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# Preston Watson
## Powered-flight-before-the-Wrights claims {#powered_flight_before_the_wrights_claims}
### Debated claims {#debated_claims}
At the inquest into Preston\'s death on 30 June 1915, his father stated that his son, \"\...had taken a great interest in flying for the past seven years\", suggesting that the year in which he was aware that Preston begun his fascination with flight was 1908, the year in which Wilbur Wright first flew in Europe and news of the Wright Brother\'s exploits became available to the public at large. Evidently however, he had demonstrated an interest in aviation before 1908, based on the fact that he had published a patent for flying machines a year earlier, but examining these draws the conclusion that his ideas at that time were way off the mark when it came to an understanding of what constituted a successful aircraft.
Although Watson applied for a patent for flying machines in late 1907 however, had an aircraft been built that incorporated his ideas, with all the will in the world it never would have left the ground. This is another fact that flies in the face of a Watson-built flying machine of any sort in 1903. Why would he produce such naïve work if his prior research into methods of achieving flight had been successful?
Another cause for debate is the claim that Preston Watson approached Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont in 1906 and purchased from him a Dutheil Chalmers engine. In 1955, John Bell Milne made a personal assertion to Charles Gibbs-Smith that the year the motor was purchased was 1906. This could not have been possible, since Dutheil Chalmers & Cie did not construct their first aero-engine until 1907. In a later interview Bell Milne changed the date to a year later, thus bringing into question his earlier statements\' validity.
Photographs show a Dutheil Chalmers motor fitted to Watson\'s first rocking wing aircraft, but Gibbs-Smith later presented these to M. Charles Dolfuss, Director of the Musee de L\'Air at Le Bourget, Paris who confirmed it as a 1908 or 1909 four cylinder 40 hp Dutheil Chalmers motor. If Watson acquired the Dutheil Chalmers engine from Santos-Dumont, the earliest date the purchase could have taken place was 1908.
A further false statement made by James Watson was that Preston had the No. 3 shipped to France and entered into a competition, in which it won a safety award. No evidence of this can be found anywhere. The only competition in France Preston entered any of his aeroplanes in was the Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes, in which his No.3 aeroplane was disqualified. Some sources quote the date in which Watson\'s No.3 won the safety prize was 1913, but the Concours held between 1 January and 1 July 1914 was the first of its kind.
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# Preston Watson
## Powered-flight-before-the-Wrights claims {#powered_flight_before_the_wrights_claims}
### Eyewitnesses
As with most claims of powered-flight-before-the-Wrights, the only supporting evidence James Watson produced was that of eyewitnesses. Like other claimants, the eyewitness accounts Watson supplied are inconsistent with one another and were made at least fifty years after the alleged events took place. In this respect the Watson case draws parallels with that of the New Zealand aviation pioneer Richard Pearse. In a letter dated 19 December 1959 to one G. Bolt after he had submitted information about Richard Pearse to Charles Gibbs-Smith, the latter advises Bolt to be wary of eyewitness claims. With regards to the Watson case, he states that after the story and photographs were published in 1953:
In the 15 May 1914 issue of *Flight* magazine, Preston Watson himself stated that, in his own words, \"these gentlemen, the Wrights, were the first to fly in a practical way\", and at no time during his life did he ever contradict that statement. By contrast, James\' and others\' testimonies to the dubious claims of Preston\'s powered-flight-before-the-Wrights are riddled with inconsistencies, changes of facts and general errors. Bearing this in mind, it is difficult to refute Preston\'s own words on the matter.
Confirmation from articles in the *Dundee Courier* in 1910 confirming completion dates of Watson\'s first and second aeroplanes pour cold water on the suggestion that he built and flew rocking wing aircraft any earlier. Yet the rumours persist, with no small thanks to the likes of the book *The Pioneer Flying Achievements of Preston Watson*, which is full of inconsistencies and errors and relies primarily on James Watson\'s discredited testimony.
The unearthing of factual accounts of Watson\'s activities has not prevented a flood of articles and further re-assertions of the discredited stories in newspapers and magazines since James first made his assertions, however. During the 100th anniversary year of the Wrights\' first powered flights, reporters took up the story and published \"their\" exclusive in the local press, recycling the same James Watson quotes and statements between them.
Facts about Preston Watson remain as obscure to the public today as before December 1953, and although James Watson later publicly denied the claims he made about his brother, there are still many who refuse to accept that his tale has been so comprehensively debunked.
## Family
He was married to Beatrice Philip (1882--1971). Their son Ronald Stuart Watson (1908--1941) was killed at sea whilst serving as a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve
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# Søren Pedersen
**Søren Pedersen** (born 2 November 1978) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a right-back and spent most of his career at the Danish team Randers FC. He was once the captain of the team, and was a highly valued member of the squad
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# Casey Carswell
**Kim \"K.C.\" Carswell** (credited as **Casey Carswell**) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera *Coronation Street*. She was played by Zoë Henry, making her first appearance on 16 March 2007. K.C. was one of the women Claire Peacock (Julia Haworth) met through her voluntary phone counselling; she had lost her baby. Her character has noted to the police that her nickname is K.C. not Casey, using the first letter in her first name and second name respectively. Casey\'s actress, Zoë Henry, had previously played Log Thwaite on the soap in 1998.
## Casting and development {#casting_and_development}
Upon her casting, Zoë Henry revealed that her husband, Jeff Hordley, who plays Cain Dingle in *Emmerdale*, had given her advice on playing a villainous role.
Talking to The Sunday Mirror, Henry said, \"My husband played a baddie for a long time, but it\'s different being a bad girl - people are not so sympathetic. Women especially always love a bad guy and Jeff always got a good reaction, but I\'m not sure how people will react to me.\" She added, \"Casey is an out-and-out bitch and a few times people in the street have shouted that I\'m evil. I love playing a home-wrecker, but I\'m apprehensive about how people will react as she gets worse.\"
## Storylines
On 1 April 2007, Claire Peacock (Julia Haworth) left her new friend Casey babysitting her son, Freddie Peacock (Dylan & Hayden Whitbread), while she went out. When she returned, Freddie and Casey had gone so she panicked and called the police, worried that Casey had kidnapped him. She was worried as she had met Casey through her work on the phone lines of a support group for women who had miscarriages. However, Casey explained that she had taken Freddie out for a drive as he wouldn\'t settle but was upset that Claire had called the police and left just as they arrived. However, in June, Casey was seen stalking Claire, and was thought to be responsible for the fire at 4 Coronation Street. When her photograph appeared in the Weatherfield Gazette and on the news, she went to the police and was released without charge and then confronted Claire.
Casey and Claire resumed their friendship and Casey showed an interest in Claire\'s husband, Ashley (Steven Arnold), after Claire said she was worried that her marriage was in trouble. On 30 July, Casey made her move on Ashley and they were about to sleep together but Claire came home early. Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls), a friend of Ashley\'s late father, was concerned about Ashley and Claire\'s marriage and saw Casey taking Claire\'s place with Ashley and Josh, while Claire was away (on Casey's advice). Audrey confronted Ashley, who admitted that he was having an affair with Casey as Claire didn\'t seem to realize his needs. Ashley told Casey that Audrey knew about their affair and Casey confronted Audrey, warning her to stay away but Audrey told her that she was just a fling that Ashley would get over. However, Casey stressed that she and Ashley were a proper couple and claimed that they had been having an affair for months. Audrey told Casey she\'d betrayed Claire as a friend and that the affair was her way to get revenge. Casey responded by implying that she, Ashley and Josh would soon be a proper family and neither Audrey nor Claire would be able to prevent it. Later, Audrey persuaded Claire to come home and Ashley ended his affair with Casey, convinced that Ashley secretly loved her. Claire was shocked to learn that Casey had been visiting regularly, helping out with Josh and cooking Ashley dinner and even sleeping there. Claire was suspicious so she and Ashley told Casey to leave. Claire asked Ashley if he was sleeping with Casey but he denied it. Casey confronted Audrey and told her that she pushed Ashley to break Claire\'s heart and reveal that they were an item. Later, Claire invited Casey to lunch and Ashley told her to stop stalking him. Casey relished telling Ashley that she\'s not going anywhere and continued to stalk Ashley for some time. One day she spotted an opportunity to get his attention when he left Freddie with Kirk Sutherland (Andy Whyment). Casey grabbed it, telling Kirk that Ashley had asked her to pick up Freddie and asking Ashley to phone her. She then told Audrey that she and Ashley were a couple and will be getting married. Ashley was horrified to learn that Casey had kidnapped Freddie so he phoned her and went to her flat, insisting Kirk keep this from Claire. Audrey, however, told Claire about Casey\'s behaviour and Kirk told her that Casey had taken Freddie so she and Audrey rushed to Casey\'s flat after calling the police.
Ashley was horrified to see Casey\'s walls covered with photos of him and saw Casey on the balcony, holding Freddie. She admitted starting the fire, explaining that she felt Claire was in the way. Ashley, realizing just how ill his \"mistress\" was, tried convincing her that her feelings for him weren\'t real. Casey, shocked by Ashley\'s words, moved closer to the edge of the balcony with Freddie, saying if Ashley didn\'t love her then she and Freddie might as well be dead. Claire saw this and Casey forced Ashley to tell Claire the truth about their affair and had slept together whilst she was at her support group. Claire was silent so Casey demanded Ashley propose to her; worried about Freddie, Ashley did so. Casey was elated but Claire challenged her. She reminded Casey of what she had said about the death of her baby, a boy she named *Rhys*, and all her hopes for him and how she imagined how her baby would grow up. Casey, now irritated, ran toward Claire to make her stop talking and Claire took Freddie. She tried to jump from the balcony but Ashley stopped her just as the police burst in and took an hysterical Casey away. In a later episode, the policeman in charge of Casey\'s case, visited the Peacocks and told Ashley and Claire that Casey was mentally unfit to stand trial. She would be sectioned under the Mental Health Act indefinitely as she was a serious danger to other people.
## Reception
The plot, in which featured Casey threatening Freddie, was speculated as being similar to an episode of *Tonight with Trevor McDonald*. Tragedy mum, Natasha Hogan, was interviewed to support this
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# Top Gear of the Pops
***Top Gear of the Pops*** is a one-off special programme that aired for BBC Two on 16 March 2007, as part of Red Nose Day 2007. The episode combined the elements of *Top Gear*, with that of BBC music chart show *Top of the Pops*, the latter of which was cancelled by the BBC in 2006. In the episode, presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May hosted their own version of the chart show in their studio at Dunsfold, including discussions about music-related news topics, and performed as a band for the final number alongside Justin Hawkins; although it was mentioned, the \'Cool Wall\' did not feature in the episode\'s broadcast.
The programme was produced as a replacement for *A Question of Comedy*, a one-off special edition of sports quiz *A Question of Sport* that had been recorded some months earlier for Comic Relief but was withdrawn due to Jade Goody being involved as one of its contestants. The decision came after it was felt to be inappropriate to show it following the racism controversy that emerged after her participation on *Celebrity Big Brother 5*.
## Performances
- Lethal Bizzle -- \"Mr.\"
: The performance was deliberately cut short by Clarkson who literally pulled the plug on him, before labelling it as \'just noise\' and referring to him as \"Jizzy Tissue\" throughout the rest of the show.
- Travis -- \"Closer\"
: The band performed three times during filming to make sure everything was perfect, and was incident-free, with the song the only one to be taken seriously and Clarkson declaring it should be the \"kind of thing that should be on TOTP\".
- Supergrass and Adrian Edmondson -- \"Richard III\"
: The band were assisted on guitar by comedian Adrian Edmondson, but had to put up with the hosts supplying bizarre \"special effects\" to \"glam\" up the song; Clarkson administered excessive dry ice artificial fog, May threw live \'Bonnie Tyler doves\' (chickens) in front of and on the stage, and Hammond used a wind machine to finish things. The strong winds from the machine cause Edmondson to be blown off his feet and nearly to fall off the stage.
*Note: The hosts pointed out that Danny Goffey\'s father, Chris Goffey, used to present the show.*
- McFly -- \"Sofa Hyundai Administration (Top Gear Blues)\"
: As part of a challenge set by the hosts, the band were challenged by the hosts to write a song which had to contains the words \"Sofa\", \"Administration\" and \"Hyundai\" but could not include \"Love\", \"Baby\" and \"Heart\", and then perform what they wrote. The song was written during production of the episode, and was performed towards the end of the show, using a basic 12-bar blues pattern.
*Note: The song produced by the band was included on their single \"The Heart Never Lies\", following the broadcast of the special.*
- Justin Hawkins -- \"Red Light Spells Danger\"
: The hosts performed as the \"Top Gear band\" Despite none of the presenters being professional musicians; all three have musical talent -- May has a degree in music, and is a pianist and flautist, while Hammond and Clarkson play bass and drums respectively. The band consisted of May on keyboard, Hammond on bass guitar, and Clarkson drums, with additional support from a backing guitarist, a keyboard player and three backing vocalists, with the band accompanying The Darkness front man Justin Hawkins, who had been on *Top Gear* as a guest and who sang the song to end the episode.
## Criticism
A number of complaints were made by viewers, directed towards James May\'s actions during Supergrass\' performance in which he threw live birds. Viewers were concerned in their complaints that the welfare of the birds had not been considered by the show.
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# Top Gear of the Pops
## Reception
In an article of *The Guardian* that covered the reception of Red Nose Day 2007 with viewers, *Top Gear of the Pops* obtained viewing figures of 6.1 million its timeslot of 22:00-22:30. The figures made it the most watched show of its timeslot, with it attracting a 28% audience share
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# Los Bandoleros (album)
***Los Bandoleros*** is a compilation reggaeton CD produced by Don Omar and released under his label All Star Records in 2005. It is named for \"Bandoleros\", a song on the CD.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Intro\" - Gallego - 2:58
2. \"Donqueo\" - Don Omar - 4:21
3. \"Acelerá\" - Angel Doze - 3:24
4. \"Me Arrepiento\" - Zion & Lennox - 3:11
5. \"Bandoleros\" - Don Omar & Tego Calderón - 5:05
6. \"Según Tú\" - Ivy Queen - 3:08
7. \"Dale Vaquero\" - Alexis & Fido - 2:47
8. \"Soy Tu Bandolero\" - Yaga & Mackie - 3:22
9. \"Te Quitas o Nos Matamos\" - Polaco ft. Don Omar - 4:12
10. \"Hoy Nos Vamos Calle\" - Trebol Clan - 3:45
11. \"Presión\" - Valentino - 4:06
12. \"Fiera\" - Mario VI - 3:18
13. \"Dale Mami Pégate\" - Nicky Jam - 2:52
14. \"Si la Ves\" - R.K.M & Ken-Y ft. Don Omar - 3:17
15. \"Chula\" - John Eric - 3:06
16. \"Química\" - Don Omar ft. Wiso G - 3:28
17. \"Vamos a Darle\" - Cosculluela - 3:25
18. \"Somos Bandoleros\" - Lito & Polaco - 3:11
19. \"Soy Quien Te Provoca\" - Alberto Stylee & Nano MC - 3:43
20. \"Ella Baila Sola\" - Ñengo Flow & Guayo Man - 2:34
21. \"Fuego, Fuego\" - Andy Boy - 2:34
22. \"En el Callejón\" - Arcángel (produced by Echo) - 3:06
23. \"Voy a Darte Sin Miedo\" - Clásico - 2:29
24. \"Tu Cuerpo Me Provoca\" - Albizu & Lefty - 2:26
### Notes
- The song \"Bandoleros\" is a popular Puerto Rican hip hop song by Don Omar and Tego Calderón. The advent of reggaeton on American culture has been swift, and this song had chart success in America and internationally.
- The song \"Según Tú\" was included on Ivy Queen\'s fifth studio album *Flashback* (2005) as the fifth single under the name \"La Mala\"
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# Sons of the Soil
***Sons of the Soil*** (Danish: *Borgslægtens historie*, Icelandic: *Saga Borgarættarinnar*) is a Danish film directed and shot by Gunnar Sommerfeldt in Iceland in 1919, based on the novel by Gunnar Gunnarsson. It was released in 1920, and it was the first film shot in Iceland
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# Love Bug (George Jones album)
***Love Bug*** is an album by American country music singer George Jones. It was released in 1966 on the Musicor Records label.
## Background
As Bob Allen points out in his book *George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend*, \"During the next six years, with Musicor, George recorded more than over 280 songs -- most of which were done in rushed, sloppily produced sessions -- and help to establish for himself a somewhat unwelcome reputation as one of country music\'s most overrecorded artists.\" *Love Bug* was one of several albums Musicor issued on Jones in 1966, with some of the same songs -- such as \"Things Have Gone To Pieces\", \"Take Me\", and the title track -- reappearing. The album mostly features songs made famous by other artists, such as Dave Dudley, Roger Miller, and Merle Haggard. It reached number seven on the country album chart.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Love Bug\" (Wayne Kemp, Curtis Wayne) -- 2:00
2. \"Six Days on the Road\" (Earl Green, Carl Montgomery) -- 2:27
3. \"The Bridge Washed Out\" (Mel Melshee, Jimmy Louis, Sandra Smith, Slim Williamson) -- 2:32
4. \"Talk Back Trembling Lips\" (John D. Loudermilk) -- 2:29
5. \"Don\'t Let Me Cross Over\" (Penny Jay) -- 2:29
6. \"Blue Side of Lonesome\" (Leon Payne) -- 2:44
7. \"Take Me\" (Payne, George Jones) -- 2:40
8. \"Don\'t Be Angry\" (Wade Jackson) -- 2:43
9. \"Unfaithful One\" (J.M. Lyne) -- 2:07
10. \"King of the Road\" (Roger Miller) -- 2:29
11. \"All My Friends Are Gonna Be Strangers\" (Liz Anderson) -- 2:22
12
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# Søren Holdgaard
**Søren Holdgaard** (born 30 January 1979) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
He has played a total 75 games in the Danish Superliga; with Aarhus Fremad from 1998 to 1999, and with Randers FC from 2004 to 2008
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# Mick Murphy (Sinn Féin politician)
**Michael Murphy** (born 6 February 1942) is an Irish nationalist politician in Northern Ireland.
## Background
Active in Irish republicanism after getting involved with the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association of the 1960s, he worked as a publican. In 1996, he was elected as a member of the Northern Ireland Forum for Sinn Féin in South Down. Murphy was the unsuccessful Sinn Féin candidate for South Down in the 1997 election to the United Kingdom Parliament; a few months later he was elected to Newry and Mourne District Council.
He was then elected from the same constituency to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998. He was Sinn Féin spokesperson on Housing. He was again elected as a councillor for Newry and Mourne District Council from the Crotlieve electoral area in 2005
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# Agathoclia
**Saint Agathoclia** (**Agathocleia**; *Santa Agatoclia*) (died c. 230 AD) is venerated as a patron saint of Mequinenza, Aragón, Spain. Her feast day is September 17.
## Biography
Tradition states that she was a virgin Christian slave owned by two people who had converted to paganism from Christianity, named Nicolas and Paulina. They subjected Agathoclia to regular physical abuse, including whipping and other violence, in an effort to get Agathoclia to renounce her faith. She repeatedly refused to do so.
Her owners then subjected her to a public trial by a local magistrate. There too, she refused to renounce Christianity, which subjected her to savage mangling from the authorities. When she was found guilty, her sentence included having her tongue cut out, a nonfatal injury.
There is some disagreement about how Agathoclia met her death. Some sources say that her mistress Paulina poured burning coals on her neck. Other sources say that she herself was cast into fire.
## Veneration
The town of Mequinenza celebrates festivals in honor of Santa Agatoclia (called simply "La Santa") from September 16 to 20. There is also a confraternity in the town dedicated to the saint
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# Steve Hawes
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 198, column 1):
unexpected end of input
``
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# Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol
The **Church of St John the Baptist** in Bristol, also known as **St John on the Wall**, is a historic church in the care of heritage charity the Churches Conservation Trust. The upper church and its medieval vaulted crypt is located at the lower end of Broad Street and is built into the old city\'s medieval walls.
## Design and construction {#design_and_construction}
The church was built in the 14th century (and heavily modified in the 19th century) with the tower and steeple over St John\'s Gate, the last remaining city gateway. The church is very narrow as it is built into and alongside the city walls. Consequently, it is also known as *St John\'s on the Wall*. The rood stair entrance high up on the wall shows where the earlier great rood screen would have stood. Similar rood stair entrances can be seen at St Peter\'s, St Philip and Jacob, St Stephen\'s and Temple. Beneath the church is a vaulted crypt, which was dedicated to the Holy Cross. A conduit has supplied water from Brandon Hill since 1374, and the course of the pipe is marked in places by small plaques set into the pavements.
## Monuments and artwork {#monuments_and_artwork}
Among the monuments in the church are those of Walter Frampton (died 1357), three times Mayor of Bristol and a great benefactor of the church, and a brass commemorating Thomas Rowley (died c. 1478), whose name was used by the 18th-century teenage poet Thomas Chatterton as a pseudonym under which to write his forgeries of medieval poetry.
On the south side of the gate, there are statues of the legendary founders of Bristol, Brennus and Belinus, facing up Broad Street; it is possible that they are actually older than the fabric of the gate.
The interiors of the two arches either side of the main gateway are now covered in commissioned graffiti murals.
The burial ground of St John\'s survives; it is visible from John Street and the entrance gate is in Tailors Court which is accessed from Broad Street. The burial ground is closed to the public.
## Archives
Parish records for St John the Baptist church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.St JB) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=P.St+JB&pos=1)) including baptism and marriage registers and a burial register. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, overseer of the Poor, parochial church council, charities, schools and vestry plus deeds, plans and photographs.
## Current usage {#current_usage}
St. John on the Wall is cared for by The Churches Conservation Trust, the national heritage charity. It is open daily for free tours and interactive visitor displays telling the story of medieval Bristol. St John on the Wall hosts a small programme of free family events, gigs, exhibitions and concerts. It\'s recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The church was vested in the Trust on 25 June 1985.
The Churches Conservation Trust promotes \'The Crypt\' as an atmospheric art space for hire as a live music venue and art gallery. It can also been used as a filming location
in 2022 the church was closed due to fears that the spire was becoming unstable.
## Congregation
After the bombing of St Mary le Port Church in 1940 the congregation of this historically evangelical, Protestant and Calvinist church, and their rector, William Dodgson-Sykes, moved to St John on the Wall Church, where the congregation remained, in gradually declining numbers, until the building was closed for worship by the Church Commissioners in 1984, (after a protracted struggle by the congregation). The remaining congregation then moved to the Chapel of Foster\'s Almshouses, and joined the Church of England (Continuing) in 1995. The C of E (Continuing) no longer lists a congregation in Bristol - some of the congregation joined with the new Free Presbyterian Church (Ulster) congregation in Horfield, Bristol
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# William Durie Lyon
**William Durie Lyon** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|ən}}`{=mediawiki}; June 5, 1825 -- October 18, 1893) was a merchant and political figure in Ontario, Canada.
Lyon was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario who was elected in 1875 to represent the riding of Halton. In 1879, he became the *de facto* governor of the District of Rainy River, holding executive, judicial and magisterial power over the new settlements situated west of Ontario.
## Background
Lyon was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1825 and the fourth child of John Lyon (c.1791--1876) and Catherine, née McFarlane (1788--1853). His family immigrated to Upper Canada in 1832 and settled in the Esquesing Township of Halton County, Ontario. In 1853, he married Mary MacEachern, a fellow Scottish émigré from the Scotch Block.
## Business career {#business_career}
Lyon operated a number of businesses in Milton, including an extensive general store selling dry goods, groceries and hardware, and oversaw the erection of a new gristmill with Edward Martin (father of Joseph) in 1856, replacing its fire-damaged predecessor. He and his younger brother Robert Adam were also partnered in a number of ventures, including a store they ran together for seventeen years under the firm name, *W. D. and R. A. Lyon\'s*. In 1866, William and Robert moved to Manitoulin Island where they erected a sawmill, set up a mercantile and lumbering business and established a settlement in Michael\'s Bay. William returned to Milton in 1868, to continue his work as a merchant in the town.
## Political career {#political_career}
Lyon\'s family became closely involved in local politics when they arrived in Canada. His father, John, was associated with the Reform movement in Upper Canada, and vocally opposed to the Family Compact and Established Church. William\'s political career began as a councillor of the Trafalgar Township and continued as a member of the Milton town council. He was elected Mayor of Milton in 1862, serving for four years. He and his brother, Robert, both pursued work in public affairs alongside their business careers.
### Member of Provincial Parliament {#member_of_provincial_parliament}
In 1871, the Liberal Party dropped the local MPP William Barber as their candidate in the upcoming election, due to his support for Premier J. Sandfield Macdonald\'s self-described \"Patent Combination\" government. In his stead, the party selected Lyon and the radical \'Clear Grits\' platform he championed. Despite the withdrawal of Liberal support, Barber ran as an independent and successfully fended off Lyon\'s challenge, largely thanks to the significant Conservative support he had acquired. Although he was unsuccessful in ousting Barber in 1871, Lyon remained active in Ontarian politics as a councillor, reeve and postmaster. In 1873, he was elected Warden of Halton County.
Four years after initially deselecting Barber, the Liberal Party readopted him at the 1875 election, thus preventing Lyon from contesting the riding of Halton on behalf of the party. However, in June 1875, Barber\'s re-election to a third term in office was deemed void in a subsequent election trial that had been brought about by petition. With Barber\'s unseating, the Liberal Party convened to determine a new candidate in the consequential by-election; on October 4, they chose Lyon. He went on to be elected Member of the 3rd Parliament of Ontario in the following month, defeating the Conservative candidate Col. William Clay by 1,363 votes to 1,296.
