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# National Routeing Guide
## Permitted routes {#permitted_routes}
Three types of routes are acceptable: *direct trains*, *shortest route*, or *mapped routes*. The first two are simple and outlined above. Almost the whole of the routeing guide is taken up with specifying the third for the entire country.
### Principle
- The GB rail network has stations which are deemed *routeing points*. These are principal stations, or junctions, shown in green on the adjacent map. Groups of nearby stations are sometimes treated as a single routeing point (e.g. \"Portsmouth Stations\").
- All other stations are *associated* with one or more routeing points. When a station has more than one routeing point available, fares from each routeing point to the other station are compared, and only those where the fare is equal to or cheaper than the overall journey are deemed *appropriate*.
### Journeys
The rules can be summarised thus:
- Where both stations have a common routeing point, only the shortest route between them is valid.
- Otherwise, for every pair of routeing points the guide lists at least one map (or series of maps) that may be used to get from one point to the other. These maps in turn define which lines are valid between routeing points. Any route on these maps is valid so long as it does not involve doubling back (passing through the same station twice), unless there is a specific *easement* allowing doubling back, or the doubling back is done within a *station group* for the purposes of interchange.
- Some ticket types have specific route restrictions, e.g. \'not London\', or prescriptions e.g. \'Reading\'.
The guide allows many journeys which one might not expect. Travelling from Cardiff to Cambridge via Swansea, Shrewsbury, and Birmingham is acceptable, for instance, rather than simply via London. Generally there are a large number of permitted routes which are rarely used because they are inconvenient, but which are nevertheless legitimate. Some travellers have reported being charged extra for \'special\' routes, however
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# Informal education
**Informal education** is a general term for education that can occur outside of a traditional lecture or school based learning systems. The term includes customized-learning based on individual student interests within a curriculum inside a regular classroom, but is not limited to that setting. It could work through conversation, and the exploration and enlargement of experience. Sometimes there is a clear objective link to some broader plan, but not always. The goal is to provide learners with the tools they need to eventually reach more complex material. It can refer to various forms of alternative education, such as unschooling or homeschooling, autodidacticism (self-teaching), and youth work.
Informal education can include accidental and purposeful ways of collaborating on new information. It can be discussion-based and focuses on bridging the gaps between traditional classroom settings and life outside of the classroom.
## Role
People interpret information differently, and therefore a structured curriculum may not allow all learners to understand the information. Informal education is less controlled than the average classroom setting, which is why informal education can be so powerful. Informal education can help individuals learn to react to and control different situations and settings. In addition, it combines social entities that are important for learning. Informal education may be viewed as the learning that comes as a part of being involved in youth and community organizations. This type of education is a spontaneous process, which helps people to learn information in a new way. It helps to cultivate communities, associations and relationships that make for a positive learning environment.
## Characteristics
Some characteristics of informal education are:
1. Informal education looks to create or deepen situations where people can learn, explore and enlarge experiences, and make changes.
2. Provides an environment where everyone can learn together and can scaffold off of one another.
3. Understanding that the activity can be based on any form of learning, the teaching does not have to be deliberate, more so implied. We give students the tools to do complex materials over time, rather than teaching the complex material and then giving the tools.
4. Focuses on the social aspects of learning, and how important collaborative learning is.
5. The tools students are given are tangible for the processes in which they will be applied.
6. Bridges the gap between school and life.
7. Allows students a choice in learning, and how to approach the material.
8. Make learning accessible in everyday life and in the future.
9. Informal education is driven by conversation and interacting with others.
## Benefits
1. Responsiveness when interacting with the environment.
2. Possibiations or restrictions.
3. Allows for free choice and changes in interests.
4. Ability to create ones own`{{clarify|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
5. Bridges gap between theory and practical
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# Informal education
## In indigenous African communities {#in_indigenous_african_communities}
Informal education has been the practice of indigenous communities in Africa since these communities have been established. The tradition of African education has long been closely intertwined with the daily life of the African people with the idea that children \"learnt what they lived\". The philosophy of traditional African education suggests that one's education cannot be separated from the everyday life and the \"curriculum\" is thus considered \"a way of life\" with the ultimate goal being to create a \"complete individual, \[and\] a lifelong learner\". The knowledge and practices that are important to the community are generally passed down through the sharing of memories and participation in cultural activities. Their education system serves as \"the information base for the community, which facilitates communication and decision-making\". Similar to other indigenous communities such as the Chillihuani in Peru, African education is created with goals in mind but is not limited to typical classroom settings; students continually participate in various learning activities as they grow in the community.
The culture within traditional African communities contain methods of learning. Through song and dance children learn more about their language as well as how to read and write. Oral traditions are used to teach children about history and morals as well as other forms of culture and practical skills for survival. In northern Tanzania and southern Kenya, the children of the Maasai pastoralists learn skills such as \"where to find water and green shrubs that can be fed to young calves\" in case of drought. Children are encouraged to show respect to their elders and through this, children learn how to show respect through their actions and words. A child can even learn the circumstances of their birth through their names. *Onipede,* a Yoruba name in Nigeria, suggests that the child was born soon after the death of a family member. Through their traditional science, children learn how to contribute to health and food production. everything that is a part of their life is used as a means to learn about themselves, their communities, and their culture.
## Advantages
If a person masters a skill by becoming deeply engaged in solving a problem, then giving students real world issues or opportunities to solve problems in their own lives and communities would significantly motivate and help them to master new concepts. Teaching students new scientific concepts by using cultural tools could eliminate the time spent trying to figure out whether concepts are useful or not. This approach may motivate learners and help them to master what is teached from the start. If we applied English and grammar lessons to effectively communicate with others in the community, students would be more inclined to effectively master these concepts since they would be using them for individual or group purposes. Finally, formal schooling, unlike an informal school setting, discourages students from learning and problem solving on their own.
Informal learning can open up a plethora of intellectual growth in those that seek to learn outside a standard academic setting. Pursuits can be influenced by a smaller class size to be the best that they can be, with instructors better able to see to the individual care of each of their students
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# BS postcode area
The **BS postcode area**, also known as the **Bristol postcode area**, is a group of 37 postcode districts in South West England, within eight post towns. These cover the city of Bristol, north Somerset (including Weston-super-Mare, Axbridge, Banwell, Cheddar, Clevedon, Wedmore and Winscombe) and south Gloucestershire.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Coverage
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|BS0 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|BRISTOL \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! BS1 \| BRISTOL \| Bristol city centre, Redcliffe \| Bristol \|- ! BS2 \| BRISTOL \| Kingsdown, St Paul\'s, St Phillips, St Agnes \| Bristol \|- ! BS3 \| BRISTOL \| Bedminster, Southville, Bower Ashton, part of Totterdown, Windmill Hill \| Bristol \|- ! BS4 \| BRISTOL \| Brislington, Knowle, Knowle West, St Anne\'s, part of Totterdown \| Bristol \|- ! BS5 \| BRISTOL \| Easton, St George, Redfield, Whitehall, Eastville, Speedwell, Greenbank, Barton Hill \| Bristol \|- ! BS6 \| BRISTOL \| Cotham, Redland, Montpelier, Westbury Park, St. Andrew\'s \| Bristol \|- ! BS7 \| BRISTOL \| Bishopston, Horfield, part of Filton, Lockleaze, Ashley Down \| Bristol, South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS8 \| BRISTOL \| Clifton, Failand, Hotwells, Leigh Woods \| Bristol, North Somerset \|- ! BS9 \| BRISTOL \| Coombe Dingle, Sneyd Park, Stoke Bishop, Westbury on Trym, Henleaze, Sea Mills \| Bristol \|- ! BS10 \| BRISTOL \| Brentry, Henbury, Southmead, part of Westbury on Trym \| Bristol \|- ! BS11 \| BRISTOL \| Avonmouth, Shirehampton, Lawrence Weston \| Bristol \|- ! BS13 \| BRISTOL \| Bedminster Down, Bishopsworth, Hartcliffe, Withywood, Headley Park \| Bristol \|- ! BS14 \| BRISTOL \| Hengrove, Stockwood, Whitchurch, \| Bristol, Bath and North East Somerset \|- ! BS15 \| BRISTOL \| Hanham, Kingswood \| Bristol, South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS16 \| BRISTOL \| Downend, Emersons Green, Fishponds, Frenchay, Pucklechurch, Mangotsfield, Staple Hill \| Bristol, South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS20 \| BRISTOL \| Pill, Portishead \| North Somerset \|- ! BS21 \| CLEVEDON \| Clevedon \| North Somerset \|- ! BS22 \| WESTON-SUPER-MARE \| Kewstoke, Weston-super-Mare, Worle \| North Somerset \|- ! BS23 \| WESTON-SUPER-MARE \| Uphill, Weston-super-Mare \| North Somerset \|- ! BS24 \| WESTON-SUPER-MARE \| Bleadon, Hutton, Locking, Lympsham, Puxton, Weston-super-Mare, Wick St. Lawrence \| North Somerset, Somerset \|- ! BS25 \| WINSCOMBE \| Churchill, Winscombe, Sandford, Shipham \| North Somerset, Somerset \|- ! BS26 \| AXBRIDGE \| Axbridge, Compton Bishop, Loxton \| Somerset, North Somerset \|- ! BS27 \| CHEDDAR \| Cheddar, Draycott \| Somerset \|- ! BS28 \| WEDMORE \| Wedmore \| Somerset \|- ! BS29 \| BANWELL \| Banwell \| North Somerset \|- ! BS30 \| BRISTOL \| Bitton, Longwell Green, Cadbury Heath, Oldland Common, Warmley, Wick \| South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS31 \| BRISTOL \| Keynsham, Saltford \| Bath and North East Somerset \|- ! BS32 \| BRISTOL \| Sector 4: Almondsbury, Aztec West\
Sectors 8, 9 and 0: Bradley Stoke \| South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS34 \| BRISTOL \| Sector 5: Patchway, Charlton Hayes, Cribbs Causeway\
Sector 6: Little Stoke\
Sector 7: Filton (Except Northville)\
Sector 8: Stoke Gifford \| South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS35 \| BRISTOL \| Sector 1: Oldbury on Severn, Thornbury North\
Sector 2: Thornbury South\
Sector 3: Alveston, Rudgeway\
Sector 4: Aust, Olveston, Pilning, Severn Beach\
Sector 5: Easter Compton \| South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS36 \| BRISTOL \| Sector 1: Winterbourne\
Sector 2: Frampton Cotterell, Coalpit Heath \| South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS37 \| BRISTOL \| Sector 4: Yate Centre and South\
Sector 5: Yate NW, Nibley\
Sector 6: Chipping Sodbury\
Sector 7: Ladden Garden Common, Rangeworthy\
Sector 8: Westerleigh, Wapley, Far South of Yate \| South Gloucestershire \|- ! BS39 \| BRISTOL \| Paulton, Clutton, Temple Cloud, High Littleton, Pensford, Bishop Sutton \| Bath and North East Somerset \|- ! BS40 \| BRISTOL \| Chew Valley, Chew Magna, Chew Stoke, Blagdon, Wrington, Charterhouse \| Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, Somerset \|- ! BS41 \| BRISTOL \| Long Ashton, Dundry \| North Somerset \|- ! BS48 \| BRISTOL \| Backwell, Nailsea \| North Somerset \|- ! BS49 \| BRISTOL \| Congresbury, Yatton \| North Somerset \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|BS98 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|BRISTOL \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|BS99 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|BRISTOL \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|}
## Historic codes {#historic_codes}
Until about 1994 different numbers applied to districts from BS12 upwards.
No longer existing are: BS12, BS17, BS18 and BS19; these were as follows:
**BS12 covered**: Almondsbury, Alveston, Aust, Awkley, Bradley Stoke, Earthcote Green, Easter Compton, Elberton, Filton, Ingst, Itchington, Littleton-on-Severn, Morton, Northwick, Oldbury Naite, Oldbury-on-Severn, Olveston, Over, Patchway, Pilning, Redwick, Rudgeway, Severn Beach, Shepperdine, Stoke Gifford, Thornbury, and Tockington
**BS17 covered**: Chipping Sodbury, Mangotsfield, Old Sodbury, Pucklechurch, Rangeworthy, Winterbourne, and Yate
**BS18 covered**: Compton Dando, High Littleton, Saltford, Long Ashton, West Harptree, Wrington, Paulton, Chew Magna, Blagdon, Temple Cloud, and Keynsham.
**BS19 covered**: Backwell, Churchill, Congresbury, Flax Bourton, Nailsea and Yatton.
The above codes are correct, but not complete. Other towns and villages may have shared these postcodes
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# Penny Bacchiochi
**Penny Bacchiochi** (born c. 1961) is an American Republican politician, who served as a state representative in Connecticut. She was first elected to the House in 2002 and was re-elected in 2004 and 2006. She unsuccessfully sought the office of Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 election.
As representative of the 52nd House District, Bacchiochi served the rural northeastern towns of Stafford and Somers, both of which are located in Tolland County. She maintains her residence in Stafford Springs.
## Personal background {#personal_background}
Raised in Stafford, Bacchiochi graduated from Stafford High School in 1979 and later received degrees from Becker Junior College, where she majored in social work, and the University of Connecticut, where she majored in public relations and marketing. She also completed some graduate-level work in education at Saint Joseph College.
Aside from being a state representative, Bacchiochi has worked in the housing field for more than 25 years. She owns a real estate and property management company based in Stafford.
Before becoming a state legislator, Bacchiochi served on several town committees in Stafford, including the Planning and Zoning Committee. She was also active with the Republican Town Committees in Stafford and Somers, including serving as chair of the Somers RTC.
A widow, who has since remarried, Bacchiochi was a single mother to two young sons. She is also the daughter of Allen Bacchiochi, former first selectman of Stafford.
## Role at legislature {#role_at_legislature}
Bacchiochi was the House\'s ranking member, or leader of the Republican delegation, on the Connecticut General Assembly\'s Planning and Development Committee. She was also the ranking member of the Internship Committee, which she previously chaired, and oversaw the Connecticut Legislative Internship Program for the House Republican Office. In addition, she was a member of the Public Safety and Security Committee and participated in bill screening for the House Republicans.
She previously served on the Select Committee for Housing and the Commerce Committee.
## Political stances {#political_stances}
Bacchiochi is a fiscal conservative and has offered a viable \"No Tax Increase Budget\" each year since 2007. Regarding other conservative stances, Bacchiochi is a member of the National Rifle Association, and voted against the state contracting reform legislation put forth by Democrats. She continues to support a no-tax-increase state budget plans and has cosponsored legislation to make English the official language of Connecticut.
Bacchiochi is active with the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), Council of State Governments, Women in Government, and the National Conference of State Legislatures, and served as the Connecticut State Co-Chair of the Rudy Giuliani Presidential Committee
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# David Morrison Reid Henry
**David Morrison Reid Henry** (14 September 1919 -- 1977; sometimes written **Reid-Henry**), of British origin, was an illustrator of birds. He signed his pictures **DM Henry** or **D.M.H.**.
Reid Henry was the son of entomologist and ornithologist George Morrison Reid Henry and Olive Hobday. He had an elder brother, Bruce Charles Reid Henry. He was educated at Mount Radford School, Exeter and was encouraged to pursue his artistic talents.
He played cricket for South Woodford in 1970 and died in Rhodesia in 1977.
## Biography
- *Highlight the Wild: The Art of the Reid Henrys*, Bruce Henry; Palaquin Publishing Ltd
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# Aetna (city)
**Aetna** (Ancient Greek: *Αἴτνη*, *Aítnē*), was an ancient city of Magna Graecia in Sicily, situated at the foot of the mountain of the same name, on its southern declivity. It was originally a Sicelian city, and was called **Inessa** or **Inessum**.
## History
After the death of Hieron I and the expulsion of the colonists whom he had established at Catana (modern Catania), the latter withdrew to Inessa, a place of great natural strength, which they occupied, and transferred to it the name of Aetna, previously given by Hieron to his new colony at Catana. In consequence of this they continued to regard Hieron as their oekist or founder. The new name, however, appears not to have been universally adopted, and we find Thucydides at a later period still employing the old appellation of Inessa. It seems to have fallen into the power of the Syracusans, and was occupied by them with a strong garrison; and in 426 BC, during the Sicilian Expedition, we find the Athenians under Laches in vain attempting to wrest it from their hands. During the great Athenian expedition, Inessa, as well as the neighbouring city of Hybla, continued steadfast in the alliance of Syracuse, on which account their lands were ravaged by the Athenians.
At a subsequent period the strength of its position as a fortress, rendered it a place of importance in the civil dissensions of Sicily, and it became the refuge of the Syracusan knights who had opposed the elevation of Dionysius the Elder. But in 403 BC, that despot made himself master of Aetna, where he soon after established a body of Campanian mercenaries, who had previously been settled at Catana. These continued faithful to Dionysius, notwithstanding the general defection of his allies, during the Carthaginian invasion in 396 BC, and retained possession of the city until 339 BC, when it was taken by Timoleon, and its Campanian occupants put to the sword. We find no mention of it from this time until the days of Cicero, who repeatedly speaks of it as a municipal town of considerable importance; its territory being one of the most fertile in corn of all Sicily. Its citizens suffered severely from the exactions of Verres and his agents. The Aetnenses are also mentioned by Pliny among the *populi stipendiarii* of Sicily; and the name of the city is found both in Ptolemy and the Itineraries, but its subsequent history and the period of its destruction are unknown.
## Location
Some doubt exists as to the site of Aetna. Strabo writes that it was near Centuripe, and was the place from whence travellers usually ascended the mountain. But in another passage he expressly says that it was only 80 stadia from Catana. The *Antonine Itinerary* places it at 12 M. P. from Catana, and the same distance from Centuripi; its position between these two cities is further confirmed by Thucydides. But notwithstanding these unusually precise data, its exact situation cannot be fixed with certainty.
Sicilian antiquaries generally place it at Santa Maria di Licodia, which agrees well with the strong position of the city, but is certainly too distant from Catana. On the other hand, San Nicolo dell\'Arena, a convent just above Nicolosi, which is regarded by Cluverius as the site, is too high up the mountain to have ever been on the high road from Catana to Centuripi. Mannert, however, speaks of ruins at a place called Castro, about 4 km northeast from Paternò, on a hill projecting from the foot of the mountain, which he regards as the site of Aetna, and which would certainly agree well with the requisite conditions. This latter position is the consensus of most modern scholars.
## Coinage
There exist coins of Aetna in considerable numbers, but principally of copper; they bear the name of the people at full, ΑΙΤΝΑΙΩΝ. Those of silver, which are very rare, are similar to some of Catana, but bear only the abbreviated legend AITN
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# United Nations Security Council Resolution 71
**United Nations Security Council Resolution 71** was adopted on 27 July 1949. Asked by the General Assembly under what conditions Liechtenstein might become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the Council determined that should Liechtenstein accept the provisions of the Statute, accept all the obligations of a member of the United Nations under Article 94 of the Charter, undertake to contribute to the expenses of the Court and ratify the Statute, Liechtenstein would become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
The resolution was adopted with nine votes to none; the Ukrainian SSR and Soviet Union abstained from the vote
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# Henry Conway (socialite)
**Henry Conway** (born 3 July 1982) is an English socialite, party promoter, author and fashion journalist, occasionally self-styled as \"**Queen Sloane**\". He came to the attention of the press in January 2008 as a result of a scandal involving his father, former Conservative MP Derek Conway.
## Derek Conway investigation {#derek_conway_investigation}
Derek Conway was suspended from the House of Commons after the Committee on Standards and Privileges reported that the MP had misused taxpayers\' money by paying his younger son Frederick (Freddie) as a research assistant even though there was no record of his work. Derek Conway maintained that both sons did work as research assistants and that the lack of records in respect of Freddie was merely a result of administrative shortcomings.
After receiving a complaint, John Lyon, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, announced in February 2008 that he would investigate whether or not Henry\'s employment was also in breach of normal protocol. The investigation was completed the following year, when it was concluded that Henry was overpaid for the work he did as a research assistant. Henry continued to be associated with the scandal for years afterwards.
## Career
### Party promoter {#party_promoter}
Conway is mainly known as the organiser of Thursday nights at the nightclub Mahiki. In 2008 he was also organiser of Wednesday nights at the London branch of Bungalow 8 and Friday nights at Maya in Soho, and was signed as a promoter for Whiskey Mist, which opened in June 2008. In July 2008 he presided over the launch of Mahiki\'s own brand of rum.
In November 2007, he held a party with the theme \"Fuck Off I\'m Rich\". After the 2008 scandal broke, \"Fuck Off I\'m Rich\" was frequently mentioned in articles about the Conways. It received attention when *The Daily Telegraph* published a copy of Conway\'s invitation in the wake of the parliamentary payment scandal in January 2008. It is typically used as an example of snobbery and decadence, with the Canadian *National Post* saying \"if there ever was a burgeoning meritocracy in Britain, surely it died the night Conway threw a party he called \'Fuck Off I\'m Rich.\'\" Other papers took a lighter view of the party, with *The Guardian* calling it \"undoubtedly magical\" and saying sarcastically \"everything about that sounds tempting, does it not?\". Several years afterwards, in 2012, Marina Hyde described Conway\'s party as \"legendary\", cynically comparing it to the excesses that predated the French Revolution.
Conway was interviewed by the journalist, Richard Godwin, for a 2011 article about the clubbing scene in Chelsea. He continues to organise events and club nights, such as a major Alice in Wonderland-themed club night for New Year\'s Eve 2011, held at the Sanderson in London.
### Journalism
Conway has written fashion columns for *Super Super* magazine (2010). His column, \"Conway Confidential\", was syndicated to the ten London magazines published by Archant (including *The Resident*, *The Hill* and *The Grove*). In 2011, Conway was among the fashion commentators approached by *The Telegraph* to assess Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge\'s Ascot outfit for 2011.
### Television
Conway has also acted as a fashion pundit for television programmes, including the BBC\'s *Newsnight Review*. Other television programmes he has appeared on include *Twiggy\'s Frock Exchange*, the BBC series *British Style Genius*, and Living\'s *The Truth About Beauty*. He is a regular co-presenter on Five\'s *Vanessa Show* and also appeared on Five\'s *Live from Studio Five*. In early 2012 he launched a new makeover show on MTV, *Vera Wang Princess Super Sweet Party*.
In January 2014, he was a contestant in the Channel 4 show The Jump. He competed in the Men\'s Giant Slalom in the first show and placed 4th with 47.77. Later, Conway sustained an injury to his hand during the training session for the skeleton competition which aired on 28 January 2014 and, subsequently, was forced to retire after seeking medical advice.
## Style and social life {#style_and_social_life}
Conway\'s flamboyant personality, colourful social life and outrageous outfits were widely reported throughout 2008, such as when he wore a corset for photos accompanying his profile in the June 2008 edition of *Tatler*. Deborah Ross, of *The Independent*, described Conway as \"deliciously committed to fashion\" citing his wearing of ruffled cravats and sequined peacock-feather headdresses as examples. Jonathan Brown, also of *The Independent*, described him as \"a dandy, always flamboyantly dressed.\" Hadley Freeman of *The Guardian* sarcastically wrote that \"It\'s a rare pleasure to encounter a person in the real world who appears to have stepped straight out of a novel, but such is the gift that Henry Conway \... brings into our lives.\"
In 2009, Conway made it into the number 12 slot of *British GQ*{{\'}}s Top 20 Worst-Dressed Men 2009, for \"going way past the mark of being too flamboyant\". Reports sometimes note Conway\'s chosen styling: \"Queen Sloane\", an apparent reference to the term \"Sloane Ranger\" and the posh of Sloane Square
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# Maximus of Aveia
**Saint Maximus of Aveia** (died c. 250 AD) (sometimes also known as *Saint Maximus of Aquila*) is one of the patron saints of L\'Aquila, Italy.
## Life
He was born in Aveia, currently known as Fossa. As a deacon, he was martyred for his faith. Tradition says that he was tortured and then thrown over a cliff near his native city. This occurred during the persecutions of the Roman Emperor Decius.
In 1256, the episcopal seat of Aveia was moved to L\'Aquila, together with the relics of Maximus. The newly built cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of L\'Aquila was dedicated in his name and that of Saint George, another martyr
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# Operation Queen
**Operation Queen** was an American operation during World War II on the Western Front at the German Siegfried Line.
The operation was aimed against the River Roer as a staging point for a subsequent thrust over the river to the Rhine into Germany. It was conducted by the First and Ninth U.S. Armies.
The offensive commenced on 16 November 1944 with one of the heaviest Allied tactical bombings of the war. However, the Allied advance was unexpectedly slow, against heavy German resistance, especially in the Hürtgen Forest through which the main thrust of the offensive was carried out. By mid-December, the Allies finally reached the Roer and tried to capture its important dams, when the Germans launched their own offensive, dubbed *Wacht am Rhein*. The ensuing Battle of the Bulge led to the immediate cessation of Allied offensive efforts into Germany until February 1945.
## Background
In June 1944, the Allies conducted the invasion in Northern France and opened a new front. After the Allied breakout from Normandy, the German *Wehrmacht* was involved in a string of disastrous battles in July and August, most notably the Falaise pocket. Following those events, the German defense in northern and western France disintegrated, leading to a hasty retreat of the German forces. The rapid Allied advance together with the ongoing march of the Red Army in the east led the Allied High command to believe that the Wehrmacht was about to collapse and total victory could be achieved by Christmas 1944. The Allies, therefore, launched a high-risk plan for a direct thrust through the Netherlands into Germany, called Operation Market Garden. This overly ambitious plan failed, as the Wehrmacht was able to reorganize itself and consolidate its strength. By mid-September, the Allied advance abruptly ended, as the Allies suffered from a logistics crisis, outrunning their supply lines. This gave the Germans further time to prepare for the upcoming Allied offensives. The Germans now could man the fortifications of the *Westwall* (Siegfried Line), although its old bunkers were more symbolic than a real obstacle for the Allies.
### First thrust into the Hürtgen Forest {#first_thrust_into_the_hürtgen_forest}
In the north in Belgium, the Allies were still involved in the Battle of the Scheldt, while in the south in France the Lorraine Campaign was still ongoing. In the center, the Battle of Aachen was fought from 2--21 October at the German border. The heavy German resistance upset Allied plans for a fast resumption of the rapid advance. As preparation for Operation Queen, a preliminary offensive into the Hürtgen Forest had to be carried out, to secure the flanks against a possible German counterattack out of the forest. The goal was to clear a pathway to the important road junction at Düren, to gain a respectable starting position for Queen. The 9th Infantry Division was already engaged in the forest since September, so only moderate German resistance was expected. On 2 November, three days before the anticipated start of Operation Queen, the offensive against the town of Schmidt was launched by the 28th Division against the German 275th Division. The town was captured, but the Germans reacted swiftly by reallocating forces of the 89th Infantry Division and mobile reserves from the 116th Panzer Division, which drove the Allies out of the town, transforming the battle into a bloody stalemate.
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# Operation Queen
## Background
### Planning
The Allied High Command planned a large offensive in the area of the Ninth U.S. Army together with the First U.S. Army and parts of the British 2nd Army against the Roer River, intending to establish bridgeheads at Linnich, Jülich and Düren. The First Army -- already stationed near the Hürtgen Forest -- had to carry out the main effort through the Hürtgen Forest toward the Roer. The Ninth Army had to advance north of the forest through the Roer plains. The British XXX Corps -- together with units from the U.S. XIII Corps -- had to reduce the Geilenkirchen salient in the north in a different operation named Operation Clipper. The long term target after the Roer was crossed was to reach the Rhine and establish bridgeheads at Krefeld and Düsseldorf to secure further advances inside Germany after the winter. A great number of American and British strategic bombers were to conduct a series of tactical assaults in the area to cut supply lines and destroy enemy infrastructure, and also to attack the enemy defenders inside their positions. The entire operation was codenamed *Queen*. The 8th U.S. Air Force was to bomb the fortifications around Eschweiler and Aldenhoven, while the medium bombers of the 9th Air Force were assigned to the second line of defense around Jülich and Langerwehe. At the same time, the RAF Bomber Command was to hit the traffic centres of Jülich and Düren hard; the smaller towns of Heinsberg, Erkelenz and Hückelhoven were designated as secondary targets.
Initially, the starting date of the offensive was set for 5 November, later 10 November, but because of bad weather it was delayed until 16 November. The ground offensive was to begin immediately after the air raids, allowing the defenders no time to reestablish fortifications, supply routes and communications.
German planning was entirely different. Running out of strategic options, the Wehrmacht planned an all-out counteroffensive in the West, codenamed *Wacht am Rhein*. The first draft of the plan was already completed in secret in October 1944 and was aimed against the Ardennes, mirroring the successful campaign in 1940 against France. The plan required for the best divisions of the Wehrmacht to be held back from the autumn fighting, to gain time to build them up for the planned offensive. For the successful execution of the plan, the holding of the Roer river line was deemed as absolutely important, to prevent the Allies from a flanking attack. The German plan for the November--December Campaign was, therefore, to hold the Roer river line with a minimum of available forces until the Ardennes Offensive could be launched.
The Germans also had a card up their sleeve. With control over the dams on the Roer, they could release the water from them and flood the Roer valley and everything else downstream of it as far as the Meuse and into the Netherlands. That would cause large scale destruction and destroy Allied bridges over the Roer, isolating all troops east of the river. The Allies did not fully recognize the strategic importance of the dams for some time, and only days before the end of the offensive they made their first specific moves towards them.
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# Operation Queen
## Background
### Opposing forces {#opposing_forces}
The Allied forces participating in the operation were the U.S. First and Ninth Armies, assigned to Omar Bradley\'s 12th Army Group. The First Army\'s units for the operation consisted of the V and VII Corps, that latter assigned for the main thrust through the Hürtgen Forest, with V Corps protecting its southern flank. For the upcoming offensive, both armies were heavily reinforced. Total strength of the First Army rose from about 250,000 in September to about 320,000 before the offensive, although only about 120,000 troops would participate in the main operation. The First Army\'s tank strength was about 700 tanks. In October the Allies suffered from major supply shortcomings, but by early November those had been mostly resolved. The Ninth Army was somewhat smaller, consisting mainly of the XIX Corps and some independent divisions, with the XIII Corps in reorganization. As support for the ground operations, the Allies planned their largest tactical bombing of the war, employing more than 4,500 planes.
After the chain of disasters in the summer of 1944, the Allies expected the Wehrmacht to be unable to recover, but this was not the case. Although manpower losses were enormous, the Wehrmacht sought to compensate for this with transferring of men from the Reserve Army, the Luftwaffe and the *Kriegsmarine* into frontline troops for rebuilding their forces. Regarding industrial production the situation was even better. Despite the increasing Allied bombing campaign and the loss of territories and factories, Germany reached its peak of wartime production in the autumn of 1944, after the reforms of Albert Speer and the increased use of forced labour. For the preparing of the Ardennes Offensive, the 5th *Panzer* Army was pulled out of the front and replaced by the 15th Army, although for deception purposes its name was changed to conceal this fact. The Allies, therefore, faced two armies: the 15th army under the command of *General der Infanterie* Gustav-Adolf von Zangen which was positioned in the Hürtgen Forest; and the 7th Army under the command of General der Panzertruppe Erich Brandenberger was positioned in the north in the Roer plains. Although nominally an equal force to the Allies on paper, the Germans were heavily outnumbered. In some sectors, the ratio of attacker to defender was about 5 to 1. The reason for this was the acute manpower shortage that the Germans were experiencing. Most of the German units were seriously understrength, with some divisions consisting of only a few thousand men. However, heavy entrenchment and the availability of considerable tank and artillery support went some way to compensate for those problems. The German troops were commanded by OB West *Generalfeldmarshall* Gerd von Rundstedt and commander of Army Group B *Generalfeldmarshall* Walter Model, with the latter considered a skilled defense specialist.
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# Operation Queen
## Offensive
### Preliminary air raids {#preliminary_air_raids}
On 16 November 1944 between 11:13 and 12:48, the Allied bombers conducted the preliminary bombings of Operation Queen. 1,204 heavy bombers of the U.S. 8th Air Force hit Eschweiler, Weisweiler and Langerwehe with 4,120 bombs, while 339 fighter bombers of the U.S. 9th Air Force attacked Hamich, Hürtgen and Gey with 200 ST of bombs. At the same time, 467 Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster heavy bombers attacked Düren and Jülich; 180 British bombers hit Heinsberg.
