B Bitty Bipe
### Bailey Aviation {#bailey_aviation}
(Bassingbourn, Royston, United Kingdom)
- Bailey JPX D330
- Bailey Solo
- Bailey V5 paramotor
### Bailey & Gray {#bailey_gray}
(John & Ross Bailey and Marsh Gray, Kingston, NC)
- Bailey & Gray 1911 Monoplane
### Baja California {#baja_california}
(designer - Lascurain Y Osio)
- BAJA California BC.1
- BAJA California BC.2
- BAJA California BC.3
### Bakeng
(Gerald Bakeng, Edmonds, WA)
- Bakeng Duce
- Bakeng Double Duce
### Baker
(Al and Ray Baker, Kansas City, MO)
- Baker Pete
- Baker Special
- Shannon-Buente Special
### Baker {#baker_1}
(Bobby Baker)
- Baker Supercat
- Baker Bobcat
### Baker {#baker_2}
(Gil Baker)
- Baker BCA-1 Amphibian
### Baker {#baker_3}
(Baker Air Research, Huron, OH)
- Baker Aquarius
- Baker MB-1 Delta Kitten
- Baker Boo Ray
### Baker {#baker_4}
(Art Baker, Kansas City, MO)
- Baker B-2
### Baker-Scott {#baker_scott}
(Clyde Baker & Tommy Scott, Bartlett Tennessee, US)
- Baker-Scott A
### Bal-Aire {#bal_aire}
(Ballard Leins, Tinley Park, IL)
- Bal-Aire BA
### Baldwin
(Baldwin Aeroplanes)
- Baldwin Red Devil
### Baldwin {#baldwin_1}
((Gary) Baldwin Aircraft Intl.)
- Baldwin ASP-XJ
- Baldwin ASP-XJS
### Ball
(Clifford Ball, Bettis Field, McKeesport, PA)
- Ball S-T
### Ballard Sport Aircraft {#ballard_sport_aircraft}
(Ballard Sport Aircraft, Limited, Sherbrooke, Quebec)
- Ballard Pelican
### Ball-Bartoe {#ball_bartoe}
(Ball-Bartoe Aircraft Corp, Boulder, CO)
- Ball-Bartoe JW-1 Jetwing
### Ballou-Whitehair {#ballou_whitehair}
((W J) Ballou-(Walter L) Whitehair Aeroplane Co, Portland, OR)
- Ballou-Whitehair 1929 Aircraft
### Bally
(Jack Bally & Don Smith)
- Bally B-17
### Baltrun
((Joseph) Baltrun Flying Service, Springfield, MA)
- Baltrun 1930 Biplane
### Bancroft
((Basil or Louis) Bancroft Airplane Co, E Hartford, CT)
- Bancroft 1917 Biplane
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Bánhidi
(Antal Bánhidi)
- Bánhidi Gerle
### Bánhidi-Lampich {#bánhidi_lampich}
(Antal Bánhidi and Arpad Lampich)
- Bánhidi-Lampich BL-5
- Bánhidi-Lampich BL-6
- Bánhidi-Lampich BL-7 (BL-5 Redesigned by Rubik and Pap)
- Bánhidi-Lampich BL-16
### Bannick
((Lester) Bannick Copter Co, Phoenix, AZ)
- Bannick Model C Copter
- Bannick Model VW Copter
- Bannick Model T of the Air
### Barbaro
(René Barbaro) *Data from:*\'
- Barbaro RB-10
- Barbaro RB-20
- Barbaro RB-30 (F-WFOT)
- Barbaro RB-40 (F-WFOT)?
- Barbaro RB-50
- Barbaro RB-51
- Barbaro RB-60 (F-PPZG)
- Barbaro RB-70 twin (F-PTEL)
- Barbaro-Gagnant BG.10
- Chagnes-Barbaro CG.10
### Barber
(Bill Barber)
- Barber Snark
### Barbette
(Roland Barbette & Jacky Dessendre)
- Barette AL/BARDE *Ruty* (Avion Léger/BARbette-DEssendre)
### Barcala-Cierva-Diaz {#barcala_cierva_diaz}
(*Sociedad Industrial de Construcciones Aeronauticas Llamada Barcala-Cierva-Diaz*)-(Jose Barcala - Juan de la Cierva - Pablo Diaz)
- Barcala-Cierva-Diaz BCD1 *El Cangrejo* (The Crab)
- Barcala-Cierva-Diaz BCD2
- Barcala-Cierva-Díaz BCD3
### Bárcenas
(Aeroservicio Bárcenas S.A)
- Bárcenas B-01
### Barclay
(Irwin R Barclay, Bloomington, IN)
- Barclay 1933 Monoplane
### Barillon
(Pierre Barillon)
- Barillon 1909 Monoplane
### Baritsky
- Baritsky Gyroplane A
### Barker
(Art Barker, Kansas City, MO)
- Barker B-2
### Barker-Bowser {#barker_bowser}
(Gailard Barker & Kenneth Bowser, Phoenix, AZ)
- Barker-Bowser B-1 Midniter
### Barkhoff
- Barkhoff Retractable Wing (Con Ellingston Special)
### Barkley-Grow {#barkley_grow}
- Barkley-Grow T8P-1
### Barkley-Warwick {#barkley_warwick}
((Archibald S) Barkley & Warwick Aircraft Corp, 7490 Melville St, Detroit, MI)
- Barkley-Warwick BW-1
### Barlatier
(Henri Blanc et Emile Barlatier)
- Barlatier et Blanc 1908 monoplane
### Barling
(Barling Aircraft Co, 526 North 2nd St, St Joseph, MO)
- Barling A
- Barling B-6
- Barling XNBL-1 Bomber
### Barlow
(Carl O. Barlow / Option Air Reno)
- Barlow Acapella 100
### Barnard
(Barnard Aircraft Corp, Syracuse, US)
- New Strandard D-31
### Barnes
(S H Barnes, Escalon CA. 19??: 110 N Cypress St, Burbank, CA)
- Barnes BGX-1
### Barnett
( (K J) Barnett Rotorcraft Co, Olivehurst, CA)
- Barnett J3M
- Barnett J4M
- Barnett J4B
### Barney
(Barney Snyder, 3706 49 St, San Diego, CA)
- Barney S-1
- Barney Sportster
- Barney Wren
### Barnhart
((G Edward) Barnhart, San Diego CA. 1922: Barnhart Aircraft Inc, 44 W Green St, Pasadena, CA)
- Barnhart 1916 Biplane
- Barnhart Twin 15 Wampus Kat (1921) twin-engine biplane transport
### Barr
(Jim Barr / Barr Aircraft, Williamsport, PA)
- Barrsix
### Barrett
(Barrett Aircraft Corp, Anoka, MN)
- Barrett Gyracar
### Barrett {#barrett_1}
(Barrett Aircraft, 2442 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA)
- Barrett 1931 Monoplane
### Barritault
(Jean Barritault)
- Barritault JB.01
### Barritt
(John E Barritt, Riverside CA, later Berkeley, CA)
- Barritt BM-1
### Barrón
(Eduardo Barrón)
- Barrón España
- Barrón Flecha
- Barrón W
- Barrón Delta
- Barrón Triplano
### Barrows
(Robert Barrows, Virginia)
- Barrows Grasshopper
- Barrows Bearhawk
- Bearhawk Companion
- Barrows Bearhawk Patrol
- Bearhawk LSA
### Barry
(Howard S Barry, Birmingham, Alabama, AL)
- Barry Sport
### Bartel
- Bartel 1918 monoplane
- Bartel BM 1
- Bartel BM 2
- Bartel BM 4
- Bartel BM 5
- Bartel BM 6
### Bartini
(Robert Ludvigovich Bartini)
- Bartini A-57
- (Bartini) Beriev Be-1
- Bartini DAR
- Bartini Stal-6
- Bartini Stal-7
- Bartini Stal-8
- Bartini T-108
- Bartini T-117
- Bartini T-200
- Bartini Beriev VVA-14
- Bartini 14M1P
### Bartlett
(Bartlett Aircraft Corp.)
- Bartlett Zephyr
### Bartok
(Frank Bartok, Dillonvale, OH)
- Bartok KA-32
### Barton
(Wayne F Barton, Northglenn, CO)
- Barton Sylkie One, also known as the Barton Model B-1
### Basler
- Basler BT-67
- Basler Turbo 37
### Bassan-Gué {#bassan_gué}
- Bassan-Gué BN4 night bomber
### Bassou
(André Bassou) (see also *Societe de Constructions et d\'Aviation Legere* - SCAL)
- Bassou FB.20 Rubis
- Bassou FB.31 Rubis
- Bassou FB.41
- Bassou Sport
### Bastet
(Raymond Bastet)
- Bastet 01
### Bastianelli
(Bastianelli brothers see also *Societá Industriale l\'Aviazone*)
- Bastianelli P.R.B.
### Bastier
- Biplan Bastier 1912
### B.A.T.
(British Aerial Transport Company Limited)
- BAT F.K.20
- BAT F.K.21
- BAT F.K.22
- BAT F.K.23 Bantam
- BAT F.K.24 Baboon
- BAT F.K.25 Basilisk
- BAT F.K.26
- BAT F.K.27
- BAT F.K.28 Crow
### Bat
(Noran Aircraft Co Ltd (founders: Robert E McGill & L M Finch), 157 10th St, San Francisco, CA)
- Bat P-1
- Bat P-2
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Bates
((Carl) Bates Aeroplane Co, Chicago IL. 1912: Acquired by Heath Aircraft Co, Chicago, IL)
- Bates 1908 Biplane I
- Bates 1908 Biplane II
- Bates 1911 Monoplane
### Batson
(Matthew Arlington Batson, Union County, IL 1912: Batson Air Navigation Co, Savannah, GA)
- Batson Air Yacht
- Batson Dragonfly
### Battaille
- Battaille Triplane
### Batwing
(Batwing Aircraft Co. (fdr: Walter F McGinty), Alameda, CA)
- Batwing X-1
### Bauer
- Bauer Bz 1
- Bauer Bz 2
### Bauer Avion {#bauer_avion}
(Prague, Czech Republic)
- Bauer BAD-12 Gyrotrainer
### Bauer-Hueber {#bauer_hueber}
(J Carl Bauer & Lewis Hueber)
- Bauer-Hueber 1936 Monoplane
### Baumann
(Jack B) Baumann Aircraft Corp, Knoxville, TN
- Baumann B-65
- Baumann B-90
- Baumann B-100
- Baumann B-120
- Baumann BT-120
- Baumann B-250
- Baumann B-290 Brigadier
- Baumann B-360 Brigadier
- Baumann B-480 Super Brigadier
- Custer CCW-5
### Bäumer
(Bäumer Aero GmbH)
- Bäumer B I Roter Vogel
- Bäumer B II Sausewind
- Bäumer B III Alsterkind
- Bäumer B IV Sausewind
- Bäumer B V Puck
- Bäumer B VI Libelle
- Bäumer B VII
### Baumgärtl
(Paul Baumgärtl)
- Baumgärtl Heliofly I
- Baumgärtl Heliofly III/57
- Baumgärtl Heliofly III/59
- Baumgärtl PB-60
- Baumgärtl PB-63
- Baumgärtl PB-64
### Baumhauer
(Albert Gillis von Baumhauer)
- Baumhauer helicopter
### Baumuster
(Flugzeugbaus Wagener & Hamburg-Flughafen)
- Baumuster HW 4a
### Bay
(Bay Aviation)
- Bay Super \"V\" Bonanza
### Bayerische Flugzeugwerke AG {#bayerische_flugzeugwerke_ag}
see BFW
### BDC Aero {#bdc_aero}
(BDC Aero Industrie (aka Puma Aircraft), Lachute, Quebec, Canada)
- BDC Aero Puma
### BDM
- BDM 01
### Beach
(Irl Simeon Beach, 241 E Douglas Ave, Wichita, KS)
- Beach B-5
### Beach-Whitehead {#beach_whitehead}
(Stanley Yale Beach & Gustave Whitehead, Bridgeport, CT; Scientific Aeroplane Co, 125 E 23rd St, New York, NY)
- Beach-Whitehead Gyroscopic Biplane
### Beach-Willard {#beach_willard}
(Stanley Yale Beach & Charles F. Willard, New York)
- Beach-Willard 1909 Monoplane
### Beachey
(Lincoln Beachey)
- Beachey Little Looper
- Beachey-Curtiss Looper
- Beachey-Curtiss Tractor
- Beachey-Eaton 1915 Monoplane
- Beachey-Stupar 1914 Biplane
### Beachner
(Chris Beachner, Tucson AZ. Mizell Enterprises (after Beachner\'s death), Brighton CO.)
- Beachner V-8 Special
### Beagle
- Beagle A.61 Terrier
- Beagle A.113 Husky
- Beagle A.115 A.O.P. Mk.III
- Beagle B.109 Airedale
- Beagle B.121 Pup
- Beagle B.206
- Beagle B.206R Basset CC.1
- Beagle M.218
- Beagle M.242
- Beagle D.4/108
- Beagle D.5/180
- Beagle D.6/180
### Beal
(Ralph Beal, Kansas City, MO)
- Beal BM-3
- Beal BP-2
- Beal CM-4
- Century Centurion
- Century SMB-4
### Bealine
(Bealine Flying Service (pres: Thomas W Beal), Humble, TX)
- Bealine Sporty
### Beard
(Otis & Louis Beard, St Petersburg, FL)
- Beard Model B
### Beardmore
- Beardmore Inflexible (Rohrbach Ro VI)
- Beardmore W.B.I
- Beardmore W.B.Ia
- Beardmore W.B.II
- Beardmore W.B.IIa Adriatic
- Beardmore W.B.IIb
- Beardmore W.B.III
- Beardmore W.B.IV
- Beardmore W.B.V
- Beardmore W.B.VI
- Beardmore W.B.VIII
- Beardmore W.B.IX flying boat project
- Beardmore W.B.XXIV Wee Bee
- Beardmore W.B.XXV fighter project
- Beardmore W.B.XXVI
- Beardmore BeRo.2 Inverness (Rohrbach Ro IV)
### Bearhawk
(Bearhawk Aircraft)
- Bearhawk 4-Place
- Bearhawk 5
- Bearhawk Patrol
- Bearhawk Companion
- Bearhawk LSA
### Beattie-Fellers {#beattie_fellers}
(Ronald Beattie & Walter Fellers)
- Beattie-Fellers S-1
### Beatty
(George W Beatty / Beatty Aviation Company)
- Beatty-Wright 1911 Biplane
- Beatty 1916 biplane
### Beaujon
(Beaujon Aircraft, Ardmore, OK)
- Beaujon BJ-2
- Beaujon Enduro
- Beaujon Flybike
- Beaujon Hardnose
- Beaujon Mach .07
- Beaujon Minimac
- Beaujon Viewmaster
- Beaujon Windward
### Beaumont
(Roland W Beaumont, Buffalo, NY)
- Beaumont 1934 Monoplane
### Beauregard
- Beauregard RB-01
### Béchereau
(Louis Béchereau / *Societe et Ateliers Béchereau*)
- Béchereau SAB C.1 (Béchereau, Louis Blériot and Adolphe Bernard, supported by Marc Birkigt)
- Béchereau SRAP T.7
### Becker
(Arthur H Becker, Brocton, NY)
- Becker BS-4
### Beckner
(F W Beckner, Victoria, TX)
- Beckner FW-1
- Beckner FW-2
### Beco
((Harvey) Beilgard Co, Beverly Hills, CA)
- Beco B-1
- Beco B-5
- Beco-Brown L-5
### Bede
(Bede Aviation Inc, Chesterfield, MO)
- Bede BD-1
- Bede XBD-2
- Bede BD-2
- Bede BD-3
- Bede BD-4
- Bede BD-5
- Bede BD-6
- Bede BD-7
- Bede BD-8
- Bede BD-9
- Bede BD-10
- Bede BD-11
- Bede BD-12
- Bede BD-14
- Bede BD-16
- Bede BD-17
- Bede BD-18
- Bede BD-22L
- Bede HB-1 Super Demoiselle
- Bede Wing
### Bedek
(Bedek Aviation)
- Bedek B-101
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Bee Line {#bee_line}
(Harry T Booth & Arthur L \"Mike\" Thurston)
- Bee line BR (sometimes referred to as the Thurston racer or the Booth racer)
### Beebe
(Henry J Beebe, Scienceville, OH)
- Beebe 1937 Monoplane
### \[Beebe Aircraft Service\]\] {#beebe_aircraft_service}
(Emmett W Beebe, Muskegon, MI)
- 150hp Hisso A-powered 40ft-span parasol monoplane. Pilot in open cockpit behind wing and cabin. One built, crashed near in 1929.