During his time as a parliamentarian, Lyon sat on both the Standing Committee on Standing Orders and Railways, and was also considered a close political ally of Liberal Party leader Oliver Mowat. His confident performances in and outside the Provincial Parliament led John Henry Pope to write in 1877:
> He has always taken a decided stand on the Reform side of politics, is a ready speaker, has an extensive knowledge of public affairs, and is gifted with a large share of common sense.
#### Electoral history {#electoral_history}
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# William Durie Lyon
## Political career {#political_career}
### Stipendiary Magistrate {#stipendiary_magistrate}
In 1879, the Parliament of Ontario passed an Act asserting its jurisdiction over territory that had been awarded through arbitration between Canada and Ontario, and passed complementary legislation relating to the administration of justice in the area, which established executive positions to oversee the governance of the new settler communities and their aborigine neighbors: to the north, the Stipendiary Magistrate of the District of Nipissing, and to the west, the Stipendiary Magistrate of the District of Thunder Bay West (which later became the Rainy River District). In the following month, acting on the advice of his Premier, the Lieutenant Governor appointed Lyon to Thunder Bay West, requiring him to resign his parliamentary seat and not contest the upcoming election. In May, former federal MP Edward Borron was appointed to Nipissing. These appointments were by no means without political motivation, as Premier Oliver Mowat wished to assert the authority of the provincial Ontarian Government against the federal Dominion Government; he had chosen two Liberal allies to protect the province's interests, keep the peace and oversee the enforcement of Ontarian law.
Lyon moved west to take up residence in Alberton on the Rainy River. In December 1879 he was instructed by the provincial government to continue further north to Rat Portage, on the other side of the Lake of the Woods. He arrived on January 7, 1880, and settled in the town with his youngest daughter, Annie Elizabeth, while the rest of his family remained in Milton. He chose to make the town his base of operations, soon establishing a courthouse upon purchasing a lot from the Hudson\'s Bay Company, and making improvements to local infrastructure. His duties required that he regularly tour the district to keep informed of growing settlements and the issues they faced, and then report his findings back to the Ontarian Parliament. In his judicial capacity, Lyon frequently dealt with cases concerning the aboriginal population and worked closely with the tribal chiefs in the area. Such was the mutual respect, between himself and the chiefs, that Lyon was able to attend a tribal meeting to face down the young warriors who had encouraged killing the white settlers and joining the North-West Rebellion.
#### Ontario-Manitoba dispute {#ontario_manitoba_dispute}
The power struggle between federal and provincial government had worsened since Lyon\'s arrival in the district, as Premier Oliver Mowat faced opposition from Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his Conservative ministry. Macdonald\'s government did not pass coordinating legislation to confirm Ontario\'s 1879 boundary with the District of Keewatin, but arranged for the passage of an Act expanding Manitoba\'s border eastwards, thus creating a territorial dispute with Ontario. In the interim, a temporary Act was also passed which allowed both Ontario and Manitoba to exercise their powers over the administration of justice within the territory in dispute. The subsequent provincial conflict threw the administration of the Rainy River District into disarray, with Rat Portage at the centre of a crisis in which Ontarian and Manitoban officials sought to take control whilst the Dominion continued to lay claim to its own authority. At the height of this dispute, there existed three separate police forces and three sets of magistrates in the town, all claiming jurisdiction.
The chaos facing Lyon was made all too clear on a day in May 1881, when federal agents stormed his courthouse and imprisoned his bailiff. After two years of political uncertainty and dispute in the town, the Manitoban Attorney-General James A. Miller (also MLA for Rat Portage in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba) agreed with Oliver Mowat that the issue should be brought before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In 1884, the committee chose to award the disputed territory to Ontario; however, the Dominion Government delayed the implementation of their recommendations, choosing instead to appropriate the land, timber and mines from Ontario. Lyon wrote in 1886 that the people he governed \"are no longer disposed to submit quietly to the wanton and wilful injustice inflicted upon them\". His words reflected the existing tensions and the present threat of civil war in the region, pitting Ontario against the Dominion. A resolution to the matter was finally achieved with the passage of the *Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act* by the Imperial Parliament in 1889, establishing Ontario's present western border and enabling Lyon to reassert his authority as Stipendiary Magistrate.
## Death
In the autumn of 1893, after fourteen years working in Rat Portage, Lyon returned to Milton as his health was declining. He stayed in the house of his son-in-law John Wallace, Jr., where he died on October 18. Three days later, prominent political figures from across the county attended the funeral service as his body was buried in Evergreen Cemetery
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# Gunnar Sommerfeldt
**Gunnar Sommerfeldt** (4 September 1890 -- 30 August 1947) was a Danish actor and film maker.
In 1919 he directed *Saga Borgarættarinnar*, which was released in 1920 and was the first feature film shot in Iceland. Sommerfeldt also wrote the script, based on Gunnar Gunnarsson\'s novel by that name. He made his last feature film in 1921, an adaption of Knut Hamsun\'s *Growth of the Soil*, which received the Nobel Prize in Literature the year before.
## Filmography
### Actor
- *Kærlighed og Mobilisering* (1915) - Grev Heinrich von Borgh
- *Nattens gaade* (1915)
- *Fyrstindens skæbne* - Alf Hardy (1916)
- *Lotteriseddel No. 22152* - Belling, Detective (1916)
- *Pro Patria* (1916)
- *Hotel Paradis* (1917)
- *Synd skal sones* (1917)
- *Gillekop* (1919)
- *Rytterstatuen* - Baron v
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# It's Country Time Again!
***It\'s Country Time Again!*** is an album by American country music artists George Jones and Gene Pitney released in 1966 on the Musicor Records label.
## Background
*It\'s Country Time Again!* is the sequel to *For the First Time! Two Great Stars - George Jones and Gene Pitney*, released the year before. It reached number 17 on the US Country Albums chart. The album features the Jones\' hits \"Love Bug\", \"My Favorite Lies\", and a duet of \"Why Baby Why\", Jones\' first hit from 1955.
The Bear Family record label reissued both albums under the title *George Jones & Gene Pitney*, collecting 31 sides that the pair recorded together.
## Release
The song \"That\'s All It Took\" was written by George Jones, Darrell Edwards, and Charlotte Lynn Grier and originally recorded by Jones as a duet with Gene Pitney on Musicor Records. Jones and Pitney had scored a Top 20 hit in 1965 with \"I\'ve Got Five Dollars and It\'s Saturday Night\" and also recorded two LPs together. However, \"That\'s All It Took\" was not a hit, only making it to number 47 on the *Billboard* country singles chart. Although a rather obscure song, country-rock pioneer Gram Parsons recorded the song as a duet with Emmylou Harris on his debut solo album *GP* in 1973. A live version by Parsons and his band the Fallen Angels also appears on the 1982 release *Live 1973*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Mockin\' Bird Hill\" (Vaughn Horton)
2. \"As Long as I Live\" (Roy Acuff)
3. \"My Favorite Lies\"(George Jones, Jack Ripley)
4. \"Y\'all Come\" (Arlie Duff)
5. \"Someday (You\'ll Want Me to Want You)\" (Jimmy Hodges)
6. \"Love Bug\" (Wayne Kemp, Curtis Wayne)
7. \"Big Job\" (Jones, Hank Mills)
8. \"Your Old Standby\" (Jim Eanes, Wayne Perry)
9. \"Why Baby Why\" (Jones, Darrell Edwards)
10. \"That\'s All It Took\" (Jones, Darrell Edwards, C. Grier)
11. \"Louisiana Man\" (Doug Kershaw)
12. \"I Can\'t Stop Loving You\" (Don Gibson)
## Chart positions {#chart_positions}
**Album** -- Billboard (United States)
Year Chart Position
------ ---------------- ----------
1966 Country Albums 17
### Singles
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Chart (1956) | Peak\ |
| | position \|+\"That\'s All It Took\" |
+:=====================================+:===================================:+
| U.S
| 369 |
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# Konkola Copper Mines
**Konkola Copper Mines** (abbreviated to **KCM**) is a copper mining and smelting company in Zambia. It is 80% owned by Vedanta Resources, a mining conglomerate based in Mumbai and London.
## Operations
The company is 80% owned by Vedanta Resources and 20% owned by the state mining company of Zambia, ZCCM Investments Holdings.
KCM produces 2 million tons of copper ore per year. The company\'s Konkola Deep Mining Project will expand its capacity to 6 million tons of ore per year.
Company assets include Konkola Copper Mine, Nchanga Copper mine near Chingola, Nampundwe Pyrites Mine and Nkana Refinery in Kitwe - the largest copper smelter in Zambia.
Exports were transported to the ports of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and Durban in South Africa. Principal markets included the Middle East and East Asia. Metal was also sold domestically, to Metal Fabricators of Zambia.
## History
The company declared insolvency in early 2019. Later that year, 1,826 Zambians obtained permission from the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in its *Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc* ruling to sue Vedanta for local water pollution caused by KCM that started in 2005. Also in 2019, Lusaka High Court of Zambia blocked the sale of Konkola\'s assts by the company\'s liquidator. The court\'s judgement enabled the state controlled minority owner ZCCM Investment Holdings to enter arbitration with the majority shareholder Vendanta Resources.
Vendanta agreed a financial settlement for all pollution claims, without admitting liability, in 2021
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# Nathan Schulhof
**Nathan M. Schulhof** (born May 17, 1949, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is a technology industry entrepreneur with a career that spans over three decades. Schulhof is listed as the lead inventor on three U.S. patents (5,557,541; 5,572,442 and 5,841,979).
However, Schulhof is also listed as co-inventor on another U.S. patent (6,549,942), and a fifth U.S. patent (5,914,941) references 5,557,541 and was assigned (as were the other four patents) to Audio Highway Media Corporation (a company co-founded and led by Schulhof when the patents were filed and/or issued). Audio Highway\'s Listen Up player, the father of the MP3 player, won an Innovation Award from the Consumer Electronics Show in 1997 and a [1998 People\'s Choice Award](https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024950/http://prnewswire.co.nz/cgi-bin/stories.pl?acct=104&edate=&story=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F1-30-98%2F405522) at the 2nd annual Internet Showcase conference, held Jan. 30, 1998, and presented by Upside Media, Inc. and event host and co-founder, [David Coursey](http://www.coursey.com/About/index.html).Because of his very early patents for a downloadable portable media player, Schulhof is often thought of as the father of the MP3 player.
These patents, along with the remaining assets of audiohighway.com, were acquired in 2003 by Sony Corp.
In addition to his career with Information Highway Media Corp. (later renamed Audio Highway and then audiohighway.com) where Schulhof served as president, CEO and board member, he has also held executive positions with HandHeld Entertainment, TestDrive Corporation, Silicon Valley Systems and Jasmine Systems.
Schulhof co-founded [Solar Components, LLC](http://www.solarjoos.com/), a Silicon Valley--based firm in the solar power industry. Originally from the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area, Schulhof currently resides in Southern California
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# Holy Trinity Church, Westbury on Trym
**Holy Trinity Church** (`{{gbmapping|ST5733177405}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Church of England parish church in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, England.
The first church on the site was established in the 8th century. In the 10th century a Benedictine priory was founded. Construction of the present building began in the early 13th century and it has been rebuilt several times since. It has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building.
From the late 12th century to the middle of the 16th century it was the collegiate church for Westbury College; of the latter, little more than the college gatehouse remains. The church contains the tomb of John Carpenter, Bishop of Worcester, who had planned to make it a joint cathedral for the Worcester diocese.
## History
### Early years {#early_years}
The date the first church was founded has traditionally been put at 716--17; the historical record does show two foundations at this date, but these were actually at Yate and Bredon. Nevertheless, a church did exist by the end of the 8th century, as King Offa founded a minster on the site between 793 and 796.
The minster became a Benedictine priory around 963--64. It was the first reformation of a minster by Bishop Oswald of Worcester, in his introduction of the Rule of Saint Benedict into the diocese. He brought the English monk Germanus from Fleury Abbey as the new Prior. However Oswald soon decided to move the community to Ramsey, after he acquired land in 966 for the foundation of Ramsey Abbey. The priory buildings eventually fell into disrepair. Around 1093 Bishop Wulfstan reacquired the dilapidated priory and rebuilt it as a monastery under the control of the Worcester diocese.
### Collegiate church {#collegiate_church}
Over the next century, there were successive evictions as monks and secular priests alternated in possession of the monastery; this was finally resolved in favour of the secular priests when the church become collegiate around 1194. The canons of Westbury College were each supported by revenues from one of the areas around Westbury on Trym, including Aust, Henbury and Lawrence Weston.
The great reformist John Wycliffe was a canon from 1362 until his death in 1384, although in 1367 he was accused of neglecting his duties as prebendary of Aust due to his long absence. The prominent Bristol merchant William Canynge was dean of the college from 1469 until his death in 1474.
In 1544, with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the church became a parish church within the new Bristol diocese, and the residential buildings of Westbury College passed into the hands of Sir Ralph Sadler.
## Architecture
The present building all dates to after 1194. The nave and aisles are early 13th century, in the Early English style. The remainder of the church is in the Perpendicular style.
The nave clerestory, chancel, choir and north chapel are the result of extensive rebuilding by Bishop Carpenter in the middle of the 15th century. The chancel has a polygonal apse, which is rare for the late Gothic period. The church tower, although also from this period, was restored in the middle of the 19th century. The reredos, which depicts the Last Supper, is also 19th century.
## Memorials
Although Bishop Carpenter\'s plan to make the church a joint cathedral with Worcester did not come to fruition, it was he who rededicated the church to the Holy Trinity. On his death in 1476 he was buried in the crypt underneath the altar. The stone cadaver from his cadaver tomb is in the chancel, with a Purbeck marble canopy donated in 1853 by Oriel College, Oxford, where he had been Provost.
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# Holy Trinity Church, Westbury on Trym
## Churchyard
The churchyard contains war graves of a soldier and officer of the Gloucestershire Regiment and a Royal Flying Corps officer of World War I.
## Archives
Parish records for Holy Trinity church, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.HTW) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=P.HTW&pos=1)) including baptism, marriage and burial registers. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, overseer of the poor, parochial church council, charities, Redland Chapel, schools and societies and vestry plus plans and photographs
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# Jean Alexander Heinrich Clapier de Colongue
**Jean Alexander Heinrich Clapier de Colongue** (*Ivan Petrovich de-Kolong; Иван Петрович де-Колонг*; *Johans Aleksandrs Heinrihs Klapje de Kolongs*) (`{{OldStyleDate|6 March|1838|22 February}}`{=mediawiki}--`{{OldStyleDate|26 May|1901|13 May}}`{=mediawiki}) was a Baltic German marine engineer and founder of a theory of magnetic deviation for magnetic compasses, living and working in Imperial Russia.
## Biography
Ivan Petrovich de Collong was born in 1839 in Dünaburg (now Daugavpils) into a Baltic German noble family originally of Franco-Portuguese origin. He studied at the Naval Academy in Saint Petersburg and from 1870 he worked there as a lecturer. Starting in 1878 he was head of the Navy\'s Main Hydrographical Administration. In 1875, he constructed a *deflector* (a new type of compass baffle) and later improved upon its design.
De Collong was a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (from 1896) and a Major-General of the Imperial Russian Navy. He was awarded the Lomonosov Prize by the Russian Academy of Sciences
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# Marie Janson
**Marie Janson** (23 July 1873 -- 8 March 1960) was a Belgian politician and the first woman to serve in the Belgian senate. She was a daughter of Paul Janson and Anna-Augustine Amoré.
Born in Brussels, her father Paul Janson was leading member of the progressive wing of the Belgian liberal movement and founder of the Fédération progressiste. Her brother Paul-Émile Janson served as Prime Minister of Belgium. Marie\'s mother, Anna-Augustine Amoré was a well-educated woman of middle-origins who had worked as teacher at Isabelle Gatti de Gamond\'s school before her marriage; Marie herself was educated there.
On 22 July 1894, she married lawyer and playwright Paul Spaak. The couple had four children, of whom Paul-Henri Spaak, later Belgian Prime Minister like his uncle Paul-Émile, was the most famous.
During the First World War Marie was active in social work and this led her to join the Socialist Party. She was elected to the municipal council of Saint-Gilles in 1921, and the same year was selected by the party\'s executive, led by Émile Vandervelde, to serve in the Belgian Senate. She continued to serve as a co-opted senator until 1958. Her long service led to her presiding over the opening of the Senate on 11 November 1952.
Her granddaughter Antoinette Spaak followed in her footsteps, achieving another first: first woman to lead a Belgian political party, the Democratic Front of Francophones
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# National Bingo Night (American game show)
National Bingo Night}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
***National Bingo Night*** is an American game show hosted by Ed Sanders which premiered on ABC on May 18, 2007, with a six-episode order. Sanders is known for his work on another ABC show, *Extreme Makeover: Home Edition*. The show was cancelled by ABC and was repackaged as *Bingo America* on GSN, first hosted by Patrick Duffy, and in October 2008 by Richard Karn.
The creator of this program, Andrew Glassman, also created the reality television game *Average Joe*.
The game is an interactive experience for both the studio audience and viewers at home. On *NBN*, members of the studio audience attempted to win a game of bingo while competing with a solo studio contestant. For *Bingo America*, it is played as a straight general knowledge quiz format with two players and a home viewer bingo game within.
Home viewers play along with pre-printed game cards that are available from the network website just before each episode airs, and are also eligible to win prizes.
The show was expected to return for a five-episode run during the week of December 17, 2007, but on November 13, 2007, ABC decided to replace it instead with its new game show, *Duel*. In 2008, the show was cancelled and was afterward shopped to other networks. Eventually GSN acquired the rights and the game was repackaged into a five-day-a-week 30-minute version with modifications listed below.
## Gameplay
### National Bingo Night {#national_bingo_night}
Each hour-long episode of *NBN* was divided into three games -- Red, White, and Blue. Only cards with the correct designation were eligible to win prizes. Unlike the audience members, studio contestants did not actually have a bingo card. Instead, they participated in stunt games. During these games, they took guesses on what the next ball to be drawn from an oversized bingo drum will be. Generally, this took the form of odd or even, red or black numbers (originally red or black decals on the balls), or whether the next number is higher or lower than the previous one.
On at least two occasions, the stunt was to draw balls that contained a certain number, such as five 5\'s (\"High Five\"; drawing G-55 would count for two 5\'s) or four 9\'s (\"Baseball\")
If the contestant successfully completes the stunt before anyone in the studio audience gets a bingo, the contestant wins one of various prizes. If not, then an audience member wins \$5,000 (or a prize the studio contestant failed to win on at least one occasion). In the event that the in-studio contestant completes their game and an audience member gets a bingo, only the audience member wins.
All games were winner-take-all. Non-winning contestants received nothing.
### Bingo America {#bingo_america}
The format was later retooled as *Bingo America* and aired new episodes on GSN from March 31, 2008 to January 2, 2009. In the new format, two contestants competed on each show for a top prize of \$100,000. The new version also included an at-home element in which viewers had the chance to win prizes
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# Moysés Baumstein
**Moysés Baumstein** (June 13, 1931 -- December 4, 1991) was a Brazilian artist. Baumstein worked in many fields: from literary creation to painting, from film making to holography. He was driven by singular curiosity and diligence and typified as a \"Renaissance Man\" joining science with art throughout his accomplishments.
Baumstein was born and died in São Paulo. He began his artistic career as a painter influenced by the Spanish painter Joan Ponç, with whom he founded the group "L´Espai" in São Paulo in 1960. He later became interested in photography, cinema and theatre, at the beginning of the seventies began to write experimental fiction and produce and direct animation cinema in Super8 and 16mm. In 1981 founded Videcom, a video production house in São Paulo directed for corporate and cultural audiovisual productions.
It was not until 1982 that he began to work in holography, using artisanal methods. He completed and perfected his technique in 1983 after a holography workshop with the German artist Dieter Jung (artist). In the same year he had his first holographic exhibition at the Museu da Imagem e do Som (MIS) in São Paulo. In 1984 he developed a specific holographic technique for chromatic control and began the regular production of technically very elaborate works. At that time in his holographic studio he began the production of commercial holograms as well as artistic works.
In some of his projects in this field he worked in collaboration with other Brazilian artists and poets interested in holography (Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Julio Plaza and José Wagner Garcia). The results of such collaboration were shown in exhibitions in Brazil such as the "Triluz" exhibition (1986) in the Museu da Imagem e do Som, and at the "Idehologia" exhibition (1987) in the Museu de Arte Contemporânea, both in São Paulo, and also abroad in Spain and Portugal at the Calouste Gulbekian Foundation (Triluz Portugal) amongst others. With José Wagner Garcia he created the prototype of a holographic cinema projector a \"Holographic Kinetoscope\".
A year after his death a retrospective of his cinema and video works was held at the 9th International "Videobrasil" Festival - 1992 in São Paulo.
Holographic poems by Augusto de Campos and produced by Baumstein were purchased by the \"Centre Régional des Lettres de Basse-Normandie\" in France and in 2007, the holographic poem REVER was exhibited at the exhibition \"Concrete Poetry - O Projeto Verbivocovisual\" in Tomie Ohtake Institute (São Paulo) and at the Palácio das Artes (Belo Horizonte).
Videcom kept the activities of his holographic laboratory until 2007 when all the equipment was donated to the *Optical Lab from the University of Campinas Physics Institute* under the responsibility of Prof. Jose Lunazzi.
Between September and November 2010 his holograms were presented at the exhibition \"TEKHNE\" ([Tekhne page in English/Portuguese and Spanish](http://www.faap.br/hotsites/memorias_reveladas_tekhne/home.asp)) at Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado (FAAP) in São Paulo, which introduced the discussion of the importance of the convergence between art and technology
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# Dave Studdard
**David Studdard** (born November 22, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played in two Super Bowls for the Broncos. He also played for the national championship in college football with the Texas Longhorns, losing all three games.
## College career {#college_career}
Studdard played college football for the Texas Longhorns, where he was an All-Southwest Conference player. In 1977 he blocked for Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell, helped them win the Southwest Conference Championship, and came one win away from the National Championship. The next year, he helped them win the Sun Bowl.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Studdard had a 10-year career with the Denver Broncos, helping them to reach back-to-back Super Bowls where he had the unenviable task of stopping pro-bowlers Lawrence Taylor and Dexter Manley. He held future Hall-of-Famer Taylor to just four tackles in Super Bowl XXI, but injured his knee in the second quarter of Super Bowl XXII, an injury reporters called \"devastating\" and that allowed Manley to record 1.5 sacks after Studdard left.
Studdard was selected in the ninth round of the 1978 NFL draft by the Baltimore Colts but was waived in the offseason. After sitting out the 1978 season, he was signed by Denver where he quickly became a starter and made the all-rookie team. He mostly played tackle throughout his career, lining up on both the right and left side but occasionally played guard and, in some short yardage situations, as a tight end. As a tight end, he caught 4 passes for 2 touchdowns. He was regarded as an excellent pass blocker who helped the Broncos lead the league with the fewest sacks allowed.
Studdard\'s Super Bowl injury spelled the beginning of the end of his career. A few days after the game, he underwent surgery to repair the torn anterior cruciate ligament and also remove some damaged cartilage from his left knee. He started the next season on the injured reserve. That season he played in only 11 games and started just 4. Before the 1989 season, he was waived.
During the 1987 NFL player\'s strike, Studdard was one of the first players to cross the picket line to play.
## Later life and family {#later_life_and_family}
Studdard\'s son Kasey followed in his father\'s footsteps to play football at Texas and went on to play in the NFL for the Houston Texans.
After retiring, Studdard was involved in a players' lawsuit over the treatment and care of concussion injuries
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# Leslie Plummer
**Sir Leslie Arthur Plummer** (2 June 1901 -- 15 April 1963), known to his friends as **Dick Plummer**, was a British farmer, newspaper executive and politician. He was in charge of the Overseas Food Corporation during the disastrous Tanganyika groundnut scheme in the late 1940s; later he became a Labour Party Member of Parliament where he pioneered attempts to outlaw racial discrimination.
## Newspaper business {#newspaper_business}
Plummer was born in Demerara, British Guiana, where his father was working. He was educated at Tottenham Grammar School in North London, and first worked on the managerial staff of the *Daily Herald* from 1919. In 1922 he became general manager for the *New Leader*, a paper edited by H. N. Brailsford as the party journal of the Independent Labour Party. Plummer shared the left-wing sentiments of the ILP. In 1923 Plummer married Beatrice Lapsker. They had no children.
Plummer was selected as Labour Party candidate for Birmingham Edgbaston in the mid-1920s but gave up the candidacy in May 1927. He left the *New Leader* to set up *The Miner*, a journal for the Miners\' Federation of Great Britain, in 1926.
## Beaverbrook newspapers {#beaverbrook_newspapers}
He became an executive of the *Daily Express* group, and was a Director by 1941. In 1943 he was general manager of the company. Plummer prospered at the *Daily Express* group despite disagreeing on politics with the proprietor Lord Beaverbrook because of his own skill as an administrator and Beaverbrook\'s known liking for talent-spotting among left-wingers.