The result of the bombing was mixed. The German towns being hit suffered from severe destruction. German communications after the bombing were heavily impaired, and there was a considerable effect on morale, especially of units consisting of younger and more inexperienced troops. However, the direct damage dealt to the German frontline troops was low, and casualties were few. Allied air commanders admitted that the bombing did not measure up to expectations. About 12 aircraft were shot down during the initial bombing by meager anti-aircraft fire.
### First Army\'s advance through the Hürtgen Forest {#first_armys_advance_through_the_hürtgen_forest}
#### VII Corps November fighting {#vii_corps_november_fighting}
Together with the bombing raids, heavy artillery bombardments preceded the main thrust of J. Lawton Collins\' VII Corps. Opposed to his units were the shattered forces of LXXXI Corps, commanded by Friedrich Köchling. The LXXXI Corps consisted of three divisions: the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division, the 246th Infantry Division and the 12th Volksgrenadier Division. Another unit, the 47th Volksgrenadier Division, was in the process of being transferred to the front. It was mostly made up of 18-- and 19-year-old Luftwaffe personnel. All the German divisions were seriously understrength, but mobile artillery and tank reserves were available.
The attack of VII Corps commenced with a two-pronged attack with 1st Infantry Division on the right and the 104th Infantry Division on the left. In its initial attack 1st Division was only able to make ground slowly against the 47th VGD around Hamich. Casualties were heavy, especially after reinforced counterattacks on Hamich and nearby Hill 232 by the 47th VGD and still-present mobile reserves from the 116th Panzer Division. After four days of fighting Hamich was taken, but 1st Division had only advanced about 3.2 km, with casualties already numbering more than 1,000 men.
Meanwhile, Collins ordered the American 3rd Armored Division to divide its constituent combat commands. CCA was assigned to assist the 104th Division, while CCB would act independently to take four villages (Werth, Koettenich, Scherpenseel, and Hastenrath) in the northwestern fringes of the Hürtgen Forest, defended by the 12th VGD. This small corridor between the 1st and the 104th Division was one of the few places suitable for an armored thrust. Although CCB was able to accomplish its task in three days, the heavy mud had hindered its movement and tank casualties were heavy; CCB lost 49 out of 69 tanks.
1st Division\'s advance continued to be slow. The German defenders were in a favorable heightened position, from which they could overlook the approach routes of the Allied forces. The German tactic was to fight mainly in the thick woods, where American artillery and aerial support was ineffective and a state of bloody trench warfare emerged. The Americans had to take hill after hill in heavy fighting, while casualties were mounting. Numerous German counterattacks slowed the advance down even more, often taking back ground which had just been captured in a bloody fight. In an act of desperation, Collins moved in virtually all of his available artillery to blast a way for the 1st Division on 21 November. With the Allied advance already flagging in the first phase of the offensive, CCA of the 3rd Armored Division was assigned to the northern part of the 1st Division\'s left flank. The armored attack was able to capture the castle at Frenzerburg (near Inden). This fight lasted until 28 November. Meanwhile, GFM Rundstedt decided to inject some reinforcements into the battle, but only if two divisions were simultaneously pulled out from the front for the Ardennes Offensive preparations. Therefore, the 3rd Parachute Division was transferred to the front, while the bled out 12th and 47th VGD were withdrawn. The logistical difficulties and the inexperience of the new opponent aided 1st Division and it was finally able to push out of the forest, taking Langerwehe, Jüngersdorf and Merode by 28 November. Nevertheless, the dire situation did not change, and a violent counterattack by 3rd Parachute Division at Merode led to the destruction of two companies. At the beginning of December, 1st Division was worn out and had already suffered about 6,000 casualties.
The advance of the 104th Division went somewhat better. The unit secured the left flank of VII Corps between the First and the Ninth US Army. The target of the unit was the industrial triangle at Eschweiler-Weisweiler and the Eschweiler woods at Stolberg. This part of the front was dominated by the Donnersberg, near the identically named village. The division faced the German 12th VGD as well as the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division. Heavy fighting ensued at the Donnerberg, but by 19 November the important hill was in American hands. After that, the division renewed its drive and headed for Stolberg and Eschweiler simultaneously. Stolberg was taken on the same day, but German resistance at Eschweiler was heavy, so the Americans attempted to encircle the town. This worked, and the German command decided to withdraw from the town, abandoning it to the 104th Division. The division then advanced alongside the western bank of the Inde River. Heavy fighting ensued, and the 12th VGD fought to its near destruction, until it was replaced by the incoming 3rd Parachute Division. By 26 November Weisweiler was taken after the Germans chose to retreat from the town. Inden fell on 30 November, bringing the industrial triangle into American hands. The 104th Division now held the western bank of the Inde and was ready to cross the river to push to the Roer. The crossing of the river at Lamersdorf commenced on 2 December. It was initially successful and in a swift advance the real objective, Lucherberg, was taken. The division was still conducting mop-up operations when the Germans mounted a counterattack against the town, assisted by heavy tanks. Intense fighting raged on for hours; on 5 December the town was finally secured, and Collins ordered a pause due to the slow advance of the other divisions of the corps.
Aside from the double thrust conducted by the 1st and 104th Division, the American command had determined that another attack route should be taken towards Düren. This task was passed to the 4th Infantry Division, which was positioned at VII Corps southern wing to take a route between Hürtgen and Schevenhütte, also capturing the villages of Kleinhau and Grosshau. Here the division would take over positions of the depleted 28th Infantry Division, which had been badly mauled during the preliminary fighting of Operation Queen at Schmidt. This position was still held by the weakened but experienced German 275th Infantry Division. The thinned out German lines could not offer as much resistance as in early November, but the difficult terrain, as well as the mines, caused heavy casualties to the Americans. After five days of fighting, the division had only advanced about 2.5 km, but had already suffered 1,500 casualties. At the same time, the German command again made changes to the order of battle. The 116th Panzer Division, which had helped to mount several counterattacks during the early fighting, was withdrawn on 21 November from the area to be refitted for the upcoming Ardennes Offensive. The same was for the understrength 275th Division. As compensation, the inexperienced 344th Volksgrenadier Division was released and rushed to the front, while the 353rd Volksgrenadier Division was placed behind it as a reserve force.
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# Operation Queen
## Offensive
### First Army\'s advance through the Hürtgen Forest {#first_armys_advance_through_the_hürtgen_forest}
#### V Corps joins the offensive {#v_corps_joins_the_offensive}
The initial planning did not see a deployment of General Gerow\'s V Corps until VII Corps had achieved a major breakthrough. V Corps then would have to make a close drive together with VII Corps towards Bonn. However, after the first days the American senior command realized that VII Corps would need extra assistance to achieve a breakthrough. Therefore, V Corps was ordered to join the fighting. The Corps was situated south of VII Corps. Gerow\'s first action was to relieve the 28th Division with the 8th Infantry Division, to assist the drive of the already fighting 4th Division. The division was assisted by a CCR from the 5th Armored Division. The corps took over Hürtgen and Kleinhau as objectives from the 4th Division and started its attack on 21 November.
The advance of the 8th Division was steady but very slow. 4th Division reached Grosshau on 25 November, but could not capture it due to heavy resistance and coordination problems with the supporting armored units. At the same time, the tanks of CCR tried a direct assault on Hürtgen, which ended in complete failure against German anti-tank positions. In a renewed attack conducted by infantry only, Hürtgen was taken on 28 November. The 4th and 8th divisions simultaneously attacked Grosshau and Kleinhau on 29 November, and both towns were captured the same day. This success spurred the American efforts. The 8th Division together with the CCR continued its advance for the next days eastwards towards the Brandenberg-Bergstein ridge. Brandenberg was taken on 2 December. The same day a rare massive Luftwaffe raid occurred with about 60 planes, but did only minor damage. On 5 December Bergstein fell. Facing the Allied advance, the Germans mounted a massive counterattack into the town. During the night and over the next day heavy fighting ensued until the German forces were repulsed, and *Castle Hill*, an important hill beyond Bergstein overseeing the town, was taken. V Corps was now in striking distance of the Roer and reached the river a day later.
In the meantime, 4th Division also had made some progress. After the capture of Grosshau, the division was aided by the armored forces of the CCR. The division now headed for Gey, which was reached on 30 November, but heavily defended. Two days later the Germans mounted a counterattack out from Gey, which caused heavy casualties. The attack was only stopped by intense artillery fire. Since the beginning of the offensive, 4th Division had already lost about 6,000 men and was now unable to conduct further offensive operations. Subsequently, Collins decided to halt its offensive operations and pulled the division out to replace it with the 83rd Infantry Division on 3 December.
At the beginning of December, First Army had fought its way through most of the Hürtgen Forest. Although V Corps had reached the Roer at the very southern wing, VII Corps was still short of its objective of reaching the Roer. Casualties for this campaign were tremendous. The fighting for the Hürtgen Forest, which lasted already since September, had cost the Americans about 32,000 men.
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# Operation Queen
## Offensive
### Ninth Army\'s advance through the Roer plains {#ninth_armys_advance_through_the_roer_plains}
Parallel to First Army\'s advance through the Hürtgen Forest, Ninth Army had to advance through the Rur plains. This terrain was fundamentally different from the dense forest, consisting of flat farmland with small villages. Planning for this area for both sides was different, as the Germans expected the Allied main thrust through this area, while it was actually through the Hürtgen Forest. One of the reasons for this decision was the dangerous Geilenkirchen-Salient at Ninth Army\'s northern flank, which would have threatened the American advance. This salient was reduced and rendered harmless in Operation Clipper, by a combined US-British attack until 22 November. The 84th Division of XIII Corps of the Ninth Army played a major role in this operation.
Ninth Army\'s drive was conducted mainly by XIX Corps under General Gillem and was opposed by Köchling\'s LXXXI Corps as well as the reserve forces of the XLVII Panzer Corps. The plan called for a swift advance to Jülich with its 3 divisions. The 2nd Armored Division had to advance in a narrow line towards Linnich and from there towards the Roer. In the center 29th Infantry Division had to take the direct path towards Jülich and in the south the 30th Infantry Division had to take Würselen and then continue to the Rur.
As in the First Army\'s sector, Operation Queen began with a massive aerial bombardment against German towns and positions on 16 November. After the air strike was over, the American offensive was launched. 30th Division started a frontal attack against its first objective -- Würselen. After four days of slow advance, the town was taken. The German resistance from the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division was hampered due to the large area it had to cover. In the center, 29th Division also commenced with its attack. The plan called to advance in between the towns to deal with the fortified strong points after they were encircled. This plan, however, was flawed and 29th Division soon was pinned down making no further progress. With assistance from the 2nd Armored Division, on 18 November its drive was renewed against the opposing German 246th VGD, taking Setterich, Bettendorf and the surroundings of Siersdorf. The understrength 246th VGD was heavily reduced, and by 21 November the Americans were just 2 km ahead of the Roer.
Meanwhile, in the north 2nd Armored Division also had commenced its attack on Gereonsweiler and Linnich. The advance was very steady, and already on the next day the towns Puffendorf and Immendorf were taken. This alarmed the German command and Rundstedt authorized the release of the 9th Panzer Division for a heavy armored counterattack against the two towns. Attached to this unit was the 506th Heavy Panzer Battalion with about 36 King Tiger tanks. At Immendorf the Germans were able to break into the town, but were repelled in close quarter fighting at dawn. The main fighting, however, was at Puffendorf. Since 2nd Armored Division also wanted to continue its advance towards Gereonsweiler, the division was caught in the open when about 30 German tanks approached it. In the ensuing battle, the Americans were pushed back into Puffendorf with heavy losses. Fighting then continued around the towns. German losses for this day were 11 tanks, while the 2nd Armored Division lost about 57 tanks in the fighting. However, the stalemate did not last long, as the Americans were able to push slowly forward through combined heavy artillery and aerial support. On 20/21 November, heavy fighting occurred in and around Gereonsweiler, until the Germans retreated and the town was finally in American hands.
As of 22 November, all 3 divisions of XIX Corps were in striking range of the Rur. At this point, the German command decided to release another division, the 340th Volksgrenadier Division, to the front, as the threat to Jülich came apparent. The 340th Division moved in to take over positions of the badly mauled 246th VGD. Due to this reinforcement, the advance of the 29th and 30th Infantry Division stalled after they were ejected from Bourheim. The last German defense ring before Jülich was now between Bourheim, Koslar and Kirchberg (Jülich). The same happened to the 2nd Armored Division which was repelled from Merzenhausen. During the next days, fighting at the defense line was very intense, mostly leading to the exchange of heavy artillery barrages. Bourheim was taken on 23 November but remained under constant shelling from German forces. Two days later American troops entered Koslar. A subsequent German counterattack managed to break into Bourheim and Koslar, but was soon afterwards repelled. On 26 November a general offensive was started to finally push to the Roer. Koslar, Kirchberg and Merzenburg were taken on 27 November. By 28 November, XIX Corps had reached the Roer on a broad front with only two German bridgeheads on the western side of the river remaining, which were not taken until 9 December.
North of XIX Corps, Geilenkirchen had been captured during Operation Clipper, but the Allied advance had stalled at Wurm some kilometers short of the Roer, rendering the Allied advance in this sector a stalemate. Ninth Army\'s casualties for Operation Queen were 1,133 killed, 6,864 wounded, and 2,059 missing.
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# Operation Queen
## Offensive
### VII Corps pushes to the Roer {#vii_corps_pushes_to_the_roer}
While Ninth Army\'s advance was successful, at the beginning of December VII Corps had just left the Hürtgen Forest, was still short of the Roer and had taken heavy casualties. For the upcoming conclusion of the offensive, 1st Infantry Division was replaced by 9th Infantry Division and 4th Infantry Division by the 83rd Infantry Division. After a deliberate break for reorganisation, the attack was resumed on 10 December towards the Roer and the key city of Düren. German manpower at this point was very low with the defense relying mostly on artillery support. In the north 104th and 9th Division, assisted by the 3rd Armored Division, didn\'t face much resistance. The 3rd Parachute Division and especially the worn out 246th VGD were not able to offer serious resistance. After four days 104th Division was at the Roer. The same was for the 9th Division. During the fighting, 3rd Parachute Division was replaced by the hastily assembled 47th Volksgrenadier Division.
In the south 83rd Division faced larger problems. It had to advance through the towns of Strass and Gey, the latter had just been the location of a heavy battle which had practically rendered 4th Division unavailable for further offensive operations. Nevertheless, the fresh 83rd Division assisted by the 5th Armored Division was able to take most of Strass and reach Gey the same day against the worn out 353rd VGD. However, the muddy road and mines prevented the Americans from bringing their tanks into both towns to support the infantry. As a result, after some determined German counterattacks on Schafberg, the American units in Strass were effectively cut off and had to be supplied by aircraft, while the Germans started several attacks on the town. Schafberg was retaken on 12 December and tanks reached Gey and Strass, easing the situations. Casualties nevertheless had been heavy, with about 1,000 men for the division in just 3 days.
In the north of Gey the division\'s advance fared better and the division took the towns Gürzenich and Birgel. On 14 December a renewed drive conducted by tanks was launched. After meeting initial heavy resistance east of Strass, the advance at other parts of the frontline forced the Germans to retreat. By 16 December VII Corps finally had reached the Roer, with only a few small bridgeheads west of the river remaining. Casualties for this campaign were tremendous, as VII Corps had about 27,000 casualties in one month.
### The Roer dams {#the_roer_dams}
During the Allied approach towards the Roer, the issue of the Roer dams took on a new urgency. The dams were a strategically important target, as they would allow the Germans to flood the Roer valley and everything else downstream of it as far as the Meuse and into the Netherlands. This would delay the Allied offensive effort into Germany, possibly causing major casualties as well as trapping Allied units east of the flooding. It took a long time until the Allied high command recognized its importance and until the first specific actions were implemented towards them. The first approach was made by the RAF which was tasked to breach them, with bombing starting in early December. In continuous attack waves, hundreds of aircraft were thrown against the dams, but the damage was only negligible. On 13 December V Corps, already at the Roer, was tasked to start an offensive to seize the dams from various directions including the Ardennes sector. The offensive took the Germans by surprise, but as the Allies ran directly into the Germans being near ready for the Ardennes Offensive, resistance soon stiffened. On 16 December the Germans launched their final all-out offensive on their western front, *Wacht am Rhein*, which led to an immediate end of all Allied offensive efforts in this sector.
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# Operation Queen
## Aftermath
Operation Queen was not able to meet its sophisticated goals. At the beginning of the offensive, Allied planners envisioned for the offensive to be just a staging point for a deep penetration over the Roer into Germany to the Rhine. After one month of heavy fighting the Americans had barely made it to the Roer. No bridgehead over the river had been made, the Germans still held some portions west of the river and the important Roer dams were still in German hands, threatening any further offensive operations. Even without knowing of the upcoming German offensive, Allied planners estimated the earliest date for a large thrust into Germany for mid-January.
The Wehrmacht was successfully able to delay the American advance towards the Roer. The Roer river line, whose holding was deemed necessary for the successful implementation of the Ardennes Offensive, was held. The preparation of the final Ardennes Offensive was mostly successful with Germany being able to build up enough troops in secrecy for a sufficient blow. On 16 December the Allies were taken by complete surprise and the Germans were quickly able to achieve a breakthrough. Later (14 until 26 January 1945), the Roer triangle was cleared during Operation Blackcock and only in February 1945 were the Allies finally able to cross the Roer, by then the road to the Rhine was clear.
However, the Ardennes offensive also showed the lack of any long-term strategic perspective for Germany. The superiority of the Allies in numbers of men and equipment could not be overcome by Germany. The successful holding of the Roer river line would only lead to a lengthened war, causing additional destruction and loss of life
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# Denard Walker
**Denard Antuan Walker** (born August 9, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). Walker was selected by the Tennessee Oilers in the 1997 NFL draft out of Louisiana State University.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
On October 26, 1997, Walker recorded his first career pick-six, which came from off of Arizona Cardinals quarterback Jake Plummer.
On January 30, 2000, the Titans made it to Super Bowl XXXIV in which Walker started. The team lost to the St. Louis Rams.
On October 28, 2001, as a member of the Denver Broncos, Walker recorded his second career pick-six, which came off of quarterback Tom Brady. The interception recorded late in the fourth quarter and helped the Broncos defeat the New England Patriots
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# Meteoritical Society's Service Award
This award honors members of the Meteoritical Society who have advanced the goals of the Society to promote research and education in meteoritics and planetary science in ways other than by conducting scientific research. Examples of activities that could be honored by the award include, but are not limited to, education and public outreach, service to the Society and the broader scientific community, and acquisition, classification and curation of new samples for research. This award may be given annually, and should be given at least every other year. Winners will be granted lifetime membership in the Meteoritical Society.
## Meteoritical Society\'s Service Award Winners {#meteoritical_societys_service_award_winners}
Year Name
------ -----------------------------
2006 Jörn Koblitz
2007 John Schutt
2008 Drew Barringer
2009 Derek Sears
2010 Joel Schiff
2011 Richard N. Pugh
2012 Ursula Marvin
2013 Jeffrey Grossman
2014 Roy Clarke Jr
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# Seven Ways
***Seven Ways*** is the second studio album by Paul van Dyk, released on MFS in 1996 and later on Deviant Records and Mute Records. Several editions include a bonus disc featuring remixes of tracks from the main disc, as well as bonus tracks.
The album was voted #1 by the readers of DJ Magazine
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# Bénézet
**Bénézet** (also **Benedict, Benezet, Benet, Benoît**; c. 1163 -- 1184) is a saint of the Catholic Church.
## Biography
Christian tradition states that he was a shepherd boy who had a vision during an eclipse in 1177, which led him to build a bridge over the Rhône River at Avignon.
He was told that angels would watch over his flocks in his absence. He built the bridge single-handedly, as ecclesiastical and civil authorities refused to help him. Bénézet, it is said, lifted a huge stone into place, and announced it would be the start of the foundation. This would become the Pont Saint-Bénézet.
According to the legend, there were shouts of \"Miracle! Miracle!\" when Bénézet had laid the first stone. Eighteen miracles occurred during this incident, including the blind having their sight restored, the deaf hearing again, cripples walking, and hunchbacks had their backs straightened.
Bénézet thus won support for his project from wealthy sponsors who, it is claimed, formed themselves into the Bridge-Building Brotherhood to fund the bridge's construction.
## Veneration
After his death, Bénézet was interred on the bridge itself, in a small chapel dedicated to Saint Nicholas, patron saint of mariners, standing on one of the bridge\'s surviving piers on the Avignon side. His relics were enshrined there until 1669, when a flood washed away part of the bridge. His coffin, recovered, was opened and the body of Bénézet was found to be incorrupt. The relics were translated to Avignon Cathedral and thence to the Celestine church of Saint Didier. The remains of the bridge are still a pilgrimage site
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# Beulah Bewley
**Dame Beulah Rosemary Bewley** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} **Knox**; 2 September 1929 -- 20 January 2018) was a British public health physician and past president of the Medical Women\'s Federation on the General Medical Council.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Bewley was born Beulah Rosemary Knox on 2 September 1929 in a Protestant family in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, the second of three daughters of Ina Eagleson Knox (née Charles), who came from a wealthy family, and John Benjamin Knox, who worked for the Ulster Bank. Aged 14 she became a boarder at Dublin\'s Alexandra College.
Aged five, Bewley decided that she wanted to become a doctor, and went on to qualify as a doctor at Trinity College Dublin in 1953. In 1955, she married Thomas Bewley and moved to England where she worked in paediatrics for fifteen years, before undertaking a MSc degree in social medicine at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, where she was the only woman in the class.
## Career
After training in public health, she worked at several institutions in London including the Academic Department of Community Medicine at King\'s College Hospital Medical School, the Department of Community Medicine, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
In 1982, she served on the Faculty of Public Health Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians of the United Kingdom. She served on the Royal Society of Medicine\'s section on Epidemiology and Public Health.
Her medical school, Trinity College, celebrated its tercentenary in 2011, and Bewley served on the tercentenary board from 2007 to 2012.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
### General
- 2000: Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2000 New Year Honours for services to public health, and in recognition of her leading role in promoting equal opportunities for women.
- 2002: Honorary LLD by Trinity College Dublin.
### Medical
- Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
- Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
- Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine
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# Beulah Bewley
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Autobiography
- (autobiography)
### Publications on smoking {#publications_on_smoking}
- Bewley BR, Bland JM, Harris R. (1974) Factors associated with the starting of cigarette smoking by primary school children. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 28, 37--44.
- Bland JM, Bewley BR, Day I. (1975) Primary schoolboys: image of self and smoker. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 29, 262--266.
- Bland JM, Bewley BR, Banks MH, Pollard VM. (1975) Schoolchildren\'s beliefs about smoking and disease. Health Education Journal 34, 71--78.
- Bewley BR, Bland JM. (1976) Smoking and respiratory symptoms in two groups of schoolchildren. Preventive Medicine 5, 63--69.
- Bewley BR, Bland JM. (1976) Academic performance and social factors related to cigarette smoking by schoolchildren. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 31, 18--24.
- Bewley BR, Bland JM. (1978) The child\'s image of a young smoker. Health Education Journal 37, 236--241.
- Banks MH, Bewley BR, Bland JM, Dean JR, Pollard VM. (1978) A long-term study of smoking by secondary schoolchildren. Archives of Disease in Childhood 53, 12--19.
- Bland JM, Bewley BR, Pollard V, Banks MH. (1978) Effect of children\'s and parents\' smoking on respiratory symptoms. Archives of Disease in Childhood 53, 100--105.
- Bewley, B.R., Murray, M., & Johnson, M.R.D. (1978). Smoking by Derbyshire schoolchildren. Finnish Journal of Social Medicine, 15: 197--203.
- Bland JM, Bewley BR, Banks MH. (1979) Cigarette smoking and children\'s respiratory symptoms: validity of questionnaire method. Revue d\'Epidemiologie et Sante Publique 27, 69--76.
- Bewley BR, Johnson MRD, Bland JM, Murray M. (1980) Trends in children\'s smoking. Community Medicine 2, 186--189.
- Johnson, M.R.D., Murray, M., Bewley, B.R., & Clyde, D.C. (1981). Social class, parents, children and smoking. Bulletin of International Union against Tuberculosis \[International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease\], 57: 258 262.
- Banks MH, Bewley BR, Bland JM. (1981) Adolescent attitudes to smoking: their influence on behaviour. International Journal of Health Education 24, 39--44.
- Murray, M., Swan, A.V., Johnson, M.R.D., & Bewley, B.R. (1983). Some factors associated with increased risk of smoking by children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24: 223 232.
- Murray, M. Swan, A.V., Bewley, B.R., & Johnson, M.R.D. (1983). The development of smoking during adolescence. International Journal of Epidemiology 12: 185 192.
- Johnson MRD, Bewley BR, Banks MH, Bland JM, Clyde DV. (1985) Schools and Smoking: school features and variations in cigarette smoking by children and teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology 55, 34--44.
### Other publications {#other_publications}
-
## Quotes
- \"As early as 1902 Ballantyne had found an increase in the abortion rate in French and Austrian women working in tobacco factories.\"
- \"There certainly was discrimination. They used to look at you and say she is married, or she has got children and if you were not married, they were expecting you to get married.\"
- \"Promotion by tobacco companies may then be seen for what it is---the 'pushing\' of a dangerous drug.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In Bewley\'s fourth year at Trinity College Dublin, she met a young psychiatrist, Thomas Bewley, from a Quaker family that owned Bewley\'s coffee shops. They married in 1955, and had five children. Their second daughter, born with Down Syndrome, defied early expectations regarding her health, and lived until the age of 44.
She was greatly upset when her daughter Susan came out as a lesbian, but the rift was healed. Susan went on to become a medical professor, and to write her mother\'s memoirs.
## Death
Dame Beulah Bewley died from cardiovascular disease and dementia on 20 January 2018 at the age of 88 in London. She was survived by four children and her husband
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# Martin Mayhew
**Martin R. Mayhew** (born October 8, 1965) is an American former professional football executive and cornerback of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Florida State Seminoles prior to being selected by the Buffalo Bills in the 10th round of the 1988 NFL draft. Mayhew sat out his rookie season due to a wrist injury and joined the Washington Redskins a year later, with whom he won Super Bowl XXVI with, and later played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers before retiring following the 1996 season.
Following his playing career, Mayhew graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 2000. He worked as an administrator for the XFL the same year before joining the Detroit Lions in 2001, where he worked as an assistant executive prior to being promoted to general manager (GM) in 2008. He remained in that role until 2015, later serving senior executive roles with the New York Giants, San Francisco 49ers, and Washington Commanders before retiring in 2025.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Mayhew was born on October 8, 1965, in Daytona Beach, Florida. He attended Florida High School prior to enrolling a year early at Florida State University in 1983, where he played 33 career games at cornerback for the Florida State Seminoles football team opposite future Pro Football Hall of Famer Deion Sanders. He was also a member of their track and field team. He was named an Academic All-America in 1985 and was also included on the All-South Independent second-team. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in business management in 1987.
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# Martin Mayhew
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Player
Mayhew was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the tenth round (262nd overall) of the 1988 NFL draft. He suffered a wrist injury during his rookie year and was placed on injured reserve before he could make any game appearances with them. He left in free agency the following year and signed with the Washington Redskins, where he started for them over the next four seasons including in their Super Bowl XXVI win at the end of the 1991 season.
In 1993, he signed a four-year \$5.5 million contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was offered a new contract by them during the 1997 offseason but declined it and subsequently retired, citing the lack of competitive compensation, the recent birth of his child, and his desire to finish his law degree that he started while living in Washington. He finished his career playing in 118 games with 473 tackles, 21 interceptions, 4 forced fumbles, and a sack.
### Executive
Mayhew interned for nine months within the Redskins\' personnel department in 1999, where he assisted in scouting players for the team leading up to the 2000 NFL draft. The following year, he worked as a labor operations and legal intern for the NFL league office, and was also the director of football administration for the XFL until it folded after its lone season in 2001. That same year, Mayhew was hired by the Detroit Lions as their senior director of football administration by Matt Millen before being promoted to assistant general manager in October 2004. He became the team\'s general manager upon the firing of Millen in September 2008 and retained that role for eight seasons until being fired following a 1--7 start to the 2015 season.
Mayhew spent the 2016 season with the New York Giants as their director of football operations before joining the San Francisco 49ers as a senior personnel executive the following year. He was promoted to their vice president of player personnel in 2019. Mayhew was hired as general manager of the Washington Commanders in January 2021. He served in an advisory role to head coach Ron Rivera, who had final say in football matters. In January 2024, he was replaced at general manager by Adam Peters but remained with the team as a senior personnel executive and advisor. The Commanders announced his retirement as an executive on February 25, 2025.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Following his time at Florida State, Mayhew briefly worked at a First Union bank in Charlotte. He attended night classes at Georgetown University Law Center during his time with the Redskins in the early 1990s but had to drop out when he left for the Buccaneers in 1993. He re-enrolled there following his retirement as a player in 1997 and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree in 2000. Mayhew is a member of The Florida Bar and has also served as a board member of the Henry Ford Museum and Detroit Police Athletic League (PAL)
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# Pat McNamee
**Pat McNamee** is an Irish nationalist politician in Northern Ireland who was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Newry and Armagh from 1998 to 2003.
Formerly a member of Sinn Féin, McNamee was a Newry and Mourne councillor for the Slieve Gullion DEA from 1997 until 2001.
He moved to Armagh City and District Council in 2001, in which he was elected for the Armagh City DEA. He stood down from elected politics in 2005, and is no longer a member of any political party.
## Background
McNamee was educated at St Patrick\'s College, Armagh, Abbey Grammar School, Newry and at the University of Ulster.
As a member of Sinn Féin, his first electoral success was as a representative on the Northern Ireland Forum, representing Newry and Armagh from the forum\'s creation in 1996, until it was dissolved in 1998.
The following year, McNamee was elected onto Newry and Mourne District Council, representing the Slieve Gullion District.
At the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election, he was elected to the Assembly for Newry and Armagh.
At the 2001 local elections, McNamee was elected to Armagh City and District Council, representing Armagh City.
He did not stand for re-election to the Assembly in 2003, and resigned from Sinn Fein ahead of the 2005 local elections, during which he stood down as a councillor.
When Paul Quinn (21) of Cullyhanna was brutally beaten to death by a gang of men wearing balaclavas and overalls in October 2007, McNamee joined the Quinn Support Group to seek justice for his family
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# St. Nicholas Church, Brașov
**Saint Nicholas Church** (*Biserica Sfântul Nicolae*) is a Romanian Orthodox church in Brașov, dominating the historic district of Șcheii Brașovului. One of the oldest Orthodox churches in the country and an important cultural center for the Romanians in Țara Bârsei, it is documented as being built on the site of a wooden cross dating to 1292. The first mention of the original wooden church dates to 1399, with the stone church built between 1495 and 1519.`{{snf|Pușcariu|1977|page=97}}`{=mediawiki} The church is a registered historic monument of Romania under the LMI Code BV-II-m-A-11589, as part of an ensemble of monuments which also includes the First Romanian School.
## History
The original church was established on the site of a cross with wood shingles which dated to 1292. It was first mentioned in a Papal bull issued in 1399 by Pope Boniface IX as a place of worship for the schismatics. In the 18th century, an *aghiasmatar* (holy water basin) was built in memory of this wooden church. Starting in 1495, the church was rebuilt in stone by the locals, with help from Voivode (Prince) Vlad Călugărul of Wallachia. The church had a rectangular nave and four-sided apse. More help was provided around 1513 by Neagoe Basarab, and the construction was finished in 1519 with the polygonal apse and three buttresses, larger than originally planned.`{{snf|Pușcariu|1977|page=97}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1584, Voivode Petru Cercel began construction of the church porch, the choir, and decorated the altar with icons. Works were continued by Moldavian Voivode Aron Vodă between 1595 and 1597, during which the bell tower was constructed and the interior of the church was painted. The pisanie of the church mounted above the door depicts the two Voivodes.`{{snf|Pușcariu|1977|page=319}}`{=mediawiki}
The tower chapel (dedicated to Saint John the Baptist) was built in 1651. The midnight office is held in this chapel. Between 1733 and 1734, the northern chapel (dedicated to the Annunciation) was completed with help from Protopope Radu Tempea II and Lady Ancuța, the daughter of Constantin Brâncoveanu. The southern chapel (dedicated to the Ascension of the Lord) was built between 1750 and 1752, with support from the local merchants. This chapel also houses an iconostasis with Brâncovenesc motifs. The clock tower was built in 1751 following a donation of 13,000 florins from Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Other important gifts were received from Michael the Brave, Petru Rareș, Gheorghe Ștefan, Constantin Brâncoveanu, as well as many parishioners over the centuries.