### Beechcraft
(Beech Aircraft Corp. (founders: Walter Beech, Olive Ann Beech), Wichita, KS)
- Beechcraft Model 16
- Beech Model 17 Staggerwing
- Beech Model 18 Twin Beech
- Beech Model 19 Musketeer
- Beech Model 23 Musketeer and Sundowner
- Beech Model 24 Sierra
- Beech Model 33 Debonair
- Beech Model 34 Twin-Quad
- Beech Model 35 Bonanza
- Beech Model 36 Bonanza
- Beech Model 38P Lightning
- Beech Model 45
- Beech Model 50 Twin Bonanza
- Beech Model 55 Baron
- Beech Model 56 Baron
- Beech Model 58 Baron
- Beech Model 60 Duke
- Beech Model 65 Queen Air
- Beech Model 70 Queen Airliner
- Beech Model 73 Jet Mentor
- Beech Model 76 Duchess
- Beech Model 77 Skipper
- Beech Model 80 Queen Air
- Beech Model 88 Queen Air
- Beech Model 90 King Air
- Beech Model 95 Travel Air
- Beech Model 99 Airliner
- Beech Model 100 King Air
- Beech Model 200 King Air
- Beech Model 300 King Air
- Beech Model 350 Super King Air
- Beech King Air 350i
- Beech Model 400 Beechjet
- Beech Model 1300 Airliner
- Beech Model 1900 Airliner
- Beech Model 2000 Starship
- Beech A-38 Grizzly
- Beech AT-6B Wolverine
- Beech AT-7 Navigator
- Beech AT-10 Wichita
- Beech AT-11 Kansan
- Beech C-6 Ute
- Beech C-12 Huron
- Beech C-43 Traveler
- Beech C-45 Expeditor
- Beech CT-128 Expeditor Canadian Armed Forces
- Beech CT-134 Musketeer Canadian Armed Forces
- Beech CT-145 Super King Air Canadian Armed Forces
- Beech CQ-3
- Beech F-2
- Beech GB
- Beech JB
- Beech JRB
- Beech L-23 Seminole
- Beech SNB
- Beech T-1A Jayhawk
- Beech T-6 Texan II
- Beech T-34 Mentor
- Beech T-36
- Beech T-42 Cochise
- Beech T-44 Pegasus
- Beech U-8 Seminole
- Beech U-21 Ute
- Beech U-22
- Beech PD-249
- Beech QA-65
### Beecraft
(Bee Aviation Associates)
- Beecraft Queen Bee
- Beecraft Honeybee
- Beecraft Wee Bee
### Beese-Boutard {#beese_boutard}
(Melli Beese and Charles Boutard)
- Beese-Boutard Flugboot
### Beets
(Glenn Beets, Riverside, CA)
- Beets GB-1 Special
### Beidenmeister
(Karl A Beidenmeister, Indianapolis, IN)
- Beidenmeister 1925 Biplane
### Beijing Aviation Institute {#beijing_aviation_institute}
- Beijing-1
### Beijing Aviation Polytechnic School {#beijing_aviation_polytechnic_school}
- Hongqi-1
### Belcher
((Osmond Theron) Belcher Aerial Mfg Co, Los Angeles, CA)
- Belcher B.T.1 Airliner *California*
### Bel Geddes {#bel_geddes}
(Norman Bel Geddes, New York, NY)
- Bel Geddes Air Liner#4
### Bélin
(Henri Bélin)
- Bélin Zéphir
### Belite
(Belite Aircraft)
- Belite Ultra Cub
- Belite Aircraft 254
- Belite Aircraft Superlite
- Belite Aircraft Trike
### Bell
(Fred Bell)
- Bell Sidewinder
### Bell {#bell_1}
(Oscar Perry Bell, Atchison, KS)
- Bell B
### Bell {#bell_2}
(John Robert Bell, Belle Vernon, PA)
- Bell LM
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Bell {#bell_3}
- Bell 1914 Biplane
- Bell 1
- Bell 2
- Bell 3
- Bell 7
- Bell 8
- Bell 11
- Bell 12
- Bell 13
- Bell 15
- Bell 16
- Bell 17
- Bell 23
- Bell 26
- Bell 27
- Bell 29
- Bell 30
- Bell 32
- Bell 33
- Bell 34
- Bell 37
- Bell 38
- Bell 40
- Bell 41
- Bell 42
- Bell 43
- Bell 44
- Bell 45
- Bell 47
- Bell 48
- Bell 52
- Bell 54
- Bell 58
- Bell 59
- Bell 60
- Bell 61
- Bell 65 ATV
- Bell 68
- Bell 201
- Bell 204
- Bell 205
- Bell 206 Jetranger
- Bell 207 Sioux Scout
- Bell 208
- Bell 209
- Bell 211
- Bell 212
- Bell 214
- Bell 214ST
- Bell 222
- Bell 230
- Bell 249
- Bell 255
- Bell 301
- Bell 309
- Bell 360 Invictus
- Bell 400 Twin Ranger
- Bell 406
- Bell 407
- Bell 409
- Bell 412
- Bell 427
- Bell 429
- Bell 430
- Bell 440 Twin Ranger
- Bell 525 Relentless
- Bell 533
- Bell FCX-001
- Bell A-7 Airacobra
- Bell XF-109
- Bell YFM-1 Airacuda
- Bell AH-1 Cobra
- Bell AH-1 SuperCobra
- Bell AH-1Z Viper
- Bell UH-1 Iroquois
- Bell UH-1Y Venom
- Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
- Bell H-4 Kiowa
- Bell H-13 Sioux
- Bell H-15
- Bell H-33
- Bell H-40
- Bell H-57 Sea Ranger
- Bell OH-58 Warrior Armed Observation Helicopter
- Bell OH-58 Kiowa
- Bell YAH-63
- Bell H-67 Creek
- Bell ARH-70
- Bell HO-4
- Bell HU-1
- Bell P-39 Airacobra
- Bell XP-45
- Bell XP-52
- Bell P-59 Airacomet
- Bell P-63 Kingcobra
- Bell XP-76
- Bell XP-77
- Bell XP-83
- Bell R-12
- Bell R-13
- Bell R-15
- Bell XV-3 Convertiplane
- Bell XV-15
- Bell X-1
- Bell X-2
- Bell X-5
- Bell X-14
- Bell X-16
- Bell X-22
- Bell XS-1
- Bell XS-2
- Bell XS-5
- Bell FL Airabonita
- Bell F2L Airabonita
- Bell XF3L
- Bell HSL
- Bell HTL
- Bell HUL
```{=html}
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```
- LLRV
- Bell Eagle Eye
- Bell Co-axial Rotor Helicopter
- Bell D-292 ACAP
- Bell L-39
- Bell P-400
- Bell CH-118 Iroquois Canadian Armed Forces
- Bell CH-135 Twin Huey Canadian Armed Forces
- Bell CH-136 Kiowa Canadian Armed Forces
- Bell CH-139 Jet Ranger Canadian Armed Forces
- Bell CH-146 Griffon Canadian Armed Forces
- Bell D-188A
### Bell-Agusta {#bell_agusta}
- Bell/Agusta BA609
### Bell-Boeing Vertol {#bell_boeing_vertol}
- Bell-Boeing Vertol V-22 Osprey
### Bellamy-Hillbourne {#bellamy_hillbourne}
- BH.1 Halcyon
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Bellanca
(AviaBellanca Aircraft Corporation / Giuseppe Mario Bellanca) *Main article: List of AviaBellanca Aircraft*
- Bellanca 1911 monoplane
- Bellanca 1923 6-seat biplane
- Bellanca 1923 2-seat biplane
- Bellanca 1924 monoplane
- Bellanca 2-12 - Class KD Target Drone. NASM archives.
- Bellanca 11 Trainer
- Bellanca 14-7 Cruisair Junior
- Bellanca 14-9 Cruisair Junior
- Bellanca 14-10L
- Bellanca 14-12 Cruisair
- Bellanca 14-13
- Bellanca 14-19 Cruisemaster
- Bellanca 14-19A Bravo
- Bellanca 17-20
- Bellanca 17-30 Viking
- Bellanca 17-110 Interceptor - Allison V-1710-33 (1939). NASM archives.
- Bellanca 18-13 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 18-40 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 19-25 Skyrocket II
- Bellanca 19-18 - \"Important Technical Information.\" NASM archives.
- Bellanca 19-67 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 20-115 Pursuit, Turbo Supercharger - (1939). NASM archives.
- Bellanca 22-80 (Alternate) - \"VF Proposal Biplane\" (1935). NASM archives
- Bellanca 23-55 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 23-80 - \"VF High Wing\" (1935). NASM archives.
- Bellanca 24-45 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 27-50 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 28-70 Flash
- Bellanca 28-90 Flash
- Bellanca 28-90B
- Bellanca 28-92
- Bellanca 28-100 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 28-110
- Bellanca 28-140 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 30-42 Special
- Bellanca 31-40 Pacemaker Senior
- Bellanca 31-42 Pacemaker Senior
- Bellanca 31-50
- Bellanca 31-55 Skyrocket Senior
- Bellanca 33-220 Twin Engine Pursuit - (1939) NASM archives.
- Bellanca 49-42 Liaison Short Range Observation - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 50-210 Trimotor Bomber - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 65-75 - \"Group Weight Statement, From Actual Weights of Bellanca C-27B.\" NASM archives.
- Bellanca 66-67 Aircruiser
- Bellanca 66-70
- Bellanca 66-75 Aircruiser
- Bellanca 66-76 Aircruiser
- Bellanca 66-85 Aircruiser
- Bellanca 66-87 Patrol Utility Airplane, Class VPJ - (1939). NASM archives.
- Bellanca 66-90 Patrol Utility Airplane - NASM archives.
- Bellanca 77-140
- Bellanca 77-320 Junior
- Bellanca 77-160
- Bellanca 77-170
- Bellanca Air Sedan
- Bellanca Airbus
- Bellanca Aircruiser
- Bellanca Aries
- Bellanca Aries T-250
- Bellanca Champion
- Bellanca Champion 115
- Bellanca Decathlon
- Bellanca Decathlon CS
- Bellanca Standard
- Bellanca Standard II
- Bellanca Citabria
- Bellanca Citabria Aurora
- Bellanca Cruisair
- Bellanca Cruisair Junior
- Bellanca Cruisemaster
- Bellanca Pacemaker
- Bellanca Scout
- Bellanca Sport
- Bellanca Standard
- Bellanca Standard II
- Bellanca Super Decathlon
- Bellanca Tandem a.k.a. *Blue Streak*
- Bellanca Tradewind Special
- Bellanca Viking
- Bellanca Super Viking
- Bellanca Turbo Super Viking
- Bellanca 7ACA
- Bellanca 7ECA
- Bellanca 7GCAA
- Bellanca 7GCAB
- Bellanca 7GCBC Scout
- Bellanca 7KCAB
- Bellanca 7GCAA
- Bellanca 7GCAB
- Bellanca 8GCBC Scout
- Bellanca 8KCAB
- Bellanca 150
- Bellanca - Twin Float Monoplane (1935). NASM archives.
- Bellanca 115-200 NASM archives.
- Bellanca 260 SEE 14--19.
- Bellanca 300-W Pacemaker
- Bellanca C-24-100-P - NASM archives.
- Bellanca C-28-140 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca CD
- Bellanca CE
- Bellanca CF
- Bellanca CG - \"Preliminary Figures given to Wright in 1925.\" NASM archives.
- Bellanca CH-200 Pacemaker
- Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker
- Bellanca CH-300-W Pacemaker
- Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket
- Bellanca D Skyrocket de Havilland DH-4 Modified - NASM archives.
- Bellanca E Pacemaker 1932
- Bellanca F Skyrocket
- Bellanca J
- Bellanca J-300
- Bellanca J-2 Pacemaker
- Bellanca J2 Tradewind Special
- Bellanca JE 1938
- Bellanca K 1928
- Bellanca KD-300 - NASM archives.
- Bellanca M Transport - NASM archives.
- Bellanca MP-901 Canadian Mailplane - NASM archives.
- Bellanca P
- Bellanca P-100 Airbus
- Bellanca P-200
- Bellanca P-200-A Airbus
- Bellanca P-300 Airbus
- Bellanca PM-300 Pacemaker Freighter
- Bellanca SE Sport (CF)
- Bellanca T-14-14
- Bellanca T-14-15 Trainer - (1948). NASM archives.
- Bellanca TES Tandem aka *Blue Streak*
- Bellanca C-27
- Bellanca L-11
- Bellanca SOE
- Bellanca SE
- Bellanca RE
- Bellanca P-2 \"Army\" - NASM archives.
- Bellanca O-50 (Model 49-42)
- Bellanca YO-50
- Bellanca VF NASM archives.
- Bellanca XC-942 NASM archives.
- Bellanca XPTBH-2 NASM archives.
### Bellanca {#bellanca_1}
(Bellanca Aircraft Engineering Inc.)
- Bellanca Model 25 Skyrocket
### Bellanger
(Bellanger Freres)
- Bellanger-Denhaut 22
### Bellotti
(Anthony Bellotti, New Bedford, MA)
- Bellotti Sport
### Belohlavek
(John (or Joe) Belohlavek Jr, Sierra Madre, CA)
- Belohlavek M-2
| 729 |
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| 5 |
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Beltrame
(Quinto Beltrame)
- Beltrame Colibri
### Beltran
(Christian Beltran)
- Beltran SNJ Corsair
### Belworthy
- Belworthy BEL-7 Figaro
### Belyayev
(Viktor Nikolayevich Belyayev)
- Belyayev DB-LK
- Belyayev Babochka
- Belyayev EI
- Belyayev EOI
- Belyayev PI
- Belyayev PBI
- Belyayev BP-3
### Ben Showers {#ben_showers}
(Showers-Aero, Milton, PA)
- Ben Showers Skytwister
### Bendix
((Vincent) Bendix Products Corp, 401 Bendix Dr, South Bend IN. 1944: Bendix Personal Airplane Div, Detroit MI.)
- Bendix 51
- Bendix 51A
- Bendix 52
- Bendix 55
- Bendix B-S-1
- Bendix Controlwing
### Bendix {#bendix_1}
(Bendix Helicopters Inc.)
- Bendix Model J
- Bendix model K
### Beneš-Mráz {#beneš_mráz}
(*Beneš & Mráz Továrna na Letadla*)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-50 Beta-Minor (trainer, 1935, serie)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-51 Beta-Minor (1937, Serie)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-52 Beta-Major (1936)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-53
- Beneš-Mráz Be-56 (1936)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-60 Bestiola (1935, Serie)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-150 Beta-Junior (1936, Serie)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-156 (1935)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-250 Beta Major (1936, Serie)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-251 (1938)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-252 Beta-Scolar ( 1937)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-352(1939, Projekt)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-501
- Beneš-Mráz Be-502
- Beneš-Mráz Be-550 Bibi (1936, Serie)
- Beneš-Mráz Be-555 Super Bibi (1938, Serie)
- Mráz K-65 Čáp Fieseler Fi156 copy
- Mráz M-2 Skaut (1948)
### Bengston
- Bengston Fliverette
### Benner
(Reno Benner, Leavittwon PA.)
- Benner Special
### Bennett
(Bennett Aviation / Bennett Aircraft Co)
- Bennett PL-11 Airtruk
### Bennett {#bennett_1}
((Frank) Bennett Aircraft Co, Fort Worth, TX, 1942: Reorganized as Globe Aircraft Co., a.k.a. Breese-Bennett)
- Bennett BTC-1
### Bennett {#bennett_2}
(George Bennett, Kansas City, MO)
- Bennett Airliner
### Bennett {#bennett_3}
(Grover Bennett & Son, Keosauqua, IA)
- Bennett Seraph
### Bennett {#bennett_4}
(S C Bennett, Bridgewater NC.)