## Overseas Food Corporation {#overseas_food_corporation}
Plummer left the *Daily Express* when he was named by John Strachey as chairman-designate of the Overseas Food Corporation at the end of 1947. However the appointment was not confirmed until February 1948. The Corporation was created to take charge of the Tanganyika groundnut scheme, a massive project to cultivate peanuts on 325 million acres (1,320,000 km²) of scrubland in Tanganyika Territory. The scheme was well advanced by the time Plummer moved in, but he was an enthusiastic supporter. In January 1949 he went out to take personal charge of the scheme.
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# Leslie Plummer
## Groundnuts scheme scandal {#groundnuts_scheme_scandal}
In the King\'s Birthday Honours list of June 1949, Plummer was appointed as a Knight Bachelor. However, by the summer of 1949 it was clear that the groundnut scheme was in trouble, having gone over budget. The Conservative Party in the House of Commons moved a motion to reduce the estimate in respect of the scheme on 27 July 1949. In November, one member of the Overseas Food Corporation board, A.J. Wakefield, became so critical of the management of the scheme that the Minister determined to dismiss him. Wakefield offered to resign only if Plummer did so as well; this was unacceptable to Strachey and Wakefield was dismissed. Plummer and Wakefield had a lengthy exchange of public statements, in which Wakefield accused Plummer of suppressing his suggestions.
Plummer was criticised in an editorial in *The Times* for \"failing to restore confidence (even among his staff) in the higher conduct of the scheme\". His appointment was called into question by Alan Lennox-Boyd because Strachey had been an old colleague of his in the Independent Labour Party. The next month, Plummer was also criticised by the Conservatives for giving a contract for air transport to the nationalised British Overseas Airways Corporation rather than two private airlines which had submitted lower tenders, one of whom subsequently went out of business. A House of Lords debate on the groundnut scheme on 14 December 1949 resulted in a vote of censure of the government, after the Marquess of Salisbury attacked Plummer for being an entirely inappropriate choice to run it.
The author Alan Wood, who had headed the Information Unit of the Overseas Food Corporation, resigned to publish a book on the serious failures in Tanganyika, *The Groundnut Affair* (1950). In March 1950, in the House of Commons John Boyd-Carpenter asked the Minister of Food to make a statement about attempts made by Plummer to stop the publication of the book.
## Resignation
Plummer announced his resignation in May 1950, with the new Minister of Food Maurice Webb explaining that the role of the Overseas Food Corporation had changed fundamentally in practice compared with the basis on which Plummer had accepted it. The announcement was said to have *\"brought the biggest cheer from the Opposition benches that has been heard in the House of Commons for a long time\"*.
## Deptford MP {#deptford_mp}
In 1951 Plummer was adopted as Labour Party candidate for Deptford. During the campaign, his local opponents brought up the large amount of money wasted on the Groundnuts scheme. Plummer responded by saying that all his money was invested in a 900-acre (4 km²) farm in Essex and that although he despised the capitalist system, he had been \"extremely fortunate under it and benefited from it\". He won the seat easily in the general election.
Plummer\'s maiden speech on 4 March 1952 was on the subject of economic development in Africa. He made an early mark by proposing to make illegal the defamation of any body of persons, including a race. Plummer was critical of the policies of the Churchill government in Kenya where he felt the Mau Mau Uprising was rooted in poverty and Kikuyu prisoners were mistreated. Another preoccupation of Plummer was slum landlords in his constituency.
## Television
Plummer firmly opposed commercial television, distrusting the motives of advertisers. He claimed television companies would be tempted to use \"the cheap stuff from America\". During the controversy over the BBC\'s broadcast of George Orwell\'s ***1984*** in 1954, Plummer helped to sponsor a motion deploring the attacks on the BBC for putting on *\"programmes capable of appreciation by adult minds\"*.
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# Leslie Plummer
## Racial discrimination {#racial_discrimination}
During the 1955 general election campaign, Plummer was embarrassed when he turned up to give a speech in Hemel Hempstead to find that the caretaker had not unlocked the hall. A second meeting nearby had been cancelled when only five people turned up. In June 1956 he was taken ill while in the House of Commons, being attended to by Doctor MPs Dr Charles Hill and Dr Barnett Stross. He introduced the Racial Discrimination Bill in 1957, aiming to make discrimination on racial grounds illegal; the Bill was talked out by Conservative MP Ronald Bell.
## Bank rate leak {#bank_rate_leak}
In November 1957 Plummer caused uproar on the Conservative benches of the House of Commons by accusing the government of leaking changes to the Bank of England interest rate to the *Daily Telegraph* and *Financial Times*. A judicial inquiry was set up but found no evidence of any impropriety.
## Police guard {#police_guard}
Plummer accused the National Labour Party, a far right-wing group, of being behind a rise of antisemitism in London. The party demanded he substantiate the charge or withdraw it. Plummer maintained his challenge. In August 1960 it was revealed that Plummer had received threatening phone calls and eventually a death threat in a letter from the \"Adolf Hitler Memorial League\". At the end of April 1960 the police put an armed guard on his flat in Hampstead. The threatening letters continued.
## Libel case {#libel_case}
The British National Party nominated candidates in local elections in Deptford in 1961, who issued an election address which attacked Plummer under the heading \"Your Pro-Black M.P.\" and accused him of \"\[coming\] down solidly on the side of coloured spivs and their vice dens as opposed to the white people of Deptford\". Plummer sued for libel, and was awarded £2,000 in damages.
## Death
In the 1960s Plummer became interested in promoting East-West trade. He was elected Vice-Chairman of the Parliamentary group on this subject in March 1961. He was forced to apologise to Sir Robert Grimston, a Deputy Speaker, when he wrongly accused him of joining a pressure group for commercial radio. He also often took up issues of human rights abuses in Spain. On 15 April 1963, Plummer died suddenly in New York City, where he had gone for a lecture tour
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# St Mark's Church, Bristol
\[\[<File:St> Mark\'s, Bristol (April 2011).jpg\|thumb\|200px\|St Mark\'s Church, Bristol, west front, remodelled in 1830 and 1889. The south aisle window is visible on the right side, the tower to the rear, behind which is the Poyntz Chapel. Bristol Cathedral is behind the viewer, across a large grass lawn, formerly a graveyard used by both churches.
\
[lordmayorschapel.org](http://lordmayorschapel.org/) \]\] **St Mark\'s Church** is an ancient church on the north-east side of College Green, Bristol, England, built c. 1230. Better known to mediaeval and Tudor historians as the **Gaunt\'s Chapel**, it has also been known within Bristol since 1722 as the **Lord Mayor\'s Chapel**. It is one of only two churches in England privately owned and used for worship by a city corporation. The other is St Lawrence Jewry, London. It stands opposite St Augustine\'s Abbey (after 1542 Bristol Cathedral), founded by a member of the Berkeley family of nearby Berkeley Castle, from which it was originally separated by the Abbey\'s burial ground, now called College Green. It was built as the chapel to the adjacent **Gaunt\'s Hospital**, now demolished, founded in 1220. Except for the west front, the church has been enclosed by later adjacent buildings, although the tower is still visible. The church contains some fine late gothic features and a collection of continental stained glass. It is designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building.
## Foundation
In 1220 Maurice de Gaunt (d.1230), a grandson of Robert Fitzharding (d.1170), first feudal baron of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, founded a hospital, that is to say a mediaeval charitable residential institution, next to his grandfather\'s foundation of St Augustine\'s Abbey, to provide relief for the sick and poor. It was to be called the \"Hospital of St Mark of Billeswyke-by-Bristol\" and was housed in the Abbey\'s almonry. On Maurice\'s death in 1230, his nephew Robert de Gournay added to its endowment, made it independent of the Abbey and placed it under the control of Maurice\'s brother Henry de Gaunt. It became known informally as St Mark\'s Hospital or Gaunt\'s Hospital. The church for the use of the inmates of the hospital was built around 1230, and is the only part of the buildings extant today.
Maurice de Gaunt also founded Blackfriars in about 1227-9 (the cloisters now known as Quakers Friars).
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# St Mark's Church, Bristol
## Notable burials {#notable_burials}
The church contains several chest tombs. Two of these, in the south aisle chapel, are of knights which may be the church\'s founders, Maurice de Gaunt and Robert de Gournay. There are more for other members of the Berkeley family, to which the founders were related. The chest tomb with effigy of Miles Salley(d.1516), Bishop of Llandaff from 1500, is in the chancel, to the south side of the altar. Many other members of the Berkeley family are buried in St Augustine\'s Abbey, now Bristol Cathedral
- Bishop Miles Salley(d.1516)
- Members of the Berkeley family
- Members of the Poyntz family, of Iron Acton, Glos.
- Reynborn Mathew(d.1470), 2nd son of Sir David Mathew(d.1484), of Llandaff, who had married Isabel Denys, da. of Maurice Denys(d.1466) and Alice Poyntz, half-aunt of Sir Robert Poyntz(d.1520).
- Thomas Mathew(d.pre 1470), 4th son of Sir David Mathew.
- Mary Denys(d.1593), da. of Sir William Denys(d.1535) & last prioress of Kington St. Michael Priory, Wilts. She was bequeathed by the will of her brother Sir Walter Denys(d.1571) his second best bed at Codrington. At the time of the Dissolution of her priory in 1535 she was called by the agent of Thomas Cromwell \"a faire young woman of Lacock\". She died \"a good olde maid, verie vertuose & godlye & is buried in the church of the Gauntes on the grene.\"
- Sir Richard Berkeley(d.1604) of Stoke Gifford, whose recumbent effigy is situated to the right of the entrance door.
- Thomas James (d.1619), Mayor of Bristol and twice its MP, and his nephew, also Thomas James (d.1635), Arctic explorer, after whom James Bay is named.
- Margaret Hopton(d.1635), wife of Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 2nd Baronet(d.1664). Her husband erected a large and costly marble monument in her memory standing against the north wall of the South Aisle Chapel.
## Dissolution
The following letter from Dr Layton to Thomas Cromwell was written on St Bartholomew\'s Day, 1535:
> "Pleas it your mastershipe to understonde, that yester nyght late we came from Glassynburie to Bristowe to Saint Austins, wheras we begyn this mornyng, intendyng this day to dispache bothe this howse here, beyng but xiiii chanons, and also the Gawntes, wheras be iiii or v \... From Sainte Austines withoute Bristowe, this Saint Bartilmews day, at iiii of the cloke in the mornyng, by the spedy hande of your moste assurede poir preste, Rycharde Layton".
Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, in 1539 Sir Edward Carne (died 1561), who had acquired Ewenny Priory, Glamorgan, which he turned into his private residence, obtained the lease of Gaunt\'s Hospital, and acted as its treasurer, receiving its income from the many ancient bequests of lands and rents made to it. He was due to go abroad to help in arranging the ill-fated marriage of Anne of Cleves to King Henry VIII, and the revenue from the hospital was directed in the meantime to the support of his wife, Anne Denys, a daughter of Sir William Denys (died 1535) of Dyrham, Glos., by Anne Berkeley, da. of Maurice, 3rd Baron Berkeley (died 1506). Bristol Corporation objected, and in 1540 the church was purchased by Bristol Corporation. Anne\'s brother Sir Walter Denys(died 1571) was awarded the receivership of St Augustine\'s Abbey.
## Queen Elizabeth\'s Hospital School {#queen_elizabeths_hospital_school}
From 1590 to 1767 a school known as Queen Elizabeth\'s Hospital utilised the former hospital building next to the church and used the church as its chapel.
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# St Mark's Church, Bristol
## Huguenot use {#huguenot_use}
Following the arrival of many Huguenots who fled from France to Bristol in the 17th century, Bristol City Corporation allowed them to use the chapel, from 1687 to 1722.
## Lord Mayor\'s chapel {#lord_mayors_chapel}
In 1722 it became the official church of the Mayor and Corporation of Bristol.
## Architecture
The nave was built around 1230, and the south aisle around 1270--80. These parts are in the early decorated gothic style, while the rest of the church is of the later perpendicular style. The tower, constructed over the east end, was completed in 1487. The chancel, south aisle chapel and reredos are the result of rebuilding by Miles Salley(d.1516), Bishop of Llandaff, in about 1500. The nave\'s roof and another side chapel are early 16th century. The west front, with its geometric 12-petalled rose window, was a 15th-century design but was rebuilt in about 1830. In 1889 John Loughborough Pearson created a new west entrance, in the gothic style. The original west front was bought by Henry Brooke of Henbury Hill House, where it now stands as a "Folly" ruin.
### Poyntz chapel {#poyntz_chapel}
Another fine addition, to the east end of the south aisle, beyond the tower, is the \"Chapel of Jesus\" or \"Poyntz Chapel\", built c.1523 as a chantry chapel by Sir Robert Poyntz (d.1520) of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire, a noted supporter of King Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. It should be distinguished from the Poyntz Chapel in Iron Acton Church, the family\'s chapel as lords of the manor. It is fan-vaulted, and has two niches of unknown use on the North wall. The floor is covered with coloured Spanish tiles, probably from Seville and contemporaneous with the building.
## Stained glass {#stained_glass}
In the early 19th century, Bristol Corporation took advantage of the sales of the collections of Sir Paul Baghott at Lypiatt Park and William Thomas Beckford at Fonthill Abbey to acquire an assortment of fine Continental stained glass for the church. From France there is a 15th-century depiction of two saints in the East window. There is more French glass in the nave, consisting of 16th-century mannerist work with grisaille, from Ecouen, and some 16th-century Bible scenes. From Steinfeld Abbey in Germany there are some 16th-century saints in the Poyntz chapel. In the south aisle chapel are 24 German and Flemish roundels, of the 16th or 17th centuries. The depiction of Thomas Becket in the south aisle, by Benjamin West in 1799, is also from Fonthill Abbey.
## Fittings
The church contains some fine baroque wrought iron by the Bristol blacksmith William Edney. These consist of a sword rest of 1702 and the screen and gate for the south aisle chapel, which date to 1726. These were all moved from Temple Church, Bristol after it was bombed in the Bristol Blitz during World War II.
The medieval high altar screen was deliberately covered up in 1722 with wainscotting \'with the deliberate effort of concealing it\'. The wainscotting was removed in 1820.
## Archives
Archives for the Lord Mayor\'s Chapel are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. LMC) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=LMC&pos=1)) including administration, finance, building alterations, music, and service registers.
## Current usage {#current_usage}
The church is open regularly for visitors and worship. It has been used to exhibit artwork involving caged birds singing along with a live pianist
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# Rasmus Hansen (footballer, born 1979)
**Rasmus Hansen** (born 15 February 1979) is a retired Danish professional football midfielder, who last played for FC Skanderborg. As of August 2011, he has started at Law School in Aarhus
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# Augustus Moore Herring
**Augustus Moore Herring** (August 3, 1867 -- July 17, 1926) was an American aviation pioneer, who sometimes is claimed by Michigan promoters to be the first true aviator of a motorized heavier-than-air aircraft.
## Biography
Herring was born in Covington, Georgia, to William F. Herring, a wealthy cotton broker, and his wife Cloe Perry Conyers. He studied in both Switzerland and Germany, before his family settled in New York in 1884. In 1885-6, as a student at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Herring was already building models of flying machines. By 1893, he had built a full sized glider -- which he crashed when trying to leave the ground. He began studying glider expert Otto Lilienthal\'s work. In 1894, Herring built a Type 11-monoplane glider based on Otto Lilienthal\'s 1893 German patent.
Herring was then hired by Octave Chanute to build and test aircraft models from plans drawn up by either Herring and Chanute. Later in 1895, Samuel Pierpont Langley hired Herring to assist in his experiments. Herring was rehired by Chanute in January 1896, but continued experimenting on his own. In December 1896, he applied for a patent of a man-supporting, heavier-than-air \"flying machine\" that was motor powered and controllable, but the patent application was rejected.
On October 10, 1898, Herring telegraphed Chanute to come and watch him fly a powered aeroplane of his own design, based on the Chanute-type biplane structure, using a compressed air engine at Silver Beach Amusement Park in St. Joseph, Michigan. He could not get airborne. Herring was reported to have made a longer flight on October 22, witnessed by two locals.
In 1909 Herring joined Glenn Curtiss to create the Herring-Curtiss Company. The next year, he left Curtiss and joined Starling Burgess in Marblehead, Massachusetts to design and build aeroplanes. He left Burgess after a year, following disagreements with another Burgess partner, Greely S. Curtis. Herring brought suit against Glenn Curtiss, claiming he had been cheated out of his property and ideas. A patent Herring claimed to have did not exist.
Herring did some aviation design work for the United States Army during World War I, he later was partially paralyzed by a series of strokes.
He died in 1926 at the age of 59, survived by his wife, the former Lillian Mellen. Four years later Herring won his suit against Curtiss with a sizeable financial award.
## Claims as first to fly {#claims_as_first_to_fly}
Aviation historian Phil Scott in *The Shoulders of Giants: A History of Human Flight to 1919* (1995, `{{ISBN|0-201-62722-1}}`{=mediawiki}) wrote that he does not consider Herring a candidate for the first flight claim. Scott says Herring\'s glider was difficult to steer and his two-cylinder, three-horsepower compressed air engine could operate for only 30 seconds at a time. Scott considers Herring as having simply expanded the traditional hang-gliding by adding an engine.
Herring\'s defenders point out that hang-glider fliers today steer their aircraft by shifting their body, as Herring did. This method was superseded by the Wright Brothers system of dynamic three-axis control used by most aircraft flying today
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# Ken Lanier
**Kenneth Wayne Lanier** (born July 8, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), including 13 of those with the Denver Broncos. He played college football for the Florida State Seminoles
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# Raylee Johnson
**Raylee Johnson** (born June 1, 1970) is an American former professional football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the 1993 NFL draft out of the University of Arkansas. Johnson played 10 of his 11 years for the Chargers. He was signed by the Denver Broncos before the 2004 season, and then released on August 29, 2005
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# St Stephen's Church, Bristol
**St Stephen\'s Church** in St Stephen\'s Avenue, is the parish church for the city of Bristol, England.
It has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building.
## History
It was built, on the site of an 11th-century church, in the 14th century and rebuilt around 1470. The tower and east window were paid for by John Shipward, four times Mayor of Bristol, who died in 1473, the tower being built by the mason Benedict (or Benet) Crosse. The site was on the banks of the River Frome, which was diverted in the 1240s to create Bristol Harbour. The clerestory was repaired after a storm in 1703. The aisle and east windows were restored in 1873.
The tower measures approximately 18 ft by 20 ft at its base, and rises to a total height of 152 ft. It originally contained six bells but these have been replaced over the years and the number increased to twelve. The tower is typical of Somerset churches, but with the addition of a \"Gloucestershire crown\" of arcaded battlements, pinnacles and open-work arcading.
The 15th-century brass eagle lectern and the iron sword rest by William Edney of about 1710 were moved to St Stephen\'s from St Nicholas church, which was damaged in the Bristol Blitz.
In 1885, a young man named Ramsay MacDonald took up a position as an assistant to Mordaunt Crofton, a Bristol clergyman who was attempting to establish a Boys\' and Young Men\'s Guild at St Stephen\'s Church. It was in Bristol that Ramsay MacDonald joined his first Radical organisation, before moving to London in early 1886. Later, MacDonald became the first Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
The St Stephen\'s Ringers have been a continuously active group of bellringers since 1574, and have met annually at The Red Lodge since 1920 for their ceremonial dinner.
## Tombs, burials and monuments {#tombs_burials_and_monuments}
Edmund Blanket, a 14th-century clothier and wool merchant, has a tomb on the north side of the church.
Arnaq and Kalicho, who were amongst the first North Americans to visit Britain (having been seized by Martin Frobisher), were buried at this church as \"heathens\" in 1577, within months of arriving in England.
A significant tomb is that of Martin Pring, who died at the age of 46 in 1627. He was a navigator, explorer and merchant and discovered what is now called Cape Cod Bay. The monument is draped with painted mermaids and mermen and verses to his exploits. Sir Walter Tyddesley, who died in 1385, and Sir George Snigge also have ornate tombs in the church. Also commemorated, but this time in a wall-mounted plaque, is Robert Kitchin, who died in 1594, a donor of one of the famous bronze \"nails\" (merchants\' counting tables) found outside The Exchange in Bristol.
## Archives
Parish records for St Stephen\'s church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P. St S) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=P.St+S)) including baptism and marriage registers and a burial register. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, overseer of the poor, parochial church council, charities and vestry plus deeds
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# Chico Vaughn
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unexpected '|'
| 1 || 4.0 || 1.000 || 1.000 || – || .0 || .0 || 6
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# Alex Romeril
**Alexander Edward \"Porky\" Romeril** (December 29, 1893 -- May 17, 1968) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player, football player, National Hockey League referee, and the first coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs.
## Career
Romeril played junior hockey with the Toronto Canoe Club, winning the Ontario Hockey Association championship in 1912 with Romeril playing rover. He was offered \$70 a week to turn professional with the Toronto Blueshirts in 1912--13, but declined and played for the TCC senior team. During the First World War, Romeril played senior hockey with the Winnipeg 61st Battalion, winning the Allan Cup in 1916.
After the war, Romeril played left wing for the senior OHA team from the Toronto Granite Club, called the Toronto Granites. Led by centre Harry Watson, the Granites won the Allan Cup in 1922 and 1923 (Romeril was injured and couldn\'t play in the 1923 series). In 1923--24, Romeril played for Toronto Aura Lee, and then played for the Parkdale Canoe Club team in 1924--25.
At the same time, Romeril was playing football before the start of hockey season for the Toronto Argonauts. He played from 1920 to 1922 and then returned to manage the team in 1924.
In February 1927, Romeril was named head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League after the Toronto St. Patricks were acquired by a group headed by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs. He coached the team through the rest of the 1926--27 season. Romeril then became an NHL referee until retiring in 1934.
He was also a strong golfer, competing in Toronto-area tournaments and serving as captain at the Rosedale Golf Club.
Romeril is buried at Park Lawn Cemetery in Toronto
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# Kenneth Møller Pedersen
**Kenneth Møller Pedersen** (born 18 April 1973) is a former Danish professional football midfielder
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# 1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya
The **1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya** was Russian Air Force\'s military operation against the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria that was a prelude to the main part of the Second Chechen War. In late August and September 1999, Russia mounted a massive air campaign over Chechnya, with the stated aim of wiping out militants who invaded Dagestan the previous month.
Russian Air Force commander Anatoly Kornukov suggested there were similarities between the attacks on Chechnya and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
## Campaign
On August 26, 1999, Russia acknowledged bombing raids in Chechnya. Russian aircraft attacked several targets in Serzhen-Yurt, Benoy and along the Vedeno gorge.
To help rally political support for the operation, the FSB released a videotape of Chechen militants committing atrocities against Russian soldiers. *\"We should hit, hit and once again hit them until Mr. Maskhadov says that there\'s nobody left except civilians. Then we should get in and see that for ourselves,\"* said a member of the Duma\'s defense committee.
On September 23, 1999, the first in a series of missile attacks on the Chechen capital Grozny was launched. The first target was the Sheikh Mansur (Severny) Grozny Airport, situated 2 kilometres from the city centre. In the north-east, burning fuel depots and the Grozny oil refinery and enveloping the capital in a cloud of smoke. During the next two days of Russian air attacks on the city at least 31 people were killed and more than 60 injured.
On September 27, 1999, at least 42 people were killed and more than 200 injured in the bombing raids on Grozny.
## Effects
Until September 25, 1999, Russian warplanes had carried out at least 1,700 sorties since the bombing runs began. Russian command claimed that a total of 150 military bases have been destroyed, along with 30 bridges, 80 vehicles and six radio transmitters, while 250 kilometers of mountain roads were mined. In early October the Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov said some 60-70 percent of the bridges in Chechnya have been destroyed.
The air strikes quickly crippled Chechnya\'s stationary and mobile telephone system and hit the Chechen television station. The electricity supply was also cut; in addition to its other consequences, the loss of electricity further crippled the Chechen administration\'s ability to compete in the information war.
The attacks were reported to have killed hundreds of civilians and forced at least 100,000 Chechens to flee their homes. The neighbouring region of Ingushetia was reported to have appealed for United Nations aid to deal with tens of thousands of refugees. On October 2, 1999 Russia\'s Ministry of Emergency Situations admitted that 78,000 people have fled the air strikes in Chechnya; most of them were heading for Ingushetia, where they are arriving at a rate of 5,000 to 6,000 a day
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# Dominic Barker
**Dominic Barker** (born 1966) is a British children\'s author.
## Biography
Dominic Barker was born in Southport in 1966. He graduated from the University of Birmingham with a degree in English and then spent two years as part of a comedy double act before deciding to become a teacher. He taught at various schools including The Commonweal School, Swindon.
He currently lives in Barcelona, where he blogs on the city at bigbarcelonablog.blogspot.com and on random other stuff at dominicbarker.blogspot.com
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# Gunslinger (poem)
***Gunslinger*** is a six-part 1968 poem by Ed Dorn.
## History
*Book I* was first published in 1968, *Book II* in 1969, *The Cycle* (\'Book 2 1/2\') in 1971, *The Winterbook* (Book III) in 1972, *Bean News* (*Gunslinger\'s* \'secret book\') in 1972, and \'Book IIII\' as part of the complete *Slinger* (minus *Bean News*) in 1975. *Gunslinger* is Dorn\'s best-known work, and widely considered his most important.
## Summary
The gunslinger is a long form political poem about a demigod cowboy, a saloon madam, and a talking horse named Claude Levi-Strauss, who travel the Southwest in search of Howard Hughes.