## Architecture
The church is built from stone and brick and has a rectangular nave with a circular apse on the east side. The pronaos and porch are located on the west side. The two chapels attached to the church are located on its north and south sides.
Saint Nicholas Church was initially built in the Gothic style; it was later redecorated with Baroque style architectural elements. The church presents two towers in the front: a larger, middle tower, the roof of which presents four turrets, and a smaller tower above the entrance flanked by two other turrets.
## Painting
The current paintings of the church date to 1739 as attested by Protopope Radu Tempea II. The church was painted on both the inside and the outside. The interior has frescoes painted by the renowned muralist Mișu Popp together with Constantin Lecca in 1849. Costin Petrescu and the Fine Arts Academy students also added frescos to the inside of the church in the 20th century: the north-west wall features a mural with the entry of Michael the Brave in Brașov, the front wall features portraits of four founding Voivodes and an allegorical scene of the Coresian printing press, the south wall shows a scene of the coronation of King Ferdinand in Alba Iulia while the east wall has a festive moment with Metropolitan Andrei Șaguna.
The northern chapel was painted between 1735 and 1738 by Craiova painters Ranite Grigore, his brother Gheorghe and his son Ioan, and Mihaili who portrayed the Apocalypse of Saint John, the First Council of Nicaea, themes of Deesis and the Resurrection, and the mural \"Wheel of the World\" (which depicts the rotation of the Earth around the Sun performed by the saints). The southern chapel was painted in the 18th century by the painters Ioan and Iancu, with their apprentices Constantin and Irimia.
## Cultural activities {#cultural_activities}
In 1495, the building of the First Romanian School was constructed under the auspices of the church and the first books in Romanian were published there by deacon Coresi in the 16th century. At the same time, a school of copyists was established to translate important religious and cultural books into Romanian. In the 19th century, the church supported the Junii Brașoveni Society and helped fund the Romanian Gymnasium of Brașov in 1851. The church also established numerous foundations to support local public life such as the first local public library.
The archive of the church retains as many as 2,800 old books and manuscripts dating as far back as the 15th century.
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# St. Nicholas Church, Brașov
## Historic district {#historic_district}
Located within the churchyard walls there are:
- St. Nicholas Cemetery, where Ioan Meșotă, Aurel Popovici, Vasile Saftu, and Nicolae Titulescu are buried.
- Statue of Coresi.
Adjacent in the Șchei historic district there is:
- The First Romanian School, constructed in 1495, started Romanian-language classes in 1583.
## Gallery
<File:Carl> Muschalek - Biserica romaneasca din Schei.jpg\|The Saint Nicholas Church c. 1885 <File:Bis.Sf.Nicolae.clopotnița> nov-2008.JPG\|The belfry of the church <File:Bis.Sf.Nicolae.ceas> nov-2008.JPG\|The clock of the church in 2008 <File:Brasov> Biserica Sf. Nicolae (1).jpg\|The *aghiasmatar* <File:Biserica> Sfântul Nicolae din Brașov (2023) - img 01.jpg\|The entrance of the church <File:Brasov>, san nicola 05.JPG\|The back of the church <File:PSFix> 20190920 211223 (1).jpg\|View of the church from the statue of deacon Coresi <File:Biserica> Sfantu Nicolae
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# Jodel D.11
The **Jodel D.11** is a French two-seat monoplane designed and developed by Société Avions Jodel in response to a French government request for a low-wing aircraft for use by the nation\'s many emerging flying clubs.
More than 3,000 examples have been built and flown.
## History
Designers Édouard Joly and Jean Délémontez based the design on two of their earlier projects; they combined the wing of the projected D.10 with a lengthened and widened version of the D.9 fuselage. The first example flew on 4 April 1950. Of conventional tailwheel configuration, the D11 featured a fixed, spatted undercarriage, and accommodated pilot and passenger side-by-side. The wing panels outboard of the landing gear struts had a marked dihedral. Various powerplants were installed, typically Salmson 9, Continental O-170 or Continental O-200. The aircraft uses all-wood construction with a single piece box-spar.
D.11s were licence-built by a number of manufacturers in Europe and elsewhere, including Wassmer, Aero-Difusión, and Falconar Avia. Many examples were also home-built with plans provided by Falconar.
## Variants
D.11:original version with a 55 hp Salmson 9Adb engine.\
D.111:D.11 with a 75 hp Minié 4.DC.32 engine, built by Jodel.\
D.112:D.11 with a 65 hp Continental A65 engine, built by Jodel, Wassmer (Société Wassmer), SAN (Société Aéronautique Normande), Valledeau, Denize and amateur constructors. Amateur-built versions can be powered by engines from 65 to. The 90 hp Continental C90 has been used.
:
: **D.112A**
: **D.112D**
: **D.112V**
D.113:D.11 with a 100 hp Continental O-200-A engine, amateur-built.\
D.114:D.11 with a 70 hp Minié 4.DA.28 engine, amateur-built.\
D.115:D.11 with a 75 hp Mathis 4G-F-60 engine, amateur-built.\
D.116:D.11 with a 60 hp Salmson 9ADr engine, amateur-built.\
D.117:SAN built D.11, named *Grande Tourisme*, 223 built, powerplant 90 hp Continental C90 engine and revised electrics
:
: **D.117A** - Alpavia built D.117
D118:D11 with a 60 hp Walter Mikron II engine, amateur-built.\
D119:amateur-built D.117
:
: **D.119D**
: **D.119DA**
: **D.119V**
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
D.120:Wassmer built D.117 named the **Paris-Nice**, 337 built, powerplant Continental C90.
:
: **D.120A** - (with airbrakes)
: **D.120R** - ((Remorqueur) Glider Tug)
: **D.120AR** - (Glider Tug with airbrakes)
D.121:D.11 with a 75 hp Continental A75 engine, amateur-built.\
D.122:D.11 with a 75 hp Praga engine, amateur-built.\
D.123:D.11 with an 85 hp Salmson 5Ap.01 engine, amateur-built.\
D.124:D.11 with an 80 hp Salmson 5Aq.01 engine, amateur-built.\
D.125:D.11 with a 90 hp Kaiser engine, amateur-built.\
D.126:D.11 with an 85 hp Continental C85 engine, amateur-built.\
EAC D.127:D.112 with a sliding canopy and DR.100 undercarriage; (EAC - *Société d\'Etudes Aéronautiques et Commerciales*).\
EAC D.128:D.119 with a sliding canopy and DR.100 undercarriage; (EAC - *Société d\'Etudes Aéronautiques et Commerciales*).\
D.11 Spécial\
Falconar F11:Canadian homebuilt derivative design\
Uetz U2-MFGZ:\
Uetz U2V:Straight winged D119 built in Switzerland by Walter Uetz Flugzeugbau\
Aero Difusión D-11 Compostela:\
Aero Difusión D-112 Popuplane: license-built D.112 by Aero-Difusión of Spain.\
Aero Difusión D-119 Popuplane: license-built D.119 by Aero-Difusión.\
Aero Difusión D-1190S Compostela:68 built\
Blenet RB.01 Jozé:Derivatives of the D.112 designed by Roger Blenet Powered by Continental A65-8F engines, two known
## Specifications (D.117 with Continental C90-14F engine) {#specifications_d
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# Aurel Băeșu
**Aurel Băeșu** (26 May 1896 -- 24 August 1928) was a Romanian Impressionist landscape and portrait painter. Many of his works show the influence of Nicolae Grigorescu; an influence that was common among painters of his generation.
## Biography
His father was a government clerk employed by the prefecture of Suceava. He lost his mother at an early age and was raised by his grandmother.
From 1907 to 1912, he attended the \"Alexandru Donici Gymnasium\" in his hometown, where he displayed an aptitude for drawing. After graduating, he entered the Școala de Belle Arte in Iași, where he studied with Constantin Artachino and Gheorghe Popovici. In 1915, he received an award from the Academia Română for his portrait of the French artist Lecomte de Nöuy, who was then living in Romania.
During World War I, he was mobilized but, at the last moment, was sent to the rear, where he joined several other artists who were documenting the war. Although he escaped being wounded, the harsh conditions there led to a case of pneumonia that left him in poor health.
In an effort to improve his artistic perspectives, and with the support of members of the Academia, he went to Italy to attend a free painting course being taught at the Institute of Fine Arts in Rome. He was there from 1920 to 1922. Four years later, he travelled throughout Slovenia, Hungary and France. For many years, he was enamored of Lia Sadoveanu, the daughter of novelist Mihail Sadoveanu, but could never propose marriage because of his precarious financial situation.
In 1928, he died of tuberculosis, aged only thirty-two. A major retrospective of his work was held in 2006 at the art museum in Bacău. In 2012, his tomb was looted and destroyed. Among the items taken was a plaque by Băeșu\'s friend, the sculptor Mihai Onofrei.
## Selected paintings {#selected_paintings}
<File:Aurel> Baesu - Calugarul Vlahuta.jpg\|Călugărul Vlahuţă <File:Aurel> Baesu - Portret de taranca.jpg\|Portrait of a Peasant Woman <File:Aurel> Baesu - Clopotnita.jpg\|Bell Tower <File:Aurel> Baesu - Interior de tara.jpg\|Rural Interior <File:Aurel> Baesu - Cap de copil
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# Argument from consciousness
The **argument from consciousness** is an argument for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human consciousness (such as qualia) cannot be explained by the physical mechanisms of the human body and brain, therefore asserting that there must be non-physical aspects to human consciousness. This is held as indirect evidence of God, given that notions about souls and the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam would be consistent with such a claim.
The best-known defender of the argument from consciousness is J. P. Moreland.
## Philosophical summary of the argument {#philosophical_summary_of_the_argument}
The argument may be stated in inductive or deductive form An alternative, closely related, version of the argument uses Platonism as its premise in a deductive argument.
### Inductive form {#inductive_form}
Richard Swinburne put forward an inductive form of the argument in his book *The Existence of God*. He uses the argument from personal identity`{{clarify|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} for mind-body dualism to show that we have a non-physical mental element to our minds. He suggests that the most probable way in which the non-physical and the physical are linked in causal-interaction is by design, which implies a designer. Swinburne suggests that this designer is God. He says that whilst this argument, owing to its inductive form, is inconclusive, it does provide strong evidence for a God.
### Deductive form {#deductive_form}
1. Mental states are genuine nonphysical mental entities that exist.
2. Specific mental and physical event types are regularly correlated.
3. There is an explanation for these correlations.
4. Personal explanation is different from natural scientific explanation.
5. The explanation for these correlations is either a personal or natural scientific explanation.
6. The explanation is not a natural scientific one.
7. Therefore, the explanation is a personal one.
8. If the explanation is personal, then it is theistic.
9. Therefore, the explanation is theistic.
Theists such as Robert Adams have advanced a slightly different version of Swinburne\'s argument which focuses on mental/physical correlations and not merely the existence of mental states. These are similar to Swinburne\'s argument but take a deductive form rather than an inductive one.
William Lane Craig put the argument from consciousness as follows:
1. If God did not exist, intentional states of consciousness would not exist.
2. But intentional states of consciousness do exist.
3. Therefore, God exists.
Peter Kreeft has put forward a deductive form of the argument from consciousness based upon the intelligibility of the universe despite the limitations of our minds. He phrases it deductively as follows:
1. \"We experience the universe as intelligible. This intelligibility means that the universe is graspable by intelligence.\"
2. \"Either this intelligible universe and the finite minds so well suited to grasp it are the products of intelligence, or both intelligibility and intelligence are the products of blind chance.\"
3. \"Not blind chance.\"
4. \"Therefore this intelligible universe and the finite minds so well suited to grasp it are the products of intelligence.\"
He compares his argument to C. S. Lewis\' argument from reason.
### Platonic form {#platonic_form}
The Christian philosopher Augustine of Hippo formed a formulation of the argument from consciousness, sometimes termed the **Argument from truth** which is closely aligned to consciousness whilst using neither inductive nor deductive methodology. The argument was influenced by Platonism.
1. Our limited minds can discover eternal truths about being.
2. Truth properly resides in the mind.
3. But the human mind is not eternal.
4. Therefore, there must exist an eternal mind in which these truths reside.
The Catholic philosopher Peter Kreeft, whilst he feels that it could be an effective argument, feels that we have too little knowledge of the workings of consciousness for this to be truly convincing as of yet.
Another Catholic philosopher, Edward Feser has promoted the Augustinian argument, including it in his book *Five Proofs of the Existence of God*. He concludes that Augustine\'s argument is valid, having given many different reasons why Platonism, its primary premise, is true.
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# Argument from consciousness
## Criticism
The first premise, assertion that non-physical mental states exist, implies a dualist view of mind. Therefore, one line of attack is to argue the case for physicalism about the human mind. Moreland takes the arguments for the first premise and refers to classic defenses of dualism. However, the first premise is rejected by many philosophers of mind. Frank Jackson, known for the knowledge argument in support of dualism about the mind, comments on the debate between physicalist and dualist conceptions of mind: `{{blockquote|
Much of the contemporary debate in the philosophy of mind is concerned with the clash between certain strongly held intuitions and what science tells us about the mind and its relation to the world. What science tells us about the mind points strongly towards some version or other of physicalism. The intuitions, in one way or another, suggest that there is something seriously incomplete about any purely physical story about the mind ... Most contemporary philosophers given a choice between going with science and going with intuitions, go with science. Although I once dissented from the majority, I have capitulated and now see the interesting issue as being where the arguments from the intuitions against physicalism—the arguments that seem so compelling—go wrong.<ref>Jackson, Frank Cameron (2003) [http://consciousness.anu.edu.au/jackson/mindillusion.pdf "Mind and Illusion"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706124725/http://consciousness.anu.edu.au/jackson/mindillusion.pdf |date=July 6, 2008 }}, in ''Minds and Persons'', Cambridge University Press</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
If one is willing to accept the first premise that reductive forms of physicalism are false, then the argument takes off. Thus, one could think of Moreland as making an argument that tries to move a person from \"rejecting physicalism\" to \"accepting theism.\" The crucial step in this move is the fifth premise, which asserts that naturalism can not account for non-physical mental states. A critique of this premise is offered by Andrew Melnyk: `{{blockquote|
Naturalism can easily explain how the universe came to contain physically irreducible conscious occurrences. It can do so by supposing that, among the fundamental laws governing the universe, there are some according to which, whenever such-and-such complex nonconscious occurrences occur, so-and-so conscious occurrences occur; perhaps such a law says that, whenever a human brain attains a certain kind and degree of complexity, a pain is experienced. Given such laws, the capacity for consciousness that some creatures enjoy, like the capacity for breathing, can be explained as having arisen through natural selection. Through mutation, some creature was born with a brain of the requisite kind and degree of complexity to generate conscious experiences; and then, because these experiences increased the creature's fitness, such creatures were selected for.<ref>Melnyk, Andrew (2007). [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/andrew_melnyk/against-dualism.html#conscious "Naturalism, Free Choices, and Conscious Experiences"]</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
However Moreland charges that such attempts to accommodate consciousness within an atheistic worldview are *ad hoc* and contrived and fail to take into account many features of conscious experience. Moreland spends much of the book defending this premise against philosophers, such as Michael Martin, who accept pluralist naturalism. He also critiques contemporary philosophers of mind such as John Searle, Timothy O\' Connor, Colin McGinn, David Skriba, Philip Clayton and Jaegwon Kim, who attempt to account for consciousness.
Finally, one can also question premise eight: why does a personal explanation have to lead to monotheistic (as opposed to deistic or polytheistic) accounts of intention? However, Moreland maintains that questioning these minor premises is of little consolation to the naturalist as they essentially constitute intramural theist debates, and that for most westerners theism is the only viable candidate to accommodate personal explanations. Similarly Occam\'s razor can be applied so only one personal agent is required
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
The `{{sclass|Iowa|battleship|1}}`{=mediawiki}s are the most heavily armed warships the United States Navy has ever put to sea, due to the continual development of their onboard weaponry. The first *Iowa*-class ship was laid down in June 1940; in their World War II configuration, each of the *Iowa*-class battleships had a main battery of 16 in guns that could hit targets nearly 20 statute miles (32 km) away with a variety of artillery shells designed for anti-ship or bombardment work. The secondary battery of 5 in guns could hit targets nearly 9 statute miles (14 km) away with solid projectiles or proximity fuzed shells, and was effective in an anti-aircraft role as well. Each of the four battleships carried a wide array of 20 mm and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns for defense against enemy aircraft.
When reactivated and modernized in the 1980s, each battleship retained the original battery of nine 16 in guns, but the secondary battery on each battleship was reduced from ten twin-gun mounts and twenty guns to six twin-gun mounts with 12 guns to allow for the installation of two platforms for the Tomahawk missiles. Each battleship also received four Harpoon missile magazines, Phalanx anti-aircraft/anti-missile systems, and electronic warfare suites.
## Main battery {#main_battery}
### Turrets
The primary armament of an *Iowa*-class battleship consisted of nine breech-loading 16 inch (406 mm)/50-caliber Mark 7 naval guns, which were housed in three 3-gun turrets: two forward and one aft in a configuration known as \"2-A-1\". The guns were 66 ft long - 50 times their 16-inch(406mm) bore, or 50 calibers, from breechface to muzzle. About 43 ft protruded from the gun house. Each gun weighed about 239000 lbs without the breech, or 267900 lbs with the breech. They fired 2700 lb armor-piercing projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2500 ft/s, or 1900 lb high-capacity projectiles at 2690 ft/s, up to 24 mi.
Each gun rested within an armored turret, but only the top of the turret protruded above the main deck. The turret extended either four decks (Turrets 1 and 3) or five decks (Turret 2) down. The lower spaces contained the equipment required to rotate the turret and to elevate the guns attached to each turret. At the bottom of the turret were rooms which were used for handling the projectiles and storing the powder bags used to fire them. All of the compartments within the turrets were separated by flameproof bulkheads to prevent any flame or lethal gas from spreading throughout the turret. Each turret required a crew of 77--94 men to operate.
Although frequently referred to as \"triple gun\" turrets, they were, in fact, classified as \"three gun\" turrets, due to the ability to elevate and fire each gun in the turret independently. This is as opposed to true \"triple gun\" turrets, in which all three guns must be operated as one. The ships could fire any combination of their guns, including a broadside of all nine.
The guns could be elevated from −5° to +45°, moving at up to 12° per second. The turrets could be rotated about 300° at a rate of about four degrees per second and could even be fired back beyond the beam, which is sometimes called \"over the shoulder.\" The guns were never fired horizontally forward (in the 1980s refit, a satellite up-link antenna was mounted at the bow). To distinguish between the rounds fired from different battleships the *Iowa* class used dye bags which allowed artillery observers to determine which rounds had been fired by which ship. *Iowa*, *New Jersey*, *Missouri,* and *Wisconsin* were assigned the colors orange, blue, red and green, respectively.
When brought into service during World War II the guns had a barrel life of roughly 290 rounds, limited in large part by the nitrated cellulose (NC) propellant. After World War II the Navy switched to smokeless powder diphenylamine (SPD), a cooler-burning propellant, which increased the barrel life from 290 to about 350 rounds. This was increased further by the introduction of a titanium dioxide and wax compound known as \"Swedish Additive\" on `{{USS|New Jersey|BB-62|2}}`{=mediawiki} for her tour in Vietnam, and later used on all four *Iowa*s when they were reactivated in the 1980s. These measures were further augmented by the addition of polyurethane jackets, which were placed over the powder bags to reduce gaseous erosion during the firing of the guns. These measures greatly prolonged barrel life, and ultimately resulted in a shift from measuring barrel life in equivalent service rounds (ESR) to measuring barrel life in fatigue equivalent rounds (FER).
After the guns were fired, each barrel had to be cleaned; the gunners mates assigned the job of cleaning them required a full day or more to ensure that the barrels were correctly and adequately cleaned.
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## Main battery {#main_battery}
### Fire control {#fire_control}
The early main battery fire control consisted of the Fire Control Tower, two Mark 38 Gun Fire Control Systems (GFCS), and fire control equipment located in two of the three turrets. As modernized in the 1980s, each turret carried a DR-810 radar that measured the muzzle velocity of each gun, which made it easier to predict the velocity of succeeding shots. Together with the Mark 160 FCS and better propellant consistency, the improvements created the most accurate battleship-caliber guns ever made.
#### Mark 38 gun fire control system {#mark_38_gun_fire_control_system}
The major components of the **Mk 38 Gun Fire Control System** (GFCS) were the Director, Plotting Room, and interconnecting data transmission equipment. Two systems, forward and aft, were each complete and independent, though they could be cross-connected. Their plotting rooms were isolated to protect against battle damage propagating from one to the other.
##### Director
The forward **Mk 38 Director** (*pictured*) was situated on top of the fire control tower. The director was equipped with Mark 45 Rangefinder optical sights (the long thin boxes protruding from each side), and a Mark 13 Fire Control Radar antenna (the rectangular shaped box on top). The purpose of the Director was to track the target\'s present bearing and range. This could be done electronically with the radar (the preferred method), or optically by the men inside using the sights and Rangefinder. The present position of the target was called the Line-Of-Sight (LOS), and it was continuously sent down to the Mk 8 Rangekeeper in the plotting room by Synchro transmitters. When not using the radar\'s display to determine Spots, the director was the optical spotting station.
##### Plotting room {#plotting_room}
The forward main battery plotting room was located below the waterline and inside the armored belt. It housed the forward system\'s Mark 8 Rangekeeper, Mark 41 Stable Vertical, Mk13 FC Radar controls and displays, Parallax Correctors, Fire Control Switchboard, battle telephone switchboard, battery status indicators, assistant Gunnery Officers, and Fire Control Technicians (FTs).
The Mk 8 Rangekeeper was an electromechanical analog computer whose function was to continuously calculate the gun\'s bearing and elevation, Line-Of-Fire (LOF), to hit a future position of the target. It did this by automatically receiving information from the director (LOS), the FC Radar (range), the ship\'s gyrocompass (true ship\'s course), the ship\'s Pitometer log (ship\'s speed), the Stable Vertical (ship\'s roll and pitch), and the ship\'s anemometer (relative wind speed and direction). Also, before the surface action started, the FTs made manual inputs for the average initial velocity of the projectiles fired out of the battery\'s gun barrels, and air density. With all this information, the Rangekeeper calculated the relative motion between \"OWN SHIP\" and \"TARGET\". It then could calculate an offset angle and change of range between the target\'s present position (LOS) and future position at the end of the projectile\'s time of flight. To this bearing and range offset, it added corrections for gravity, wind, Magnus effect of the spinning projectile, earth\'s curvature, and coriolis effect. The result was the turret\'s bearing and elevation orders (LOF). During the surface action, range and deflection Spots and target altitude (not zero during Gun Fire Support) were manually entered.
The Mk 41 Stable Vertical (also called Gun Director) was a vertical seeking gyroscope. Its function was to establish and maintain a stable earth vertical with its associated horizontal plane. With the horizontal plane established, the Mk 41 continuously measured the angles between the deck and the horizontal plane. These deck angles were continuously transmitted to the Rangekeeper so that it could keep the guns correctly elevated as the ship rolled and pitched. Mounted waist high on its side were the battery\'s firing keys. (*see picture*) The left key was the Salvo Signal Key, and it sounded the Salvo Buzzer in each of the turrets to warn the gun crews that the guns were about to fire. The center key (with bumps on its handle for tactile identification) was the Automatic Firing Key. When this key was held closed, the Mk 41 was enabled to automatically fire the guns whenever the ship\'s deck was parallel the horizontal plane. Also, if the sea state was such that the turrets\' elevation power drives could not keep up with the ship\'s motion, the guns could be held at a fixed elevation, and the MK 41 could again automatically fire the guns as described. The right key was the Hand Firing Key. It bypassed the Mk 41, and fired the guns directly.
The Mk 13 FC Radar supplied present target range, and it showed the fall of shot around the target so the Gunnery Officer could correct the system\'s aim with range and deflection spots put into the Rangekeeper. It could also automatically track the target by controlling the director\'s bearing power drive. Because of radar, Fire Control systems were theoretically to track and fire at targets at a greater range and with increased accuracy during the day, night, or inclement weather. This capability gave the United States Navy a major advantage in World War II, as the Japanese did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy and were at a significant disadvantage.
The Parallax Correctors were needed because the turrets were located hundreds of feet from the director. There was one for each turret, and each had the turret/director distance manually set in. They automatically received Relative Target Bearing (bearing from own ship\'s bow), and Target Range. They corrected the bearing order for each turret so that all rounds fired in a salvo converged on the same point.
The Fire Control Switchboard configured the battery. With it, the Gunnery Officer could mix and match the three turrets to the two GFCSs. He could have the turrets all controlled by the forward system, all controlled by the aft system, or split the battery to shoot at two targets.
The assistant Gunnery Officers and Fire Control Technicians operated the equipment, talked to the turrets and ship\'s command by sound-powered telephone, and watched the Rangekeeper\'s dials and system status indicators for problems. If a problem arose, they could correct the problem, or reconfigure the system to mitigate its effect.
#### Turret fire control systems {#turret_fire_control_systems}
Turrets 2 and 3 had optical rangefinders and ballistics computers. (The rangefinders are the boxes on the turret\'s rear corners). If in a surface action the GFCSs were damaged, the Turret Officer could turn the Auto-Local rotary switch to Local and continue the action using the turret\'s fire control equipment.
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Main battery {#main_battery}
### Ammunition
The large caliber guns were designed to fire two different 16-inch shells: an armor-piercing round for anti-ship and anti-structure work and a high explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment. A third type of ammunition for delivering tactical nuclear warheads was developed subsequently.
The Mk. 8 APC (Armor-Piercing, Capped) shell weighed 2,700 lb (1225 kg) and was designed to penetrate the hardened steel armor carried by foreign battleships.`{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2010}}`{=mediawiki} At 20,000 yards (18 km) the Mk. 8 could penetrate 20 inches (508 mm) of steel armor plate. At the same range, the Mk. 8 could penetrate 21 feet (6.4 m) of reinforced concrete.
For unarmored targets and shore bombardment, the 1,900 lb (862 kg) Mk. 13 HC (High-Capacity -- referring to the large bursting charge) shell was available. The Mk. 13 shell would create a crater 50 feet (15 m) wide and 20 feet (6 m) deep upon impact and detonation, and could defoliate trees 400 yards (360 m) from the point of impact. Mk. 13 High Capacity shells that were made by manufacturers other than the Naval Gun Factory received the designation Mk. 14 HC, but were otherwise identical.
The final type of ammunition developed for the *Iowa* class were \"Katie\" shells. These shells were born from the concept of nuclear deterrence that had begun to shape the United States armed forces as the Cold War began. To compete with the Air Force and the Army, which had developed nuclear bombs and nuclear shells for use on the battlefield, the US Navy began a top-secret program to develop Mk. 23 nuclear naval shells with an estimated yield of 15 to 20 kilotons. These shells were designed to be launched from the best seaborne artillery platform available, which at the time were the four ships of the *Iowa* class. The shells entered development around 1953, and were reportedly ready by 1956; it is not known whether they were ever deployed on the *Iowa*-class battleships because the US Navy does not confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weapons aboard its ships. In 1991 the US unilaterally withdrew its nuclear artillery shells from service, and Russia responded in kind in 1992. The US removed around 1,300 nuclear shells from Europe and reportedly dismantled its last shells by 2003.
<File:USS> Iowa (BB-61) projectile hoisted to spanning tray.jpg\|Loading shell, 1986. <File:USS> Iowa (BB-61) placing powder bags.jpg\|Placing powder bags, 1986. <File:USS> Iowa (BB-61) ramming powder bags.jpg\|Ramming powder bags, 1986.
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Secondary battery {#secondary_battery}
The secondary battery was a dual-purpose weapon system, meaning that it was designed to defend the ship from either surface or aerial threats. The original secondary battery consisted of 10 Mark 28, Mod 2 twin gun mounts, and four Mark 37 Gun Fire Control Systems. At first, this battery\'s effectiveness against aircraft diminished as planes became faster, but this changed toward the end of World War II through a combination of an upgrade to the Mk37 System and the development of the VT (Variable Time) proximity fuze.
In preparation for the reactivations in the 1960s and 1980s, the battery was updated to the latest gun and fire control system modifications. In the 1968 upgrade to USS *New Jersey* for service off Vietnam, three Mark 56 Gun Fire Control Systems were installed, two on either side just forward of the aft stack, and one between the aft mast and the aft Mk 38 Director tower. This increased *New Jersey\'s* anti-aircraft capability, because the Mk 56 system could track and shoot at faster planes. In the 1980s modernization, the Mk 56 GFCSs and four mounts were removed to make room for missiles, leaving the Secondary battery with four Mk 37 GFCSs and six twin mounts on all the *Iowa* class. By the time of the Gulf War the secondary battery was largely relegated to shore bombardment and littoral defense. Since each battleship carried a small detachment of Marines aboard, the Marines would man one of the 5-inch gun mounts.
### Mark 28, Mod 2 mounts {#mark_28_mod_2_mounts}
Each **Mk 28 Mod 2 Mount** carried two Mark 12, 5in/38cal gun assemblies, electric-hydraulic drives for bearing and elevation, optical sights, automatic fuze setter, automatic sight setter, and an upper handling room. Each armored twin mount weighed 170635 lb. The mount had a crew of 13, not including the ammunition movers in the upper handling room and magazines, drawn from the sailors and Marines serving aboard the ship.
#### Mark 12 gun assembly {#mark_12_gun_assembly}
The **Mk 12 Gun Assembly** (*pictured*) was a semi-automatic, power rammed, vertical sliding-wedge breech block type gun. The Gun Assembly shown in the picture is the mount\'s right gun. The left gun is the mirror image of the right gun. Since this gun assembly fired semi-fixed ammunition, (*pictured*) each round was delivered to the guns in two pieces. Each gun, in this twin mount, had its own projectile hoist and powder case hoist from the upper handling room. The electric-hydraulic projectile hoist would deliver a projectile next to the projectile man with the nose down and waist high. The electric-hydraulic powder case hoist poked the case through a powder scuttle in the gun room\'s deck just next to the powder man\'s feet. At the load command, the powder man would slip a primer protector off the end of the powder case, extract the case from the scuttle, and lift it into the gun\'s rammer tray.
Meanwhile, the projectile man would pull a projectile out of the hoist, and place it in the rammer tray in front of the powder case. Then, as he turned to get the next projectile out of the hoist, the projectile man would pull down on the rammer lever. This caused the power rammer to ram the projectile and powder case into the chamber. As the powder case cleared the top of the breechblock, the block would rise to seal the chamber. The gun was ready to fire. The case combination primer in the base of the powder case could be fired either electrically or by percussion. Electrical firing was the preferred method because the firing circuit could be energized by firing keys down in the plotting room when firing salvos at surface targets, or up in the director when firing at air targets. Percussion firing could be executed by the Pointer (man controlling elevation) by pushing a foot treadle. When the gun fired, the recoil\'s rearward motion returned the rammer lever to the up position, and the rammer would drive back to the rear of the rammer tray. During counter-recoil, the breechblock was automatically lowered and the spent powder case was ejected from the chamber. When the gun returned to battery, a blast of compressed air was sent down the bore to clean it out. The gun was ready to be reloaded.
#### Electric-hydraulic drives {#electric_hydraulic_drives}
The electric-hydraulic drives powered the mount\'s motion. The three modes of drive operation were automatic, local, and manual. In automatic, the drives would follow the bearing and elevation orders of the fire control system. In local, the drives would follow the motion of the trainer\'s and pointer\'s hand wheels. (This is similar to power steering on a car.) Manual was direct gear linkage from the hand wheels to move the mount with no power assist.