- Bennett 1928 Monoplane
### Bennett-Christofferson {#bennett_christofferson}
( (Fred A) Bennett-(Silas) Christofferson Airship Co, Portland, OR)
- Bennett-Christofferson 1910 Biplane
### Benoist
(Benoist Aircraft Co,)
- Benoist 1910/1911 Biplane \"Benoist Headless\"
- Benoist 1912 Biplane
- Benoist 1912 Covered Fuselage Biplane
- Benoist 1912 Tractor Hydro
- Benoist C
- Benoist E
- Benoist Land Tractor Type XII
- Benoist XIII
- Benoist XIV
- Benoist XV
- Benoist XVII
### Bensen
((Dr Igor B) Bensen Aircraft Corp. Raleigh, NC)
- Bensen B-3 \"Bensen-General Electric B-3\"
- Bensen B-4 Sky Scooter
- Bensen B-5
- Bensen B-6
- Bensen B-7 Gyro-Glider
- Bensen B-7B Gyro-boat
- Bensen B-7M Gyro-Copter
- Bensen B-7W Hydro-Glider
- Bensen B-8 Gyro-Copter
- Bensen B-8 Gyro-Glider
- - Bensen B-8W Hydro-Glider
- Bensen B-9 Little Zipster
- Bensen B-10 Prop-Copter
- Bensen B-11 Gyro-Copter
- Bensen B-12 Sky-Way
- Bensen B-13
- Bensen B-16
- Bensen B-18 Hover-Gyro
- Bensen B-80
- Bensen Super Gyro-Copter
- Bensen Mid-Jet
- Bensen X-25
### Benson
(George C Benson, San Bernardino, CA)
- Benson Jon B Special
### Bentley
(J Frank Bentley, Phoenix, AZ)
- Bentley HB 4-1
### Bentzen
(William Bentzen, IL)
- Bentzen Sport#1
### Berca
(Jorge Berca)
- Berca JB-3
- Berca JB-4
### Bereznyak-Isayev {#bereznyak_isayev}
- Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
### Berckmans
((Maurice & Emile) Berckmans Airplane Co, New York)
- Berckmans Speed Scout
- Berckmans B-2
- Berckmans B-3
### Berg & Storm {#berg_storm}
(Berg & Storm / Burmeister & Wain)
- Berg & Storm B&S I
- Berg & Storm B&S II
- Berg & Storm B&S III
### Bergamaschi
(Cantieri Aeronuatici Bergamaschi / CAB)
- Bergamaschi AR-1
- Bergamaschi AR-2
- Bergamaschi AR-10
- Bergamaschi C-1
- Bergamaschi C-2
- Bergamaschi SC-4
- Bergamaschi SC-5
- Bergamaschi CAB.6
- Bergamaschi CAB.7
### Berger
- Berger HB-25
- Berger BX-50
- Berger BX-110
- Berger BX-111
- Berger BX-200
- Berger BX-300
### Bergier
(Henri Bergier)
- Bergier helicopter
### Beriev
- Beriev LL-143
- Beriev Be-4 also known as *Beriev KOR-2*
- Beriev Be-6 *Nato-Code:*Madge
- Beriev Be-8 *Nato-Code:*Mole
- Beriev Be-10*Nato-Code:*Mallow
- Beriev Be-12 Tschaika (Seagull) *Nato-Code:*Mail
- Beriev KOR-1
- Beriev KOR-2
- Beriev MBR-2
- Beriev MBR-7
- Beriev MDR-5
- Beriev R-1
- Beriev SA-20P
- Beriev Be-30
- Beriev Be-32
- Beriev Be-42
- Beriev Be-103 Bekas
- Beriev Be-132
- Beriev Be-200
- Beriev Qing-6
- Beriev A-40
- Beriev A-50
- Beriev A-60
- Beriev A-100
- Antonov-Beriev Be-20
- Beriev S-13
### Berk
(Glenn W Berk, Blissfield, MI)
- Berk GB-1
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# List of aircraft (B–Be)
## B--Be
### Berkeley
(Berkeley Aviation Services Ltd (Fdr: O A Houfe), Berkeley, CA)
- Berkeley Baby Pursuit
### Berkmans
- Berkmans Speed Scout
### Berkshire
(Berkshire Aircraft Co, 91 Brown St, Pittsfield, MA)
- Berkshire Silver Cloud
### Berkut
(Berkut Engineering)
- Berkut 360
- Berkut VL
- Berkut 540
- Berkut FG540
- Berkut Jet
- Berkut Mobius
### Berlin
see:Akaflieg Berlin
### Berliner-Joyce {#berliner_joyce}
- Berliner Basic Trainer
- Berliner CM-3
- Berliner CM-4
- Berliner CM-5
- Berliner CM-6 Dragon
- Berliner CM-9 Flying Boat
- Berliner Model D
- Berliner Model E
- Berliner-Joyce 29-1 Commercial
- Berliner-Joyce CM-4
- Berliner-Joyce FJ
- Berliner-Joyce F2J
- Berliner-Joyce XF3J
- Berliner-Joyce OJ
- Berliner-Joyce P-16
- Berliner-Joyce PB-1
### Berliner Helicopters {#berliner_helicopters}
- Berliner 1907 Single-Bladed Helicopter
- Berliner 1907 Twin-Bladed Helicopter
- Berliner 1913 Helicopter
- Berliner Model D helicopter ca.1920
- Berliner Helicopter ca.1921
- Berliner Triplane Helicopter ca.1923
- Berliner Helicoplane ca.1924
### Bernard
*Etablissements Adolphe Bernard*
- Bernard AB 1
- Bernard AB 2
- Bernard AB 3
- Bernard AB 4
*Société Industrielle des Métaux et du Bois* (S.I.M.B.)
- Bernard SIMB AB 10
- Bernard SIMB AB 12
- Bernard SIMB AB 16
- Bernard SIMB V-1
- Bernard SIMB V-2
- Bernard V.1
- Bernard V.2
- Bernard V-4
- Bernard 1
- Bernard 12
- Bernard 14
- Bernard 15
*Société des Avions Bernard* (S.A.B.)
- Bernard 18
- Bernard 20
- Bernard H.V.40 - single-seat racing seaplane (1931)
- Bernard H.V.41
- Bernard H.V.42 - single-seat racing seaplane (1931)
- Bernard H.52 - single-seat floatplane fighter (1933)
- Bernard 60T
- Bernard 61T
- Bernard 62
- Bernard 70
- Bernard S-72
- Bernard S-73
- Bernard 74
- Bernard 75
- Bernard 80GR
- Bernard 81GR
- Bernard 81 Bn3
- Bernard 82
- Bernard 84GR
- Bernard 86
- Bernard H.110 - single-seat floatplane fighter (1935)
- Bernard H.V.120 - single-seat racing seaplane (1930)
- Bernard 160
- Bernard 190T
- Bernard 191GR
- Bernard 192T
- Bernard 193T
- Bernard 197GR
- Bernard 200T
- Bernard 201T
- Bernard 202T
- Bernard 203T
- Bernard 204T
- Bernard 205T
- Bernard 207T
- Bernard 210T
- Bernard H.V.220 - single-seat racing seaplane (unflown)
- Bernard 260
### Berry
(Harold O Berry, Anderson IN.)
- Berry H-25
- Berry H-45
### Bert
(Floyd S Bert, Carnegie PA.)
- Bert BF-2
- Bert BF-3
- Bert BF-4
### Bertin
(Léonce Bertin)
- Bertin 1907 helicopter
- Bertin helicoplan
- Bertin-Lieber helicopter
- Bertin 1910 monoplane
- Bertin monoplan 1912
### Besasie
(Ray Besasie, Milwaukee WI.)
- Besasie 1932 Monoplane
### Bessard-Millevoye {#bessard_millevoye}
(Bessard and Millevoye)
- Bessard-Millevoye Moineau
### Bessière
(Gustave Bessière - see: ESTA)
### Besson
(*Société de construction aéronautiques et Navales Marcel Besson*, 5 rue Saint-Denis, Boulogne-sur-Seine, France)
- Besson 1911 Canard monoplan
- Besson H-3
- Besson H-5
- Besson H-6
- Levy-Besson (aka LB)
- Besson MB.11
- Besson MB.12
- Besson MB.26
- Besson MB.29
- Besson MB.30 to HB.4 specification
- Besson MB.35
- Besson MB.36
- Besson MB.41
- Besson MB.411
### Best Off {#best_off}
- Best Off Nynja
- Best Off Sky Ranger
- Best Off Skyranger Vfun
- Best Off Skyranger Vmax
- Best Off Skyranger Swift
### Bestetti
(Bestetti-Nardi)
- Bestetti BN.1 (sometimes Bestetti-Nardi BN.1)
### Bessard-Millevoye {#bessard_millevoye_1}
- Bessard-Millevoye Moineau
### Betts
(Mike Betts)
- Betts Alliance
### Beville
(Steve Beville, Hammond IN.)
- Beville Special
### Bezobrasov
(Aleksander A. Bezobrazov & F.E
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# La Buena Vida
**La Buena Vida** (The Good Life) is a Spanish indie pop group from San Sebastián, Spain. The band was formed in 1988 and continues to make music as of today. They have recorded 7 albums and 14 EPs. Their music is a form of pop also known as the Donosti Sound, a 1990s indie pop movement in San Sebastián.
## Biography
The band\'s career can be divided into two stages. Initially, their music bore many similarities in sound and attitude with groups known as \"twee pop\", in particular those of the legendary UK label Sarah Records and of their countrymen Aventuras de Kirlian. They were also influenced by pop music of the late 1960s like Love, The Beatles, The Beach Boys, The Velvet Underground, Honeybus, Pic Nic and Vainica Doble, with touches of bossa nova and soul. They have also recognized the influence of French chanson (Serge Gainsbourg and Françoise Hardy). Their lyrics in this first stage reflect everyday life situations, as well as the feelings and concerns of average kids of their age (approximately 18) using a melancholy and evocative but natural tone.
Their second stage began with the LP *Soidemersol* (1997). Parting from their usual influences while keeping their own personality, they began to use complex orchestral arrangements in their songs. Their lyrics also began to mature, reflecting more complex sentiments and often being much more bitter and less innocent than before.
Today, La Buena Vida is one of the most respected and influential indie pop groups in Spain.
## Members
- Irantzu Valencia (vocals)
- Mikel Aguirre (vocals and guitar)
- Pedro San Martín (bass)
- Javier Sánchez (guitar)
- Raúl Sebastián (drums)
- José Luis Lanzagorta (keyboard)
Borja Sanchez, founder of the group and lead guitarist, left the group after the album *Soidemersol*. On February 17 of 2009, the departure of Irantzu Valencia, the group\'s main singer for the last 15 years, was announced via the band\'s website. Pedro San Martin (Bass) died on May 14, 2011. The musician who was 39 years old had a car accident after a concert in Burgos (Spain)
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# Linden King
**Linden Keith King** (born June 28, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for 13 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), including nine seasons for the San Diego Chargers and four for the Los Angeles Raiders. He played college football for the Colorado State Rams as a defensive back and linebacker, when he was known by his middle named as **Keith King**. He was inducted into the Colorado State University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1998.
King played in the north--south college all-star game and the Senior bowl. He was selected in the third round of the 1977 NFL draft by San Diego and played as a strong safety and special teams player until he was switched to OLB in 1979. He became a starter in 1980 and played at the LOLB position till his release in 1986. His downtime was short however and he was on the field with the LA Raiders within a week of his departure. Linden became a starter two games into the 86 season and was the starting LOLB till his retirement in 1990
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# Gilbert Yost
**Gilbert Yost** (died July 10, 1886) was a New York criminal and burglar associated with George Leslie and later the Dutch Mob. He was arrested with Leslie after robbing a jewelry store in Norristown, Pennsylvania in 1870 and, while Leslie was able to use his political connections in Philadelphia to secure his release on bail which he forfeited after fleeing the city, Yost was convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment.
Yost, along with Billy Porter and Johnny Irving, was arrested in Brooklyn on August 11, 1878 while at Porter\'s Patchen Avenue home and charged with the burglary Martin Ibert\'s Sons\' flour and grain store on Graham Avenue the previous day.
He was eventually convicted for the robbery of a jewelry store in La Porte, Indiana on April 25, 1883 and died while serving a fourteen-year prison term in a Northern Indiana State Prison at Michigan City, Indiana on July 10, 1886
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10,094,261 |
# Cross-class alliance
A **cross-class alliance** is a term for an organisation that bypasses social-economic classes in pursuit of its aim. It is often used by Trotskyists as a term of abuse towards popular fronts as they prefer working class united fronts, however some also accuse some supposed united fronts as being cross class alliances
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| 0 |
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# Lesko Stone
`{{refimprove|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The **Lesko Stone** (*Kamień Leski*) is a distinctive rock formation in the forest near the city of Lesko in the Bieszczady Mountains in Poland. It is most likely a result of glacial movements in the area and the whole formation is believed to have been carried to the present site by a glacier. The stone is over 65 ft tall and is entirely a work of erosion. Its peculiar shape was further pronounced as the area was a small rock quarry in past centuries. Despite being an environmentally protected site it is often scaled by climbers and outdoor enthusiasts. It can be reached by following a lengthy tourist trail from Lesko or from a road roughly 300 ft away.
Despite its name, it is located in the village of Glinne.
## Folklore
The stone is an important aspect of local culture with a number of legends related to its shape and origin. The most popular of those is related to the 16th century church in Lesko which claims the stone is a remnant of a failed attempt by the devil to destroy Christianity in the area. A variation of this story links the stone to a number of monasteries in the area. Many more legends exist and some of them are told on plaques currently fixed to the stone.
## Mentions in Culture {#mentions_in_culture}
Because of its location on the main route through the Bieszczady Mountains the Lesko Stone is mentioned several times in literature. The stone\'s beauty was an inspiration for a poem specifically about it written by Aleksander Fredro and also appears in his other works. It was also written about by Oskar Kolberg, Stanisław Staszic, and Wincenty Pol among others
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# National Motor Freight Traffic Association
The **National Motor Freight Traffic Association, Inc. (NMFTA)™** is a nonprofit membership organization headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia. Since 1956, NMFTA has represented the interests of the less-than-truckload (LTL) motor carrier industry, and for-hire interstate and intrastate carriers. There are two ways to join NMFTA: membership and participation in the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC)®.
NMFTA\'s mission is to \"Promote, advance, and improve the welfare and interests of the motor carrier industry. We do this through research, education, lobbying and developing industry standards and best practices. Our goal is to have the most informed membership to not only grow profitably, but efficiently run operations and protect against new challenges resulting from the digital era.\"
## Publications and Products {#publications_and_products}
The NMFTA publishes the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC)®, a standard that classifies cargo for those shipping LTL. The online version of the NMFC is [ClassIT](https://nmfta.org/what-is-classit/)®. The [Freight Classification Development Council](https://nmfta.org/nmfc/fcdc/), formerly known as the Commodity Classification Standards Board (CCSB), establishes, maintains, and updates the classification-related provisions of the NMFC.
The NMFTA assigns and publishes the Standard Carrier Alpha Code™ (SCAC®), a unique two- to four-letter code, for all companies except those codes used for identification of freight containers not operating exclusively in North America, intermodal chassis and trailers, non-railroad owned rail cars, and railroads. NMFTA developed SCAC identification codes in the mid 1960\'s to facilitate computerization in the transportation industry. The US government and other shippers in the US require carriers have an assigned SCAC in order to transport freight on their behalf. The NMFTA also assigns and publishes the Standard Point Location Code (SPLC), a numeric code to identify locations in North America that originate and receive cargo.
## Cybersecurity and Digitalization {#cybersecurity_and_digitalization}
For nearly a decade, the NMFTA has been conducting heavy-vehicle research. In the early 2020\'s, NMFTA widened their focus to include research into enterprise cybersecurity risks specific to the transportation industry. In 2025, NMFTA released their [Roadmap to Resilience](https://nmfta.org/nmfta-event/roadmap-to-resilience-independent-operator-edition/): A series of industry-specific cybersecurity guidebooks for independent owner operators, small fleets, and mid-sized fleets. These comprehensive resources provide trucking companies with practical guidance on securing their entire operation, from rolling assets (trucks and trailers) to maintenance facilities, to back-office operations. Through its [research initiatives](https://nmfta.org/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-research/), NMFTA develops and implements robust [cybersecurity standards and best practices](https://nmfta.org/cybersecurity/#Guidebook) to protect Class 8 vehicles, businesses, and data from cyber threats. By collaborating with industry stakeholders, government agencies, and academic institutions, NMFTA strives to enhance the resilience and security of freight transportation systems.
NMFTA hosts an annual [Cybersecurity Conference](http://www.nmftacyber.com/) each Fall. The event offers insight from industry leading speakers with backgrounds in both trucking asset and enterprise cybersecurity technology.
In addition to safeguarding the industry, NMFTA is digitizing the industry. In June 2022, the [NMFTA acquired the Digital LTL Council](https://nmfta.org/newsroom-articles/national-motor-freight-traffic-association-agrees-to-assume-administration-of-digital-ltl-council/), an initiative focused on the digitizing the entire freight industry. The Council aims to promote the adoption and implementation of digital standards, technologies, and practices to enhance efficiency, transparency, and innovation in freight transportation. By fostering collaboration among industry stakeholders, the Digital LTL Council seeks to address key challenges, streamline operations, and improve overall service quality within the transportation sector
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# Dent du Géant
The **Dent du Géant** (It.: **Dente del Gigante**, \"giant\'s tooth\") (4,013 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy.
The Dent du Géant remained unclimbed during the golden age of alpinism, and was a much-coveted peak in the 1870s, repelling many parties who attempted it mostly from the Rochefort ridge. In 1880 the strong team of Albert F. Mummery and Alexander Burgener tried to force a passage via the south-west face but were repelled by a band of slabs, causing Mummery to exclaim, \'Absolutely inaccessible by fair means!\'
The mountain has two summits, 88 ft apart and separated by a small col (an \'extremely awkward notch\' according to W. W. Graham):
:\**Pointe Sella* (4,009 m), first ascent via the south-west face by Jean Joseph Maquignaz with son Baptiste Maquignaz and nephew, Daniel Maquignaz on 28 July 1882. Over a period of four days they placed iron stanchions and fixed ropes, enabling the same party to climb *Pointe Sella* a second time on the following day with clients Alessandro Sella, Alfonso Sella, Corradino Sella and Gaudenzio Sella.