The conversation stream of the poem is constantly interrupted. Dorn mixes the jargon of drug addicts, Westerners, and others to reflect the jumble of American speech. He seems to intentionally frustrate the reader; syntax is ambiguous, punctuation is sparse, and puns, homonyms, and nonsense words become an integral part of conversation
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# Avon Bridge
The **Avon Bridge** is a railway bridge over the River Avon in Brislington, Bristol, England. It was built in 1839 by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building. The contract was originally awarded to William Ranger, who fell behind with the build and had his construction plant seized so the Great Western Railway company could finish construction. Ranger started legal proceedings against the company, but they were eventually quashed by Lord Cranworth.
The bridge carries the Great Western Main Line over the River Avon into Bristol Temple Meads station, approximately 300 m west (downstream) of Netham Weir.
## Construction
The Great Western Railway company engaged Isambard Kingdom Brunel to build a bridge on the eastern approach to Bristol Temple Meads. Brunel designed a masonry bridge with a wide central arch and a smaller arch on either side; all three arches are in a gothic style. The entire structure is made of squared stone with semi-octagonal buttresses and was completed in 1839. Subsequently, a truss girder bridge was added on either side of the Avon Bridge to widen it, obscuring the structure. The structure became Grade I Listed on 8 June 1990.
The contract for building the bridge went to William Ranger in March 1836, with work beginning that April. The stone for the bridge was intended to be taken from the cutting of the nearby No. 1 Tunnel. Ranger fell behind schedule, and by 1838, when shareholders had intended the line to be open, Great Western Railway declared his work unsatisfactory. Under the terms of their contract with him they seized his plant to complete the works themselves. Ranger valued his plant at £70,000 (`{{inflation|UK|70000|1839|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}`{=mediawiki}), and started legal proceeding against the Great Western Railway, stating he had been deceived about the nature of the stone he was cutting into, believing it was sandstone and discovering it was Pennant stone. He also complained that Brunel was a shareholder of the Great Western Railway company, a fact Ranger was not aware of when he took the contract. The case was eventually settled by the Lord Cranworth, who stated that Ranger could not reject terms of the contract
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# Karsten Johansen
**Karsten Johansen** (born 11 April 1981) is a Danish professional football forward, who currently plays for the Danish 1st Division side Næstved BK
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# Campaign to Defend Siping
The **Campaign to Defend Siping** (`{{lang-zh|c=四平保卫战}}`{=mediawiki}) was a struggle between the Nationalists and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for the control of Siping in 1946 during the Chinese Civil War. This campaign was characterized by the fact that the supreme commanders of both sides had overestimated their strength and set unrealistic goals, but in both cases, the frontline commanders on both sides averted the potential catastrophes by convincing their respective supreme commanders to change their original decisions.
## Prelude
After the defeat of Jinjiatun Campaign, the nationalists resumed their offensive with vengeance. In a short period of just two days, the nationalists were able to regroup and re-supply completely, and continued their push toward Siping. Chiang Kai-shek was determined to take Changchun after taking Siping, and Mao Zedong was equally determined to hold Siping to the end and prevent the nationalists from taking both Siping and Changchun. Both sides realized the upcoming campaign would be a difficult one and both sides placed one of their best field commanders in charge: Du Yuming for the nationalists and Lin Biao for the CCP.
## Order of battle {#order_of_battle}
Attackers: nationalist order of battle:
- New 1st Army
- New 6th Army
- 71st Army
- 93rd Army
- Army-sized 207th Division of the Youth Army
Defenders: CCP order of battle:
- Column
- Southern Manchurian 3rd Column
- Western Manchurian 3rd Division
- Northern Manchurian 7th Division
- Shandong 1st Division
- Shandong 2nd Division
- Shandong 3rd Division
- 3rd Division of the New Fourth Army
- 8th Brigade of the New Fourth Army
- 359th Brigade
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# Campaign to Defend Siping
## First stage {#first_stage}
Under Mao Zedong\'s strategy, the communists were determined to hold Siping to the end. In order to fortify the city, everyone was mobilized to build bunkers inside the city, while food, ammunition and other supplies were stacked. Lin Biao and Mao Zedong had personally inspected communist fortifications at important defensive positions such as Pagoda Mountain (Tazishan, 塔子山) and Three Lines of Groves (Sandaolinzi, 三道林子) with Peng Zhen in preparation for a prolonged campaign. Lin Biao also held a conference at Lishu County to plan the strategy of the defense: To better coordinate the defense of Siping, the communist formed an urban defense command inside the city headed by the Ma Renxing, the commander of the communist 1st Brigade, while the general headquarters retreated to the suburb at Lishu County. In order to boost the morale of defenders, a newspaper titled \"Self Defense Newspaper\" was created with Chen Yi (major general), the deputy director of the political directorate of the communist general headquarters as the chief editor. The communist decided to deploy only two regiments in the city to check the nationalist attacks while the bulk of their force would be deployed in the rear, in the region between Siping and Lishu County and the region between Siping and Bamiancheng. Once the attacking nationalists were checked by the defensive force of the city in fortification, the communists would then concentrate their force to strike the weakest nationalist 71st Army.
On April 17, 1946, Nationalist frontline commander Zheng Dongguo and his deputy Liang Huasheng (梁华盛) moved their headquarters to `{{Interlanguage link|Shuangmiaozi|zh|双庙子镇}}`{=mediawiki} and ordered an immediate attack on the city. On April 18, the railways reaching the city was successfully severed. Two regiments of the 30th Division of the nationalist 71st Army under the command of Chen Mingren attacked the enemy positions from the south from Haifeng Village (Haifeng Tun, 海丰屯), Pobozi (泊脖子), and Duck Lake Pao (Ya Hu Pao, 鸭湖泡) regions, but were beaten back three times consecutively. After the initial setback, Zheng Dongguo held a military conference on April 19. The nationalist army and divisional commanders attending the conference concluded that the frontal attack on the strongly defended enemy positions was impossible, and attacks from flanks or other weak points must be selected instead in order to achieve a successful breakthrough. The railway junctions that provided the link between the 3rd Battalion of the communist 1st Regiment and the communist 56th Regiment appeared to be a good point for the breakthrough. After the conference, under heavy artillery cover, the 30th Division of the nationalist New 1st Army launched its offensive on the junction of the two communist units, and the nationalists had successfully taken the enemy position as expected. The loss of the position at the railway junction signaled that the defensive force inside the city must be strengthened and Lin Biao immediately did so, and informed the defenders in the city.
The arrival of the reinforcements greatly boosted the morale of the defenders and the advance guard of the 21st Regiment of the 7th Brigade of the communist Western Manchurian 3rd Division launched a counterassault on the nationalists with the help of other communist units, and successfully took back the positions at railway junction previously lost on the same afternoon, while inflicting heavy casualties on the nationalists in the process, and the heavy casualties stopped the offensive of the nationalist 30th Division completely. After the struggle for Siping had begun, both Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in their distant headquarters were concerned about the development and both frequently inquired the progress on the battlefield. Chiang was determined to take Changchun and thus Siping must be taken first to open the path for Changchun, while Mao felt that Siping must be held at all cost and on April 22, Mao telegraphed Lin Biao to order him to hold on and wait for the campaign to turn for the better. From April 18, through April 26, 3 divisions from the nationalist New 1st Army and the 71st Army took turns to assault the enemy positions, but were all beaten back by the enemy in favorable terrain. By the evening of April 26, 1946, heavy casualties forced the offensive of the nationalist 71st Army to a complete stop, while that of the nationalist New 1st Army was reduced to skirmishes.
After failing to make significant progress, the nationalists resorted to artillery to shell the enemy, but this resulted in a disastrous failure. The terrain favored the defenders in that there were relatively few artillery positions outside the city for shelling the city, and defenders were well aware these positions. The nationalists enjoyed numerical superiorities in artillery so these positions were jammed with nationalist batteries. The enemy defending the city, on the other hand, had fewer artilleries and thus was forced to move around whenever and wherever they were needed, and such frequent and rapid movement to the next new position where artillery support was needed helped the enemy artilleries from being shelled by the nationalist counter-artillery fire. In contrast, nationalist artillery was the first to fire for most of the time, but after firing, they were not able to move around due to limited positions available and the high concentration of batteries deployed in the few available positions. As a result, the nationalist batteries became victims of enemy counter-artillery fire and suffered great loss. When nationalists were forced to withdraw their batteries from the few available artillery positions to avoid losses, the enemy was out of range. As a result, the attacking nationalists lost the artillery duel. Mao was happy that the nationalist attack was beaten back again, and on April 27, 1946, telegraphed Lin Biao to praise him and his troop, and asked Lin Biao to deploy one or two more regiments to develop Siping into Madrid in the East.
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# Campaign to Defend Siping
## Second stage {#second_stage}
To better defend the city, Lin Biao redeployed his forces: the 21st Regiment of the 7th Brigade of the communist Western Manchurian 3rd Division, the 67th Regiment and the 2nd Regiment of the Artillery Brigade of the Northern Manchurian 7th Division entered the city to boost the defense, the 55th Regiment and the 58th Regiment of the 19th Brigade of the communist Wan Yi Column was deployed in southern suburb, the Shandong 1st Division and 2nd Division were deployed in the northwestern suburb, the 7th Brigade and the 10th Brigade of the Western Manchurian 3rd Division were deployed in the eastern suburb, and 359th Brigade stationed at Gongzhuling as reserve. The 7th Brigade and the 8th Brigade of the communist Southern Manchurian 3rd Column had also successfully severed the nationalist supply line between Changtu and Kaiyuan, Liaoning, thus slowed down the nationalist push on the city. To distract nationalist forces elsewhere and preventing them from reinforcing their comrades-in-arms attacking Siping, other communist units launched separate attacks on the nationalist positions, and by April 18, all of the final nationalist strongholds in Changchun region fell into the enemy hands, and on April 25, Qiqihar fell into the enemy hands, and finally on April 28, all of the final nationalist strongholds in the Harbin region fell into the enemy hands. However, such success only strengthened Chiang Kai-shek\'s resolve to take Changchun after Siping.
After the initial success of repelling the nationalist attack, the communist high command became overconfident and daydreamed that within ten days, the communist defenders of Siping would leave the city and annihilate the elite nationalist New 1st Army. On April 28, 1946, the communist high command telegraphed the entire communist force defending the city by praising them for their success in defending Siping and hoped that they would continue their effort for the final victory, turning Siping into another Madrid. Lin Biao was well aware that the communist force at the time was not capable of fighting with the New 1st Army face to face, and telegraphed back on April 29, claiming that it was impossible to annihilate the New 1st Army at Siping, though this elite nationalist force would definitely be annihilated in Northeast China, it was not the time when defending Siping. However, the unscathed large communist force in other areas was quite capable of badly mauling the exhausted New 1st Army after the fierce battles at Siping in an ambush at the favorable terrain and under the cover of darkness and bad weather, and such ambush was planned later on the presumed nationalist attack on Changchun. Du Yuming, the brilliant nationalist commander would not provide the enemy with such opportunity they wanted and thus would consequently foil the enemy\'s hope by successfully convincing Chiang Kai-shek instead of immediately continuing to take Changchun after taking Siping as originally planned, the exhausted nationalists would stop at Siping regroup and re-supply, hence avoiding any possible ambush or counterattacks by the enemy.
Confident that the nationalists would be able to completely annihilate the communist enemy and would be able to first take Northeast China and then the entire China afterward, on April 30, 1946, Chiang Kai-shek turned down George Marshall\'s peace proposal that was agreed by the communists and neutral political parties in China, and both the nationalists and the communists realized that any gains in the following peace negotiations would come from the victories in the battlefield. On April 1, Mao Zedong telegrammed Lin Biao, giving the latter the following orders: First, Lin Biao would have the overall control of the communist political and military power in Northeast China and if help was needed, Gao Gang would be sent. Second, the nationalists had turned down the George Marshall\'s peace proposal that was agreed by the communists and neutral political parties and insisted on taking Changchun, so Siping and Benxi must be held to the end so that the enemy (nationalists) would exhaust its supplies and ammunitions to the point that it would take at least six months to resupply, and thus providing time for us (communists) to strengthen ourselves (communists) at Changchun and Harbin for better positions in the peace negotiation followed. Third, concentrating our (communist) force to achieve victory.
After setbacks outside Siping, the nationalists believed that the situation in Northeast China depended on the successful capture of the city, and after Siping was taken from the enemy, the overall situation for the nationalist in Northeast China would immediately be improved significantly, and thus the city must be taken at all costs. The elite nationalist New 6th Army under the command of Liao Yaoxiang was first airlifted by the United States Army Air Forces to Northeast China, and made its move to Siping from Kaiyuan, Xifeng, and the Town of Yehe Nara. With the arrival of new reinforcements, the nationalists planned to concentrate their forces to take Siping and then take Yongji and Changchun. In preparation, the 14th Division and the 22nd Division of the nationalist New 6th Army was deployed to Kaiyuan from Liaoyang and Benxi, the nationalist 93rd Army was also deployed to Northeast China from Beijing. In addition, the nationalist air force concentrated all of its available aircraft in the region to support the offensive on the ground.
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# Campaign to Defend Siping
## Third stage {#third_stage}
On May 15, Du Yuming gave the order to launch a general assault on Siping and declared to his men that the city must be taken this time. The nationalist assault came in three fronts: the 88th Division and the New 6th Army of the nationalist right front would attack the enemy\'s left flank, targeting cities including Gongzhuling, Meihekou, Changchun and Qitamu (其塔木). The New 1st Army on the nationalist central front would directly attack city and then would take Shuangcheng and Dehui after taking Siping, and continue its push to the regions north of the Songhua River. Two divisions of the 71st Army on the nationalist left front would attack the enemy\'s right flank, targeting Zhengjiatun and Shuangcheng. On May 15, 1946, with ten times numerical superiority and additional technical superiority, the nationalist 50th Division at the left flank of the nationalist central front launched its fierce attacks under air cover and air support on the peak \# 258 held by the enemy, located to the east of Siping and south of Hafu (哈福). After severe casualties, the enemy was forced to give up peak #258.
On May 17, Du Yuming ordered the nationalist 195th Division in reserve into action and soon took Hafu, and surrounded the most critical point of defense of the city, the highest point in the east, a hill called Pagoda Mountain (Ta Zi Shan, 塔子山) located 10 km to the southeast of the city. Excited about the progress, Du reported to Chiang Kai-shek that Siping would be taken soon. Chiang, on the other hands, was not so sure and worried that the nationalist offensive would once more suffer a setback, sent the nationalist Deputy Chief of the General Staff Bai Chongxi to Northeast China to investigate. The night Bai reached Shenyang, Bai told Du Yuming that Chiang had felt the battle to capture Siping took too long, and he could not wait any longer. As long as Siping was captured, the nationalists would be in a better position on the peace negotiation table than the communists and taking Changchun would be after taking Siping.
Both sides were well aware of the importance of the hill and the nationalists launched multiple assaults on the hill, and all were beaten back by the communist 19th Regiment of the 7th Brigade of the Western Manchurian 3rd Division defending the hill. The nationalists then concentrated all available firepower to bombard the enemy position with an area around a hundred square metres at the hilltop at a rate of more than 30 rounds per minute, and under the cover of intense artillery shelling, the nationalist New 6th Army under its commander Liao Yaoxiang attacked the hill from three sides in the east, the south, and the west. After beating back the nationalist attacks for six times, it was obvious reinforcements were needed. The communist 10th Brigade was ordered to reinforce Pagoda Mountain (Ta Zi Shan, 塔子山) but they were delayed when crossing the Liao River, and this was the most important reason that caused the eventual abandonment of city.
It was obvious that it would be only a matter of time before the communist stronghold at Pagoda Mountain (Ta Zi Shan, 塔子山) would be taken by the attacking nationalists, and with neither the technical nor the numerical superiority, Lin Biao believed it was much more important to preserve the communist strength for the future and he radioed Mao Zedong on May 18, to report the situation and intention to abandon the city. After sending the message, Lin Biao ordered a general withdraw without waiting for the Mao\'s reply, and by midnight, the general withdrawal was completed in an orderly fashion and in total secrecy. Next morning, the nationalists entered and secured the city, and only after that did Mao\'s reply came on May 19, in which Mao finally changed his mind and agreed with Lin Biao. Had Lin Biao waited, his entire force in the city would be annihilated.
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# Campaign to Defend Siping
## Outcome
The brilliance of the frontline commanders from both sides was obvious towards the end and after the campaign. Chiang Kai-shek was overjoyed with the taking of Siping and ordered the nationalists to immediately continue their attack and to take Changchun without a break, so that the enemy would not have the chance to regroup. Du Yuming, the nationalist frontline commander was well aware that his exhausted force must rest and regroup for sometime before launching anymore attacks on the enemy. Furthermore, Du and his fellow officers were also keenly aware that the majority of the enemy force in the rural regions was unscathed and was waiting to ambush them out in the open if the exhausted nationalists had ventured into the terrain hostile to the mechanized force. Du and his officers were determined not to give the enemy the opportunity they had been waiting for, and in a rare example among Chiang\'s most trusted subordinates, Du Yuming refused to carry out Chiang\'s order and successfully convinced Chiang to stop the planned offensive to allow the nationalists to consolidate their gains in Northeast China, and thus foiled the enemy\'s hope of possible ambush.
Equally brilliant, the communist commander Lin Biao dared to ignore Mao Zedong\'s order and withdrew from the city on his own, thus successfully avoided total annihilation of his defending force by the numerically and technically superior adversary. However, Lin Biao was more fortunate than his counterpart in that he did not have to convince Mao for his decision and actions because Mao had realized his error and concurred with what Lin Biao\'s had done. However, neither Chiang\'s original plan of continuing to take Changchun nor Mao\'s original plan of holding Siping had materialized and thus the campaign ended in a stalemate.
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# Campaign to Defend Siping
## Campaign to Defend Siping vs. Battle of Siping {#campaign_to_defend_siping_vs._battle_of_siping}
The Nationalists considered this campaign to include the Battle of Siping, but this was rather misleading since the strategies for both sides were totally different from the strategies in this campaign and unrelated to each other. Furthermore, the commanders for both sides in this campaign were not the same as the commanders in the Battle of Siping. More importantly, the Nationalists in the Battle of Siping were only nominally Nationalists, because they were former Nationalist (mostly warlords under nominal Nationalist control) turned Japanese puppet regime forces who rejoined the Nationalists after World War II, combined with local bandits recruited by the Nationalist administrators to fight off communists. Chiang Kai-shek\'s Nationalist regime simply did not have the resource to rapidly deploy forces into the region, so he relied on a combination of warlord forces and former bandits in the Battle of Siping. In fact, in the Battle of Siping, Chiang\'s own Nationalist troop did not even participate in the fight
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# Louis Lillywhite
Lieutenant General **Louis Patrick Lillywhite**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CB|MBE|QHS}}`{=mediawiki} (born 23 February 1948) is a retired British Army physician and officer. He was Surgeon-General of the British Armed Forces from 2006 until December 2009. Between January 2017 and January 2022, he served as the first Master-General of the Army Medical Services
## Early life {#early_life}
Born to William Henry Lillywhite and Annie Kate (née Vesey), Louis Lillywhite attended King Edward VI School in Lichfield and the University of Wales College of Medicine and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
## Military career {#military_career}
Lillywhite was commissioned on 1 October 1968 as a second lieutenant (on probation). He was promoted to lieutenant on 7 July 1971 and to captain on 2 August 1972. He served as a medical officer and during the Gulf War in 1991, where he was mentioned in despatches. He was Surgeon-General of the British Armed Forces from 2006 until December 2009. He was appointed as an Officer of the Order of St John in 2007 and became an Honorary Member of the Society of Medical Consultants to the Armed Forces (of the USA) in 2009 and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners in 2010.
Lillywhite was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1984, and a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 2009 New Year Honours.
## Later life {#later_life}
In retirement, he became a member of the Bevan Commission (Wales), and a Senior Consulting Fellow at the Centre on Global Health Security of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House
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# Country Heart
***Country Heart*** is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club.
## Background
Although *Country Heart* contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones\'s first number one country hit \"White Lightnin\'\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\" with Melba Montgomery from 1963. Curiously, the album also features an instrumental version of \"The Race Is On\", which had gone to number three for Jones in 1964 when he was still with United Artists. *Country Heart* also showcases the songwriting talents of Jones friend Earl \"Peanut\" Montgomery, whom the country star had begun to rely on more heavily for new material. \"From Here To The Door\" was written by Don Chapel, who was married to Tammy Wynette at the time.
\"Walk Through This World with Me\" would become a number one hit for Jones in 1967, his first chart topper in five years. According to Bob Allen\'s book *George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend*, Jones was less than enthusiastic about the \"musically middle-of-the-road love ballad that was almost inspirational in its unabashedly optimistic and romantic sentiments - a far cry from \'The Window Up Above,\'\" and it was only at his producer H.W. \"Pappy\" Daily\'s insistence that he recorded the song at all. \"Four-O-Thirty Three\" and \"Things Have Gone To Pieces\" had also been top ten hits for Jones.
## Reception
AllMusic\'s Jim Worbois, while lamenting that a full version of \"The Race Is On\" is not featured, writes that the set \"easily shows why George Jones has long been considered the finest singer in country music.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Four-O-Thirty-Three\" (Earl Montgomery)
2. \"Let a Little Loving Come In\" (Leon Payne)
3. \"How Proud I Would Have Been\" (Joe Poovey)
4. \"We\'re Watching Our Step\" (E. Montgomery)
5. \"Old Brush Arbors\" (Orbie Ardis, Darrell Edwards)
6. \"The Race Is On\" (Instrumental)
7. \"Take Me\" (George Jones, Payne)
8. \"Ship of Love\" (Leroy Griffin)
9. \"I Can\'t Get Used to Being Lonely\" (E. Montgomery)
10. \"Walk Through This World with Me\" (Kay Savage, Sandra Seamons)
11. \"Flowers for Mama\" (Eddie Noack, Al Rumley, Cindy Walker)
12. \"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds\" (with Melba Montgomery) (E. Montgomery)
13. \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\" (Payne)
14. \"If You Believe\" (Darrell Edwards)
15. \"Gonna Take Me Away from You\"
16. \"Till I Hear It from You\" (Jones, Jack Ripley)
17. \"I\'m Wasting Good Paper\" (E. Montgomery)
18. \"White Lightning\" (J.P. Richardson)
19. \"From Here to the Door\" (Don Chapel)
20. \"Don\'t Keep Me Lonely Too Long\" (Melba Montgomery)
21. \"Sea Between Our Hearts\"
22. \"Developing My Pictures\" (E. Montgomery)
23. \"I Just Lost My Favorite Girl\"
24
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# Rick Robey
**Frederick Robert Robey** (born January 30, 1956) is an American former college and professional basketball player. At 6\'11\", he played the center position for the Indiana Pacers, Boston Celtics, and the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Coral Gables, Florida, Robey\'s family moved across America as he grew up. Robey remembered \"I lived in Coral Gables and Jacksonville, Florida until I was about five, then in Memphis (Tennessee) until I was 8 1/2, in Alaska until I was 11 and in New Orleans ever since\".
Robey\'s interest in basketball started early. The Robey family lived in Kodiak, Alaska for two years where Robey\'s father worked at the Kodiak Naval Operating Base. His father, Fred Robey was a civilian employee of the US Defense Investigative Service who said Robey\'s interest in basketball \"\...started very young, about five or six. He\'d say \'Dad, come out and throw the ball to me\' and I\'d do it. Then he started saying \'Dad, let\'s go out and shoot baskets\' and I\'d do that too\". Robey started playing basketball in the naval station\'s gymnasium every day, competing with much older sailors and marines. Robey\'s father said \"they were all so much bigger and better than him that he learned he just had to be aggressive\".
## High school career {#high_school_career}
Robey played high school basketball as a center for the Brother Martin High School Crusaders in New Orleans, Louisiana.
While discussing new recruits in 1972, then Brother Martin Crusaders\' basketball coach Andy Russo said of Robey \"\...one is a sophomore, Rick (Robey) is 6\' 9\" and weighs 215 pounds. He has never played high school ball, but when Marquette was in New Orleans to play Tulane, coach Al McGuire had Rick out to dinner. I don\'t know how he knew about him, but that\'s the kind of prospect Rick is. And he (Robey) hasn\'t even bounced a ball for us, yet.\"
After joining the team, Robey lost a season due to leaving his home school district. In the year he sat out, Robey said \"I grew five inches - up to 6\' 10\" inches. And I did get to practice and dress for games\". Beginning to play as a high school junior, Robey quickly became the team leader in scoring, averaging 16.1 points and 10.5 rebounds per game.
Tom Kolb, Robey\'s high school coach during his senior year at Brother Martin said \"When we got to the state playoffs\... the true Rick Robey came out. Over the final five games, he averaged 28 points and 23 rebounds\".
During the 1974 Louisiana Top Twenty high school basketball playoffs, Robey was described by Town Talk sports editor William F. \"Bill\" Carter as \"the most awesome basketball player I have seen\... Robey does it all\... he has learned to shoot the basketball from any spot.\"
### Louisiana state championship and accolades {#louisiana_state_championship_and_accolades}
As a high school senior, Robey led the Brother Martin Crusaders to win the Louisiana Class AAAA basketball state championship 67--56 over district rival Holy Cross. Robey scored twice in the last 39 seconds of the game, earning a total of 21 points and 18 rebounds during the game. Robey was voted Most Valuable Player of the state AAAA championship game.