#### Sights
The periscopic sights (the boxes on the side of the mount) allowed the trainer and pointer to see the target from inside the armored enclosure. Each sight had movable prisms that allowed its line of sight to be moved relative to the barrel\'s bore axis. These prisms could be controlled by the fire control system when the mount was in Automatic, or by the mount\'s sight setter operator when the mount was in Local. Local control was not the preferred combat method, but it could be used if the fire control systems were damaged. The mount captain was trained in aiming and correcting the fall of shot.
#### Upper handling room {#upper_handling_room}
The upper handling room was just below the visible part of the mount. It was armored and reinforced to support the weight of the mount. A person standing in the upper handling room could look up and see the bottom of the gun mount inside the training circle on which the mount rotated. Hanging from the mount, and rotating with it, was the equipment used to pass ammunition up to the mount. This included the lower ends of the projectile and powder case hoists. In the center of the room there was a vertical tube that also turned with the mount. This tube enclosed the electrical power and control cables going up to the mount. Around the perimeter of the upper handling room were the ready service ammunition racks welded to the bulkheads. Close by, either in a corner of the handling room or in an adjoining compartment was the upper end of an ammunition hoist from the magazine. The responsibility of the men stationed in the upper handling room was to shuttle 30 to 40 projectiles and 30 to 40 powder cases per minute from the ready service racks to the hoists while avoiding the equipment rotating with the mount. During quiet spells, they would replenish the ready service racks with ammunition from the magazines.
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Secondary battery {#secondary_battery}
### Mark 37 gun fire control system {#mark_37_gun_fire_control_system}
The Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System (GFCS) was the primary Fire Control System for the Secondary Battery. There were four Mk37 GFCSs on board; one forward above the navigation bridge, two amidships on either side of the forward stack, and one aft between the aft Mk38 Director and Turret three. The major components of the Mk 37 GFCS were the Mk 37 Director, and the equipment in the plotting room.
#### Mark 37 director {#mark_37_director}
The function of the Mark 37 director (*pictured*) was to track the present position of the target in bearing, elevation, and range. To do this, it had optical sights (the rectangular windows on the front), an optical rangefinder (the tubes sticking out each side), and Fire Control Radar antennas. On the MK 37 Director pictured, the rectangular antenna is for the Mark 12 FC radar, and the parabolic antenna on the left is for the Mk 22 FC radar. They were part of an upgrade to improve tracking of aircraft. The Director Officer also had a Slew Sight that he could use to quickly point the director towards a new target.
#### Plotting room {#plotting_room_1}
The secondary battery plotting rooms were down below the waterline and inside the armor belt. They contained four complete sets of fire control equipment needed to aim and shoot at four targets. Each set included a Mark 1A computer, a Mark 6 Stable Element, fire-control radar controls and displays, Parallax correctors, a switchboard, and crew to operate it all.
The Mark 1A Fire Control Computer (*pictured*) was an electro-mechanical analog ballistic computer. Its function was to automatically aim the guns so that a fired projectile would collide with the target. This was the same function as the main battery\'s Mk 8 Rangekeeper above except that some of the targets the Mark 1A had to deal with also moved in elevation -- and much faster. For a surface target, the Secondary Battery\'s Fire Control problem is the same as the Main Battery\'s with the same type inputs and outputs. The major difference between the two computers was their ballistics calculations. The amount of gun elevation needed to project a 5-inch (127 mm) shell 9 nmi is different than the elevation needed to project a 16-inch shell the same distance. The ballistics calculations in these mechanical analog computers were performed by mechanisms like differential gears, levers, and small rods riding on the surface of three-dimensional cams. These mechanical adders, multipliers, and table lookup devices were handmade at the factory, and were buried deep in the workings of the computer. It was not possible to change a computer\'s ballistics at sea until the advent of fast digital computers. The anti-aircraft fire control problem was more complicated because it had the additional requirement of tracking the target in elevation and making target predictions in three dimensions. The outputs of the Mk 1A were the same (gun bearing and elevation), except fuze time was added. The fuze time was needed because the ideal of directly hitting the fast moving aircraft with the projectile was impractical. With fuze time set into the shell, it was hoped that it would explode near enough to the target to destroy it with the shock wave and shrapnel. Towards the end of World War II, the invention of the VT proximity fuze eliminated the need to use the fuze time calculation and its possible error. This greatly increased the odds of destroying an air target.
The function of the Mk 6 Stable Element (*pictured*) in this fire control system was the same as the function of the Mk 41 Stable Vertical in the main battery system above. It was a vertical seeking gyroscope that supplied the system with a stable up direction on a rolling and pitching ship. In surface mode, it replaced the director\'s elevation signal. It also had the surface mode firing keys.
The fire-control radar used on the Mk 37 GFCS has evolved. In the 1930s, the Mk 37 Director did not have a radar antenna. Then in September 1941, the rectangular Mk 4 fire-control radar antenna was mounted on top. Soon aircraft flew faster, and in c. 1944 to increase speed and accuracy the Mk 4 was replaced by a combination of the Mk 12 (rectangular antenna) and Mk 22 (parabolic antenna) radars. (*pictured*) Finally, the circular SPG 25 antenna was mounted on top as seen in the USS *Wisconsin* photo at the top of this article. (Look at the Mk 37 Director just above the bridge.)
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Anti-aircraft batteries {#anti_aircraft_batteries}
Since they were designed to escort the US fleet of fast attack aircraft carriers, the *Iowa*-class battleships were all intended to carry anti-aircraft guns to protect US aircraft carriers from Japanese fighters and dive bombers. This array included up to 20 quad 40 mm mounts and 49 single 20 mm mounts. In the 1968 USS *New Jersey* re-activation for service off Vietnam, the 20 mm and 40 mm batteries were removed. In the 1980s re-activation, all the ships with 20 mm and 40 mm batteries had them removed, and four Phalanx CIWS mounts were added to all.
### Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft guns {#oerlikon_20_mm_anti_aircraft_guns}
The Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft gun was one of the most heavily produced anti-aircraft guns of the Second World War; the US alone manufactured a total of 124,735 of these guns. When activated in 1941 these guns replaced the 0.50\"/90 (12.7 mm) M2 Browning MG on a one-for-one basis. The Oerlikon 20 mm AA gun remained the primary anti-aircraft weapon of the United States Navy until the introduction of the 40 mm Bofors AA gun in 1943.
These guns were air-cooled and used a gas blowback recoil system. Unlike other automatic guns employed during World War II the barrel of the 20 mm Oerlikon gun did not recoil, the breechblock never locked against the breech and actually moved forward when the gun fired. This weapon lacked a counter-recoil brake, as the force of the counter-recoil was checked by the explosion of the next round of ammunition.
Between December 1941 and September 1944, 32% of all Japanese aircraft downed were credited to this weapon, with the high point being 48.3% for the second half of 1942. In 1943 the revolutionary Mark 14 Gun Sight was introduced which made these guns even more effective; however, the 20 mm guns were found to be ineffective against the Japanese Kamikaze attacks used during the latter half of World War II. They were subsequently phased out in favor of the heavier 40 mm Bofors AA guns.
### Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns {#bofors_40_mm_anti_aircraft_guns}
Arguably the best light anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, the 40 mm anti-aircraft gun was used on almost every major warship in the US and UK fleets during World War II from about 1943 to 1945. Although a descendant of German and Swedish designs, the Bofors mounts used by the US Navy during World War II had been heavily \"Americanized\" to bring the guns up to the standards placed on them by the US Navy. This resulted in a guns system set to English standards (now known as the Standard System) with interchangeable ammunition, which simplified the logistics situation for World War II. When coupled with electric-hydraulic drives for greater speed and the Mark 51 Director (*pictured*) for improved accuracy, the Bofors 40 mm gun became a fearsome adversary, accounting for roughly half of all Japanese aircraft shot down between 1 October 1944 and 1 February 1945.
When the *Iowa*-class battleships were launched in 1943 and 1944 they carried twenty quad Bofors 40 mm gun mounts, which they used for defense against enemy aircraft. These heavy guns were also employed in the protection of allied aircraft carriers operating in the Pacific Theater of World War II. These guns remained on the battleships *Iowa, Missouri,* and *Wisconsin* from the time they were commissioned until they were reactivated for service in the 1980s. As each battleship arrived for modernization during the early and mid-1980s the Bofors mounts that remained aboard were removed due in large part to the ineffectiveness of such manually aimed weapons against modern day jet fighters and enemy missiles. The replacement for the Bofors guns was the US Navy\'s Phalanx Close-in weapon system (CIWS).
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Anti-aircraft batteries {#anti_aircraft_batteries}
### Phalanx CIWS {#phalanx_ciws}
During their modernization in the 1980s, each *Iowa*-class battleship was equipped with four of the US Navy\'s Phalanx CIWS mounts, two of which sat just behind the bridge and two which were forward and outboard of the after ship\'s funnel. `{{USS|Iowa|BB-61|2}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{USS|New Jersey|BB-62|2}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{USS|Missouri|BB-63|2}}`{=mediawiki} were equipped with the Block 0 version of the Phalanx, while `{{USS|Wisconsin|BB-64|2}}`{=mediawiki} received the first operational Block 1 version in 1988.
Developed as the final line of defense (terminal defense or point defense) against anti-ship missiles, the Phalanx Close in Weapon System (CIWS, pronounced \"*sea-whiz*\") is the anti-aircraft/anti-missile gun currently in use in the US Navy. Due to their distinctive shape, they have been nicknamed \"R2D2s\", in reference to the droid R2-D2 from the Star Wars universe. Designed in the early 1970s by General Dynamics, and currently produced by Raytheon, the Phalanx CIWS mount utilizes a 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling-style cannon to destroy enemy missiles and aircraft that manage to escape surface-to-air missiles fired from friendly ships.
The Phalanx guns work by using a search radar and a tracking radar to follow targets that approach within 1 to 1.5 nmi of the vessel. When a target is within this range the CIWS mount moves to track the target while simultaneously evaluating the target against several preset criteria to determine the next course of action. Depending on whether the target criteria are met, the Phalanx mount automatically engages the incoming target if it is judged to be hostile in nature, or the system recommends that the Phalanx operator engage the target.
Phalanx CIWS mounts were used by *Missouri* and *Wisconsin* during the 1991 Gulf War; *Wisconsin* alone fired 5,200 20 mm Phalanx CIWS rounds. *Missouri* also received Phalanx fire during a \"friendly fire\" incident in which the `{{sclass|Oliver Hazard Perry|frigate|0}}`{=mediawiki} guided missile frigate `{{USS|Jarrett|FFG-33|6}}`{=mediawiki} mistook chaff fired by *Missouri* for a legitimate target and shot at *Missouri*. Rounds from this attack struck the ship in the bulkhead above the famed \"surrender deck\" and bounced off the armor, one round penetrated the forward funnel and passed completely through it, and another round penetrated a bulkhead and embedded in an interior passageway of the ship.
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Missiles
During the modernization in the 1980s, three new weapons were added to the *Iowa*-class battleships. The first was the CIWS anti-aircraft/anti-missile system. The other two were missiles for use against both land and sea targets. At one point the NATO Sea Sparrow was to be installed on the reactivated battleships; however, it was determined that the system could not withstand the over-pressure effects when the main battery was fired.
### Tomahawk land attack missile {#tomahawk_land_attack_missile}
The BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) was first introduced in the 1970s, and entered service with the United States in 1983. Designed as a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile, the Tomahawk was capable of reaching targets at a much greater range than the 16 in guns on the *Iowa*-class ships. When added to the battleships in the 1980s the Tomahawk became the longest-ranged weapon carried by the battleships.
Owing to the original 1938 design of the battleships, the Tomahawk missiles could not be fitted to the *Iowa* class unless the battleships were physically rebuilt to accommodate the missile launchers. This realization prompted the removal of the anti-aircraft guns previously installed on the *Iowas* and the removal of four of each of the battleships\' ten 5\"/38 DP mounts. The mid and aft sections of the battleships\' superstructure was then rebuilt to accommodate the launchers. This resulted in the construction of two separate platforms, one located between the funnels and one located behind the aft funnel, on which MK-143 Armored Box Launcher (ABL) canisters were installed. Each Armored Box Launcher carried four missiles, and each of the battleships was fitted with eight ABLs, enabling the *Iowa*-class to carry and fire a total of 32 Tomahawk missiles.
The type of Tomahawk carried by the battleships varied, as there were three basic configurations for the Tomahawk: the Anti-Ship Missile (TASM), the Land-Attack Missile-Conventional (TLAM-C), and the Land-Attack Missile-Nuclear (TLAM-N). Each version was similar in appearance and used the same airframe body and launcher. The conventional Tomahawk missile could carry a 1000 lb explosive warhead or submunitions which used the missile body to reach their destination. The nuclear variant carried a 200 kt W80 nuclear warhead.
The TLAM could be equipped with an inertial and terrain contour matching (TERCOM) radar guidance package to find and destroy its target. The TERCOM radar used a stored map reference to compare with the actual terrain to determine the missile\'s position. If necessary, a course correction was then made to place the missile on course to the target. Terminal guidance in the target area was provided by the optical Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) system, which compared a stored image of the target with the actual target image.
The firing weight of the Tomahawk was 2650 lb plus a 550 lb booster. It had a cruising speed of 0.5 Mach and an attack speed of 0.75 Mach. The anti-ship version of the Tomahawk had an operating range of 250 nmi and a maximum range of 470 nmi, while the conventional land attack missile version had a maximum range of 675 nmi and TLAM-N had maximum range of 1500 nmi.
During the 1991 Gulf War, USS *Missouri* and USS *Wisconsin* used ABL launchers to fire Tomahawk missiles at Iraqi targets during Operation Desert Storm. *Wisconsin* served as the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Operation Desert Storm and fired a total of 24 of her own TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign.
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# Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
## Missiles
### Harpoon anti-ship missile {#harpoon_anti_ship_missile}
For protection against enemy ships, the *Iowa* class was outfitted with the Harpoon Weapons System. The system consisted of four Mk 141 \"shock-hardened\" quad cell launchers designed to carry and fire the McDonnell Douglas RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile. Each Harpoon was placed in one of four Mk 141 launchers located alongside the aft stack; eight per side, in two pods of four. The weight of the Harpoon at firing was 1530 lb, which included a booster weighing about 362 lb. The cruising speed was 0.87 Mach and the maximum range was 64 nmi in Range and Bearing Launch mode and 85 nmi in Bearing Only Launch mode.
When an *Iowa*-class battleship fired a Harpoon missile, a booster propelled the missile away from the ship; after approximately 5 mi, the booster dropped away. After the booster was discarded a turbojet engine ignited and propelled the missile to the target. The stabilizing and actuator fins, which helped to guide the missile to its target, were stored folded in the canister and sprang into position after launching. These fins directed the missile to the target through inputs from the AN/SWG-1 Harpoon Fire Control System.
The battleships carried and used the RGM/UGM-84 variants of the Harpoon missile, which was designed to be fired by surface ships. The version used a solid-fueled rocket booster in an A/B44G-2 or -3 booster section, which was discarded after burn-out. The maximum range was around 140 km.
After launch, the missile was guided towards the target location as determined by the ship using a three-axis Attitude Reference Assembly (ATA) in an AN/DSQ-44 guidance section. The ATA was less accurate than a full-fledged inertial system, but good enough for Harpoon\'s range. For stabilization and control, the AGM-84A had four fixed cruciform wings (3x BSU-42/B, 1x BSU-43/B) and four movable BSU-44/B tail fins. The missile flew at a low cruise altitude and at a predetermined distance from the expected target position, its AN/DSQ-28 J-band active radar seeker in the nose was activated to acquire and lock on the target. The radar switch-on distance could be set to lower or higher values, the former requiring a more precisely-known target location but reducing the risk to be defeated by enemy Electronic Counter Measures (ECM).
An alternative launch mode was called Bearing-Only Launch (BOL). In this mode, the missile was launched in the general direction of the target, and its radar activated from the beginning to scan for the target in a +/- 45° sector in front of the flight path. Once a target was located and the seeker locked the xGM-84A missile climbed rapidly to about 1800 m before diving on the target in what was known as a \"pop-up maneuver\". The 221 kg (488 lb) WDU-18/B penetrating blast-fragmentation warhead (in the WAU-3(V) /B warhead section) was triggered by a time-delayed impact fuze. When no target was acquired after radar activation, the Harpoon would self-destruct
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# Ryan vs. Dorkman
***Ryan vs. Dorkman***, often abbreviated by fans as ***RvD***, is a series of *Star Wars* fan films, created by Ryan Wieber and Michael \"Dorkman\" Scott, and first released to the internet on March 1, 2003.
## *Ryan vs. Dorkman* {#ryan_vs._dorkman}
*Ryan vs. Dorkman* was produced as an entry in a lightsaber choreography competition hosted by TheForce.net, a prominent *Star Wars* fan site noted for its fan film-making community. According to the official TFN entry for the film, the backstory involves Ryan and Michael, or \"Ryan_W\" and \"DorkmanScott\" as they are known on TheForce.net\'s forums, meeting after their friendly online rivalry over who is the better saber artist escalates too far. The fight to the death will determine once and for all who is the most skilled with a saber.
In mid-2006, the short became a viral video after being posted on such websites as eBaumsworld, CollegeHumor, and the front page of YouTube as a \"Featured Video.\" The YouTube video, which passed one million views by January 30 had over five million views as of March 2010. There were also versions uploaded to Google Video and other sites.
In early 2008 Wieber and Scott re-mastered \"RvD\" and made it available for download on the official site. The re-mastering involved removing the \"greenish-yellow wash,\" re-doing some effects, fixing rotoscoping errors, reversing the effects from the de-interlacing (which gave diagonal lines a \"jagged\" look), re-framing certain cuts and upgrading the audio track from a loud mono track to a softer stereo track. A more detailed explanation of the remastering process was also posted on the site.
Both Ryan and \'Dorkman\' were featured in the music video for Weezer\'s 2008 song \"Pork and Beans\" which included many other internet video stars.
## *Ryan vs. Dorkman 2* {#ryan_vs._dorkman_2}
Wieber and Scott announced in May 2006 that they would be producing a sequel. *Ryan vs. Dorkman 2* (RvD2) was shot in Atlanta, Georgia in August 2006, and featured several technical improvements over the original RvD, such as the fact that it was shot in 24p high-definition, as opposed to the original\'s 30p standard definition. The lightsaber blades also interact with the environment in the form of sparks, burns and other effects which were not present in the original. These were made in collaboration with Bob Forward.
The film\'s score was recorded with a 57 piece orchestra at Capitol Studios in Hollywood. To accomplish this goal, film composers Gordy Haab and Kyle Newmaster donated their time and talents to the project. The film\'s creators solicited donations from fans in order to pay the musicians. M.B Gordy (lead percussionist from *Battlestar Galactica*) provided the percussion.
The film premiered February 24, 2007 at the Wilshire Fine Arts Theatre in Los Angeles, with a screening at the New York Comic Con the following day. The film was released on the internet on March 1, 2007, with a soundtrack DC release later that summer. Within one year, it acquired over 2 million YouTube views and underwent a re-release in full HD.
The film was entered into the 2008 Star Wars Fan Movie Challenge, where it won Best Visual Effects.
In August 2010, *Time* magazine listed it as one of the Top 10 *Star Wars* fanfilms.
## *Ryan vs. Dorkman 3* {#ryan_vs._dorkman_3}
In a behind-the-scenes video from Wieber and Scott, they commented in a May 2007 video on possible plans to do a *Ryan vs. Dorkman 3* sometime in the future. No official timetable was set, but Wieber and Scott stated that they would produce it when they conceived more ideas on how to structure and film that installment, as they did not wish to simply create a rehash of RvD2 that exhibited no substantial advancements in special effects or filmmaking
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# Alexander Theroux
**Alexander Louis Theroux** (born 1939) is an American novelist and poet. He is known for his novel *Darconville\'s Cat* (1981), which was selected by Anthony Burgess for his book-length essay *Ninety-Nine Novels: The Best in English Since 1939 -- A Personal Choice* in 1984 and by Larry McCaffery for his 20th Century\'s Greatest Hits list.
He was awarded the Lannan Literary Award for Fiction in 1991 and the Clifton Fadiman Medal for Fiction in 2002 by the Mercantile Library in New York City. He is the brother of novelist Paul Theroux and writer/translator Peter Theroux as well as the uncle of documentarian Louis Theroux, novelist Marcel Theroux, and actor Justin Theroux.
## Early life {#early_life}
Theroux was born in Medford, Massachusetts, the first son of Catholic parents; his mother, Anne (born Dittami), was Italian American, and his father, Albert Eugene Theroux, was French Canadian. His mother was a grammar school teacher and his father was a salesman for the American Leather Oak company. Theroux graduated from Medford High School; he attended Boys State in Amherst, Massachusetts, was class president in 1956, and was a starting member of the Medford High School basketball team.
He entered the Trappist Monastery at St. Joseph\'s Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts in 1958, and then the Franciscan Seminary at Callicoon, New York in 1960. He earned his Bachelor of Arts at St. Francis College in 1964. He earned a masters of arts in English literature in 1965, and his doctorate in English literature, 1968 at the University of Virginia, where he won the Schubert Playwrighting Fellowship in 1967. He belonged to both the Raven Society and the Society of the Purple Shadows.
He spent a year on a Fulbright Grant in London in 1969. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974.
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# Alexander Theroux
## Career
### Academic
He taught at the University of Virginia in 1968 and at Harvard University as Brigg-Copeland Lecturer from 1973 to 1979. He was writer-in-residence at Phillips Academy in Andover from 1979 to 1982. He taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1982 to 1987 and at Yale University from 1987 to 1991. He has also lived in England, Estonia, and France.
### Literary
*Three Wogs*, his first novel, was written during a stay in London and was briefly considered by the actor Roy Dotrice for performance by BBC television. *Darconville's Cat*, his second novel, was nominated for the National Book Award.
He published the fable *Master Snickup's Cloak*, which was illustrated by Brian Froud, in 1979. That followed two other fables, *The Schinocephalic Waif* and *The Wragby Cars*, with illustrations by Stan Washburn, in 1975.
In 1987, he published *An Adultery*. *Laura Warholic*, his longest and most satirical novel, was published in 2007.
His non-fiction books on color, *The Primary Colors* (1994) and *The Secondary Colors* (1996), were briefly on the best-seller lists in Los Angeles.
As a writer, he is known for his encyclopedic, highly allusive style and learned wit. Critic Colin Marshall wrote "Defending of his prose, Theroux once likened it to \'a Victorian attic.\' He delivers more inner life than outer, more desire for vengeance than for anything else, and more sheer stuff per page---stuff you don\'t expect---than in any other novels." Steven Moore called him an \"overlooked modern master\".
Literary broadcaster Michael Silverblatt once questioned Theroux\'s \"perverse appreciation\" at how inaccessible his books are thought to be.
> "Perhaps he sees his finely-wrought works of language and their lack of purchase on the culture as an apocalyptic indictment of that culture, of the intellectually (and especially verbally) careless society that could corrupt them. Were I him, I feel as if I'd want revenge: against lazy readers, against unengaged critics, against risk-averse publishers. But maybe, given what they're all missing out on, he's already taking it."
Theroux\'s work has been published in *Esquire*, *The London Magazine*, *Antaeus*, *The New York Times*, *Harper's Magazine*, *The Massachusetts Review*, *Art & Antiques*, *Mississippi Review*, *Review of Contemporary Fiction*, *Chicago Tribune*, and *San Diego Reader*. His poems have appeared in *The Yale Review*, *The Paris Review*, *Poetry East*, *Conjunctions*, *Graham House Review*, *The San Diego Reader*, *Exquisite Corpse*, *Denver Quarterly*, *The Literary Quarterly*, *Urbanus Magazine*, *Boulevard*, *The Michigan Quarterly Review*, *Rain Taxi*, *Review of Contemporary Fiction*, *Image*, *Helicoptero*, *Seneca Review*, *The Recorder*, *The Journal of the American Irish Historical Society*, *3rd Bed*, *Fence*, *Anomaly*, *Subdrive*, *Sahara Sahara*, *Nantucket Magazine*, *Gobshite Quarterly*, *Gargoyle Magazine*, *Italian-American*, *Bomb*, *Provincetown Arts*, *Green Mountains Review*, and *The Hopkins Review*.
## Plagiarism controversy {#plagiarism_controversy}
In 1995, *The New York Times* reported that one of its readers had noted the similarity of six passages in Theroux\'s 1994 survey of *The Primary Colors* with a 1954 book *Song of the Sky* by Guy Murchie. Theroux attributed the matter to \"stupidity and bad note taking,\" noting that he had read hundreds of books for *The Primary Colors*. Theroux\'s editor said that future editions would credit Murchie\'s work, or remove the passages. A few months later, Theroux published a lengthy defense in the *San Diego Reader*.
## Selected awards {#selected_awards}
- Schubert Playwrighting Award (1967)
- Fulbright Grant (1969--1970)
- Guggenheim Grant (1974)
- National Book Award nominee (twice)
- Clifton Fadiman Medal from the Mercantile Library (2002)
- Lannan Foundation Grant (1991)
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# Alexander Theroux
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Novels
- *Three Wogs* (1972)
- *Darconville\'s Cat* (1981)
- *An Adultery* (1987)
- *Laura Warholic or, The Sexual Intellectual* (2007)
- *Cape Cod Tales* (2024)
### Fables
- *The Schinocephalic Waif* (1975)
- *The Great Wheadle Tragedy* (1975)
- *Master Snickup\'s Cloak* (1979)
### Poetry
- *The Lollipop Trollops* (1992)
- *Collected Poems* (2015)
- *Truisms* (2022)
- *Godfather Drosselmeier's Tears & Other Poems* (2023)
- *Truisms II* (2024)
### Short fiction {#short_fiction}
- *Early Stories* (2021)
- *Fables* (2021)
- *Later Stories* (2022)
### Non-fiction {#non_fiction}
- *The Primary Colors* (1994)
- *The Secondary Colors* (1996)
- *The Enigma of Al Capp* (1999)
- *The Strange Case of Edward Gorey* (2000) (revised, updated edition 2011) --- winner of the 2001 Firecracker Alternative Book Award for Nonfiction
- *Estonia: A Ramble Through the Periphery* (2011)
- *The Grammar of Rock: Art and Artlessness in 20th Century Pop Lyrics* (2013)
- *Einstein\'s Beets: An Examination of Food Phobias* (2017)
- *Artists Who Kill & Other Essays on Art* (2023)
- *American Candy and Other Essays* (2025)
### Critical studies {#critical_studies}
- Jo Allen Bradham, \"The American Scholar: From Emerson to Alexander Theroux\'s *Darconville\'s Cat*. *Critique* 24.4 (Summer 1983): 215-27.
- Larry McCaffery, \"And Still They Smooch: Erotic Visions and Re-visions in Postmodern American Fiction.\" *Revue Française d\'Etudes Américaines* 9.20 (May 1984): 275--87.
- Steven Moore, \"Alexander Theroux\'s *Darconville\'s Cat* and the Tradition of Learned Wit.\" *Contemporary Literature* 27.2 (Summer 1986): 233--45.
- Michael Pinker, \"Cupid and Vindice: The Novels of Alexander Theroux.\" *Denver Quarterly* 24.3 (Winter 1990): 101--24.
- \"Alexander Theroux/Paul West Number\", *The Review of Contemporary Fiction* 11.1 (Spring 1991): 7--139.
- Sam Endrigkeit. "'Do Your Worst': Maximalism and Intertextuality in Alexander Theroux\'s *Darconville's Cat.*\" Thesis, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2015. [1](https://www.academia.edu/18164223/_Do_Your_Worst_Maximalism_and_Intertextuality_in_Alexander_Theroux_s_Darconville_s_Cat)
- Steven Moore. *Alexander Theroux: A Fan\'s Notes*. Los Angeles: Zerogram Press, 2020. `{{ISBN|978-1-55713-446-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- Greg Gerke, \"An Adultery.\" In his *See What I See*. Los Angeles: Zerogram Press, 2021, 112--16
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# Chris Tashima
**Christopher Inadomi Tashima** (born March 24, 1960) is a Japanese American actor and director. He is co-founder of the entertainment company Cedar Grove Productions and Artistic Director of its Asian American theatre company, Cedar Grove OnStage. Tashima directed, co-wrote, and starred in the 26-minute film *Visas and Virtue* for which he and producer Chris Donahue won the 1998 Academy Award for Live Action Short Film.
## Personal
Tashima was born on the East Coast, while his father (Judge A. Wallace Tashima) attended Harvard Law School, but grew up in California. He lived in Pasadena, where he began Suzuki Method violin at age 6. His family moved to Berkeley, where he lived for nine years, attending The College Preparatory School. He returned to Southern California, graduating from John Marshall High School (1978). He attended UC Santa Cruz (Porter College), where he studied film production. He also attended UCLA, and took additional filmmaking courses at Visual Communications (VC). He started his acting career at East West Players in 1985. He is the son of U.S. Circuit Judge A. Wallace Tashima.
He currently resides in Los Angeles, California.
## Actor
Tashima stars as the romantic lead opposite Joan Chen in Eric Byler\'s *Americanese*, an unreleased feature from IFC First Take. The film won two awards after its world premiere at the SXSW Film Festival, including a Special Jury Prize for Outstanding Ensemble Cast. He has also appeared in Sherwood Hu\'s *Lani Loa - The Passage* (1998) with Angus Macfadyen, and Rea Tajiri\'s *Strawberry Fields* (1997) with Suzy Nakamura. He starred opposite Tamlyn Tomita in the 1995 AFI short, *Requiem*, directed by actress Elizabeth Sung. Tashima also played the real-life historical figure, journalist and civil rights advocate Sei Fujii in George Shaw\'s and Jeffrey Gee Chin\'s short film, *Lil Tokyo Reporter*. He also played GameKeeper (Mr. Chan) in the film *RPG*.
His stage credits include originating roles in Ken Narasaki\'s *No-No Boy*, Chay Yew's *A Language of Their Own* (LA Weekly Theater Award for Ensemble Performance, shared with Noel Alumit, Anthony David and Dennis Dun) at Celebration Theatre, Laurence Yep\'s *Dragonwings* at Berkeley Repertory Theatre -- on Tour and at Zellerbach Playhouse, (reprised at Intiman Playhouse by Seattle Children\'s Theatre, Alliance Theatre Company in Atlanta, and Syracuse Stage), Tim Toyama\'s *Visas and Virtue*, at the Road Theatre Company, and Wakako Yamauchi\'s *The Memento* at East West Players.
## Director
Tashima won an Academy Award for Live Action Short Film with producer Chris Donahue, for *Visas and Virtue* (1997), which he directed, co-wrote (adapting the one-act play by Toyama), and starred in. To produce *Visas and Virtue*, he co-founded Cedar Grove Productions in 1996, with Toyama and Donahue.
Tashima directed, co-wrote and acted in *Day of Independence* (2003), a half-hour television special for PBS, produced by Lisa Onodera, which received a Regional Emmy Nomination from the NATAS San Francisco/Northern California Chapter, in the category of Historical/Cultural --- Program/Special.
His stage directing credits include the world premiere of Dan Kwong\'s *Be Like Water* produced by East West Players, in association with Cedar Grove OnStage, in September 2008. He has directed several shows with the Grateful Crane Ensemble, including the world premiere of Soji Kashiwagi\'s *Nihonmachi: The Place To Be*, presented in San Francisco in 2006.
## Professional
Tashima is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, in the Short Films Branch, and was elected Branch Governor in June, 2024. He belongs to the Directors Guild of America, Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, Actors\' Equity Association and the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society.
He is also a stage set designer. He won a 1995 Ovation Award for Best Set Design in a Smaller Theater, for *Sweeney Todd*, and a 1992 Drama-Logue Award for Scenic Design (shared with Christopher Komuro) for *Into The Woods*, both at East West Players.