:\**Pointe Graham* (4,013 m), first ascent by W. W. Graham with guides Auguste Cupelin and Alphonse Payot on 20 August 1882. They used the fixed ropes of \"Sella\'s staircase\" to repeat the ascent of *Pointe Sella*, where Graham noted that one of the Maquignazes had carved the letter \'M\' on a rock step. They then lowered themselves 12 m into the col to climb this higher north-east peak.
This ascent marked the end of the so-called silver age of alpinism.
On 28 July 1935 the Austrian climbers Herbert Burggasser and Rudi Leitz first ascended the vertical-to-overhanging 160 m-high south face. It was the first climb in the Western Alps systematically aided by the pitons and artificial techniques that were already in use by climbers in the Eastern Alps.
During a heat wave in the summer of 2019, a glaciological rarity in the form of a previously unseen lake emerged at the foot of the Dent du Géant, the Aiguilles Marbrées and the Col de Rochefort at an altitude of about 3400 meters, that was considered as evidence for the effects of global warming on the glaciers in the Alps
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| 0 |
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# Addington Park
**Addington Park** is a park situated in Addington in the London Borough of Croydon. The park covers an area of 24.5 acre.
## History
The park was originally part of the manor of Addington and the area was used by Henry VIII for hunting purposes. The original manor house was replaced in 1768 by Addington Palace and the grounds were laid out by Capability Brown in 1781.
Most of the 24.50 acres which make up the public park were purchased from the owners of the 500 acre Addington Palace Estate by Croydon Council in 1930. Tennis courts were purchased after World War II.
## Transportation
The park is located next to Addington Interchange which is a tram and bus interchange
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| 0 |
10,094,398 |
# Peter O'Connor (psychologist)
**Peter A. O'Connor** is a retired psychologist who had a private psychotherapy practice in Melbourne, Australia.
O\'Connor was born in Melbourne in 1942. A graduate of Melbourne University, he was Director of Counselling at the Marriage Guidance Council of Victoria for seven years. In 1972 he was awarded the Winston Churchill Fellowship and completed a PhD in marriage and family counselling at the University of Southern California. He has held several academic and clinical positions in Australia and overseas. O\'Connor has had a longstanding involvement in working therapeutically with men and is a former columnist with the *Good Weekend* magazine.
O\'Connor is the author of a number of books, including *Mirror on Marriage* (1973), *Understanding Jung* (1985), *Dreams and the Search for Meaning* (1986), *The Inner Man* (1993), *Looking Inwards* (2003) and *Understanding the Mid-Life Crisis* (1981) which is his best-known and most influential work.
## Understanding the Mid-Life Crisis {#understanding_the_mid_life_crisis}
*Understanding the Mid-Life Crisis* is in its eighth printing.
- The mid-life crisis is a stage when many men and women are plagued by feelings that their life has no meaning or that their physical and mental powers are spent.
- This time of apparent crisis can also be seen as a creative challenge, as a stimulus for deeper understanding and growth.
- It can be a time of coming to terms with yourself, understanding more about yourself and a time for taking new directions
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| 0 |
10,094,409 |
# Figgjoelva
**Figgjoelva** or **Figgjo** is a river in Rogaland county, Norway. The 26.4 km long river begins at the lake Edlandsvatnet in the village of Ålgård in Gjesdal municipality. It then heads north into the municipality of Sandnes before heading west. For a while, the river forms the municipal border between Sandnes and Time and between Sandnes and Klepp. The last part of the river runs west through Klepp before emptying into the North Sea. The Feistein Lighthouse lies on a small island, just northwest of the mouth of the river. The main part of the river is 26.4 km, but if you include the tributaries, the river is about twice as long at 45 km.
The river was developed for power generation as early as 1870, but the many small power plants that were built are now mostly closed. The plants led to the development of several industries, particularly in Ålgård. The *Aalgaards Uldvarefabrikker*, a large wool-textile company based in Ålgård was established in 1870 along with the first power stations.
The river Figgjo was the second largest salmon river in Rogaland county in the year 2000 when 10.6 t of salmon and 677 kg of sea trout were caught. Historically, the river was also fished for eels. The invasive species, Elodea canadensis (pondweed) has been detected in the river Figgjo as has agricultural pollution, both of which may affect the quality and quantity of fish life in the river
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| 0 |
10,094,422 |
# SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
The **SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden** (*SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut*), is a joint stock company, fully owned by the Swedish government. It was formerly known as the **National Swedish Authority for Testing, Inspection and Metrology** (*Statens Provningsanstalt*, SP), thus the abbreviation SP. The company has its headquarters in Borås and employs 1,000 persons.
Business areas include, among other things, applied research, technical studies and investigations, quality assurances, standardization and certification
| 78 |
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
| 0 |
10,094,441 |
# Kondyor Massif
The **Kondyor Massif** (*горы Кондёр*) or **Konder** is a circular intrusion of igneous rock, about 8 km in diameter. It is located in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, c. 600 km west-southwest of Okhotsk, or c. 570 km south-east of Yakutsk. It is reached from Yakutsk by road via Amga. It is an important source of platinum.
Since 1984, Artel Starateley \"Amur\" (part of the Russian Platinum group) has developed this alluvial platinum deposit. `{{multiple image
| image1 = Platinum-nugget.jpg
| image2 = Konder.jpg
| footer = Left - [[Platinum]] nugget from the Kondyor Massif
| 96 |
Kondyor Massif
| 0 |
10,094,476 |
# Arleta Jeziorska
**Arleta Jeziorska** (`{{IPA|es|aɾˈleta ʝeˈsjoɾska}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1970) is a Mexican actress of films and telenovelas. She was born in Poland.
## Telenovelas
- *La duda* (2002) as Florenza
- *Uroboros* (2001) as Esposa
- *Lo que es el amor* (2001) asTere (Christian\'s biological mother)
- *Demasiado corazón* (1998) as Gisella
- *El amor de tu vida S.A
| 59 |
Arleta Jeziorska
| 0 |
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# Budget-maximizing model
The **budget-maximizing model** is a stream of public choice theory and rational choice analysis in public administration inaugurated by William Niskanen. Niskanen first presented the idea in 1968, and later developed it into a book published in 1971. According to the budget-maximizing model, rational bureaucrats will always and everywhere seek to increase their budgets in order to increase their own power, thereby contributing strongly to state growth and potentially reducing social efficiency. The bureau-shaping model has been developed as a response to the budget-maximizing model. Niskanen\'s inspiration could also have been Parkinson\'s law sixteen years earlier (1955).
## Niskanen\'s budget maximizing bureaucrat {#niskanens_budget_maximizing_bureaucrat}
The model contemplates a bureaucrat who heads a public administration department, and who will try to maximize the department\'s budget, thus increasing its salary and prestige.
There is a demand for the department\'s services on the part of electors and voters, but, contrary to privately managed firms, which directly offer their products and services to these electors, the department is responsible for producing the services which will then be supplied by the Legislature to the electors.
It will therefore be the legislature, or Government, the agent which defines the department\'s budget, depending on the quantity which it supplies. The more services the department supplies, the higher will its budget be. Therefore, the bureaucrat\'s objective will be to maximize the quantity of services supplied, subject to a social welfare break-even constraint. This means that the dead weight loss generated by excessive production of services must never be higher than the elector\'s consumer surplus (otherwise, the Legislature would notice that something was wrong with the department\'s activity, which would be causing social losses and not gains).
In other words, a typical, private-sector utility maximizing model would anticipate that the department would expand services (and budgets) to the point that the marginal cost and marginal benefits are equated. In Niskanen\'s model, he would predict that average costs and benefits would be equated instead of the marginals
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# Robert Dunnell
**Robert Chester Dunnell** (December 4, 1942 -- December 13, 2010) was an archaeologist known for his contribution in archaeological systematics, measurement and explanation of the archaeological record, evolutionary archaeology, and the archaeology of eastern North America. Dunnell received his PhD from Yale University in 1967. He was a professor of anthropology at the University of Washington until his retirement in 1996 after which he was emeritus at the University of Washington as well as Mississippi State University.
Among Dunnell\'s contribution to archaeology was the recognition of the role the theory of biological evolution as a means of explaining cultural phenomena. In addition, he argued that \"cultural evolution\" which has its roots in 19th Century social scientists such as Lewis Henry Morgan and Herbert Spencer is distinct from \"scientific evolution\" which Darwinian in character. Cultural evolution is vitalistic and assumes a direction to the nature of change (i.e., progress). Darwinian evolution, Dunnell argues, holds that evolution is a two-step process in which variability generation is separate from mechanisms that sort that variability. While advocating \"scientific evolution\" as the basis for anthropological theory, Dunnell argued that the use of a strictly biological model was insufficient to explain cultural variability. He argued that a more comprehensive version of evolutionary theory is needed that considered cultural inheritance as an additional means of the transmission of variability between individuals. Overall, Dunnell advocated the use of a Darwinian model. Dunnell\'s approach advocates the evolutionary model to explain (cultural) variation, while exposing the pitfalls of using analogy to explain historical events.
Dunnell\'s geographical interests included the U.S. Southeast
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# De Alva S. Alexander
**De Alva Stanwood Alexander** (July 17, 1846 -- January 30, 1925) was an American journalist, lawyer, historian, and member of the United States House of Representatives, serving seven terms from 1897 to 1911 as a representative of New York state.
## Early years {#early_years}
Alexander was born in Richmond, Maine, on July 17, 1846, the son of Stanwood and Priscilla (Brown) Alexander, grandson of Campbell and Margaret (Stanwood) Alexander, and a descendant on his mother\'s side of George Brown, who came from England to Plymouth in 1635. He attended the common schools and moved with his mother to Ohio in 1859. He serving as Private in Union Army from 1862 until the end the American Civil War, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After the war, he attended Edward Little Institute at Auburn, Maine, to prepare for college, and then attended Bowdoin College at Brunswick, Maine, and graduated in 1870. He served many years as a member and president of the Bowdoin College board of overseers.
## Career
When Alexander moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1870, he was one of the editors and proprietors of the Daily Gazette from 1871 to 1874, and a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1872. He married Alice Colby on September 21, 1871.
Alexander then moved to Indianapolis, in 1874, where he was a correspondent for the *Cincinnati Gazette*. He was secretary of the Indiana Republican State committee from 1874 to 1878. While he was in Indianapolis, Alexander met and formed a friendship with U.S. Senator Benjamin Harrison. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Indiana in 1877, and went into private practice in partnership with the Hon. Stanton J. Peele until 1881, when he was appointed Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, serving until 1885.
He was commander of the Department of the Potomac, Grand Army of the Republic, for one term. He then removed to Buffalo, New York, in 1885, and formed a law partnership with the Hon. James A. Roberts. After Harrison was elected President of the United States in 1888, he appointed Alexander as United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York in May 1889, a position Alexander held until his resignation in December 1893. He married Anne Gerlach Bliss on December 28, 1893, and resumed his law practice.
In 1896, Alexander was elected as a Republican to the 55th Congress as a United States representative for New York\'s thirty-third district, where he served seven terms. In his last term (sixty-first Congress) he was Chairman of House Committee on Rivers and Harbors. After serving from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1911. He was defeated by Charles Bennett Smith when he ran for re-election in 1910 --- Smith won by one vote.
While still serving in Congress, Alexander began work on *Political History of the State of New York*, a four-volume work finally completed in 1923. It focused on prominent political leaders such as Grover Cleveland, Thomas C. Platt, and Theodore Roosevelt. He also wrote *History and Procedure of the House of Representatives* (1916).
Alexander died on January 30, 1925, in Buffalo, New York; and was buried at the Forest Lawn Cemetery there
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# Fred Steinfort
**Friedrich W. \"Fred\" Steinfort** (born November 3, 1952) is a former American football placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) who played for five different teams from (1976--1983). He played college football at Boston College.
Steinfort\'s family immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1965.
When Steinfort won the Oakland Raiders\' kicking job just before the start of the 1976 NFL season, he sent the NFL\'s current all-time leading scorer, George Blanda with 2,002 points, into retirement. In 1979, when he assumed the same role with the Denver Broncos, it was Jim Turner, at that time the NFL\'s third-leading scorer with 1,439 points that he displaced
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# Lili Pancu
**Lili Pancu** (1908-2006) was a Romanian painter in the 20th century. She studied at the Bucharest Belle Arte school with Cecilia Cutescu-Storck, Ipolit Strâmbu and Jean Steriadi. At the age of 22 she received the Anastase Simu prize and the prize of the city of Bucharest. She continued painting well after the age of 70 in her \"well tempered modernist style\"
| 64 |
Lili Pancu
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# Zorochros
***Zorochros*** is a genus of click beetles, found chiefly in sand on the banks of rivers and streams. There are 40 described species belonging to the genus, most of which are native to Eurasia.
## Selected species {#selected_species}
- *Zorochros coreanus* Han, Park I.G. & Park H, 2015
- *Zorochros dermestoides* Herbst, 1806
- *Zorochros dufouri* Buysson, 1900
- *Zorochros iranicus* Dolin, 2002
- *Zorochros mansusanensis* Han, Park I.G
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# Aero-Difusión
**Aero-Difusión SL** is a Spanish aircraft manufacturer. It was founded at Santander in 1955, licence-building Jodel and Druine light aircraft.
## Aircraft produced by Aero-Difusión, S.L. {#aircraft_produced_by_aero_difusión_s.l.}
Aero-Difusión D11 Compostela:(1950) Single-engine two-seat low-wing monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage
| 40 |
Aero-Difusión
| 0 |
10,094,622 |
# Joseph Lycett
**Joseph Lycett** (c.1774 -- 1828) was a portrait and miniature painter, active in Australia. Transported to Australia for forging banknotes, Lycett found work in the colony as a painter specialised in topographical views of the major towns of Australia, and some of its more dramatic landscapes.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lycett was born in Staffordshire, England, where he became a botanical artist. By 1810, Lycett was described by others as an engraver and as a drawer; he was also noted as being a painter of portraits and miniatures. Lycett had a de facto wife, Mary Stokes, known as Mary Lycett.
## Convict years {#convict_years}
### Newcastle
Lycett was convicted of forgery on 10 August 1811, having been prosecuted by the injured party: the Bank of England. He was transported to Australia, sailing aboard the *General Hewitt* and arriving in Sydney on 7 February 1814. Lycett\'s first employment in Australia was as an artist for Absalom West and he reported in the October 1814 muster as a limner (painter). West left the colony in December 1814 and Lycett had to find a new position; by May 1815 Lycett was employed in the police office. At this time Sydney was flooded by hundreds of skilfully forged 5 shilling bills drawn on the postmaster. They were traced to Lycett, who was found in possession of a small copper-plate press. Lycett was sent to Newcastle on the *Lady Nelson*, where he came to the attention of the commandant of the settlement, Captain James Wallis. Lycett drew up the plans for a church which Wallis projected and, when it was built in 1818, he painted the altar piece; he is said to have also produced the three-light window which still survives in the bishop\'s vestry of Newcastle Cathedral. On the recommendation of the commandant, Captain James Wallis of the 46th Regiment, Lycett was given a conditional pardon. While there he also painted Corroboree at Newcastle, the first known oil painting to depict an Aboriginal corroboree at night. This painting has also been attributed to Wallis. Lycett painted at least 14 scenes depicting traditional cultural practices of the Awabakal people. The \"Chief of the Newcastle tribe\", Burigon, is shown in at least one of the works of the convict engraver, Walter (or William) Preston, which were based on Lycett's drawings.
#### Collectors\' Chests {#collectors_chests}
Captain James Wallis also involved Lycett in the design of two cedar and rosewood timber chests displaying natural history specimens from the Newcastle area. Lycett was responsible for painting eight of the twelve panels on these chests which depict views of Newcastle as well as copies of William Westall\'s *Views of Australian Scenery*. It is strongly believed that Wallis presented one of these chests to Governor Lachlan Macquarie as a gift around the year of 1818. The other chest\'s initial provenance is unknown, but it was purchased by William Dixson in London in 1937 and later bequeathed to the State Library of New South Wales where Macquarie\'s chest is also held.
### Sydney
Lycett returned to Sydney and was allowed to practice his art, and in 1820 Governor Macquarie sent three of his paintings including a large view of Sydney to Earl Bathurst. It is generally believed that the absolute pardon which Lycett received on 28 November 1821 was a reward for these pictures. Many of his patrons seem to have been drawn from the military and public service elite, and included Commissioner John Thomas Bigge (who described Lycett\'s \"habits of intoxication\" as \"fixed and incurable\"), his secretary Thomas Hobbes Scott, and Macquarie\'s aide-de-camp John Watts.