Robey was voted Most Valuable Player in Louisiana for scoring 51 points and 38 rebounds during the tournament by the reporters and broadcasters who covered the games. Robey was named the Top Twenty tournament\'s \"Outstanding Player\" by the Louisiana Sports Writers Association. Robey was a unanimous selection to the Louisiana All-State basketball team.
### National honors {#national_honors}
In 1974 Robey was named to the All American Basketball Squad by Coach & Athlete magazine. Robey was selected to the Orlando Sentinel\'s Dixie Dozen and All-Southern teams.
Robey was named one of \"The Nation\'s Top 25\" high school basketball players by the St. Petersburg Times.
Robey was also selected to All-Star teams by Basketball News, Basketball Weekly and Parade magazine as well as chosen for the Family Weekly College Coaches All-Future team, Sporting News \"Super Twenty\" team and the Senior Scholastic All-American team.
## Collegiate prospect {#collegiate_prospect}
Robey was chosen as one of 1974\'s \"30 hottest college prospects\" by five well regarded college basketball coaches. Coaches Gene Bartow of Memphis State, Don Haskins of the University of Texas at El Paso, Dick \"Digger\" Phelps of Notre Dame, George Raveling of Washington State and Norm Sloan of North Carolina State selected Robey as one of the six most promising centers in America.
Averaging 19.9 points and 15.9 rebounds per game as a high school senior, it was reported Robey had \"college coaches drooling\" over the prospect of recruiting him.
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# Rick Robey
## Invitational tournament play {#invitational_tournament_play}
### Kentucky Derby Classic {#kentucky_derby_classic}
Robey was one of ten national high school basketball stars on the US All Stars team during the 1974 Kentucky Derby Classic held in Louisville, Kentucky\'s Freedom Hall on April 28, 1974. Robey\'s team competed against the Kentucky-Indiana team, which featured five Kentucky and five Indiana high school stars. Robey\'s team\'s coach was Paul Walker who had been voted 1974 National High School Basketball Coach of the Year. Walker said Robey was \"an animal - he\'s so aggressive, he just beats the heck out of you\". Robey scored 16 points and made eight rebounds during the game. Aware Robey would soon sign on at the University of Kentucky, the 14,000 plus fans gave Robey a ten-minute standing ovation when he was introduced.
### Capital Classic {#capital_classic}
Robey played against the Capital All-Stars team in the first Capital Classic along with his US All-Stars teammates Mike Phillips, Butch Lee and Moses Malone. The match-up, held in the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland drew a crowd of over 11,000 -- an all-star attendance record at that time. Anticipating a small turnout, officials actually sold close to 7,000 walk-up tickets. The Beltway had a reported five-mile traffic backup, delaying the game for more than a half-hour. Malone and Robey combined for 14 points and 26 rebounds to lead the US All-Stars to a 101--82 victory. Capital All-Stars\' Kenny Carr said of Malone and Robey "They just beat everybody in the head".
### Louisiana All-Star Game {#louisiana_all_star_game}
Although invited, Robey was not allowed to play in the 1974 Louisiana All-Star game due to a state rule that prohibited athletes from competing in more than one All-Star game. Robey had already participated in two and thus was ineligible to play. Tom Kolb, Robey\'s high school coach (who would have coached him in the All-Star game) defending Robey\'s decision to play in the other tournaments, saying \"Can you blame him (Robey)? He wants to know how good he is and the only way he\'s gonna find out is to play against the best players in the nation. So that\'s what he did\".
### Pan American Games {#pan_american_games}
Robey won gold as a member of the 1975 Pan American Games when he was just 19.
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# Rick Robey
## College career {#college_career}
Robey, then ranked fifth in the nation, estimated 210 college basketball programs had approached him to join their teams. The media closely followed Robey as he narrowed his choice of teams for his college basketball career. In early 1974, it was reported that Robey would choose either Tulane University, the University of Florida or the University of Kentucky.
In April, 1974 Robey chose UK, accepting a scholarship offered by Coach Joe B. Hall. Hall also recruited Jack Givens, James Lee and Mike Phillips to 1974 UK lineup. Robey and Phillips were often referred to as \"the Twin Towers\" while playing together at UK. Robey said his decision was influenced by Kentucky\'s love of basketball. \"I felt the coaches here were really good people and of course the fans are tremendous\".
Coach Hall was pleased with Robey\'s performance at UK saying \"\...Rick is not the kind of guy who pouts. He took the elbows, smiled and learned his lessons\".
Robey was a member of UK\'s 1974--1975 team that was the 1975 NCAA Championship Runner Up and UK\'s 1977--1978 team that won the 1978 NCAA Championship.
### 1978 NCAA Championship {#ncaa_championship}
While Kentucky\'s 1978 championship 94--88 win against the Duke Blue Devils is often remembered for Jack Givens\' 41-point outburst, Sports Illustrated magazine said Robey \"made the most spectacular play of the game. With 7:39 to go, (UK Coach Joe B.) Hall charged onto the court during a brief stop in play to chide Robey for some indiscretion. Seconds later Robey responded by grabbing a missed shot and jamming it into the basket in one motion\". During the championship game, Robey shot 8 of 11 from the floor, scored 20 points and led the team with 11 Kentucky rebounds.
While a student at UK, Robey was a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity, along with fellow UK star Mike Phillips.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Robey was the third overall pick in the 1978 NBA draft, selected by the Indiana Pacers. Halfway through his rookie season, Robey was traded to the Celtics for former ABA All-Star Billy Knight.
Robey played eight seasons (1978--86) in the National Basketball Association. After being a member of the Indiana Pacers and Boston Celtics, he was traded to the Phoenix Suns before the 1983--84 season in exchange for Dennis Johnson. He scored 3,723 points in his career and was a member of the 1981 Celtics championship team.
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# Rick Robey
## NBA career statistics {#nba_career_statistics}
### Regular season {#regular_season}
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\" rowspan=2\|`{{nbay|1978}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Indiana \| 43 \|\| − \|\| 19.7 \|\| .475 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| .744 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| **0.6** \|\| **0.3** \|\| 8.6 \|-
\| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Boston \| 36 \|\| − \|\| **25.4** \|\| .481 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| **.816** \|\| **7.2** \|\| **2.2** \|\| **0.6** \|\| 0.1 \|\| **12.4** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{nbay|1979}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| **82** \|\| **27** \|\| 23.4 \|\| .521 \|\| .000 \|\| .684 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 1.1 \|\| **0.6** \|\| 0.2 \|\| 11.5 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;\"\| `{{nbay|1980}}`{=mediawiki}† \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| **82** \|\| 4 \|\| 19.1 \|\| **.545** \|\| .000 \|\| .574 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 9.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{nbay|1981}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| 80 \|\| 4 \|\| 14.8 \|\| .493 \|\| .000 \|\| .535 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 5.7 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{nbay|1982}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| 59 \|\| 6 \|\| 14.5 \|\| .467 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| .577 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 4.2 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{nbay|1983}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Phoenix \| 61 \|\| 4 \|\| 14.0 \|\| **.545** \|\| **1.000** \|\| .693 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 5.6 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{nbay|1984}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Phoenix \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 12.0 \|\| .222 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| .500 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.3 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{nbay|1985}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Phoenix \| 46 \|\| 1 \|\| 13.7 \|\| .377 \|\| .000 \|\| .688 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 3.8 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 493 \|\| 46 \|\| 17.9 \|\| .501 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| .650 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 7.6 `{{S-end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Playoff statistics {#playoff_statistics}
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1980 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| 9 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| **16.8** \|\| .453 \|\| .000 \|\| .500 \|\| **3.6** \|\| **1.1** \|\| **0.8** \|\| **0.3** \|\| **6.1** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;\"\| 1981† \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| **17** \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 15.6 \|\| .432 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| .457 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 0.1 \|\| **0.3** \|\| 5.1 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1982 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| 12 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 10.2 \|\| **.525** \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| **.765** \|\| 2.4 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| **0.3** \|\| 4.6 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1983 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Boston \| 5 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 5.8 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .500 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.4 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 1984 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Phoenix \| 10 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 4.3 \|\| .438 \|\| .000 \|\| .500 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 1.8 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\" \| Career \| 53 \|\| `{{sort|-|—}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| 3.7 \|\| .448 \|\| .000 \|\| .538 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 4.1 `{{S-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Career after retirement from pro sports {#career_after_retirement_from_pro_sports}
Robey returned to the Louisville area after his pro career and became a real estate broker. Robey now has his own real estate team at [EXP Louisville](http://louisvilleky.com/exp-realty-experts/)
Robey\'s son Sam played on the offensive line for the University of Florida football team
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# Marc Verwilghen
**Marc Ernest Elisabeth Robert Juliette Verwilghen** (born 21 September 1952) is a Belgian politician.
Verwilghen studied law at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the University of Ghent and is the holder of an honorary doctorate from Ghent.
A member of the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), he was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 1991 and 1995, and in 1999, to the Belgian Senate. In the Chamber he served as chairman of the Justice committee, and headed two special investigative committees into the events surrounding Marc Dutroux.
He served as Justice minister from 1999 to 2003, as Development co-operation minister 2003--2004, and then as Minister of Economy (fully: Economy, Small and Medium Enterprises, the Middle Classes, Energy, Overseas Trade and Science) from 2004.
He was elected as a member of the Belgian Senate in 2007.
## Honours
- **2010** : Grand Officer in the Order of Leopold
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# Tidiane Sane
**Tidiane Sane** (born 10 July 1985) is a Senegalese professional football midfielder.
## Club history {#club_history}
### Randers FC {#randers_fc}
Sane was signed by Randers FC in the 2006--07 season. In his first season, he scored three goals total. Sane quickly established himself in the first team after some good performances. In the 2007/2008 he managed to score six goals for his side and was a first team regular.
Sane started off the 2008--09 season in great form. He scored two goals in the first match against local rivals AGF the game ended 3--1.
In the third round Sane added to his goal tally by scoring the third goal in a 0--3 victory against Brondby IF. Thereby Sane helped Randers to temporary claim the 1st place in the league after three rounds similar to last season.
Due to these solid performances Sane gained recognition in the media and was praised for his good and all round play. As a result, he was nominated for player of the month.
After a long period with some unlucky games, resulting in relegation for Randers FC, Sane found himself on the first team squad yet again. This was partly due to the reunion with the English coach Colin Todd, whom he has described as a father.
### Elazığspor
In January 2013 Sane signed for Turkish Süper Lig side Elazığspor.
### Hobro IK {#hobro_ik}
On 9 July 2015, Sane returned to the Danish Superliga and signed a one-year contract with Hobro IK. He said that he chose Horbo, because he knew many of the players from his time at Randers FC. He left the club after one season having 13 appearances
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# Great Whale River
The **Great Whale River** (*Grande rivière de la Baleine*) is a river in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada. It flows from Lac Saint-Luson through Lac Bienville west to Hudson Bay. While the lower section of the river (after Lac Bienville) has a very powerful current, with many waterfalls (up to 15 m or 20 m in height) and rapids, the upper section consists of a series of lakes interconnected by steep rapids and ledges.
Great Whale River also has a branch originating from Caniapiscau Reservoir. For canoeists, this is the easiest access (a bridge on the Trans-Taiga Road at Lac Montausier 54 43 53.41 N 70 11 45.24 W).
Both the northern village of Kuujjuarapik, whose inhabitants are mostly Inuit, and the Cree village of Whapmagoostui are situated at the mouth of the river, near the site of the former RCAF Station Great Whale River. The villages were formerly known collectively as \"Great Whale River\" and \"Poste-de-la-Baleine.\"
The portion between Lake Bienville and the mouth of the Coats River has also been called Abchigamich River, but this name was dropped in 1946 by the Commission de géographie du Québec. Also, the name has often been wrongly translated into French as *Rivière de la Grande Baleine* (not until 1962 did the Commission de géographie du Québec officially adopt the current *Grande rivière de la Baleine*).
## History
The Great Whale River was a place favored by the Cree and Inuit for hunting beluga long before the arrival of Europeans. Even though both were nomadic, the mouth of the river was often an encampment site and served as unofficial border.
The name of the river was recorded in 1744 in the logbooks of Hudson\'s Bay Company employees Thomas Mitchell and John Longland, while exploring the bay\'s coast. The entry for July 25 made the first mention of the \"Great White Whail `{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} River\". It may have come from the Cree *Whapmagoostui*, meaning River of the Whale, and referring to the hunting of white whale or beluga there.
In the early 1970s, the state-owned provincial power utility Hydro-Québec planned to construct three hydroelectric power stations on the Great Whale River as a part of the James Bay Project. Although detailed planning for the project was only begun in 1986, opposition from Crees, Inuit, environmental organizations like Greenpeace and the Friends of the Earth and other activists led the Premier of Quebec, Jacques Parizeau, to announce in November 1994, that the project was suspended indefinitely. However, the project may still be revived in the future.
## List of lakes on the upper section {#list_of_lakes_on_the_upper_section}
- Lac Saint-Luson
- Lac Girauday
- Lac Lamberville
- Lac Gournay
- Lac Prieur
- Lac Cognac
- Lac Roman
- Lac Poncy
- Lac Molleville
- Lac Chastenay
- Lac Turreau
- Lac Naudin
- Lac Raguideau
- Lac Bourgtalon
- Lac Bouvante
- Lac Novereau
- Lac Decoigne
- Lac Jacquemont
- Lac Delaroche
- Lac Sanchagrin
- Lac Danneville
- Lac Sablons
- Lac Maravat
- Lac Ducasse
- Lac Laurac
- Lac Chastenet
- Lac Magne
- Lac Maurel
- Lac Louet
- Lac Wasatimis
- Lac Bienville
- Lac Paimpoint
## Gallery
Grande rivière de la baleine 1992 GB2 A.jpg Grande rivière de la baleine 1992 GB2 B.jpg Grande rivière de la baleine 1992.jpg Grande rivière de la baleine crépuscule 1992 A.jpg Grande rivière de la baleine 1992 GB3 B.jpg Grande rivière de la baleine 1992 GB1 A.jpg Grande rivière de la baleine 1992 GB3 C.jpg Seuil sur la Grande rivière de la baleine.jpg Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik-riviere-de-la-baleine.jpg Vue de Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik
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# Lanphier High School
**Lanphier High School**, in the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois, Springfield, is a public high school affiliated with Springfield Public School District 186. It is also the home of the John Marshall Club, a club with open membership dedicated to uniting the community and spreading the knowledge of former supreme court justice, John Marshall.
## History
Originally, the land that the high school was built on was owned by the Lanphier family. Originally the land was a park called Reservoir Park, in which many people would go during the summer. After the park was sold to the school district, the actual building of the school became a part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
The first graduating class of the high school was in 1937.
The biggest expansion of the school was the absorption of Edison Middle School. There was originally a walkway that connected the two schools. During the 1960s, the two buildings were combined to make the high school much larger. Some of the most recent modifications are the Commons Area, additional classrooms on the West end of the school, and most recently the renovation of the entire school
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# Taylor–Johnson Temperament Analysis
**Taylor--Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA)** is a personality test designed to measure nine common personality traits for the assessment of individual adjustment. The T-JTA is a revision by Robert M. Taylor and Lucile P. Morrison of the Johnson Temperament Analysis (JTA) developed by Dr. Roswell H. Johnson in 1941.
The T-JTA was designed to measure personality variables or attitudes and behavioral tendencies that are claimed by the test\'s authors to influence personal, social, marital, parental, family, scholastic, and vocational adjustment.
The Taylor--Johnson Temperament Analysis and its acronym are registered trademarks of its publisher, Psychological Publications, Inc.
## Historical Development {#historical_development}
The Taylor--Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA) is a complete revision of the Johnson Temperament Analysis (JTA). The JTA was developed by Roswell H. Johnson, Ph.D., who served as a director at the American Institute of Family Relations in Los Angeles from 1935 until his retirement in 1960. The JTA was published in 1941, and in addition to its general use as a personality test, it was used extensively in premarital and marital counseling. During the early years of its development, the JTA was administered at the American Institute of Family Relations to men and women who sought counseling for personal or interpersonal problems, or who volunteered to take part in Dr. Johnson\'s continuing research. It was estimated by Donald P. Wilson, Ph.D., Director of Research at the Institute, that following the test\'s publication, from 1941 to 1962, at least 70,000 different individuals took the test at that counseling center alone. At the request of Dr. Johnson, his associates at the Institute, Robert M. Taylor, Director of Counseling, and Lucile P. Morrison, staff counselor, undertook a revision in 1963. In 1966 the Taylor--Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA) was first published.
## About the T-JTA {#about_the_t_jta}
The Taylor--Johnson Temperament Analysis measures 9 personality traits and their polar opposites.
- Nervous ↔ Composed
- Depressive ↔ Lighthearted
- Active-Social ↔ Quiet
- Expressive-Responsive ↔ Inhibited
- Sympathetic ↔ Indifferent
- Subjective ↔ Objective
- Dominant ↔ Submissive
- Hostile ↔ Tolerant
- Self-Disciplined ↔ Impulsive
The test consists of 180 questions equally divided among the nine bipolar traits measured by the test. The T-JTA provides an evaluation in visual form that portrays the respondent\'s feelings about himself or herself. In addition, the respondent can answer the questions as they apply to a significant other
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# Grozny ballistic missile attack
The **Grozny ballistic missile attack** was a wave of Russian ballistic missile strikes on the Chechen capital Grozny on October 21, 1999, early in the Second Chechen War. The attack killed at least 118 people according to initial reports, mostly civilians, or at least 137 immediate dead according to the HALO Trust count. Hundreds of people were also injured, many of whom later died.
## The attack {#the_attack}
The first reports from the region suspected the use of Scud missiles (SS-1). The hypersonic missiles, ten in number according to Chechen officials (other sources reported less), fell without warning, as the Chechen air defense systems had been destroyed in the earlier Russian air strikes. The explosions occurred at around 18:15 hours in several areas of the capital, mostly in the downtown area including the crowded, central outdoor marketplace.
Two of the missiles exploded outside the city\'s only functioning maternity hospital, which was located near Aslan Maskhadov\'s presidential palace building (the palace itself was not damaged in the attack), and near the city\'s main post office. Another missile hit the mosque in the village of Kalinina, a suburb of Grozny. According to official Chechen sources, about 30--35 people died at the hospital; a correspondent for the AFP counted 27 bodies, most of them women and newborn babies. Most of the casualties from the post office strike seemed to have been people waiting for public transport outside the building, as several buses were at the stop at the moment of the explosion. In the Kalinina mosque, some 41 people who had gathered for evening prayer were said to have been killed.
Most of the casualties occurred at the central market, which was filled with hundreds of shoppers at the time of the attack. The victims were not limited to Chechens, but included also many ethnic Russians and others. A rain of large ball-shaped shrapnel from the cluster munition airbursts showered the market, nearby streets, and open-air cafés, with each blast affecting a large area. According to an investigation by Human Rights Watch, the first explosion hit a building about 50 yard northeast of the bazaar at the corner of the city\'s main Prospekt Svobody and Mira streets, and adjacent to a city bus caught in traffic. However, most of the marketplace deaths came from the second and third explosions, which occurred within 100 yards of each other in the central bazaar area, \"near the flowers and confectionery stalls.\" According to the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty correspondent Andrei Babitsky, the worst hit area was the so-called *kolkhoz* sector of the market, located near the building of the Chechen military headquarters. Reuters reporter Maria Eismont counted at least 90 bodies on the scene, while the local AFP correspondent said he witnessed 17 corpses recovered from the market. Some time afterwards, another missile fell about 200 meters from the bazaar, claiming the life of Supian Ependiyev, the first journalist to be killed while covering the Second Chechen War.
### Aftermath
Many of the blasts\' victims were brought to the central Grozny hospital, where doctors operated without electricity. Some of the hundreds of injured, about 100 of them in a critical state, were immediately evacuated across the border to the neighboring republic of Ingushetia that same night. Others were taken across one or two days later, and ambulances faced lengthy delays at roadblocks when the Russian troops attempted to seal the border. The attacks unleashed widespread panic in Grozny and a new wave of thousands of refugees headed for Ingushetia. More than 177,000 refugees had already fled the fighting. Russia closed the border; one of the refugee convoys from Grozny was bombed after being turned back. The city\'s streets were reported to be largely empty after the attack, as those residents who had not yet fled were too scared to venture outside. Two weeks later, Chechen separatist officials gave an updated death toll of more than 280 people.
There were further reports of tactical missiles being used on Grozny as the Russian Ground Forces were besieging and shelling the city. For example, in an attack on October 27--28, the homes of field commanders Shamil Basayev and Arbi Barayev and of the former acting president Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev were destroyed, as were numerous civilian buildings (at least five multi-flat houses, one five-storied apartment building and many smaller houses) and a busy taxi parking. Basayev himself said that he had created a special unit of suicide fighters to carry out \"acts of sabotage\" in retaliation for the market attack. Basayev and the formation, named Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs, took responsibility for a series of suicide bombing and mass hostage taking incidents over the next five years, culminating in the disastrous Beslan school hostage crisis in September 2004 that claimed more than 300 victims.
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# Grozny ballistic missile attack
## Responsibility for the attack and the question of its legality {#responsibility_for_the_attack_and_the_question_of_its_legality}
The attack was met with an official denial on the part of the Russian authorities, who insisted that no civilians died in the blasts and provided a number of widely varying and conflicting alternative explanations. Despite an early admission by Aleksandr Veklich, a Russian military spokesman in the region, that the market (Russian officials typically characterised the marketplace as \"an ammunition market\" and \"terrorist headquarters\") was destroyed in a \"special operation in which no artillery or aircraft were involved\", Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin claimed that the explosions were the results of a \"clash between gangs\" and denied information that the Russian forces were involved in any way in the events in Grozny. In this version, Putin was joined by the army general Vladislav Putilin, who was quoted as saying that \"the military forces have nothing to do with that affair\". Another official, the chief of the Center of Public Relations of the FSB, Aleksandr Zdanovitch, alleged a self-explosion of the ammunition stored there \"because the terrorists thought there would be no air or artillery strikes at the place of large concentrations of people\". In another conflicting version, provided by the First Deputy Chief of the Russian General Staff of the Armed Forces, General Valery Manilov spoke about \"a rapid special operation, independent of the regular armed forces\" that \"resulted in a conflict between two large bandit groups which had been enemies for a long time\". This confrontation supposedly led to an accidental explosion of \"one large ammunition depot\" during the alleged fighting in that area. Later, some Russian officials actually suggested \"a terrorist act prepared by the terrorists themselves\" and the press office of the Russian Defense Ministry even called anyone who blamed Russia for the massacre \"a liar\", accusing the reporters at the scene of \"misleading international public opinion\".
According to a report by the Russian human rights organization Memorial who had analyzed the television footage of the aftermath, an explosion of \"one or several compact powerful explosive mechanisms\" at ground level in this case is out of the question, as all the vertical elements in the rows of stalls remained standing, while the horizontal ones (tents and overhead covers) were destroyed and broken. In addition, those who were not protected by overhead cover received multiple fragmentation wounds, and the foreground showed the characteristic traces of cassette (cluster) ammunition of so-called \"ball bombs\" (munitions used in the *Tochka* missile warheads and intended for destruction of non-protected live forces in large areas). Finally, apparent fragments of \"enormous\" ground-to-ground missiles and cluster sub-munition canisters were found at the scene (as reported by Babitsky). There were also reports in the Russian media on the use of cassette tactical missiles against \"terrorists\" in Chechnya earlier that month, which were corroborated by the refugees. \"The mosque and the maternity home, about which the Russian officials have chosen to keep silent, are undoubtedly civil objects, the attack of which is explicitly prohibited,\" Memorial added.
According to Human Rights Watch, the possibility of arms merchants or military installations in the bazaar did not justify \"the tremendous amount of force\" used against the market in a strike which may have been illegal. In its report titled *Evidence of War Crimes in Chechnya*, the watchdog concluded: \"Although there is some evidence that there may have been legitimate military targets located near or within the Grozny bazaar, the size and extent of the blasts, combined with the large number of noncombatants in the immediate vicinity, strongly suggests that the Russian attack was grossly disproportionate. If Chechen commander Shamil Basayev did indeed situate his headquarters within the Grozny market, that too would be a serious abuse of international law. Although Chechen fighters are not parties to the Geneva Conventions, as individuals within the territory of a state party \[Russia\], they are bound to respect the basic precept of civilian immunity. Human Rights Watch calls upon Chechen commanders to immediately redeploy their troops, headquarters, and weapons storage facilities out of populated areas.\"
According to the HALO Trust, \"Grozny market \... is a great sprawling area of wooden stalls laid out each morning and packed away in the evenings. It is the equivalent of all your department stores rolled into one. Thus you can buy fresh bread, a TV set, a wedding dress, a bag of nails, and an AK-47 in one open area the size of a couple of sports fields. Each section is clearly marked and the area where weapons are sold is very small and set right against the edge. The center of destruction was some 150 m away from the area set aside for selling weapons. It was right over the clothes and food section. With the use of such munitions in such an area it was impossible not to have foreseen massive collateral damage.
A study by the Foreign Military Studies Office evaluated: \"In a surprising and threatening move, the federal forces relied heavily on fuel-air explosives and tactical missiles (SCUD and SCARAB). (\...) Such strikes were designed for maximum psychological pressure---to demonstrate the hopelessness of further resistance against a foe that could strike with impunity and that was invulnerable to countermeasures.\" Major General Vladimir Shamanov, Russia\'s commander in Chechnya, said the decision to attack was made at the highest level (\"the very top\" and \"the highest chief\"), meaning at least knowledge by Vladimir Putin and President Yeltsin. The same opinion was voiced by the president of Ingushetia, Ruslan Aushev. According to Aushev, a retired Red Army general and a veteran of the Soviet--Afghan War, in all probability the missiles had been fired from the base of the 58th Army near the village of Tarskoye in North Ossetia.