Tashima served as producer of the 1990 world premiere of *Maui, December 7, 1941*, a play by Jon Shirota, based on his novel, \"Lucky Come Hawaii.\" Directed by Mako, the World War II comedy was presented at the InnerCity Cultural Center in Los Angeles, and received a nomination from the LA Weekly, for \"Production of the Year
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# John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)
John Kelly}} `{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = John Kelly
|honorific-suffix =
|image =
|imagesize =
|alt =
|caption =
|constituency_AM = [[Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency)|Mid Ulster]]
|assembly = Northern Ireland
|majority =
|term_start = 25 June 1998
|term_end = 26 November 2003
|predecessor = [[Belfast Agreement|''New Creation'']]
|successor = [[Geraldine Dougan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1936|4|5|df=y}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Alonso | first = Rogerio | title = The IRA and Armed Struggle | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2006 | page = 38 | isbn = 978-0415396110}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
|death_date = {{death date and age|2007|9|6|1936|4|5|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Maghera]], [[County Londonderry]]
|restingplace =
|birthname = John Kelly
|nationality = Irish
|party = [[Sinn Féin]]
|otherparty =
|spouse = Philomena Kelly
|relations =
|children = Bronagh Kelly
|residence =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|profession =
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**John Kelly** (5 April 1936 -- 6 September 2007) was an Irish republican politician in Northern Ireland. He joined the Irish Republican Army in the 1950s, and was a founder member and a leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army in the early 1970s.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
John Kelly was born in Belfast, County Antrim, in 1936. Later in life he moved to Maghera, County Londonderry, where he lived until his death in 2007. He and his wife had a daughter. He was a dedicated member of local Gaelic Athletic Association club Watty Graham\'s Glen and a keen supporter of Gaelic games and the Irish language.
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# John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)
## IRA member {#ira_member}
Kelly joined the IRA in the early 1950s when he was 18 and took part in the Border Campaign of 1956--62, but was arrested in December 1956 and was imprisoned until 1963. He was a member of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1967--69 which led on to sectarian riots in Belfast. A leader of the newly formed Provisional IRA in 1969, he was involved in the formation of \"citizens\' defence groups\" to protect nationalist areas of Belfast from loyalist rioters who were largely unhampered by the police.
### Prison record {#prison_record}
He was jailed on three occasions for IRA related activity spending a total of fifteen years in prison in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. His first term was for his activity in the 1956 IRA border campaign, He also served a six-month term in 1973 in the Republic of Ireland for being a member of the IRA.
Commenting later on the Troubles, he said: \"*Yes, it was a terrible period. But you can\'t turn the clock back. The Irish government did not create the Provisional IRA. What happened was as inevitable as the changing seasons.*\"
### Arms Trial {#arms_trial}
The citizens\' defence groups sought help from the government in Dublin in 1969, then led by Jack Lynch. Several ministers responded and arranged a fund of £100,000 but the planned arms shipment failed. Kelly later said: \"*These discussions were all about guns. The whole thing was government-sponsored, government-backed and government-related.*\" The planning included travel to Britain, Europe, and on to the US where he met the founders of Noraid. Kelly was one of the co-defendants in the subsequent Dublin \"Arms Trial\" with ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, accused of conspiring to import arms illegally into the Republic of Ireland. The trial eventually collapsed from a lack of evidence, as the relevant government files were kept secret, but the Irish government sacked several ministers as a result.
## Councillor and MLA 1997--2003 {#councillor_and_mla_19972003}
Kelly went into electoral politics, serving on Magherafelt District Council from 1997. He was elected in the 1998 election to the Northern Ireland Assembly as a Sinn Féin member for Mid Ulster. Kelly was deselected before the 2003 election, and criticised the decision by the Sinn Féin leadership to support policing reforms. In January 2006 he co-wrote a letter with Brendan Hughes which cast doubt on the claims that dissident republicans had threatened Sinn Féin leaders and claimed that the real threats were being made by the Sinn Féin leadership against those who sought a debate on policing. He left Sinn Féin which he considered too controlled from the centre, opposing the leadership: \"*deceit and the philosophy of creative ambiguity*\", and retired from politics.
Kelly died from cancer on 6 September 2007 after a long illness. Many tributes have been paid to him including a minute\'s silence before the Derry Senior Football Championship quarter final between An Lúb and Dungiven on 8 September 2007, at the home of his local club, Watty Graham Park, Glen. A Na Piarsaigh Belfast GAC jersey was draped over his coffin before he was interred
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# Šlegovo
**Šlegovo** (*Куклица*) is a small village in the municipality of Kratovo, North Macedonia. It is believed that it was founded and settled by Sasi-German Saxons.
## Demographics
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 373 inhabitants
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# Karlene Davis
**Dame Karlene Cecile Davis**, DBE (born 10 October 1946) is a former General Secretary of the Royal College of Midwives, Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Midwifery, Regional Representative for Europe in the International Confederation of Midwives, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, and a member of the Wellbeing Council at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
Born and raised in Jamaica, Davis emigrated to the UK in 1967 to train as a nurse and later as a midwife before going on to teach midwifery. Her goal is to see midwives acknowledged as the \"lead professionals in maternity care, working together to enhance the wider public health both nationally and internationally\".
Davis was appointed General Secretary of The Royal College of Midwives in 1994 and served until October 2008. In her period of leadership Davis transformed the RCM into the modern professional membership organisation and effective trade union that it is today. She instituted the Annual Midwifery Awards, which recognises midwives for the crucial role they play in the health of women and families.
In 2001 Davis was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to the National Health Service and midwifery.
She was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Greenwich. She has become one of the most senior black women in the health profession and the UK\'s first black woman trade union leader. Davis received an honorary doctorate from the University of the West Indies In 2013 Davis was appointed as the chair of the advisory board of *Bounty*, a neo-natal marketing organization based in the UK
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# Fred Everiss
**Fred Everiss** (1882--1951) was secretary-manager of the English football club West Bromwich Albion for 46 years from 1902 to 1948, later serving the club as a director after retirement in 1948. Everiss led Albion to the League Title in the 1919--20 season and to the FA Cup in 1931.
Everiss joined Albion\'s office staff in 1896. He was appointed secretary-manager in 1902, a post he would hold until 1948. His 46 years in the job technically make him English football\'s longest-serving manager of all time, although much of his combined role was administrative, and the job of picking the team was left to the directors. Indeed, Albion did not create the full-time post of \'manager\' until Everiss left his position. He was made a director upon his retirement in 1948 but died three years later in 1951 at the age of 68.
Everiss\' son Alan joined the Albion staff in 1933. He was associated with the club for 66 years, serving as clerk, assistant-secretary, secretary, director and life member until his death in 1999 at the age of 81
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# Cyberwar (video game)
***Cyberwar*** is a DOS game based on the film *The Lawnmower Man* and a direct sequel to the video game adaptation of the film, which itself takes place after the film. It was released in 1994 by SCi. Ports were announced for the Sega CD, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, and in Japan only for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation, but only the PlayStation version was released.
## Gameplay
The player assumes the role of Dr. Angelo, sent in to virtual reality to defeat Jobe, who was born with an intellectual disability but increased his brain capacity by 400% using virtual reality, then eventually left his physical body and entered VR permanently. The various gameplay elements are based on the virtual reality segments seen in the original film. For instance, one of the levels has the player flying through tunnels while avoiding multiple objects, much like one of the games in the film.
If the player misses any part of any challenge, they reach a game over. *Cyberwar* consists of three discs but also includes a CD with the soundtrack featured in the game.
## Reception
A reviewer for *Next Generation* gave the PC version two out of five stars, calling it \"little more than a rehash of SCI\'s original title *The Lawnmower Man* with slightly changed action sequences and the 256-color graphics supposed to be included the first time.\"
On release, *Famicom Tsūshin* scored the PlayStation version of the game an 18 out of 40. Reviewing it as an import, *Next Generation* gave it two out of five stars, razing it for its extremely limited interactivity
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# Boston University Medical Campus
The **Boston University Medical Campus** (**BUMC**) is one of the three campuses of Boston University, the others being the *Charles River Campus* and the *Fenway Campus*. The campus is situated in the South End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. In conjunction with the Charles River Campus, BUMC provides the *Boston University Shuttle* (BUS) to transport students, staff, and faculty between campuses. The current provost of BUMC is Karen H. Antman.
## Schools
- School of Medicine
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences
- School of Public Health
- Goldman School of Dental Medicine
## Research institutes and centers {#research_institutes_and_centers}
- Alzheimer\'s Disease Center
- Amyloid Treatment & Research Center
- Behavioral Development & Mental Retardation, Center for
- Boston University Area Health Education Center
- Cancer Research Center
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program
- Genetics Program
- Hearing Research Center
- Human Genetics, Center for
- International Health, Center for
- NeuroMuscular Research Center
- New England & Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center
- Primary Care, Center for
- Pulmonary Center
- Pulmonary Hypertension Center
- Sexual Medicine, Institute of
- Sickle Cell Disease, Center of Excellence In
- Vitamin D Research Center
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute
- Women\'s Health Interdisciplinary Research Center
## Other departments {#other_departments}
- [Alumni Medical Library](https://www.bumc.bu.edu/medlib/)
### Public Safety Department {#public_safety_department}
The BUMC Public Safety Department employs about 125 public safety officers who are charged with ensuring the safety and security of all patients, staff, students, and visitors within and around the medical center grounds. Public Safety officers provide motorist assistance, lost and found, and night escort service for the campus. Although not a police department, many of the officers have arrest powers as Special State Police Officers. Officers on campus respond to high-stress and emergency situations on a daily basis and make frequent arrests of violators within and around the campus. The public safety department conducts investigations for violations of University and/or Hospital policies and procedures, and suspected criminal acts. This department is a separate entity from the Boston University Police Department
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# Los ricos también lloran
***Los ricos también lloran*** (\"The Rich Also Cry\") is a popular telenovela produced in Mexico in 1979, starring Verónica Castro, Rogelio Guerra and Rocío Banquells. Castro also sang the theme *Aprendí a Llorar* (\"I learned to cry\"), a song written by Lolita de la Colina. The telenovela was produced by Valentín Pimstein and Carlos Romero, it was directed by Rafael Banquells. The story was written by Inés Rodena and adapted by Valeria Philips.
*Los Ricos También Lloran* aired in 1991--1992 in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states. It was shown on one of the central TV channels and became the second ever non-Soviet TV series aired in the Soviet Union, after a re-edited condensed version of *Escrava Isaura*. It was watched virtually by the whole population and became for a long time a reference point, with multiple traces in Soviet and post-Soviet popular culture.
## Plot
In the first part, Mariana Villarreal lives on a ranch in the state of Guanajuato with her father Leonardo, a dying landowner who is presumed to be ruined. Don Leonardo has taken refuge in alcohol, since the death of Mariana\'s mother, and since he suffered an accident that left him paralyzed. Because of this vice, Mariana grew up totally deprived of good manners and education. The young woman has come to behave savage, dirty and untidy, but no matter what anyone thinks of her she is very happy. Her father, regretting not having watched over her all these years, and knowing that he will die very soon, he is sure that his daughter will not lack anything when she receives her inheritance; where he leaves stipulated that all his fortune will remain in Mariana\'s hands, when he dies.
Unfortunately, the old man dies, leaving Mariana at the mercy of his cruel wife Irma, and her lover, Diego. Irma makes everyone believe that Diego is her cousin when in reality Diego is her husband. Irma married Don Leonardo for mere economic interest, never loved him, and she was the one who fomented his vice for alcohol, so that he would leave the administration of his properties, and thus be unable to manage his fortune. She always made him and Mariana believe that they were bankrupt, when in truth they were enormously rich. With the death of Don Leonardo, and believing herself the owner of everything, Irma expels Mariana from the hacienda, without caring about her fate.
Mariana manages to reach the capital, and forms a friendship with a poor young man named Pascual, better known as \"Pato\", who kindly offers his humble home to live. Shortly after her arrival, Mariana is helped by a priest, the well-known Father Adrián. He speaks with a great friend of his, the millionaire Don Alberto Salvatierra to take her to live at his home, and to give Mariana a job as a servant.
Don Alberto, knowing of the early arrival of his son, the arrogant, and handsome Luis Alberto, comes up with a brilliant idea. His plan is to let Mariana live with the family to annoy Luis Alberto. Mariana is to not work as an employee in his home, but rather as \"part of the Salvatierra family\". Don Alberto wants Mariana to feel comfortable in their home by including her to eat with his family during meal times at the table, without any restrictions. Don Alberto believes that he can annoy him with Mariana and that he can make his son, Luis Alberto change his attitude of laziness and irresponsibility, and become the productive, hardworking and successful man he has always wanted to have as a son. This crazy occurrence is taken with great annoyance by his wife, Doña Elena and her niece Esther. Doña Elena lives worried about the welfare of her son, refuses to believe about the deplorable state in which Luis Alberto has fallen, affirming that in fact he is \"sick\", and that he needs the care of everyone. She has always spoiled him and Luis Alberto is spoiled by his mother and for this reason, this has ended up gratifying Don Alberto, so he is willing to continue with his plan at any cost. Don Alberto and his son, Luis Alberto do not have a close relationship with each other, they argue a lot.
Don Alberto is fond of Mariana, feels great satisfaction in helping her and educating her, since he sees in her a promising future. Don Alberto and Mariana build a good father, daughter relationship and they learn to trust each other. With the arrival of Luis Alberto, there is a deep resentment on the part of the young man towards Mariana; since he thinks that his father\'s plan is to treat Mariana better than he treats him, and thinks that his father\'s plan is to annoy him. As a result, Luis Alberto decides to play along; just for fun, and to annoy his father back, while Doña Elena believes that her son will change his attitude if he marries his niece Esther. Esther also wants Luis Alberto to marry her because of his family\'s money, since it is her dream of achieving the Salvatierra\' richness, and she will not allow anyone to prevent her from marrying Luis Alberto to be rich. As time pass, Luis Alberto cannot believe that he has really fallen in love with Mariana. The young woman managed to conquer him with her sweetness and simplicity, and he is willing to unite his life with her for life.
Esther goes to live at the house of the Salvatierra along with her nana Ramona, who loves her unconditionally and hides a great secret. Esther also finds out about the relationship between Luis Alberto and Mariana, and makes a plan to separate them. She lies, saying that she is pregnant and that the baby she is waiting for is Luis Alberto\'s. Don Alberto and his wife believe in what Esther says, and force Luis Alberto to comply with his \"man\'s word\" by marrying her. Esther achieves her goal, and soon becomes the brand new lady of Salvatierra. Mariana, very hurt, decides to leave the house of Don Alberto, and gets a position as secretary in their company.
Mariana goes to live in a decent apartment and meets a beautiful girl named Patricia, who becomes her best friend. All the effort that Don Alberto has done for Mariana in making her to become a well mannered young lady, has paid off for Mariana; Now Mariana is another person. She is cultured, refined, educated, well dressed and well spoken. Mariana is no longer that \"savage girl\" that once arrived at the luxurious home that belongs to the Salvatierra family. Mariana attempts to forget her love towards Luis Alberto, and she start to courtship with a young and brilliant architect of the company that is owned by Don Alberto; Leonardo Mendizábal.
Esther manages to get Luis Alberto to marry her and pretends to have an abortion. Esther is Diego\'s lover. Later it is discovered that Ramona is the real mother of Esther, who loses the reason. Esther, who is now pregnant with Diego\'s baby, dies of complications while giving birth. Ramona repents, and asks Mariana for forgiveness and becomes unconditional with her needs.
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# Los ricos también lloran
## Plot
Earlier and during the 1st part is a subplot of deception and murder. Luis de la Parra, old friend of Don Leonardo, visited him then learns of his death and goes in search of Mariana, since he has in his possession the testament of his father. Irma fears losing the inheritance and demands Diego, her lover, to find Mariana in Mexico City. Luis de la Parra hires an investigator to locate Mariana, but soon dies of a heart attack unknowing that Don Alberto knew him and gave him the testament shortly before his death, which is forgotten. Diego manages to infiltrate the house of the Salvatierra family in order to find Mariana. Diego meets Fernando Branduardi a Gangster and night club owner of Club 2000. Fernando finds interest in the inheritance of Diego and Irma. He starts an affair with Irma while Diego tries to convince Mariana to marry him, but Mariana is engaged to Leonardo and Diego fails at this point.
Fernando sends a hit man (Ramiro) to kill Mariana at her apartment, but kills Patricia who mistakes her for Mariana for wearing a wig similar to her hair. As the subplot thickens Ramiro sells Mariana\'s engagement ring after stealing various things and after Patricia\'s murder. When Fernando finds out Ramiro sold the ring and the police uncovers it, Fernando orders Ramiro to be murdered. This makes Irma and Diego worried, because of Diego\'s affair with Esther and his infiltration and connection with Fernando. This makes Irma and Diego guilty. The fake Dr. Francisco Gómez Ocampo who is an associate of Fernando, who was extorting money from Esther, has failed the attempt at the inheritance, and the Police questioning their motives has made them avoid Fernando. Luis Alberto becomes suspicious of their activities in the interim. Fernando instructs Irma to summon Diego to his club after hours, with everything lost, Fernando plots to kill him. Diego kills Fernando with a metal statue over his head. The police finally track down Dr. Ocampo, who knew of the murders Fernando ordered and Irma\'s and Diego\'s involvement. After much questioning Irma breaks down and reveals everything. With that being said the Salvatierra\'s find out of Mariana\'s inheritance at the end of the 1st part with the testament that Don Alberto had in his possession. So, Mariana marries Luis Alberto and appears like things are both in love and things are working out for both. Mariana will still know in her apparent poverty the happiness that only love can give, but when her true destiny is discovered, she will learn that the rich also cry.
In the Second part, Mariana waits for a son of Luis Alberto; but by a misunderstanding, Luis Alberto believes that Mariana deceived him with Leonardo Mendizábal and that the child she expects is not his. Mariana sick by her pregnancy, travels to Brazil where Jose Luis is on a contract job to convince him but he rejects her. Luis Alberto\'s parents are on vacation in Europe. After a telegram is sent for Luis Alberto to return to Mexico City and await the birth of his son. Luis Alberto angry, sends her a telegram wanting a divorce and to give the baby\'s name Leonardo Mendizábal . Mariana loses her mind and she is shocked about the telegram, and wanders out of the house forlorn disappearing from the residence. Ramona after reading the telegram heads out to find Mariana. She passes out in the street and taken to a hospital in her final terms of her pregnancy, refusing to eat, falling in a deep depression and wanting to die. Mariana gives birth to her son and continues to walk the streets and lost in the world. Mariana gives her son unwittingly in her mental state to Cho\'le, a lottery ticket seller. Mariana never returns and Cho\'le along with her friend Felipa accept to takes care of the baby boy as their own; she only knows that the baby boy\'s name is Alberto (Beto). Mariana realizes what she has done and is desperate to find her baby boy. She is admitted to a phystratric hospital after saying she has given birth to a baby boy and missing for three days. Mariana reconciles with Luis Alberto and together they begin the search for the lost child, but to no avail, all hope is lost, however, Mariana\'s mother intuition wants to continue her search. Mariana recovers from her insanity, and Luis Alberto brings a baby home to adopt. Mariana then realizes that the baby is a girl, Luis Alberto convinces Mariana to keep the baby, but Marina vows to find her son. Luis Alberto and Mariana agree to adopt the baby girl whom they name María Isabel.
Seven years pass and Marina is still bothered by Beto missing, she continues to go back to the same place where she gave him away in hopes to find Beto. Luis Alberto tries to convince Mariana to forget but she is headstrong in her search even to risk her marriage and it drives Luis Alberto away. She unexpectedly bumps into Beto and buys him gifts. Sara the maid starts an illicit affair with Luis Alberto. Ramona warns Sara to stay away from Luis Alberto. It is not until Mariana discovers the affair and fires Sara from her job.
Forward to ten years; Maria Isabel has grown up to be a spoiled and rebellious girl. On the other hand, Beto has grown up in Cho\'le\'s care in a poor neighborhood, but a humble lifestyle. Later, they meet and they start a friendship/love relationship, but then they find out they are related and they both end the relationship, which makes it difficult for both of them. Cho\'le has been ill with her leg and in turn she has been wanting to tell Beto about his adoption, but she keeps hesitating to tell him the truth. We find Sara married to Juan Manuel who is a degenerate gambler and broke and starts extorting money from Luis Alberto to blackmail him about Maria Isabel\'s adoption. While vividly Mariana is losing hope of ever finding her son. Fate will take care of reuniting Mariana and her son. She bumps into Beto twice while he is selling lottery tickets. Cho\'le gets hit by a bus and requires surgery and plasma. Beto desperate with no money bumps into his friend Sebastian who is a house thief. Sebastian convinces Beto to enter the Salvatierra \'s home to robb them so that he can pay for Cho\'le\'s operation. Mariana, when she learns the reasons that forced him to commit the crime, she becomes his protector without Luis Alberto\'s approval. Mariana goes to see Cho\'le at the hospital and learns that Beto is her lost son. When Cho\'le confesses how Beto got to her, Mariana suffers a faint. From that point forward, Mariana takes care of Beto, without confessing that Beto is her son to Beto or to Luis Alberto. Mariana then buys him clothes, gives him private teachers and gets him a luxurious apartment, which he and Cho\'le live with Felipa. Luis Alberto vowed to Mariana that he would never accept a thief in his family, this pushes Mariana to help Beto become a respectable young man to present him before her husband and to reveal that he is not a disgrace.
Mariana\'s visits to the apartment bring her problems with Luis Alberto, and María Isabel. Sara, who sees Mariana with Beto, thinks that she has a lover, Sara begins to blackmail Mariana with revealing everything to Luis Alberto. After a final pay out, Sara accidentally kills Juan Manuel by pushing him on to a brick chimney and tries to escape from the police, Sara is charge with murder. Then there is Joanna Smith, who later is revealed to be María Isabel\'s biological mother and cause\'s issues between Mariana\'s and María Isabel\'s relationship.
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# Los ricos también lloran
## Plot
In the end, the truth will be discovered when Luis Alberto, believes that Beto is Mariana\'s lover, tries to shoot him, but remembers the words that the private investigator told him and leaves the apartment. Luis Alberto goes on a trip because he has learned that his mother has died abroad. Afterwards, Luis Alberto and his father come back to Mexico and they decide to leave the house. Meanwhile, Cho\'le and Felipa make plans in running away with Beto, so that Mariana does not take away her son. The next day Mariana goes to the apartment and cannot find anyone, and she learns that they are going to take a train and she follows them to Monterrey; with much effort, Mariana does convinces them to come back. On the other hand, Mariana also needs to faced this situation with Luis Alberto. Mariana then reveals to Luis Alberto that Beto is their lost son. Beto is accepted by Luis Alberto and then Beto comes to live in the house with the whole family. The Salvatierra have a party; at this party, María Isabel and Beto reveal their love to one another. They tell about their relationship and about their relationship; Mariana and Luis Alberto reconcile; after all the trials and tribulations, the Salvatierra family live happily ever after.
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# Los ricos también lloran
## Full cast {#full_cast}
- Verónica Castro as Mariana Villareal
- Rogelio Guerra as Luis Alberto Salvatierra Izaguirre
- Rocío Banquells as Esther Izaguirre
- Christian Bach as Joanna Smith
- Rafael Banquells as Adrián
- Augusto Benedico as Don Alberto Salvatierra
- Guillermo Capetillo as Alberto Salvatierra Villareal \"Beto\"
- Ada Carrasco as Felipa
- Estela Chacón as Virginia enfermera
- Aurora Clavel as Mama Cho\'le López
- Edith González as Mara Isabel Castañeda Smith
- Alicia Rodríguez as Doña Elena Izaguirre de Salvatierra
- Yolanda Mérida as Ramona
- Ricardo Cortés as Juan Manuel
- Marina Dorell as Sara González
- Arturo Lorca as Jaime
- Magda Haller as Doña Rosario
- Robertha as Roberta
- Columba Domínguez as María (`{{abbr|No.|Number}}`{=mediawiki} 1)
- Marilú Elízaga as Doña Elena Izaguirre de Salvatierra
- Connie de la Mora as Patricia Medina
- Manuel Guízar as Dr. Francisco Campos
- Flor Procuna as Irma Ramos, viuda de Villareal
- Miguel Palmer as Diego Ávila (No. 1)
- Fernando Luján as Diego Ávila (No. 2)
- Carlos Fernández as Carlos Castañeda
- Edgar Wald
- Carlos Cámara as Fernando Branduardi
- Fernando Mendoza as Don Leonardo Villarreal
- Jose Elias Moreno as Pascual \"Pato\"
- Maricruz Nájera as María (No. 2)
- Maleni Morales
- Leonardo Daniel as Leonardo Mendizábal
- María Teresa Rivas as Sor Ursula
- Leticia Perdigón as Lilí
- Socorro Bonilla as Virginia
- Victoria Vera as Victoria \"La Tormentosa\"
- Antonio Bravo as Luis de la Parra
- Raúl Meraz as Comandante Rivas
- Miguel Angel Negrete as Máximo
- Federico Falcón as Doctor López
- Humberto Cabañas as Humberto
- María Rebeca as Marisabel (as a child)
- Armando Alcázar as Beto (as a child)
- Socorro Avelar as Morena
- Gaston Tuset as Doctor Suárez
- Oscar Bonfiglio as Sebastián
- Teo Tapia as Doctor Joaquín Herrera
- Luis Bayardo
- Aurora Medina as Teresa
- Fernando Borges as Eduardo Sagredo
- Lina Michel as Collette
- Carlos Pouillot as Federico Mendizábal
- Javier Marc as Licenciado González
- Patricia Myers
- Roberto Ballesteros as a waiter
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# Los ricos también lloran
## Theme song {#theme_song}
The theme songs is \"Aprendí a Llorar\" sung by Verónica Castro.
The majority of the background music that was used was the music of International Velvet soundtrack by Francis Lai. Main Title, Escapade, Velvet\'s Theme, Sarah\'s Theme, and End Title were used for the novellas backdrop music
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# Hermillon
**Hermillon** is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune La Tour-en-Maurienne
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# Avruga caviar
**Avruga** is a product made from herring and other products (water, herring-40%, salt, corn starch, lemon juice, citric acid, xanthan gum, sodium benzoate, squid ink) that is marketed as a caviar substitute. Unlike caviar, it does not contain fish roe.
Avruga is produced by the Spanish company Pescaviar. Avruga has Marine Stewardship Council \"Chain of Custody\" certification
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# Victoria Island structure
The **Victoria Island structure** is a 5.5 km bowl-shaped structure buried in the shale sediments of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, 12 mi west of Stockton, California. The circular structure is part of a former sea bed, and lies 1,490 -- below sea level.
Discovered during oil exploration and reported at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, Texas, in March 2007, it is thought to be a buried impact crater formed between 37 and 49 million years ago.
Victoria Island, which the structure is named for, is in the San Joaquin River Delta at approximately 37.890 -121.535 display=inline. The current publications do not list a more precise location for the impact structure than the island
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# Sport in Wales
**Sport in Wales** plays a prominent role in Welsh culture. Like the other countries of the United Kingdom, Wales enjoys independent representation in major world sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup and in the Rugby World Cup, but competes as part of Great Britain in some other competitions, including the Olympics.
The Millennium Stadium is the largest stadium in Wales. Located in Cardiff, it is the home of the Wales national rugby union team with a capacity of 74,505. It was the temporary location for English football and rugby league finals during the redevelopment of Wembley Stadium. The Cardiff City Stadium is currently the home of the Wales national football team.
Sport Wales is responsible for sport in Wales.
In 2008/09, Cardiff had the highest percentage (61%) of residents who regularly participated in sport and active recreation out of all 22 local authorities in Wales, whereas Rhondda Cynon Taf had the lowest (24%).
## Native Celtic sports {#native_celtic_sports}
The native games that developed in Wales share a Celtic heritage with coeval sports in Cornwall, Scotland and Ireland. A number of sports are recorded, including variations of \'village football\', \'bat and ball\' and \'hand ball\' games. The most prominent native sports to survive into modern Welsh history are Cnapan, Bando and Pêl-Llaw.
### Cnapan
**Cnapan** (sometimes spelt *Knapan* or *Knappan*) is an ancient form of medieval football, with similarities to rugby football, and is cited as a possible antecedent to modern rugby union. The game is most associated with the western counties of Wales, especially Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire.
According to George Owen of Henllys, in his *Description of Pembrokeshire* (1603), *cnapan* had been \"extremely popular in Pembrokeshire since greate antiquitie \[sic\]\". The game ceased as a regular competition in 1995, but its cultural legacy remains in the western counties -- an example being the \"Cnapan Hotel\" in Newport, Pembrokeshire.
### Bando
**Bando** is a team sport that is related to hockey, hurling, shinty, and bandy which was first recorded in Wales in the eighteenth century. The game is played on a large level field between teams of up to thirty players each of them equipped with a *bando*: a curve-ended stick resembling that used in field hockey. Although no formal rules are known, the objective of the game was to strike a ball between two marks which served as goals at either end of the pitch. Popular throughout Glamorgan, the sport had all but vanished by the end of the nineteenth century. Now a minority sport, the game is still played in parts of Wales where it has become an Easter tradition.
### Pêl-Llaw {#pêl_llaw}
Welsh handball, more commonly known as \"Pêl-Llaw\", is related to Irish handball, Fives, Basque pelota and later American handball and has been continually attested since the Middle Ages. The sports popularity offered ordinary people opportunities through prize-money, bookkeeping and even player professionalism. Pêl-law has been described as *\"Wales' first national sport\"*.
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# Sport in Wales
## Other sports {#other_sports}
### Rugby union {#rugby_union}
Rugby union is often stated to be central to Welsh culture, with the Encyclopedia of Wales stating that the sport is \"seen by many as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness\". Indigenous Welsh sports such as cnapan have also been identified as possible antecedents of modern rugby codes. The famous 1905 match which became known as *The Match of the Century* has been viewed as a key moment in the relationship between Welsh national identity and Rugby Union, especially the home crowd singing Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau as a response to the Haka (often cited as the first time a national anthem was sung before an international sports event).
Outside of Wales, rugby has been associated with the country and its culture from the nineteenth century onwards, and a perception of both Welsh men and women being \"addicted\" to rugby became a stereotypical characteristics early in the sport\'s history. After The Original All Blacks game against Newport RFC at Rodney Parade in 1905, a journalist from the Daily Mail reported that \"The average woman in Newport, judging from the expert feminine criticisms punctuating Saturday's play, apparently knows as much of the science of rugby as any man.\" Another reporter stating that \"fully a third\" of the spectators at Stradey Park, Llanelli were female.
Today, both the Women\'s national team and Men\'s national team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and the Rugby World Cup. The Men\'s sevens team won the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens, and is one of 15 \"core teams\" in the annual World Rugby Sevens Series. Four Welsh teams (Cardiff Rugby, Dragons RFC, Ospreys and Scarlets) compete in the professional United Rugby Championship, the European Rugby Champions Cup and the European Rugby Challenge Cup with semi-professional teams competing in the Welsh Premier Division, the WRU Challenge Cup and Welsh Championship. In total, 320 rugby clubs are affiliated with the Welsh Rugby Union.
### Rugby league {#rugby_league}
Early attempts made to bring rugby league to Wales in the 20th century, was the formation of the short-lived Welsh League in 1908 which was followed by the second Welsh League which ran from 1949 until 1955. There are currently two professional rugby league clubs in Wales, the North Wales Crusaders (previously known as Celtic Crusaders and Crusaders RL) based in Colwyn Bay (formerly in Wrexham) who played in the Super League from 2009--11, and Llanelli based West Wales Raiders. They both compete in League 1, the third tier of British Rugby League.
The Rugby League Conference Welsh Premier is the top division for rugby league clubs in Wales and the division below is the Rugby League Conference Welsh Championship
The national side, nicknamed the Dragons, has often been one of the strongest sides in international rugby league and has also provided a number of players for the Great Britain team. They compete in the European Nations Cup and the World Cup. The national side competed in the 2011 Four Nations, finishing last in the table.
The Wales Rugby League achieved governing body status in 2005.
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# Sport in Wales
## Other sports {#other_sports}
### Football
*Main article: Football in Wales*
The governing body for football in Wales is the Football Association of Wales. It runs the national teams, the recreational game and the main cup competitions. Dragon Park, the Wales National Football Development Centre, is located in Newport.