Lycett had possibly married in the colony, for on 21 June 1822 he advertised in *The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser* that he intended to leave accompanied by his two daughters, Mary Ann and Emma. They sailed together in the *Shipley* on 8 September 1822.
### *Views in Australia* {#views_in_australia}
Although his later publication *Views in Australia* suggests Lycett also visited Tasmania, there is no evidence of his actually travelling there. He returned to England in September 1822, having been granted an absolute pardon. With publisher John Souter, between July 1824 and June 1825 he issued *Views in Australia, or New South Wales and Van Diemens Land* in 13 parts published monthly, each with two aquatint views of New South Wales and two of Van Diemen\'s Land, with descriptive letterpress, and a supplement with maps of both colonies. By permission the series was dedicated to Bathurst. The parts began to appear in July 1824 at 7s. plain and 10s. 6d. coloured. With its complicated publishing history, the extent of Lycett\'s involvement in the entire production is unclear, and it does seem that the book was not successful. These views were reissued in a volume in 1825, that was reprinted in 1971. The 50 plates are coloured in some copies and plain in others.
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# Joseph Lycett
## Death
The *Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser* for Saturday 27 October 1827 (quoting from *Aris\'s Birmingham Gazette*) reported: FORGERY OF PROVINCIAL NOTES- On Saturday afternoon, the constables of Birmingham, accompanied by Mr Redfern, prison-keeper, proceeded to the house of an engraver named Joseph Lycett, in Bath Row, who was suspected of being implicated in the several forgeries of local bank notes which have lately appeared in that neighbourhood. After making some inquiry, the officer went upstairs, accompanied by Lycett, who, no doubt alarmed at the consequences likely to result, attempted self-destruction by cutting his throat on the stairs, and rushing into the chamber endeavoured to throw himself on the bed. He wounded himself severely near the jugular vein, and bled profusely. In the room was found a portable copper-plate press, with rolls, &c complete, a newly-engraved 1l plate of the Stourbridge and Bromsgrove Bank, with a facsimile of the signature, entry, number and date. He was immediately conveyed to Hospital, and there is every expectation that he will recover from the effects of the wound. His daughter, who was found with him in the house, is in custody, and the press, &c have been removed to the prison- *Aris's Birmingham Gazette*."
*The Globe* (quoting from the *Hereford Journal*) reported on 22 February 1828: "Joseph Lycett, who was apprehended in October is charged with having in his possession the plates from which forged one-pound notes of several country banks were struck off, died on Saturday at the General Hospital in Birmingham. It will be recollected that while the officers were searching his house, he took the opportunity of attempting self-destruction by cutting his throat; he was immediately removed to the Hospital, and placed under surgical care, and it was for some time considered that he would recover. The wound, subsequently, however, assumed an unfavourable appearance, he became gradually worse, and died on the day above-mentioned. He was a man of extraordinary ingenuity, and had his talent been better directed, he would have formed a valuable member of society. A coroner's inquest was held before J.H. Wharnley, Esq, at the Warwick Arms, Snowhill, on Monday last, where after a long investigation, a verdict of "died a natural death" was returned. -- *Hereford Journal*.
As above, Lycett died in Birmingham Hospital on 9 February 1828 and was buried in St Mary\'s Churchyard, Birmingham. A pencilled note in a copy of his *Views* in the State Library of New South Wales, states that, when he was living near Bath, he was again arrested for forgery of some notes on the Stourbridge Bank. On being arrested he cut his throat, and when recovering in hospital he tore open the wound and killed himself. However, this is not confirmed
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# Addington Vale
**Addington Vale** is a 48 acre park situated in New Addington in the London Borough of Croydon. The park extends from King Henrys Drive in the north to Arnhem Drive in the south. It is bordered by Queen Elizabeths Drive to the west and Godric Crescent and Hares Bank to the east. The nearest Tramlink station is New Addington.
## Facilities
- Two children\'s playgrounds
- Car park
- Multi-games court
- Children\'s designated cycle area
## History
The land which subsequently formed Addington Vale was purchased through use of the 1936 Housing Act and in 1957 was declared Green Belt. It was appropriated as an open public space in 1963. Between then and 1970, the area was levelled by the use of landfill and topsoil added. The area was then planted and footpaths constructed, together with children\'s playgrounds and sports pitches
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# Zoidogamy
**Zoidogamy** is a type of plant reproduction in which male gametes (antherozoids) swim in a path of water to the female gametes (archegonium). Zoidogamy is found in algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and some gymnosperms (others use siphonogamy). Zoidogamy relates to evolution, as it provides a pathway from wind-borne abiotic pollination and similar mechanisms to fluid-based mechanisms used in most animals
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# Ade Tuyo
**Joshua Ade Tuyo** was a prominent Nigerian businessman from Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State.
## Life
He was born into the family of an Ijebu farmer and indigo trader. Originally trained as a teacher, he left the teaching profession for office work. He spent two dozen years as a clerical staff for the Nigerian Railway Corporation, the British Bank of West Africa and the ministry of Commerce, and retired in 1953. During his clerical years, he married an Ijebu woman who was born into a trading family in Onitsha. His wife took to trading while Ade was familiarizing himself with office work, as this was the dominant gender course taken by many Nigerian households during the pre-colonial and early colonial period. In late 1949, Mrs Ade Tuyo lost most of her trading goods in a robbery operation. Desiring to go into a much more secure business, she entered a training course for bakery. After Mr Ade Tuyo retired, he sensed the potential in the bakery business. This intuition was partly fostered by the support given to indigenous entrepreneurs by the federal government. He pursued a successful loan application from the Federal Loans Board. He started De Facto Works, a catering and Bakery company. By 1969, his was the largest bakery service in the country
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# Chinese Opium Den
***Chinese Opium Den**\'\' (also known as***Opium Joint**\'\') is an 1894 American short black-and-white silent film. It is an early motion picture produced by Thomas Edison.
Very little is known about the film as no print is believed to exist and all that remains is a single still image. It is believed to be the first motion picture to explore the issue of drug usage. Ten years later, Edison produced *Rube in an Opium Joint*, which is seen as the earliest such film that still survives.
According to the Internet Movie Database, the film was made in a 35mm film format with an aspect ratio of 1.33:1. The film was intended to be displayed through means of a Kinetoscope
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# Søren Jensen (footballer)
**Søren Kolbye Jensen** (born 1 March 1984) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a defender
| 22 |
Søren Jensen (footballer)
| 0 |
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# Bureau-shaping model
**Bureau-shaping** is a rational choice model of bureaucracy and a response to the budget-maximization model. It argues that rational officials will not want to maximize their budgets, but instead to shape their agency so as to maximize their personal utilities from their work. For instance, bureaucrats would prefer to work in small, elite agencies close to political power centres and doing interesting work, rather than to run large-budget agencies with many staff but also many risks and problems. For the same reasons, and to avoid risks, the bureau-shaping model also predicts that senior government bureaucrats will often favour either \'agencification\' to other public sector bodies by having policy determination and advice separated from the implementation of the legislated practices of government (as in the UK \'Next Steps\' programme, Australian Department - Agency system) or off-loading functions to contractors and privatization. In the health and social work fields, officials will favour \'deinstitutionalization\' and \'care in the community\'. The model was developed by Patrick Dunleavy from the London School of Economics in *Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice* (London: Pearson Education, 1991, reissued 2001).
It was propounded in response to William Niskanen\'s harsh criticism of Public Bureaucracies in his Budget Maximising Model. The Niskanen model predicts that in representative democracies, public bureaucracies will not only generate allocative inefficiency (by **oversupplying** public goods) but also x-inefficiency (by producing public goods inefficiently). Patrick Dunleavy, a British political scientist who set out to demolish the public choice arguments on bureaucracy, came instead in the end to develop a public choice model of bureaucratic behaviour which combines elements of Peacock's insight with the original American model. The Dunleavy (1985, p. 300) model of public bureaucracy is built on six basic assumptions. The first three are consistent with Niskanen's model:
\(i\) bureau policies are set by bureaucrats interacting with the government;
\(ii\) governments largely depend on information from bureaus about the costs and value of producing within given ranges of output; and
\(iii\) bureaucrats maximise their personal utilities (by satisfying \"self-regarding, relatively hard-edged preferences\") when making official decisions.
Added to these are two assumptions which greatly weaken the budget-maximising conclusion. These are that a bureau's aggregate policy behaviour is set by some combination of individual decisions made by its officials, although the actual combination that results may be an outcome desired by no bureau member; and that, within broad limits, officials' influence on bureau policy is always correlated with rank and those nearest the top of bureaus are the most influential. Dunleavy therefore discards Niskanen's assumption that a bureau's behaviour will be wholly in line with the preferences of a single senior bureaucrat. In a bureau, where no individual has complete hegemony, budget maximisation is a collective, not an individual good. Rational utility maximising individuals will thus tend to favour strategies that directly advance their personal interests ahead of strategies that advance the collective good. The interaction of the maximising activities of individuals within a bureau will not necessarily lead to budget maximizing
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# Rankin' Taxi
**Rankin\' Taxi** (born 9 February 1953) is a Japanese reggae artist, from Yokohama. In 2011, he re-recorded his 1989 anti-nuclear song 誰にも見えない、匂いもない (You can\'t see it, you can\'t smell it) with Dub Ainu Band, which despite receiving little airplay in the mainstream Japanese media, attracted the attention of the New York Times in June 2011 in an article by Dan Grunebaum titled Japan\'s New Wave of protest songs, after it became popular following the Fukushima nuclear disaster
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# Steve Beck (director)
**Steve Michael Beck** is a former American commercial and film director.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Beck has directed commercials for First Union, GMC and Chevrolet, McDonald\'s and Gatorade.
He has spent several years working for Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) as a visual effects art director on films like *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade*, *The Abyss*, and *The Hunt for Red October*.
As a filmmaker, he directed two feature films, *Thirteen Ghosts* and *Ghost Ship*, both for Dark Castle Entertainment
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Steve Beck (director)
| 0 |
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# Meyers Mill, South Carolina
**Meyers Mill** was an unincorporated community in southwestern Barnwell County, South Carolina, United States. The area was originally settled by the Meyer family in the late 19th century. Meyers Mill grew after a train stop was built on a new rail line. In 1951, it was acquired by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission as part of a site for the Savannah River Plant.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
The settlement of the community grew with the construction of the Atlantic Coast Line around 1900 from Denmark, South Carolina, to Robins, South Carolina. Robins was on the railroad from Port Royal to Augusta, Georgia. Robins was also taken for the Savannah River Plant. This line is now part of CSX Transportation.
The Meyers Mill community is named after the Meyer family. It was an agricultural community. In the early 1940s, a fire destroyed about half of the community. By the early 1950s, Meyers Mill had a population of about 50, about ten residences, three commercial buildings, one church, one cotton gin, and the railroad station. The people were largely African-Americans.
### Exodus
On November 28, 1950, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company announced that the Savannah River Plant would be built on about 300 sq. mi. of Aiken County, Barnwell County, and Allendale County in South Carolina. The Savannah River Plant was built for the production of plutonium and tritium for the H-bomb.
About 6,000 people and 6,000 graves were to be relocated. This include the incorporated communities of Dunbarton and Ellenton and the unincorporated communities of Meyers Mill, Hawthorne, Robbins, and Leigh. A significant fraction of those removed were African-American farmers and sharecroppers.
The government purchased or condemned the property. Many of the residents moved themselves, and in some cases, their homes.
## Geography
Meyers Mill\'s location was approximately 33.17062 N, 81.597963 W per 1944 GEO-Locate.org overlay map. Meyers Mill\'s location was approximately 33°10\'06\" N and 81°35\'48\" W. It was located north of Meyers Branch at the intersection of the current SRS \"9\" and the CSX rail line.
## Legacy
An annual reunion of former Meyers Mill residents started in 1952, but it is no longer held. In addition, there have been reunions of Four Mile High School, which was the African-American high school east of Dunbarton
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# Paul Janson
**Paul Janson** (11 April 1840 -- 19 April 1913) was a Belgian liberal politician.
Born in Herstal in the Province of Liège, Janson studied philosophy and law at the Free University of Brussels. From an early age he was a strong supporter of electoral reform and stood on the progressive wing of the Belgian liberal movement. A modern study suggests that only \"his visceral rejection of the class struggle\" kept him from the burgeoning socialist movement.
Janson was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives for the Liberal Party in 1877, but was not re-elected in 1884. That year he became a local councillor in Brussels. Re-elected in 1889, he continued to agitate for universal suffrage, having established the Fédération progressiste of liberals who shared this, and other progressive goals. Universal male suffrage, albeit with plural vote, was introduced following a general strike in 1893.
In his later years he favoured electoral co-operation with the Socialist Party. He was appointed an honorary Minister of State on 14 August 1912.
Paul Janson was the father of future Prime Minister of Belgium Paul-Émile Janson and Marie Janson (later Spaak), first female member of the Belgian parliament, mother of Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak
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# John E. Hunt
**John Edmund Hunt** (November 25, 1908 -- September 22, 1989) was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey\'s 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1967 to 1975.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Lambertville, New Jersey on November 25, 1908, Hunt attended Newark Business School for three years. He then went on to the New Jersey State Police Academy, Federal Bureau of Investigation National Academy, Harvard School of Police Science, and United States Army Intelligence School. He became a New Jersey State Police trooper in 1930. From 1942 to 1946, he served in the United States Army as the Combat Intelligence Officer with the 456th Bomb Group. He earned a Bronze Star, Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart, and a Presidential Unit Citation with oak leaf cluster. He left the Army in 1946 as a major.
## Political career {#political_career}
After his time in the military, Hunt resumed his career in the state police, eventually heading the force\'s narcotics squad in the South Jersey. He retired in 1959 and entered politics: he was elected sheriff of Gloucester County later that year. He continued in this role until 1963, when he was elected to the New Jersey Senate. From 1964 to 1966, he represented all of Gloucester County; from 1966 to January 1967, he represented the 1st Legislative District alongside Frank S. Farley. In the State Senate, he championed the creation of the Commodore Barry Bridge, which began construction in 1969. In 1966, Hunt was elected to represent New Jersey\'s 1st congressional district.
Hunt was described as a conservative Republican with a pronounced interest in law enforcement. He supported no-knock warrants and pre-trial detention, and once remarked during his time in Congress, \"Our difficulty today is that we have not handcuffed the criminals. We have handcuffed the police\". He was a member of Congress for eight years, and was defeated in 1974 by future Governor of New Jersey, James Florio. His staunch support for President Richard Nixon throughout the Watergate scandal was cited as a factor in his defeat. Hunt was acting director of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency from 1976 to 1977.
Hunt was a longtime resident of Pitman, New Jersey, where he was vice president of a real estate firm from 1978 to 1981. He ran for mayor of the borough in 1983, but lost to Democrat Michael Hannum.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Hunt and his wife, Doris, had a daughter. He died at a hospital in Woodbury, New Jersey, on September 22, 1989, at the age of 80
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# Morten Fevang
**Morten Fevang** (born 6 March 1975) is a retired Norwegian professional football player.
## Club career {#club_career}
He came to OB from Odd Grenland, and on 28 May 2007 he announced a move home to Odd at the beginning of the summer transfer window.
## International career {#international_career}
On 25 May 2009, he was selected by Egil \"Drillo\" Olsen to be a part of the Norwegian national team for the first time, at the age of 34. He made his debut in a 0--2 loss away to Netherlands in a world cup qualifier. This became his only appearance for the national team
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# 1987 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ The **4 × 100 metres relay at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics** was held at the Stadio Olimpico on September 5 and September 6.
## Medals
+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+
| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+
| \ | \ | \ |
| Alice Brown\ | Silke Gladisch\ | Irina Slyusar\ |
| Diane Williams\ | Cornelia Oschkenat\ | Natalya Pomoshchnikova\ |
| Florence Griffith\ | Kerstin Behrendt\ | Natalya German\ |
| Pam Marshall | Marlies Göhr | Olga Antonova |
+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+
## Results
All times shown are in seconds.