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# Grozny ballistic missile attack
## World reaction {#world_reaction}
: The President of the European Parliament, Lord Russell-Johnston, expressed shock at the death toll and accused the Russian government of human rights violations and lawbreaking. The President of the European Union, Paavo Lipponen of Finland, said the group was \"deeply worried about the deteriorating situation\" in Chechnya. Chancellor of Germany, Gerhard Schröder condemned the \"massacre on the Grozny marketplace,\" and German politicians urged sanctions against Russia. European leaders also demanded Putin put forward a plan to end the war in Chechnya.
: UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan issued a statement in which he expressed his \"strong hope that special care is taken to avoid innocent civilian casualties in the current conflict and that the provisions of humanitarian law in armed conflict are respected.\"
: The White House spokesman Joe Lockhart said that there were \"conflicting reports and statements\" about the blasts, but \"what\'s clear is that there\'s a tragic situation there with terrible loss of life.\" U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright called the incident \"deplorable and ominous\" and said that the Russians should have learnt in their previous war in Chechnya that \"this kind of violence is not a solution\".
Amnesty International declared that \"even assuming that these weapons \[being sold at several stalls in one corner of the market\] were indeed the target of the attack, the use by Russian forces of high explosive weapons in a market place crowded with civilians suggests that this attack may have been indiscriminate within the meaning of Article 51 of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions, to which the Russian Federation is a party, and therefore a grave breach of this Protocol.\" Regarding this and other incidents of civilian casualties in Chechnya, the organization called on Russia to:
> comply with the provisions of international humanitarian law prohibiting indiscriminate attacks and direct attacks on civilians and civilian objects, and should therefore immediately desist from carrying out any such attacks in the context of its military offensive in Chechnya \[and\] take sufficient precautions to protect civilians. In addition to selecting and vetting targets for their genuine military significance, it should give civilians effective advance warning of its attacks - \"unless circumstances do not permit\" - in compliance with international humanitarian law. Other rules require specific precautions to be taken when launching attacks, including desisting from an attack if it becomes apparent that the objective is not a military one, or the attack risks being disproportionate to the military objective. (\...) The Russian authorities should hold comprehensive and impartial investigations into alleged abuses of international humanitarian law such as direct attacks on civilians and civilian objects, including hospitals and medical vehicles, which have been reported to have occurred in the course of their military offensive in Chechnya. The government should bring all military and government officials responsible for such violations to justice. The Russian government should grant immediately safe access to Chechnya to a team of international investigators to conduct independent investigation into allegations of violations of international humanitarian law, to establish the truth and to identify those responsible.
The Committee to Protect Journalists protested the death of Supian Ependiyev in an open letter to President Yeltsin, while Human Rights Watch said the assault \"may have been a serious violation of the laws of war\" and urged the Russian authorities to vigorously investigate the incident and publish their findings
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# Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
thumb\|upright=1.7\|Incipit of the Manifesto The \"**Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals**\" (*italics=no*, `{{IPA|it|maniˈfɛsto deʎʎ intellettuˈaːli del faʃˈʃizmo|pron}}`{=mediawiki}), by the actualist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in 1925, formally established the political and ideologic foundations of Italian Fascism. It justifies the political violence of the Blackshirt paramilitaries of the National Fascist Party (PNF --- *Partito Nazionale Fascista*), in the revolutionary realisation of Italian Fascism as the authoritarian and totalitarian rėgime of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy as *Il Duce* (\"The Leader\"), from 1922 to 1943.
## Overview
The *Manifesto* is the ideological précis of the 29 March 1925 Conference of Fascist Culture at Bologna. In support of the government of Benito Mussolini, prominent Italian academic and public intellectuals effected the first formal effort at defining the cultural aspirations of Italian Fascism. As conference Chairman, the Neo-idealist philosopher Gentile publicly proclaimed the alliance between Culture and Fascism, thereby challenging intellectualist critics who questioned the Fascist régime\'s cultural respectability.
The thesis of the *Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals* bases Fascist revolution upon co-operation between Culture and Politics. As a statement of politico-philosophic principles, the *Manifesto* derived from the \"Fascism and Culture\" (*Fascismo e cultura*) lecture Gentile delivered in the \"Freedom and Liberalism\" (*Libertà e liberalismo*) session of the cultural conference; although officially attended by more than 400 Italian intellectuals, the document bears only 250 signatures.
The *Manifesto* was first published in *Il Popolo d\'Italia* (*The People of Italy*), the PNF newspaper, then by most Italian newspapers on 21 April 1925 --- the national, anniversary-day celebration of the Founding of Rome (ca. 21 April 753 BC). The publication date\'s symbolism was deepened with the contemporary, legal establishment of the celebration of the 21 April *Natale di Roma* (*Birth of Rome*), established by Royal decree in early 1925 as a replacement for International Workers\' Day.
Many culturally influential Italian public intellectuals signed the *Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals*, among them:
Although not at the Conference of Fascist Culture, the dramaturge and novelist Luigi Pirandello publicly supported the *Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals* with a letter. Meanwhile, the support of Neapolitan poet Di Giacomo provoked Gentile\'s falling out with Benedetto Croce, his intellectual mentor, who afterwards responded to the Fascist Government\'s proclamation with his *Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals*, which was published of the liberal newspaper *Il Mondo* and the Catholic newspaper *Il Popolo*.
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| **Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo** |
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| **Le origini** |
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| > Il Fascismo è un movimento recente ed antico dello spirito italiano, intimamente connesso alla storia della Nazione italiana, ma non privo di significato e interesse per tutte le altre. Le sue origini prossime risalgono al 1919, quando intorno a Benito Mussolini si raccolse un manipolo di uomini reduci dalle trincee e risoluti a combattere energicamente la politica demosocialista allora imperante. La quale della grande guerra, da cui il popolo italiano era uscito vittorioso ma spossato, vedeva soltanto le immediate conseguenze materiali e lasciava disperdere se non lo negava apertamente il valore morale rappresentandola agli italiani da un punto di vista grettamente individualistico e utilitaristico come somma di sacrifici, di cui ognuno per parte sua doveva essere compensato in proporzione del danno sofferto, donde una presuntuosa e minacciosa contrapposizione dei privati allo Stato, un disconoscimento della sua autorità, un abbassamento del prestigio del Re e dell\'Esercito, simboli della Nazione soprastanti agli individui e alle categorie particolari dei cittadini e un disfrenarsi delle passioni e degl\'istinti inferiori, fomento di disgregazione sociale, di degenerazione morale, di egoistico e incosciente spirito di rivolta a ogni legge e disciplina. L\'individuo contro lo Stato; espressione tipica dell\'aspetto politico della corruttela degli anni insofferenti di ogni superiore norma di vita umana che vigorosamente regga e contenga i sentimenti e i pensieri dei singoli. Il Fascismo pertanto alle sue origini fu un movimento politico e morale. La politica sentì e propugnò come palestra di abnegazione e sacrificio dell\'individuo a un\'idea in cui l\'individuo possa trovare la sua ragione di vita, la sua libertà e ogni suo diritto; idea che è Patria, come ideale che si viene realizzando storicamente senza mai esaurirsi, tradizione storica determinata e individuata di civiltà ma tradizione che nella coscienza del cittadino, lungi dal restare morta memoria del passato, si fa personalità consapevole di un fine da attuare, tradizione perciò e missione. |
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| **Il Fascismo e lo Stato** |
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| > Di qui il carattere religioso del Fascismo. Questo carattere religioso e perciò intransigente, spiega il metodo di lotta seguito dal Fascismo nei quattro anni dal \'19 al \'22. I fascisti erano minoranza, nel Paese e in Parlamento, dove entrarono, piccolo nucleo, con le elezioni del 1921. Lo Stato costituzionale era perciò, e doveva essere, antifascista, poiché era lo Stato della maggioranza, e il fascismo aveva contro di sé appunto questo Stato che si diceva liberale; ed era liberale, ma del liberalismo agnostico e abdicatorio, che non conosce se non la libertà esteriore. Lo Stato che è liberale perché si ritiene estraneo alla coscienza del libero cittadino, quasi meccanico sistema di fronte all\'attività dei singoli. Non era perciò, evidentemente, lo Stato vagheggiato dai socialisti, quantunque i rappresentanti dell\'ibrido socialismo democratizzante e parlamentaristico, si fossero, anche in Italia, venuti adattando a codesta concezione individualistica della concezione politica. Ma non era neanche lo Stato, la cui idea aveva potentemente operato nel periodo eroico italiano del nostro Risorgimento, quando lo Stato era sorto dall\'opera di ristrette minoranze, forti della forza di una idea alla quale gl\'individui si erano in diversi modi piegati e si era fondato col grande programma di fare gli italiani, dopo aver dato loro l\'indipendenza e l\'unità. Contro tale Stato il Fascismo si accampò anch\'esso con la forza della sua idea la quale, grazie al fascino che esercita sempre ogni idea religiosa che inviti al sacrificio, attrasse intorno a sé un numero rapidamente crescente di giovani e fu il partito dei giovani (come dopo i moti del \'31 da analogo bisogno politico e morale era sorta la \"Giovane Italia\" di Giuseppe Mazzini). Questo partito ebbe anche il suo inno della giovinezza che venne cantato dai fascisti con gioia di cuore esultante! E cominciò a essere, come la \"Giovane Italia\" mazziniana, la fede di tutti gli Italiani sdegnosi del passato e bramosi del rinnovamento. Fede, come ogni fede che urti contro una realtà costituita da infrangere e fondere nel crogiolo delle nuove energie e riplasmare in conformità del nuovo ideale ardente e intransigente. Era la fede stessa maturatasi nelle trincee e nel ripensamento intenso del sacrificio consumatosi nei campi di battaglia pel solo fine che potesse giustificarlo: la vita e la grandezza della Patria. Fede energica, violenta, non disposta a nulla rispettare che opponesse alla vita, alla grandezza della Patria. Sorse così lo squadrismo. Giovani risoluti, armati, indossanti la camicia nera, ordinati militarmente, si misero contro la legge per instaurare una nuova legge, forza armata contro lo Stato per fondare il nuovo Stato. Lo squadrismo agì contro le forze disgregatrici antinazionali, la cui attività culminò nello sciopero generale del luglio 1922 e finalmente osò l\'insurrezione del 28 ottobre 1922, quando colonne armate di fascisti, dopo avere occupato gli edifici pubblici delle province, marciarono su Roma. La Marcia su Roma, nei giorni in cui fu compiuta e prima, ebbe i suoi morti, soprattutto nella Valle Padana. Essa, come in tutti i fatti audaci di alto contenuto morale, si compì dapprima fra la meraviglia e poi l\'ammirazione e infine il plauso universale. Onde parve che a un tratto il popolo italiano avesse ritrovato la sua unanimità entusiastica della vigilia della guerra, ma più vibrante per la coscienza della vittoria già riportata e della nuova onda di fede ristoratrice venuta a rianimare la Nazione vittoriosa sulla nuova via faticosa della urgente restaurazione della sue forze finanziarie e morali. Codesta Patria è pure riconsacrazione delle tradizioni e degli istituti che sono la costanza della civiltà, nel flusso e nella perennità delle tradizioni. Ed è scintilla di subordinazione di ciò che è particolare ed inferiore a ciò che è universale ed immortale, è rispetto della legge e disciplina, è libertà ma libertà da conquistare attraverso la legge, che si instaura con la rinuncia a tutto ciò che è piccolo arbitrio e velleità irragionevole e dissipatrice. È concezione austera della vita, è serietà religiosa, che non distingue la teoria dalla pratica, il dire dal fare, e non dipinge ideali magnifici per relegarli fuori di questo mondo, dove intanto si possa continuare a vivere vilmente e miseramente, ma è duro sforzo di idealizzare la vita ed esprimere i propri convincimenti nella stessa azione o con parole che siano esse stesse azioni. |
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# Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
## Overview
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| **Manifest of the Fascist Intellectuals to the Intellectuals of Other Nations** |
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| **The origins** |
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| > Fascism is a recent yet ancient movement of the Italian spirit. It is intimately connected to the history of the Italian nation, yet it is not devoid of interest or meaning for other nations. Its immediate origins must be traced back to 1919, when a handful of veterans from the trenches \[of World War I\] gathered around Benito Mussolini, determined to fight energetically the then-dominant demosocialist (`{{sic|''demosocialista''}}`{=mediawiki}) politics. Democratic socialism was blind to all but one side (that of immediate material consequences) of the Great War from which the Italian people had emerged at the same time weary and victorious. It diminished the moral value of the war, when it did not resort to outright denial, by presenting it to Italians in a crudely individualistic and utilitarian light. It claimed that the conflict had been little more than the combination of individual sacrifices, for which each and every party was to be repaid according to a precise evaluation of its suffering. This claim resulted in an arrogant and threatening juxtaposition of individuals to the State; the neglect of the State\'s authority; a lowering of the prestige due to the king and the Army---symbols of a nation that transcends individuals and individual social categories---; the unleashing of basic passions and instincts, which bring about social disintegration, moral degeneration, and a self-centered and mindless spirit of rebellion against all forms of discipline and law. The opposition of individual and State is the typical political expression of a corruption so deep that it cannot accept any higher life principle, because doing so would vigorously inform and contain the individual\'s feelings and thoughts. Fascism was, therefore, a political and moral movement at its origins. It understood and championed politics as a training ground for self-denial and self-sacrifice in the name of an idea, one which would provide the individual with his reason for being, his freedom, and all his rights. The idea in question is that of the fatherland. It is an ideal that is a continuous and inexhaustible process of historical actualization. It represents a distinct and singular embodiment of a civilization\'s traditions which, far from withering as a dead memory of the past, assumes the form of a personality focussed on the end towards which it strives. The fatherland is, thus, a mission. |
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| **Fascism and the State** |
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| > Hence Fascism\'s religious character. This uncompromising religiosity explains the fighting tactics adopted by Fascism from 1919 to 1922. Fascists were a minority, in the country and in Parliament, where a small nucleus of deputies were seated after the 1921 elections. The constitutional State was, therefore, antifascist and necessarily so, because it reflected its majority. Fascism was opposed precisely by this State that called itself \"liberal\", yet whose liberalism was of the agnostic and renunciatory kind that only pays heed to outward freedoms. This state considers itself \"liberal\" because it is extraneous to the conscience of its free citizens and mechanically reacts to the actions of individuals. It goes without saying that this was hardly the state that socialists had envisioned. The representatives of such hybrid socialism, smeared in democratic values and parliamentarianism, were coming to terms with this individualistic conception of politics. Nor was it the State that had fueled the ideals of the small minority operating during the heroic time of our Risorgimento, because those who fought for it were animated by the power of an idea to which individuals had variously submitted. That heroic time founded a State with the grand plan of making Italians, after granting them independence and unity. This was the State against which Fascism took on, armed with the power of its own vision which, thanks to the appeal that any religious idea inviting to sacrifice exerts, attracted a growing group of young supporters. It became, thus, the party of the young (much as Mazzini\'s *Giovane Italia* movement had risen out of the riots of 1831 to fill a similar political and moral void). The party even had its hymn to youth that the fascists sang with joyful, exuberant hearts! Fascism became, like Mazzini\'s *Giovane Italia*, the faith of all Italians who disdained the past and longed for renewal. Like other faiths, it confronted a fully actualized reality that must be destroyed and melted into a crucible of new energies, and forged according to a new ardent and uncompromising ideal. It was the very faith that had ripened in the trenches and in the reflection on the sacrifices that took place on the battlefields for the only worthy goal: the vigour and greatness of the fatherland. It was an energetic, violent faith, unwilling to respect anything that would stand in the way of the fatherland\'s vigour and greatness. This is how squadrism arose. Determined youths, armed, dressed in black shirts and organized in military fashion, placed themselves against the law in order to institute a new law---fighting the State in order to found the new State. Squadrism\'s targeted the apologists for national disintegration, whose actions culminated in the general strike of July 1922, and finally dared to mount an insurrection on 28 October 1922, when armed columns of fascists first occupied public buildings in the provinces, and then marched on Rome. The march on Rome caused some casualties during its preparation and execution phases, particularly in the Po valley. Like all courageous events inspired by the highest moral goals, it was greeted first by marvel, then by admiration, followed by universal acclaim. It seemed, for a while, that the Italian people had recovered the enthusiastic unanimity it had felt on the verge of war, but redoubled by the awareness of the nation\'s recent victory and invigorated by the belief that the victorious Nation was now on the path to recovering its financial and moral integrity. This fatherland is the rechristening of those traditions and institutions that, amidst the perennial renewal of traditions, remain constant features of civilization. It is also prompts the subordination of all that is particular and inferior to that which is universal and superior. It is the respect of law and discipline; it is freedom to be conquered through the law by renouncing all that comes from individual choice and irrational, wasteful desires. This fatherland represents an austere philosophy of life, marked by religious depth; it does not separate theory from practice, saying from doing; and it does not propose magnificent, but utterly unrealistic, ideals that change nothing in the misery of everyday life. Rather, it is a daunting effort to idealize life and express one\'s beliefs through action or words that are, themselves, actions
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# KNEX (FM)
**KNEX** (106.1 MHz branded as \"Hot 106.1 FM\") is a Top 40 (CHR) FM radio station that serves the Laredo, Texas, United States and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico border area. The station is owned by Grupo Multimedios, through licensee Leading Media Group Corp
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# Bobby Shaw
Robert Shaw}} `{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2015}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2015}}
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Bobby Shaw
| number = 82, 81, 83
| position = [[Wide receiver]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 1
| weight_lb = 185
| high_school = [[Galileo Academy of Science and Technology|Galileo]] <br> {{nowrap|(San Francisco, California)}}
| college = [[California Golden Bears football|California]]
| draftyear = 1998
| draftround = 6
| draftpick = 169
| pastteams =
* [[Seattle Seahawks]] ({{NFL Year|1998}})
* [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] (1998–{{NFL Year|2001}})
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] ({{NFL Year|2002}})
* [[Buffalo Bills]] ({{NFL Year|2003|2004}})
* [[San Diego Chargers]] (2004)
* Seattle Seahawks ({{NFL Year|2005}})*
| highlights =
* Third-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[1997 College Football All-America Team|1997]])
* 2× First-team [[List of All-Pac-12 Conference football teams|All-Pac-10]] ([[1996 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team|1996]], [[1997 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team|1997]])
| statlabel1 = [[Reception (gridiron football)|Reception]]s
| statvalue1 = 197
| statlabel2 = Receiving yards
| statvalue2 = 2,784
| statlabel3 = Receiving [[touchdown]]s
| statvalue3 = 14
| pfr = ShawBo00
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Bobby T. Shaw II** (born April 23, 1975) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning third-team All-American honors in 1997. Shaw played for five NFL teams: Seattle Seahawks, Pittsburgh Steelers, Jacksonville Jaguars, Buffalo Bills, and San Diego Chargers.
Shaw attended Galileo High School and attended the University of California, Berkeley. He graduated from Cal as the school\'s all-time leader in receptions with 180 catches for 2,731 yards and 27 touchdowns.
In 1996, Steve Mariucci became the Golden Bears\' head coach. Shaw prospered under Mariucci, with 12 catches for 168 yards in a game against UCLA and three touchdowns scores in a 48-42 triple-overtime win over Oregon State. In the Aloha Bowl following that season, Shaw scored twice on passes from Pat Barnes in Cal\'s 42--38 loss to the Navy. Shaw was named first-team All-Pac-10 for his performance that year.
In 1997, Shaw became captain on Tom Holmoe\'s first team. He set single-season records with 74 receptions for 1,093 yards and 11 touchdowns. It was a tough year for Cal, but Shaw helped deliver one of the Bears\' three wins with 158 yards and 2 touchdowns in a 40--36 win over Oklahoma. He was again voted to the All-Pac-10 first team, and became the third Cal wide receiver to win first-team All-America honors from Sporting News. UCLA Head Coach Bob Toledo had stated \"(he\'s) the best receiver in the conference, one of the best in the country, and he\'ll end up being the best receiver in Cal history.\"
Shaw was selected in the sixth round of the 1998 NFL draft by the Seattle Seahawks. He signed later that year with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and played six years with the Steelers, Jaguars, Bills, and Chargers. He currently resides in California
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# Eastburn, East Riding of Yorkshire
**Eastburn** is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Kirkburn, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the Yorkshire Wolds on the A164 road, approximately 2.5 mi south-west of Driffield town centre and 3 mi north-west of the village of Hutton Cranswick. In 1931 the parish had a population of 27.
## History
In 1823 Eastburn was in the parish of Kirkburn, the Wapentake of Harthill, and had a population of 12, which included a yeoman.
Eastburn was formerly a township in the parish of Kirkbnrn, from 1866 Eastburn was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished to form Kirkburn
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# Soccer robot
A **soccer robot** is a specialized autonomous robot and mobile robot that is used to play variants of football.
The main organised competitions are RoboCup or FIRA tournaments played each year.
The RoboCup contest currently has a number of football leagues:
- Standard Platform League (formerly Four Legged League)
- Small Size League
- Middle Size League
- Simulation League
- 2D Soccer Simulation
- 3D Soccer Simulation
- Humanoid League
Additionally, there is a RoboCupJunior league for younger students.
## qfix Soccer robot {#qfix_soccer_robot}
The qfix football robot \"Terminator\" is an omnidrive robot that can be used for RoboCup Junior. It includes a kicker and a dribbler as well as a controller board with Atmel controller.
The robot can be programmed using the GNU GCC compiler.
## Graupner RC-SOCCERBOT {#graupner_rc_soccerbot}
The Graupner \"RC-SOCCERBOT\" is a mobile robot platform developed by qfix which can be used as a radio-controller toy playing soccer with ping-pong balls. Gaining more experience in robotics the user can also implement C++ programs on the robot
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# Springfield Southeast High School
\| faculty = 75.83 (on FTE basis) \| school_roll = \| ceeb = 143955 \| school_code = \| ofsted = \| test_average = \| test_name = \| national_ranking = \| average_class_size = \| ratio = 19.27 \| ACT = 18.8 \| ACT_year = 2009 \| gender = Co-ed \| type = Comprehensive public high school \| grades = 9 - 12 \| campus_type = Suburban \| athletics_conference = Central State Eight \| rival = \| mascot = Spartan \| mascot_image = \| sports = \| team_name = Spartans (Boys) / Lady Spartans (Girls) \| colors = `{{color box|blue}}`{=mediawiki} blue\
`{{color box|white}}`{=mediawiki} white\
`{{color box|gold}}`{=mediawiki} gold \| newspaper = Eastside Chronicle \| opened = \| established = 1967 \| status = Open \| sixth_form_students = \| alumni = \| enrollment = 1,461 (2022-2023) \| other = \| communities = \| feeder_schools = \| free_label = \| free_text = \| free_label1 = \| free_text1 = \| footnotes = \| picture = \| information = 217-525-3130 \| homepage = `{{official website|https://www.sps186.org/o/southeast}}`{=mediawiki} }}
**Springfield Southeast High School** (**SSHS** or **Southeast High School** to natives) is a public high school located in Springfield, Illinois. It is the youngest high school serving Springfield Public Schools District 186, the oldest and second oldest being Springfield High School and Lanphier High School respectively. True to its name, this school feeds from the southeast area of Springfield.
As of the 2014-2015 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,369 students and 90.05 classroom teachers (on a FTE basis), for a student-teacher ratio of 15.20:1. The school is well known for its athletics, particularly basketball.
The school was opened in 1967, replacing the smaller Feitshans High School which had operated since 1929. Some members of the community consider the two schools to be a single continuous entity. The new school was made possible by a US\$3.2 million municipal bond issue. The original design of the building placed the gymnasium floor below ground level, but flooding in the 1970s and early 1980s damaged the gymnasium floor, and for several years the original hardwood floor was replaced by carpet.
A large fiberglass \"Muffler Man\" statue of a Spartan warrior stands above the front entrance of the school. The statue originally stood at a home builders business and was meant to portray a Viking but was later modified.
Within Springfield Southeast High School, there is a smaller specialty school called the Southeast Health & Science Academy, which specializes in teaching students who wish to pursue careers in medicine
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# The Secret Sessions
***The Secret Sessions*** is a tribute album to Canadian indie rock band Rheostatics, released March 16, 2007 through the web label Zunior. The album was released to coincide with the band\'s farewell show scheduled for March 30, and features Canadian indie rock artists performing Rheostatics songs.
The album was not publicized in advance, so that its release would be a surprise for the band --- the album was presented to the band live on Dave Bookman\'s show on CFNY-FM on March 15.
Notably, the album includes reunion performances by three bands, Weeping Tile, Local Rabbits and The Inbreds, who were contemporaries of the Rheostatics in the 1990s Canadian indie rock scene, but had broken up prior to the album\'s release.