Football developed in the late 19th century, and currently claims the most participation of any sport in Wales. The most successful teams are Cardiff City, Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham and The New Saints. Cardiff City were the most successful in the 20th century, having won the FA Cup in 1927 and spent 15 seasons in the top-flight English First Division. Swansea City have also played in the top flight, playing two consecutive seasons in the early 1980s, and were the first Welsh team to win promotion to the English Premier League in 2011. Swansea stayed in the Premier League for the next 7 years and also won the EFL Cup in the 2013-2014 season after winning 5-0 in the final and earned a spot in the UEFA Europa League. Newport County have played in the second tier of the English football league system and reached the quarter-finals of the 1981 European Cup Winners\' Cup. Wrexham, one of the oldest surviving football teams in Britain, have won the Welsh Cup 23 times and reached the quarter-finals of the 1976 European Cup Winners\' Cup. The New Saints have topped the Welsh Premier League a record thirteen times -- including the past eight seasons.
The Welsh football league system has been headed since 1992 by the Cymru Premier. The second tier below the Cymru Premier is split between the Cymru North and the Cymru South. Below this is numerous regional leagues. The main Cup competitions in Wales are the Welsh Cup and the Welsh League Cup. However, for historical reasons, five Welsh clubs (Swansea City, Cardiff City, Newport County, Wrexham and Merthyr Town) play in the English football league system.
The Wales national football team have played in multiple major tournaments including the 1958 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2016, UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
### Athletics
*Main article: Athletics in Wales* Wales has produced a number of athletes who have made a mark on the world stage, including the 110m hurdler Colin Jackson who is a former world record holder and the winner of numerous Olympic, World and European medals. Marathoner Steve Jones set the world record for the marathon in Chicago in 1984 with a time of 2:08:05. He also won a bronze medal at the Commonwealth games in the 10,000m in 1986.
The Isle of Anglesey is a member island of the International Island Games Association and compete as Ynys Môn. In the 2015 Island Games, held on Jersey, the Isle of Anglesey came 13th in the medal table with five gold and three bronze medals, won in sailing and athletics.
### Snooker
Although little is known of the development of snooker (or billiards) in Wales, in the 20th century it became a popular pastime in working men\'s clubs. One of the first Welsh stars of the sport was amateur Horace Coles, who was runner up to Allan Prior in the 1927 World Billiard Championships. Coles reached the final again in 1935, this time victorious over McGhie of Scotland to take the World title. Players of note after the Second World War included Roy Oriel of Mountain Ash and Clive Everton, who is now most recognised as a snooker commentator and journalist.
The popularisation of colour television in the 1970s, brought the game of snooker to a new demographic of viewers. The decade was dominated by Ray Reardon from Tredegar, who won six World Snooker Championship titles, and when the first world rankings were introduced in 1976, Reardon became the first world number one snooker player. Some of Reardon\'s contemporaries included Gary Owen from Tumble and Cliff Wilson also from Tredegar.
Wales has continued to produce world-class snooker players since Reardon\'s time, including Terry Griffiths, Mark Williams and Matthew Stevens. Amateur participation in the sport is very high.
### Cycling
Cycling has been a popular sport in Wales since the Victorian period. Two of the first stars of British racing both came from Aberaman, Jimmy Michael and Arthur Linton. The Wales National Velodrome is located in Newport and Wales has continued to produce a number of successful international cyclists throughout the modern era including Olympic champions Nicole Cooke and Geraint Thomas.
On 29 July 2018 Thomas went on to become the first Welshman to win the Tour de France. Cooke had previously won the women\'s equivalent, the Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale, in 2006 and 2007.
### Boxing
Wales has a strong connection with the sport of boxing, particularly in the South Wales Valleys, with fighters such as Tommy Farr, Freddie Welsh, Jimmy Wilde, Dai Dower and Johnny Owen all competing at the highest level. Joe Calzaghe, born to a Welsh mother and Italian father and raised in Newbridge, retired in 2009 as an unbeaten world champion. Other former world champions include Enzo Maccarinelli, Gavin Rees, Howard Winstone, Jim Driscoll, Steve Robinson and Robbie Regan.
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# Sport in Wales
## Other sports {#other_sports}
### Welsh baseball {#welsh_baseball}
Welsh baseball (*Pêl Fas Gymreig*) or British baseball, is a bat-and-ball game played in south Wales and formerly in parts of England. It is closely related to the game of rounders, and emerged as a distinct sport when governing bodies in Wales and England agreed to change the name of the game from \"rounders\" when the rules were codified in 1892. The sport was at its peak in Wales in the 1930s and 1950s, and is most popular in the cities of Cardiff and Newport. As a traditional bat-and-ball game, its roots go back much further, and literary references to baseball and rounders date back many centuries, the earliest mentions \"base ball\" being played in Britain in 1744.
Having once been able to attract crowds of 20,000, Welsh Baseball is now an exclusively amateur sport. The international fixture between England and Wales was cancelled in 2015 following the sport\'s rapid decline in England.
### Cricket
In cricket, England and Wales field a single representative team in international competition which is administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). There is a separate Wales cricket team that occasionally participates in limited-overs domestic competition. A Wales team also plays in the English Minor Counties competition.
Cricket is one of the most popular summer sports within Wales.
Glamorgan County Cricket Club is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.
### Darts
Darts is a popular amateur sport in Wales, widely associated with public houses and working men\'s clubs. The sport first gained widespread popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, being a relatively cheap hobby that could be enjoyed with friends socially. During this period pub cup competitions and league teams began to form in the country. During the 1970s and 1980s, a period in Britain when darts was an extremely popular television sport, Wales provided popular professional players such as Ceri Morgan, Leighton Rees and Alan Evans. Rees won the World Darts Championship in 1978, a feat repeated by Richie Burnett in 1995 and Mark Webster in 2008. Since 1988 Wales hosts its own Open championship.
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# Sport in Wales
## Other sports {#other_sports}
### Golf
Although a sport most associated with Scotland, golf has a tradition in Wales stretching back to the late 19th century. The first recognised golf courses were constructed in Wales in the 1880s, though a short course was built in Pontnewydd in Cwmbran in 1875. Most of these early courses were built on coastal common land, including Tenby (1880), Borth and Ynyslas (1885). As tourism developed in Wales, the golf clubs helped attract visitors, which was further advertised by the newly constructed passenger rail links.
The first amateur golf championship was held at Aberdovey in 1895, and nine years later the first professional championship was at Radyr in Cardiff. In Wales, golf was open to both men and women from its earliest beginnings, with the Welsh Ladies\' Golf Union founded in 1904. Despite the openness of the sport to both sexes, it was still considered elitist by many in Wales, and essentially an English pastime.
As living standards improved during the 20th century, golf began to lose its elitist label, and was embraced by all sections of society. Dai Rees was one of the first successful Welsh golfers, captaining a winning British and Irish Ryder Cup team in 1957. Wales has won the golfing World Cup on two occasions, with the pairing of David Llewellyn and Ian Woosnam lifting the trophy in Hawaii in 1987, and again in 2005, with Stephen Dodd and Bradley Dredge winning in Portugal. Woosnam then followed countryman Rees\' achievement when he led Europe to victory against the USA in the 2006 Ryder Cup.
Seven Welshmen have appeared at the European Ryder Cup team: Rees, Woosnam, Bert Hodson, Brian Huggett, Dave Thomas, Phillip Price and Jamie Donaldson. Meanwhile, Becky Brewerton has played at the Solheim Cup.
The Celtic Manor Resort in Newport, South Wales was the venue for the 2010 Ryder Cup; the first time the event was held in Wales. Europe beat the USA by 14.5 points to 13.5 in one of the most dramatic finishes to the tournament in recent years. The event also made history by becoming the first Ryder Cup to stretch over four days, following heavy rain throughout the weekend.
### Horseracing
Organised horse racing in Wales originated with the gentry and aristocracy, but by 1833 there were internationally recognised flat races at many locations around the country, including Cowbridge, Brecon and Wrexham. Steeplechasing began at Bangor-on-Dee in the 1850s, and is still a racecourse to this day. The 20th century saw the Welsh working class embrace the sport, mainly due to the spread of off-course betting. 1926 saw the opening of Chepstow Racecourse which presently holds the Welsh National. Today only three racecourses survive in Wales, Chepstow, Bangor-Is-Coed and Ffos Las which was opened in 2009.
Wales has produced several jockeys of note, including Jack Anthony who won the Grand National on three occasions (1911, 1915 and 1920), Hywel Davies who won it in 1985 and Carl Llewellyn who won the race most recently in 1992 and again in 1998. Another notable Welsh jockey was Dick Francis, who was British jump racing Champion Jockey in the 1953--54 season and was famous for riding Devon Loch when the horse slipped close to the winning post when leading 1956 Grand National. In retirement Francis became a best-selling author of crime novels set in the racing world.
A popular, if unusual, form of horseracing in Wales is harness racing, known in Wales as \'trotting\'. The oldest trotting meet in Wales is the Llangadog which has been held every Easter Monday since 1884. In 1990, \'Tir Prince\' an American-style raceway was opened in Towyn which now holds 13 races a year, many of which are shown on Welsh language television channel S4C on its programme *Rasus*.
### Basketball
Basketball has a long affiliation in Wales with Basketball Wales, the National Governing Body of the sport, becoming members of FIBA in 1952. The federation runs two main leagues, split into Southern and Northern leagues, while the country is represented at international level by the Wales national basketball team.
In 1978, Wales co-hosted the inaugural Commonwealth Basketball Championships (Senior Men only) with Scotland and England. Coached by Andy Henderson and Paul Kinninmont, with Ralph Wills as Team Manager, the team played its pool matches at The National Sports Centre, Sophia Gardens. On completion of the first round, the team travelled to Coventry to complete the tournament.
In 2012 Basketball Wales was part of the Great Britain men\'s team that played at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, but after no Welsh players were selected for the team they decided to leave the Great Britain team to allow their players greater international exposure.
### Lacrosse
The sport of lacrosse in Great Britain gained popularity when Queen Victoria championed the sport as suitable for girls in public schools. The sport was embraced in Wales, and an international women\'s team was representing the country by the 1920s. In the 1930s the Welsh Lacrosse Association was formed, but an attempt to form a men\'s national team in the 1940s failed to establish. A men\'s team was successfully founded in 1991, and in the first European Lacrosse Championships the team finished third, their best result. The women\'s team has been far more successful, and have never been out of the top three in the women\'s European Lacrosse Championships, winning the competition 1999, 2004 and 2008. They are the current European champions.
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# Sport in Wales
## Other sports {#other_sports}
### Motor sports {#motor_sports}
The rugged terrain of the country also gives plenty of opportunities for rally driving and Wales currently hosts the Wales Rally GB, the finale of the World Rally Championship. Wales has had some notability in the World Rally Championship, producing two championship winning Co-Drivers, those being Nicky Grist, who helped Juha Kankkunen to win the 1993 title, as well as winning 17 rallies with Colin McRae, and Phil Mills who helped Petter Solberg win the 2003 title. More recently Elfyn Evans became a full-time WRC driver in 2014, having won the Junior British Rally Championship in 2010 and the WRC Academy Cup in 2012. He scored two podium finishes in the 2015 season, including a best result of second at the Tour de Corse.
Two Welsh drivers have competed in the Formula One championship: the first was Alan Rees at the 1967 British Grand Prix, who finished in ninth position, four laps behind the winner, Jim Clark. Rees was subsequently involved in the management side of motorsport for many years, co-founding March Engineering and the Arrows team as well as working for Shadow Racing Cars. Tom Pryce was the more notable of the two drivers, as he finished on the podium twice and, at the 1975 British Grand Prix, qualified in pole position. Pryce\'s career was cut short at the 1977 South African Grand Prix after he collided with volunteer marshal, Jansen Van Vuuren, killing both instantly.
Freddie Williams was world speedway champion in 1950 and 1953, and the British Grand Prix -- the United Kingdom\'s round of the world championship -- is held each year at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. For many years Newport Wasps ran a team in the British speedway leagues as did Carmarthen.
Wales has also produced several champions in autograss, a form of motor racing on grass or dirt tracks.
### Underwater Hockey {#underwater_hockey}
Underwater Hockey is a growing sport in Wales. The nation has 4 clubs registered with the British Octopush Association and regular sees native born players compete for Great Britain.
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# Sport in Wales
## Olympic sports {#olympic_sports}
Wales has produced many notable Olympic and Paralympic athletes for the Great Britain team.
In 1907, the IOC ruled \"country\" is a \"territory\" having \"separate representation on the international olympic committee\", therefore outruled a separate Welsh delegation. In the 1908 Olympics, Wales were allowed to enter a Welsh national team for field hockey and won third place. In all other events and olympics since then, Welsh athletes have competed as members of a UK team.
Wales\' Paralympic athletes won 27 medals in the 2004 Summer Paralympics (12 gold, six silver, nine bronze) and achieved 14 medals at 2008 Summer Paralympics (ten gold, three silvers, one bronze). Two notable Welsh Paralympians to represent Great Britain were Tanni Grey-Thompson, winner of 11 gold medals over four Paralympics and swimmer Dave Roberts who took 11 gold medals over three Paralympics.
Other Olympians of note include, Beijing 2008 Olympic Gold medalist and international champion cyclist Nicole Cooke (Road Race), who also won the 2006 and 2007 Grande Boucle -- the women\'s Tour de France, and Geraint Thomas who won Gold (Team Pursuit) at the Beijing 2008 Olympics. He has also rode the Tour de France in 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013,2014 and 2015. Another cyclist Simon Richardson -- double gold medallist at the 2008 Summer Paralympics (1 km and 3 km time trial). Swimmer David Davies was a Silver Medalist (10 km marathon) and Athens 2004 Olympic Bronze Medalist (1500 m freestyle).
Cardiff provided training facilities for some visiting teams of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Millennium Stadium also hosted games in both the men\'s and women\'s football events.
### Calls for Wales Olympic team {#calls_for_wales_olympic_team}
Two Plaid Cymru politicians, as well as other individuals and pro-independence group YesCymru have called for a Wales Olympic team separate from Team GB which represents the United Kingdom, citing the Faroe Islands and Puerto Rico as examples for non-sovereign states competing at the Olympic Games or as a proposal of the Welsh independence movement. There have been instances where Welsh symbols were not allowed at the Olympics as part of Team GB, receiving criticism from some Welsh people. Supporters state their wish to represent Wales rather than Great Britain at the Olympics, giving more opportunities to Welsh athletes without the competition on a British team, sing the Welsh national anthem rather than the \"*English* national anthem\" and fly the Welsh flag. Although some supporters state it may not be probable unless Wales gains independence and Wales may lose medals in group events where Team GB is more successful. Opponents argue that Wales\' athletes \"thrive\" as part of Team GB with the National Lottery providing £21 million for Welsh sport in 2021/22, that athletes achieve more when working together and that individuals can be Welsh and British. If Wales\' medals at the 2020 Summer Olympics were classed separately, it would\'ve ranked 24th, although the athletes were part of Team GB\'s Olympic programme in the event.
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# Sport in Wales
## Other sports {#other_sports_1}
The Cardiff Devils play in the Elite Ice Hockey League, the highest level of ice hockey competition in the United Kingdom.
Australian rules football is a growing sport with several clubs starting up in the mid-2000s. Wales has a national team the Wales Australian rules football team, they are the holders of the Dragon Cup after beating England 179--93 on aggregate on 18 and 25 October 2008. Wales also competes as part of the Great Britain Australian rules football team in the Australian Football International Cup, which is essentially a World Cup for all countries apart from Australia which is the only place where the sport is played professionally.
The Tiger Bay Brawlers are a roller derby league based in Cardiff, Wales. Founded in April 2010, the league plays using the Women\'s Flat Track Derby Association rules set.
The South Wales Warriors are a British American Football team based in Llanharan, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. The team was formed in 2001 after the Tiger Bay Warriors had disbanded due to the departure of head coach Rob Mota, along with key staff and players, by the remaining players and staff, using equipment, resources and shirts from the folded Tiger Bay Warriors for economical purposes.
Gliding and paragliding are popular in Wales, [South Wales Gliding Club](http://www.uskgc.co.uk/), [Black Mountains G.C](http://www.blackmountainsgliding.co.uk/), [North Wales Gliding Club](http://www.nwgc.org.uk/), [Denbigh Gliding](http://www.denbighgliding.co.uk/).
Wales is also popular for surfing.
## National teams {#national_teams}
Sport National Team Association
---------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------------------
style=\"text-align:left\|Badminton (M & W) Badminton Wales
style=\"text-align:left\|Basketball (M, W) Basketball Wales
style=\"text-align:left\|Cricket (M, W) Cricket Wales
style=\"text-align:left\|Field hockey (M, W) Hockey Wales
style=\"text-align:left\|Football (M, W) Football Association of Wales
style=\"text-align:left\|Korfball (M) Welsh Korfball Association
style=\"text-align:left\|Netball (W) Wales Netball
style=\"text-align:left\|Rugby league (M) Wales Rugby League
style=\"text-align:left\|Rugby sevens (M, W) Welsh Rugby Union
style=\"text-align:left\|Rugby union (M, W)
style=\"text-align:left\|Squash (M) Squash Wales
style=\"text-align:left\|Volleyball (M) Welsh Volleyball Association
## Affiliation with an international federation of an Olympic sport {#affiliation_with_an_international_federation_of_an_olympic_sport}
A requirement of olympic representation includes at least five national federations associated with an international federation of an olympic sport.
The following are members of an olympic recognised federation:
- Badminton Wales -- Badminton
- Welsh Amateur Boxing Association-- Boxing
- Welsh Curling Association-- Curling
- Football Association of Wales -- Football
- Wales Golf -- Golf
- Hockey Wales -- Field hockey
- Welsh Rugby Union -- Rugby sevens
- Table Tennis Wales -- Table tennis
- Weightlifting Wales - Olympic weightlifting
### Recognised olympic federations (not an olympic sport) {#recognised_olympic_federations_not_an_olympic_sport}
- Tenpin Bowling Association of Wales - Bowling
- Welsh Karate - Karate
- Wales Netball - Netball
- Squash Wales - Squash (sport)
## Student sport {#student_sport}
Universities in Wales participate in British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) as well as holding varsity matches and supporting the national development of elite athletes. The Cardiff International Pool and the Wales National Pool at Swansea University provide for a high level development of swimming
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# Tim Toyama
**Tim Toyama** (born April 28, 1952 in Chicago, Illinois) is a playwright and producer. He is *Sansei* (third-generation Japanese American) living in Los Angeles, California. He is co-founder of the Asian American media company Cedar Grove Productions, and its sister Asian-American theatre company, Cedar Grove OnStage. He attended California State University, Northridge (CSUN) as an English major.
## Productions
His plays have been produced at The Complex in Los Angeles and The Road Theatre Company at the Lankershim Arts Center in North Hollywood, California. His best-known work is *Visas and Virtue*, which is based on the story of Holocaust rescuer Chiune \"Sempo\" Sugihara, who was known as \"The Japanese Schindler\". Adapted into a short film by actor-director Chris Tashima, the 26-minute drama received the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film in 1998.
In addition to serving as the film\'s executive producer, Toyama co-founded Cedar Grove Productions with Tashima and producer Chris Donahue. By producing professional dramatic films intended for entertainment and educational use, Cedar Grove Productions has brought forth Asian American stories, history and issues which were previously either glossed over in textbooks or ignored by the mainstream media. Cedar Grove Productions \"remains dedicated to developing and producing projects that boldly defy mainstream Hollywood by giving Asian Americans the spotlight on stage, and the close-up on screen.\"
Toyama teamed up with Aaron Woolfolk to write *Bronzeville*, a play that centers around Los Angeles\'s Little Tokyo district during World War II, where African Americans became the primary residents after the internment of Japanese Americans. The play premiered worldwide in April 2009, produced by the Robey Theatre Company in association with the Los Angeles Theatre Center. In October 2009, the play was nominated for an Ovation Award for Original Playwriting.
Toyama\'s play *Independence Day* was also adapted to the screen by Cedar Grove Productions as a half-hour television special for PBS. Inspired by his father \"Zip\" Toyama\'s World War II experience in a U.S. internment camp for Japanese Americans, *Day of Independence* received a Regional Emmy Nomination in 2006 from the NATAS Northern California Chapter, in the category of Historical/Cultural - Program/Special. Toyama co-wrote the screenplay and served as executive producer on the film. In addition to its PBS broadcast, the film has been shown at over sixty international film and video festivals and has garnered twenty-five awards.
Toyama is working on several new plays, including *Memorial Day*, which is about the 100th/442nd, the segregated Japanese American fighting unit of World War II, and *Yuri and Malcolm X*, about the life of Nisei civil rights activist Yuri Kochiyama and her friendship with Malcolm X.
## Achievements
He has served on the Artistic Board at The Road Theatre Company as well as the Literary Committee at East West Players. He has been honored with awards from various community organizations, including \"Japanese American of the Biennium\" awarded by the National JACL, a Community Award from the Japanese American Service Committee of Chicago, Special Recognition from the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center of Los Angeles, a Visionary Award from East West Players, and a Humanitarian Award from The 1939 Club, a Holocaust Survivors\' organization. In July 2008 Toyama received the Ruby Yoshino Schaar Playwright Award presented by the New York/National JACL for his play *Yuri and Malcolm X*.
## Trivia
- He has made cameo appearances in several independent films including *Day of Independence*, *Stand Up for Justice*, *The First Battle*, *Americanese*, *American Zombie* and *Mamo\'s Weeds*
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# Agathyrna
***Agathyrna*** is a genus of bugs in the tribe Colpurini from Malesia and New Guinea, erected by Carl Stål in 1861.
## Species
The *Coreoidea Species File* lists:
1. *Agathyrna ceramica* Dolling, 1987
2. *Agathyrna concolor* Dolling, 1987
3. *Agathyrna minor* Dolling, 1987
4. *Agathyrna praecellens* Stål, 1861 - **type species**
5
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# Jill Macleod Clark
**Professor Dame Jill Macleod Clark**, DBE, RGN, FRCN has held key leadership roles in nursing and healthcare. Her background is in clinical nursing and social psychology. She was Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southampton. She is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of Southampton and holds Visiting Professor positions in the UK, Canada and Australia. Clark was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in 1997 and a Fellow of the Queen\'s Institute of Community Nursing in 2004.
## Life
Educated at the London School of Economics (BSc in social psychology) and at King\'s College London (PhD), Clark is a former Chair of the Council of Deans of Health and President of the Infection Control Nursing Association. She began her career lecturing at Chelsea College London. She is engaged in policy agendas related to achieving sustainable health care and modernising the health and care workforce. Her research has focussed on the care of people with long term conditions and those at the end of life, inter-professional education and health promotion.
She has been a member of successive UK Research Assessment Exercise panels, including in 2021 the UK Research Excellence Framework Panel for Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Health Professions. She led the review of the NMC standards for future registered nurses, and is a commissioner on the future NHS review and Chairs the Future Nurse Oversight Board.
Clark was Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences University of Southampton. She is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of Southampton and holds Visiting Professor positions in the UK, Canada and Australia. She is a trustee of the Florence Nightingale Foundation.
Clark was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in 1997, and a Fellow of the Queen\'s Institute of Community Nursing in 2004
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# Tulodong
**Sri Maharaja Rakai Layang Dyah Tulodong** was a maharaja of the Mataram Kingdom of Central Java who succeeded Daksha and reigned for from 919 to either 924 or 928 AD. Historians have posited that Tulodong was the son of Balitung whose reign ended about eight years prior to the start of Tulodong\'s. `{{infobox royalty
|birth_name = Dyah Tulodong
|royal house = [[Sanjaya dynasty|Sanjaya]]
|reign = 919 – 924
|predecessor = Rakai Hino Sri Daksottama
|successor = Mpu Wagiswara
|succession = King of Mataram
|regnal name = Sri Maharaja Rakai Layang Dyah Tlodhong Sri Sajjana Sanmatanuragattunggadeva<br>(Lintakan inscription)
|father = [[Balitung|Rakai Watukura Dyah Balitung]]<br>{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|religion = [[Shaivism|Shivaist Hinduism]]}}`{=mediawiki}
Tulodong was likely a political outsider as he was not recorded as a member of the government of his predecessor. He was succeeded by Rake Pangkaya Wawa who assumed power by February 928
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# Dave Pear
**David Louis Pear** (born June 1, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was the first Tampa Bay Buccaneers player to be selected to a Pro Bowl and played in Super Bowl XV for the winning Oakland Raiders.
Pear played college football for the Washington Huskies football in Seattle under longtime head coach Jim Owens. He was selected in the third round of the 1975 NFL draft by the Baltimore Colts with the 56th overall pick.
Through his football career, Pear suffered a number of injuries which required spinal surgery and hip replacement and have resulted in vertigo, memory loss, and speech impairment.
He has also been quoted saying, \"Don\'t let your kids play football. Never
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# Doug Evans (American football)
**Douglas Edwards Evans** (born May 13, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs and was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 1993 NFL draft with the 141st overall pick. He won Super Bowl XXXI with the 1996 Green Bay Packers against the New England Patriots. Evans also played for the Carolina Panthers, the Seattle Seahawks, and the Detroit Lions. In 2001, he set a Panthers franchise record with 8 interceptions
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# Donnán of Eigg
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = Saint
|name=Donnán of Eigg
|birth_date=
|death_date= 17 April, A.D. 617
|feast_day= 17 April
|venerated_in=
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|birth_place= Probably in [[Ireland]]
|death_place=[[Eigg]]
|titles=
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
|attributes=
|patronage= [[Eigg]]
|major_shrine=
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
}}`{=mediawiki}
Saint **Donnán of Eigg** (also known as **Donan**; died 17 April 617) was a Gaelic priest, likely from Ireland, who attempted to introduce Christianity to the Picts of northwestern Scotland during the Early Middle Ages. Donnán is the patron saint of Eigg, the island in the Inner Hebrides where he was killed.
The *Martyrology of Donegal*, compiled by Michael O\'Clery in the 17th century, records the manner of his death:
Another tradition states that a pagan Pictish queen had him and 150 others burnt. He is thought to be buried at Kildonan, on the Isle of Arran. Saint Donnán\'s feast day is 17 April.
The Hiberno-Latin account in the Book of Leinster says: \'Eigg is the name of a spring in Aldasain. And there Donnán and his community suffered martyrdom. This is how it came about. A rich woman used to dwell there before the coming of Donnán and her flocks grazed there. On account of the ill-feeling she had towards Donnán and his community, she persuaded a number of bandits to kill him. When these bandits arrived in Eigg, they found them chanting their psalms in the oratory and they could not kill them there. Donnán however said to his community: \'Let us go into the refectory so that these men may be able to kill us there where we do our living according to the demands of the body; since as long as we remain where we have done our all to please God, we cannot die, but where we have served the body, we may pay the price of the body.\' In this way, therefore, they were killed in their refectory on the eve of Easter. Fifty-four others died together alongside Donnán\'.
## Places bearing his name {#places_bearing_his_name}
- Eilean Donnáin, Loch Alsh
- Kildonan, Isle of Arran
- Kildonnan, Eigg (site of his monastery - excavated in 2012)
- Kildonan, Sutherland
- Kildonan Drive, Thornwood, Glasgow
- Kildonnan, Kilpheder Parish, South Uist
- Kildonnan, Little Loch Broom, Wester Ross
- Kildonnen, Lynedate, Loch Snizort, Skye
- Seipeil Dhonnáin, Kishorn
- St. Donnan\'s Chapel, Little Bernera, Lewis
- Saint-Donan, Brittany, France
- East Kildonan, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- West Kildonan, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Kildonan, British Columbia, Canada
At least eleven Scottish churches are named for Saint Donnán
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# 1992–93 Croatian First Football League
The **1992--93 Croatian First Football League** was the second season of the top football league in Croatia since its establishment after Croatia gained independence from Yugoslavia. Games were played from 23 August 1992 to 12 June 1993.
HAŠK Građanski (renamed *Croatia Zagreb* in mid-season), present-day Dinamo Zagreb, won their first Prva HNL championship title. Goran Vlaović of HAŠK was the league\'s top goalscorer with 22 goals scored. At the end of the season no teams were relegated since it was decided that the league would expand to 18 clubs for the 1993--94 season.