### Final
Rank Team Athletes Results Notes
------ ------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- -------
Alice Brown, Diane Williams, Florence Griffith, Pam Marshall 41.58
Silke Gladisch, Cornelia Oschkenat, Kerstin Behrendt, Marlies Göhr 41.95
Irina Slyusar, Natalya Pomoshchnikova, Natalya German, Olga Antonova 42.33
4 Ginka Zagorcheva, Anelia Nuneva, Nadezhda Georgieva, Valya Demireva 42.71
5 Silke-Beate Knoll, Ulrike Sarvari, Andrea Thomas, Ute Thimm 43.20
6 Angela Bailey, Angela Phipps, Angella Issajenko, Keturah Anderson 43.26
7 Eusebia Riquelme, Aliuska López, Susana Armenteros, Liliana Allen 43.66
8 Françoise Leroux, Marie-Christine Cazier, Laurence Bily, Muriel Leroy 43.75
### Heats
#### Heat 1 {#heat_1}
Rank Team Name Result Notes
------ ------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
1 Silke Gladisch, Cornelia Oschkenat, Kerstin Behrendt, Marlies Göhr 42.96 **Q**
2 Angela Bailey, Angela Phipps, Angella Issajenko, Keturah Anderson 43.30 **Q**
3 Silke-Beate Knoll, Ulrike Sarvari, Andrea Thomas, Ute Thimm 43.32 **Q**
4 Ginka Zagorcheva, Anelia Nuneva, Nadezhda Georgieva, Valya Demireva 43.50 **q**
5 Beatrice Utondu, Tina Iheagwam, Mary Onyali, Falilat Ogunkoya 43.95
6 Mercy Addy, Diana Yankey, Cynthia Quartey, Martha Appiah 44.28
--- Ines Ribeiro, Claudilea Dos Santos, Sheila De Oliveira, Cleide Amaral DNS
#### Heat 2 {#heat_2}
Rank Team Name Result Notes
------ ------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
1 Alice Brown, Diane Williams, Florence Griffith, Pam Marshall 41.96 **Q**
2 Irina Slyusar, Natalya Pomoshchnikova, Natalya German, Olga Antonova 42.47 **Q**
3 Eusebia Riquelme, Aliuska López, Susana Armenteros, Liliana Allen 43.53 **Q**
4 Françoise Leroux, Marie-Christine Cazier, Laurence Bily, Muriel Leroy 43.59 **q**
5 Eleanor Cohen, Joan Baptiste, Wendy Hoyte, Paula Dunn 44.21
6 Rita Angotzi, Patrizia Lombardo, Annarita Balzani, Marisa Masullo 44.49
7 Ashwini Nachappa, Vandana Shanbag, Sany Joseph, Vandana Rao 46
| 375 |
1987 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay
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10,094,894 |
# Under the Hawthorn Tree (novel)
***Under the Hawthorn Tree*** is a children\'s historical novel by Marita Conlon-McKenna, the first in her Children of the Famine trilogy set at the time of the Great Famine in Ireland. It was published by the O\'Brien Press in May 1990. It was adapted for television in 1999.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The novel tells the story of three siblings, Mary Ellen (Eily), Michael and Margaret (Peggy) O\'Driscoll, who live in a small cottage in their home district of Duneen. Ireland is in the height of The Great Hunger. Blight has destroyed the staple crop. Ten month old Bridget dies of famine fever and is buried under the hawthorn tree in the garden: in Irish mythology, the hawthorn is linked with the otherworld.
Their father has gone to find work on the famine roads, and the children and their mother struggle each day, barely getting enough food to survive. Their mother ends up selling all of her belongings except for the clothes on their backs. Desperate and worried that she won\'t be able to feed her children alone, she leaves to search for her husband. After waiting for their parents for a few days, the three siblings are forced to leave for the workhouse. Eily makes a decision; they would make the long journey to find Nano and Lena, the aunts from their mother\'s stories. The journey ahead is dangerous and the children are weak, but they are determined to make it to Castletaggart where their aunts are living and running a bakery.
## Reception
*Under the Hawthorn Tree* received the Children\'s and Young Adult\'s Book Award for Older Reader Category in 1991. The book was enormously popular in Ireland, and remains Ireland\'s best-selling children\'s book.
## Translations
The book, originally written in English, has been translated into Irish, French, Dutch, German, Spanish, Danish, Swedish, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Malay, Arabic and Korean.
## Television adaptation {#television_adaptation}
*Under the Hawthorn Tree* was filmed for Channel 4 and screened as a four-part series in March 1999.
## Sequels
- *Wildflower Girl*, the second part of the trilogy, in which Peggy goes to America
- *Fields of Home*, the third part of the trilogy, which follows all three siblings; Eily and Michael at home in Ireland, and Peggy as she heads out West in the US
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# A Tale of Sorrow and Sadness
is a 1977 Japanese film directed by Seijun Suzuki.
## Plot
The film is about a professional model Reiko (Shiraki) who is being groomed for the golf circuit by the editor of a golfing fashion magazine. During her first professional competition she has great success, winning the approval of her mentor, a TV audience and others. Suddenly, everyone wants a piece of Reiko. The plot turns sinister as one of her devoted followers develops an obsession with Reiko and starts to blackmail and threaten her.
## Cast
- Yoko Shiraki
- Yoshio Harada
- Tetsu Mizuno
- Masumi Okada
- Joe Shishido
- Kōji Wada : Yoshizawa
- Shuji Sano
- Asao Koike
- Keisuke Noro
## Reception
Jasper Sharp of Midnight Eye said, \"Coming across like a deranged hybrid of Clint Eastwood\'s *Play Misty for Me* (1971) and Robert Aldrich\'s *What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?* (1962), this sinister social satire of Stepford Wives-esque suburban aspiration set against the glamorous world of big budget sports promotion is impossible to pigeonhole as anything other than a Suzuki film.\"
David Carter of Film Fanaddict described the film as \"a vastly different film from his previous body of work, but one that retained many of the stylistic touches for which he was known and contained more than a few subtle digs at corporations, fame and the entertainment industry
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# Andrea Mannai
**Andrea Mannai** (born 2 May 1963) is a retired male boxer from Italy, who won the bronze medal at the 1987 European Amateur Boxing Championships in the men\'s flyweight (-- 51 kg) division. He represented his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics and lost to Arthur Johnson of the United States on a 5-0 decision
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# Duke of Luynes
The **Duke of Luynes** (*duc de Luynes* `{{IPA|fr|dyk də lɥin|lang|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a territorial name belonging to the noble French house d\'Albert. Luynes is, today, a commune of the Indre-et-Loire *département* in France. The family of Albert, which sprang from **Thomas Alberti** (died 1455), *seigneur* de Boussargues, *bailli* of Viviers and Valence, and viguier of Bagnols and Pont-Saint-Esprit in Languedoc, acquired the estate of Luynes in the 16th century.
## History
The grandfather of the first Duke of Luynes was **Léon d\'Alberti**, who changed the family name to Albert and married Jeanne de Ségur of Marseille in 1535. From the marriage he received a dowry of 10,000 livres and the fief of Luynes in today\'s *département* Bouches-du-Rhône in Provence. His son Honoré was born five years later. Léon d\'Albert died in the Italian Wars. **Honoré d\'Albert** (1540--1592), *seigneur* de Luynes, was in the service of the three last Valois kings and of Henry IV of France, and became colonel of the French bands, commissary of artillery in Languedoc and governor of Beaucaire. Honoré d\'Albert had three sons:
- **Charles** (1578--1621), a favorite of Louis XIII, became the first Duke of Luynes in August 1619. He had recently purchased the Comté de Maillé on the Loire, about 10 miles west of Tours, and the king erected Maillé into the Duchy of Luynes, which included about 50 parishes and extended to the western wall of Tours and around it on three sides.
- **Honoré** (1581--1649), first Duke of Chaulnes, was *seigneur* de Cadenet and married Charlotte Eugenie d\'Ailly, countess of Chaulnes, in 1619, and was created Duke of Chaulnes in 1621. He was governor of Picardy and marshal of France (1619), and defended his province successfully in 1625 and 1635. He is also responsible for the French translation of René Descartes\'s Meditations, from Latin, in 1647.
- **Léon** (1582--1630), *seigneur* de Brantes, who became Duke of Luxembourg-Piney by his marriage in 1620 with Margaret Charlotte of Luxembourg.
After the death of the first Duke of Luynes in 1621, his widow, Marie de Rohan remarried to Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Chevreuse, from whom she acquired in 1655 the duchy of Chevreuse, which she gave to **Louis Charles d\'Albert**, her son by her first husband, in 1663. From that point forward, the title of Duke of Chevreuse and Duke of Luynes was borne by the eldest sons of the family of Luynes, which also inherited the title of Duke of Chaulnes on the extinction of the descendants of Honoré d\'Albert in 1698. The branch of the dukes of Luxemburg-Piney became extinct in 1697.
### Other notable family members {#other_notable_family_members}
Some other notable family members are:
- **Louis Auguste d\'Albert d\'Ailly** (1676--1744), Duke of Chaulnes, became marshal of France (1741). He was a younger son of Charles Honoré d\'Albert, 3rd Duke of Luynes.
- **Louis Joseph d\'Albert de Luynes** (1670--1750), 3rd Prince of Grimberghen: married to Magdeleine Marie de Berghes. He was in the service of the Emperor Charles VII, and became field-marshal and ambassador in France. He was a younger son of Louis Charles d\'Albert, 2nd Duke of Luynes from the Duke\'s second marriage to Princess Anne de Rohan-Montbazon.
Several members of the family of Albert were distinguished in letters and science, including Louis Charles d\'Albert, 2nd Duke of Luynes, who was an ascetic writer and friend of the Jansenists, and Honoré Theodore d\'Albert, 8th Duke of Luynes, who was a writer on archaeology. Others include:
- **Paul d\'Albert de Luynes** (1703--1788), Cardinal and Archbishop of Sens; an astronomer. He was a son of Honoré Charles d\'Albert de Luynes, Duke of Montfort and Chevreuse, and younger brother of Charles Philippe d\'Albert de Luynes, 4th Duke of Luynes.
- **Michel Ferdinand d\'Albert d\'Ailly** (1714--1769), Duke of Chaulnes and Picquigny; a writer on mathematical instruments. He was a son of Louis Auguste d\'Albert d\'Ailly, 4th Duke of Chaulnes.
- **Louis Joseph d\'Albert d\'Ailly** (1741--1793), Duke of Chaulnes and Picquigny; a chemist who was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in London in 1764. He was a son of Michel Ferdinand d\'Albert d\'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes and Picquigny.
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# Duke of Luynes
## List of dukes of Luynes {#list_of_dukes_of_luynes}
List of dukes of Luynes since 1619:
Number From To Duke of Luynes Relationship to predecessor
-------- ------ ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1619 1621 Charles d\'Albert de Luynes (1578--1621) 1st Duke of Luynes
2 1621 1690 Louis Charles d\'Albert de Luynes (1620--1699) Son of the preceding`{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Louis Charles d'Albert de Luynes]] was the father of [[Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes]], comtesse de Verrue (1670–1736), who is best known today as the mistress of King [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia]]. Although married to Giuseppe Ignazio Scaglia, Conte di Verua, she had two children with Victor Amadeus II: [[Maria Vittoria of Savoy|Maria Vittoria Francesca of Savoy]] (1690–1766), the Marchioness of Susa who married [[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignan]], and [[Vittorio Francesco, Marquis of Susa|Vittorio Francesco Filippo of Savoy]] (1694-1762), the Marquis of Susa who married Maria Lucrezia Franchi di Pont.<ref name="Storrs196">Christopher Storrs, ''War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720'', (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 196.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
3 1690 1712 Charles Honoré d\'Albert de Luynes (1646--1712) Son of the preceding
4 1712 1758 Charles Philippe d\'Albert de Luynes (1695--1758) Grandson of the preceding`{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes]], 4th Duke of Luynes (1695–1758) was the eldest son of Honoré Charles d'Albert de Luynes (1669–1704), styled the ''[[Lords, counts and dukes of Montfort-l'Amaury|Duke of Montfort]]'' then the ''[[Duke of Chevreuse]]''. The 4th Dukes younger brother was the astronomer [[Paul d'Albert de Luynes]] (1703–1788), [[cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] and [[Archbishop of Sens]].<ref name="Luynes1860">{{cite book |last1=Luynes |first1=Charles-Philippe d'Albert duc de |title=Mémoires du duc de Luynes sur la cour de Louis XV (1735-1758) publiés sous le patronage de M. le duc de Luynes |date=1860 |publisher=Firmin Didot frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2E_AQAAMAAJ |accessdate=10 November 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
5 1758 1771 Marie Charles d\'Albert de Luynes (1717--1771) Son of the preceding
6 1771 1807 Louis Joseph Charles Amable d\'Albert de Luynes (1748--1807) Son of the preceding
7 1807 1839 Charles Marie d\'Albert de Luynes (1783--1839) Son of the preceding
8 1839 1867 Honoré Théodore Paul Joseph d\'Albert (1803--1867) Son of the preceding
9 1867 1870 Charles Honoré Emmanuel d\'Albert de Luynes (1846--1870) Grandson of the preceding
10 1870 1924 Honoré Charles Marie Sosthène d\'Albert de Luynes (1868--1924) Son of the preceding
11 1924 1993 Philippe Anne Louis Marie Dieudonné Jean d\'Albert (1905--1993) Son of the preceding
12 1993 2008 Jean d\'Albert de Luynes (1945--2008) Son of the preceding
13 2008 Incumbent Philippe d\'Albert, 13th duc de Luynes (b
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# Coverack Bridges
**Coverack Bridges** (*Ponskovrek*) is a hamlet in southwest Cornwall, England. It is situated southwest of Wendron in the valley of the River Cober just under 1 mi north of Helston
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# WMOH
**WMOH** (1450 AM \"The Ticket\") is a commercial radio station in Hamilton, Ohio, and serving the Cincinnati metropolitan area. It broadcasts a mixed news/talk and sports radio format and is owned by Vernon R. Baldwin, Inc.
WMOH broadcasts with 1,000 watts around the clock, using a non-directional antenna. The studios and transmitter are on Fairgrove Avenue in Hamilton.
## Programming
Weekdays begin with a local talk and information show with Chris Theiss and Steve Vaughn. That\'s followed by syndicated conservative talk shows from Hugh Hewitt, Dana Loesch and Larry Elder with a break at noon for the Jim Rome\'s sports oriented program. Late nights and weekends feature CBS Sports Radio programming.
AM 1450 is the flagship station for Miami Redhawks football and basketball, from the Ohio-based Miami University. WMOH is also the Cincinnati affiliate for the Columbus Blue Jackets hockey team and carries Butler County high school football and basketball games as well.
## History
On August 15, 1944, WMOH signed on the air. Its founder and original owner/operator was Fort Hamilton Broadcasting. WMOH added an FM station in 1959, now Cumulus Media-owned 103.5 WGRR. Both stations went to separate ownership in the 1970s. In the 1950s and 1960s, WMOH maintained a full service middle of the road format before switching to contemporary hits in the 1970s. Around the mid-1980s, the station moved to a mix of adult contemporary music, talk and sports, until it eliminated the music in the 1990s, switching to all-sports.
The station had been Cincinnati\'s affiliate for ESPN Radio until July 2007, when ESPN switched to WSAI. WMOH has since become more of a mixed news and sports talk station, featuring talk shows from Salem Radio Network, Audacy, Inc., and Infinity Sports Network. WMOH serves as the flagship radio station for Miami (Ohio) University athletics, and broadcasts local high school baseball, basketball, and football games. Since January 2008, WMOH has featured its own morning news and sports talks show, hosted by Chris Theiss and long-time WMOH employee Steve Vaughn
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# Urnyak
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# William Paats
**William Paats** (b. *Friedrich Wilhelm Paats Hantelmann*, 12 January 1876, Rotterdam -- d. 28 August 1946, Asunción) was a Dutch-born Paraguayan sports instructor.
Often regarded as \"the father of Paraguayan football\", Paats\' family moved to Asunción, Paraguay in 1894. At that time, William was 18 years old and soon noticed the lack in the formal practice of any sport in Paraguay.
After a few years, he became a physical education instructor at the Escuela Normal de Maestros in Asunción. In one of his trips to Buenos Aires, he bought a ball and brought it back to Paraguay; and soon after he started teaching the practice of football to his students. The journalist Julio César Maldonado, in his book *Historia del Fútbol Paraguayo (1900-1965)* claims that it was Lucio Sila Godoy who brought the first balls from Buenos Aires. The forementioned Godoy is also credited as a co-founder of the paraguayan team Olimpia. The popularity of football in Paraguay rose immediately. Due to the success and enormous interest of the people, Paats impulsed the foundation of the first Paraguayan football club, and so on 25 July 1902 Club Olimpia was born.
Paats was also a founding member of the Liga Paraguaya de Fútbol (Paraguayan Football League) in 1906 and served as President of the mentioned organisation from 1909 to 1910. He also promoted and taught the practice of other sports disciplines such as cricket, tennis, swimming and rowing. His passion for sports and social activities led him to found the social and sports club Sajonia in 1921 and the Touring y Automóvil Club Paraguayo in 1924. He also served as a consul for the Netherlands until 1935.
Paats died on 28 August 1946, in Asunción, leaving his legacy as one of the most important sports personalities in Paraguay
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# David Gordon Allen d'Aldecamb Lumsden
**David Gordon Allen d\'Aldecamb Lumsden of Cushnie, Baron of Cushnie Lumsden** (25 May 1933, in Quetta, Baluchistan, Empire of India now Pakistan) -- 29 August 2008, in Fort William, Scotland) was a Scottish businessman, nationalist and was the last of his family to hold the title Baron of Cushnie Lumsden until 2004 when the baronial lands were acquired by Alan Robertson just before the Abolition of Feudal Tenure (2000) Act came into effect.