The album was made available as a limited edition CD release through Zunior, but was primarily distributed as a download from the label\'s website. Profits generated by the album were donated to charity.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. The Weakerthans -- \"Bad Time to Be Poor\"
2. Stephen Stanley and Carla MacNeil -- \"Take Me in Your Hand\"
3. Weeping Tile with Chris Brown -- \"Public Square\"
4. Wooden Stars -- \"Saskatchewan\"
5. The Inbreds -- \"Dope Fiends and Boozehounds\"
6. King Cobb Steelie -- \"Seven Stars Remix\"
7. Barenaked Ladies with Tim Mech and Jason Plumb -- \"Legal Age Life at Variety Store\"
8. The Golden Seals -- \"Loving Arms\"
9. Cuff the Duke -- \"Claire\"
10. Kate Fenner and Tony Scherr -- \"Stolen Car\"
11. By Divine Right -- \"Shaved Head\"
12. Dylan Hudecki -- \"Satan Is the Whistler\"
13
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# Kyiv City Duma building
The **Kyiv City Duma building** (*Будинок Київської думи*) housed the Kyiv City Duma before World War II. The building was located on the then Dumskaya Ploschad (now *Maidan Nezalezhnosti*) of the Khreschatyk street in Kyiv and stood in the centre of it.
## History
On 22 July 1874 the Kyiv mayor (and titular Prince of San-Donato) Pavel Demidov organized festivities to commemorate installation of the new Kyiv City Duma building on project of the Russian architect Aleksandr Shile that since 1834 was located in the former building of the liquidated Kyiv Magistrate (Nazar Sukhota Building, today the Podilskyi District Building of Children Artistry). For the project were allocated 180,000 rubles. The building was finished in 1878 and on 22 January 1878 the building housed its first session of the city duma. In this manner the city administrative center was moved out of the Kyiv Podil for the first time since 1490s closer to Pechersk. The house was built with brick and originally had only two floor levels. A statue of archangel Michael, the patron of Kyiv, stood on the spire atop the building created by the Kyivan sculptor Yeva Kulikovska (a wife of Kyivan architect Valerian Kulykovskyi). After the building was built the city square at its location was named after it. In 1900 another Russian architect Aleksandr Krivosheyev added another floor level and it became a three-story building.
After the Russian Revolution when the Soviets took power, the archangel was replaced with a five pointed star. Also in 1919, instead of the city Duma, the building was occupied by the regional executive committee and the regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
During World War II, the building caught fire and was partially damaged by the 1941 Khreschatyk explosions that was staged by the withdrawing Soviet NKVD troops. The withdrawing Soviet troops also destroyed the city infrastructure and the building was completely burnt down along with many other buildings of Khreschatyk. It was never rebuilt after the war and its remnants were removed.
## Gallery
Image:Kiev Duma building postcard.jpg\|An early 20th century postcard with a picture of the Duma building and surroundings. Image:Kyiv-city-duma-1941.jpg\|The blown up City Duma building and others after the explosions in 1941. Image:Kyiv-Maidan-1941.jpg\|The blown up City Duma building and surroundings after the explosions in 1941. <File:Maidan> Nezalezhnosti 029
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# Colstons Almshouses
**Colstons Almshouses** is a historic building on St Michaels Hill, Bristol, England. It was built in 1691 and has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building. The front wall and gates are also Grade I listed. They are named after the Bristol-born merchant, philanthropist, slave trader, and Member of Parliament Edward Colston.
The almshouses were founded by Edward Colston for twelve inmates. They were expected to attend the chapel twice a day for a prayer reading. The baroque chapel contains panels made from ships\' timbers and has a barrel vault. On the front wall of the chapel is a plaque to Colston.
It is a two-storey limestone building with hipped roofs with triangular canopies over the individual front doors. The building is U-shaped, arranged around a courtyard with a wall forming the front of the complex. The windows are divided by stone mullions and transoms. There is a central bell cupola.
The building was renovated in 1988. The home provides twelve one-bedroom flats, laundry and communal lounge and a garden. The Society of Merchant Venturers is the trustee for the Almshouses
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# Mangatainoka River
The **Mangatainoka River** flows in the Tararua District of New Zealand\'s North Island. Its water was considered so pure a brewery, now the well-known Tui Brewery, was established there.
Its headwaters are on the eastern side of the Tararua Range to the southwest of the town of Eketāhuna, and it roughly parallels the Wairarapa Line railway and State Highway 2 through the Tararua District before meeting the Tiraumea River just before its confluence with the Manawatū River just south of Woodville. The railway\'s 162 m bridge across the river between Newman and Hukanui is the longest on the entire line. Further north, the small settlement of Mangatainoka sits on the river\'s banks north of Pahiatua.
The name *Mangatainoka* is from the Māori language words *manga*, meaning stream, and *tainoka*, meaning *Carmichaelia australis*, a native broom plant.
Prior to European settlement of New Zealand, the shallow river was thickly lined with matai, rimu, and totara trees that prevented serious flooding to the swampy lands alongside the river. However, large-scale removal of the forest and drainage of the fertile land for agriculture has caused the river to flow faster, deepening its channel, heightening erosion, and encouraging it to meander to try to return to its slower pace. This has resulted in devastating floods, including one in October 2000 that caused at least NZ\$200,000-300,000 of damage to the regional council\'s scheme to stabilise the river and rehabilitate its environment.
The river is popular for fishing, especially for trout. Approximately 50 km of the river is fishable, and easily accessible, due to its proximity to State Highway 2 and major northern Wairarapa towns
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# Hiromi Hayakawa
**Marla Hiromi Hayakawa Salas** (October 19, 1982 -- September 27, 2017), known professionally as **Hiromi Hayakawa**, was a Japanese-born Mexican actress and singer who began her music career as a contestant in the reality show *La Academia*. She worked mostly in musical theatre but also had occasional television roles. Hayakawa was also a voice actress, who worked primarily on the Spanish American dub of films and series from the United States.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hiromi Hayakawa was born in Fukuoka, Japan to Alfonso Javier Hayakawa, who is of Japanese descent and a native of Torreón, Coahuila, and Lourdes Elsa Salas, from the city of Chihuahua, making her of both Japanese and Mexican descent. Her parents resided in Fukuoka while her father studied Industrial Engineering there. They returned to Mexico when Hiromi was only two and a half years old, and at the same time, her mother was pregnant with her second child, Kaori.
## Career
### *La Academia* {#la_academia}
When she attended a casting call for *La Academia*, Hayakawa scored 9.7 points out of a possible ten points. Though, before competing in *La Academia*, Hayakawa studied Industrial Engineering and Systems at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education in Coahuila. She decided to attend the casting for *La Academia* because, as with most people who attend the castings, she saw it as a chance of pursuing a musical career.
Hayakawa left *La Academia* after the thirteenth concert; though she was later re-cast and became the sixth runner-up as the winner. The last song she sang as an official contestant was \"La Playa\" by La Oreja de Van Gogh. Two weeks after her expulsion, Hayakawa was given the opportunity to return to La Academia and become a finalist. Hayakawa and two other ex-students (Ricardo Hernández Quiñones and Dulce Lopez Rodriguez) were given a song which they had to perform in the next concert. The public would then vote on who they wanted to return to the finale instead of voting on who was going to be expelled. In the end Dulce Lopez Rodriguez won and went to the finale where she won 2nd place. One of the judges, Lolita Cortez, was very disappointed in the results.
### Theater
Hayakawa is best known for her work on *Mentiras: The Musical*, based on the pop culture and music of the 1980s. She has played all of the main roles: Daniela, Dulce, Lupita, Yuri, Emmanuel and Manoella.
She is also known for her role as Mulan in *12 Princesas en Pugna*, a satirical take on the Disney Princesses. Hayakawa has also worked on the Mexican adaptations of *Peter Pan* and *Hairspray*.
### Voice acting {#voice_acting}
In 2012, she voiced Merida, the protagonist of Disney Pixar\'s *Brave*, for the Spanish American dub. She also was Sonata Dusk from Hasbro\'s Equestria Girls: Rainbow Rocks, Draculaura from Monster High, Bunny Blanc and Ginger Breadhouse from Ever After High.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 2004, Hiromi Hayakawa participated in *La Academia*, she had a relationship with her ex-generation partner Carlos Rivera.
Hiromi Hayakawa was married to Fernando Santana from January 4, 2017 to September 27, 2017. Hayakawa also had a daughter with Santana.
## Death
Hayakawa was expecting a baby, due on October 21, 2017. On September 26, she was rushed to a hospital and was discovered to have lots of bleeding in the liver. Efforts were made to save the child, named Julieta, but she died at around 11:00 pm. Hayakawa died before noon, the following day. She was 34 years old. On September 28, Hayakawa and Julieta were cremated, and the ashes will remain in Mexico City with her husband.
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# Hiromi Hayakawa
## Filmography
### Television
- El Chema
- La Academia
-
- La vida es una canción
- Lo que callamos las mujeres
- A cada quien su santo
- Barrio Bravo (television film)
### Voice acting {#voice_acting_1}
Hayakawa has worked on the Spanish American dubs of:
#### Television series {#television_series}
- My Babysitter\'s a Vampire -- Sarah
- A.N.T. Farm -- Jeanne / Vanessa
- Glee -- Sugar Motta (Vanessa Lengies)
- Melrose Place -- Abby Douglas
- Green Balloon Club -- Lily Rose
- Zeke and Luther -- Cherlene
- Sonny with a Chance -- Payton
- Fimbles -- Pom
#### Films
- Alicia a través del espejo -- Alicia (Alice) (2016)
- My Babysitter\'s a Vampire -- Sarah (2010)
- Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars -- Marion Hawthorne (2010)
- Geek Charming -- Hannah
- Los Muppets -- Miss Piggy\'s receptionist (2011)
- Prom (Fin de curso) -- Nova (2011)
- En la boda de mi hermana -- Joan (2010)
- Alicia en el país de las maravillas -- Alicia (2010)
- Skyrunners -- Julie Gunn (2009)
- Mi Falso Prometido -- Courtney (2009)
- Cita a ciegas -- additional voices
#### Animated series {#animated_series}
- Pokémon -- Caitlin / additional voices (season 15)
- Jungla Sobre Ruedas -- Zooter
- Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse -- Teresa (from season 2)
- Futurama -- additional voices
- El Principito -- Linéa
- Los Simpson -- Gina Vendetti, Jenny, Nikki McKenna (season 24)
- Twinkle Toes -- Prett Tall
- Stitch -- Ángel
- Wibbly Pig -- Scruffy pig
- Tellytales -- Narrator
- Pearly -- Ópalo
- Grojband -- Mina Beff
- Los 7E -- Reina Delicia
- Rescue Heroes -- Ariel Flyer
#### Animated films {#animated_films}
- La increíble historia del Niño de Piedra (2015) -- additional voices
- Brave (Valiente) -- Princess Merida
- Gnomeo y Julieta -- Julieta
- Monster High: Una fiesta Tenebrosa -- Draculaura
- Barbie: El secreto de las hadas -- Taylor
- Barbie: Moda mágica en París -- Delphine
- Barbie y las tres mosqueteras -- Guest 1
- Los fantasmas de Scrooge -- Martha Cratchit
- Lorax. En busca de la trúfula perdida -- additional voices
- Barbie: Escuela de Princesas -- Isla
- Barbie en una aventura de sirenas -- Sirena Destino
- Barbie: La princesa y la estrella de pop -- Barbie / Estrella de Pop Keira
- Cars 2 -- additional voices
- My Little Pony: Equestria Girls -- Rainbow Rocks -- Sonata Dusk
#### Videogames
- Injustice 2 - Dr
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# John Rogan (actor)
**John Rogan** (1938 -- 19 March 2017) was an Irish actor.
His career began in theatre, appearing in productions ranging from Shakespearean plays to musicals and contemporary drama, and he then moved into film and TV work.
He was a cousin of author and music critic Johnny Rogan.`{{fact|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
He appeared in the West End in *Into the Woods* playing the Mysterious Man/Cinderella\'s Father.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------
1979 *Scum* Escort
1986 *Caravaggio* Vatican Official
1986 *Foreign Body* Lodging house man #1
1986 *The Little Match Girl* Pie Seller TV film
1988 *The Dawning* Mr. Carroll
1988 *Drowning by Numbers* Gregory
1991 *Screen Two* Gerry Episode: \"The Grass Arena\"
1998 *Father Ted* Mr. Fox Episode: \"Speed 3\"
2001--2002 *Weirdsister College* Professor J
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# Antoinette Spaak
**Antoinette Spaak** (`{{IPA|fr|ɑ̃twanɛt spak}}`{=mediawiki}; 27 June 1928`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}28 August 2020) was a Belgian politician and leading figure within Francophone and regionalist politics in Brussels. She was born into a noted political family and entered politics as part of the regionalist Democratic Front of Francophones (*Front Démocratique des Francophones*, FDF) in 1972. She held the presidency of the FDF from 1977 to 1982 and later advocated conciliation between Francophone centrist political parties. This brought the FDF into an electoral coalition ahead of the 1999 election and paved the way for its absorption into the Reformist Movement (*Mouvement Réformateur*, MR) in 2002. Spaak held various political offices in Belgium and the European Communities until retiring from politics in 2009.
## Early life {#early_life}
Spaak was born in the Brussels suburb of Etterbeek in Belgium on 27 June 1928 into a noted political dynasty affiliated with liberal and socialist parties. Her father was Paul-Henri Spaak, a socialist politician and statesman who served several terms as prime minister and who played a notable role in the early years of the European Economic Community (EEC) as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). She was also the granddaughter of Marie Janson, the first female member of the Belgian Senate, and the grand-niece of Paul-Émile Janson, a liberal politician who would also serve as prime minister. Paul Janson, an influential liberal politician, was her great-grandfather. Spaak studied at the Free University of Brussels and graduated with a doctorate in philosophy and letters.
## Political career {#political_career}
Spaak started her career in politics after her father\'s death in 1972 within the regionalist Democratic Front of Francophones (*Front Démocratique des Francophones*, FDF), which purported to represent the interests of French-speakers in Brussels amid the ongoing political struggles between linguistic groups in Belgium which had emerged in the 1960s. She was elected to the Chamber of Representatives in the 1974 elections and became president of the FDF in 1977, becoming the first woman in Belgian history to lead a political party. She retained the FDF leadership until 1982 and presided over much of the party\'s greatest electoral success in the 1970s, when regionalist sentiment in Brussels was at its height. An advocate of European integration, she was voted into the European Parliament in its first direct elections from 1979 to 1984 and again from 1994 to 1999. She was granted the honorary title of Minister of State in 1983. She presided over the Council of the French Community from 1988 to 1992.
As the FDF\'s electoral fortunes declined in the 1980s, Spaak played a leading role alongside Jean Gol in arguing for conciliation between the FDF and the Liberal Reformist Party (*Parti Réformateur Libéral*, PRL). This led to an electoral alliance in 1995 between the FDF and the PRL, which was later joined by the Citizens\' Movement for Change (*Mouvement des Citoyens pour le Changement*, MCC). The FDF-PRL-MCC stood a joint list in the 1999 election, which paved the way for the formation of the Reformist Movement (*Mouvement Réformateur*, MR) in 2002 as a single political party. Spaak was a candidate for the MR in the 2007 elections at the bottom of the list and was not elected. However, she was elected to the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in 2009 but resigned after less than a year. The coalition of interests within the MR collapsed in 2011 amid a dispute on the linguistic status of the region dubbed Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde, and the FDF seceded, rebranding as DéFI in 2016.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Spaak was the long-time partner of Étienne Davignon, a businessman and European functionary, who had been her father\'s *\[\[chef de cabinet\]\]*.
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# Antoinette Spaak
## Death
Spaak died at her home in Brussels, Belgium, on 28 August 2020, aged 92. Sophie Wilmès, the incumbent prime minister and MR member, described Spaak on Twitter as a \"*grande dame*\". *L\'Echo* said in its obituary that Spaak had \"epitomised a certain idea of feminism, of francophone struggle, and European engagement\" during her political career but noted that she had never held a ministerial portfolio
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# New Hampshire Film and Television Office
The **New Hampshire Film and Television Office** is a government agency of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It is a member of the Association of Film Commissioners International (AFCI). The office existed as early as 1983, but was then dormant for over a decade until being revived in 1998.
The office works to expand business activity and employment throughout the state by acting as a liaison between the film industry and an established network of government agencies, the state\'s film industry workforce, and local property owners. The office is responsible for location assistance, public relations, and general production support in an effort to broaden the cultural and economic impact of film and television production in the state
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# Sandra Echeverría
**Sandra Echeverría Gamboa** (born December 11, 1984) is a Mexican actress.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
In 2002, Echeverría starred in TV Azteca\'s *Súbete A Mi Moto*, alongside Bárbara Mori and Michel Brown. In 2004, she led the second season of TV Azteca\'s *Soñarás*. In 2006, she starred in Telemundo\'s *Marina*, opposite Mauricio Ochmann. Her co-protagonist was eventually replaced by Manolo Cardona.
In 2008, she played the girlfriend of *High School Musical* Star Corbin Bleu in *Free Style*. She also starred in *El Diez* with Alfonso Herrera. The movie, whose story revolves around football, premiered in 2010, to coincide with the World Cup in South Africa. She reunited with Mauricio Ochmann in *El Clon*, a joint venture of Rede Globo and Telemundo.
In 2010, she had the lead in a science fiction movie in Mexico, called *2033*. In 2011, she starred in Televisa\'s *La fuerza del destino* with David Zepeda, although she is still under Telemundo. In 2011 she starred in *El cartel de los sapos* as ELiana, together with Manolo Cardona, Pedro Armendáriz Jr. and Saúl Lisazo.
In 2012, she starred in *Relaciones Peligrosas* under Telemundo Studios, with Gabriel Coronel. In 2012 she starred in Matt Piedmont\'s comedy *Casa de Mi Padre* as Miguel Ernesto\'s wife (in the flashback). The telenovela *La Traicion* (2008) was originally announced with Mario Cimarro, Sandra Echeverría and Gabriel Porras as stars. Danna Garcia replaced Echeverría and Salvador del Solar replaced Porras, who took the male lead in Madre Luna. In 2012, Echeverría starred in an Oliver Stone Movie, *Savages* as Magda, Elena\'s daughter which was played by Salma Hayek.
In 2013, Echeverría played the character Eva Guerra in the FX television drama *The Bridge*, the estranged girlfriend of a narco-trafficker and killer who is seeking her, but who is helped by character Steven Linder.
The last few years She has done several films and tv series like "Cambio de Ruta", "Amor de mis Amores", "Busco Novio para mi mujer", "Más Sabe el Diablo por Viejo", "Las Píldoras de mi Novio" and She broke records of rating with "La Usurpadora".
She also did "La Querida del Centauro" and starred in "La Bandida".
She released the album "Instinto" in 2019. She is now preparing a new Mariachi album.
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# Sandra Echeverría
## Filmography
### Film roles {#film_roles}
Year Title Roles Notes
------ -------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------
2006 *The 7* Ana María
2008 *Crazy* Sultry Brunette Uncredited
*Double Dagger* Carmen
*Persiguiendo un sueño* Alex López
2009 *Condones.com* Gabriela
*2033* Lucía
2010 *Héroes verdaderos* Tonatzin Voice role
*De día y de noche* Aurora
2011 *The Snitch Cartel* Eliana
2012 *Casa de mi padre* Miguel Ernesto\'s Wife
*Savages* Magda
2014 *Cambio de ruta* Nicté Domínguez
*Quiero ser fiel* Sara
*Volando bajo* Sara Medrano
*Amor de mis amores* Lucía
*The Book of Life* Claudia Voice role
2016 *Busco novio para mi mujer* Dana
*The Secret Life of Pets* María Voice role
2018 *Más sabe el Diablo por viejo* Dafne
*El día de la unión* Ximena
*Justice for All* Elaine
2019 *The Secret Life of Pets 2* Additional Voices Voice role
2020 *Las pildoras de mi Novio* Jess
2021 *Perfecto Anfitrión* Clara
2022 *¡Qué despadre!* Helena
### Television roles {#television_roles}
Year Title Roles Notes
-------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
2002 *Súbete a mi moto* Mariana Main role; 148 episodes
2004 *Soñarás* Estefanía Main role; 134 episodes
2006 *Marina* Marina Hernández Main role; 168 episodes
2010 *El Clon* Jade Mebarak Main role; 179 episodes
2011 *La fuerza del destino* Lucía Lomeli Curiel Main role; 93 episodes
2011 *Generator Rex* Beatriz Episode: \"Phantom of the Soap Opera\"
2012 *Relaciones peligrosas* Miranda Beatriz Cruz Main role; 87 episodes
2013 *The Bridge* Sara Vega Episode: \"Destino\"
2017 *Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders* Paola Episode: \"The Devil\'s Breath\"
2017 *La querida del Centauro* Ana Velazco Main role (season 2); 89 episodes
2019 *La Bandida* Graciela Olmos Main role; 62 episodes
2019 *La usurpadora* Paola Miranda de Bernal / Paulina Doria Main role; 25 episodes
2021 *¿Quién es la máscara?* Androide Season 3
2022 *María Félix: La Doña* Maria Felix Main role
2024-present *Casados con hijos* Angie Lo Main role
## Discography
### Soundtrack
Year Series Song Title
------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
2011 *La fuerza del destino* \"La fuerza del destino\" (featuring Marc Anthony)
2010 *El Clon* \"El Velo Del Amor\" (featuring Mario Reyes)
2006 *Marina* \"Nos Volveremos A Ver\"
#### As featured artist {#as_featured_artist}
+----------------------------+----------+----------------------+---+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | |
+============================+==========+======================+===+
| Airplay | Español\ | | |
| | Airplay | | |
+----------------------------+----------+----------------------+---+
| \"Resistiré México\"\ | 2020 | 15 | 4 |
| (among Artists for Mexico) | | | |
+----------------------------+----------+----------------------+---+
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------
Year Award Category Title of Work Result
2002 Mexican Journalist Circle Best New Actress *Súbete A Mi Moto* rowspan=2 `{{won}}`{=mediawiki}
2007 New York ACE Awards New Female Face *Crazy*
2010 Premios People en Español Best Revelation of the Year *El Clon* rowspan=7 `{{nom}}`{=mediawiki}
Best Couple (with Mauricio Ochmann)
2011 TVyNovelas Awards (Colombia) Best Lead Actress
Premios People en Español Best Actress *La Fuerza del Destino*
Best Couple (with David Zepeda)
2012 Premios Juventud Girl of my Dreams
Best Theme Novelero
TVyNovelas Awards Best Lead Actress
Premios People en Español Best Actress *Relaciones Peligrosas* rowspan=2 `{{nom}}`{=mediawiki}
Best Couple (with Gabriel Coronel)
2020 TVyNovelas Awards Best Lead Actress *La usurpadora*
Best Antagonist Actress
------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------
- People En Español named Sandra as \"One of the 50 most beautiful people\" in 2012
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# Translational Backus–Naur form
**Translational Backus--Naur Form** (**TBNF** or **Translational BNF**) refers to Backus--Naur form, which is a formal grammar notation used to define the syntax of computer languages, such as Algol, Ada, C++, COBOL, Fortran, Java, Perl, Python, and many others. TBNF goes beyond BNF and extended BNF (EBNF) grammar notation because it not only defines the syntax of a language, but also defines the structure of the abstract syntax tree (AST) to be created in memory and the output intermediate code to be generated. Thus TBNF defines the complete translation process from input source code to intermediate code. Specification of the output intermediate code is optional, in which case you will still get automatic AST creation and have the ability to define its structure in the grammar.
## Overview
The TBNF concept was first published in April 2006 in a paper at SIGPLAN Notices, a special interest group of the ACM.
Here is a sample grammar specified in TBNF:
``` c
/* TBNF Grammar for a simple language.
Five node arguments are used in this grammar to avoid having to create node actions.
*/
/* Input Tokens. */
<error> => error() ;
<identifier> => lookup(); // Lookup & store in symbol table.
<integer> => lookup(); // Lookup & store in symbol table.
<eof> ;
/* Operator precedence. */
{ '==' '!=' } << // Lowest priority.
{ '+' '-' } <<
{ '*' '/' } << // Highest priority.
/* Productions. */
Goal -> Program... <eof> *> goal_ (0,,"\t\tSTART\n" ,,"\t\tEOF\n\n")
Program -> 'program' <identifier> '{' Stmt... '}' *> program_ (2,,"\t\tPROGRAM %s\n",,"\t\tEND PROGRAM %s\n")
Stmt -> Assignment
-> IfThen
-> IfElse
-> IfThenElse
Assignment ~> Target '=' Exp ';' *> assign_ (0,, ,,"\t\tSTORE\n")
IfThen -> 'if' RelExp Then 'endif' *> if_ (0,,"if&0:\n",,"endif&0:\n" )
IfElse -> 'if' RelExp Else 'endif' *> if_ (0,,"if&0:\n",,"endif&0:\n" )
IfThenElse -> 'if' RelExp Then2 Else2 'endif' *> if_ (0,,"if&0:\n",,"endif&0:\n" )
Target -> <identifier> *> ident_ (1,,,,"\t\tLADR %s\n")
RelExp -> Exp '==' Exp *> eq_ (0,,,,"\t\tEQ\n" )
-> Exp '!=' Exp *> ne_ (0,,,,"\t\tNE\n" )
Exp -> Primary
-> Exp '+' Exp *> add_ (0,,,,"\t\tADD\n")
-> Exp '-' Exp *> sub_ (0,,,,"\t\tSUB\n")
-> Exp '*' Exp *> mul_ (0,,,,"\t\tMUL\n")
-> Exp '/' Exp *> div_ (0,,,,"\t\tDIV\n")
Primary -> <integer> *> intr_ (1,,,,"\t\tLOAD %s\n")
-> <identifier> *> ident_ (1,,,,"\t\tLOAD %s\n")
-> '(' Exp ')'
Then -> 'then' Stmt... *> then_ (0,,"\t\tBR NZ endif&1\nthen&1:\n",,)
Else -> 'else' Stmt... *> else_ (0,,"\t\tBR Z endif&1\nelse&1:\n" ,,)
Then2 -> 'then' Stmt... *> then2_ (0,,"\t\tBR NZ else&1\nthen&1:\n" ,,)
Else2 -> 'else' Stmt... *> else2_ (0,,"\t\tBR endif&1\nelse&1:\n" ,,)
/* End of Grammar
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# PO postcode area
The **PO postcode area**, also known as the **Portsmouth postcode area**, is a group of 34 postcode districts in southern England, within 24 post towns. These cover south-east Hampshire (including Portsmouth, Southsea, Havant, Waterlooville, Lee-on-the-Solent, Gosport, Fareham, Rowland\'s Castle, Emsworth and Hayling Island), southwestern West Sussex (including Chichester and Bognor Regis) and the Isle of Wight
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| 0 |
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# Fayzabad District, Jowzjan
**Fayzabad** (*فیضآباد*) is a district situated in the eastern part of Jowzjan province, Afghanistan. It borders Aqcha District to the west, Mardyan District to the north, Balkh Province to the east and Sar-e Pol Province to the south. The population is 56,000 (2011). The district center is the village of Fayzabad. It is situated in the northern part of the district, a few miles north of the main Sheberghan - Mazari Sharif road.