## Clubs
Club City / Town Stadium 1992 result
---------------------- --------------- ------------------------- ---------------------
Belišće Belišće Gradski stadion Belišće
Cibalia Vinkovci Stadion HNK Cibalia 9th in 1.HNL
Croatia Zagreb^1^ Zagreb Stadion Maksimir 5th in 1.HNL
Dubrovnik Dubrovnik Stadion Lapad 11th in 1.HNL
Hajduk Split Split Stadion Poljud 1st in 1.HNL
Inker Zaprešić Zaprešić Stadion Inkera 4th in 1.HNL
Istra Pula Pula Stadion Aldo Drosina 7th in 1.HNL
Osijek Osijek Stadion Gradski vrt 3rd in 1.HNL
Pazinka Pazin Gradski stadion Pazin 1st in 2.HNL-West
Radnik Velika Gorica Velika Gorica Stadion Radnik 1st in 2.HNL-Center
Rijeka Rijeka Stadion Kantrida 6th in 1.HNL
Segesta Sisak Gradski stadion Sisak 4th in 2.HNL-Center
Šibenik Šibenik Stadion Šubićevac 12th in 1.HNL
Varteks Varaždin Stadion Varteks 8th in 1.HNL
Zadar Zadar Stadion Stanovi 10th in 1.HNL
NK Zagreb Zagreb Stadion Kranjčevićeva 2nd in 1.HNL
## League table {#league_table}
Croatia was admitted to the UEFA at the end of the season. It obtained a place in the preliminary rounds of the two major European competitions, while it was too late for the third one. {{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|show_limit=5 \|res_col_header=Q \|winpoints=2
\|team1=CZG\|name_CZG=Croatia Zagreb \|team2=HAJ\|name_HAJ=Hajduk Split \|team3=ZAG\|name_ZAG=NK Zagreb \|team4=RIJ\|name_RIJ=Rijeka \|team5=CIB\|name_CIB=Cibalia \|team6=OSI\|name_OSI=Osijek \|team7=VAR\|name_VAR=Varteks \|team8=IST\|name_IST=Istra Pula \|team9=INK\|name_INK=Inker Zaprešić \|team10=SEG\|name_SEG=Segesta \|team11=PAZ\|name_PAZ=Pazinka \|team12=ZAD\|name_ZAD=Zadar \|team13=RVG\|name_RVG=Radnik Velika Gorica \|team14=DBK\|name_DBK=Dubrovnik \|team15=BEL\|name_BEL=Belišće \|team16=ŠIB\|name_ŠIB=Šibenik \|win_CZG=21\|draw_CZG=7\|loss_CZG=2\|gf_CZG=84\|ga_CZG=27\|status_CZG=C \|win_HAJ=16\|draw_HAJ=10\|loss_HAJ=4\|gf_HAJ=53\|ga_HAJ=27 \|win_ZAG=15\|draw_ZAG=10\|loss_ZAG=5\|gf_ZAG=50\|ga_ZAG=27 \|win_RIJ=14\|draw_RIJ=11\|loss_RIJ=5\|gf_RIJ=41\|ga_RIJ=24 \|win_CIB=11\|draw_CIB=9\|loss_CIB=10\|gf_CIB=31\|ga_CIB=30 \|win_OSI=11\|draw_OSI=7\|loss_OSI=12\|gf_OSI=40\|ga_OSI=42 \|win_VAR=10\|draw_VAR=9\|loss_VAR=11\|gf_VAR=38\|ga_VAR=47 \|win_IST=12\|draw_IST=4\|loss_IST=14\|gf_IST=32\|ga_IST=35 \|win_INK=9\|draw_INK=9\|loss_INK=12\|gf_INK=35\|ga_INK=31 \|win_SEG=10\|draw_SEG=5\|loss_SEG=15\|gf_SEG=31\|ga_SEG=44 \|win_PAZ=7\|draw_PAZ=11\|loss_PAZ=12\|gf_PAZ=20\|ga_PAZ=28 \|win_ZAD=9\|draw_ZAD=7\|loss_ZAD=14\|gf_ZAD=30\|ga_ZAD=48 \|win_RVG=9\|draw_RVG=7\|loss_RVG=14\|gf_RVG=30\|ga_RVG=52 \|win_DBK=9\|draw_DBK=7\|loss_DBK=14\|gf_DBK=24\|ga_DBK=37 \|win_BEL=8\|draw_BEL=9\|loss_BEL=13\|gf_BEL=34\|ga_BEL=50 \|win_ŠIB=4\|draw_ŠIB=8\|loss_ŠIB=18\|gf_ŠIB=21\|ga_ŠIB=45 \|col_CLPR=green1\|text_CLPR=Qualification to Champions League preliminary round \|result1=CLPR \|col_ECWC1=yellow1\|text_ECWC1=Qualification to Cup Winners\' Cup first round \|result2=ECWC1 \|update=complete \|class_rules=1st points; 2nd head-to-head points. \|source=[RSSSF.org](http://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kroa93.html) }}
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# 1992–93 Croatian First Football League
## Results
{{#invoke:sports results\|main \|matches_style=FBR\|solid_cell=grey \|team1=BEL\|team2=CIB\|team3=CZG\|team4=DBK\|team5=HAJ \|team6=INK\|team7=IST\|team8=OSI\|team9=PAZ\|team10=RVG \|team11=RIJ\|team12=SEG\|team13=ŠIB\|team14=VAR\|team15=ZAD \|team16=ZAG
\|name_BEL=Belišće \|match_BEL_CIB=1--0 \|match_BEL_CZG=1--4 \|match_BEL_DBK=2--0 \|match_BEL_HAJ=1--3 \|match_BEL_INK=2--1 \|match_BEL_IST=2--1 \|match_BEL_OSI=2--0 \|match_BEL_PAZ=0--0 \|match_BEL_RVG=2--3 \|match_BEL_RIJ=1--1 \|match_BEL_SEG=0--0 \|match_BEL_ŠIB=2--1 \|match_BEL_VAR=4--0 \|match_BEL_ZAD=3--1 \|match_BEL_ZAG=2--2
\|name_CIB=Cibalia \|match_CIB_BEL=2--0 \|match_CIB_CZG=1--2 \|match_CIB_DBK=1--0 \|match_CIB_HAJ=2--2 \|match_CIB_INK=2--0 \|match_CIB_IST=1--0 \|match_CIB_OSI=1--0 \|match_CIB_PAZ=1--0 \|match_CIB_RVG=2--3 \|match_CIB_RIJ=1--1 \|match_CIB_SEG=3--0 \|match_CIB_ŠIB=2--2 \|match_CIB_VAR=2--2 \|match_CIB_ZAD=2--0 \|match_CIB_ZAG=0--0
\|name_CZG=Croatia Zagreb \|match_CZG_BEL=8--1 \|match_CZG_CIB=0--0 \|match_CZG_DBK=3--1 \|match_CZG_HAJ=1--1 \|match_CZG_INK=2--0 \|match_CZG_IST=3--1 \|match_CZG_OSI=6--1 \|match_CZG_PAZ=3--1 \|match_CZG_RVG=8--2 \|match_CZG_RIJ=4--2 \|match_CZG_SEG=6--1 \|match_CZG_ŠIB=2--0 \|match_CZG_VAR=5--0 \|match_CZG_ZAD=4--0 \|match_CZG_ZAG=2--2
\|name_DBK=Dubrovnik \|match_DBK_BEL=1--0 \|match_DBK_CIB=0--0 \|match_DBK_CZG=0--0 \|match_DBK_HAJ=0--2 \|match_DBK_INK=0--0 \|match_DBK_IST=4--0 \|match_DBK_OSI=4--0 \|match_DBK_PAZ=1--0 \|match_DBK_RVG=1--1 \|match_DBK_RIJ=2--0 \|match_DBK_SEG=1--0 \|match_DBK_ŠIB=1--1 \|match_DBK_VAR=2--0 \|match_DBK_ZAD=0--0 \|match_DBK_ZAG=0--0
\|name_HAJ=Hajduk Split \|match_HAJ_BEL=1--1 \|match_HAJ_CIB=3--0 \|match_HAJ_CZG=2--1 \|match_HAJ_DBK=3--0 \|match_HAJ_INK=1--0 \|match_HAJ_IST=2--0 \|match_HAJ_OSI=3--2 \|match_HAJ_PAZ=0--0 \|match_HAJ_RVG=3--1 \|match_HAJ_RIJ=3--0 \|match_HAJ_SEG=3--0 \|match_HAJ_ŠIB=1--1 \|match_HAJ_VAR=2--2 \|match_HAJ_ZAD=5--1 \|match_HAJ_ZAG=2--1
\|name_INK=Inker Zaprešić \|match_INK_BEL=2--0 \|match_INK_CIB=4--1 \|match_INK_CZG=0--1 \|match_INK_DBK=4--0 \|match_INK_HAJ=0--1 \|match_INK_IST=2--0 \|match_INK_OSI=0--0 \|match_INK_PAZ=4--1 \|match_INK_RVG=1--1 \|match_INK_RIJ=1--1 \|match_INK_SEG=2--1 \|match_INK_ŠIB=0--1 \|match_INK_VAR=0--0 \|match_INK_ZAD=1--0 \|match_INK_ZAG=1--2
\|name_IST=Istra Pula \|match_IST_BEL=3--0 \|match_IST_CIB=2--0 \|match_IST_CZG=0--1 \|match_IST_DBK=1--0 \|match_IST_HAJ=2--0 \|match_IST_INK=0--0 \|match_IST_OSI=1--0 \|match_IST_PAZ=1--0 \|match_IST_RVG=1--1 \|match_IST_RIJ=2--1 \|match_IST_SEG=2--0 \|match_IST_ŠIB=3--1 \|match_IST_VAR=1--1 \|match_IST_ZAD=5--2 \|match_IST_ZAG=1--3
\|name_OSI=Osijek \|match_OSI_BEL=4--1 \|match_OSI_CIB=2--0 \|match_OSI_CZG=1--3 \|match_OSI_DBK=3--1 \|match_OSI_HAJ=3--2 \|match_OSI_INK=1--1 \|match_OSI_IST=1--2 \|match_OSI_PAZ=1--1 \|match_OSI_RVG=3--2 \|match_OSI_RIJ=1--1 \|match_OSI_SEG=4--0 \|match_OSI_ŠIB=2--0 \|match_OSI_VAR=1--0 \|match_OSI_ZAD=2--0 \|match_OSI_ZAG=0--0
\|name_PAZ=Pazinka \|match_PAZ_BEL=2--1 \|match_PAZ_CIB=0--0 \|match_PAZ_CZG=0--2 \|match_PAZ_DBK=4--1 \|match_PAZ_HAJ=0--0 \|match_PAZ_INK=0--0 \|match_PAZ_IST=2--1 \|match_PAZ_OSI=0--0 \|match_PAZ_RVG=0--0 \|match_PAZ_RIJ=0--0 \|match_PAZ_SEG=2--1 \|match_PAZ_ŠIB=1--0 \|match_PAZ_VAR=0--2 \|match_PAZ_ZAD=1--0 \|match_PAZ_ZAG=2--0
\|name_RVG=Radnik Velika Gorica \|match_RVG_BEL=0--0 \|match_RVG_CIB=0--2 \|match_RVG_CZG=1--1 \|match_RVG_DBK=1--0 \|match_RVG_HAJ=0--2 \|match_RVG_INK=1--1 \|match_RVG_IST=1--0 \|match_RVG_OSI=3--1 \|match_RVG_PAZ=1--0 \|match_RVG_RIJ=1--2 \|match_RVG_SEG=0--1 \|match_RVG_ŠIB=3--0 \|match_RVG_VAR=2--1 \|match_RVG_ZAD=1--0 \|match_RVG_ZAG=1--2
\|name_RIJ=Rijeka \|match_RIJ_BEL=1--1 \|match_RIJ_CIB=1--0 \|match_RIJ_CZG=2--1 \|match_RIJ_DBK=5--0 \|match_RIJ_HAJ=0--0 \|match_RIJ_INK=2--1 \|match_RIJ_IST=0--0 \|match_RIJ_OSI=2--0 \|match_RIJ_PAZ=2--0 \|match_RIJ_RVG=3--0 \|match_RIJ_SEG=1--1 \|match_RIJ_ŠIB=1--0 \|match_RIJ_VAR=1--1 \|match_RIJ_ZAD=2--0 \|match_RIJ_ZAG=1--0
\|name_SEG=Segesta \|match_SEG_BEL=4--1 \|match_SEG_CIB=2--1 \|match_SEG_CZG=1--3 \|match_SEG_DBK=3--0 \|match_SEG_HAJ=1--1 \|match_SEG_INK=1--3 \|match_SEG_IST=2--0 \|match_SEG_OSI=0--1 \|match_SEG_PAZ=1--0 \|match_SEG_RVG=3--0 \|match_SEG_RIJ=0--2 \|match_SEG_ŠIB=2--0 \|match_SEG_VAR=3--0 \|match_SEG_ZAD=1--1 \|match_SEG_ZAG=1--0
\|name_ŠIB=Šibenik \|match_ŠIB_BEL=1--1 \|match_ŠIB_CIB=1--0 \|match_ŠIB_CZG=1--2 \|match_ŠIB_DBK=0--1 \|match_ŠIB_HAJ=0--1 \|match_ŠIB_INK=2--0 \|match_ŠIB_IST=0--1 \|match_ŠIB_OSI=0--3 \|match_ŠIB_PAZ=1--1 \|match_ŠIB_RVG=3--0 \|match_ŠIB_RIJ=1--4 \|match_ŠIB_SEG=0--0 \|match_ŠIB_VAR=0--2 \|match_ŠIB_ZAD=2--2 \|match_ŠIB_ZAG=1--1
\|name_VAR=Varteks \|match_VAR_BEL=2--1 \|match_VAR_CIB=1--2 \|match_VAR_CZG=3--3 \|match_VAR_DBK=2--1 \|match_VAR_HAJ=4--3 \|match_VAR_INK=2--3 \|match_VAR_IST=1--0 \|match_VAR_OSI=2--2 \|match_VAR_PAZ=1--0 \|match_VAR_RVG=1--0 \|match_VAR_RIJ=0--1 \|match_VAR_SEG=1--0 \|match_VAR_ŠIB=1--0 \|match_VAR_ZAD=1--1 \|match_VAR_ZAG=1--1
\|name_ZAD=Zadar \|match_ZAD_BEL=2--1 \|match_ZAD_CIB=1--2 \|match_ZAD_CZG=1--3 \|match_ZAD_DBK=1--0 \|match_ZAD_HAJ=0--0 \|match_ZAD_INK=1--0 \|match_ZAD_IST=3--1 \|match_ZAD_OSI=2--1 \|match_ZAD_PAZ=1--1 \|match_ZAD_RVG=2--0 \|match_ZAD_RIJ=1--1 \|match_ZAD_SEG=1--0 \|match_ZAD_ŠIB=3--1 \|match_ZAD_VAR=2--1 \|match_ZAD_ZAG=1--4
\|name_ZAG=NK Zagreb \|match_ZAG_BEL=0--0 \|match_ZAG_CIB=0--0 \|match_ZAG_CZG=0--0 \|match_ZAG_DBK=0--2 \|match_ZAG_HAJ=3--1 \|match_ZAG_INK=4--3 \|match_ZAG_IST=1--0 \|match_ZAG_OSI=2--0 \|match_ZAG_PAZ=2--1 \|match_ZAG_RVG=6--0 \|match_ZAG_RIJ=1--0 \|match_ZAG_SEG=5--1 \|match_ZAG_ŠIB=2--0 \|match_ZAG_VAR=4--3 \|match_ZAG_ZAD=2--0
\|update=complete \|source=[RSSSF.org](http://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kroa93.html) }}
## Season statistics {#season_statistics}
- Most goals in a match: **10 goals** -- Croatia Zagreb 8--2 Radnik Velika Gorica (1 November 1992).
- Widest winning margin: **7 goals** -- Croatia Zagreb 8--1 Belišće (25 April 1993).
- First hat-trick of the season: Dinko Livada for Radnik Velika Gorica against Osijek (27 September 1992).
- Most goals scored by one player in a match: **4 goals** -- Goran Vlaović for Croatia Zagreb against Belišće (25 April 1993).
## Top goalscorers {#top_goalscorers}
Rank Player Club Goals
------ ----------------- -------------------------- -------
1 Goran Vlaović Croatia Zagreb 23
2 Igor Cvitanović Croatia Zagreb 15
3 Ardian Kozniku Hajduk Split 14
4 Robert Špehar Osijek / NK Zagreb 13
5 Ivan Cvjetković Inker Zaprešić / Segesta 12
6 Željko Adžić Croatia Zagreb 10
Alen Petrović Osijek 10
Mario Stanić Croatia Zagreb 10
9 Bakir Beširević Osijek 9
Joško Popović NK Zagreb 9
Giovanni Rosso Zadar 9
### European competitions {#european_competitions}
Croatian clubs were not eligible to compete in European competitions this season, as the Croatian Football Federation did not join UEFA until June 16, 1993
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# Mike Yaconelli
**Mike Yaconelli** (July 24, 1942 -- October 30, 2003) was a writer, theologian, church leader and satirist. Co-Founder of Youth Specialties, a training organization for Christian youth leaders, and The Wittenburg Door (sometimes just *The Door*), a satirical magazine, Yaconelli was also the pastor of a small church in Yreka, California - \"the slowest growing church in America\" as he called it. He and wife Karla used to share their time between Yreka and the Youth Specialties offices in El Cajon, California.
As well as his contributions to the Wittenburg Door, Yaconelli also wrote a number of books for youth leaders, and was a well-received Christian conference speaker. He was a regular at the Greenbelt festival in the UK.[1](http://www.greenbelt.org.uk/) On his last visit to Greenbelt, he said:
> If I were to have a heart attack right at this moment, I hope I would have just enough air in my lungs and just enough strength in me to utter one last sentence as I fell to the floor: \"What a ride!\" My life has been up and down, careening left then right, full of mistakes and bad decisions, and if I died right now, even though I would love to live longer, I could say from the depths of my soul, \"What a ride!\"
Mike was killed in an automobile accident in 2003
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# Joe Romersa
**Joe Romersa** is an American musician, composer, voice actor, and music producer.
Romersa started his career as a drummer, but early on he branched out into sound engineering. As Romersa tells it, \"After a tragic early tour I did at age 19 which left me homeless sleeping on a park bench in New Jersey, I had to find a way to make money and still be close to what I love; music.\" Romersa later studied sound engineering. Combining his fledgling career as a professional musician with the more stable income of sound engineering allowed Romersa to hone his craft as both a drummer/percussionist and as a sound engineer.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
Romersa started touring as the drummer for the Marc Tanner Band. On April 19, 1979, they would open for Firefall, at the Palace Theater in Cleveland Ohio. The Marc Tanner Band also opened for Jefferson Starship. Romersa was a drummer, percussionist, and composer on Tanner\'s second album, *Temptation*, along with guitarist Ritchie Zito and bassist Ron Edwards.
### Soy Cowboy {#soy_cowboy}
While working in the studio, a chance meeting with keyboardist and songwriter Vincent Nicoletti would result in the band Soy Cowboy with its \"Thai Western\" sound. Romersa was brought in as a drummer and sound engineer, and eventually became lead vocalist. After their first recordings received airplay by Los Angeles radio personality Tom Schnabel of KCRW-FM (89.9), the band caught the attention of then-art student Tarsem Singh. In 1990, Singh would produce Soy Cowboy\'s only music video for their song \"Lily Pads and Rock Cod\". Soy Cowboy\'s first album, *First Time Again*, was produced in 1991 but it was not released to the public. The album would later be released in 2009, by Shadow Box Studio. Their second album, *2012*, was produced and released in 2012. As noted by Schnabel, \"The band got moderate airplay on U.S. radio, but in England briefly jumped to the top of the charts.\"
### Sound engineering {#sound_engineering}
Romersa was both a drummer and engineer on John Prine\'s 1991 album *The Missing Years*. He would go on to work with Carlene Carter on her 1993 country music album *Little Love Letters* as the drummer, percussionist, engineer and backup vocalist, along with bassist Howie Epstein and keyboardist Benmont Tench. *Little Love Letters* would rise to No. 35 on the Top Country Albums chart and included the No. 3 hit \"Every Little Thing\" and two top 100 songs; \"I Love You \'Cause I Want To\" (#50) and \"Unbreakable Heart\" (#51). Romersa\'s daughter, Reyna, would make her video debut in \"I Love You \'Cause I Want To\".
In the late 1980s, Romersa began working with eden ahbez. Romersa and ahbez worked together until the latter\'s death in 1995.
### Voice acting {#voice_acting}
In 1994, Romersa started engineering, voice acting and ADR directing on anime and video game projects, which led to his work on *Silent Hill*. Romersa would go on to work as music supervisor on *Silent Hill 3*, *4: The Room* and *Homecoming*. He also wrote the lyrics and contributed vocals to \"Hometown\" and \"Cradle of Forest\".
### Return to music {#return_to_music}
One of Romersa\'s projects as a producer was singer Alana Sweetwater\'s 2004 self-titled debut album. Her single from that album, \"Song of Love\", was featured on the original Showtime series *The Real L Word*. Romersa was also a musician on the album and sound engineer.
Romersa released his first album as a solo artist in 2017, *Enough*. Written and composed by Romersa, *Enough* includes tracks by fellow musicians including Laurence Juber (\"Love, and You\"), Prescott Niles (\"Enough\", \"Humans Doing Angels\' Work\", \"Soldier of Love\") and Jeff Jourard (\"Give Our Money Back\").
Romersa\'s musical inspirations include The Beatles, Ludwig van Beethoven, John Cage, Jimi Hendrix, Louis Prima, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Move and David Bowie.
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# Joe Romersa
## Discography
### Mainstream albums {#mainstream_albums}
Year Title Artist Record Company Role
--------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------
Unknown *1000 Pt. Man* Thom Bishop Virgin Records Engineer
1978 *Living in the USA* Linda Ronstadt Elektra Entertainment Engineer
1978 *Thank You for Funkin\' Up My Life* Donald Byrd Elektra/Asylum Engineer
1979 *Fate for Breakfast* Art Garfunkel Legacy Records Engineer
1980 *Temptation* The Marc Tanner Band Elektra/Asylum Musician, writer
1987 *In Full Swing* Full Swing Cypress Records Engineer
1987 *The Bitch Is Back* Bitch Enigma/Metal Blade Producer
1989 *Second Coming* The Dickies Restless Records Engineer
1990 *China Beach: Music and Memories* Various Artists Warner Bros. Records Engineer
1990 *The Sounds of Murphy Brown: Original Television Soundtrack Album* Various Artists MCA Records Engineer
1990 *Thirteen Blood Red Rosebuds* Steve Forbert SquirrelMad Sound Engineer, Drums
1991 *The Missing Years* John Prine Oh Boy Records Engineer, musician
1991 *The Ruby Sea* Thin White Rope Frontier Musician
1993 *Little Love Letters* Carlene Carter Warner Bros. Records Engineer, musician
1995 *Lost Dogs and Mixed Blessings* John Prine Oh Boy Records Engineer, musician, Co-Writer (One Song)
1995 *Beauty and the Beast* Sven Väth Warner Bros. Records Engineer
2003 *Silent Hill 3 Original Soundtracks* Akira Yamaoka Konami Featured Singer, Music supervisor
2003 *Songs of Bob Dylan: May Your Song Always Be Sung* Various Artists BMG Engineer, musician, featured singer
2004 *Coercion Street* Ernie Payne Black & Tan Holland Musician
2004 *Silent Hill 4: The Room -- Original Soundtracks* Akira Yamaoka Konami Featured Singer, Music supervisor, Lyrics writer
2008 *Silent Hill Zero Original Soundtrack* Akira Yamaoka Konami Lyrics writer
2008 *Silent Hill: Homecoming Soundtrack* Akira Yamaoka Konami Lyrics writer
2009 *Silent Hill: Shattered Memories Soundtrack* Akira Yamaoka Konami Lyrics writer
### Indie albums {#indie_albums}
Title Artist Record Company Role
--------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------
*Alana Sweetwater* Alana Sweetwater Shadow Box Studio Producer, musician, writer
*Free Enterprise* Free Enterprise Indie Engineer, producer
*Julia Free* Julia Free Indie Producer, musician, writer
*Larry Whitman* Larry Whitman Indie Producer
*Meat Sandwich* Meat Sandwich Shadow Box Studio Engineer, producer, artist
*Nuclear Test Band* Nuclear Test Band Indie Musician, engineer
*Needles and Pins* Page Pazaro Indie Engineer, producer
*O The Band* O The Band Indie Producer, musician, writer
*First Time Again* Soy Cowboy Shadow Box Studio Producer, musician, writer
2012 Soy Cowboy Shadow Box Studio Producer, musician, writer
*Yolie Lox and the Bears* Yolie Lox and the Bears Indie Engineer, producer, artist
Audio Monkey Joe Romersa Shadow Box Studio Artist, engineer, producer
Enough Joe Romersa Shadow Box Studio Artist, musician, producer
Who We Are Today Joe Romersa Lucky 88 Music LLC Artist, Writer, Musician
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# Joe Romersa
## Acting
### Anime voice-over {#anime_voice_over}
- *Akira* as Joker
- *Armitage III* as Big Thug
- *Bastard!!* as Priest C
- *Battle Athletes* as Claus (Ep. 4); Hans (Ep. 4)
- *Battle Athletes Victory* as Additional Voices
- *Black Jack* as Mob Boss
- *Black Magic M-66* as Additional Voices
- *Blood: The Last Vampire* as David
- *Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion* as Ryouga Senba
- *Cowboy Bebop* as Abdul Hakim
- *Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure*
- *El Hazard: The Magnificent World* as Driver (Ep. 3)
- *El Hazard 2 -- The Magnificent World* as Additional Voices
- *El Hazard: The Alternative World* as Additional Voices
- *El Hazard: The Wanderers* as Additional Voices
- *Gate Keepers* as Hippie
- *Ghost in the Shell* as Truck Driver (as Joe Michaels)
- *Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence* as Crab Man, Undersea Cyborg Escort (Animaze Dub)
- *Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex: 2nd Gig* as Coil Krasnov, Kitora Masoki
- *Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex: Solid State Society* as Colonel Ka Gael, Security Cyborg
- *Hand Maid May* as Additional Voices
- *Hyper Doll* as Additional Voices
- *Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro* as Gustav (Animaze Dub)
- *Macross Plus* as Additional Voices
- *Mobile Suit Gundam: The Movie Trilogy* as Gaia
- *Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team* as Hige, Doctor
- *Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team -- Miller\'s Report* as Agent Jacob
- *Moldiver* as Additional Voices
- *Ninja Scroll* as Additional Voices
- *Ninku the Movie* as Additional Voices
- *Orguss 02* as Additional Voices
- *Outlaw Star* as Fake Shimi; Kyokan
- *Phantom Quest Corp* as Additional Voices
- *Red Hawk -- Weapon of Death* as Additional Voices
- *Rurouni Kenshin* as Merchant (Ep. 15); Politician (Ep. 15); Raiko
- *Sol Bianca: The Legacy* as Additional Voices
- *Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie* as Balrog (as Joe Michaels)
- *Street Fighter II V* as Balrog (Animaze Dub)
- *Street Fighter Alpha* as Zangief
- *The Big O* as Nightingale Club Bouncer (Ep. 2), Repairman (Ep. 25)
- *The Legend of Black Heaven* as Luke Yamada
- *The Wings of Honneamise* as Air Force Member 4
- *They Were 11* as Knu
- *Trigun* as Descartes
### Video game roles {#video_game_roles}
- *Brave Fencer Musashi* as Ben
- *NeverDead* as Astaroth
- *Seven Samurai 20XX* - Zex
### Non-anime voice-over {#non_anime_voice_over}
- Big Rig Buddies as Smokey the Fire Truck (formerly)
### Staff work {#staff_work}
- Armitage III as ADR Engineer
- Brave Fencer Musashi as Voice Director
- Bushido Blade 2 as Digital Tracker (English voices)
- The Castle of Cagliostro as Digital Tracker, English Adapter, Director (Manga Entertainment dub)
- Dual! Paralle lunlun monogatari as Final Mixer, director
- Ghost in the Shell as Digital Tracker (English voices)
- Firefighter F.D
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# Julius Hotchkiss
**Julius Hotchkiss** (July 11, 1810 -- December 23, 1878) was a United States representative from Connecticut. He was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, the son of Woodward and Polly (Castle) Hotchkiss, Prospect farmers. At seventeen, he taught in Prospect schools. He later moved to Waterbury and ran a store and a factory that made cotton webbing and suspenders.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1832`{{Chronology citation needed|date=November 2010}}`{=mediawiki}, he married Melissa Perkins (of Oxford) with whom he had five children and were members of The New Church.
## Public office {#public_office}
Hotchkiss was nominated by both parties to be the first mayor of Waterbury in 1853 when it was incorporated, shifting to the Democratic Party when the Whigs had dissolved. In 1851 and 1858, he served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was elected as a Democrat to the Fortieth Congress (March 4, 1867 -- March 3, 1869). After leaving Congress, he was the 55th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1870. He died in Middletown in 1878 and was buried in Pine Grove Cemetery
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# Sharecropper's Seed
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{{album chart|BillboardChristian|15|artist=Nicole C
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# Agathyrnum
**Agathyrnum** or **Agathyrna** (*Ἀγάθυρνα and Ἀγάθυρνον*), was an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the north coast of Sicily between Tyndaris and Calacte. It was supposed to have derived its name from Agathyrnus (*Ἀγάθυρνος*), a son of Aeolus, who is said to have founded the city. But though it may be inferred from this story that it was an ancient city, and probably of Spartan origin (as a colony of the very near town of Demenna), we find no mention of it in history until after Sicily became a Roman province. During the Second Punic War it became the headquarters of a band of robbers and freebooters, who extended their ravages over the neighboring country, but were reduced by the consul Laevinus in 210 BCE, who transported 4000 of them to Rhegium. It very probably was deprived on this occasion of the municipal rights conceded to most of the Sicilian towns, which may account for our finding no notice of it in Cicero, though it is mentioned by Strabo among the few cities still subsisting on the north coast of Sicily, as well as afterwards by Pliny, Ptolemy and the Itineraries.
## Location
Scholars favor the placement of Agathyrna near Capo d\'Orlando or Sant\'Agata di Militello. However, in the past Agathyrna\'s situation had been much disputed, on account of the great discrepancy between the ancient authorities just cited. Strabo places it 30 Roman miles from Tyndaris, and the same distance from Alaesa. The Itinerary gives 28 M. P. from Tyndaris and 20 from Calacte: while the Tabula (of which the numbers seem to be more trustworthy for this part of Sicily than those of the Itinerary) gives 29 from Tyndaris, and only 12 from Calacte. If this last measurement be supposed correct it would exactly coincide with the distance from Caronia (Calacte) to a place near the seacoast called Acquedolci below San Fratello and about 3 km west of Sant\'Agata di Militello, where Fazello describes ruins of considerable magnitude as extant in his day: but which he, in common with Cluverius, regarded as the remains of Aluntium. The latter city may, however, be placed with much more probability at San Marco d\'Alunzio: and the ruins near San Fratello could thus be those of Agathyrna, there being no other city of any magnitude that we know of in this part of Sicily. Two objections, however, remained: 1. that the distance from this site to Tyndaris is greater than that given by any of the authorities, being certainly not less than 36 miles: 2. that both Pliny and Ptolemy, from the order of their enumeration, appear to place Agathyrna between Aluntium and Tyndaris, and therefore if the former city be correctly fixed at San Marco d\'Alunzio, Agathyrna must be looked for to the east of that town. Fazello accordingly placed it near Capo d\'Orlando, but admits that there were scarcely any vestiges visible there, and modern scholars continue to accept the identification
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# Vraneštica Municipality
**Vraneštica** (*Вранештица}}*) is a former municipality in western North Macedonia, created in the 1996 territorial organisation and dissolved following the 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation, after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality. *Vraneštica* is also the name of the village where the municipal seat was found. This municipality was part of the Southwestern Statistical Region. The last mayor of the municipality was Vančo Srbakovski.
## Demographics
According to the last national census from 2002, this municipality has 1,322 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
- Macedonians = 1033 (78.1%)
- Turks\* = 276 (20
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# Spur (topography)
A **spur** is a lateral ridge or tongue of land descending from a hill, mountain or main crest of a ridge. It can also be defined as another hill or mountain range which projects in a lateral direction from a main hill or mountain range
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# Early B
**Earlando Arrington Neil** (28 February 1957 -- 11 September 1994) better known by his stage name **Early B**, was an early dancehall and reggae deejay whose lyrics had a cultural bent, noted mainly in his hits *Visit of King Selassie*, *History of Jamaica* and *Wheely Wheely*, the latter an ode to bicycle-riding in Jamaica.
## Biography
Earlando was born into a poor family and left a promising school career at age seventeen to support his mother and two brothers. He began work as a machine clerk but within a year was elevated to acting supervisor.
Neil began performing live on Soul Imperial Hi-Fi alongside his young apprentice, Wild Apache (aka Super Cat) (b. William Maragh). Earlando supposedly earned his stage name as a result of his reputation for arriving to shows early, thus gaining the name Early Bird, then finally Early B. Early B was soon approached, while on vacation with Stuart Brown (owner of African Star Sound), by a larger sound system, King Majesty. King Majesty was the only set to play all over the parish of St. Thomas. In the evenings he dragged the young Supercat out of his yard in Kingston to the countryside where they performed on King Majesty for almost a year. The owner of King Majesty was a manager in the sugar cane industry and was unable to run the sound system during harvest time. Frustration boiled over for \"Cat\" and Early B who both had ambitions to make it \"big time\". Their first chance came with Killamanjaro. Killamanjaro began as a sound system in the hills above Kingston with a resident mike-man known by the stage name of \"Oh Lord\". In 1980--81, the principal reason for the rise of Killamanjaro was because Early B and Supercat had become its crowd-pulling regulars. Soon every hopeful deejay wanted to \"hold the mike\" on the Killamanjaro sound alongside Early B, who had by now acquired a new nickname -- The Doctor. Such was the demand that Killamanjaro set a record, that still holds today, by performing on fifty-two consecutive nights in Kingston.
Over the next two years, Early B was in constant demand as a recording artist scoring hits such as *Gaterman Get Fraid*, *Wheel Wheely* (also called *One Wheely Wheely*), *Sunday Dish*, and *Learn Fe Drive*. His next step towards the top was a move to the United States where he continued to be a dancehall favourite. Early B\'s deejay career brought him to other sound systems as well, including the African Star sound system in Toronto, Canada and Crystal Blue Flames Sound in New York City.
Early performed throughout the US and England (as well as Jamaica) until he was shot to death inside the Windsor Cricket Club, Dorchester, Massachusetts, on 11 September 1994. While rumours have circulated as to the reasoning behind the murder, his killers have never been found.
Early B recorded several albums during the mid-80s, which remain well-circulated in the digital age today. Several tribute compilation albums have recently been released on CD, such as *Immortal* and *A Memorial Tributed Reggae Hits*
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# Tyndale Bible
The **Tyndale Bible** (**TYN**) generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale into Early Modern English, made c. 1522--1535. Tyndale\'s biblical text is credited with being the first English-language Biblical translation to work directly from Greek and, for the Pentateuch, Hebrew texts, although it relied heavily upon the Latin Vulgate and German Bibles. Furthermore, it was the first English biblical translation that was mass-produced as a result of new advances in the art of printing.
The term \"Tyndale\'s Bible\" is not strictly correct, because Tyndale never published a complete English language Bible. Before his execution, Tyndale had translated the New Testament, the Pentateuch, and (now lost) the historical books of the Old Testament. Of the Old Testament books, the Pentateuch, Book of Jonah, and a revised version of the Book of Genesis were published during Tyndale\'s lifetime. His other Old Testament works were first used in the creation of the Matthew Bible and also greatly influenced subsequent English translations of the Bible.
The remaining parts of the Old Testament, including the Historical books, the Psalms and Wisdom material, Prophets and Deuterocanonicals were completed by Myles Coverdale, who supplemented Tyndale\'s translations with his own to produce the first complete printed Bible in English in 1535.