The son of Henry Gordon Strange Lumsden and Sydney Mary Elliot, he studied at Allhallows, Devon; Bedford School; and Jesus College, Cambridge (MA). He served in the Territorial Army with the London Scottish.
## Career
He worked as an executive at British American Tobacco from 1959 until his retirement in 1982. He was the Director of **Heritage Porcelain Ltd.** and **Heritage Recordings Ltd.**
## Religious affiliations {#religious_affiliations}
- Knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1980
- Knight of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, 1978
- Knight of the Order of Sts. Maurice and Lazarus, 1999
## Death
His Requiem Mass in 2008 was the first celebration in St Mary\'s Cathedral, Edinburgh, since 1969, of Mass as in 1962 Roman Missal, in accordance with Pope Benedict XVI\'s indication, the year before, that, \"for those faithful or priests who request it, the pastor should allow celebrations in this extraordinary form also in special circumstances such as \[\...\] funerals\"
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# Martin S. Jensen
Spielerprofil \|url=<https://www.kicker.de/martin-sejr-jensen/laufbahn> \|website=kicker \|access-date=25 November 2022 \|archive-url=<https://web.archive.org/web/20221125111230/https://www.kicker.de/martin-sejr-jensen/laufbahn> \|archive-date=25 November 2022 \|language=de-DE \|url-status=live}}
\| height = 1.89 m \| birth_date = `{{birth date and age|1973|7|10|df=y}}`{=mediawiki} \| birth_place = Odense, Denmark \| currentclub = Hobro IK (goalkeeping coach) \| position = Goalkeeper \| years1 = 1996--1997 \| years2 = 1998--2000 \| years3 = 2001--2002 \| years4 = 2003--2004 \| years5 = 2005--2007 \| years6 = 2007 \| years7 = 2008--2009 \| clubs1 = OB \| clubs2 = Randers Freja \| clubs3 = Esbjerg fB \| clubs4 = OB \| clubs5 = Randers FC \| clubs6 = AaB \| clubs7 = Skive IK \| caps1 = 0 \| caps2 = \| caps3 = 50 \| caps4 = 18 \| caps5 = \| caps6 = 7 \| caps7 = \| goals1 = 0 \| goals2 = \| goals3 = 0 \| goals4 = 0 \| goals5 = \| goals6 = 0 \| goals7 = \| manageryears1 = 2008--2009 \| managerclubs1 = Skive IK (assistant) }} **Martin Sejr Jensen** (born 10 July 1973), known as **Martin S. Jensen**, is a Danish football coach and former professional footballer who is a goalkeeping coach for Danish 1st Division side Hobro IK.
He played 134 games in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship from 2001 to 2007, representing Esbjerg fB, OB, Randers FC, and AaB. He won the Danish Cup with Randers and the Danish Superliga with AaB.
## Club career {#club_career}
Jensen began his career with local amateur club Korup near Odense, before moving to nearby top-flight Superliga club Odense Boldklub (OB) in 1996, where he served as an understudy to Danish international keeper Lars Høgh. He moved on to lower-league club Randers Freja, and played almost 100 games for Freja from 1998 to 2000, helping the team win promotion for the second-tier Danish 1st Division.
Jensen joined rival Danish 1st Division team Esbjerg fB in the Winter 2000, and eventually surpassed Benny Gall as the starting goalkeeper. Jensen helped Esbjerg win promotion to the Danish Superliga, and played all 33 games as Esbjerg finished 7th in the 2001--02 Danish Superliga season. In winter 2002, Esbjerg brought in new keeper Lars Winde. When Jensen made his dissatisfaction known, he was handed a free transfer, and rejoined with OB in January 2003, signing a two-year contract.
At OB, Jensen initially served as the understudy once more, this time to *Det Gyldne Bur*-winning goalkeeper Karim Zaza. When Zaza was sold in the Summer 2003, Jensen was handed a place in the starting line-up which he kept for 18 games. In winter 2003, OB bought a new *Det Gyldne Bur*-winning keeper in Arek Onyszko, and Jensen was demoted to the bench. In July 2004, Jensen announced his desire to let his OB contract expire at the end of the year 2004, as he had already agreed to join newly promoted team Randers FC, a club merger based on his former team Randers Freja. In August 2004, OB and Randers agreed on a transfer move, allowing Jensen to immediately join Randers.
At Randers, Jensen quickly established himself as the starting goalkeeper ahead of Christian Kemph. The season did not end well for Jensen, as Randers were relegated to the Danish 1st Division. As a 1st Division team, Randers and Jensen managed to win the 2005--06 Danish Cup, beating Superliga club Esbjerg fB 1--0 in extra time in the final. That same season, Randers won promotion for the Superliga, and Jensen signed a two-year contract extension in June 2006. In the following 2006--07 Danish Superliga season, Jensen missed only a single game (through suspension), as Randers finished eighth. When Randers signed Kevin Stuhr Ellegaard as their new starting goalkeeper in the 2007 summer transfer window, Jensen was not allowed to train with the first team, but was instead demoted to the youth team. Following a public dispute with Randers due to what Jensen contested as unfair treatment, he was released from all contractual obligations with the club on 16 July 2007.
Jensen soon after chose to join AaB Aalborg, signing a half-year contract with the club. He was brought in as a backup keeper, as AaB\'s newly bought first choice Karim Zaza was still recovering from a shoulder operation. Jensen was AaB\'s starting goalkeeper in the first seven games of the 2007--08 Danish Superliga season, including a 5--0 defeat to his former team Randers FC, and he also helped AaB beat Gent to advance to the 2007--08 UEFA Cup. When Zaza returned to fitness in September 2007, Jensen found himself as the second choice keeper for the Superliga games, but saw playing time in the Danish Cup tournament instead. In his six months at AaB, Jensen played 12 matches in all competitions for the club, in a season that would ultimately lead to AaB winning the Danish Superliga title in May 2008. By then, Jensen had already moved on.
In January 2008, he joined Skive IK in the Danish 1st Division as goalkeeper and assistant manager on a two-year contract. He had already agreed an extended contract with AaB, but AaB chose not to stop his dreams of gaining manager experience. Jensen stated that \"I helped them out in a situation, as they help me in this situation\". but he decided to end his career both as a player and manager.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Jensen was goalkeeping coach for Hobro IK from 2014 until 2017, where he chose to focus on a civil career.
On 1 January 2022, Jensen returned as goalkeeping coach in Martin Thomsen\'s coaching staff at Hobro IK
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# Robert Baldock
**Robert Baldock** (or **de Baldock**; died 28 May 1327) was the Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor of England, during the reign of King Edward II of England.
## Career
Baldock was archdeacon of Middlesex when he was named Controller of the Wardrobe and Lord Privy Seal on 27 January 1320 and then Prebend of Aylesbury in August 1320. He remained Lord Privy Seal until 8 July 1323, before being named Lord Chancellor of England on 20 August 1323.
Baldock was elected Bishop of Norwich on 23 July 1325, but before consecration resigned the office on 3 September 1325 to avoid a collision between the pope and the King.
In October 1326, Baldock was one of the small number of supporters who fled London with King Edward when Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer invaded. He remained with the King and the Despensers, the King\'s particular favorites, in their flight across England to the Despensers\' lands in Wales, and was one of the last handful who attempted to cross to Ireland and failed. He and the King remained fugitives until their hiding place was revealed. Baldock lost his offices and was imprisoned in November 1326.
## Death
Unlike the Despensers, who suffered quick trials and executions, Baldock was a clergyman, and so in February 1327 was sent to London for trial by fellow clergy. He was placed under house arrest at Hereford Palace (the Bishop of Hereford\'s London residence). A mob broke into the house, severely beat him, and threw him into Newgate Prison, where he was murdered by some of the inmates
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# Henry O'Brien (colonel)
**Henry F. O\'Brien** (c. 1825 - July 14, 1863) was the colonel of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment who was killed during the New York City draft riots in 1863.
As commander of the Fire Zouaves, he rallied around 150 infantry against approaching rioters in front of *Oliver\'s Livery Stable* near the East River. As police under Inspector Daniel C. Carpenter began withdrawing after fighting with rioters on Second Avenue, O\'Brien arrived with two companies at 34th Street and Second Avenue.
After a brief skirmish with the rioters, the mob retreated and O\'Brien left his command and walked up the avenue entering a nearby drugstore. However, after a few moments, he was attacked by a group of rioters who had recognized him as he left the building. Severely beaten by the crowd, he was kicked and hit with stones as he lay on the street, which continued for more than an hour.
Although some local civilians attempted to help, rioters attacked civilians attempting to bring him food and water. He was eventually taken by rioters to his nearby home where he was tortured to death and mutilated beyond recognition. After rioters had left, O\'Brien\'s body was transferred to Bellevue Hospital and subsequently buried in a pauper\'s grave at Calvary Cemetery
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# Monte Jackson
**Monte Carl Jackson** (born July 14, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) from 1975 to 1983. He played college football for the San Diego State Aztecs. Jackson attended St. Augustine High School in San Diego.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Jackson is the older brother of former cornerback, Terry Jackson
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# Biagio Chianese
**Biaggio Chianese** (born October 28, 1961, in giugliano (naples)) is a retired boxer from Italy, who won the bronze medal at both the 1986 World Amateur Boxing Championships and the 1987 European Amateur Boxing Championships in the men\'s heavyweight (+ 91 kg) division
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# Preston Watson
**Preston Albert Watson** (17 October 1880 -- 30 June 1915) was a Scottish aviation pioneer, who conceived his own original method of controlling an aeroplane in flight. This was his rocking wing method of lateral control, which consisted of a secondary smaller wing mounted above the main wing on an A-frame that could pivot about its longitudinal axis. Watson\'s method of lateral control was applied by him in three different aeroplanes; the first was built in late 1909, the second in July 1910 and his third in 1913.
On 16 March 1915, Watson gained his Royal Aero Club Certificate No. 1,117 (equivalent of a pilot\'s licence) with the London and Provincial School at the London Aerodrome, Hendon, having sought a commission with the Royal Naval Air Service with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. On 30 June 1915 he was killed when the Caudron G.3 aeroplane he was flying disintegrated in flight and crashed in Dunlye Field, a few miles from the Cross-in-Hand Hotel near Heathfield, Sussex. Watson is buried in Dundee\'s Western Cemetery.
Preston Watson\'s achievements have been clouded by erroneous claims of powered flight before the Wright brothers. This originated from his younger brother James Watson, who brought it to the public\'s greater attention in an article published in the *Manchester Guardian* newspaper in December 1953. There was an article in *The Scots magazine* in October 1953 released by one J.D. Leslie, but it is dismissed owing to inaccuracies. Since then, Preston\'s name has been associated with this false claim and his actual work in promoting aviation is often overlooked.
This claim has been repeatedly proven to be false, but the myth frequently reappears in Scottish newspaper articles and most recently in a book published in 2014 with the support of the Dundee Museum of Transport titled *The Pioneer Flying Achievements of Preston Watson* by Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith.
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# Preston Watson
## Early history {#early_history}
He was born in Dundee, Tayside, Scotland on 17 October 1880, the son of Mr Thomas Watson of Balgowan and his wife Jane Yeaman. His father was partner in **Watson & Philip** a wholesale food distributor in Dundee.
He was a pupil of the High School of Dundee and showed considerable interest in things mechanical from an early age. Young Preston possessed an analytical mind, and quite often, he, according to the Sunday, 27 October 1984 edition of *The Courier and Advertiser* newspaper;
It was whilst studying engineering at University College, Dundee that his interest in aeronautics flourished, but there was little to read on the emerging science of aviation. If aviation was to become the field in which he was going to start a career, he would have to do his own research.
His brother James Yeaman Watson was to later recount in the December 1955 issue of *Aeronautics* magazine that;
According to the late Mr James Manson, who worked as a labourer with Watson\'s father\'s food produce business, Messrs Watson and Philip, Preston built small model aeroplanes and dropped them from the bridge at Ninewells.
On 25 October 1907 Watson applied for a patent that, \"\...relates to flying machines, the object being to raise and propel a machine through the air without aerostats.\" Accepted in its entirety nearly a year later, Patent No.23,553 of 1907, titled \"Watson\'s Flying Machines\" comprises eight pages of descriptions of an indigenous rotary-wing means of creating lift and five illustrations to which the description pages are keyed. These show different configurations of aircraft using the same rotary aerofoil devices that resembled the sheathing mechanism of a combine harvester. No evidence survives to suggest Watson began constructing any of the bizarre creations in the patent.
Accepted in its entirety on 8 October 1908, by that time Watson\'s ideas on what constituted successful flight, and specifically how lift was achieved had changed dramatically from his patent. In July 1908 Watson published the pamphlet *Power Necessary in Flight* (John Leng & Co. Ltd. Dundee, 1908), which contained his theories on; \"\...the best curvature of an aerodrome \[sic\], and, further, the result of a calculation regarding the best proportion of the weight of wings to weight of structure for the attainment of flight with the least horse-power.\"
Influenced by Frederick William Lanchester\'s paper titled \"Aerodynamics\", constituting the first volume of a complete work on aerial flight published in December 1907, Watson\'s work contains an analytical approach to aerodynamics, far removed from the outlandish theories he expressed in his first patent. Watson\'s introduction mentions that he had read Lanchester\'s work, stating that their findings are similar, but that he arrived at his theories independently.
His next patent represented the body of his aeronautical work that he spent the rest of his life researching; his rocking wing concept of lateral control. Applied for on 1 January 1909, the complete specification is dated 23 July 1909 and was left with the Patent Office a day later and accepted on 16 December that year. Patent No.47 of 1909 comprises three pages of descriptions and a single page with an illustration of the rocking wing concept as applied to a theoretical aeroplane.
From examining the illustration supplied with the patent and surviving photographs of Watson\'s aeroplanes, it is plainly evident that he had fully intended on constructing an aircraft based on his patent. Exactly when he completed his first aeroplane is not known, but on page 400 in the 2 November 1909 issue of *The Aero* magazine is the following statement:
Although clearly a typographical error with regards to the location of \"the secluded little village of Forgendenny, Perthshire, near Preston\" and Watson\'s name, this article seems to confirm a likely completion time period of his first full size aeroplane based on his rocking wing patent.
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# Preston Watson
## Rocking wings {#rocking_wings}
Although somewhat neglected by aviation historians, Preston Watson\'s aeronautical experiments are contemporary with those of better known British pioneers, such as Alliott Verdon Roe and Geoffrey de Havilland. In many ways Watson\'s experiments are of at least equal historic interest today as those of his contemporaries, since his primary focus was developing an alternative means of controlling an aeroplane in flight -- his \"rocking wing\" method of lateral control.
Watson is known to have built three aeroplanes incorporating rocking wings, only two of which successfully became airborne under their own power.
It is likely that Watson\'s second patent, \"Improvements in Flying Machines\" dated 1 January 1909 was the first published description of Watson\'s rocking wing theory of lateral control, the function of which in a practicable sense is described by him as, \"above \[the main\] plane\...and carried by the frame of the machine is a rocking aeroplane\...capable of rocking about a fore and aft central axle\...\"
\"The pivot\...is above the fore and aft central axis of the main plane and depending from the rocking plane and at right angles to it is a lever\...fixed rigidly to such rocking plane. This lever is fixed in so far that it can tilt the plane\...to one side or the other\...\" The actuation of which by the pilot induces the rocking motion of the wing.
When in flight the rocking wing functions in the following manner, \"when the rocking aeroplane\...is tilted out of the horizontal\...by moving the lever\...to one side, the normal pressure of the rocking aeroplane\...is inclined out of the vertical and gives rise to a horizontal component pulling its axle\...to one side relative to the line of flight.\"
\"The \[aircraft is\] thus caused to rotate about the line of flight, that is to say, the \[rocking wing\] becomes tilted about the line of flight and out of the horizontal. The normal pressure of the \[main plane\] is thus inclined out of the vertical and gives rise to a horizontal component pulling the \[aircraft\] to one side of the line of flight.\"
To climb and descend in the aircraft, the vertically mounted lever, \"\...is moved fore and aft, thus causing the front edge of the rudder \[tailplane, none of Watson\'s aeroplanes were fitted with a vertical rudder. The Wrights also initially referred to their horizontal stabilisers as horizontal rudders\] to be moved downwards or upwards.\"
Because of the dual actuation of the control lever, \"\...the \[rocking wing\] and the \[tailplane\] can be moved so as to cause the machine to move up and down while at the same time moving to the one side or the other, that is to say that by simply moving the hand which actuates the lever in any desired direction and the trim altered.\"
Watson\'s declaration as a conclusion to the patent is in two points, as follows:
1. \"In aeroplanes the use of a rocking plane situated on a higher level than the main plane, for preserving lateral stability and for steering right and left and controlled by a lever which also operates the horizontal rudder as described and illustrated on the drawings annexed.\"
2. \"In aeroplanes the combination of a fixed main plane with an upper rocking plane as described and for the purposes set forthwith.\"
Despite Watson\'s firm belief in his system of control, the reality behind it, however ingenious, was that it was no more efficient that wing warping or the use of ailerons in its aerodynamic effect on an aeroplane in flight. Prompted by Charles Gibbs-Smith, when analysed by aerodynamic experts at the Royal Aeronautical Society in the late 1950s, it was found that the rocking wing had a significant disadvantage; it had the effect of a single combined aileron and rudder.