## District Map {#district_map}
- [AIMS District Map](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120140/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/district/jawzjan/fayzabad
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| 0 |
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# 1944–45 in Swedish football
The **1944--45 season in Swedish football**, starting August 1944 and ending July 1945:
## Honours
### Official titles {#official_titles}
Title Team Reason
---------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
Swedish Champions 1944--45 IFK Norrköping Winners of Allsvenskan
Swedish Cup Champions 1944 Malmö FF Winners of Svenska Cupen
### Competitions
Level Competition Team
----------- ---------------------------- ---------------------
1st level Allsvenskan 1944--45 IFK Norrköping
2nd level Division 2 Norra 1944--45 Djurgårdens IF
Division 2 Östra 1944--45 Åtvidabergs FF
Division 2 Västra 1944--45 Tidaholms GIF
Division 2 Södra 1944--45 Jönköpings Södra IF
Cup Svenska Cupen 1944 Malmö FF
## Promotions, relegations and qualifications {#promotions_relegations_and_qualifications}
### Promotions
Promoted from Promoted to Team Reason
--------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------ -------------------------------
Division 2 Norra 1944--45 Allsvenskan 1945--46 Djurgårdens IF Winners of promotion play-off
Division 2 Södra 1944--45 Landskrona BoIS Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1944--45 Division 2 Norra 1945--46 Långshyttans AIK Winners of promotion play-off
Västerås IK Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1944--45 Division 2 Östra 1945--46 BK Derby Winners of promotion play-off
Hagalunds IS Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1944--45 Division 2 Västra 1945--46 Deje IK Winners of promotion play-off
Göteborgs FF Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1944--45 Division 2 Södra 1945--46 Kalmar AIK Winners of promotion play-off
Malmö BI Winners of promotion play-off
### League transfers {#league_transfers}
Transferred from Transferred to Team Reason
--------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------
Division 2 Östra 1944--45 Division 2 Norra 1945--46 IFK Västerås Geographical composition
Division 2 Norra 1944--45 Division 2 Östra 1945--46 Reymersholms IK Geographical composition
### Relegations
Relegated from Relegated to Team Reason
---------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------- -----------
Allsvenskan 1944--45 Division 2 Norra 1945--46 Lundvika FfI 11th team
Division 2 Södra 1945--46 Landskrona BoIS 12th team
Division 2 Norra 1944--45 Division 3 1945--46 Hallstahammars SK 9th team
Gefle IF 10th team
Division 2 Östra 1944--45 Division 3 1945--46 IF Verdandi 9th team
Nyköpings AIK 10th team
Division 2 Västra 1944--45 Division 3 1945--46 IFK Trollhättan 9th team
Skogens IF 10th team
Division 2 Södra 1944--45 Division 3 1945--46 Bromölla IF 9th team
Höganäs BK 10th team
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# 1944–45 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Allsvenskan 1944--45 {#allsvenskan_194445}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 IFK Norrköping 22 17 3 2 71 -- 23 +48 37
2 IF Elfsborg 22 13 6 3 52 -- 31 +21 32
3 Malmö FF 22 12 4 6 58 -- 31 +27 28
4 IFK Göteborg 22 12 3 7 57 -- 43 +14 27
5 Degerfors IF 22 10 5 7 35 -- 32 +3 25
6 GAIS 22 9 3 10 35 -- 38 -3 21
7 AIK 22 7 5 10 38 -- 38 0 19
8 Halmstads BK 22 8 2 12 33 -- 58 -25 18
9 IS Halmia 22 7 2 13 31 -- 49 -18 16
10 Helsingborgs IF 22 5 4 13 35 -- 56 -21 14
11 Ludvika FfI 22 6 2 14 30 -- 56 -26 14
12 Landskrona BoIS 22 4 5 13 38 -- 58 -20 13
### Allsvenskan promotion play-off 1944--45 {#allsvenskan_promotion_play_off_194445}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Division 2 Norra 1944--45 {#division_2_norra_194445}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ------------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Djurgårdens IF 18 13 1 4 51 -- 20 +31 27
2 Surahammars IF 18 11 1 6 36 -- 23 +13 23
3 Reymersholms IK 18 9 3 6 39 -- 33 +6 21
4 IK Brage 18 9 1 8 39 -- 30 +9 19
5 Sandvikens IF 18 7 3 8 31 -- 32 -1 17
6 Sandvikens AIK 18 6 5 7 23 -- 30 -7 17
7 Avesta AIK 18 7 2 9 34 -- 38 -4 16
8 Ljusne AIK 18 7 2 9 27 -- 42 -15 16
9 Hallstahammars SK 18 5 4 9 19 -- 28 -9 14
10 Gefle IF 18 3 4 11 28 -- 51 -23 10
### Division 2 Östra 1944--45 {#division_2_östra_194445}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ---------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Åtvidabergs FF 18 14 2 2 65 -- 24 +41 30
2 Hammarby IF 18 13 2 3 63 -- 25 +38 28
3 IFK Västerås 18 9 3 6 46 -- 33 +13 21
4 Sundbybergs IK 18 9 3 6 40 -- 43 -3 21
5 IK Sleipner 18 7 6 5 33 -- 24 +9 20
6 IFK Eskilstuna 18 6 5 7 36 -- 38 -2 17
7 Karlskoga IF 18 5 5 8 28 -- 40 -12 15
8 Örebro SK 18 4 6 8 28 -- 43 -15 14
9 IF Verdandi 18 3 4 11 21 -- 52 -31 10
10 Nyköpings AIK 18 1 2 15 15 -- 53 -38 4
### Division 2 Västra 1944--45 {#division_2_västra_194445}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Tidaholms GIF 18 14 2 2 62 -- 25 +37 30
2 Örgryte IS 18 13 2 3 49 -- 29 +20 28
3 Karlstads BIK 18 9 5 4 33 -- 21 +12 23
4 IFK Tidaholm 18 8 3 7 36 -- 33 +3 19
5 Lundby IF 18 7 4 7 42 -- 29 +13 18
6 Gårda BK 18 7 4 7 43 -- 44 -1 18
7 Billingsfors IK 18 6 5 7 31 -- 37 -6 17
8 IFK Uddevalla 18 4 4 10 29 -- 39 -10 12
9 IFK Trollhättan 18 4 2 12 28 -- 49 -21 10
10 Skogens IF 18 2 1 15 15 -- 62 -47 5
### Division 2 Södra 1944--45 {#division_2_södra_194445}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- --------------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Jönköpings Södra IF 18 18 0 0 92 -- 25 +67 36
2 Limhamns IF 18 10 3 5 39 -- 39 0 23
3 Kalmar FF 18 9 2 7 31 -- 31 0 20
4 Nybro IF 18 9 1 8 49 -- 46 +3 19
5 IFK Malmö 18 8 1 9 47 -- 47 0 17
6 Blomstermåla IK 18 7 3 8 23 -- 44 -21 17
7 Husqvarna IF 18 5 5 8 42 -- 48 -6 15
8 Alets IK 18 5 3 10 24 -- 38 -14 13
9 Bromölla IF 18 4 4 10 39 -- 51 -12 12
10 Höganäs BK 18 3 2 13 32 -- 49 -17 8
### Division 2 promotion play-off 1944--45 {#division_2_promotion_play_off_194445}
1st round
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2nd round
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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| 1 |
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# 1944–45 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Svenska Cupen 1944 {#svenska_cupen_1944}
Final
## National team results {#national_team_results}
Sweden: `{{small|[[Gustav Sjöberg]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Gösta Malm]] - [[Olle Åhlund]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Arne Nyberg]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Erik Holmqvist]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Gustav Sjöberg]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Gösta Malm]] - [[Olle Åhlund]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Arne Nyberg]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Carl-Erik Sandberg]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
| 77 |
1944–45 in Swedish football
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10,095,929 |
# 1944–45 in Swedish football
## National team players in season 1944/45 {#national_team_players_in_season_194445}
name pos
| 15 |
1944–45 in Swedish football
| 3 |
10,095,949 |
# Former Bank of England, Bristol
The **Former Bank of England** (`{{gbmapping|ST592733}}`{=mediawiki}) is a historic building at 13/14 Broad Street in Bristol, England. It was built as the site of a branch of The Bank of England.
It was built in 1844-47 by Charles Robert Cockerell with a Doric pseudo-portico of three bays recessed between low pavilions: the attic storey is arcaded with a triangular pediment .
It has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building.
The building is now used as the Bristol Citizens Advice Bureau.
Francis Glennie, a son of clergyman John Glennie and also brother to Reginald Glennie worked here as a cashier
| 110 |
Former Bank of England, Bristol
| 0 |
10,095,960 |
# David Sloan (American football)
**David Lyle Sloan** (born June 8, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Detroit Lions and New Orleans Saints.
He is currently the tight ends coach and recruiting coordinator for Rice University.
## College career {#college_career}
Sloan initially bypassed football for basketball, enrolling at Fresno City College, a junior college in Fresno, California. He played basketball for the Rams as a freshman and sophomore, earning All-Conference academic honors both years. Sloan then transferred to the University of New Mexico, where he played college football during his junior and senior years for Lobos head coach Dennis Franchione. He earned All-WAC honorable mention in 1993, and All-WAC first-team honors in 1994.
Following his senior year, Sloan participated in the Senior Bowl and Blue--Gray Football Classic. He was also selected to participate in the NFL Scouting Combine prior to the 1995 NFL Draft.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Sloan was selected by the Detroit Lions in the third round (70th overall) of the 1995 NFL draft. He was the seventh tight end drafted. Sloan played for the Lions for seven seasons from 1995-2001.
Sloan\'s best season came in 1999 when he had 47 receptions for 591 yards and 4 touchdowns, earning him a spot on the 2000 NFC Pro Bowl team. He was the first tight end from the 1995 draft class to make a Pro Bowl, and was the first Lions tight end to make a Pro Bowl since David Hill in 1979. Sloan was also named as an alternate to the 2001 NFC Pro Bowl team.
Sloan signed a four-year, \$7.05 million contract with the New Orleans Saints in 2002. He was released by the Saints following the 2003 season, and ultimately retired
During his career, Sloan dealt with numerous injuries including chronic knee and toe pain that required several surgeries. He also suffered a broken hand and had arthroscopic surgery on his shoulder.
Sloan finished his NFL career with 192 receptions for 2,151 yards and 15 touchdowns over 9 seasons.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Year Team GP Receiving
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ----- -----------
Rec Yds Avg Lng
1995 DET 16 17
1996 DET 4 7
1997 DET 14 29
1998 DET 10 11
1999 DET 16 47
2000 DET 15 32
2001 DET 15 37
2002 NO 16 12
[Career](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SloaDa00.htm) 106 192
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
In 2009, Sloan embarked on a coaching career, working as an assistant special teams and tight ends coach at Southwest Baptist University, an NCAA Division II school in Missouri. Sloan had enrolled in the NFLPA Coaching Intern program, which works with Division II/III schools to help former players begin a career in coaching.
In 2010, Sloan joined Rice University as a graduate assistant under Owls head coach David Bailiff. Baliff had previously served as an assistant coach at the University of New Mexico when Sloan was a player. He remained on staff for the 2011 season as a quality control assistant.
In 2012, Sloan was promoted to tight ends coach and assistant special teams coach. Sloan notably coached two tight ends who were both drafted in 2013: Luke Willson and Vance McDonald.
In 2014, Sloan picked up the title of recruiting coordinator in addition to coaching the tight ends. His primary recruiting area is the Dallas--Fort Worth metroplex
In 2020, Sloan is now a coach for Bellaire High School in Houston, Texas as an offensive lineman coach.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sloan and his ex-wife have two daughters. He has since re-married. The copuple have two daughters.
Sloan remains a fan of the Detroit Lions and keeps in touch with several former teammates. On September 30, 2008, he served as an honorary captain for a game against the Chicago Bears
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10,095,971 |
# Kelleythorpe
**Kelleythorpe** is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, it forms part of the civil parish of Kirkburn. It is situated in the Yorkshire Wolds on the A614 road near to its junction with the A164 road. It is situated approximately 1 mi south-west of Driffield town centre. Kellythorpe Industrial Estate is at the north of the hamlet
| 62 |
Kelleythorpe
| 0 |
10,095,994 |
# Pink Box: Inside Japan's Sex Clubs
***Pink Box: Inside Japan\'s Sex Clubs*** is a book by photojournalist Joan Sinclair, chronicling her exploration of the secret world of fuzoku (prostitution) in Japan. Sinclair was joined by contributor James Farrer, a sociologist, who attempted to \"place\[s\] the images in the context of contemporary Japanese culture\".
Sinclair, a lawyer, describes being triggered to write the book by a comment she overheard ten years earlier, when she spent a year teaching English in Japan. Sinclair describes encountering and overcoming difficulties researching and gaining access to the clubs, usually reserved for Japanese-born patrons
| 99 |
Pink Box: Inside Japan's Sex Clubs
| 0 |
10,096,001 |
# John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth
**John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth** (1588--1662) was a Scottish nobleman.
## Career
Drummond was the son of Patrick Drummond, 3rd Lord Drummond and Lady Elizabeth Lindsay. He succeeded to his father\'s title of 4th Lord Drummond in 1602
Drummond wrote a memoir of his education, formative years, and marriages. He was educated in Dunblane, then schooled in Edinburgh according to the direction of his sister Lilias, Lady Fyvie until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. He was then sent to France and went to study with Robert Balfour, Principal of the College of Guienne, and a Catholic. Drummond next went to Toulouse and attended lectures in Law. After this he stayed in Paris for a while in 1610 and saw the coronation of Marie de\' Medici as Regent on 13 May.
In August 1610 he went to London and visited his sister Jean Drummond who was an influential courtier serving Anne of Denmark. His brother James Drummond (1586--1611), who had been created Earl of Perth died of a \"hectic sickness\" at Seton Palace, and John Drummond was made (by special remainder) Earl of Perth on 8 December 1611.
He was involved in conflict with the Clan MacGregor at Duncrub in 1611. James VI and I was pleased with the outcome, and Drummond went to court again for several months, where (he says) his sister, now Lady Roxburghe was able to ensure that his living expenses were light.
Drummond also wrote a eulogy of Anna Gordon, the wife of his son James Drummond, later 3rd Earl of Perth, who died in January 1656 following the birth of a daughter and was buried at the family chapel of Innerpeffray.
He died on 11 June 1662.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
He married Jean Ker (died 1622), daughter of Robert Ker, 1st Earl of Roxburghe and Mary Maitland, on 28 August 1613. Their children included:
- Henry Drummond, born 1 August 1614, died September 1622. Anne of Denmark chose his name, and the Countess of Montrose was her depute as godmother at the baptism at Dunblane.
- James Drummond, 3rd Earl of Perth, born 1615, died 2 June 1675. He married Anna Gordon (died 1656), daughter of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly.
- Robert Drummond
- John Drummond of Logiealmond (1620--1678), who married Grissell Stewart, a daughter of Thomas Stewart of Grandtully
- Lady Lilias Drummond, born circa 1621, died before 12 January 1663/1664, who married James Murray, Earl of Tullibardine, son of Elizabeth Dent, Countess of Tullibardine in May 1643.
- Sir William Drummond, later Sir William Ker, 2nd Earl of Roxburghe, born 1623, died 2 July 1675
- Lady Jean Drummond, born 1623/24, died 12 January 1663
John Drummond mentions that his daughters were brought up in Scotland and at court with Jean Drummond, Lady Roxburghe
| 475 |
John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth
| 0 |
10,096,010 |
# 1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The **1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge** was the 28th edition of what is now known as the **Davis Cup**. 24 teams would enter the Europe Zone; while 9 would enter the Americas Zone, 4 in North America and 5 in South America.
The United States defeated Argentina in the America Inter-Zonal Final, and Great Britain defeated Australia in the Europe Zone final. In the Inter-Zonal play-off Great Britain defeated United States, and went on to defeat France in the Challenge Round. Great Britain\'s victory ended France\'s six-year run as champions and gave the Great Britain team their first title since 1912. The final was played at Stade Roland Garros in Paris on 28--30 July.
## America Zone {#america_zone}
### North & Central America Zone {#north_central_america_zone}
### South America Zone {#south_america_zone}
### Americas Inter-Zonal final {#americas_inter_zonal_final}
**United States vs. Argentina** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=United States |team1-var=1912
|team2=Argentina
|venue=Chevy Chase Lawn Tennis Club, [[Chevy Chase, Maryland]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1933-AMI-M-USA-ARG-01|title=United States v Argentina|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=25–27 May 1933
|surface=Clay
|score1=4
|score2=0
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Ellsworth Vines]] |6 |6 |6 | | |T2P1=[[Adriano Zappa]] |2 |3 |4 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Américo Cattaruzza \|2 \|4 \|3 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=George Lott \|T1P2=John Van Ryn \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Adelmar Echeverria \|T2P2=Adriano Zappa \|1 \|4 \|1 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ellsworth Vines \|7 \|6 \|5 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Américo Cattaruzza \|5 \|1 \|7 \|1 \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|6 \|6 \|2 \| \| \|T2P1=Adriano Zappa \|2 \|1 \|2 \| \| \|nc=3}} \|}}
## Europe Zone {#europe_zone}
### Draw
### Final
**Great Britain vs. Australia** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Great Britain
|team2=Australia
|venue=[[Centre Court]], [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club|All England Club]], [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1933-EUR-M-GBR-AUS-01|title=Great Britain v Australia|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=13–15 July 1933
|surface=Grass
|score1=3
|score2=2
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Bunny Austin]] |6 |2 |2 |3 | |T2P1=[[Jack Crawford (tennis)|Jack Crawford]] |4 |6 |6 |6 | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Fred Perry \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Vivian McGrath \|2 \|4 \|2 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Pat Hughes \|T1P2=Fred Perry \|7 \|6 \|3 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Adrian Quist \|T2P2=Don Turnbull \|5 \|4 \|6 \|3 \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Bunny Austin \|6 \|7 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Vivian McGrath \|4 \|5 \|3 \| \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Harry Lee \|6 \|5 \|4 \| \| \|T2P1=Jack Crawford \|8 \|7 \|6 \| \| }} }}
## Inter-Zonal final {#inter_zonal_final}
**Great Britain vs. United States** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Great Britain
|team2=United States |team1-var=1912
|venue=[[Stade Roland Garros]], [[Paris]], France<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1933-INZ-M-GBR-USA-01|title=Great Britain v United States|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=21–23 July 1933
|surface=Clay
|score1=4
|score2=1
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Bunny Austin]] |6 |6 |6 | | |T2P1=[[Ellsworth Vines]] |1 |1 |4 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Fred Perry \|6 \|7 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Wilmer Allison \|1 \|5 \|4 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Pat Hughes \|T1P2=Fred Perry \|6 \|4 \|1 \| \| \|T2P1=George Lott \|T2P2=John Van Ryn \|8 \|6 \|6 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Bunny Austin \|6 \|7 \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Wilmer Allison \|2 \|9 \|3 \|4 \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Fred Perry \|1 \|6 \|4 \|7 \|7 \|T2P1=Ellsworth Vines \|6 \|0 \|6 \|5 \|6 \|re2=5 }} \|}}
## Challenge Round {#challenge_round}
**France vs. Great Britain** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=France |team1-var=1830
|team2=Great Britain
|venue=[[Stade Roland Garros]], [[Paris]], France<ref name="Challenge">{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1933-WG-CHR-FRA-GBR-01|title=France v Great Britain|publisher=daviscup
| 537 |
1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
| 0 |
10,096,012 |
# National Routeing Guide
The **National Routeing Guide** is a document, the definitive resource on the validity of rail tickets for the purpose of rail travel in Great Britain. As stated by the Rail Regulator, \"*\[it\] sets out passengers\' rights to use the network flexibly*\". It is a book produced by the Rail Delivery Group, which is carried by any rail ticket inspector and is also on hand for station staff.
It is one of the technical railway manuals which exist as part of the operating of the rail network of Great Britain, many of which are now in the public domain.
Customers generally encounter the document in specific circumstances, when they wish to prove (or check) the validity of their ticket on a route which might at first not appear obvious. Since most rail travellers make \'simple\' journeys, many will never encounter it. However, when making more complex journeys, it is important to stay \"on route\". The guide defines what this means. Individual tickets may restrict holders to a subset of the acceptable routes, usually by requiring them to travel through a particular station.
## Format
- The published guide is available online in PDF format, in six distinct sections (termed A-F), and includes an introduction and worked examples. This is identical to the version carried by rail workers, since it is derived from the Rail Delivery Group website.
- A public paper copy of the guide is made available in the Office of Rail & Road library, which is open to the public by appointment. The Office of Rail & Road website also contains copies of the original 1996 Routeing Guide and the amended 1997 Routeing Guide.
- In theory, paper copies are also available for public purchase, which in 2002 cost £12.50, the same price as one volume of the multi-part \"National Fares Manual\", which provides details of all fares on the network in 7 volumes. Enthusiasts using the routeing guide to identify good value travel often use the two together. However, paper copies are currently difficult to obtain and it is unknown if publication has ceased, although since the document is covered under the Freedom of Information Act a paper copy may be requested from the Department for Transport.
| 373 |
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| 0 |
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# National Routeing Guide
## Issues of value to the traveller {#issues_of_value_to_the_traveller}
The routeing guide makes possible some of the recently publicised ticketing anomalies in the GB rail network such as saving money by purchasing tickets for long journeys as several discrete journeys instead, for example. As such it is a powerful tool in the arsenal of the knowing consumer, given the current complexity of ticket choice on the GB rail network. It is also important for travellers who contemplate a different route when faced with disruption; under these circumstances staff may stamp or sign a ticket as valid via a different route.
When it was introduced, its primary aim was to \"*provide passengers with certainty about what travel their ticket buys them*\", after many years of ambiguity over \'reasonable\' journeys, therefore passengers are now quite within their rights to use it as a point of reference, since it has been written and approved by the transport companies.
### The on-route principle {#the_on_route_principle}
The primary concern of those travelling is staying on a route acceptable for the ticket they have purchased. The customer is always on-route if they can answer yes to at least one of the below, according to section A of the guide:
- Is the train an advertised direct train from origin to destination?
- Is the customer on the shortest (by distance) route between origin and destination? (according to the mile distances listed in the National Rail Timetable, in theory, though not always in practice.)
The full routeing guide is consulted only upon answering \'no\' to both questions. This can occur when the customer wishes or needs to change trains several times, either with a view to travelling on a particular line (for example to connect with a faster train), or because of a desire to break a journey at a given station not directly on the \'expected\' route.
#### Doubling back {#doubling_back}
Passing through the same station twice is almost always forbidden, except where a rule or \'easement\' allows it.
#### Easements
These easements are exceptions to the acceptable routes which are otherwise explicitly defined, and are listed in Section E of the Guide for easy reference. They are simple to understand one-line rules, and exist to ensure that in most circumstances the simplest journey is acceptable.
For example, the \"no doubling back\" rule normally requires travellers changing from one line to another to change at the junction station. However, such stations are often small and poorly served, so local easements often exist to allow travel to the nearest major station. In many cases this enables the traveller to remain on \'fast\' services.
Others are matters of convenience:
Some easements are negative, forbidding a route that might otherwise be acceptable. Some may be both positive and negative:
[The relevant section of the Guide](http://iblocks-rg-publication.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/easement_text.pdf), which is currently available at the Rail Delivery Group website, details more than five hundred different easements.
### Disabled access {#disabled_access}
Train operating companies may make special arrangements for disabled passengers, who have further exemptions on an individual case basis. This allows for different routes in certain situations, such as where normal practice is to walk between two nearby stations on different lines to catch a connecting train, which wheelchair users might find difficult. There are however no clear stated rules for defining what is \"reasonable\" for disabled people---this is presumably a matter of discretion. Some journeys must involve walks of up to 10 minutes in some cases between stations to make a connection (e.g. Farnborough (Main) to Farnborough North, Ash Vale to North Camp)
| 593 |
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| 1 |
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