## History
The chain of events that led to the creation of Tyndale\'s New Testament possibly began in 1522, when Tyndale acquired a copy of Luther\'s German New Testament. Tyndale began a translation into English also referencing the annotated Latin/Greek text compiled by Erasmus from several Greek manuscripts with texts then thought to pre-date the Latin Vulgate (whose Latin Gospel translations owed to Jerome but whose Epistles come from Old Latin versions.) The Vulgate was the only Latin translation in use by the Roman Catholic Church but had accumulated a multitude of small variations between hand-copied manuscript despite several regional efforts over the millennium to make a definitive text. Tyndale made his purpose known to Erasmus\' collaborator Bishop of London Cuthbert Tunstall who declined to finance the project. Thwarted in England, Tyndale moved to the continent.
A partial edition was put into print in 1525 in Cologne of which there is only one fragment left, in the British Library. But before the work could be completed, Tyndale was betrayed to the authorities and forced to flee to Worms, where the first complete edition of his New Testament was published by Peter Schöffer the Younger in 1526, of which there are only 3 extant copies left. These can be found in the collections of St Paul\'s Cathedral, London, the British Library, and the Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart. The later editions added translations of Martin Luther\'s introductions to the biblical books.
Tyndale\'s translation of the Pentateuch was published at Antwerp by Merten de Keyser in 1530. His English version of the Book of Jonah was published the following year. This was followed by his revised version of the Book of Genesis in 1534. Tyndale translated additional Old Testament books including Joshua, Judges, First and Second Samuel, First and Second Kings and First and Second Chronicles, but they were not published and have not survived in their original forms. When Tyndale was executed, these works came to be in the possession of one of his associates, John Rogers.
Tyndale used numerous sources when carrying out his translations of both the New and Old Testaments. He also made use of Greek and Hebrew grammars.
- When translating the New Testament, he referred to the third edition (1522) of Erasmus\'s annotated Latin/Greek New Testament, the Greek being often referred to as a Received Text, as well as Luther\'s German version and the Vulgate. Some scholars speculate that Tyndale stayed away from using Wycliffite Bibles as a source because he did not want his Early Modern English to reflect the Middle English used prior to the Renaissance. However, an independence from previous English translations and contemporary vernacular oral usage has not been established: Tyndale claimed he did not translate with an existing English \"ensample\", however almost three fifths of the pre-existing Wycliffite language is used by Tyndale.
- The sources Tyndale used for his translation of the Pentateuch however are not known for sure. Scholars believe that Tyndale used either the Hebrew Pentateuch or an edition derived from the Polyglot Bible and may have referred to the Septuagint. Some scholars speculate that his other Old Testament works were translated directly from a copy of the Hebrew Bible.
After his death in 1536, Tyndale\'s works were revised and reprinted numerous times. They were influential in the creation of the Matthew Bible which was published in 1537, and are reflected in more modern versions of the Bible, such as the King James Version.
### Catholic reaction {#catholic_reaction}
Tyndale\'s translations and polemical books were condemned and banned in England by Catholic authorities: in particular almost all copies of his first 1526 New Testament, which authorities regarded as particularly flawed, were bought and burned by Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall who had sponsored and helped Erasmus with the translation of his 1518 Latin/Greek New Testament that Luther had used. Catholics, prominently layman Thomas More, the Lord Chancellor of Henry VIII, claimed that he had purposely mistranslated the ancient texts in order to promote anti-clericalism and heretical views. In particular they cited the terms \"church\", \"priest\", \"do penance\" and \"charity\", which became in the Tyndale translation \"congregation\", \"senior\" (changed to \"elder\" in the revised edition of 1534), \"repent\" and \"love\", challenging key doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. (Most of these ideas originated from More\'s best friend, the Catholic priest Erasmus; however, More insisted that Erasmus\' intent was to enrich the meaning not to subvert Catholic teaching.)
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# Tyndale Bible
## History
### Trial
In 1535 in Flanders (Brabant), Tyndale was betrayed by an Englishman to local authorities and imprisoned. The Catholic theologian Jacobus Latomus and he spent almost a year and a half attempting to convince each other in a series of private books. This failing, in 1536 he was declared a heretic for his Lutheran advocacy and defrocked. Tyndale now being voluntarily outside the protection of the Church, the Habsburg civil authorities then took him and sentenced him to be strangled to death and the body burned. Tyndale was not condemned because of translating or publishing Scriptures, which was not a crime in Brabant, but for the promulgation of Lutheran views that the Catholic states considered seditious or threatening to peace.
### English ban {#english_ban}
In 1543, The English Parliament enacted Henry VIII\'s *Act for the Advancement of True Religion* which banned keeping and using Tyndale\'s translations by most of the population, and required his \"preambles and annotations\", often translations of Martin Luther\'s work, be cut or blotted out.(ch 1, s. VI)
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# Tyndale Bible
## Challenges to Catholic doctrine {#challenges_to_catholic_doctrine}
Tyndale\'s translation of the Bible had notes critical of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Catholic Church had long proclaimed that the only true Church was the Catholic Church. The word *church* in Catholic teaching could only be used of the Catholic Church, and there was no other organized religion in England at that time. Some radical reformers preached that the true church was the \"invisible\" church, that the church is wherever true Christians meet together to preach the word of God. To these reformers, the Catholic Church was unnecessary, and its very existence proved that it was in fact not the \"true\" Church. When Tyndale translated the Greek word *ἐκκλησία* (`{{Transliteration|grc|ekklēsía}}`{=mediawiki}) as *congregation,* he was thereby undermining the entire structure of the Catholic Church.
thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|A Tyndale New Testament in the British Library, London. Many of the reform movements believed in the authority of scripture alone. To them it dictated how a \"true\" church should be organized and administered. By changing the translation from *church* to *congregation* Tyndale was providing ammunition for the beliefs of the reformers. Their belief that the church was not a visible systematized institution but a body defined by believers, however organized, who held a specifically Protestant understanding of the Gospel and salvation was now to be found directly in Tyndale\'s translation of Scripture.
Tyndale\'s use of the word *congregation* conflicted with the Catholic Church\'s doctrine that the lay members and the clergy were two separate classes within the Church, and the Catholic teaching of the Sacrament of Ordination. If the true church is defined as a congregation, the common believers, then the Catholic Church\'s claim that the clergy were of a consecrated order different than the average Christian and that they had different functions within the Church no longer held sway.
Tyndale\'s translation of the Greek word *nocat=1* (`{{Transliteration|grc|presbúteros|nocat=1}}`{=mediawiki}) to mean elder instead of priest also challenged the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
In particular, it undermined the Catholic Mass and its nature as a sacrifice. The role of the priest in the Catholic Church was to offer the sacrifice of Christ\'s body and blood in the ritual of the Mass, to bless, to conduct other religious ceremonies, to read and explain the scripture to the people, and to administer the other sacraments. In these ways they are different from the common believers.
In many reform movements a group of elders would lead the church and take the place of the Catholic priests. These elders were not a separate class from the common believers; in fact, they were usually selected from amongst them. Many reformers believed in the idea of the priesthood of all believers, which meant that every Christian was in fact a priest and had, for example, the right to read and interpret scripture. Tyndale\'s translation challenged the claim of scriptural basis for Catholic clerical authority.
Catholic doctrine was also challenged by Tyndale\'s translation of the Greek *μετανοεῖτε* (`{{Transliteration|grc|metanoeîte}}`{=mediawiki}) as *repent* instead of *do penance*. This translation conflicted with the Catholic Sacrament of Confession.
Tyndale\'s translation of scripture backed up the views of reformers like Luther who had taken issue with the Catholic practice of sacramental penance. Tyndale believed that it was through faith alone that a person was saved. Christ had, by the giving of the Holy Spirit, given the power to forgive sins to his disciples in John 20:20-23.
Tyndale\'s position on Christian salvation differed from the views of the Catholic Church, which followed the belief that salvation was granted to the faithful who maintained the State of Grace by living in charity, faith and hope, and participating in the Church\'s seven Sacraments in the light of the Church\'s teaching. Tyndale\'s translation challenged the belief that a repentant person should still do penance for their sins after they were forgiven by God. According to Tyndale\'s New Testament translation and other Protestant reformers, a believer could repent with a sincere heart, and God would forgive without an intent of submission to some formal restitution.
Tyndale\'s translation of the Bible challenged the Catholic Church in many other ways. For example, Tyndale\'s translation of the Bible into a vernacular language made it available to the common English-speaking person. Tyndale wanted everyone to have access to scripture and gave the common people the ability to read it for themselves but with a decidedly Protestant orientation in the choice of words used and in its annotations, which were suffused with Tyndale\'s Protestant beliefs.
The greatest challenge that Tyndale\'s Bible caused the Catholic Church is summed up by a later story about Tyndale\'s reason for translating the Bible: to \"cause a boy that driveth the plough to know more scripture than the clergy of the day\", many of whom were poorly educated. (See Plowboy trope.) By this, Tyndale sought to undermine the Catholic Church\'s authority regarding the access to and interpretation of scripture, which he saw as detrimental. To Tyndale, a Roman Catholic priesthood was not needed as an intermediary between a person and God.
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# Tyndale Bible
## Legacy
The importance of the Tyndale Bible in shaping and influencing the English language has been mentioned. According to one writer, Tyndale is \"the man who more than Shakespeare even or Bunyan has moulded and enriched our language.\"
### Impact on the English language {#impact_on_the_english_language}
In translating the Bible, Tyndale invented new words into the English language; Thomas More pointed out this was problematic for a \"vernacular\" translation. Many were subsequently used in the King James Bible.
As well as individual words, Tyndale also is reported as having coined many familiar phrases, however, many of the claimed expressions turn out to have antecedents in the Middle English Bible translations or the German.
Many of the popular phrases and Bible verses that people quote today are in the language of Tyndale. An example of this is Matthew 5:9, \"Blessed are the peacemakers.\" Such Germanic compound words as \"peacemaker\" are hallmarks of Tyndale\'s prose, and follow Middle English word-formation principles more than Modern English.
#### Words or Terms {#words_or_terms}
- *Passover* (as the name for the Jewish holiday, Pesach or Pesah)
- *Scapegoat*
- *atonement*
- A concatenation of the words \'At One\' to describe Christ\'s work of restoring a good relationship---a reconciliation---between God and people) is also sometimes ascribed to Tyndale. However, the word was probably in use by at least 1513, before Tyndale\'s translation.
- *mercy seat*
- Literal translation of Luther\'s German *Gnadenstuhl*.
#### Phrases
Phrases which seem to have come from Tyndale include:
- *the word of God which liveth and lasteth forever*
- *let there be light*
- Wycliffe 1382: *Liyt be maad*
- *the powers that be*
- *it came to pass*
- *the signs of the times*
- *filthy lucre*
- *fashion not yourselves to the world*
- use of *trespass* in the Lord\'s Prayer
Phrases sometimes attributed to Tyndale but with very similar antecedents include:
- *in the twinclinge of an eye*
- *Pricke of Conscience* c.1340: *In þe space of a twynkellyng of ane eghe.*
- *my brother\'s keeper*
- Wycliffe 1382: *the kepere of my brothir*
- *judge not that ye be not judged*
- Vulgate: *Nolite judicare, ut non judicemini*
- *knock and it shall be opened unto you*
- Wycliffe 1382: *knocke ye, and it schal be openyd to you*
- *a moment in time*
- Wycliffe 1382: *a moment of [tyme](https://textusreceptusbibles.com/Wycliffe/42/4)*
- *seek and ye shall find*
- Wycliffe 1382: *seke ye, and ye schulen fynde*
- *ask and it shall be given you*
- Wycliffe 1382: *Axe ye, and it schal be ȝovun to you*
- *the salt of the earth*
- Wycliffe 1382: *salt of the erthe*
- *a law unto themselves*
- Wycliffe 1382: *lawe to hem silf*
- *the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak*
- Luther\'s translation of Matthew 26:41: *der Geist ist willig, aber das Fleisch ist schwach*
- Wycliffe 1382: *for the spirit is redi, but the fleisch is sijk* (for the spirit is ready, but the flesh is sick).
- *live, move and have our being*
- Wycliffe 1382: *lyven, and moven, and ben*
#### Controversy over new words and phrases {#controversy_over_new_words_and_phrases}
The hierarchy and intelligentsia of the English Catholic Church did not approve of some of the words and phrases introduced by Tyndale, such as \"overseer\", where it would have been understood as \"bishop\", \"elder\" for \"priest\", and \"love\" rather than \"charity\". Tyndale, citing Erasmus (who was referring to the Latin not English), contended that the Greek New Testament did not support the traditional readings. Controversially, Tyndale translated the Greek *ekklesia* (*εκκλησία*), (literally \"called out ones\") as \"congregation\" rather than \"church\". It has been asserted this translation choice \"was a direct threat to the Church\'s ancient -- but, so Tyndale here made clear, non-scriptural -- claim to be the body of Christ on earth. To change these words was to strip the Church hierarchy of its pretensions to be Christ\'s terrestrial representative, and to award this honor to individual worshipers who made up each congregation.\"
Tyndale used *ester* for `{{Transliteration|grc|páskha}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{wikt-lang|grc|πάσχα}}`{=mediawiki}) in his New Testament, where Wycliffe had used *pask*. When Tyndale embarked on his Old Testament translation, he realised that the anachronism of *ester* could not be sustained; and so coined the neologism *passover*, which later Bible versions adopted, and substituted for *ester* in the New Testament as well. Its remnant is seen as *Easter* once in the King James Version in Acts 12:4 and twice in the Bishops\' Bible, John 11:55 as well as Acts 12:4.
Tyndale was accused of translation errors. Thomas More commented that searching for errors in (the first edition of) the Tyndale Bible was similar to searching for water in the sea and charged Tyndale\'s translation of *The Obedience of a Christian Man* with having about a thousand false translations. Bishop Tunstall of London declared that there were upwards of 2,000 errors in Tyndale\'s 1525/1526 Bible, having already in 1523 denied Tyndale the permission required under the Constitutions of Oxford (1409), which were still in force, to translate the Bible into English. Tyndale in the *Prologue* to his 1525 translation wrote that he never intentionally altered or misrepresented any of the Bible but that he had sought to \"interpret the sense of the scripture and the meaning of the spirit.\"
While translating, Tyndale followed Erasmus\'s 1522 Greek edition of the New Testament. In his preface to his 1534 New Testament (\"WT unto the Reader\"), he not only goes into some detail about the Greek tenses but also points out that there is often a Hebrew idiom underlying the Greek. The Tyndale Society adduces much further evidence to show that his translations were made directly from the original Hebrew and Greek sources he had at his disposal. For example, the Prolegomena in Mombert\'s *William Tyndale\'s Five Books of Moses* show that Tyndale\'s Pentateuch is a translation of the Hebrew original. His translation also drew on the Latin Vulgate and Luther\'s 1521 September Testament. Of the first (1526) edition of Tyndale\'s New Testament, only three copies survive. The only complete copy is part of the Bible Collection of Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. The copy of the British Library is almost complete, lacking only the title page and list of contents. Another rarity is Tyndale\'s Pentateuch, of which only nine remain.
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# Tyndale Bible
## Legacy
### Impact on English Bibles {#impact_on_english_bibles}
Tyndale\'s Bible laid the foundations for many of the English Bibles which followed his. His work made up a significant portion of the Great Bible of 1539, which was the first authorized version of the English Bible.
The translators of the Revised Standard Version in the 1940s noted that Tyndale\'s translation, including the 1537 Matthew Bible, inspired the translations that followed: The Great Bible of 1539; the Geneva Bible of 1560; the Bishops\' Bible of 1568; the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582--1609; and the King James Version of 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: \"It \[the KJV\] kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test of public usage. It owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale\".
Joan Bridgman comments on the *Contemporary Review* that, \"He \[Tyndale\] is the mainly unrecognized translator of the most influential book in the world. Although the Authorised King James Version is ostensibly the production of a learned committee of churchmen, it is mostly cribbed from Tyndale with some reworking of his translation.\"
It has been suggested that around 90% of the King James Version (or at least of the parts translated by Tyndale) is from Tyndale\'s works, with as much as one third of the text being word-for-word Tyndale.
However, historians such as Richard Marsden have cautioned that much scriptural language is simple and \"offers little scope for variation by translators,\" and note that Tyndale himself was not working from scratch with a *tabula rasa.*
Many of the English versions since then have drawn inspiration from Tyndale, such as the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Bible, and the English Standard Version. Even the paraphrases like the Living Bible have been inspired by the same desire to make the Bible understandable to Tyndale\'s proverbial plowboy.
The Tyndale Bible also played a key role in spreading Reformation ideas to England which had been reluctant to embrace the movement. By including many of Martin Luther\'s commentaries in his works, Tyndale also allowed the people of England direct access to the words and ideas of Luther, whose works had been banned in England. William Maldon\'s account of learning to read to directly access the Tyndale Bible testified to the sometimes violent opposition to the translation\'s use
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# Jim Carter (American football)
**James Charles Carter** (October 18, 1948 -- November 23, 2023) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1970 through 1978. He attended South Saint Paul High School and played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers.
Carter was a 10 letterman in high school and played hockey, football, and baseball, gaining All-America recognition in football and hockey.
At the University of Minnesota, Carter was a fullback on the 1967 Golden Gophers team that was Co-Big Ten Champion; he captained the 1969 Gopher team and led the team in scoring. In addition to being a 3-year starter in football, Carter played two years of varsity hockey for the Golden Gophers and was later drafted by the St. Paul Fighting Saints. He decided to pursue a football career rather than hockey and he was drafted in the 3rd round by the Green Bay Packers in the 1970 NFL draft. Although he played only on offense in college, the Packers drafted Jim to play linebacker. He signed with Green Bay and played 9 seasons for the Packers and was defensive captain from 1973 through 1976. He was selected to play middle linebacker for the NFC in the Pro Bowl after the 1973 season.
Jim Carter is in the University of Minnesota Hall of Fame, the South St. Paul Sports Hall of Fame, the Mancini's (St. Paul) Hall of Fame, and the Minnesota Old Timer's Football Association Hall of Fame.
After retiring from the Packers, Carter bought a struggling Ford dealership in Eau Claire, WI. He commenced operating Jim Carter Ford in February 1980. After building the dealership back to profitability and respectability, Carter went on to acquire numerous other automotive businesses around Wisconsin: Bob Johnson Chevrolet-Mazda in Wausau, Car City Honda in Chippewa Falls, Borum-Dyer Volkswagen-Audi in Eau Claire, and Ken Loesch Cadillac-Pontiac-Oldsmobile in Chippewa Falls. He branded them all with his name and operated award-winning dealerships for 25+ years. He was named the Greater Eau Claire Area Small Businessman of the Year in 1987 by the Eau Claire Chamber of Commerce; he was named Wisconsin Dealer of the Year in 1988 by the Wisconsin Auto and Truck Dealer's Association; he was one of the five national finalists for the Time Magazine Quality Dealer of the Year in 1988. Carter sold all the dealership operations to his long time manager (and protege), Keith Kocourek, in 2005.
While operating his businesses, Carter was active in his communities. He served on the board of directors of the Greater Eau Claire Area Chamber of Commerce and was president of the organization in 1990; he served on the board of directors of the Wisconsin Auto and Truck Dealers Association; he served on the board of directors of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation in Chicago, IL.; he also served on the board of directors of the environmental organization, Clean Wisconsin.
Carter was a finalist for a position on the University of Minnesota Board of Regents when issue was made of a publicized incident of sexual harassment during his NFL playing days in 1976. While admitting it was \"bad behavior\" that led to a lawsuit by the victim, Carter accused university leaders of waging a smear campaign against him; Carter had been critical of the University\'s strict punishment of players accused of sexual assault. \"Carter said he does not condone sexual assault but simply backed the players\' call for changes in how the university investigates assault allegations.\"
Carter was very active in his addiction Recovery community. He was a regular at many recovery meetings and sponsored many fellow addicts.
Carter died at his home on November 23, 2023, at the age of 75. He was survived by his wife, Victoria
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# Liefmann Calmer
**Liefmann Calmer, lord of Picquigny and vidame (avoué) of Amiens** (1711 in Aurich, Hanover -- December 17, 1784 in Paris) was an important personage in French Jewry of the eighteenth century. His full synagogal name was *Moses Eliezer Lipmann ben Kalonymus* --- in German, \"Kallmann,\" whence the family name \"Calmer\" is said to have been derived. From \"Lipmann\" undoubtedly came \"Liefmann.\" Calmer first moved to The Hague, and later left Holland for France, where he made a fortune in commerce and became official purveyor to King Louis XV. In 1769 he obtained French letters of naturalization. He exerted considerable influence in public affairs and became administrator of the \"German\" Jews in Paris.
On April 27, 1774, Pierre Briet, lord of Benapré, as front man for Calmer, bought from the creditors of the duke of Chaulnes the lordship of the barony of Picquigny and the function of vidame of Amiens in the Somme for 1,500,000 francs. A little later it was declared that the purchase was made in the name of Liefmann Calmer, full citizen of The Hague and naturalized Frenchman. Because he was not a nobleman, he cannot use the title of baron of Picquigny but only the title of lord of the barony of Picquigny. Only the king of France can created a baron, the fact to buy a barony does not transform the owner into a baron. He thus vidame of Amiens, and the first French Jewish man with ecclesiastic feudal functions. The titles included feudal privileges, among which was the appointment of priests. This led to the fierce opposition of the Catholic Church to the sale. He was first a merchant, so he sold quickly those lordship with profits.
Calmer had three sons, two of whom were guillotined during the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. The third died without issue in 1824
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10,097,164 |
# Bruce Van Dyke
**Bruce Van Dyke** (born August 6, 1944) is an American former professional football player who was a guard for eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers, and the Green Bay Packers. He played college football for the Missouri Tigers.
## Early life {#early_life}
Van Dyke grew up in Buckner, Missouri, and attended Fort Osage High School in Independence, Missouri. He played college football at the University of Missouri, where he was a two way starter, playing on both the offensive and defensive lines under head coach Dan Devine. As a first-team All-Big Eight Conference defensive tackle in 1965, Van Dyke played on Tigers teams that went a combined 21--8--2 from 1963 to 1965. The 1965 Missouri squad, on which he served as a captain, finished the year ranked sixth nationally, with a win over the Florida in the 1966 Sugar Bowl. Van Dyke was selected to play in the Hula Bowl in 1966, and was inducted into the University of Missouri\'s Intercollegiate Hall of Fame in 2001.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Van Dyke was selected in the 12th round of the 1966 NFL draft by the Philadelphia Eagles and in the 15th round of the 1966 AFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. He signed with the Eagles and played there his rookie year. The following season he was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers where he played right guard for the next seven seasons. His first year with the Steelers the team had won only one game. In 1972 Pittsburgh finished the season with an 11--3 record and won the AFC Central title. In week 8 of the 1972 Steelers season Van Dyke was named A.P. Offensive player of the week after a 40--17 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. That same year the Steelers made their first playoff appearance since the 1947 season and won their first franchise playoff game beating the Oakland Raiders 13--7. During that game, one of the most memorable plays in both Van Dyke\'s career and NFL history occurred. Trailing 7--6 with 22 seconds left in the game, Franco Harris scored the winning touchdown on the final play of the game. This play, of course, is known as the Immaculate Reception. In 1974, Van Dyke was traded to the Green Bay Packers, where he was reunited with his former college coach Dan Devine. While in Green Bay, he switched to left guard and retired from football after the 1976 season. In 2008, Van Dyke was named to the Pittsburgh Steelers Legends team
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10,097,204 |
# Cedar Grove Productions
**Cedar Grove Productions** is an independent production company based in Los Angeles, California, specializing in media and theatre arts representing the Asian Pacific American community. Media projects are educational, with Visual Communications (VC) serving as a non-profit fiscal sponsor.
## Motion picture background {#motion_picture_background}
The company was founded in 1996 by playwright Tim Toyama, actor/director Chris Tashima, producer Chris Donahue and actor/director Tom Donaldson, to bring the story of Holocaust rescuer Chiune "Sempo" Sugihara to the screen by adapting Toyama's original one-act, *Visas and Virtue*, as a narrative short film. *Visas and Virtue* (1997) film won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film at the 70th Academy Awards. In tribute to that film\'s subject, the company takes its name from the literal translation of \"Sugihara\": *sugi* (*杉*) meaning cedar, and *hara* (*原*) meaning field or grove. Company describes itself as, \"\... dedicated to developing and producing projects which boldly defy mainstream Hollywood by giving Asian Americans the close-up on screen, or the spotlight on stage.\"
## Television
Cedar Grove Productions produced *Day of Independence*, a narrative short film broadcast as a half-hour PBS television special on KHET/PBS Hawai\'i in 2005. Produced by Lisa Onodera, the program received an Emmy nomination from the NATAS San Francisco/Northern California Chapter, in the category of Historical/Cultural -- Program/Special. The fact-based story followed a young *Nisei* (second-generation Japanese American) baseball player during the Japanese American internment in World War II.
## Theatre
In 2006, Cedar Grove OnStage was formed, as a sister company focusing on live theatre. It joined a multicultural consortium called the \"Cultural Roundtable\" at THE *NEW* LATC. Cedar Grove OnStage develops, produces and presents new Asian American theatre works, with Cedar Grove Productions co-founder Tashima serving as Artistic Director. Productions will be presented at the LATC venues in downtown Los Angeles. Other performance groups belonging to the Cultural Roundtable include the Latino Theater Company, Playwrights\' Arena, Robey Theatre Company, Culture Clash, and American Indian Dance Theatre/Project HOOP.
Cedar Grove OnStage developed *Be Like Water*, a play written by award-winning performance artist Dan Kwong, which was produced by East West Players, in association with Cedar Grove OnStage, in September 2008.
## Educational Efforts {#educational_efforts}
In 2000, Cedar Grove Productions organized and presented \"The AJA Circle: Artists of Japanese Ancestry\", a day-long seminar where Japanese and Japanese American theatre artists came together to share cultural experiences of the Japanese American community\'s history in the U.S. and the artistic community of Asian Americans working in Hollywood. Moderated by playwright/producer Soji Kashiwagi and Tashima, panelists included *Nisei* playwrights Hiroshi Kashiwagi and Wakako Yamauchi, as well as noted actors George Takei, Tamlyn Tomita, Clyde Kusatsu, Amy Hill, Marcus Toji and Greg Watanabe.
## Recognition
Community organizations have recognized Cedar Grove Productions for cultural and artistic contributions. Honors include the Biennium Award from the Japanese American Citizens League, a Community Award given by the Japanese American Service Committee, of Chicago, a Special Recognition Award from the Japanese American Cultural & Community Center, a Visionary Award from East West Players, and a Humanitarian Award received from The "1939" Club, a Holocaust Survivors' organization
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10,097,309 |
# Escarpment Blues
***Escarpment Blues*** is a Canadian concert and documentary film starring singer-songwriter Sarah Harmer. Directed by Andy Keen and produced by Keen, Harmer, Bryan Bean and Patrick Sambrook, it was released theatrically in 2006.
In June 2005, Harmer launched a tour, called I Love the Escarpment, across southern Ontario to promote Protecting Escarpment Rural Land (PERL), a conservation group she cofounded to battle a proposed quarry development on the Niagara Escarpment near her hometown of Burlington. Harmer toured communities near the escarpment, both performing and speaking about the PERL campaign. The film documents both her live performances and her activist work from the tour, and takes its name from \"Escarpment Blues\", a song from her 2005 album *I\'m a Mountain*.
Poet Tanis Rideout also participated in the PERL tour and appears in the film.
*Escarpment Blues* won the award for Best Music DVD at the 2007 Juno Awards
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10,097,319 |
# Anthony May
**Anthony May** (23 May 1946 -- 24 December 2021) was an English stage, television and film actor. He trained at R.A.D.A. from 1965 to 1967.
## Early life {#early_life}
May was born in Reigate, Surrey. He played Wick in David Halliwell\'s *Little Malcolm* at the Royal Court Theatre for the National Youth Theatre. Then Zigger in *Zigger Zagger*, which transferred to the Strand Theatre, for which he was nominated for a Variety Award for most promising newcomer.
## Career
In his first full-length film, he played the Young Poet in Karel Reisz\'s *Isadora* (1968). Roles in TV, including *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* for the BBC and the Wednesday play *No Trams to Lime Street* (musical version), followed. Then a film in Czechoslovakia, *Michael Kohlhaas - Der Rebell* (1969), with David Warner and Anna Karina, directed by the Oscar-winning director Volker Schlöndorff.
He starred opposite Judy Huxtable in the 1968 cult short film *Les Bicyclettes de Belsize*, directed by Douglas Hickox. The Soldier in Brendan Behan\'s *The Hostage*, directed by Richard Eyre, was followed by a tour of the Far East playing Prince Hal in *Henry IV*, parts 1 and 2. He appeared as Richard Cromwell in *Cromwell* (1970) with Richard Harris and Alec Guinness, as Pirie in Cornel Wilde\'s *No Blade of Grass* (1970), and had a guest star role in the children\'s hit series, *Here Come the Double Deckers*. He was a director of Senta Productions who produced the 1972 film *The Triple Echo*, which starred Glenda Jackson and Oliver Reed, directed by Michael Apted. He also appeared in British comedy films such as *The Sex Thief* (1973) and *Three for All* (1975).
Playing Sloane in Joe Orton\'s *Entertaining Mr Sloane* at the Kings Head Theatre preceded tours with the London Shakespeare Group\'s *Macbeth* of Iraq, Bangladesh, South Korea, Japan and Africa, where they played to Maasai warriors in the foothills of Mt Kilimanjaro. He played Macduff at Frank Dunlop\'s Young Vic Theatre, where a long association over the years developed. This production was toured around Mexico, finishing at the Guanahato Festival. Other plays at the Young Vic included *King Lear*, *The Real Inspector Hound*, *A Man for all Seasons*, *Richard II*, *Gloo Joo* and Caesar in *Anthony and Cleopatra*. At the Bristol Old Vic he played Leonidik in Arbuzov\'s *The Promise*, and another production of *Macbeth*, this time playing Banquo, directed by Richard Cottrell. A film of Chekov\'s *Zinotchka*. An Australian film *They Ran Before the Wind*, filmed in the South Seas, in which Anthony played Fletcher Christian in a story of what happened after the mutiny on the *Bounty*. He then played Bobby in *American Buffalo* at the National Theatre, directed by Bill Bryden, and starred in an American drama documentary about Jack the Ripper. Anthony was also in the Jack the Ripper film *Murder by Decree* (1979) with James Mason and Christopher Plummer. He played Hamlet at the Northcott Theatre. Other roles there included Captain Plume in *The Recruiting Officer* and Sir Thomas Overbury in a new play *Favours*. Anthony also worked with Mike Hodges on the Tom Stoppard written film *Squaring the Circle* in 1984.
There have been many TV appearances, including *Z-Cars*, *Casualty*, *Juliet Bravo*, *Dickens of London*, *The Bill*, *London\'s Burning*, *Anna Lee*, *The Paradise Club*, *El Cid*, *Bulman*, *Between the Lines*, *Softly, Softly*, *Rockliffe\'s Babies*, *Minder*, *All Quiet on the Preston Front*, *Chandler and Co*, *Boon*, *Coronation Street*, *The Dream Team*, *The Hutton Enquiry*, *The Ice House* and *Messiah*, working with directors Adrian Shergold, Anthony Minghella, Martin Campbell, Stephen Poliakoff and Tim Fywell. Other stage plays include *Richard II*, *Gloo Joo*, *Withdrawal Symptoms*, *A Chorus of Disapproval*, *Marino Faliero*, *Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead*, *The Launderette*, *A Last Belch for the Great Auk* and *The Nuns*, which he also directed at the Roundhouse.
May was the voice of the King of the Dead in *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King*. In 2011 he voiced Bootstrap Bill in the *Pirates of the Caribbean* video game, Gustav Bird in *The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn* tie-in game, and Dickson in the original *Xenoblade Chronicles*. One of his last appearances was at the Queen Elizabeth Hall reading the poetry of Rumi. He also appeared as a nobleman in the 2014 fantasy film *Maleficent* starring Angelina Jolie.
A sought-after voice artist, May produced and appeared in one-off poetry and music events. In 2013, under the name Traceless, May and musician Ceri Evans released two spoken-word albums---*Rumi in Love* and *Divani Nurbakhsh*---featuring the poetry of 13th-century Sufi mystic Rumi.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
May married actress Vanessa Pett in 1992 and they had two children together, Harry and Lily. He also had two other children, Jack and Jessica, from a previous marriage to Charlotte Panton. He died on 24 December 2021, at the age of 75.
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