To execute a banked turn from flying straight and level, the rocking wing worked moderately effectively, but when the aeroplane\'s lateral equilibrium had been compromised, tipping the rocking wing in the opposite direction to the down-going wing to right itself had a tendency to yaw the aircraft in that direction. In effect, the rocking wing did not fully assist in correcting conditions of instability since the pilot had no means with which to induce or correct a yawing motion. Another possible reason behind the rocking wing idea not progressing beyond Watson\'s experiments was that it could only be applied to relatively light and small aircraft.
Had Preston Watson survived, it is possible that with continual experience flying his aeroplanes he would have thought up an ingenious solution to this problem. Although he would have had to forsake, in his mind, the biggest advantage of his system over contemporaries, the simplicity of operation of the rocking wing method (by a single control lever for pitch and roll), by perhaps adding another actuating device to adequately control his aeroplane.
Despite this however, the rocking wing means of lateral control as Watson proposed it, although it had no precedent in aviation\'s fledgling years, its influence and impact on history have proven to be negligible.
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# Preston Watson
## Aircraft
It is known that Preston Watson constructed three powered aeroplanes, of which only two were able to become airborne under their own power.
There have also been claims that Watson also built and flew an unpowered \"Wright Type\" glider, but there is little substantial evidence to support this; Preston Watson himself never made the claim and reports of a glider only emerged after James Watson admitted that the claim to powered flight before the Wrights in 1903 was false and the machine Preston flew that year was a glider in the December 1955 issue of *Aeronautics* magazine. While he might have begun constructing a glider at some stage in his life, no evidence can be found that verifies the claim he flew it.
### First aeroplane {#first_aeroplane}
Based on Watson\'s rocking wing patent, it is assumed that his first powered machine was completed around mid 1909 since it is almost exactly like the illustration that accompanies the patent. Built within the workshops of the Tay Motor Boat and Engine Company of Dundee, the Watson No.1 had the upper wing being approximately one half the span of the lower wing. The main wings were in two separate sections, between which the pilot sat. He had no instrumentation of any sort. The upper wing was mounted at the apex of an \"A\" frame, with the main wing forming the cross bar of the \"A\" and with long skis being fitted at its base.
There are rumours that Watson acquired his first aircraft\'s engine from celebrated Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos Dumont. This was a four-cylinder horizontally opposed engine manufactured in small numbers by Dutheil Chalmers & Cie, Paris, France, of unusual layout; the propeller was mounted between two horizontally opposed banks of cylinders.
Despite the fitting of the Dutheil Chalmers engine, Preston Watson\'s No.1 aeroplane remained firmly earthbound, and he placed it in store in a shed on the property of Mr James Bell at Rossie, Forgandenney, about 25 miles west of Dundee. A year later Watson gave it to a group of local enthusiasts from the Dundee Model Aero Club, founded in November 1909. David Urquhart, the founder of the Dundee Model Aero Club and two friends, David Robertson and William Gibb, recounted in 1961 how the Dutheil Chalmers motor was removed and the aeroplane was converted into a glider in the club house used by the modellers.
By June 1911 the glider had been completed and several flights had been made from a rise on the property of a Mr George Ballingall of Newton, Wormit, in Fife, Scotland. However within five months the members of the Dundee Model Aero Club were constructing a new glider. What they did with the earlier one is not known. .
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# Preston Watson
## Aircraft
### Second aeroplane {#second_aeroplane}
In his second aeroplane, Preston Watson achieved successful powered flight in a design that appeared to vindicate his theories. Initially hoped to have entered the No.2 in the Lanark Airshow, only the second international air meeting held in the UK, his first flights in it were carried out in the first two weeks of August 1910 at Errol, Perthshire, having missed out on entering the event owing to a fractured propeller during its very first engine run. As with his first aeroplane, the No.2 was built by the Tay Motor Boat and Engine Company, in July 1910. The earliest photographs unearthed so far of Watson\'s No.2 machine in flight are dated from 1912, although Watson carried out successful flying trials throughout August and September 1910.
Constructed from bamboo with its flying surfaces covered in canvas like his first aeroplane, Watson\'s No.2 was structurally similar to its predecessor, which lends credence to the fact that Watson\'s first rocking wing aircraft did not fly. The two aircraft shared the same dimensions, wing plan and box kite tail surfaces, although the \"A\" frame centre section of the No.2 differed slightly from the No.1 in bracing details. Watson\'s new aeroplane was powered by a 1910 three cylinder 30 hp Humber engine.
A number of accounts state that Preston, his younger brother James and Archie Dickie, who had allegedly gone to Paris to secure a Dutheil Chalmers engine from Alberto Santos-Dumont for Watson\'s previous aeroplane, all flew the machine at Errol at this time. The pictures published in the 15 May 1914 issue of *Flight* magazine, which captions the images as having been taken in 1912 have been mis-quoted by James as having been taken in 1908, but the No.2 was built in 1910 and its 30 hp Humber engine was not produced until that year. On being given this piece of rather pointed evidence to the contrary by prominent aviation author Charles Gibbs-Smith, James Watson promptly changed his story.
As with his first aeroplane, it is safe to assume that Watson\'s primary concern about the No.2 would have been its powerplant; above all other considerations, he had to equip it with an engine that was able to get it into the air. Quite probably, his choice of engine was driven by cost and availability. As with his first aeroplane, the fate of the Watson No.2 is unknown, although it was probably scrapped with the outbreak of the Great War.
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# Preston Watson
## Aircraft
### Third aeroplane {#third_aeroplane}
Probably buoyed by the success of achieving powered flight in one of his own aeroplanes, Watson built a third machine, his last, in 1913. His third aeroplane was deliberately designed to supersede his No.2 in capability, since his theories had been proven in flight. Compared to his previous machines, his No.3 was a different beast, although it still incorporated the same layout with a smaller upper wing, and lacked a definite fuselage.
It represented a more professional approach to Watson\'s aeroplane building, being of considerably smarter appearance than his earlier efforts. It was sturdier, the proliferation of bracing wires were testimony to this. Constructed of metal, possibly steel tubing as opposed to bamboo in his earlier aeroplanes, although James Manson claims the tubing was duralumin. Its wings were of conventional design; the bracing struts were fitted with streamlined aerofoil shaped fairings, made from aluminium or wood and covered in fabric, canvas according to Manson, which was sewn into place by himself.
Watson\'s big No.3 was powered by a British Anzani 45 hp six cylinder two-row radial engine.
From 1 January to 1 July 1914, L\'Union pour la Sécurité en Aéroplane organisation held the first Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes at Buc aerodrome, near Paris, France in which some 56 aircraft were entered with the intention of displaying advances in safety devices for aeroplanes from a design standpoint.
Watson\'s No.3 was the only British participant, but was disqualified.
In the 7 July 1915 issue of *The Aeroplane*, as an obituary to Watson, the following records one reason why the No.3 might have been ruled out of the competition; \"Last year Mr Watson took the machine to France and entered it into the \'Concours de La Sécurité\', or Security Competition. The machine was not a success, partly no doubt, as Mr Watson claimed, because of its being underpowered. Nevertheless, it did at time get off the ground for short distances.\"
One pilot under Watson\'s service during the Concours competition was a Mr S. Summerfield of Melton Mowbray. Mr Summerfield recalled that the No.3 handled well once he had gotten used to the novel means of control, but the machine was ruled out of the competition, \"\...for no apparent reason\...\", as recorded in the 3 July 1914 issue of *Flight*. In the book *British Aircraft before the Great War* (Schiffer, Atglen, PA 2001), the authors offer the following reason for the No.3\'s disqualification: \"\...the pilot was classified as a novice and excluded.\"
In March 1915, during an interview with a *Flight* magazine reporter, Watson mentioned in passing that he had fitted floats to the No.3. It is most likely that they were flotation devices that provided buoyancy in the event of the aircraft ditching during over-water flights. Watson said that he intended on carrying out further experiments with the No.3 after the end of the war, since he had applied for a commission with the Royal Naval Air Service.
According to James Manson, Watson\'s mechanic and sometimes pilot of the No.3, it was broken up around the time of the outbreak of war in 1914, but based on the *Flight* magazine piece above, Watson retained the machine after he had enrolled into service with the RNAS in 1915. It was likely to have been scrapped after his untimely death.
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# Preston Watson
## Last year of life {#last_year_of_life}
Nowadays, the efforts of the competitors and judges at the Concours are all-but forgotten, but many of the features pioneered at the event were to resurface on modern aircraft. For Preston Watson, the event proved less than successful, but it illustrated his dedication to his work. One positive consequence of his entry was that his theories became known to a wider audience after the article in Flight magazine that year, where he went into detail about his rocking wing method of control.
With the declaration of the First World War in August 1914, Watson hoped to volunteer for service with the Royal Flying Corps -- he had held a commission as a volunteer with the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, but was refused, being described as too old (at age 34) to fly. In a letter to his wife Beatrice, written presumably in the later months of 1914, published in Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith\'s book *The Pioneer Flying Achievements of Preston Watson*, Preston explains a meeting with Lithuanian born Leo Anatole Jouques, employed by the War Office to manufacture aeroplanes under licence by his firm Jouques Aviation Works at Willesden, London, and apparently well connected, who suggested to him he might be able to assist him with a commission with the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough.
According to letters written by Watson and published in the aforementioned book, he showed Jouques photographs and written details of his rocking wing experiments and aeroplanes. Jouques seemed genuinely interested in the design and claimed he would organise for Watson to give a public demonstration of the machine to the War Office. Evidently this did not take place and Watson was also less-than-enthused by an offer by Jouques to manufacture (presumably) the No.3. Jouques returned to Watson claiming that his wife, who had access to Lord Kitchener and was requesting of him that he gain Watson a commission and that modifications to its undercarriage be made at Jouques\' expense before Watson demonstrate the machine to the War Office. Nothing came of any of this, again, presumably because of Watson\'s own reluctance, as he states in one of the letters that he is \"swithering\" over the latest offer by Jouques.
One of these letters hints at Watson\'s own displeasure with his aircraft, although exactly what this might be in regards to is unknown. Was he displeased with his machine\'s performance at the Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes competition, or was it at the lack of progress with and/or recognition of his experiments as a whole?
Not satisfied with progress with the gaining of a flying commission through official sources, Watson endeavoured to earn his own flying qualification by paying for instruction with the London and Provincial School at the London Aerodrome, Hendon. By the end of December 1914, he had gone solo, having carried out his training in the L & P Biplane; an indigenous aeroplane built by L & P School instructors resembling a Caudron G.3.
On 16 March 1915, Watson was awarded his Royal Aero Club Certificate, No.1,117, the equivalent of achieving a pilot\'s licence in the L & P Biplane, having achieved it \"\...in excellent style\" according to an entry in the 24 March 1915 issue of *The Aeroplane*. At the bottom of page 145 in the 26 February 1915 issue of *Flight* is a photograph of students and instructors of the London and Provincial School; Watson can be seen wearing a leather flying cap standing next to a sheepish looking Clive Collett, later Captain Clive Franklin Collett MC, Great War fighter ace from Spring Creek near Blenheim, New Zealand and the first member of the Royal Flying Corps to parachute out of an aeroplane.
In late March however, despite already possessing his certificate with the L & P School, Watson enrolled for flying training with the Beatty School at Hendon and commenced what is listed as \"extra practice\" in the 31 March 1915 issue of *The Aeroplane* magazine, flying that school\'s Beatty-Wright biplane.
On 30 June 1915, Flight sub-Lieutenant Preston Watson of the Royal Naval Air Service was flying Caudron G.3 3266 between Eastchurch in Kent and Eastbourne, East Sussex, England when his aeroplane \"suddenly dived from a great height to the ground\", and crashed in Dunlye Field, a few miles from the Cross-in-Hand Hotel near Heathfield. Watson was killed in the accident. He was 34 years old.
Preston Watson was interred on 5 July in the Western Cemetery, Dundee. The grave lies just before the first upper terrace. The white obelisk bears a dove in flight. He was survived by a widow and two young children. What became of his aeroplanes and his research is not known.
What actually happened to cause the Caudron to crash has never been fully explained; some hypothesised that the aircraft suffered structural failure, since a wing was found in an adjoining field. Engine failure was also suggested as a possible cause of the crash. Watson\'s RNAS casualty card offers no clues, merely stating the time and place he was killed.
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# Preston Watson
## Powered-flight-before-the-Wrights claims {#powered_flight_before_the_wrights_claims}
Preston Watson\'s achievements, although not spectacular are today regarded with scepticism because of the erroneous claims of powered-flight-before-the-Wrights in the summer of 1903 that originated from his younger brother James. According to Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith in *The Pioneer Flying Achievements of Preston Watson*, James Watson began collating information on the claim in a letter to the Science Museum, London dated 21 October 1949. In the 15 December 1953 issue of the *Manchester Guardian* newspaper, James had an article published referencing the claim, although it was not the first public acknowledgement of it. Following this, James Watson approached the Royal Aeronautical Society via a joint dinner with the Royal Aero Club at the Dorchester Hotel, London, commemorating 50 years since the Wright Brothers\' first powered flight on 17 December 1903, with evidence, including photographs and eye-witness accounts that Preston Watson flew a powered aeroplane before the Wright Brothers. A further article appeared in the February 1954 issue of *Aeronautics* magazine titled \"The Watson History\", in which James Watson re-iterated his claim, although the magazine\'s editor cautiously advised readers that; \"we would say that we are not convinced that Preston Watson can upset existing priority claims for controlled and sustained flight.\"
Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and professional aviation researcher Charles Gibbs-Smith vigorously investigated the Watson claim. The presentation of Gibbs-Smith\'s findings to him eventually forced a change of tack from Watson the Younger. Published in the December 1955 issue of *Aeronautics* magazine titled \"A pioneer in Scotland\", James changed his story from that published in the same magazine previously, stating that \"Preston\'s first aeroplane was without an engine\" and that \"trial flights were made at Errol in the summer of 1903\". In a letter to Gibbs-Smith, James also wrote, \"I make no claim that the \'machine\' Preston used at Errol in 1903 was a powered machine.\"
### The Wright Type glider {#the_wright_type_glider}
This \"confession\" gave rise to rumours that Preston had built a \"Wright Type glider\" at that time, although no such claim had appeared before. A so-called reliable source was found in a close friend of the Watson family, former head of Kings College Dental Department, dental surgeon John Bell Milne, who claimed to have seen Preston\'s earliest flying machine, but had not witnessed it in flight.
In correspondence with Gibbs-Smith, Bell Milne later described the aircraft as, \"\...definitely a glider, it had skids. It was of normal biplane build, both wings in the same span. It had an elevator out front.\" In an interview he gave in 1961, Milne remembered that Watson constructed his glider in, \"\...late 1903 or early 1904\", at the time he and Preston, \"\...were attending physics classes at University College \[Dundee\].\"
Peculiarly, in a letter to Gibbs-Smith dated 15 August 1957, James Watson discredits Bell Milne\'s testimony above, advising that because he was not present in 1903, he could not have seen the machine that he and Preston were testing was a rocking-wing aeroplane, criticising the fact that Bell Milne saw a biplane glider that had a front-mounted elevator. Owing to himself claiming that Preston had flown an unpowered aircraft that year in *Aeronautics* magazine two years earlier and in the later letter to Gibbs-Smith, one wonders whether James was aware of the discrepancies in his own testimonies, as one by one his claims were disproved.
What makes the assertion that Preston Watson built a glider, or any aircraft in 1903 questionable is that James Watson publicly contradicts himself on more than one occasion.
Only after being pressured by Gibbs-Smith after first making his claims in 1953 did James Watson admit that the aircraft Preston flew in 1903 was a glider. Prior to this admission, there was never any mention of a Watson built glider, neither by James, the eyewitnesses James presented in support of his original claim, nor significantly, by Preston Watson himself.
Exactly when Preston Watson carried out his first flights in this aircraft is the crux of the matter in the eyes of James Watson\'s supporters. For any claimant to powered flight earlier than the Wrights, the date of the Wright\'s first powered flight (17 December 1903) is when such flights must pre-date. It is therefore convenient for anyone recalling such an event some fifty years after it allegedly took place to quote the year as 1903 or earlier. It is also notable that none of the eye witnesses that James Watson interviewed whilst preparing his case for Watson\'s powered flights ever mentioned that they saw a glider flying at Errol; all of them saw a powered aeroplane. Only in Bell Milne was there a recollection of a Watson glider and even then, he never saw it being flown.
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